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dd69cff70c1802f0268088dec750b588 | ^ Brands 1997, pp. 110–112, 123–133. quote p. 126.
^ Roosevelt 1913, p. 35.
^ Morris 1979, p. 565.
^ Crawford, Michael J. (April 2002). "The Lasting Influence of Theodore Roosevelt's Naval War of 1812" (PDF). International Journal of Naval History. 1 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
^ Karsten, Peter (1971). "The Nature of "Influence": Roosevelt, Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power". American Quarterly. 23 (4): 585–600. doi:10.2307/2711707. JSTOR 2711707.
^ Richard W. Turk, The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan (1987) online Archived June 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Carl Cavanagh Hodge, "The Global Strategist: The Navy as the Nation's Big Stick", in Serge Ricard, ed., A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt (2011) pp. 257–273
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^ "TR Center – ImageViewer". Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
^ "TR Center – ImageViewer". Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
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a179ef951a86bf994ba1fcf75c7a537f | ^ Brands 1997, p. 166.
^ Morris 1979, p. 232.
^ Jump up to: a b Edward P. Kohn, "Theodore Roosevelt's Early Political Career: The Making of an Independent Republican and Urban Progressive" in Ricard, A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt (2011) pp: 27–44.
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^ "Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher". Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota. National Park Service. | text | {
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ab839314b79d75f86255193b122d2656 | Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
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^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1902). Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail. Century. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-486-47340-6. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ Morrisey, Will (2009). The Dilemma of Progressivism: How Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson Reshaped the American Regime of Self-Government. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7425-6618-7. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
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^ Theodore Roosevelt National Park , "Roosevelt Pursues the Boat Thieves" online
^ Morris 1979, p. 376.
^ "Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher". nps.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015. The blow proved disastrous for Roosevelt, who lost over half of his $80,000 investment, the equivalent of approximately $1.7 million today.
^ Miller 1992, pp. 163–164.
^ Catherine Forslund, "Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt: The Victorian Modern First Lady" in A Companion to First Ladies (2016): 298–319.
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^ Rice, Sir Cecil Spring (1929), Gwynn, S (ed. | text | {
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10aad55813d67509434e38be94a400cf | ), The Letters and Friendships, London: Constable & Co, p. 121.
^ Miller 1992, pp. 193–194.
^ Edward P. Kohn, "A necessary defeat: theodore roosevelt and the New York mayoral election of 1886."New York History 87.2 (2006): 204-227 online.
^ Sharp, Arthur G. (2011). The Everything Theodore Roosevelt Book: The Extraordinary Life of an American Icon. Adams Media. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-1-4405-2729-6. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b Miller 1992, p. 201.
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^ Miller 1992, pp. 206–207.
^ Thayer 1919, pp. 1–2, ch. VI.
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^ Bishop 2007, p. 53.
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^ "A Chronology". Theodore Roosevelt Association online Archived March 4, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Accessed December 2, 2018
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^ Riis, Jacob A, "XIII", The Making of an American, Bartleby, p. 3.
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^ Goodwin, Delores Kerns (2013). | text | {
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80f87b01208b0978dad23cb1de69744a | The bully pulpit : Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of journalism (First Simon & Schuster hardcoverition ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-4787-7.
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^ Roosevelt, Theodore (2014). Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography. Auckland, New Zealand: The Floating Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-77653-337-4. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
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79e71fc0ffe4dc81f1d58451b3ba872c | ^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1898), "III", The Rough Riders, Bartleby, p. 2, archived from the original on July 23, 2008, retrieved August 8, 2008.
^ Brands 1997, p. 356.
^ Jump up to: a b Woodall, James R. (2010). Williams-Ford Texas A and M University Military History: Texas Aggie Medals of Honor: Seven Heroes of World War Ii. Texas A&M University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-60344-253-4. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
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^ Matuz, Roger (2004). The Handy Presidents Answer Book. Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9780780807730.[page needed]
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^ Thomas Collier Platt Archived March 9, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
^ Thomas Collier Platt papers Archived April 4, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. Archives at Yale. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
^ March 14, 1903. Odell Has Smashed The Platt Machine Archived March 28, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
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^ Jump up to: a b Chessman 1965, p. 6.
^ Morris 1979, p. 693.
^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1908). | text | {
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82897cc3c35508bb71eebc844dd51a0d | The Roosevelt Policy: Speeches, Letters and State Papers, Relating to Corporate Wealth and Closely Allied Topics, of Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States. p. 2. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
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^ John M. Hilpert, American Cyclone: Theodore Roosevelt and His 1900 Whistle-Stop Campaign (U Press of Mississippi, 2015).
^ Chessman, G Wallace (1952), "Theodore Roosevelt's Campaign Against the Vice-Presidency", Historian, 14 (2): 173–190, doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1952.tb00132.x.
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^ Woltman, Nick (August 31, 2015). "Roosevelt's 'big stick' line at State Fair stuck...later". Twin Cities Pioneer Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
^ "Theodore Roosevelt's Visit to Isle la Motte Historical Marker". Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
^ "The Inauguration | Learn | Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Site". Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. | text | {
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26a8253cb2e96f75eb4cd6e9700c6592 | Retrieved February 22, 2022.
^ Miller 1992, pp. 348–352.
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^ Dewey W. Grantham, "Dinner at the White House: Theodore Roosevelt, Booker T. Washington, and the South."Tennessee Historical Quarterly (1958) 17.2: 112-130 online Archived October 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
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^ Schweikart, Larry (2009). American Entrepreneur: The Fascinating Stories of the People Who Defined Business in the United States. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.
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^ Miller 1992, pp. 453–459.
^ John Morton Blum, The Republican Roosevelt (2nd ed. 1977) pp. 89–117
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^ Miller 1992, pp. 459–460.
^ Engs, Ruth C. (2003). The progressive era's health reform movement: a historical dictionary. | text | {
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a5d8f3f717a7e0031d591448c57c2793 | Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 20–22. ISBN 0-275-97932-6. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ Bakari, Mohamed El-Kamel. "Mapping the 'Anthropocentric-ecocentric' Dualism in the History of American Presidency: The Good, the Bad, and the Ambivalent."Journal of Studies in Social Sciences 14, no. 2 (2016).
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^ Douglas Brinkley, The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (2010)
^ Hornaday, William. "Membership Nominations". Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ Executing the Constitution: Putting the President Back Into the Constitution. State University of New York Press. 2006. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-7914-8190-5. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dodds, Graham (2013). Take up Your Pen. University of Pennsylvania. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8122-4511-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Dodds, Graham (2013). Take up Your Pen. University of Pennsylvania. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-8122-4511-0.
^ "Executive Orders". UCSB. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
^ Morris (2001) pp. 495–496
^ Gould, Presidency (2011) p. 239.
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2cde0da95713d69d779ec3df073aca1d | ^ Theodore Roosevelt, The Works of Theodore Roosevelt: National Edition vol 16: American Problems (New York, 1926) p 84, speech of Aug 20, 1907.
^ Roosevelt to William Henry Moody, Sept 21, 1907, in Elting E. Morison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (1952) 5:802.
^ William Michael Morgan, "The anti-Japanese origins of the Hawaiian Annexation treaty of 1897."Diplomatic History 6.1 (1982): 23–44.
^ James K. Eyre Jr, "Japan and the American Annexation of the Philippines."Pacific Historical Review 11.1 (1942): 55–71 online Archived October 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Michael J. Green, By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783 (2019) pp. 78–113.
^ Charles E. Neu, An Uncertain Friendship: Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 1906–1909 (1967) pp. 310–319.
^ Matsumura Masayoshi, "Theodore Roosevelt and the Portsmouth Peace Conference: The Riddle and Ripple of his Forbearance."in Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–5 (Global Oriental, 2008) pp. 50–60.
^ Kissinger, pp. 41–42
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4225193d3aa2f7e2c7cfe1423c51116c | ^ Walter LaFeber, "The 'Lion in the Path': The US Emergence as a World Power."Political Science Quarterly 101.5 (1986): 705-718 online Archived October 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
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^ Miller 1992, p. 384.
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^ Brands 1997, p. 570.
^ Serge Ricard, "The State of Theodore Roosevelt Studies" "H-Diplo Essay #116", October 24, 2014 Archived October 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^ November 6, 1906 Teddy Roosevelt travels to Panamahistory.com
^ USS Louisiana (BB-19) US Navy
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^ Weinberg, Arthur; Weinberg, Lila Shaffer (1961). The Muckrakers. University of Illinois Press. pp. 58–66. ISBN 978-0-252-06986-4. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ Brands 1997, pp. 633–634.
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fed75d544556ecc9c2cd925f00c81fdb | ^ Miller 1992, pp. 436–437.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller 1992, pp. 437–438.
^ Brands 1997, pp. 501–503.
^ Brands 1997, p. 504.
^ Brands 1997, p. 507.
^ Chambers 1974, pp. 215–216.
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^ Gould, Lewis L. (2012). Theodore Roosevelt. Oxford UP. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-979701-1.
^ "Major Archibald Butt" (PDF). The New York Times. April 16, 1912. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
^ Miller 1992, pp. 463–464.
^ Ricard, ed. A companion to Theodore Roosevelt (2011) pp. 160–166.
^ Chambers 1974, p. 219.
^ Leroy G. Dorsey, "Preaching Morality in Modern America: Theodore Roosevelt's Rhetorical Progressivism."in Rhetoric and Reform in the Progressive Era, A Rhetorical History of the United States: Significant Moments in American Public Discourse, ed. J. Michael Hogan, (Michigan State University Press, 2003), vol 6 pp 49-83.
^ Joshua D. Hawley, Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness (2008), p. xvii. excerpt. Josh Hawley in 2019 became a Republican senator with intense moralistic rhetoric.
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2f797ec607008d1569df095516a04aab | ^ See also The Independent (Feb. 6, 1908) p. 274 online
^ Roosevelt,
"Special message to Congress, January 31, 1908," in Elting E. Morison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Harvard UP, 1952) vol 5 pp. 1580, 1587; online version at UC Santa Barbara, “The American Presidency Project”
^ Miller 1992, pp. 483–485.
^ Brands 1997, p. 626.
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^ Solvick, Stanley D. (1963). "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 50 (3): 424–442. doi:10.2307/1902605. JSTOR 1902605.
^ "President Roosevelt's African Trip". Science. 28 (729): 876–877. December 18, 1908. Bibcode:1908Sci....28..876.. doi:10.1126/science.28.729.876. JSTOR 1635075. PMID 17743798.
^ Jump up to: a b "Roosevelt African Expedition Collects for SI". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
^ Cevasco, George A. & Harmond, Richard P. (2009). Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical Encyclopedia. JHU Press. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-8018-9524-1. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ O'Toole 2005, p. 67.
^ Roosevelt, Theodore (1910). African Game Trails. New York, C. Scribner's sons.
^ Miller 1992, p. 505.
^ Miller 1992, pp. 505–509.
^ Miller 1992, p. 511.
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f5641d452c3d3c2f2a1429df235d66a4 | ^ Miller 1992, pp. 506–507.
^ Miller 1992, pp. 503, 511.
^ "The welcome camp-fire built for Theodore Roosevelt by the Camp-fire club of America". Theodore Roosevelt Center. Dickinson State University. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
^ "Theodore Roosevelt – First Presidential Flight, 1910". National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
^ Brands 1997, pp. 665–666.
^ Miller 1992, pp. 502–503.
^ Stanley D. Solvick, "The Conservative as Progressive: William Howard Taft and the Politics of the Square Deal" Northwest Ohio Quarterly (1967) 39#3 pp. 38–48.
^ Roosevelt to George Otto Trevelyan, October 1, 1911, in Albert Bushnell Hart, ed., Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia (1941) p. 499.
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^ Miller 1992, p. 519.
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54535d33160cf41fc51ecc480593f5bc | Villanova Law Review 56 (2011): 535+ online Archived July 26, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Campbell, John P. (1966). "Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911". The Journal of American History. 53 (2): 279–298. doi:10.2307/1894200. JSTOR 1894200.
^ Robert J. Fischer, "Henry Cabot Lodge and the Taft Arbitration Treaties."South Atlantic Quarterly 78 (Spring 1979): 244–58.
^ E. James Hindman, "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft."Historian 36.1 (1973): 52–65. online Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ Urofsky, Melvin I. (2004). The American Presidents: Critical Essays. Routledge. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-135-58137-4. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
^ Campbell, 1996
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^ Brands 1997, p. 709.
^ Brands 1997, p. 705.
^ Lorant, Stefan (1968). The Glorious Burden: The American Presidency. New York: Harper & Row. p. 512. ISBN 0-06-012686-8.
^ Brands 1997, p. 706.
^ Norrander, Barbara (2015). The Imperfect Primary: Oddities, Biases, and Strengths of U.S. Presidential Nomination Politics. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-317-55332-8. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
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3b78352b0ece7c93e7ef35ea6ba074da | ^ Norman M. Wilensky, Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912 (1965) pp. 61–62.
^ George E. Mowry, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (1946) pp. 235–239.
^ Hoyt Landon Warner, Progressivism in Ohio, 1897–1917 (1964) pp. 354–384.
^ Miller 1992, p. 524.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller 1992, pp. 524–526.
^ Mowry, pp. 252–253.
^ Ali, Omar H. (2008). In the Balance of Power: Independent Black Politics and Third-Party Movements in the United States. Ohio UP. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-8214-4288-3.
^ Lewis L. Gould, "1912 Republican Convention: Return of the Rough Rider" Smithsonian Magazine August 2008 online
^ Brands 1997, p. 717.
^ Mowry, pp. 223, 257.
^ Gould, Four Hats pp. 127–128.
^ Stacy A. Cordery, Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House princess to Washington power broker (2006) pp. 176–183.
^ Allen F. Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (1973) pp. 185–197.
^ Marena Cole, "A Progressive Conservative": The Roles of George Perkins and Frank Munsey in the Progressive Party Campaign of 1912" (PhD dissertation, Tufts University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2017. 10273522).
^ John A. Garraty, Right-Hand Man: The Life of George W. Perkins (1960) pp. 264–284.
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1c09dac1a982e988f13a86a345fd01d1 | ^ Cannon, Carl M (2003), The Pursuit of Happiness in Times of War, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 142, ISBN 0-7425-2592-9.
^ Lincoln, A. (1959). "Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson, and the Vice-Presidential Nomination of 1912". Pacific Historical Review. 28 (3): 267–283. doi:10.2307/3636471. JSTOR 3636471.
^ O'Toole, Patricia (June 25, 2006). "The War of 1912". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on July 3, 2006. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
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^ Thayer 1919, pp. 25–31, Chapter XXII.
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^ Link, Arthur S. (1947). "The Negro as a Factor in the Campaign of 1912". The Journal of Negro History. 32 (1): 81–99. doi:10.2307/2715292. JSTOR 2715292. S2CID 150222134.
^ Link, Arthur S. (1946). "Theodore Roosevelt and the South in 1912". The North Carolina Historical Review. 23 (3): 313–324. JSTOR 23515317.
