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c2e74875bbd0c03921f9f2bf4b59e2e8e1005c13
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
What continued?
{ "text": [ "the war" ], "answer_start": [ 562 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
762cbbd60b24e4ed3c23e6efdfc60a45f6ae1282
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
From what duty did the Kerrison Predictor free operators
{ "text": [ "proper aim" ], "answer_start": [ 170 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
8f8c22bbc52b0027ddd7ab8cee846d20aaa95aa0
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
In what conflict was the predictor first used
{ "text": [ "the war" ], "answer_start": [ 524 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
d92ca8fdbbfe18536e9918f77e0200d3e70607c7
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
What solved a problem?
{ "text": [ "automation" ], "answer_start": [ 17 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
9535efe7bfa35eb51de31c199e6915461188f278
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
What being solved the problem?
{ "text": [ "the Kerrison Predictor" ], "answer_start": [ 67 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
3e388ec797c02a41a19b924d01aae2c16b3cc7d8
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
What part of the predictor did the thinking for the operators?
{ "text": [ "mechanical computer" ], "answer_start": [ 46 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
53d9925ef807f2491876ef6c0f25e849b28ed639
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
What was needed to hit the target?
{ "text": [ "shells" ], "answer_start": [ 312 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
baf32a0218cc7782f28db35011144039827d6eeb
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
In spite of the advantages of the mechanical computer, in the end, it all comes down to if what hits the target?
{ "text": [ "the shells" ], "answer_start": [ 308 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
3ffca4a906e98337cd38d4eb8cef0efe4e2ae89f
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
What general development improved gun aim
{ "text": [ "automation" ], "answer_start": [ 17 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
98dafd6a7b1da848296166a3ee918f3ba9e43c45
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.
To what operation did the Kerrison Predictor ultimately contribute
{ "text": [ "tracking" ], "answer_start": [ 454 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
0603bd43c47262bc0f894fffe91b1f908dbcfabf
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
How did the dual role cannon made right after World War I perform on land?
{ "text": [ "it was worthless" ], "answer_start": [ 209 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
88d119d1b657e49149188792b6d5ad9b940930ef
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
How much did the shell of the T9 AA cannon weigh?
{ "text": [ "well under 2 lbs" ], "answer_start": [ 288 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
97a246cb01767ef2ee7b49200ea6e46c8cb062bd
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
What was the largest caliber in mm used by the US Army?
{ "text": [ "40" ], "answer_start": [ 529 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
7f5bebff50d6a874d85a968dab4fc4fe5a3608f7
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
What did the Bofors canon take the place of?
{ "text": [ "Browning 37mm" ], "answer_start": [ 436 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f552046439480fd5fd36d2a113e8d115d254e0ef
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
What did the army fail to produce?
{ "text": [ "a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck" ], "answer_start": [ 661 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a8c57b9f3f16b0c35c984358d2594e4e89e978ff
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
How did the model made in 1931 perform?
{ "text": [ "It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned" ], "answer_start": [ 802 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ccd0961c3c4231dd0496efffcce3f5218473918e
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
When was the cannon developed?
{ "text": [ "After World War" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ab23b726644ce5b9c8c9cc412e358d9283051931
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
What was the problem with the T9 AA cannon?
{ "text": [ "the shell was a bit light" ], "answer_start": [ 261 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
72cf6af6668bc161588aab34a5c5d90e76dd3768
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
What helped the guns keep from overheating?
{ "text": [ "water" ], "answer_start": [ 751 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
4ef72ebf1a00b5cbcc85008d231a73e85d943675
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
Which gun was less common in 1930, T9 AA cannon or the Bofors 40 mm?
{ "text": [ "Bofors 40 mm" ], "answer_start": [ 522 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
46cb1fa964c29426ca82599843525b581a459acd
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.
Which of the following was not mounted on a heavy truck: water-cooled machine guns, an optical director, or the Browning 37mm?
{ "text": [ "Browning 37mm" ], "answer_start": [ 436 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
693f44833755781134b6387833338aa19032f96b
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
What happened during the 2nd decade of the 20th century?
{ "text": [ "there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed" ], "answer_start": [ 430 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
What happened during the 40th year of the 20th century?
{ "text": [ "The M1 version was approved" ], "answer_start": [ 376 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
970578c122f941022a2ab9e256b925616b3f8fb3
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
What kind of guns are being discussed?
