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c2e74875bbd0c03921f9f2bf4b59e2e8e1005c13 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | What continued? | {
"text": [
"the war"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
762cbbd60b24e4ed3c23e6efdfc60a45f6ae1282 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | From what duty did the Kerrison Predictor free operators | {
"text": [
"proper aim"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8f8c22bbc52b0027ddd7ab8cee846d20aaa95aa0 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | In what conflict was the predictor first used | {
"text": [
"the war"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d92ca8fdbbfe18536e9918f77e0200d3e70607c7 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | What solved a problem? | {
"text": [
"automation"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9535efe7bfa35eb51de31c199e6915461188f278 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | What being solved the problem? | {
"text": [
"the Kerrison Predictor"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3e388ec797c02a41a19b924d01aae2c16b3cc7d8 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | What part of the predictor did the thinking for the operators? | {
"text": [
"mechanical computer"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
53d9925ef807f2491876ef6c0f25e849b28ed639 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | What was needed to hit the target? | {
"text": [
"shells"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
baf32a0218cc7782f28db35011144039827d6eeb | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | In spite of the advantages of the mechanical computer, in the end, it all comes down to if what hits the target? | {
"text": [
"the shells"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3ffca4a906e98337cd38d4eb8cef0efe4e2ae89f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | What general development improved gun aim | {
"text": [
"automation"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
98dafd6a7b1da848296166a3ee918f3ba9e43c45 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed. | To what operation did the Kerrison Predictor ultimately contribute | {
"text": [
"tracking"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0603bd43c47262bc0f894fffe91b1f908dbcfabf | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | How did the dual role cannon made right after World War I perform on land? | {
"text": [
"it was worthless"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
88d119d1b657e49149188792b6d5ad9b940930ef | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | How much did the shell of the T9 AA cannon weigh? | {
"text": [
"well under 2 lbs"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
97a246cb01767ef2ee7b49200ea6e46c8cb062bd | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | What was the largest caliber in mm used by the US Army? | {
"text": [
"40"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7f5bebff50d6a874d85a968dab4fc4fe5a3608f7 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | What did the Bofors canon take the place of? | {
"text": [
"Browning 37mm"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f552046439480fd5fd36d2a113e8d115d254e0ef | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | What did the army fail to produce? | {
"text": [
"a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck"
],
"answer_start": [
661
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a8c57b9f3f16b0c35c984358d2594e4e89e978ff | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | How did the model made in 1931 perform? | {
"text": [
"It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned"
],
"answer_start": [
802
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ccd0961c3c4231dd0496efffcce3f5218473918e | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | When was the cannon developed? | {
"text": [
"After World War"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ab23b726644ce5b9c8c9cc412e358d9283051931 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | What was the problem with the T9 AA cannon? | {
"text": [
"the shell was a bit light"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
72cf6af6668bc161588aab34a5c5d90e76dd3768 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | What helped the guns keep from overheating? | {
"text": [
"water"
],
"answer_start": [
751
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4ef72ebf1a00b5cbcc85008d231a73e85d943675 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | Which gun was less common in 1930, T9 AA cannon or the Bofors 40 mm? | {
"text": [
"Bofors 40 mm"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
46cb1fa964c29426ca82599843525b581a459acd | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned. | Which of the following was not mounted on a heavy truck: water-cooled machine guns, an optical director, or the Browning 37mm? | {
"text": [
"Browning 37mm"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
693f44833755781134b6387833338aa19032f96b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | What happened during the 2nd decade of the 20th century? | {
"text": [
"there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
49777c99276ef2222b50c074cf2d85b107ed5999 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | What happened during the 40th year of the 20th century? | {
"text": [
"The M1 version was approved"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
970578c122f941022a2ab9e256b925616b3f8fb3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | What kind of guns are being discussed? | {
"text": [
"AA"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
34867593ed53c92da77f7fdc7cdc423526408a45 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | What was the largest gun mentioned? | {