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^ "Schrank, Who Shot T. Roosevelt, Dies". The New York Times. September 17, 1943. p. 23. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
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a1fd9358dac252b2aa3927163cbc8da4 | ^ Stan Gores, "The attempted assassination of Teddy Roosevelt."Wisconsin Magazine of History (1970) 53#4: 269–277 online Archived January 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Artifacts". Museum. Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
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490ebd7c0a763c75cacdcc7dddd8b39a | ^ Gerard Helferich, Theodore Roosevelt and the Assassin: Madness, Vengeance, and the Campaign of 1912 (2013)
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^ Miller 1992, pp. 529–530.
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9ec646d954af37131cb03a34746992e1 | January 1919. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt",
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d4a4f45609f3ef4b0008baeb9f02415e | Never Call Retreat: Theodore Roosevelt and the Great War. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-1-137-30653-1. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
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^ Miller 1992, pp. 562–564.
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^ Miller 1992, pp. 564–566.
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8623f986c9126aa17862d4266ab4ae6d | ^ ""Light gone out" – TR at the Library of Congress – Jefferson's Legacy: The Library of Congress Review". IgoUgo. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
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cdd182bcb8098d0dba2480110ad9dbdc | ^ Marcus Cunliffe, "Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States 1901–1908" History Today (Sept 1955) 4#9 pp592-601.
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67926e0b0740826389aa82ac474c270d | ^ Richard W. Turk, "The United States Navy and the 'Taking' of Panama, 1901–1903."Journal of Military History 38.3 (1974): 92+.
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77b4cce256c29d5197cd8fd146368ae0 | ^ Jump up to: a b Reisner 1922, p. 306.
^ Leuchtenburg 2015, pp. 30–31.
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^ Kissinger, pp. 40–42.
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f793e1d5a1eed200aad3d8a1a2cbf3b1 | ^ Brands 1997, p. x.
^ Testi 1995.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt",
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2c7351a8d3b6a34a51ff29b1818153fa | Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt",
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6c823a84fc0e6fa4e97a9615f6570eb | ^ Vincent Voice Library, Michigan State University, archived from the original (audio clips) on June 3, 2013, retrieved July 17, 2012.
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^ "Some rare photos of flight with Arch Hoxsey".
Print sources
Main articles: Bibliography of Theodore Roosevelt and Books Written by Theodore Roosevelt
Full biographies
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Brands, Henry William (1997), TR: The Last Romantic (full biography), New York: Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-06958-3, OCLC 36954615.
Chessman, G Wallace (1965), Governor Theodore Roosevelt: The Albany Apprenticeship, 1898–1900
Cooper, John Milton (1983), The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (dual scholarly biography), ISBN 978-0-674-94751-1.
Dalton, Kathleen (2002), Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life (full scholarly biography), ISBN 0-679-76733-9.
Gould, Lewis L (2012), Theodore Roosevelt, ISBN 978-0-19-979701-1, 105 pp, very short biography by leading scholar.
Harbaugh, William Henry (1963), The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (full scholarly biography), Farrar, Straus And Cudahy. | text | {
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ed7a02a421b7b90eea99cd89da347a37 | ; also titled Power and responsibility; the life and times of Theodore Roosevelt online
Miller, Nathan (1992), Theodore Roosevelt: A Life, William Morrow & Co, ISBN 9780688067847.
Morris, Edmund (1979), The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 1. To 1901, ISBN 9780698107830.
Morris, Edmund (2001), Theodore Rex, vol. 2. To 1909
Morris, Edmund (2010), Colonel Roosevelt, vol. 3, Random House, ISBN 978-0-679-60415-0, archived from the original on March 13, 2022, retrieved December 12, 2016
Pringle, Henry F (1931), Theodore Roosevelt (full scholarly biography).
Pringle, Henry F (1956), Theodore Roosevelt (2nd ed.), New York, Harcourt, Brace
Putnam, Carleton (1958), Theodore Roosevelt (biography), vol. I: The Formative Years, only volume published, to age 28.
Samuels, Peggy (1997), Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan: The Making of a President, Texas A&M UP, ISBN 978-0-89096-771-3, archived from the original on April 7, 2015, retrieved October 17, 2015.
Thayer, William Roscoe (1919), Theodore Roosevelt: an intimate biography, Houghton Mifflin.
Personality and activities
Bishop, Joseph Bucklin (2007), Theodore Roosevelt's Letters to His Children, Wildside Press, ISBN 978-1-434-48394-2.
DiSilvestro, Roger (2011), Theodore Roosevelt in the Badlands: A Young Politician's Quest in the American West, Walker & Co, ISBN 978-0-8027-1721-4, archived from the original on March 26, 2011.
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2768f02f9d00d35e36db72afc1691877 | Fehn, Bruce (2005), "Theodore Roosevelt and American Masculinity", Magazine of History, 19 (2): 52–59, doi:10.1093/maghis/19.2.52, ISSN 0882-228X Provides a lesson plan on TR as the historical figure who most exemplifies the quality of masculinity.
Gluck, Sherwin (1999), TR's Summer White House, Oyster Bay. Chronicles the events of TR's presidency during the summers of his two terms.
Greenberg, David (2011), "Beyond the Bully Pulpit", Wilson Quarterly, 35 (3): 22–29. The president's use of publicity, rhetoric and force of personality.
Millard, Candice (2005), The River of Doubt: Theodore Roosevelt's Darkest Journey; his deadly 1913–14 trip to the Amazon.
McCullough, David (1981), Mornings on Horseback: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-7432-1830-6, archived from the original on April 7, 2015, retrieved October 17, 2015, best seller; to 1886.
——— (2001) [1981], Mornings on Horseback, The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life, and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt (popular biography), to 1884.
O'Toole, Patricia (2005), When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt after the White House, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-86477-0. 494 pp.
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659f8c47df94539a9f54f4ff87ac4a75 | Reisner, Christian F. (1922), Roosevelt's Religion, The Abingdon Press
Renehan, Edward J (1998), The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War, Oxford University Press, examines TR and his family during the World War I period.
Testi, Arnaldo (1995), "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity", Journal of American History, 81 (4): 1509–1533, doi:10.2307/2081647, JSTOR 2081647.
Thompson, J Lee (2010), Theodore Roosevelt Abroad: Nature, Empire, and the Journey of an American President, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-230-10277-4, 240 pp. TR in Africa & Europe, 1909–10
Wagenknecht, Edward. The seven worlds of Theodore Roosevelt (1958) The seven worlds are those of action, thought, human relations, family, spiritual values, public affairs, and war and peace. online
Watts, Sarah (2003), Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire. 289 pp.
Yarbrough, Jean M (2012), Theodore Roosevelt and the American Political Tradition, University Press of Kansas, 337 pp; TR's political thought and its significance for republican self-government.
Domestic policies
Brinkley, Douglas (2009). The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060565282.online review; another online review Archived March 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
Cutright, P.R. | text | {
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c0f8e01be40d33a7fc816fb3cf0ae278 | (1985) Theodore Roosevelt: The making of a Modern Conservationist (U of Illinois Press.)Dorsey, Leroy G (1997), "The Frontier Myth and Teddy Roosevelt's Fight for Conservation", in Gerster, Patrick; Cords, Nicholas (eds.), Myth America: A Historical Anthology, vol. II, St. James, NY: Brandywine Press, ISBN 1-881089-97-5.
Gould, Lewis L (2011), The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (2nd ed.), standard history of his domestic and foreign policy as president. online
Keller, Morton, ed. (1967), Theodore Roosevelt: A Profile (excerpts from TR and from historians).
Murphey, William (March 2013), "Theodore Roosevelt and the Bureau of Corporation: Executive-Corporate Cooperation and the Advancement of the Regulatory State", American Nineteenth Century History, 14 (1): 73–111, doi:10.1080/14664658.2013.774983, S2CID 146629376.
Redekop, Benjamin. (2015). "Embodying the Story: The Conservation Leadership of Theodore Roosevelt". Leadership (2015) DOI:10.1177/1742715014546875 online
Swanson, Ryan A (2011), "'I Never Was a Champion at Anything': Theodore Roosevelt's Complex and Contradictory Record as America's 'Sports President'", Journal of Sport History, 38 (3): 425–446, doi:10.5406/jsporthistory.38.3.425, S2CID 159307371.
Zacks, Richard (2012), Island of Vice: Theodore Roosevelt's Doomed Quest to Clean Up Sin-Loving New York.
Politics
Blum, John Morton (1954), The Republican Roosevelt, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, OCLC 310975. How TR did politics.
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7166941f7549c31efa7f87b680d7069d | Chace, James (2004), 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs: The Election That Changed the Country, ISBN 978-0-7432-0394-4, 323 pp.
Chambers, John W. (1974), Woodward, C. Vann (ed.), Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct, New York, New York: Delacorte Press, pp. 207–237, ISBN 0-440-05923-2
Cowan, Geoffrey. Let the People Rule: Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of the Presidential Primary (WW Norton, 2016).
Gable, John A. The Bull Moose Years (Kennikat Press Corp., 1978) 300pp on Roosevelt.
Gould, Lewis L (2008), Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics (by a leading scholar), ISBN 978-0-7006-1564-3.
Haverkamp, Michael (2001), "Rossevelt and Taft: How the Republican Vote Split in Ohio in 1912", Ohio History, 110 (1): 121–135, archived from the original on March 5, 2008.
Kohn, Edward P (Spring 2006), "A Necessary Defeat: Theodore Roosevelt and the New York Mayoral Election of 1886", New York History, 87: 205–227.
——— (2006), "Crossing the Rubicon: Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and the 1884 Republican National Convention", Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 5 (1): 18–45, doi:10.1017/s1537781400002851, hdl:11693/48372, S2CID 163282993.
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9c34e7e0cbc831dd5358a6d4fd2cc4d4 | Leuchtenburg, William E. (2015), The American President: From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton, Oxford University Press
Milkis, Sidney M (2009), Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive Party, and the Transformation of American Democracy, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 361 pp.
Mowry, George E (1939), "Theodore Roosevelt and the Election of 1910", The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 25 (4): 523–534, doi:10.2307/1892499, JSTOR 1892499.
——— (1946), Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement. Focus on 1912; online free
——— (1954), The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912 (general survey of era). online free
Powell, Jim (2006), Bully Boy: The Truth About Theodore Roosevelt's Legacy, Crown Forum, ISBN 0-307-23722-2. Attacks TR policies from conservative/libertarian perspective.
Ruddy, Daniel (2016), Theodore the Great: Conservative Crusader, Washington, D.C.: Regnery History, ISBN 978-1-62157-441-5
Foreign policy, military and naval issues
Beale, Howard K (1956), Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (standard history of his foreign policy). online
Hattendorf, John B., and William P. Leeman (2020), Forging the Trident: Theodore Roosevelt and the United States Navy. excerpt Archived October 23, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Hendrix, Henry J (2009), Theodore Roosevelt's Naval Diplomacy: The US Navy & the Birth of the American Century.
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f2c36b77164b4cbe8dcef7b4e97f9c65 | Holmes, James R (2006), Theodore Roosevelt and World Order: Police Power in International Relations. 328 pp.
Jones, Gregg (2012), Honor in the Dust: Theodore Roosevelt, War in the Philippines, and the Rise and Fall of America's Imperial Dream, archived from the original on March 8, 2021, retrieved September 16, 2017
Kuehn, John T. "Theodore Roosevelt's Naval Diplomacy: The U.S. Navy and the Birth of the American Century," Naval War College Review (2010) 53#3 online Archived October 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Livermore, Seward W. "Theodore Roosevelt, the American Navy, and the Venezuelan Crisis of 1902–1903."American Historical Review 51.3 (1946): 452–471. online Archived October 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Marks III, Frederick W (1979), Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt.
McCullough, David (1977), The Path between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914.
Mears, Dwight S. (2018). The Medal of Honor: The Evolution of America's Highest Military Decoration. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2665-6. OCLC 1032014828.
Nester, William R. Theodore Roosevelt and the Art of American Power: An American for All Time (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). | text | {
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8aa143d8d7463b233d1503c7b8c573c6 | Archived June 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
Neu, Charles E. "Theodore Roosevelt and American Involvement in the Far East, 1901–1909."Pacific Historical Review 35.4 (1966): 433–449. online Archived October 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
O'Gara, Gordon Carpenter. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of the Modern Navy. (Princeton UP, 1943). online
Oyos, Matthew (2011), "Courage, Careers, and Comrades: Theodore Roosevelt and the United States Army Officer Corps", Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 10 (1): 23–58, doi:10.1017/s1537781410000022, S2CID 155074242.
Oyos, Matthew M. In Command: Theodore Roosevelt and the American Military (2018) online review Archived January 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
Pietrusza, David (2018). TR's Last War: Theodore Roosevelt, the Great War, and a Journey of Triumph and Tragedy
Ricard, Serge (2006), "The Roosevelt Corollary", Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36 (1): 17–26, doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00283.x.
——— (2008), "Theodore Roosevelt: Imperialist or Global Strategist in the New Expansionist Age?", Diplomacy and Statecraft, 19 (4): 639–657, doi:10.1080/09592290802564379, S2CID 154317468.
Rofe, J Simon (2008), "'Under the Influence of Mahan': Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and their Understanding of American National Interest", Diplomacy and Statecraft, 19 (4): 732–745, doi:10.1080/09592290802564536, S2CID 154454947.
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2eae6a2423149986ca4a34a76401fa84 | ———; Thompson, John M (2011), "Internationalists in Isolationist times – Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and a Rooseveltian Maxim", Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 9 (1): 46–62, doi:10.1080/14794012.2011.550773, S2CID 143650928.
Thompson, John M. Great Power Rising: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of US Foreign Policy (Oxford UP, 2019).
Tilchin, William N (1997), Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire: A Study in Presidential Statecraft
Tilchin, William N; Neu, Charles E, eds. (2006), Artists of Power: Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Their Enduring Impact on US Foreign Policy, Praeger. 196 pp.
Turk, Richard W. The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan (1987) online review Archived October 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Historiography and memory
Bakari, Mohamed El-Kamel. "Mapping the 'Anthropocentric-ecocentric'Dualism in the History of American Presidency: The Good, the Bad, and the Ambivalent."Journal of Studies in Social Sciences 14, no. 2 (2016).
Cullinane, M. Patrick, ed. Remembering Theodore Roosevelt: Reminiscences of his Contemporaries (2021) excerpt
Cullinane, M. Patrick. “The Memory of Theodore Roosevelt through Motion Pictures” in A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Serge Ricard (Wiley Blackwell, 2011), 502-520.
Cullinane, Michael Patrick (2017). Theodore Roosevelt's Ghost: The History and Memory of an American Icon. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-6672-7.
Cunliffe, Marcus. | text | {
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"_split_id": 157
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8c4a1a295be4c56d0d29e88e22c683fc | "Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States 1901–1908" History Today (Sept 1955) 4#9 pp. 592–601, online.
Dalton, Kathleen (2017). "Changing interpretations of Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive era". In Nichols, Christopher M.; Unger, Nancy C. (eds.). A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. pp. 296–307.