{ "text": [ "AA" ], "answer_start": [ 176 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
What was the largest gun mentioned?
{ "text": [ "4.7-inch" ], "answer_start": [ 455 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f8208928da9b580add6349a9cda256aa78b8c290
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
What died out?
{ "text": [ "work on a 4.7-inch" ], "answer_start": [ 445 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
e6b4d8063def88f4ae6db112ad05a331ff334e53
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
How are the earlier guns classified?
{ "text": [ "mm" ], "answer_start": [ 157 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
What happened in the 24th year of the 20th century?
{ "text": [ "work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun" ], "answer_start": [ 131 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f14a8685dcd6d0c6769852458bdf0fff6111129b
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
What unit of measurement is applied to the guns?
{ "text": [ "inch" ], "answer_start": [ 36 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
8ae0189084125a2fe1d1a4d7fb2788a8a03b5184
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
Why would one gun have been like finding a needle in a haystack?
{ "text": [ "few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun" ], "answer_start": [ 195 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.
What is the main topic in this passage?
{ "text": [ "guns" ], "answer_start": [ 44 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
181ad3bd8c74bb1773c798a1713a5ac3c317c442
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
How did the weapons became safer?
{ "text": [ "deflect pressure away from the shooter" ], "answer_start": [ 364 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
62ef4f505c8516409699e38115b8585b916d024a
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
What implement protected the user from backblast?
{ "text": [ "a steel plate" ], "answer_start": [ 311 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
In what position are helicopters sometimes in when they are shot at by RPGs?
{ "text": [ "hovering" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
When better weapons are not available which role are RPGs used in?
{ "text": [ "against hovering helicopters" ], "answer_start": [ 52 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
3f08abd227a50c65ddda398ba303be2a57a58686
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
What can backblast cause?
{ "text": [ "danger to the user" ], "answer_start": [ 187 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
8b0a12efd7c6f3f91e88bb1b470246a235340ef7
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
Somalis engaged US helicopters with RPG's when?
{ "text": [ "1993" ], "answer_start": [ 141 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
3b5ba8a8cec67867d1e9f04cbbe7317c3f49c83d
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
What position might helicopters be when they are fired at?
{ "text": [ "hovering" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
What danger faces the user of an RPG?
{ "text": [ "backblast" ], "answer_start": [ 219 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b4367c087430feb5b86f35b10af92fa2be013409
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
Where did the Battle of Maogadishu happen?
{ "text": [ "Somalia" ], "answer_start": [ 269 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
31f64ca756545b06b2a71f9b3e10088964dd60b3
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
Who did US fight?
{ "text": [ "Somalia" ], "answer_start": [ 269 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
What is sometimes combined with an RPG tube to keep from harming the user?
{ "text": [ "a steel plate in the exhaust end" ], "answer_start": [ 311 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
bd7ad57601ada5cee7b69f5302a0761bb8c10f6f
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
Who is Somali's enemy?
{ "text": [ "US" ], "answer_start": [ 423 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ded9cefe407c9755585dfa626110bcdfef316ad1
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
Where is Mogadishu located?
{ "text": [ "Somalia" ], "answer_start": [ 269 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
What's the basic shape of an RPG?
{ "text": [ "tube" ], "answer_start": [ 356 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a8bad9b4d40f91a57fbb26370793e7398c104f9b
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.
What helicopters were usually in danger from grenades?
{ "text": [ "US" ], "answer_start": [ 423 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
4d28b4512a5de9644c356b0f138ceae9b88ad0dc
Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
What is being replaced by missiles in first line defense systems?
{ "text": [ "gun systems" ], "answer_start": [ 50 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
d9a5ac4ae93758cd8f1de795b3ecc8763fc90c5c
Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
What kind of weapons are the first resort when defending a country?
{ "text": [ "front-line" ], "answer_start": [ 342 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
How many Gatling guns are part of the defense system produced by the Russians?
{ "text": [ "Two" ], "answer_start": [ 702 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a5dc4e0f1a48acc0256aaa176ca383c9f771ca9d
Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
How many barrels do the guns used by the Russian defense system have?
{ "text": [ "six-barrelled" ], "answer_start": [ 706 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
7d2aa024ab5e5d02c13758abcb09e91ef894f8e2
Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
What weapon system mentioned in the article could perform mid-flight course corrections, the GAU-8 Avenger, or the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile?