"text": [
"4.7-inch"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f8208928da9b580add6349a9cda256aa78b8c290 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | What died out? | {
"text": [
"work on a 4.7-inch"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e6b4d8063def88f4ae6db112ad05a331ff334e53 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | How are the earlier guns classified? | {
"text": [
"mm"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2414966e4859d044238b20f4aca64f17d06b815a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | What happened in the 24th year of the 20th century? | {
"text": [
"work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f14a8685dcd6d0c6769852458bdf0fff6111129b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | What unit of measurement is applied to the guns? | {
"text": [
"inch"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8ae0189084125a2fe1d1a4d7fb2788a8a03b5184 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | Why would one gun have been like finding a needle in a haystack? | {
"text": [
"few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9698ca7747bc94f42764aee94a2ab3f0356ae58e | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944. | What is the main topic in this passage? | {
"text": [
"guns"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
181ad3bd8c74bb1773c798a1713a5ac3c317c442 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | How did the weapons became safer? | {
"text": [
"deflect pressure away from the shooter"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
62ef4f505c8516409699e38115b8585b916d024a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | What implement protected the user from backblast? | {
"text": [
"a steel plate"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
94b046e45c0ad20153c9ec8f724349577cef402a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | In what position are helicopters sometimes in when they are shot at by RPGs? | {
"text": [
"hovering"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
78d8de85fe90fb51783e69654e3fc15acc861242 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | When better weapons are not available which role are RPGs used in? | {
"text": [
"against hovering helicopters"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3f08abd227a50c65ddda398ba303be2a57a58686 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | What can backblast cause? | {
"text": [
"danger to the user"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8b0a12efd7c6f3f91e88bb1b470246a235340ef7 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | Somalis engaged US helicopters with RPG's when? | {
"text": [
"1993"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3b5ba8a8cec67867d1e9f04cbbe7317c3f49c83d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | What position might helicopters be when they are fired at? | {
"text": [
"hovering"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
df4969fea4e80ba67013b96fb60ff1e4606f4417 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | What danger faces the user of an RPG? | {
"text": [
"backblast"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b4367c087430feb5b86f35b10af92fa2be013409 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | Where did the Battle of Maogadishu happen? | {
"text": [
"Somalia"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
31f64ca756545b06b2a71f9b3e10088964dd60b3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | Who did US fight? | {
"text": [
"Somalia"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9b3100ed8a0af5652d438338ce29a8d531b69188 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | What is sometimes combined with an RPG tube to keep from harming the user? | {
"text": [
"a steel plate in the exhaust end"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bd7ad57601ada5cee7b69f5302a0761bb8c10f6f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | Who is Somali's enemy? | {
"text": [
"US"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ded9cefe407c9755585dfa626110bcdfef316ad1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | Where is Mogadishu located? | {
"text": [
"Somalia"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c029255695d6c859f2457392e825b4ecc345da51 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | What's the basic shape of an RPG? | {
"text": [
"tube"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a8bad9b4d40f91a57fbb26370793e7398c104f9b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available. | What helicopters were usually in danger from grenades? | {
"text": [
"US"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4d28b4512a5de9644c356b0f138ceae9b88ad0dc | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | What is being replaced by missiles in first line defense systems? | {
"text": [
"gun systems"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d9a5ac4ae93758cd8f1de795b3ecc8763fc90c5c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | What kind of weapons are the first resort when defending a country? | {
"text": [
"front-line"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
41be79fec07c5f055329964955678df59d0a928d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | How many Gatling guns are part of the defense system produced by the Russians? | {
"text": [
"Two"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a5dc4e0f1a48acc0256aaa176ca383c9f771ca9d | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | How many barrels do the guns used by the Russian defense system have? | {
"text": [
"six-barrelled"
],
"answer_start": [
706