Gable, John. “The Man in the Arena of History: The Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt” in Theodore Roosevelt: Many-Sided American, eds. Natalie Naylor, Douglas Brinkley and John Gable (Interlaken, NY: Hearts of the Lakes, 1992), 613–643.
Grantham, Dewey W. Jr. (January 1961). "Theodore Roosevelt in American Historical Writing, 1945–1960". Mid-America. 43 (1): 3–35.
Hull, Katy. "Hero, Champion of Social Justice, Benign Friend: Theodore Roosevelt in American Memory."European journal of American studies 13.13-2 (2018). online
Ricard, Serge. "The State of Theodore Roosevelt Studies" H-Diplo Essay No. 116 24 October 2014 online Archived October 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
Ricard, Serge, ed. (2011). A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt. ISBN 978-1-4443-3140-0., excerpt and text search, 28 new essays by scholars; focus on historiography.
Tilchin, William (Summer 1989). "The Rising Star of Theodore Roosevelt's Diplomacy: Major Studies from Beale to the Present". Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal. 15 (3): 2–24.
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a33204bac38a45f0a068e2082054021a | Unpublished PhD dissertations
These are available online at academic libraries.
Bartley, Shirley. "The Man In The Arena: A Rhetorical Analysis Of Theodore Roosevelt'S Inventional Stance, 1910-1912" (Temple University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1984. 8410181.
Collin, Richard H. "The Image Of Theodore Roosevelt In American History And Thought, 1885-1965" (New York University Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1966. 7001489).
Faltyn, Timothy W. "An active-positive leader: Applying James Barber to Theodore Roosevelt's life" (Oklahoma State University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1999. 9942434).
Gable, John Allen. "The Bull Moose Years: Theodore Roosevelt And The Progressive Party, 1912-1916. (Volumes I And Ii)" (Brown University Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1972. 7302265).
Heth, Jennifer Dawn. "Imagining TR: Commemorations and representations of Theodore Roosevelt in twentieth-century America" (Texas A&M University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2014. 3717739)
Levine, Stephen Lee. "Race, culture, and art: Theodore Roosevelt and the nationalist aesthetic" (Kent State University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2001. 3034424).
Mellor, Nathan B. "The leader as mediator: Theodore Roosevelt at Portsmouth—Ronald Reagan at Reykjavik" (Pepperdine University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2007. 3296771).
Moore, A. Gregory. "The Dilemma Of Stereotypes: Theodore Roosevelt And China, 1901-1909" (Kent State University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1978. 7904808).
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cd9b56dd91c7c1c8af73a880ca68625 | Reed, Marvin Elijah, Jr. "Theodore Roosevelt: The Search For Community In The Urban Age" (Tulane University, Graduate Program In Biomedical Sciences Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1971. 7214199).
Reter, Ronald Francis. "The Real Versus The Rhetorical Theodore Roosevelt In Foreign Policy-Making" (University Of Georgia Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1973. 7331949).
Primary sources
Auchincloss, Louis, ed. Theodore Roosevelt: Letters and Speeches (2004)
Brands, H. W. The selected letters of Theodore Roosevelt (2001) online
O'Toole, Patricia ed. In the Words of Theodore Roosevelt : Quotations from the Man in the Arena (Cornell University Press, 2012)
Hart, Albert Bushnell, and Herbert Ronald Ferleger, Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia (1941) online, short excerpts.
Morison, Elting E. ed. The letters of Theodore Roosevelt (8 vol Harvard UP, 1951-1954); vol 7 online covers 1909-1912
The Complete Works of Theodore Roosevelt (2017) 4500 pages in Kindle format online for $1 at Amazon
Kohn, Edward P., ed. A Most Glorious Ride: The Diaries of Theodore Roosevelt, 1877–1886 (State University of New York Press, 2015), 284 pp.
Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, ed. (1920), Theodore Roosevelt and His Time Shown in His Own Letters vol. | text | {
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"_split_id": 160
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4aca67e2eec774b141067a514042953f | 1, archived from the original on December 22, 2020, retrieved September 5, 2020; vol 2 Archived May 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
Roosevelt, Theodore; Roosevelt, Kermit (1926), East of the Sun and West of the Moon, New York: Scribner
Roosevelt, Theodore (1889), The Winning of the West, vol. I, New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons
——— (1913), Autobiography, New York: Macmillan.
——— (1916), Fear God and Take Your Own Part, New York: George H. Doran, LCCN 16003624
——— (1917), The Foes of Our Own Household, New York: George H. Doran, LCCN 17025965
——— (1926), The Works (National ed.), 20 vol.; 18,000 pages containing most of TR's speeches, books and essays, but not his letters.
——— (1941), Hart, Albert Bushnell; Ferleger, Herbert Ronald (eds.), Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia, Roosevelt's opinions on many issues; online version at Theodore Roosevelt Archived May 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
——— (1951–1954), Morison, Elting E; Blum, John Morton; Chandler, Alfred D jr (eds.), The Letters (annotated ed.), 8 vols. Very large collection. vol 1 1868–1898 online
——— (1967), Harbaugh, William (ed.), The Writings (one-volume selection of speeches and essays). online
——— (1968), Roosevelt, Archibald (ed. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt",
"_split_id": 161
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371f5e5a3d115b26a881d102dac2bd1c | ), Theodore Roosevelt on Race, Riots, Reds, Crime, Probe
——— (1999) [1882], The Naval War of 1812 Or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans, New York: The Modern Library, ISBN 0-375-75419-9.
——— (2001), Brands, HW (ed.), The Selected Letters online
——— (2004), Auchincloss, Louis (ed.), Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders and an Autobiography, Library of America, ISBN 978-1-931082-65-5.
——— (2004), Auchincloss, Louis (ed.), Letters and Speeches, Library of America, ISBN 978-1-931082-66-2.
———. "Books and speeches". Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
External links
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Theodore Roosevelt at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from Wikisource
Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Roosevelt, Theodore".
| text | {
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cadd31a08b1e43b1e5c820bd6536bd57 | Organizations
Boone and Crockett Club
Theodore Roosevelt Association
Libraries and collections
Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University
Theodore Roosevelt Collection, at the Houghton Library, Harvard University
Julian L. Street Papers on Theodore Roosevelt, at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
Doris A. and Lawrence H. Budner Collection on Theodore Roosevelt at the DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University
Theodore Roosevelt's journalism at The Archive of American Journalism
Theodore Roosevelt American Museum of Natural History
Works by Theodore Roosevelt in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
Works by Theodore Roosevelt at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Theodore Roosevelt at Internet Archive
Works by Theodore Roosevelt at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Roosevelt Papers, at the Library of Congress
Guide to the Herbert R. Strauss Collection of Theodore Roosevelt Papers 1884–1919 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
Media
Theodore Roosevelt Speech Edison Recordings Campaign - 1912, audio recording
Theodore Roosevelt collected news and commentary at The New York Times
"Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, September 3, 1999
"Writings of Theodore Roosevelt" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
Other
Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt: A Resource Guide – Library of Congress
Theodore Roosevelt on Nobelprize.org
Theodore Roosevelt at IMDb
.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}showvteTheodore Roosevelt
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
25th Vice President of the United States (1901)
33rd Governor of New York (1899–1900)
Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897–1898)
New York City Police Commissioner (1895–1897)
Presidency
First inauguration
historic site
Second inauguration
"Square Deal"
Booker T. Washington dinner
Conservation
Newlands Reclamation Act
Transfer Act of 1905
Antiquities Act
Pelican Island
Devils Tower National Monument
Muir Woods National Monument
Other National Monuments
United States Forest Service,
United States Reclamation Service
National Wildlife Refuge System
Roosevelt Arch
Conference of Governors
Northern Securities Company breakup
court case
Coal strike of 1902
Pure Food and Drug Act
Food and Drug Administration
Meat Inspection Act
Expediting Act
Elkins Act
Hepburn Act
Aldrich–Vreeland Act
Federal Employers Liability Act
Kinkaid Act
Big stick ideology
Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Panama Canal Zone
Panama Canal
Venezuelan crisis
Roosevelt Corollary
Occupation of Cuba
Russo-Japanese War
Treaty of Portsmouth
1906 Nobel Peace Prize
Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
Army War College
Roosevelt Hall
College football meetings
Bureau of Investigation
Department of Commerce and Labor
Bureau of Corporations
Keep Commission
Inland Waterways Commission
Bureau of the Census
Great White Fleet
Perdicaris affair
Cabinet
White House West Wing
State of the Union Address, 1901
1906
1908
White House desk
Federal judiciary appointments
Otherevents
Spanish–American War
Rough Riders
Battle of Las Guasimas
Battle of San Juan Hill
"Bull Moose" Progressive Party
New Nationalism
Assassination attempt
Boone and Crockett Club
Smithsonian–Roosevelt African Expedition
"River of Doubt" Amazonian expedition
Life andhomes
Birthplace, boyhood home replica
Sagamore Hill Home and Museum
Oyster Bay
Maltese Cross Cabin
Elkhorn Ranch
Pine Knot cabin
Gravesite
Writingsand speeches
Theodore Roosevelt bibliography
The Naval War of 1812 (1882 book)
"The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech)
League to Enforce Peace
"Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech)
"Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech)
Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography (1913 book)
The Forum magazine articles
Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia
Archival collections
Elections
1898 New York state election
Republican National Convention: 1900
1904
1912
1916
United States presidential elections: 1900
1904
1912
Legacy
Bibliography
Mount Rushmore
Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library
White House Roosevelt Room
Theodore Roosevelt National Park
Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness
Theodore Roosevelt Island
Roosevelt National Forest
Roosevelt Study Center
Theodore Roosevelt Association
Statues
New York City
Portland, Oregon
Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park
Monument Assemblage
Theodore Roosevelt Monument
Roosevelt Memorial, Portland, Oregon
Proposed presidential library
Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse
Roosevelt River
Theodore Roosevelt Bridge
Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge
Theodore Roosevelt Award
USS Theodore Roosevelt (1906, 1961, 1984)
Roosevelt Road
U.S. postage stamps
Popularculture
Teddy bear
"Speak softly, and carry a big stick"
Books
Films
Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King, 1901 film
Roosevelt in Africa, 1910 documentary
The Rough Riders, 1927 film
Teddy, the Rough Rider, 1940 film
Rough Riders, 1997 miniseries
The Roosevelts, 2014 documentary
Theodore Roosevelt, 2022 miniseries
Related
Political positions
"Bully pulpit"
Ananias Club
"Nature fakers"
League to Enforce Peace
A Guest of Honor
"Muckraker"
"Roosevelt Republican"
Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial
Family
Alice Hathaway Lee (first wife)
Edith Kermit Carow (second wife)
Alice Lee Roosevelt (daughter)
Theodore Roosevelt III (son)
Kermit Roosevelt (son)
Ethel Carow Roosevelt (daughter)
Archibald Roosevelt (son)
Quentin Roosevelt (son)
Theodore Roosevelt IV (grandson)
Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III (grandson)
Quentin Roosevelt II (grandson)
Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (grandson)
Joseph Willard Roosevelt (grandson)
Edith Roosevelt Derby (granddaughter)
Theodora Roosevelt (granddaughter)
Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (father)
Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (mother)
Anna Bamie Roosevelt (sister)
Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (brother)
Corinne Roosevelt (sister)
Cornelius Roosevelt (grandfather)
James Stephens Bulloch (grandfather)
James Alfred Roosevelt (uncle)
Robert Barnhill Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (niece)
Gracie Hall Roosevelt (nephew)
Pete (dog)
← William McKinley
William Howard Taft →
← Garret Hobart
Charles W. Fairbanks →
Category
showOffices and distinctions
New York State Assembly
Preceded byWilliam J. Trimble
Member of the New York Assemblyfrom the 21st district 1882–1884
Succeeded byHenry A. Barnum
Preceded byThomas G. Alvord
Minority Leader of the New York Assembly 1883
Succeeded byFrank Rice
Civic offices
UnknownLast known title holder:William Farrar Smith
Superintendent of the New York City Police Department 1895–1897
Succeeded byJohn McCullagh
Government offices
Preceded byWilliam McAdoo
Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1897–1898
Succeeded byCharles Herbert Allen
Party political offices
Preceded byFrank S. Black
Republican nominee for Governor of New York 1898
Succeeded byBenjamin Odell
Preceded byGarret Hobart
Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 1900
Succeeded byCharles W. Fairbanks
Preceded byWilliam McKinley
Republican nominee for President of the United States 1904
Succeeded byWilliam Howard Taft
New political party
Progressive nominee for President of the United States 1912
Party dissolved
Political offices
Preceded byFrank S. Black
Governor of New York 1899–1900
Succeeded byBenjamin Barker Odell Jr.
Preceded byGarret Hobart
Vice President of the United States 1901
Succeeded byCharles W. Fairbanks
Preceded byWilliam McKinley
President of the United States 1901–1909
Succeeded byWilliam Howard Taft
Awards and achievements
Preceded byBertha von Suttner
Laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize 1906
Succeeded byErnesto Teodoro MonetaLouis Renault
showArticles related to Theodore Roosevelt
showvtePresidents of the United StatesPresidents andpresidencies
George Washington (1789–1797)
John Adams (1797–1801)
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James Madison (1809–1817)
James Monroe (1817–1825)
John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)
Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)
Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)
William Henry Harrison (1841)
John Tyler (1841–1845)
James K. Polk (1845–1849)
Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)
Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)
James Buchanan (1857–1861)
Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
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Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
James A. Garfield (1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
William McKinley (1897–1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
George W. Bush (2001–2009)
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Donald Trump (2017–2021)
Joe Biden (2021–present)
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Washington
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Hoover
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List
showvteVice presidents of the United States
John Adams (1789–1797)
Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
George Clinton (1805–1812)
Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841)
John Tyler (1841)
George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
William R. King (1853)
John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865)
Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881)
Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897)
Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
John N. Garner (1933–1941)
Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
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Pitcher
Van Buren
Throop
Marcy
Seward
Bouck
Wright
Young
Fish
Hunt
Seymour
Clark
King
Morgan
Seymour
Fenton
Hoffman
J. Adams Dix
Tilden
Robinson
Cornell
Cleveland
Hill
Flower
Morton
Black
T. Roosevelt
Odell
Higgins
Hughes
White
J. Alden Dix
Sulzer
Glynn
Whitman
Smith
Miller
Smith
F. Roosevelt
Lehman
Poletti
Dewey
Harriman
Rockefeller
Wilson
Carey
M. Cuomo
Pataki
Spitzer
Paterson
A. Cuomo
Hochul
Lieutenantgovernors
Van Cortlandt
S. Van Rensselaer
J. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt",
"_split_id": 163
} | [
"content"
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99e1b9649edb9570bc5948313c37a5b9 | Van Rensselaer
Broome
Tayler
Clinton
Tayler
Swift
Tayler
Root
Tallmadge
Pitcher
P. Livingston
Dayan
Throop
Stebbins
Oliver
E. Livingston
Tracy
Bradish
Dickinson
Gardiner
Lester
Fish
Patterson
Church
Raymond
Selden
Campbell
Floyd-Jones
Alvord
Woodford
Beach
Robinson
Dorsheimer
Hoskins
Hill
McCarthy
Jones
Sheehan
Saxton
Woodruff
Higgins
Bruce
Raines
Chanler
White
Cobb
Conway
Glynn
Wagner
Schoeneck
Walker
Wood
Lusk
Lunn
Lowman
Corning
Lehman
Bray
Poletti
Hanley
Wallace
Hanley
Moore
Wicks
Mahoney
DeLuca
Wilson
Anderson
Krupsak
M. Cuomo
DelBello
Anderson
Lundine
McCaughey
Donohue
Paterson
Bruno
Skelos
Smith
Espada
Ravitch
Duffy
Hochul
Stewart-Cousins
Benjamin
Stewart-Cousins
Delgado
Italics indicate acting officeholders
showvteUnited States Secretaries of the NavySecretariesCabinet-level
Stoddert
Smith
Hamilton
Jones
Crowninshield
S Thompson
Southard
Branch
L. Woodbury
Dickerson
Paulding
Badger
Upshur
Henshaw
Gilmer
Mason
Bancroft
Mason
Preston
Graham
Kennedy
Dobbin
Toucey
Welles
Borie
Robeson
R Thompson
Goff
Hunt
Chandler
Whitney
Tracy
Herbert
Long
Moody
Morton
Bonaparte
Metcalf
Newberry
Meyer
Daniels
Denby
Wilbur
Adams
Swanson
Edison
Knox
Forrestal
Dept. of Defense
Sullivan
Matthews
Kimball
Anderson
Thomas
T. Gates
Franke
Connally
Korth
Nitze
Ignatius
Chafee
Warner
Middendorf
Claytor
Hidalgo
Lehman
Webb
Ball
Garrett
O'Keefe
Dalton
Danzig
England
Winter
Mabus
Spencer
Braithwaite
Del Toro
UnderSecretaries
Forrestal
Bard
A. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt",
"_split_id": 164
} | [
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45df5f52aa7199fd365b63413640d0ab | Gates