{ "text": [ "the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile" ], "answer_start": [ 420 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
Where are the 9M311 missiles launched from?
{ "text": [ "surface" ], "answer_start": [ 758 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
What superhero is the GAU-8 named for?
{ "text": [ "Avenger" ], "answer_start": [ 229 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
475fb63fcf1c398e12a0f023713aff16425e18c4
Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
What might put gun systems into obsolescence?
{ "text": [ "missiles" ], "answer_start": [ 28 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b136ffa487470a987209bbff21b30875db9f4860
Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
What can Gatling guns keep people safe from?
{ "text": [ "aircraft" ], "answer_start": [ 305 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
02d2a60a2d9e6155b1a14825fddc216688e46ed2
Anti-aircraft_warfare
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.
What sort of missiles are used by the defense system manufactured by Russia?
{ "text": [ "9M311 surface-to-air missiles" ], "answer_start": [ 752 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
cdda779880e80edea51ffa44d66a4cab8102df6c
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
What type of ammunition would not have been common in 1940?
{ "text": [ "guided missiles" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
What kind of weapon became popular before the 50's?
{ "text": [ "guns firing ballistic munitions" ], "answer_start": [ 16 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
c9ed61c4f527d512dbe059fd424f39cd6d75e9e4
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
Heat seeking weapons are examples of what type of firearm?
{ "text": [ "guided missiles" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a4df01199b6a94508c1a69d010b512513e86b273
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
What weapons can attack targets in two venues?
{ "text": [ "ground-based air defence guns" ], "answer_start": [ 533 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
What kind of ballistic munitions do the weapons on ground have concerning the defense from enemy airships?
{ "text": [ "calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm" ], "answer_start": [ 578 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
What happens with airships that have a faulty part?
{ "text": [ "may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently" ], "answer_start": [ 337 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
In what circumstances are ballistic munitions still used?
{ "text": [ "at the very shortest ranges" ], "answer_start": [ 119 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
95fcf55d9cb3310545e25740023552f1d55e3b6e
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
Which were developed first, ballistic munitions or guided missiles?
{ "text": [ "ballistic munitions" ], "answer_start": [ 28 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
Why were bigger and stronger weapons needed?
{ "text": [ "Targets are not always easy to destroy" ], "answer_start": [ 267 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
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Anti-aircraft_warfare
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.
What was a benefit of the larger weapons even if the result wasn't 100% destruction?
{ "text": [ "damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently" ], "answer_start": [ 320 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
51487e6d6d90dc0842c78d59614b231bbc79a073
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
Bunkers were sometimes located in what like Berlin?
{ "text": [ "cities" ], "answer_start": [ 225 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
3a93e5187c3a37858b5ab2f28ea6b4f97588e63c
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
Bunkers could be as tall as?
{ "text": [ "six stories" ], "answer_start": [ 78 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b018ce13463af13553a4fca6db5075adae7f93da
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
What buildings were used by the Germans to house anti-aircraft guns
{ "text": [ "\"Flaktürme\" flak towers" ], "answer_start": [ 145 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
2f9aefc1a371f4ec4592ac1fe30b8485ad851203
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
How were some of the Maunsell Forts reincarnated
{ "text": [ "as platforms for pirate radio stations" ], "answer_start": [ 649 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
73094846762334956665cea1f0c26e97ed2db341
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
Where were Maunsell Forts located
{ "text": [ "in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas" ], "answer_start": [ 452 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
894eaa3b1cde48d88caef5577588b9bc92e5ac56
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
What are Hochbunker
{ "text": [ "massive reinforced concrete blockhouses" ], "answer_start": [ 22 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
832435e77495e704e4fa2e452fc7f1d0cd3417f3
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
Bunkers were made of?
{ "text": [ "reinforced concrete" ], "answer_start": [ 30 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
bf60b0bfcf1f5770c85c7f0cb3ade082bd0ff17c
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
Bunkers were for attacking?
{ "text": [ "aircraft" ], "answer_start": [ 196 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
2f2d66848540868311de426fb0a528f1b5296ecf
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
The British helped the?
{ "text": [ "Allied land forces" ], "answer_start": [ 248 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b184172d26436d95a3d4eeec5a150f229218153f
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.
What made some Maunsell Forts desirable for use as broadcasting platforms
{ "text": [ "Some were outside territorial waters" ], "answer_start": [ 576 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
81860aa1efabac3095983b56a1211eaefb6430c3
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
What is the first acronym mentioned?