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7d2aa024ab5e5d02c13758abcb09e91ef894f8e2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | What weapon system mentioned in the article could perform mid-flight course corrections, the GAU-8 Avenger, or the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile? | {
"text": [
"the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4836c17ff44591a5c80a8fdd6a85d2a00ecb8138 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | Where are the 9M311 missiles launched from? | {
"text": [
"surface"
],
"answer_start": [
758
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b919b0ba29d56bbe92c53652ff38f28d811eafbd | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | What superhero is the GAU-8 named for? | {
"text": [
"Avenger"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
475fb63fcf1c398e12a0f023713aff16425e18c4 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | What might put gun systems into obsolescence? | {
"text": [
"missiles"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b136ffa487470a987209bbff21b30875db9f4860 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | What can Gatling guns keep people safe from? | {
"text": [
"aircraft"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
02d2a60a2d9e6155b1a14825fddc216688e46ed2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities. | What sort of missiles are used by the defense system manufactured by Russia? | {
"text": [
"9M311 surface-to-air missiles"
],
"answer_start": [
752
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cdda779880e80edea51ffa44d66a4cab8102df6c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | What type of ammunition would not have been common in 1940? | {
"text": [
"guided missiles"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c2334172d771544258feb2df65fe0a8b35fb4cbc | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | What kind of weapon became popular before the 50's? | {
"text": [
"guns firing ballistic munitions"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c9ed61c4f527d512dbe059fd424f39cd6d75e9e4 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | Heat seeking weapons are examples of what type of firearm? | {
"text": [
"guided missiles"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a4df01199b6a94508c1a69d010b512513e86b273 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | What weapons can attack targets in two venues? | {
"text": [
"ground-based air defence guns"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bf67cb9c6237565e0e089e05ab866dab5ba8f0e9 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | What kind of ballistic munitions do the weapons on ground have concerning the defense from enemy airships? | {
"text": [
"calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d8ac301f77047341e2fcfdff19ade6712929f407 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | What happens with airships that have a faulty part? | {
"text": [
"may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c347c6dd304119a7f3ab9b8e8147c1d012ce64b2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | In what circumstances are ballistic munitions still used? | {
"text": [
"at the very shortest ranges"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
95fcf55d9cb3310545e25740023552f1d55e3b6e | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | Which were developed first, ballistic munitions or guided missiles? | {
"text": [
"ballistic munitions"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f6c4b60d7f145eb938532e9fb3bf048e1d679aa2 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | Why were bigger and stronger weapons needed? | {
"text": [
"Targets are not always easy to destroy"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bf60d92092b0410f6edb700b83e9d91bd24e25eb | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm. | What was a benefit of the larger weapons even if the result wasn't 100% destruction? | {
"text": [
"damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
51487e6d6d90dc0842c78d59614b231bbc79a073 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | Bunkers were sometimes located in what like Berlin? | {
"text": [
"cities"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3a93e5187c3a37858b5ab2f28ea6b4f97588e63c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | Bunkers could be as tall as? | {
"text": [
"six stories"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b018ce13463af13553a4fca6db5075adae7f93da | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | What buildings were used by the Germans to house anti-aircraft guns | {
"text": [
"\"Flaktürme\" flak towers"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2f9aefc1a371f4ec4592ac1fe30b8485ad851203 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | How were some of the Maunsell Forts reincarnated | {
"text": [
"as platforms for pirate radio stations"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
73094846762334956665cea1f0c26e97ed2db341 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | Where were Maunsell Forts located | {
"text": [
"in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
894eaa3b1cde48d88caef5577588b9bc92e5ac56 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | What are Hochbunker | {
"text": [
"massive reinforced concrete blockhouses"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
832435e77495e704e4fa2e452fc7f1d0cd3417f3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | Bunkers were made of? | {
"text": [
"reinforced concrete"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bf60b0bfcf1f5770c85c7f0cb3ade082bd0ff17c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | Bunkers were for attacking? | {
"text": [
"aircraft"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2f2d66848540868311de426fb0a528f1b5296ecf | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | The British helped the? | {
"text": [
"Allied land forces"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b184172d26436d95a3d4eeec5a150f229218153f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations. | What made some Maunsell Forts desirable for use as broadcasting platforms | {
"text": [
"Some were outside territorial waters"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
81860aa1efabac3095983b56a1211eaefb6430c3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | What is the first acronym mentioned? | {
"text": [
"SAMs"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e1b808a6097ae328a5b77fc793ec7110e79989fa | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | What does the S in MANPADS stand for? | {
"text": [
"Systems"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9c362b512bbaac7e98bff8d75fe15dd7f45f50f1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | what replaced autocannons? | {
"text": [
"SAMs"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b23b5640d658de0ef71b5b8c834666f1479bed49 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | What type of potential target is shot? | {
"text": [
"foe"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f49a0268421cc91d48b0cbd6a5f473efd5f1bcb0 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | where are the manpads used? | {
"text": [
"many armed forces"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
06ff1fb25967bfbe7ce507d2c0eef2a359848469 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | Which of the following is not a country, the United States, SAM, or the Soviet Union? | {
"text": [
"SAM"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
05941c3c811703fd63873c3f96a2e6eff35c5f7e | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | What is the second acronym mentioned? | {
"text": [
"MANPADS"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f76a3a19dc5b95e1a2319c1a01cb9da60c4eefc6 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | Which of the following is not a machine: fixed launchers, the Soviet Union, or military aircraft? | {
"text": [
"Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
312b27e1b1a0fd3ff5c0b67d61bcc8479c913b0f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | What is another word for sending goods to other places? | {
"text": [
"exported"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e17299bb19d5235e610326b660005e111755e9ba | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | What does the P in MANPADS stand for? | {
"text": [
"Portable"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
70fdd33f7b4eacd233a6b9d784608f3b596a1d6a | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | How can Larger SAMs be towed or re-deployed? | {
"text": [
"fixed launchers"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1b0ab09b0d58286fdce294d07926651462109e9b | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | Who launches SAMs known as MANPADS? | {
"text": [
"United States"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
318c5a4b0859fb8df96ee529c3c54a3794d1f4b3 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role. | What is used to to send off the manpads? | {
"text": [
"individuals"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
671674359b5b39eda2640ca08667f56e4a574871 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | Why did they need a system to take down a plane with a single hti? | {
"text": [
"the Dambusters raid"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
548235211bbaa22f3fea137b5683ab84cec22a3f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | What was the job of people using the new guns? | {
"text": [
"fed the guns and selected the targets"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
06b698c1bfe7c80452bb8ac78ff56068ab39a3a0 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | Why were the new guns being used? | {
"text": [
"knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4e127db8e51ab74b61476c17e613b9188df9450f | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | How were the guns on the planes controlled? | {
"text": [
"electrical commands"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d71bd0a5cc9817af6c586609284be96ac77d051c | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | What was the result of the defeat? | {
"text": [
"an entirely new system was developed"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a6cf03c5031b257f2cd6703e1c678408cfb9c999 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | How advanced was the control system? | {
"text": [
"modern even by today's standards"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b1dfa7ccb28ad804a7160a7e4fbf52f9459918ea | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | How did the raid cause the defenses to evolve? | {
"text": [
"The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
da7318340a841f0dc6b16e8188abe47e0d25d892 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | How did the guns function? | {
"text": [
"a centralised control system"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9fa85c7d5a1f84a0691fd072445f6e5ac1a65dc6 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | How did the system work? | {
"text": [
"was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ddf4ac3831c69db265db7a13a96bee87febb0e13 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | How were the guns aimed to score a hit on the first try? | {
"text": [
"a centralised control system"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c4dbc379916b19bfe49ad03175042f1b00ee9f73 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended. | What was the new system capable of doing to planes that was needed to be accomplished? | {
"text": [
"knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
Subsets and Splits