Sullivan
Kenney
Kimball
Whitehair
Thomas
T. Gates
Franke
Bantz
Fay
BeLieu
Baldwin
Baird
Warner
Sanders
Middendorf
Potter
Macdonald
Woolsey
Murray
Goodrich
Garrett
Howard
Danzig
Hultin
Pirie
Livingstone
Aviles
Work
Davidson
Modly
Raven
AssistantSecretariesPre–1954
Fox
Faxon
Soley
McAdoo
T. Roosevelt Sr.
Allen
Hackett
Darling
Newberry
Satterlee
Winthrop
F. Roosevelt
G. Woodbury
T. Roosevelt Jr.
Robinson
Jahncke
H. Roosevelt
Edison
Compton
Bard
Hensel
Kenney
Andrews
Koehler
Askins
Fogler
Post–1954
Financial Management and Comptroller
Installations and Environment
Manpower and Reserve Affairs
Research, Development and Acquisitions
General Counsel of the Navy
defunct:
Air
Installations and Logistics
Material
Research and Development
Research, Engineering and Systems
Shipbuilding and Logistics
showvteRepublican Party
History
National Union Party
Third Party System
Fourth Party System
Fifth Party System
Sixth Party System
Presidentialticketsandnationalconventions
1856 (Philadelphia): Frémont/Dayton
1860 (Chicago): Lincoln/Hamlin
1864 (Baltimore): Lincoln/Johnson
1868 (Chicago): Grant/Colfax
1872 (Philadelphia): Grant/Wilson
1876 (Cincinnati): Hayes/Wheeler
1880 (Chicago): Garfield/Arthur
1884 (Chicago): Blaine/Logan
1888 (Chicago): Harrison/Morton
1892 (Minneapolis): Harrison/Reid
1896 (Saint Louis): McKinley/Hobart
1900 (Philadelphia): McKinley/Roosevelt
1904 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Fairbanks
1908 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman
1912 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman/Butler
1916 (Chicago): Hughes/Fairbanks
1920 (Chicago): Harding/Coolidge
1924 (Cleveland): Coolidge/Dawes
1928 (Kansas City): Hoover/Curtis
1932 (Chicago): Hoover/Curtis
1936 (Cleveland): Landon/Knox
1940 (Philadelphia): Willkie/McNary
1944 (Chicago): Dewey/Bricker
1948 (Philadelphia): Dewey/Warren
1952 (Chicago): Eisenhower/Nixon
1956 (San Francisco): Eisenhower/Nixon
1960 (Chicago): Nixon/Lodge
1964 (San Francisco): Goldwater/Miller
1968 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
1972 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
1976 (Kansas City): Ford/Dole
1980 (Detroit): Reagan/G. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt",
"_split_id": 165
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
36b5dd40c2ecc832c4ea398b995ed16c | H. W. Bush
1984 (Dallas): Reagan/G. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt",
"_split_id": 166
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
6b0c22c79f7486331100b10b2d690c3d | H. W. Bush
1988 (New Orleans): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
1992 (Houston): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
1996 (San Diego): Dole/Kemp
2000 (Philadelphia): G. W. Bush/Cheney
2004 (New York): G. W. Bush/Cheney
2008 (St. Paul): McCain/Palin
2012 (Tampa): Romney/Ryan
2016 (Cleveland): Trump/Pence
2020 (Charlotte/other locations): Trump/Pence
2024 (Milwaukee)
Presidentialadministrations
Lincoln (1861–1865)
Johnson (1865–1868)
Grant (1869–1877)
Hayes (1877–1881)
Garfield (1881)
Arthur (1881–1885)
Harrison (1889–1893)
McKinley (1897–1901)
Roosevelt (1901–1909)
Taft (1909–1913)
Harding (1921–1923)
Coolidge (1923–1929)
Hoover (1929–1933)
Eisenhower (1953–1961)
Nixon (1969–1974)
Ford (1974–1977)
Reagan (1981–1989)
G. H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
G. W. Bush (2001–2009)
Trump (2017–2021)
U.S. SenateleadersandConferencechairs
J. P. Hale (1859–1862)
Anthony (1862–1884)
Sherman (1884–1885)
Edmunds (1885–1891)
Sherman (1891–1897)
Allison (1897–1908)
E. Hale (1908–1911)
Cullom (1911–1913)
Gallinger (1913–1918)
Lodge (1918–1924)
Curtis (1924–1929)
Watson (1929–1933)
McNary (1933–1940)
Austin (1940–1941)
McNary (1941–1944)
White (1944–1949)
Wherry (1949–1952)
Bridges (1952–1953)
Taft (1953)
Knowland (1953–1959)
Dirksen (1959–1969)
Scott (1969–1977)
Baker (1977–1979)
Stevens (1979–1980)
Baker (1980–1985)
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Lott (1996–2003)
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McConnell (2007–)
U.S. Houseleaders,Speakers,andConferencechairs
Pennington (1860–1861)
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Hale (1877–1879)
Frye (1879–1881)
Keifer (1881–1883)
Cannon (1883–1889)
Reed (1889–1891)
T. J. Henderson (1891–1895)
Reed (1895–1899)
D. B. Henderson (1899–1903)
Cannon (1903–1911)
Mann (1911–1919)
Gillett (1919–1925)
Longworth (1925–1931)
Snell (1931–1939)
Martin (1939–1959)
Halleck (1959–1965)
Ford (1965–1973)
Rhodes (1973–1981)
Michel (1981–1995)
Gingrich (1995–1999)
Hastert (1999–2007)
Boehner (2007–2015)
Ryan (2015–2019)
McCarthy (2019–)
RNCChairs
Morgan
Raymond
Ward
Claflin
Morgan
Chandler
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Jewell
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Jones
Quay
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Hanna
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Cortelyou
New
Hitchcock
Hill
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Wilcox
Hays
Adams
Butler
Work
Huston
Fess
Sanders
Fletcher
Hamilton
Martin
Walsh
Spangler
Brownell
Reece
Scott
Gabrielson
Summerfield
Roberts
Hall
Alcorn
T. Morton
Miller
Burch
Bliss
R. Morton
Dole
Bush
Smith
Brock
Richards
Laxalt/Fahrenkopf
Fahrenkopf
Atwater
Yeutter
Bond
Barbour
Nicholson
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Racicot
Gillespie
Mehlman
Martínez/Duncan
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McDaniel
Chair elections
2009
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2023
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Related
Primaries
Debates
Bibliography
International Democrat Union
Timeline of modern American conservatism
Trumpism
showvteHistorical left-wing third party U.S. presidential ticketsThis group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential electionPresidentialtickets thatwon at leastone percent ofthe nationalpopular vote (Candidate(s) / Running Mate(s))Greenback
Peter Cooper/Samuel F. Cary (1876)
James B. Weaver/Barzillai J. | text | {
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"_split_id": 167
} | [
"content"
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8d2f661490f0f5181e2d0e0f6dfe12a0 | Chambers (1880)
Benjamin Butler/Absolom M. West (1884)
Union Labor
Alson Streeter/Charles E. Cunningham (1888)
Populist
James B. Weaver/James G. Field (1892)
William Jennings Bryan/Thomas E. Watson (1896)
Socialist
Eugene V. Debs/Ben Hanford (1904 and 1908)
Eugene V. Debs/Emil Seidel (1912)
Allan L. Benson/George R. Kirkpatrick (1916)
Eugene V. Debs/Seymour Stedman (1920)
Norman Thomas/James H. Maurer (1932)
Progressive (1912)
Theodore Roosevelt/Hiram Johnson (1912)
Progressive (1924)
Robert M. La Follette/Burton K. Wheeler (1924)
Progressive (1948)
Henry A. Wallace/Glen H. Taylor (1948)
Other notableleft-wing parties
Socialist Labor Party of America
Social Democratic Party of America
Independence Party
Farmer–Labor Party
Communist Party USA
Socialist Workers Party
Liberty Party
People's Party
Citizens Party
New Alliance Party
Third party performances in presidential elections
Labor history of the United States
Liberalism in the United States
Progressivism in the United States
Socialism in the United States
showvteCabinet of President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)Secretary of State
John Hay (1901–1905)
Elihu Root (1905–1909)
Robert Bacon (1909)
Secretary of the Treasury
Lyman J. Gage (1901–1902)
L. M. Shaw (1902–1907)
George B. Cortelyou (1907–1909)
Secretary of War
Elihu Root (1901–1904)
William Howard Taft (1904–1908)
Luke Edward Wright (1908–1909)
Attorney General
Philander C. Knox (1901–1904)
William Henry Moody (1904–1906)
Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1906–1909)
Postmaster General
Charles Emory Smith (1901–1902)
Henry Clay Payne (1902–1904)
Robert Wynne (1904–1905)
George B. Cortelyou (1905–1907)
George von Lengerke Meyer (1907–1909)
Secretary of the Navy
John Davis Long (1901–1902)
William Henry Moody (1902–1904)
Paul Morton (1904–1905)
Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1905–1906)
Victor H. Metcalf (1906–1908)
Truman Handy Newberry (1908–1909)
Secretary of the Interior
Ethan A. Hitchcock (1901–1907)
James Rudolph Garfield (1907–1909)
Secretary of Agriculture
James Wilson (1901–1909)
Secretary of Commerce and Labor
George B. Cortelyou (1903–1904)
Victor H. Metcalf (1904–1906)
Oscar Straus (1906–1909)
showvteLaureates of the Nobel Peace Prize1901–1925
1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
1903: Randal Cremer
1904: Institut de Droit International
1905: Bertha von Suttner
1906: Theodore Roosevelt
1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
1910: International Peace Bureau
1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
1912: Elihu Root
1913: Henri La Fontaine
1914
1915
1916
1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
1918
1919: Woodrow Wilson
1920: Léon Bourgeois
1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
1922: Fridtjof Nansen
1923
1924
1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
1928
1929: Frank B. Kellogg
1930: Nathan Söderblom
1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
1932
1933: Norman Angell
1934: Arthur Henderson
1935: Carl von Ossietzky
1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
1937: Robert Cecil
1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
1945: Cordell Hull
1946: Emily Balch / John Mott
1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
1948
1949: John Boyd Orr
1950: Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
1951: Léon Jouhaux
1952: Albert Schweitzer
1953: George C. Marshall
1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1955
1956
1957: Lester B. Pearson
1958: Georges Pire
1959: Philip Noel-Baker
1960: Albert Luthuli
1961: Dag Hammarskjöld
1962: Linus Pauling
1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
1964: Martin Luther King Jr.
1965: UNICEF
1966
1967
1968: René Cassin
1969: International Labour Organization
1970: Norman Borlaug
1971: Willy Brandt
1972
1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
1975: Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
1977: Amnesty International
1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
1979: Mother Teresa
1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
1983: Lech Wałęsa
1984: Desmond Tutu
1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986: Elie Wiesel
1987: Óscar Arias
1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces
1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
1992: Rigoberta Menchú
1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
1998: John Hume / David Trimble
1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
2000: Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
2002: Jimmy Carter
2003: Shirin Ebadi
2004: Wangari Maathai
2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2008: Martti Ahtisaari
2009: Barack Obama
2010: Liu Xiaobo
2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
2012: European Union
2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
2016: Juan Manuel Santos
2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad
2019: Abiy Ahmed
2020: World Food Programme
2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov
2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties
2023: to be announced
.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}showvte1906 Nobel Prize laureatesChemistry
Henri Moissan (France)
Literature (1906)
Giosuè Carducci (Italy)
Peace
Theodore Roosevelt (United States)
Physics
J. J. Thomson (Great Britain)
Physiology or Medicine
Camillo Golgi (Italy)
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spain)
Nobel Prize recipients
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
showvteHall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Jane Addams
Louis Agassiz
Susan B. Anthony
John James Audubon
George Bancroft
Clara Barton
Henry Ward Beecher
Alexander Graham Bell
Daniel Boone
Edwin Booth
Louis Brandeis
Phillips Brooks
William Cullen Bryant
Luther Burbank
Andrew Carnegie
George Washington Carver
William Ellery Channing
Rufus Choate
Henry Clay
Grover Cleveland
James Fenimore Cooper
Peter Cooper
Charlotte Cushman
James Buchanan Eads
Thomas Alva Edison
Jonathan Edwards
Ralph Waldo Emerson
David Farragut
Stephen Foster
Benjamin Franklin
Robert Fulton
Josiah W. Gibbs
William C. Gorgas
Ulysses S. Grant
Asa Gray
Alexander Hamilton
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Joseph Henry
Patrick Henry
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
Mark Hopkins
Elias Howe
Washington Irving
Andrew Jackson
Thomas J. Jackson
Thomas Jefferson
John Paul Jones
James Kent
Sidney Lanier
Robert E. Lee
Abraham Lincoln
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
James Russell Lowell
Mary Lyon
Edward MacDowell
James Madison
Horace Mann
John Marshall
Matthew Fontaine Maury
Albert A. Michelson
Maria Mitchell
James Monroe
Samuel F. B. Morse
William T. G. Morton
John Lothrop Motley
Simon Newcomb
Thomas Paine
Alice Freeman Palmer
Francis Parkman
George Peabody
William Penn
Edgar Allan Poe
Walter Reed
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
William Tecumseh Sherman
John Philip Sousa
Joseph Story
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Gilbert Stuart
Sylvanus Thayer
Henry David Thoreau
Mark Twain
Lillian Wald
Booker T. Washington
George Washington
Daniel Webster
George Westinghouse
James McNeill Whistler
Walt Whitman
Eli Whitney
John Greenleaf Whittier
Emma Willard
Frances Willard
Roger Williams
Woodrow Wilson
Orville Wright
Wilbur Wright
showvtePresidents of the American Historical Association1884–1900
Andrew Dickson White (1884–1885)
George Bancroft (1886)
Justin Winsor (1887)
William Frederick Poole (1888)
Charles Kendall Adams (1889)
John Jay (1890)
William Wirt Henry (1891)
James Burrill Angell (1892–1893)
Henry Adams (1893–1894)
George Frisbie Hoar (1895)
Richard Salter Storrs (1896)
James Schouler (1897)
George Park Fisher (1898)
James Ford Rhodes (1899)
Edward Eggleston (1900)
1901–1925
Charles Francis Adams Jr. (1901)
Alfred Thayer Mahan (1902)
Henry Charles Lea (1903)
Goldwin Smith (1904)
John Bach McMaster (1905)
Simeon Eben Baldwin (1906)
J. Franklin Jameson (1907)
George Burton Adams (1908)
Albert Bushnell Hart (1909)
Frederick Jackson Turner (1910)
William Milligan Sloane (1911)
Theodore Roosevelt (1912)
William Archibald Dunning (1913)
Andrew C. McLaughlin (1914)
H. Morse Stephens (1915)
George Lincoln Burr (1916)
Worthington C. Ford (1917)
William Roscoe Thayer (1918–1919)
Edward Channing (1920)
Jean Jules Jusserand (1921)
Charles Homer Haskins (1922)
Edward Potts Cheyney (1923)
Woodrow Wilson (1924)
Charles McLean Andrews (1924–1925)
1926–1950
Dana Carleton Munro (1926)
Henry Osborn Taylor (1927)
James Henry Breasted (1928)
James Harvey Robinson (1929)
Evarts Boutell Greene (1930)
Carl L. Becker (1931)
Herbert Eugene Bolton (1932)
Charles A. | text | {
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"_split_id": 168
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
1c66d2450980824fed0aa510545554de | Beard (1933)
William Dodd (1934)
Michael Rostovtzeff (1935)
Charles Howard McIlwain (1936)
Guy Stanton Ford (1937)
Laurence M. Larson (1938)
William Scott Ferguson (1939)
Max Farrand (1940)
James Westfall Thompson (1941)
Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. (1942)
Nellie Neilson (1943)
William Linn Westermann (1944)
Carlton J. H. Hayes (1945)
Sidney Bradshaw Fay (1946)
Thomas J. Wertenbaker (1947)
Kenneth Scott Latourette (1948)
Conyers Read (1949)
Samuel Eliot Morison (1950)
1951–1975
Robert Livingston Schuyler (1951)
James G. Randall (1952)
Louis R. Gottschalk (1953)
Merle Curti (1954)
Lynn Thorndike (1955)
Dexter Perkins (1956)
William L. Langer (1957)
Walter Prescott Webb (1958)
Allan Nevins (1959)
Bernadotte Everly Schmitt (1960)
Samuel Flagg Bemis (1961)
Carl Bridenbaugh (1962)
Crane Brinton (1963)
Julian P. Boyd (1964)
Frederic C. Lane (1965)
Roy Franklin Nichols (1966)
Hajo Holborn (1967)
John K. Fairbank (1968)
C. Vann Woodward (1969)
Robert Roswell Palmer (1970)
David M. Potter (1971)
Joseph Strayer (1971)
Thomas C. Cochran (1972)
Lynn Townsend White Jr. (1973)
Lewis Hanke (1974)
Gordon Wright (1975)
1976–2000
Richard B. Morris (1976)
Charles Gibson (1977)
William J. Bouwsma (1978)
John Hope Franklin (1979)
David H. Pinkney (1980)
Bernard Bailyn (1981)
Gordon A. Craig (1982)
Philip D. Curtin (1983)
Arthur S. Link (1984)
William H. McNeill (1985)
Carl Neumann Degler (1986)
Natalie Zemon Davis (1987)
Akira Iriye (1988)
Louis R. Harlan (1989)
David Herlihy (1990)
William Leuchtenburg (1991)
Frederic Wakeman (1992)
Louise A. Tilly (1993)
Thomas C. Holt (1994)
John Henry Coatsworth (1995)
Caroline Walker Bynum (1996)
Joyce Appleby (1997)
Joseph C. Miller (1998)
Robert Darnton (1999)
Eric Foner (2000)
2001–present
Wm. | text | {
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6968807b4e5f5dc14eed2791f3736fc7 | Roger Louis (2001)
Lynn Hunt (2002)
James M. McPherson (2003)
Jonathan Spence (2004)
James J. Sheehan (2005)
Linda K. Kerber (2006)
Barbara Weinstein (2007)
Gabrielle M. Spiegel (2008)
Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (2009)
Barbara D. Metcalf (2010)
Anthony Grafton (2011)
William Cronon (2012)
Kenneth Pomeranz (2013)
Jan E. Goldstein (2014)
Vicki L. Ruiz (2015)
Patrick Manning (2016)
Tyler E. Stovall (2017)
Mary Beth Norton (2018)
J. R. McNeill (2019)
Mary Lindemann (2020)
Jacqueline Jones (2021)
James H. Sweet (2022)
Edward Muir (2023)
showRough RidersOfficers
Leonard Wood
Theodore Roosevelt
Alexander Oswald Brodie
James H. McClintock
Buckey O'Neill
Seth Bullock
John Campbell Greenway
John Avery McIlhenny
Allyn K. Capron Jr.
Allyn K. Capron Sr.
George Curry
Woodbury Kane
Thomas H. Rynning
Enlisted men
George G. McMurtry
Chris Madsen
Hamilton Fish
Thomas Grindell
Henry Barrett
Billy McGinty
Juan Alamia
Frank Frantz
Craig Wadsworth
Henry Nash
Ben Daniels
Frank Knox
Robert Wrenn
Engagements
Spanish–American War
Battle of Las Guasimas
Battle of San Juan Hill
Siege of Santiago
Memorials
Rough Riders Memorial
Buckey O'Neill Cabin
Bucky O'Neill Monument
The Bronco Buster
Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage
Film
The Rough Riders (1927 film)
Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940 film)
Rough Riders (1997 mini-series)
See also
Buckhorn Saloon
Arizona Rangers
Three Guardsmen
Canyon Diablo Train Robbery
Tiburón Island Tragedy
Roosevelt's World War I volunteers
The Lost Battalion
showvteTeddy bearsManufacturers
Applause (defunct)
Build-A-Bear Workshop
Chad Valley
Dakin (defunct)
J. K. Farnell (defunct)
Gund
Ideal Toy Company
Margarete Steiff GmbH
Merrythought
Teddy Atelier Stursberg
Teddy-Hermann
Ty Inc.
Vermont Teddy Bear Company
Types
AG Bear
Beanie Babies
Boyds Bears
Care Bears
Coffee Bean Bears
Forever Friends
Furskin Bears
Gund Snuffles
Holiday Beanie Babies
Me to You Bears
Punkinhead
WereBears
Museums
Dorset Teddy Bear Museum
Teddy bear museum
Teddy Bear Museum of Naples
Fictionalteddies
Aloysius
Archibald Ormsby-Gore
Bamse
Benjamin Bear
Berlino
Big Ted & Little Ted
Bobo (The Simpsons)
Corduroy
Costco bear
Duffy the Disney Bear
Fozzie Bear
Freddy Fazbear
Grizzly Teddy
Harrods Christmas Bears
Hyde
Lotso
Microsoft Bear
Misha
Uszatek
Monokuma
Mr Whoppit
Nassur
Nev
Paddington Bear
Pink teddy bear (Breaking Bad)
Pooky
Pudsey Bear
Roger (Guilty Gear)
Rilakkuma
Rupert
Rupert (Family Guy)
Smokey
Snuggle Bear
Sooty
SuperTed
Teddy (The Forgotten Toys)
Teddy (Mr. Bean)
Teddy Ruxpin
Winnie-the-Pooh
Disney version
Yogi Bear
Film andtelevision
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bb364fe6a8c8c36ec9d15b23b4935296 | Artificial Intelligence
The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin
Bananas in Pyjamas
Bear Behaving Badly
Becky and Barnaby Bear
Boonie Bears
C Bear and Jamal
Charley and Mimmo
Corduroy
Colargol
Adventures of the Gummi Bears
Hey Mister, Let's Play!
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723da903030ec9112bf5cf892b930a0f | Issi Noho
Kooky
Little Bear
movie
Misery Bear
Old Bear Stories
Paddington (TV series)
Paddington (Paddington 2)
The Pit
Rilakkuma and Kaoru
"Rosebud" (The Simpsons)
The Secret World of Benjamin Bear
Special Agent Oso
SuperTed
The Tangerine Bear
Ted (Ted 2)
Teddy
Teddy Bear
Teddybears
The Teddy Bear Master
The 'Teddy' Bears
Teddy Edward
Teddy Trucks
Unicorn Wars
The Upstairs Downstairs Bears
The Yogi Bear Show
Books
A Pocket for Corduroy
Corduroy
Hyde & Closer
Little Bear
Old Bear and Friends
The Berenstain Bears
Polar the Titanic Bear
Supertoys Last All Summer Long
The Toyminator
Undertown
Uppo-Nalle
Winkie
Winnie-the-Pooh
Music
"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear"
"Psycho Teddy"
"Teddy Bears' Picnic"
"The Teddy Bear Song"
"Itsumademo... Teddy Bear"
Video games
Ah Diddums
Among the Sleep
Bear with Me
Big Huggin'
Build-A-Bear Workshop
Fatty Bear's Birthday Surprise
Hubert the Teddy Bear: Winter Games
Opération Teddy Bear
Teddy Together
Naughty Bear
Snacks
Gummy bears
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Tiny Teddy
Related
Peter Bull
Round and Round the Garden
SGUL Teddy Bear Hospital
Richard Steiff
Stuffed toys
Sudanese blasphemy case
Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012
Teddy bear parachuting
Teddy Bear Review
Teddy bear toss
Teddy bears of the Gobelins
Theodore Roosevelt
showvteEleanor Roosevelt
Chairwoman, Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1961–1962)
34th First Lady of the United States (1933–1945)
United Nations
United States delegate, United Nations General Assembly (1946–1952)
United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1947–1953, Chairperson 1946–1951)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Drafting committee
Human Rights Day
First Lady ofthe United States
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1940 Democratic National Convention speech
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Other events
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Encampment for Citizenship
Life and homes
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Val-Kill Industries
Campobello home
Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness
Hyde Park home and gravesite
Legacy
Roosevelt Institute
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Roosevelt Study Center
Eleanor Roosevelt Monument
Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights
Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial
Eleanor Roosevelt College
USS Roosevelt
Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert (1939 film)
Sunrise at Campobello (1958 play, 1960 film)
The Eleanor Roosevelt Story (1965 film)
Eleanor and Franklin (1971 biography)
Eleanor: The Years Alone (1972 biography)
Eleanor and Franklin (1976 film)
Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years (1977 film)
Backstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries)
The Roosevelts (2014 documentary)
The First Lady (2022 TV series)
Related
United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
International Bill of Human Rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Morgenthau Plan
Lorena Hickok
Roosevelt family
Franklin D. Roosevelt (husband
presidency 1933–1941
presidency 1941–1945)
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (daughter)
James Roosevelt II (son)
Elliott Roosevelt (son)
Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. (son)
John Roosevelt II (son)
Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves (granddaughter)
Curtis Roosevelt (grandson)
Sara Delano Roosevelt (granddaughter)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt III (grandson)
John Roosevelt Boettiger (grandson)
James Roosevelt III (grandson)
Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (father)
Anna Hall Roosevelt (mother)
Hall Roosevelt (brother)
Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (grandfather)
Martha Stewart Bulloch (grandmother)
Theodore Roosevelt (uncle
presidency)
Bamie Roosevelt (aunt)
Fala (family dog)
showvte(← 1896) 1900 United States presidential election (→ 1904)Republican Party(Convention)Nominees
President: William McKinley (incumbent)
Vice President: Theodore Roosevelt
Democratic Party(Convention)Nominees
President: William Jennings Bryan
Vice President: Adlai Stevenson I
Other candidates
George Dewey
showThird party and independent candidatesProhibition Party
Nominee: John G. Woolley
VP nominee: Henry B. Metcalf
Social Democratic Party
Nominee: Eugene V. Debs
VP nominee: Job Harriman
Populist Party
Nominee: Wharton Barker
VP nominee: Ignatius L. Donnelly
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee: Joseph F. Malloney
VP nominee: Valentine Remmel
Other 1900 elections: House
Senate
showvte(← 1900) 1904 United States presidential election (→ 1908)Republican Party(Convention)Nominees
President: Theodore Roosevelt (incumbent)
Vice President: Charles W. Fairbanks
Other candidates
Mark Hanna
Democratic Party(Convention)Nominees
President: Alton B. Parker
Vice President: Henry G. Davis
Other candidates
William Randolph Hearst
showThird party and independent candidatesSocialist Party
Nominee: Eugene V. Debs
VP nominee: Ben Hanford
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Silas C. Swallow
VP nominee: George Washington Carroll
Populist Party
Nominee: Thomas E. Watson
VP nominee: Thomas Tibbles
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee: Charles Hunter Corregan
VP nominee: William Wesley Cox
Other 1904 elections: House
Senate
showvte(← 1908) 1912 United States presidential election (→ 1916)Democratic Party(Convention)Nominees
President: Woodrow Wilson
Vice President: Thomas R. Marshall
Other candidates
Champ Clark
Judson Harmon
Oscar Underwood
Thomas R. Marshall
Eugene Foss
Republican Party(Convention)Nominees
President: William Howard Taft (incumbent)
Vice President: James S. Sherman (incumbent; nominated but died before election)
Nicholas Murray Butler
Other candidates
Theodore Roosevelt
Robert M. La Follette
Progressive Party(Convention)Nominees
President: Theodore Roosevelt
Vice President: Hiram Johnson
Socialist PartyNominees
President: Eugene V. Debs
Vice President: Emil Seidel
showThird party and independent candidatesProhibition Party
Nominee: Eugene W. Chafin
VP nominee: Aaron S. Watkins
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee: Arthur E. Reimer
VP nominee: August Gillhaus
Other 1912 elections: House
Senate
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&oldid=1141993782"
Categories: Theodore Roosevelt1858 births1900 United States vice-presidential candidates1900s in the United States1919 deaths19th-century American politicians19th-century American historians19th-century American male writers20th-century American male writers20th-century American non-fiction writers20th-century presidents of the United States20th-century vice presidents of the United StatesAmerican autobiographersAmerican conservationistsAmerican diaristsAmerican essayistsAmerican explorersAmerican fishersAmerican FreemasonsAmerican huntersAmerican male judokaAmerican male non-fiction writersAmerican military personnel of the Spanish–American WarAmerican nationalistsAmerican naval historiansAmerican Nobel laureatesAmerican political party foundersAmerican political writersAmerican shooting survivorsAphoristsAmerican bibliophilesAmerican people of Dutch descentBulloch familyBurials in New York (state)Candidates in the 1904 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 1912 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 1916 United States presidential electionColumbia Law School alumniDeaths from pulmonary embolismEnglish-language spelling reform advocatesExplorers of AmazoniaGovernors of New York (state)Hall of Fame for Great Americans inducteesHarvard Advocate alumniHarvard College alumniMembers of the American Academy of Arts and LettersMembers of the American Philosophical SocietyMilitary personnel from New York CityNew York City Police CommissionersNew York (state) Progressives (1912)Nobel Peace Prize laureatesPeople associated with the American Museum of Natural HistoryPeople from Oyster Bay (town), New YorkPoliticians from New York CityPresidents of the American Historical AssociationPresidents of the United StatesProgressive Era in the United StatesRanchers from North DakotaRepublican Party governors of New York (state)Republican Party members of the New York State AssemblyRepublican Party presidents of the United StatesRepublican Party (United States) presidential nomineesRepublican Party (United States) vice presidential nomineesRepublican Party vice presidents of the United StatesRoosevelt familyRough RidersSchuyler familySons of the American RevolutionSpanish–American War recipients of the Medal of HonorUnited States Army Medal of Honor recipientsUnited States Army officersUnited States Assistant Secretaries of the NavyVice presidents of the United StatesWriters from New York (state)Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksSource attributionCS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertaintyWikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalismUse American English from February 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from August 2022Articles with hAudio microformatsWikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2022All articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from January 2020All articles lacking reliable referencesArticles lacking reliable references from September 2021CS1: long volume valuePages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with Internet Archive linksArticles with LibriVox linksNobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024Articles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNC identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNMM identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with NLG identifiersArticles with NLK identifiersArticles with NSK identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with SELIBR identifiersArticles with VcBA identifiersArticles with KULTURNAV identifiersArticles with ULAN identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with RERO identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with USCongress identifiersArticles containing video clips
This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 23:34 (UTC).
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1Early life and education
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1.1Early military career
1.2Marriage and family
2Political career
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2.1U.S. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison",
"_split_id": 0
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66f0229f3efdfa2b000241250355a5bd | Congress
2.2Indiana territorial governor
3Army general
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3.1Tecumseh and Tippecanoe
3.2War of 1812
4Postwar life
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4.1Ohio politician and diplomat
4.2Private citizen
4.31836 presidential campaign
4.41840 presidential campaign
5Presidency (1841)
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5.1Inauguration
5.2The press of patronage
6Death and funeral
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6.1Tyler's accession to office
6.2Impact of Harrison's death
7Legacy
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7.1Historical reputation
7.2Honors and tributes
8Notes
9See also
10References
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10.1Citations
10.2Bibliography
11Further reading
12External links
William Henry Harrison
124 languages
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
President of the United States in 1841
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}"William H. Harrison" redirects here. For other people, see William Harrison and William Henry Harrison (disambiguation).
| text | {
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b7caa6be51c2e35f693b88c4354a87d0 | .mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}William Henry HarrisonOfficial White House portrait byJames Lambdin, 18359th President of the United StatesIn officeMarch 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841Vice PresidentJohn TylerPreceded byMartin Van BurenSucceeded byJohn Tyler3rd United States Minister to Gran ColombiaIn officeFebruary 5, 1829 – September 26, 1829President.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}John Quincy AdamsAndrew JacksonPreceded byBeaufort Taylor WattsSucceeded byThomas Patrick MooreUnited States Senatorfrom OhioIn officeMarch 4, 1825 – May 20, 1828Preceded byEthan Allen BrownSucceeded byJacob BurnetMember of the Ohio Senatefrom the Hamilton County districtIn office1819–1821Preceded byEphraim BrownSucceeded byEphraim BrownMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Ohio's 1st districtIn officeOctober 8, 1816 – March 3, 1819Preceded byJohn McLeanSucceeded byThomas R. Ross1st Governor of the Indiana TerritoryIn officeJanuary 10, 1801 – December 28, 1812Appointed byJohn AdamsPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byThomas PoseyDelegate to theU.S. | text | {
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f4f6f18ad0ca8fd7af18d22ca126ae55 | House of Representativesfrom the Northwest Territory'sat-large districtIn officeMarch 4, 1799 – May 14, 1800Preceded byConstituency establishedSucceeded byWilliam McMillan2nd Secretary of the Northwest TerritoryIn officeJune 28, 1798 – October 1, 1799GovernorArthur St. ClairPreceded byWinthrop SargentSucceeded byCharles Willing Byrd
Personal detailsBorn(1773-02-09)February 9, 1773Charles City County, Virginia, British AmericaDiedApril 4, 1841(1841-04-04) (aged 68)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeHarrison Tomb State MemorialPolitical partyDemocratic-Republican (before 1828)Whig (1836–1841)SpouseAnna Symmes (m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}1795)Children10, including JohnParentsBenjamin Harrison VElizabeth BassettRelativesHarrison family of VirginiaEducationHampden–Sydney CollegeUniversity of PennsylvaniaAwardsCongressional Gold MedalThanks of CongressSignatureMilitary serviceBranch/serviceUnited States Army
Indiana Territory militia
Years of service1791–179818111812–1814RankMajor GeneralUnitLegion of the United StatesCommandsArmy of the NorthwestBattles/wars.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}
Northwest Indian War
Siege of Fort Recovery
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Tecumseh's War
Battle of Tippecanoe
War of 1812
Siege of Fort Wayne
Battle of the Thames
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This article is part of a series aboutWilliam Henry Harrison
Electoral history
Family
Military service
Northwest Indian War
Siege of Fort Recovery
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Tecumseh's War
Battle of Tippecanoe
War of 1812
Siege of Fort Wayne
Battle of the Thames
9th President of the United States
Presidency
Appointments
Cabinet
Campaign for the presidency
Convention
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
Election
Inauguration
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William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. | text | {
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5a2ccdcfa3744abce90566ce90689205 | Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and had the shortest presidency in United States history. He was also the first United States president to die in office, and a brief constitutional crisis resulted as presidential succession was not then fully defined in the United States Constitution. Harrison was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies and was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States.
He was born into the Harrison family of Virginia at their homestead, Berkeley plantation in Charles City County, Virginia; he was a son of Benjamin Harrison V—a Founding Father of the United States. During his early military career, Harrison participated in the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers, an American military victory that ended the Northwest Indian War. Later, he led a military force against Tecumseh's confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, where he earned the nickname "Old Tippecanoe". He was promoted to major general in the Army during the War of 1812, and led American infantry and cavalry to victory at the Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada.
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6137efdcc4ad25933cf2a681063f80db | Harrison's political career began in 1798, with an appointment as Secretary of the Northwest Territory; in 1799 he was elected as the territory's non-voting delegate in the United States House of Representatives. He became governor of the newly established Indiana Territory in 1801 and negotiated multiple treaties with American Indian tribes, with the nation acquiring millions of acres. After the War of 1812, he moved to Ohio where, in 1816, he was elected to represent the state's 1st district in the United States House of Representatives. In 1824, he was elected to the United States Senate, though his Senate term was cut short by his appointment as Minister Plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia in 1828.
Harrison returned to private life in North Bend, Ohio, until he was nominated as one of several Whig Party nominees for president in the 1836 presidential election; he was defeated by Democratic vice president Martin Van Buren. Four years later, the party nominated him again, with John Tyler as his running mate, under the campaign slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too". | text | {
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b55114d9642a948b857f81a8e0f476ef | Harrison defeated Van Buren in the 1840 presidential election, making him the first of only two Whigs to be elected to the presidency, the other being Zachary Taylor.
Just three weeks after his inauguration, Harrison fell ill and died days later. After resolution of an ambiguity in the constitution regarding succession to the powers and duties of the office, Tyler became president. At 68, Harrison was the oldest person to assume the American presidency until Ronald Reagan took office in 1981 at 69. Though Harrison is often omitted in historical presidential rankings due to his brief tenure, he is remembered for his Indian entreaties, and also his inventive election campaign tactics.
Early life and education
Harrison was the seventh and youngest child of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth (Bassett) Harrison, born on February 9, 1773, at Berkeley Plantation, the home of the Harrison family of Virginia on the James River in Charles City County.[1] This was a prominent political family of English descent whose ancestors had been in Virginia since the 1630s;[2] he became the last American president not born as an American citizen. | text | {
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2a22f4ad0eab7551145f1347fe1016b8 | [3] His father was a Virginia planter, who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress (1774–1777) and who signed the Declaration of Independence.[2] His father also served in the Virginia legislature and as the fifth governor of Virginia (1781–1784) in the years during and after the American Revolutionary War.[2] Harrison's older brother Carter Bassett Harrison represented Virginia in the House of Representatives (1793–1799).[4] William Henry often referred to himself as a "child of the revolution", as indeed he was, having grown up in a home just 30 mi (48 km) from where Washington won the war against the British in the Battle of Yorktown.[5]
Harrison was tutored at home until age 14 when he attended Hampden–Sydney College, a Presbyterian college in Virginia.[2][6] He studied there for three years, receiving a classical education that included Latin, Greek, French, logic, and debate.[7][8] His Episcopalian father removed him from the college, possibly for religious reasons, and after brief stays at an academy in Southampton County, Virginia, and with his elder brother Benjamin in Richmond, he went to Philadelphia in 1790. | text | {
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66ee0a1050fa2b13c3c23e331236d5f1 | [9]
His father died in the spring of 1791, and he was placed in the care of Robert Morris, an intimate family friend in Philadelphia.[10] He briefly studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania with Doctor Benjamin Rush and William Shippen Sr.[10] His older brother inherited their father's money, so he lacked the funds for his further medical schooling, which he had also discovered he didn't prefer.[5] He therefore withdrew from medical school, though school archives record him as a "non-graduate alumnus of Penn's medical school class of 1793".[10] With the influence of his father's friend, Governor Henry Lee III, he embarked upon a military career.[11]
Early military career
On August 16, 1791, within 24 hours of meeting Lee, Harrison, age 18, was commissioned as an ensign in the Army and assigned to the First American Regiment.[12] He was initially assigned to Fort Washington, Cincinnati in the Northwest Territory where the army was engaged in the ongoing Northwest Indian War. | text | {
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ac29ab32592295c97e70fa830a4395e5 | [13] Biographer William W. Freehling says that young Harrison, in his first military act, rounded up about eighty thrill-seekers and troublemakers off Philadelphia's streets, talked them into signing enlistment papers, and marched them to Fort Washington.[5]
Harrison was promoted to lieutenant after Major General "Mad Anthony" Wayne took command of the western army in 1792, following a disastrous defeat under Arthur St. Clair.[12] In 1793, he became Wayne's aide-de-camp and acquired the skills to command an army on the frontier;[6] he participated in Wayne's decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794, which ended the Northwest Indian War.[14] He received the following commendation from Wayne for his role in the battle: "I must add the name of my faithful and gallant Aide-de-camp ... Lieutenant Harrison, who ... rendered the most essential service by communicating my orders in every direction ... conduct and bravery exciting the troops to press for victory. | text | {
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9acab55c74f367d9930b78342ee4ea2e | "[5] Harrison was a signatory of the Treaty of Greenville (1795), as witness to Wayne, the principal negotiator for the U.S.[12] Under the terms of the treaty, a coalition of Indians ceded a portion of their lands to the federal government, opening two-thirds of Ohio to settlement.[15][16]
At his mother's death in 1793, Harrison inherited a portion of his family's Virginia estate, including approximately 3,000 acres (12 km2) of land and several slaves. He was serving in the Army at the time and sold the land to his brother.[17] Harrison was promoted to captain in May 1797 and resigned from the Army on June 1, 1798.[18]
Marriage and family
Harrison met Anna Tuthill Symmes of North Bend, Ohio in 1795 when he was 22. She was a daughter of Anna Tuthill and Judge John Cleves Symmes, who served as a colonel in the Revolutionary War and as a representative to the Congress of the Confederation.[19] Harrison asked the judge for permission to marry Anna but was refused, so the couple waited until Symmes left on business. | text | {
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9cb98dbe75bb654358aa5f0ff001d58a | They then eloped and were married on November 25, 1795, at the North Bend home of Stephen Wood, treasurer of the Northwest Territory.[20] They honeymooned at Fort Washington, since Harrison was still on military duty.[21] Judge Symmes confronted him two weeks later at a farewell dinner for General Wayne, sternly demanding to know how he intended to support a family. Harrison responded, "by my sword, and my own right arm, sir".[22] The match was advantageous for Harrison, as he eventually exploited his father-in-law's connections with land speculators, which facilitated his departure from the army.[5] Judge Symmes' doubts about him persisted, as he wrote to a friend, "He can neither bleed, plead, nor preach, and if he could plow I should be satisfied."[5] Matters eventually became cordial with the father-in-law, who later sold the Harrisons 160 acres (65 ha) of land in North Bend, which enabled Harrison to build a home and start a farm.[21]
Anna was frequently in poor health during the marriage, primarily because of her many pregnancies, yet she outlived William by 23 years, dying on February 25, 1864, at 88. | text | {
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33bec7eb611c4835fd57e06558a61cf8 | [7][23]
The Harrisons had ten children:
Elizabeth Bassett (1796–1846)
John Cleves Symmes (1798–1830), who married the only surviving daughter of Zebulon Pike
Lucy Singleton (1800–1826)
William Henry Jr. (1802–1838)
John Scott (1804–1878), father of future U.S. president Benjamin Harrison[24]
Benjamin (1806–1840)
Mary Symmes (1809–1842)
Carter Bassett (1811–1839)
Anna Tuthill (1813–1865)
James Findlay (1814–1817)[25]
Professor Kenneth R. Janken, in his biography of Walter Francis White, claims that Harrison had six children by an enslaved African-American woman named Dilsia. The assertion is based upon the White family's oral history but is not otherwise documented.[26]
Political career
Harrison began his political career when he temporarily resigned from the military on June 1, 1798, and campaigned among his friends and family for a post in the Northwest Territorial government.[12] His close friend Timothy Pickering was serving as Secretary of State, and along with Judge Symmes’ influence, he was recommended to replace Winthrop Sargent, the outgoing territorial secretary.[5] President John Adams appointed Harrison to the position in July 1798.[12] The work of recording the activities of the territory was tedious, and he soon became bored, and sought a position in the U. S. Congress. | text | {
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368495bff7a626d3bd4b0d4f4fed1549 | [27]
U.S. Congress
Engraved portrait print of Harrison at age 27, as a delegate member of the House of Representatives from the Northwest Territory, c. 1800 by Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin[28][29]
Harrison had many friends in the eastern aristocracy and quickly gained a reputation among them as a frontier leader. He ran a successful horse-breeding enterprise that won him acclaim throughout the Northwest Territory.[12] Congress had legislated a territorial policy that led to high land costs, a primary concern for settlers in the Territory; Harrison became their champion to lower those prices. The Northwest Territory's population reached a sufficient number to have a congressional delegate in October 1799, and Harrison ran for election.[30] He campaigned to encourage further migration to the territory, which eventually led to statehood.[31]
Harrison defeated Arthur St. Clair Jr. by one vote to become the Northwest Territory's first congressional delegate in 1798 at age 26, and served in the Sixth United States Congress from March 4, 1799, to May 14, 1800.[32][33] He had no authority to vote on legislative bills, but he was permitted to serve on a committee, to submit legislation, and to engage in debate. | text | {
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e186b0cca2d1a7e7707292a7e05ad229 | [34] He became chairman of the Committee on Public Lands and promoted the Land Act of 1800, which made it easier to buy Northwest Territory land in smaller tracts at a lower cost.[30] Freeholders were permitted to buy smaller lots with a down payment of only five percent, and this became an important factor in the Territory's rapid population growth.[35]
Harrison was also instrumental in arranging the division of the Territory into two sections.[30] The eastern section continued to be known as the Northwest Territory and consisted of Ohio and eastern Michigan; the western section was named the Indiana Territory and consisted of Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, a portion of western Michigan, and the eastern portion of Minnesota. The two new territories were formally established by law in 1800.[36]
On May 13, 1800, President John Adams appointed Harrison as the governor of the Indiana Territory, based on his ties to the west and his apparent neutral political stances.[37] He served in this capacity for twelve years.[38] His governorship was confirmed by the Senate and he resigned from Congress to become the first Indiana territorial governor in 1801. | text | {
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7bf9d13112d97b70e122a63b4ed84ca4 | [30][39]
Indiana territorial governor
See also: History of slavery in Indiana and Indiana Territory
Harrison began his duties on January 10, 1801, at Vincennes, the capital of the Indiana Territory.[40] Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were both members of the Democratic-Republican Party, and they reappointed him as governor in 1803, 1806, and 1809.[30] In 1804, Harrison was assigned to administer the civilian government of the District of Louisiana. He conducted the district's affairs for five weeks until the Louisiana Territory was formally established on July 4, 1805, and Brigadier General James Wilkinson assumed the duties of governor.[41]
In 1805, Harrison built a plantation-style home near Vincennes that he named Grouseland, in tribute to the birds on the property.[19] The 26-room home was one of the first brick structures in the territory;[42] and it served as a center of social and political life in the territory during his tenure as governor.[43] Harrison founded a university at Vincennes in 1801, which was incorporated as Vincennes University on November 29, 1806.[44] The territorial capital was eventually moved to Corydon in 1813, and Harrison built a second home at nearby Harrison Valley. | text | {
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4967fe6a0dac9fc809d02300ea68b278 | [45]
Harrison's primary responsibility was to obtain title to Indian lands that would allow future settlement and increase the territory's population, a requirement for statehood. He was also eager to expand the territory for personal reasons, as his political fortunes were tied to Indiana's eventual statehood.[5] While benefiting from land speculation on his own behalf, and acquiring two milling operations, he was credited as a good administrator, with significant improvements in roads and other infrastructure.[5]
When Harrison was reappointed as the Indiana territorial governor on February 8, 1803, he was given expanded authority to negotiate and conclude treaties with the Indians.[30] The 1804 Treaty of St. Louis with Quashquame required the Sauk and Meskwaki tribes to cede much of western Illinois and parts of Missouri. Many of the Sauk resented the loss of lands, especially their leader Black Hawk.[46] Harrison thought that the Treaty of Grouseland (1805) appeased some of the Indians, but tensions remained high along the frontier.[47] The Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809) raised new tensions when Harrison purchased more than 2.5 million acres (10,000 km2) from the Potawatomi, Delaware, Miami, and Eel River tribes. | text | {
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79463a148e0ffa319dadc501e184ce1e | Some Indians disputed the authority of the tribes joining in the treaty.[48] Harrison was also able to conduct matters unquestioned by the government, as the administration changed hands from Jefferson to Madison.[5]
He pursued the treaty process aggressively, offering large subsidies to the tribes and their leaders, so as to gain political favor with Jefferson before his departure.[49] Biographer Freehling asserts that the Indians perceived the ownership of land was as common to all, just as the air that is breathed. In 1805, Harrison succeeded in acquiring for the nation as many as 51,000,000 acres from the Indians, after plying five of their chiefs with alcohol, for no more than a penny per 200 acres, and comprising two-thirds of Illinois and sizable chunks of Wisconsin and Missouri.[5]
In addition to resulting tensions with the Indians, Harrison's pro-slavery position made him unpopular with the Indiana Territory's abolitionists, as he tried in vain to encourage slavery in the territory. In 1803, he had lobbied Congress to temporarily suspend for ten years Article VI of the Northwest Ordinance prohibiting slavery in the Indiana Territory. | text | {
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8040cf040bc69cd24aa644509d3ff3c6 | [50] Though Harrison asserted that the suspension was necessary to promote settlement and make the territory economically viable and ready for statehood, the proposal failed.[51] Lacking the suspension of Article VI, in 1807 the territorial legislature, with Harrison's support, enacted laws that authorized indentured servitude and gave masters authority to determine the length of service.[52]
President Jefferson, primary author of the Northwest Ordinance, made a secret compact with James Lemen to defeat the nascent pro-slavery movement supported by Harrison.[53] He donated $100 to encourage Lemen with abolition and other good works, and later another $20 to help fund the church known as Bethel Baptist Church.[53] In Indiana, the planting of the anti-slavery church led to citizens signing a petition and organizing politically to defeat Harrison's efforts to legalize slavery in the territory.[53]
The Indiana Territory held elections to the legislature's upper and lower houses for the first time in 1809. Harrison found himself at odds with the legislature after the abolitionists came to power, and the eastern portion of the Indiana Territory grew to include a large anti-slavery population. | text | {
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fc6f84bd24dd13bc2bae2547e3eac87a | [41] The Territory's general assembly convened in 1810, and its anti-slavery faction immediately repealed the indenturing laws previously enacted.[54] After 1809, the Indiana legislature assumed more authority and the territory advanced toward statehood.
Army general
Tecumseh and Tippecanoe
Main articles: Tecumseh's War and Battle of Tippecanoe
Indian resistance to American expansion came to a head, with the leadership of Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"), in a conflict that became known as Tecumseh's War.[55] Tenskwatawa convinced the tribes that they would be protected by the Great Spirit and no harm could befall them if they rose up against the settlers. He encouraged resistance by telling the tribes to pay white traders only half of what they owed and to give up all the white man's ways, including their clothing, muskets, and especially whiskey.[55] Harrison received word of the resistance through spies he had placed within the tribes, and asked Madison to fund military preparations. | text | {
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fd835fa1910091f504574a2ea073104 | Madison dragged his feet, and Harrison attempted to negotiate, sending a letter to Tecumseh saying, "Our Blue Coats (U.S. Army soldiers) are more numerous than you can count, and our hunting shirts (volunteer militiamen) are like the leaves of the forests or the grains of sand on the Wabash."[5]
1915 depiction of Tecumseh, believed to be copying an 1808 sketch
In August 1810, Tecumseh led 400 warriors down the Wabash River to meet with Harrison in Vincennes. They were dressed in war paint, and their sudden appearance at first frightened the soldiers at Vincennes.[56] The leaders of the group were escorted to Grouseland, where they met Harrison. Tecumseh berated the condescending Harrison repeatedly, and insisted that the Fort Wayne Treaty was illegitimate, arguing that one tribe could not sell land without the approval of the other tribes. He asked Harrison to nullify it and warned that Americans should not attempt to settle the lands sold in the treaty.[5] Tecumseh informed Harrison that he had threatened to kill the chiefs who signed the treaty if they carried out its terms and that his confederation of tribes was growing rapidly. | text | {
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430429d6af5a2daa3d80bd9cdfc6a214 | [57] Harrison said that the individual tribes were the owners of the land and could sell it as they wished. He rejected Tecumseh's claim that all the Indians formed one nation and said that each tribe could have separate relations with the United States if they chose to do so. Harrison argued that the Great Spirit would have made all the tribes speak one language if they were to be one nation.[57]
Tecumseh launched an "impassioned rebuttal", in the words of one historian, but Harrison was unable to understand his language.[57] Tecumseh then began shouting at Harrison and called him a liar.[5] A Shawnee friendly to Harrison cocked his pistol from the sidelines to alert Harrison that Tecumseh's speech was leading to trouble, and some witnesses reported that Tecumseh was encouraging the warriors to kill Harrison. Many of them began to pull their weapons, representing a substantial threat to Harrison and the town, which held a population of only 1,000. Harrison drew his sword, and Tecumseh's warriors backed down when the officers presented their firearms in his defense. | text | {
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513e04db567da0d7f52f225c00dfef46 | [57] Chief Winamac was friendly to Harrison, and he countered Tecumseh's arguments, telling the warriors that they should return home in peace since they had come in peace. Before leaving, Tecumseh informed Harrison that he would seek an alliance with the British if the Fort Wayne Treaty was not nullified.[58] After the meeting, Tecumseh journeyed to meet with many of the tribes in the region, hoping to create a confederation to battle the United States.[59]
Harrison was concerned that Tecumseh's actions would endanger the statehood of Indiana, as well as his political future, leaving it "the haunt of a few wretched savages".[5] Tecumseh was traveling in 1811, leaving Tenskwatawa in charge of Indian forces. Harrison saw a window of opportunity in Tecumseh's absence, and advised Secretary of War William Eustis to present a show of force to the Indian confederation.[60] Despite being 13 years removed from military action, Harrison convinced Madison and Eustis to allow him to assume command.[5] He led an army north with 950 men to intimidate the Shawnee into making peace, but the tribes launched a surprise attack early on November 7 in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | text | {
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338ee6744f5b3d65124cbb0d57ac4b53 | [61] Harrison countered and defeated the tribal forces at Prophetstown next to the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers; the battle became famous and he was hailed as a national hero. Although his troops had suffered 62 dead and 126 wounded during the battle and the Shawnee just 150 casualties, the Shawnee prophet's vision of spiritual protection had been shattered. Tenskwatawa and his forces fled to Canada, and their campaign to unite the tribes of the region to reject assimilation failed.[62][63]
When reporting to Secretary Eustis, Harrison had informed him of the battle near the Tippecanoe River and that he had anticipated an attack. A first dispatch had not been clear which side had won the conflict, and the secretary interpreted it as a defeat until the follow-up dispatch clarified the situation.[64] When no second attack came, the Shawnee defeat had become more certain. Eustis demanded to know why Harrison had not taken adequate precautions in fortifying his camp against the initial attack, and Harrison said that he had considered the position strong enough. The dispute was the catalyst of a disagreement between Harrison and the Department of War, which continued into the War of 1812. | text | {
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af7a361666171f502dcb0b637ad74483 | [65] Freehling says that Harrison's rusty skills resulted in his troops setting campfires the night before the battle, exposing their position to a surprise attack and casualties.[5]
The press did not cover the battle at first, until one Ohio paper misinterpreted Harrison's first dispatch to mean that he was defeated.[66] By December, however, most major American papers carried stories on the battle victory, and public outrage grew over the Shawnee.[67] Americans blamed the British for inciting the tribes to violence and supplying them with firearms, and Congress passed resolutions condemning the British for interfering in American domestic affairs. Congress declared war on June 18, 1812, and Harrison left Vincennes to seek a military appointment.[68]
War of 1812
This portrait of Harrison originally showed him in civilian clothes as a congressional delegate in 1800; the uniform was added after service in the War of 1812.
The outbreak of war with the British in 1812 led to continued conflict with Indians in the Northwest. Harrison briefly served as a major general in the Kentucky militia until the government commissioned him on September 17 to command the Army of the Northwest. | text | {
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4a297771f9c106c14799edf0c5fd6076 | [68] He received federal military pay for his service, and he also collected a territorial governor's salary from September until December 28, when he formally resigned as governor and continued his military service. Authors Gugin and St. Clair claim the resignation was forced upon him.[68] Harrison was succeeded by John Gibson as acting governor of the territory.[68]
The Americans suffered a defeat in the siege of Detroit. General James Winchester offered Harrison the rank of brigadier general, but Harrison wanted sole command of the army. President James Madison removed Winchester from command in September, and Harrison became commander of the fresh recruits.[68] He received orders to retake Detroit and boost morale, but he initially held back, unwilling to press the war northward.[5] The British and their Indian allies greatly outnumbered Harrison's troops, so Harrison constructed a defensive position during the winter along the Maumee River in northwest Ohio. He named it Fort Meigs in honor of Ohio governor Return J. Meigs Jr. He then received reinforcements in 1813, took the offensive, and led the army north to battle. | text | {
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e218aaaf29859f25a48c69d55b884579 | He won victories in the Indiana Territory as well as Ohio and recaptured Detroit before invading Upper Canada (Ontario). His army defeated the British, and Tecumseh was killed, on October 5, 1813, at the Battle of the Thames. It was considered to be one of the great American victories in the war, second only to the Battle of New Orleans, and secured a national reputation for Harrison.[69][5]
In 1814, Secretary of War John Armstrong divided the command of the army, assigning Harrison to an outlying post and giving control of the front to one of Harrison's subordinates.[70] Armstrong and Harrison had disagreed over the lack of coordination and effectiveness in the invasion of Canada, and Harrison resigned from the army in May.[71][72] After the war ended, Congress investigated Harrison's resignation and determined that Armstrong had mistreated him during his military campaign and that his resignation was justified. Congress awarded Harrison a gold medal for his services during the war.[73]
Harrison and Michigan Territory's Governor Lewis Cass were responsible for negotiating the peace treaty with the Indians. | text | {
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eef7aa69c1b7eb8ea0f0fa3763225922 | [74] President Madison appointed Harrison in June 1815 to help in negotiating a second treaty with the Indians that became known as the Treaty of Springwells, in which the tribes ceded a large tract of land in the west, providing additional land for American purchase and settlement.[33]
Postwar life
Ohio politician and diplomat
Poster lauding Harrison's accomplishments
Harrison resigned from the army in 1814, shortly before the conclusion of the War of 1812, and returned to his family and farm in North Bend, Ohio.[5] Freehling claims that his expenses then well exceeded his means and he fell into debt, that Harrison chose "celebrity over duty", as he sought the adulation found at parties in New York, Washington, and Philadelphia, and that he became an office seeker.[5] He was elected in 1816 to complete John McLean's term in the House of Representatives, representing Ohio's 1st congressional district until 1819. He attempted to secure the post as Secretary of War under President Monroe in 1817 but lost out to John C. Calhoun. He was also passed over for a diplomatic post to Russia. | text | {
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aff40db6d6b200dfa10e14a41cd6e6fc | [5] He was elected to the Ohio State Senate in 1819 and served until 1821, having lost the election for Ohio governor in 1820.[33] He ran in the 1822 election for the United States House of Representatives, but lost to James W. Gazlay.[5][75] He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1824, and was an Ohio presidential elector in 1820 for James Monroe[76] and for Henry Clay in 1824.[77]
Harrison was appointed in 1828 as minister plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia, so he resigned from Congress and served in his new post until March 8, 1829.[78] He arrived in Bogotá on December 22, 1828, and found the condition of Colombia saddening. He reported to the Secretary of State that the country was on the edge of anarchy, and that Simón Bolívar was about to become a military dictator.[78] He wrote a letter of polite rebuke to Bolívar, stating that "the strongest of all governments is that which is most free" and calling on Bolívar to encourage the development of democracy. | text | {
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942b5437885293095e2b1d796cd18e01 | In response, Bolívar wrote that the United States "seem destined by Providence to plague America with torments in the name of freedom", a sentiment that achieved fame in Latin America.[78]
Freehling indicates Harrison's missteps in Columbia were "bad and frequent", that he failed to properly maintain a position of neutrality in Columbian affairs, by publicly opposing Bolivar, and that Columbia sought his removal. Andrew Jackson took office in March 1829, and recalled Harrison in order to make his own appointment to the position.[5] Biographer James Hall claims that Harrison found in Columbia a military despotism and that "his liberal opinions, his stern republican integrity, and the plain simplicity of his dress and manners, contrasted too strongly with the arbitrary opinions and ostentatious behaviour of the public officers, to allow him to be long a favourite with those who had usurped the power of that government. They feared that the people would perceive the difference between a real and a pretended patriot, and commenced a series of persecutions against our minister, which rendered his situation extremely irksome."[79] A very similar sentiment of the situation is related by biographer Samuel Burr.
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3150024a9cf51ebd1cbddf0d796689c3 | Harrison, after leaving his post but while still in the country, wrote his roughly ten-page letter to Bolivar, which is reproduced in full in both the Hall and Burr biographies. It left the former struck by Harrison's "deeply imbued principles of liberty". Burr describes the letter as "replete with wisdom, goodness, and patriotism…and the purest of principles".[79][80]
Private citizen
Harrison returned to the United States and his North Bend farm, living in relative privacy after nearly four decades of government service. He had accumulated no substantial wealth during his lifetime, and he lived on his savings, a small pension, and the income produced by his farm. Burr references M. Chavalier, who encountered Harrison in Cincinnati at this time, and described Harrison as "poor, with a numerous family, abandoned by the Federal government, yet vigorous with independent thinking".[81]
In May of 1817, Harrison served as one of the founding vestry members of the Episcopal congregation, Christ Church in downtown Cincinnati (now Christ Church Cathedral).[82] Harrison went on to serve as a vestry member through 1819, and then again in 1824. | text | {
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dad59808e6a03f2c6de458fcc1ab9876 | [82]
Local supporters had come to Harrison's relief, by appointing him Clerk of Courts for Hamilton County, where he worked from 1836 until 1840.[83] Chevalier remarked, "His friends back east talk of making him President, while here we make him clerk of an inferior court."[81] He also cultivated corn and established a distillery to produce whiskey, but closed it after he became disturbed by the effects of alcohol on its consumers. In an address to the Hamilton County Agricultural Board in 1831, he said that he had sinned in making whiskey and hoped that others would learn from his mistake and stop the production of liquors.[84]
About this time, he met abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor George DeBaptiste who lived in nearby Madison, and the two became friends. Harrison wrote at the time, "we might look forward to a day when a North American sun would not look down upon a slave."[85] DeBaptiste became his valet, and later White House steward.[86]
Burr closes his account of Harrison by describing an event, denied by some of his friends—a reception given the general at Philadelphia, in 1836. | text | {
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90c35a402c431ebc585130bf999df384 | According to Burr, "Thousands and tens of thousands crowded Chesnut street wharf upon his arrival, and greeted him with continual cheering as he landed. He stepped into the barouche but the crowd pressed forward so impetuously, that the horses became frightened and reared frequently. A rush was made to unharness the animals when the General spoke to several of them and endeavored to prevent it; but the team was soon unmanageable, and it became necessary to take them off. A rope was brought, and attached to the carriage, by which the people drew it to the Marshall House. This act was the spontaneous burst of ten thousand grateful hearts. Pennsylvanians fought under the hero, and they loved him. We speak particularly on this point, because we were eyewitnesses of all that passed."[87]
1836 presidential campaign
Main article: 1836 United States presidential election
Harrison was the western Whig candidate for president in 1836, one of four regional Whig party candidates. The others were Daniel Webster, Hugh L. White, and Willie P. Mangum. More than one Whig candidate emerged in an effort to defeat the incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren, who was the popular Jackson-chosen Democrat. | text | {
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e9f7db4dbc53a934f4919746128bc15a | [88] The Democrats charged that, by running several candidates, the Whigs sought to prevent a Van Buren victory in the electoral college, and force the election into the House.[89] In any case the plan, if there was one, failed. In the end, Harrison came in second, and carried nine of the twenty-six states in the Union.[88][89][90]
Harrison ran in all the non-slave states except Massachusetts, and in the slave states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky. White ran in the remaining slave states except for South Carolina. Daniel Webster ran in Massachusetts, and Mangum in South Carolina.[91] Van Buren won the election with 170 electoral votes.[89] A swing of just over 4,000 votes in Pennsylvania would have given that state's 30 electoral votes to Harrison and the election would have been decided in the House of Representatives.[92][89][90]
1840 presidential campaign
Main article: William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign
1840 Electoral Vote Map
Harrison faced incumbent Van Buren as the sole Whig candidate in the 1840 election. The Whigs saw in Harrison a born southerner and war hero, who would contrast well with the aloof, uncaring, and aristocratic Van Buren. | text | {
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fa6165795f97a67ce3af758ef9ed9330 | [88] He was chosen over more controversial members of the party, such as Clay and Webster; his campaign highlighted his military record and focused on the weak U.S. economy caused by the Panic of 1837.[93]
The Whigs blamed Van Buren for the economic problems and nicknamed him "Van Ruin".[93] The Democrats, in turn, ridiculed the elder Harrison by calling him "Granny Harrison, the petticoat general", because he resigned from the army before the War of 1812 ended. They noted for the voters what Harrison's name would be when spelled backwards: "No Sirrah". They cast him as a provincial, out-of-touch old man who would rather "sit in his log cabin drinking hard cider" than attend to the administration of the country. This strategy backfired when Harrison and running mate John Tyler adopted the log cabin and hard cider as campaign symbols. Their campaign used the symbols on banners and posters and created bottles of hard cider shaped like log cabins, all to connect the candidates to the "common man".[94] Freehling relates that, "One bitter pro-Van Buren paper lamented after his defeat, 'We have been sung down, lied down and drunk down.' | text | {
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e8ddd13a3a899bdbcb1a0489c598b150 | In one sentence, this described the new American political process."[95]
Harrison came from a wealthy, slaveholding Virginia family, yet his campaign promoted him as a humble frontiersman in the style popularized by Andrew Jackson, while presenting Van Buren as a wealthy elitist.[94] A memorable example was the Gold Spoon Oration that Pennsylvania's Whig representative Charles Ogle delivered in the House, ridiculing Van Buren's elegant White House lifestyle and lavish spending.[96] The Whigs invented a chant in which people would spit tobacco juice as they chanted "wirt-wirt", and this also exhibited the difference between candidates from the time of the election:[88]
.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}
Old Tip he wore a homespun coat, he had no ruffled shirt: wirt-wirt,
But Matt he has the golden plate, and he's a little squirt: wirt-wirt!
The Whigs boasted of Harrison's military record and his reputation as the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. The campaign slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too" became one of the most famous in American politics. | text | {
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86b39a17c771a02bdc2a0d2008eae610 | [97] While Van Buren campaigned from the White House, Harrison was on the campaign trail, entertaining with his impressions of Indian war whoops, and took people's minds off the nation's economic troubles. In June 1840, a Harrison rally at the site of the Tippecanoe battle drew 60,000 people.[88] The Village of North Bend, Ohio as well as the alumni of Ohio State University claim that the state's use of the nickname "Buckeyes" began with Harrison's campaign message.[98][99]
Voter turnout shot to a spectacular 80%, 20 points higher than the previous election.[95] Harrison won a landslide victory in the Electoral College, 234 electoral votes to Van Buren's 60. The popular vote margin was much closer, at fewer than 150,000 votes, though he carried nineteen of the twenty-six states.[97][100]
Presidency (1841)
Inauguration
Painting by Albert Gallatin Hoit, 1840
When Harrison came to Washington, he wanted to show that he was still the steadfast hero of Tippecanoe and that he was a better educated and more thoughtful man than the backwoods caricature portrayed in the campaign. He took the oath of office on Thursday, March 4, 1841, a cold and wet day. | text | {
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80cb462ab63e4c8d59a4fc591ca8560d | [101] He chose not to wear an overcoat or a hat, rode on horseback to the grand ceremony, and then delivered the longest inaugural address in American history[101] at 8,445 words. It took him nearly two hours to read, although his friend and fellow Whig Daniel Webster had edited it for length.[102] Freehling opines that speeches like this were actually common at the time, and that its irony was rich, as Harrison, "a lifelong office seeker, elected by deeply partisan politics, criticized both".[103]
The inaugural address was a detailed statement of the Whig agenda, a repudiation of Jackson's and Van Buren's policies, and the first and only formal articulation by Harrison of his approach to the presidency. | text | {
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eb8b46890f84254ab865b69390eddf96 | [103] The address began with Harrison's sincere regard for the trust being placed in him:
However strong may be my present purpose to realize the expectations of a magnanimous and confiding people, I too well understand the dangerous temptations to which I shall be exposed from the magnitude of the power which it has been the pleasure of the people to commit to my hands not to place my chief confidence upon the aid of that Almighty Power which has hitherto protected me and enabled me to bring to favorable issues other important but still greatly inferior trusts heretofore confided to me by my country.[104] Harrison promised to re-establish the Bank of the United States and extend its capacity for credit by issuing paper currency in Henry Clay's American system.[101] He intended to rely on the judgment of Congress in legislative matters, using his veto power only if an act were unconstitutional, and to reverse Jackson's spoils system of executive patronage.[103] He promised to use patronage to create a qualified staff, not to enhance his own standing in government, and under no circumstance would he run for a second term. | text | {
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89b8dfb20928d9de496a651843ef474d | He condemned the financial excesses of the prior administration and pledged not to interfere with congressional financial policy. All in all, Harrison committed to a weak presidency, deferring to "the First Branch", the Congress, in keeping with Whig principles.[103][102]
He addressed the nation's already hotly debated issue of slavery. As a slaveholder himself, he agreed with the right of states to control the matter:
The lines, too, separating powers to be exercised by the citizens of one state from those of another seem to be so distinctly drawn as to leave no room for misunderstanding…The attempt of those of one state to control the domestic institutions of another can only result in feelings of distrust and jealousy, the certain harbingers of disunion, violence, and civil war, and the ultimate destruction of our free institutions. | text | {
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afe31b45f45d06c76ca3f06995398061 | [104]
As he was about to conclude his remarks, Harrison incorporated his reliance upon the country's freedom of religion while taking pains to present himself as part of the religious mainstream rather than a dissenter or member of a minority faith:
I deem the present occasion sufficiently important and solemn to justify me in expressing to my fellow-citizens a profound reverence for the Christian religion and a thorough conviction that sound morals, religious liberty, and a just sense of religious responsibility are essentially connected with all true and lasting happiness; and to that good Being who has blessed us by the gifts of civil and religious freedom, who watched over and prospered the labors of our fathers and has hitherto preserved to us institutions far exceeding in excellence those of any other people, let us unite in fervently commending every interest of our beloved country in all future time.[104]
Harrison's lengthy speech offered vague clues about what his Presidency would offer to the people of the United States. He declared he would only serve for one term in office and not abuse his veto power. | text | {
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2335ab1af81404f4a3cc0da1bd4f436d | Harrison was against devising financial schemes for the nation, rather he left that wholly to Congress. He was against agitating the Southern United States on the slavery question. He did not discuss the tariff and distribution. He said little of the national bank, except he mentioned he was open to paper money, rather than metallic currency. Harrison's concept of the presidency was very limited. This followed closely with Harrison's Whig political ideology. [105]
Following the speech, he rode through the streets in the inaugural parade,[101] stood in a three-hour receiving line at the White House, and attended three inaugural balls that evening,[106] including one at Carusi's Saloon entitled the "Tippecanoe" ball with 1,000 guests who had paid $10 per person (equal to $312 in 2021).[107]
The press of patronage
Clay was a leader of the Whigs and a powerful legislator, as well as a frustrated presidential candidate in his own right, and he expected to have substantial influence in the Harrison administration. He ignored his own platform plank of overturning the "spoils" system and attempted to influence Harrison's actions before and during his brief presidency, especially in putting forth his own preferences for Cabinet offices and other presidential appointments. | text | {
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c78278ed8f306630e8bb5ad70f3c056d | Harrison rebuffed his aggression, saying, "Mr. Clay, you forget that I am the President."[108] The dispute escalated when Harrison named as Secretary of State Daniel Webster, Clay's arch-rival for control of the Whig Party. Harrison also appeared to give Webster's supporters some highly coveted patronage positions. His sole concession to Clay was to name his protégé John J. Crittenden to the post of Attorney General. Despite this, the contretemps continued until the president's death.[109]
The Harrison cabinetOfficeNameTermPresidentWilliam Henry Harrison1841Vice PresidentJohn Tyler1841Secretary of StateDaniel Webster1841Secretary of the TreasuryThomas Ewing1841Secretary of WarJohn Bell1841Attorney GeneralJohn J. Crittenden1841Postmaster GeneralFrancis Granger1841Secretary of the NavyGeorge Edmund Badger1841
Clay was not the only one who hoped to benefit from Harrison's election. Hordes of office applicants came to the White House, which was then open to any who wanted a meeting with the president. Most of Harrison's business during his month-long presidency involved extensive social obligations and receiving visitors at the White House. He was advised to have an administration in place before the inauguration but declined, wanting to focus on the festivities. As such, job seekers awaited him at all hours and filled the Executive Mansion, with no process for organizing and vetting them. | text | {
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e614d86ef831cb4773f12624055cdca3 | [101]
Harrison wrote in a letter dated March 10, "I am so much harassed by the multitude that calls upon me that I can give no proper attention to any business of my own."[110] U.S. Marshal of the District of Columbia Alexander Hunter recalled an incident in which Harrison was besieged by office seekers who were preventing him from getting to a cabinet meeting; when his pleas for their consideration were ignored, Harrison finally "accepted their petitions, which filled his arms and pockets".[111] Another anecdote of the time recounted that the halls were so full one afternoon that in order to get from one room to the next, Harrison had to be helped out a window, walked the length of the White House exterior, and then helped in through another window.[111]
Harrison took seriously his pledge to reform executive appointments, visiting each of the six cabinet departments to observe its operations and issuing through Webster an order that electioneering by employees would be considered grounds for dismissal.[101] He resisted pressure from other Whigs over partisan patronage. | text | {
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Subsets and Splits