{ "text": [ "SAMs" ], "answer_start": [ 7 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
e1b808a6097ae328a5b77fc793ec7110e79989fa
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
What does the S in MANPADS stand for?
{ "text": [ "Systems" ], "answer_start": [ 182 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
9c362b512bbaac7e98bff8d75fe15dd7f45f50f1
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
what replaced autocannons?
{ "text": [ "SAMs" ], "answer_start": [ 90 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b23b5640d658de0ef71b5b8c834666f1479bed49
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
What type of potential target is shot?
{ "text": [ "foe" ], "answer_start": [ 538 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f49a0268421cc91d48b0cbd6a5f473efd5f1bcb0
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
where are the manpads used?
{ "text": [ "many armed forces" ], "answer_start": [ 300 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
06ff1fb25967bfbe7ce507d2c0eef2a359848469
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
Which of the following is not a country, the United States, SAM, or the Soviet Union?
{ "text": [ "SAM" ], "answer_start": [ 421 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
05941c3c811703fd63873c3f96a2e6eff35c5f7e
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
What is the second acronym mentioned?
{ "text": [ "MANPADS" ], "answer_start": [ 201 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f76a3a19dc5b95e1a2319c1a01cb9da60c4eefc6
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
Which of the following is not a machine: fixed launchers, the Soviet Union, or military aircraft?
{ "text": [ "Soviet Union" ], "answer_start": [ 223 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
312b27e1b1a0fd3ff5c0b67d61bcc8479c913b0f
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
What is another word for sending goods to other places?
{ "text": [ "exported" ], "answer_start": [ 246 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
e17299bb19d5235e610326b660005e111755e9ba
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
What does the P in MANPADS stand for?
{ "text": [ "Portable" ], "answer_start": [ 161 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
70fdd33f7b4eacd233a6b9d784608f3b596a1d6a
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
How can Larger SAMs be towed or re-deployed?
{ "text": [ "fixed launchers" ], "answer_start": [ 31 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
1b0ab09b0d58286fdce294d07926651462109e9b
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
Who launches SAMs known as MANPADS?
{ "text": [ "United States" ], "answer_start": [ 136 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
318c5a4b0859fb8df96ee529c3c54a3794d1f4b3
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.
What is used to to send off the manpads?
{ "text": [ "individuals" ], "answer_start": [ 107 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
671674359b5b39eda2640ca08667f56e4a574871
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
Why did they need a system to take down a plane with a single hti?
{ "text": [ "the Dambusters raid" ], "answer_start": [ 6 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
548235211bbaa22f3fea137b5683ab84cec22a3f
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
What was the job of people using the new guns?
{ "text": [ "fed the guns and selected the targets" ], "answer_start": [ 563 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
06b698c1bfe7c80452bb8ac78ff56068ab39a3a0
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
Why were the new guns being used?
{ "text": [ "knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
4e127db8e51ab74b61476c17e613b9188df9450f
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
How were the guns on the planes controlled?
{ "text": [ "electrical commands" ], "answer_start": [ 455 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
d71bd0a5cc9817af6c586609284be96ac77d051c
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
What was the result of the defeat?
{ "text": [ "an entirely new system was developed" ], "answer_start": [ 34 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a6cf03c5031b257f2cd6703e1c678408cfb9c999
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
How advanced was the control system?
{ "text": [ "modern even by today's standards" ], "answer_start": [ 615 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b1dfa7ccb28ad804a7160a7e4fbf52f9459918ea
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
How did the raid cause the defenses to evolve?
{ "text": [ "The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it" ], "answer_start": [ 146 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
da7318340a841f0dc6b16e8188abe47e0d25d892
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
How did the guns function?
{ "text": [ "a centralised control system" ], "answer_start": [ 283 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
9fa85c7d5a1f84a0691fd072445f6e5ac1a65dc6
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
How did the system work?
{ "text": [ "was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ddf4ac3831c69db265db7a13a96bee87febb0e13
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
How were the guns aimed to score a hit on the first try?
{ "text": [ "a centralised control system" ], "answer_start": [ 283 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
c4dbc379916b19bfe49ad03175042f1b00ee9f73
Anti-aircraft_warfare
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.
What was the new system capable of doing to planes that was needed to be accomplished?
{ "text": [ "knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }