repo
stringlengths 26
115
| file
stringlengths 54
212
| language
stringclasses 2
values | license
stringclasses 16
values | content
stringlengths 19
1.07M
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/lucannez64/Notes | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lucannez64/Notes/master/Category_Theory.typ | typst | #import "template.typ": *
// Take a look at the file `template.typ` in the file panel
// to customize this template and discover how it works.
#show: project.with(
title: "Category Theory",
authors: (
"<NAME>",
),
date: "30 Octobre, 2023",
)
#set heading(numbering: "1.1.")
== Outline
<outline>
=== Introduction
<introduction>
- Definition of a category, objects, morphisms, composition, identity
morphisms
- Examples of categories (sets, groups, topological spaces, etc.)
=== Properties of Categories
<properties-of-categories>
- Initial and terminal objects
- Products and coproducts
- Equalizers and coequalizers
- Limits and colimits
- Functors and natural transformations
=== Adjoint Functors
<adjoint-functors>
- Definition and properties
- Examples
Universal Properties - Definition and motivation - Examples (free
groups, tensor products, etc)
=== Yoneda Lemma
<yoneda-lemma>
- Statement and proof
- Consequences
=== Monads
<monads>
- Definition
- Examples (maybe monad, list monad)
- Kleisli categories
=== Enriched Categories
<enriched-categories>
- Motivation and definition
- Examples of enriched categories
=== Higher Category Theory
<higher-category-theory>
- Motivation
- Definition of 2-categories and n-categories
- Examples
=== Applications
<applications>
- Categories in computer science (type theory, semantics)
- Categories in physics (topological quantum field theories)
#pagebreak()
= Introduction to Category Theory
<introduction-to-category-theory>
\
== What is a Category?
<what-is-a-category>
A category C consists of:
- A collection of objects $upright("ob") lr((C))$
- A collection of morphisms (also called arrows)
$upright("hom") lr((A comma B))$ between objects A and B
- A composition operation: if $f colon A arrow.r B$ and
$g colon B arrow.r C$ are morphisms, then there is a composite
morphism $g compose f colon A arrow.r C$ \
- An identity morphism $upright("id")_A colon A arrow.r A$ for each
object
Composition must be:
- Associative:
$h compose lr((g compose f)) eq lr((h compose g)) compose f$
- Unital: $f compose upright("id")_A eq f$ and
$upright("id")_B compose f eq f$
\
#figure([#image("Category_Theory_dg_1.svg")],
caption: [
Simple Category
]
)
\
== Examples of Categories
<examples-of-categories>
- Set
- Objects are sets that satisfy the axioms of set theory:
- Axiom of extensionality: Two sets are equal if they contain the
same elements
- Axiom of pairing: For any a and b, there exists a set {a,b}
containing a and b
- Axiom of union: For any sets A and B, there is a set C \= A ∪ B
containing all elements of A and B
- Morphisms are functions between sets that map elements of one set to
another
- Grp
- Objects are groups that satisfy the group axioms:
- Closure under an associative binary operation
- Existence of identity element
- Existence of inverse for each element
- Morphisms are group homomorphisms that preserve the group structure
- Top
- Objects are topological spaces that satisfy the axioms of topology:
- The union of any number of open sets is open
- The intersection of a finite number of open sets is open
- The empty set and the whole space are open
- Morphisms are continuous maps between topological spaces
- Vect
- Objects are vector spaces over a field F that satisfy:
- Closure under vector addition and scalar multiplication
- Vector addition and scalar multiplication obey field axioms
- Morphisms are linear maps that preserve vector space structure
== Intuition
<intuition>
Categories formalize mathematical structure and transformations that
preserve that structure. The objects represent mathematical concepts,
while the morphisms represent relationships between objects. \
\
\
= Properties of Categories
<properties-of-categories-1>
Categories can have additional structure and properties that reveal
relationships between objects. We will explain some important properties
and constructions.
\
== Initial and Terminal Objects
<initial-and-terminal-objects>
- An initial object is a special object that has exactly one morphism
$italic("init")_A colon I arrow.r A$ going to every other object A in
the category. It is like a "source" object that every object can be
mapped from in a unique way.
- A terminal object has exactly one morphism
$italic("term")_A colon A arrow.r T$ coming from every other object A.
It is like a "sink" or "ending" object that everything maps to
uniquely.
- For example, in the category of sets, the empty set $nothing$ is
initial - there is only one function $nothing arrow.r A$ from the
empty set to any set A. A one element set $brace.l ast.basic brace.r$
is terminal - there is only one function
$A arrow.r brace.l ast.basic brace.r$ from any set A to the one
element set.
\
== Products
<products>
- The product of two objects A and B captures the idea of combining or
"multiplying" A and B together. It is an object P and two morphisms
$p_1 colon P arrow.r A$ and $p_2 colon P arrow.r B$.
- P has to satisfy a universal property: for any other object C with
morphisms $f colon C arrow.r A$ and $g colon C arrow.r B$, there must
be a unique morphism $h colon C arrow.r P$ that makes the whole
diagram commute. This uniquely characterizes the product.
- For example, in sets the product of A and B is their cartesian product
$A times B$. In groups it is the direct product of groups.
\
#figure([#image("Category_Theory_dg_2.svg")],
caption: [
Product
]
)
\
== Equalizers
<equalizers>
- An equalizer of $f comma g colon A arrow.r B$ embodies the idea of $f$
and $g$ "being equal". It is an object E and morphism
$e colon E arrow.r A$ such that $f compose e eq g compose e$. So E
"equalizes" f and g.
- E has a universal property like products. Intuitively, E contains
elements of A that f and g map identically.
\
#figure([#image("Category_Theory_dg_5.svg")],
caption: [
Equalizer
]
)
\
\
\
\
Here are draft sections on adjoint functors and universal properties:
= Adjoint Functors
<adjoint-functors-1>
Adjoint functors are a powerful concept in category theory that
formalize a relationship between two functors.
- Two functors $F colon cal(C) arrow.r cal(D)$ and
$G colon cal(D) arrow.r cal(C)$ between categories $cal(C)$ and
$cal(D)$ are adjoints if there is a natural bijection:
$ hom_(cal(D)) lr((F lr((c)) comma d)) tilde.equiv hom_(cal(C)) lr((c comma G lr((d)))) $
for all objects $c in cal(C) comma d in cal(D)$.
- $F$ is called the left adjoint and $G$ the right adjoint. Intuitively,
F preserves sources and G preserves sinks.
- Examples of adjoint functor pairs:
- Free/forgetful functors between Sets and Grps
- Hom/tensor product between vector spaces
- Direct/inverse image functors in topology
Adjoints formalize the idea of two functors being "inverses" in a
constructive way that is weaker than isomorphism. They show up often in
mathematics and imply many deeper properties.
\
#figure([#image("Category_Theory_dg_3.svg")],
caption: [
Adjoint Functors
]
)
\
\
\
\
= Universal Properties
<universal-properties>
Many constructions in categories are defined by universal properties,
which capture the essence of an object or morphism uniquely up to
isomorphism.
- Products, equalizers, limits, and other concepts are defined by
universal properties. These specify a mapping property that an object
or morphism must satisfy.
- For example, a product $P$ of objects $A$ and $B$ has projections
$p_1 colon P arrow.r A$ and $p_2 colon P arrow.r B$ such that for any
other object $X$ with maps $f colon X arrow.r A$ and
$g colon X arrow.r B$, there exists a unique map $h colon X arrow.r P$
making the diagram commute.
- Universal properties allow defining concepts intrinsically without
referring to concrete representations. This is powerful for proving
theorems.
- Many basic algebraic constructions are characterized by universal
properties:
- Free groups, rings, modules
- Tensor products
- Kernels and images of morphisms
Universal properties abstract the key aspects of mathematical notions
and their relationships. Understanding objects and morphisms via
universal properties is fundamental to categorical thinking.
\
\
\
= Yoneda Lemma
<yoneda-lemma-1>
The Yoneda lemma relates an object in a category to the functor it
generates.
- For an object $A$ in a category $cal(C)$, there is a
#strong[representable functor] $y_A colon cal(C) arrow.r sans(S e t)$
defined by $y_A lr((B)) eq hom lr((A comma B))$.
- That is, $y_A$ maps an object $B$ to the set of all morphisms from $A$
to $B$. We can visualize this mapping as:
- The Yoneda lemma states that the natural transformations from $y_A$ to
any other functor $F colon cal(C) arrow.r sans(S e t)$ are in
bijection with the elements of $F lr((A))$.
- So the object A is uniquely determined up to isomorphism by its
associated representable functor $y_A$. Objects are characterized by
their mapping properties.
\
#figure([#image("Category_Theory_dg_4.svg")],
caption: [
<NAME>
]
)
\
\
\
\
= Monads
<monads-1>
A monad on a category $cal(C)$ is a triple $lr((T comma eta comma mu))$:
- $T colon cal(C) arrow.r cal(C)$ is an #strong[endofunctor], mapping
objects and morphisms to themselves.
- $eta colon 1_(cal(C)) arrow.r T$ is a #strong[unit] natural
transformation from the identity functor to T.
- $mu colon T^2 arrow.r T$ is a #strong[multiplication] natural
transformation, mapping from $T$ applied twice to once.
These satisfy monad axioms. Intuitively:
- T "enhances" objects in $cal(C)$
- $eta$ embeds an object into its T-enhanced version
- $mu$ "flattens" double enhancement $T^2$ to single T
Examples formalize data augmentation, effects, semantics.
\
#figure([#image("Category_Theory_dg_6.svg")],
caption: [
Monad
]
)
\
\
\
\
= Applications
<applications-1>
- #strong[Programming languages]: Category theory used in type theory,
semantics. Monads in functional programming.
- #strong[Physics]: Topological quantum field theories are functorial
theories based on higher categories.
- #strong[Mathematics]: Category theory clarifies foundations and
connections between diverse fields.
#link("Maths.pdf")[Maths]
|
|
https://github.com/Thumuss/brainfuck | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Thumuss/brainfuck/main/example.typ | typst | MIT License | #import "./index.typ": *;
#set page(height: auto, width: 100pt)
#brainf("++++++++[>++++[>++>+++>+++>+<<<<-]>+>+>->>+[<]<-]>>.>---.+++++++..+++.>>.<-.<.+++.------.--------.>>+.>++.");
#brainf("++++++++++++++[->,.<]", inp: "Goodbye World!"); |
https://github.com/hyuunnn/CV | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hyuunnn/CV/main/CV.typ | typst | #import "@preview/modern-cv:0.4.0": *
#show: resume.with(
author: (
firstname: "Hyun",
lastname: "Yi",
email: "<EMAIL>",
phone: "(+1) 111-111-1111",
github: "hyuunnn",
linkedin: "hyuunnn",
address: "Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea",
positions: (
"Security Engineer",
"Security Researcher",
"Developer",
),
),
date: datetime.today().display(),
language: "en",
colored-headers: true,
)
= Experience
#resume-entry(
title: "Infosec",
date: "Feb 2021 - Jul 2022",
description: "Republic of Korea Army",
)
#resume-item[
- Conducted inspections of network systems and PCs to ensure functionality and identify any abnormalities.
- Implemented automation for some repetitive tasks, increasing efficiency and reducing manual workload.
]
= Projects
#resume-entry(
title: "Campus Monitoring System",
location: [#github-link("Water9Tree")],
date: "Apr 2024 - Oct 2024",
description: "Developer",
)
#resume-item[
- Developed as part of a B.S. capstone project, this system utilized Kubernetes for distributed processing.
- Conducted load testing to validate load balancing performance.
]
#resume-entry(
title: "Club Website Development Project",
location: [#github-link("KEEPER31337/Homepage-Back-R2")],
date: "Dec 2022 - Mar 2023",
description: "Developer",
)
#resume-item[
- Developed and contributed to the backend of the KEEPER club's website at Pusan National University.
- Utilized Java, Spring Boot, JPA, Spring Data JPA and JUnit5.
- Experienced in identifying and reporting vulnerabilities due to API defects.
]
#resume-entry(
title: "RegistryPlugins",
location: [#github-link("EricZimmerman/RegistryPlugins")],
date: "Jan 2021 - Present",
description: "Contributor",
)
#resume-item[
- Developed plugins for #link("https://ericzimmerman.github.io/")[Registry Explorer], a tool developed by <NAME>.
- Plugin Lists: FeatureUsage, IconLayouts, SCSI, SWD, USB, USBSTOR, Uninstall, etc.
]
#resume-entry(
title: "Evtx",
location: [#github-link("EricZimmerman/Evtx")],
date: "Nov 2020 - Present",
description: "Map Contributor",
)
#resume-entry(
title: "Hyara",
location: github-link("hyuunnn/Hyara"),
date: "Jun 2018 - Present",
description: "Developer",
)
#resume-item[
- A plugin developed to reduce repetitive tasks in Yara rule creation.
- Provides convenience to users through PyQt and is compatible with IDA Pro, Binary Ninja, Cutter and Ghidra.
]
= Skills
#resume-skill-item(
"Languages",
(strong("Python"), strong("Java"), "C#", "C++", "Kotlin", "Lua"),
)
#resume-skill-item("Spoken Languages", (strong("Korean"), "English"))
#resume-skill-item(
"Programs",
(strong("Visual Studio Code"), strong("Visual Studio"), strong("Neovim"), "IntelliJ IDEA")
)
= Education
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://www.fsec.or.kr/bbs/detail?menuNo=66&bbsNo=11489")[Financial Security Academy]],
location: "Seoul, Republic of Korea",
date: "Jul 2024 - Present",
description: "Cyber Threat Response and Analysis Track"
)
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://www.pusan.ac.kr/eng/Main.do")[Pusan National University]],
location: "Busan, Republic of Korea",
date: "Mar 2019 - Present",
description: "B.S. in Computer Science",
)
#resume-item[
- CLUB: KEEPER (Cyber Security Club)
]
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://en.kitribob.kr/")[KITRI Best of the Best 6th]],
location: "Seoul, Republic of Korea",
date: "Jul 2017 - Apr 2018",
description: "Digital forensics Track (TOP15)",
)
#resume-item[
- Developed a service for similarity analysis using techniques such as function representative, rich header, numerical values and fuzzy hashing.
- Completed various coursework and assignments related to digital forensics in addition to the project.
]
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrin_Internet_High_School")[Sunrin Internet High School]],
location: "Seoul, Republic of Korea",
date: "Mar 2016 - Feb 2019",
description: "Graduated, Information Technology",
)
= Honors and Awards
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://www.newspeach.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=3630")[HackTheon Sejong]],
location: "Sejong City",
date: "Jun 2024",
description: "Team: QWER, Excellence Prize",
)
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://www.mk.co.kr/news/business/10817246")[KOSPO Information Security Competition]],
location: "KOSPO (Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.)",
date: "Aug 2023",
description: "Team: 친구없어요, Encouragement Prize",
)
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://dfchallenge.org/2022-rank/")[Digital Forensic Challenge]],
location: "Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology",
date: "Nov 2022",
description: "Team:asserTiVe, 1st",
)
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://www.dailysecu.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=130707")[
Cyber Conflict Exercise (CCE) Final]],
location: "National Security Research Institute",
date: "Nov 2021",
description: "Team: null, 1st (Public Division)",
)
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://kookbang.dema.mil.kr/newsWeb/m/20211027/1/BBSMSTR_000000010023/view.do")[
ROKA Hacking Contest]],
location: "Republic of Korea Army Headquarters",
date: "Nov 2021",
description: "Team: 전투휴무, 3rd",
)
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://kdfs.jams.or.kr/co/com/EgovMenu.kci?s_url=/po/community/notice/noticeView.kci&s_MenuId=MENU-000000000061000¬iSeq=000000023154")[
KDFS Digital Forensic Challenge]],
location: "Korea Digital Forensic Society",
date: "Dec 2020",
description: "Team: Enough1day, 2nd",
)
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://dfchallenge.org/ranking-2020/")[Digital Forensic Challenge]],
location: "Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology",
date: "Nov 2020",
description: "Team:Defenit, 3rd",
)
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://dfchallenge.org/ranking-2019/")[Digital Forensic Challenge]],
location: "Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology",
date: "Nov 2019",
description: "Team:Defenit, 3rd",
)
= Teaching
#resume-entry(
title: "Digital Forensic Study",
location: [#github-link("hyuunnn/forensic-study-2023winter")],
date: "Jan 2024 - Feb 2024",
description: "Pusan National University - KEEPER",
)
= Presentation
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://github.com/hyuunnn/slides/blob/main/%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98%ED%98%95%20%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D%20%ED%8C%8C%ED%97%A4%EC%B9%98%EA%B8%B0.pdf")[Functional Programming for Beginners]],
location: "Busan, Republic of Korea",
date: "Apr 2024",
description: "Pusan National University - KEEPER",
)
#resume-entry(
title: [#link("https://github.com/hyuunnn/slides/blob/main/Hyara%20-%20Generator%20for%20YARA%20Rules.pdf")[Hyara - Generator for YARA Rules]],
location: "Seoul, Republic of Korea",
date: "Sep 2018",
description: "KimchiCon 2018 (Newbie Session)",
)
= Licenses and certifications
#resume-entry(
title: "Engineer Information Processing",
location: [#link("https://www.q-net.or.kr/qnet/html/eng_qnet/main.html")[HRD Korea]],
date: "Jun 2024",
description: "Credential ID 24201210476K",
) |
|
https://github.com/Area-53-Robotics/53E-Notebook-Over-Under-2023-2024 | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Area-53-Robotics/53E-Notebook-Over-Under-2023-2024/giga-notebook/entries/management-plastic-map/entry.typ | typst | Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International | #import "/packages.typ": notebookinator
#import notebookinator: *
#import themes.radial.components: *
#show: create-body-entry.with(
title: "Management: Plastic Map",
type: "management",
date: datetime(year: 2024, month: 2, day: 28),
author: "<NAME>",
witness: "Violet Ridge",
)
#image("./Plastic Map Drawing.svg")
|
https://github.com/ParaN3xus/typress | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ParaN3xus/typress/main/font_test.typ | typst | MIT License |
#let eq = $
F_( n ) (z)
& = sum_( m >= 0 ) ( S_( m ) (n) ) / ( m! ) z^( m ) \
& = sum_( m >= 0 ) sum_( i = 0 )^( n - 1 ) ( i^( m ) z^( m ) ) / ( m! ) \
$
#let display(fonts) = {
for font in fonts {
text(font: font)[#font]
show math.equation: set text(font: font)
eq
line(length: 100%)
}
}
#let fonts = (
"Asana Math",
"Cambria Math",
"DejaVu Math TeX Gyre",
"New Computer Modern Math",
"Noto Sans Math",
"XITS Math",
)
#display(fonts)
|
https://github.com/bradmartin333/TypstNotes | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bradmartin333/TypstNotes/main/main.typ | typst | #import "template.typ": *
#show: notepad.with(
title: "Brad's Notes",
description: "Everything!"
)
= Intro
Hello all!
== Something
Hello all again!
=== Even more!
Wow!
#include "./sections/test1.typ"
#include "./sections/test2.typ" |
|
https://github.com/maxgraw/bachelor | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/maxgraw/bachelor/main/apps/document/src/4-concept/group.typ | typst | Im Folgenden wird die Zielgruppenanalyse für die Anwendung durchgeführt. Hierbei soll auf Basis der Zielgruppen die Anforderungen an die Anwendung definiert werden. Grundsätzlich lässt sich hierbei zwischen zwei Zielgruppen unterscheiden.
Die primäre Zielgruppe der entwickelten Anwendung besteht aus Endnutzern, die die Software zur Planung und Visualisierung von Möbeln einsetzen möchten. Die spezifische Beschaffenheit des Raums, in dem die Planung stattfindet, spielt dabei keine Rolle. Eine wesentliche Anforderung an die Anwendung ist die realitätsgetreue Darstellung der Möbelstücke. Darüber hinaus ist die intuitive Bedienbarkeit der Software von entscheidender Bedeutung, damit auch Personen ohne vorherige Erfahrung mit vergleichbaren Technologien die Anwendung effektiv nutzen können. Die Interaktion mittels Augmented Reality kann für diese Nutzergruppe ungewohnt sein. Weitere Anforderungen, die auf Basis der Zielgruppe definiert werden können, umfassen eine durchgehend hohe Performance und Stabilität der Anwendung. In Anbetracht der ungewohnten Interaktionsweise sollte die Software robust gegen Bedienfehler sein und Möglichkeiten bieten, diese einfach rückgängig zu machen.
Eine sekundäre Zielgruppe der Anwendung sind Möbelhäuser sowie Online-Shops und Plattformen, welche die Software in ihre Verkaufssysteme integrieren möchten. Grundsätzlich lassen sich die Anforderungen an die Software für diese Zielgruppe aus den Anforderungen der primären Zielgruppe ableiten. Jedoch sind zusätzliche Anforderungen zu berücksichtigen. So muss die Software beispielsweise erweiterbar und anpassbar sein, um die Integration in bestehende Systeme zu erleichtern. Des Weiteren müssen Schnittstellen zu Warenwirtschaftssystemen und Online-Shops möglich sein. Hierbei muss es sowohl möglich sein, Informationen in das System zu laden, als auch Informationen aus dem System zu exportieren. Die Informationen können hierbei von 3D-Modellen bis hin zu Bestellinformationen reichen. |
|
https://github.com/typst-gost/2.105-2019 | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/typst-gost/2.105-2019/main/main.typ | typst | #import "templates/index.typ": *
#import "templates/utils.typ": *
#import "libs/tablex.typ": *
// Тут указываем только авторов [authors] и название работы [title]
#show: index.with(authors: ("<NAME>", ), title: [Разработка мобильного приложения "Музыкальный плеер"])
// ch -- center heading
#ch("Введение")
= Проектирование и разработка ПО
== Разработка структуры мобильного приложения
Для разработки приложения использовался фреймворк Kotlin Multiplatform, для обеспечения в будущем работы на разных платформах, из-за чего код распределён на:
| common (общий) -- код, который будет работать на всех платформах;
| native -- код, который работает нативно на каждой платформе (android, jvm, windows, iOS, MacOS). @kmp // <- ссылка на источник
При этом в common части была использована концепция Clean Architecture и паттерн MVVM, благодаря чему приложение было разделено на несколько слоев:
| data -- слой получения данных;
| ui -- слой пользовательского интерфейса;
| viewmodel -- смежный слой, между data и ui;
| model -- вспомогательные модели для интерфейса.
Итоговая структура приложения представлена на рисунке @structure. // <- ссылка на картинку, будет отображаться как просто число
#figure(
image(ip("structure.png")),
caption: "Структура мобильного приложения"
) <structure>
Для навигации была использована библиотека Appyx, для более простого её использования была создана диаграмма путей пользователя, представленная на рисунке @userflow.
#figure(
image(ip("userflow.png")),
caption: "<NAME>"
) <userflow>
#ch("Заключение")
#ch("Список использованных источников")
#bibliography("bibliography.yml", title: none, full: true, style: "gost-r-705-2008-numeric")
#chn([ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ А Листинг разработанного приложения])
//#allFiles(json("src/app.json").at(0))
|
|
https://github.com/eneoli/kit-thesis-template | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eneoli/kit-thesis-template/main/readme.md | markdown | # Typst template for thesis at KIT
**This project is not associated in any way with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology**
## Quick start guide
- Add your informations under `meta.typ`
- Add your abstract under `abstract.typ`
- Start writing in `content.typ`
- Compile `thesis.typ` |
|
https://github.com/gongke6642/tuling | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gongke6642/tuling/main/布局/block/block.typ | typst | = block
块级容器。
这样的容器可用于分隔内容、调整其大小并为其提供背景或边框。
== 例子
使用块，您可以为内容提供背景，同时仍允许其跨多个页面。
#image("屏幕截图 2024-04-14 164259.png")
#image("屏幕截图 2024-04-14 163924.png")
width
块的宽度。
默认：auto
#image("屏幕截图 2024-04-14 164427.png")
height
块的高度。当高度大于页面上的剩余空间并且breakable为 时true，该块将以剩余高度继续在下一页上。
默认：auto
#image("屏幕截图 2024-04-14 164534.png")
breakable
是否可以打破该块并继续下一页。
默认：true
#image("屏幕截图 2024-04-14 164617.png")
fill
块的背景颜色。有关更多详细信息，请参阅 矩形的文档。
默认：none
stroke
块的边框颜色。有关更多详细信息，请参阅 矩形的文档。
默认：none
radius
街区的角落需要多少圆角。有关更多详细信息，请参阅 矩形的文档。
默认：0pt
inset
填充块内容的量。有关更多详细信息，请参阅包装 盒的文档。
默认：0pt
outset
在不影响布局的情况下将块的大小扩大多少。有关更多详细信息，请参阅包装盒的文档。
默认：0pt
spacing
该块周围的间距。这是设置above和 below为相同值的简写。
默认：1.2em
#image("屏幕截图 2024-04-14 164840.png")
above
该块与其前一个块之间的间距。优先于spacing.可以与显示规则结合使用来调整任意块级元素周围的间距。
默认：1.2em
below
该块与其后继块之间的间距。优先于spacing.
默认：1.2em
clip
是否剪切块内的内容。
默认：false
body
块的内容。
默认：none |
|
https://github.com/alberto-lazari/computer-science | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/alberto-lazari/computer-science/main/advanced-topics-pl/presentation/sections/typst.typ | typst | #import "/common.typ": *
#new-section("Typst")
#slide(title: "The Typst language")[
#line-by-line(mode: "transparent")[
- Open source typesetting system
- Lightweight syntax
- Functional programming language
- Fast compile times for instant preview
]
]
#slide(title: "Syntax modes")[
- Markup: `[ content ]`
- Math: `$ math $`
- Code: `{ code }`
]
#slide(title: "Syntax modes")[
#grid(
columns: (1fr, 1fr, 1fr),
gutter: 1.5em,
example(caption: "Markup mode")[
```typst
= Example
Some _text_ in *markup*
```
],
{
show: pause(2)
example(caption: "Math mode")[
```typst
If $n in NN$, then:
$ sum_(i = 0)^n k x_i $
```
]
},
{
show: pause(3)
example(caption: "Code mode")[
```typst
#{
let f = x => y => x + y
f(1)(2)
}
```
]
},
)
]
|
|
https://github.com/PA055/5839B-Notebook | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PA055/5839B-Notebook/main/Entries/file-structure-model-management/file-structure-model-management.typ | typst | #import "/packages.typ": notebookinator
#import notebookinator: *
#import themes.radial.components: *
#show: create-body-entry.with(
title: "File Structure/Model Management",
type: "management",
date: datetime(year: 2024, month: 3, day: 10),
author: "<NAME>",
witness: "<NAME>"
)
To effectivley use any software wether for coding or modeling file organization is key. To share these files the team makes use of Microsoft Onedrive since it works best with windows device which the majority of the team has.
For the Inventor the main robot assembly is made from a variety of sub assemblies. These sub assemblies are each for a key system such as the drive train or intake. There can exist further sub aseemblies within these as well such as that for the odometry sensors within the assembly they are attachetd to. To organize the many file for this a variety of naming conventions are used based off of the guide lines from Perdu Sig Robotics.
- Robots are marked with a folder labeled "! Robot Name"
- Within in that folder is the main assembly of the same name
- Assemblies or cut parts used throughout the model are stored in this high level folder
- There are also folders with each of the sub-assemblies labeled "Assembly Name"
- Within the sub-assembly folders are all the special cut parts and sub-assemblies of that Assembly.
- All other parts are stored in a default parts folder with every vex part organized by type
This system comes with a variety of advantages for the team. Indivudal axels or mechanisms be edited without opening the whole robot which allows team members to interact with the models without a powerful computer. It also allows for big changes to be made easier as the major sub-assemblies can be removed or changed without having to edit a bunch of indivudal parts. This also helps during the build process as we can divide the many sub-assemblies between any teammembers without other work to do. This has proven in the past to allow us to build full redesigns in just a week and half such as what we did after dulaney last year.
#figure(
rect(fill: black.lighten(10%))[
#image(".\Over Under File Structure.png", width: 80%)
],
caption: [ Inventor Files from the Over Under Season
]
)
|
|
https://github.com/dainbow/MatGos | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dainbow/MatGos/master/themes/20.typ | typst | #import "../conf.typ": *
= Непревность преобразования Фурье абсолютно интегрируемой функции. Преобразование Фурье производной и производная преобразования Фурье.
== Непрерывность преобразования Фурье абсолютно интегрируемой функции
#definition[
*Преобразование Фурье* функции $f in L_1(RR)$ называется
#eq[
$F[f] := hat(f)(lambda) := 1 / sqrt(2 pi) integral_RR f(t) e^(- i lambda t) dif mu(t)$
]
]
#theorem(
"Непрерывность интеграла, зависящего от параметра",
)[
Пусть
- $A subset RR^n; E subset RR^m; alpha_0 in A$
- Функция $f(x, alpha)$ сумируема при всех $alpha in A$, как функция от $x in E$.
- Функция $f(x, alpha)$ при почти всех $x in E$ является непрерывной в $alpha_0$.
- При почти всех $x in E$ и для всех $alpha in A$ справедлива оценка $abs(f(x, alpha)) <= phi(x)$,
где $phi(x)$ некоторая суммируемая на $E$ функция.
Тогда
#eq[
$F(alpha) = integral_E f(x, alpha) dif mu(x)$
]
является непрерывной в $alpha_0$.
]
#theorem(
"Дифференцируемость интеграла, зависящего от параметра",
)[
Пусть
- $E subset RR^n, alpha in RR^n$
- $f(x, alpha)$ вместе с $(partial f) / (partial alpha) (x, alpha)$ суммируема на $E$ при
всех $alpha in U(alpha_0)$
- При всех $alpha in (alpha_0): abs((partial f) / (partial alpha)(x, alpha)) <= phi(x)$,
где $phi$ суммируема на $E$
Тогда
#eq[
$F'(alpha_0) = integral_E (partial f) / (partial alpha) (x, alpha_0) dif mu(x)$
]
]
#theorem[
Если $f in L_1(RR)$, то $hat(f)(lambda)$ непрерывна на $RR$ и $lim_(lambda -> oo) hat(f)(lambda) = 0$
]
#proof[
Распишем комплексную экспоненту в сумму тригонометрических функций и сведём к
теореме об осцилляции, утверждение о нулевом пределе доказано.
Почему преобразование Фурье непрерывно? Хотим применить теорему о непрерывности
интеграла, зависящего от предела. Для этого оценим подыинтегральную функцию:
#eq[
$abs(f(t, lambda)) = abs(f(t) e^(- i lambda t)) <= abs(f (t)) in L_1(RR)$
]
От $lambda$ рассматриваемая функция непрерывна из-за непрерывности экспоненты.
Суммируемость следует из той же оценки сверху.
Значит применяем теорему о непрерывности интеграла, зависящего от параметра.
]
== Преобразование Фурье производной и производная преобразования Фурье.
#theorem(
"Преобразование Фурье производной",
)[
Если $forall [a, b] subset RR : space f in L_1([a, b])$ и $f, f' in L_1(RR)$, то
#eq[
$forall lambda in RR : hat(f')(lambda) = (i lambda) hat(f)(lambda)$
]
]
#proof[
Перепишем $f(x)$ через формулу Ньютона-Лейбница:
#eq[
$f(x) = f(0) + integral_0^x f'(t) dif mu(t), x > 0$
]
Устремляя $x -> +oo$ увидим, что правая часть имеет предел, а значит и левая
тоже:
#eq[
$exists lim_(x -> +oo) f(x), f in L_1(RR) => f(+oo) = 0$
]
Аналогично получим, что $f(-oo) = 0$.
Тогда рассмотрим следующее преобразование Фурье:
#eq[
$hat(f')(lambda) = 1 / sqrt(2pi) integral_RR f'(t) e^(- i lambda i) dif mu(t) = \
1 / sqrt(2pi) f(t) e^(-i lambda t)|_(-oo)^(+oo) - 1 / sqrt(2pi) integral_RR f(t) (e^(-i lambda t))'_t dif mu(t) = (i lambda) hat(f)(lambda)$
]
]
#theorem(
"Производная преобразования Фурье",
)[
Если $f(t), t f(t) in L_1(RR)$, то преобразование Фурье $hat(f)(lambda)$ дифференцируемо,
причём
#eq[
$(hat(f))'(lambda) = hat(-i t f(t))(lambda)$
]
]
#proof[
Нам нужно лишь доказать, что мы имеем право продифференцировать интеграл,
зависящий от параметра:
#eq[
$(hat(f))'(lambda) = 1 / sqrt(2pi) integral_RR f(t) (e^(-i lambda t))'_lambda dif mu(t) = hat(-i t f(t))(lambda)$
]
Для этого оценим выражение:
#eq[
$abs(f(t)(e^(-i lambda t))) = abs(- i t f(t) e^(-i lambda t)) <= abs(t f(t)) in L_1(RR)$
]
Значит мы имеем право применить теорему о дифференцировании интеграла с
параметром.
]
|
|
https://github.com/jgm/typst-hs | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jgm/typst-hs/main/test/typ/compiler/ops-invalid-23.typ | typst | Other | // Error: 4-5 unknown variable: x
#((x,) = (1,))
|
https://github.com/boladouro/ME | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/boladouro/ME/main/1/pro%20prof/relatorio/functions.typ | typst | #let ifrac(num, denom) = { // emilylime on disc, adapted
import math: *;
set text(
size: 18pt
)
move(dx: -2pt, dy: -1pt,
attach("\u{2215}", // U+2215 ∕ Division Slash
tl: move(script(num), dx: 2pt),
br: move(script(denom), dx: -2pt, dy: -2pt),
)
)
} |
|
https://github.com/daniel-eder/typst-template-jku | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/daniel-eder/typst-template-jku/main/src/template/styles/pre_content_heading.typ | typst | // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2023 <NAME>
//
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// A centered smaller h1 heading used for abstract, dedication, etc, all headings before the ToC
#let pre_content_heading(
content
) = {
//cannot use a normal call to #heading with a #aling and #text inside, because the default style uses #show to style headings
align(center)[
#show heading.where(level: 1): it => block[
#set text(size: 0.85em)
#it.body
]
#heading(
level: 1,
numbering: none,
content
)
#v(5mm)
]
} |
|
https://github.com/TomVer99/FHICT-typst-template | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/TomVer99/FHICT-typst-template/main/examples/starter/appendix.typ | typst | MIT License | // CHANGE THIS TO THE CORRECT PATH
#import "./../../template/fhict-template.typ": *
|
https://github.com/leo1oel/CSAPP | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/leo1oel/CSAPP/main/Homework/CSAPP%20Notes.typ | typst | #import "template.typ": *
#show: project.with(
title: "CSAPP Notes",
authors: (
"Leonardo",
)
)
#show image: set align(center)
= Number representations
Byte = 8 bits
- Decimal
- Binary
- Octal
- Hexadecimal
In C, numeric constants starting with "0x" or "0X" are interpreted as being in hexadecimal. The letters A to F is not Case-sensitive.
#image("2024-04-06-20-48-26.png")
= Unsigned and signed
== signed
The most common computer representation of signed numbers is known as two's-complement form. This is defined by interpreting the most significant bit of the word to have negative weight.
$-x = ~x+1$
When the sign bit is set to 1, the represented value is negative, and when set to 0 the value is nonnegative.
Consider the range of values that can be represented as a w-bit two'scomplement number.
The least representable value is given by bit vector 10 ... 0 (set the bit with negative weight, but clear all others), having integer value TMin(w bits) $= - 2^(w-1)$.
The greatest value is given by bit vector 01 ... 1 (clear the bit with negative weight, but set all others as "1"), having integer value TMax(w bits) $= 2^(w-1) - 1$.
So you can see:
- The two's-complement range is asymmetric: |TMin| = |TMax| + 1, that is, there is no positive counterpart to TMin.
- The maximum unsigned value is just over twice the maximum two's-complement value: UMax = 2TMax + 1.
- -1 has the same bit representation as UMax---a string of all ones.
#image("2024-04-06-20-56-38.png", width: 20em)
#image("2024-04-06-20-56-47.png", width: 20em)
When do calculation or comparison between unsigned and signed values, signed values implicitly cast to unsigned.
To convert an unsigned number to a larger data type, we can simply add leading zeros to the representation; this operation is known as *zero extension*.
For converting a two's- complement number to a larger data type, the rule is to perform a *sign extension*, adding copies of the most significant bit to the representation.
= Floating-point
#image("2024-04-06-21-07-44.png")
#image("2024-04-06-21-08-37.png")
#image("2024-04-06-21-09-01.png")
Shift operations
- Left shift
- Logical right shift: zero-extend
- Arithmetic right shift: sign-extend
Different effects for signed (2's complement) and unsigned numbers
when simply throwing away the MSB in the overflow results
== Array
- Multi-Dimensional Arrays
- Row-major ordering in C
- Each row is allocated contiguously, and all rows are allocated contiguously
- Multi-Level Arrays
- The second-level arrays are not necessarily contiguous in memory
Satisfy alignment in structures with padding
- Within structure: each field satisfies its own alignment requirement
- Overall structure: align to the largest alignment requirement of all fields
== Big and little endian
Array not affected by byte ordering.
Big Endian: Least significant byte has highest address.
Little Endian: Least significant byte has lowest address.
#image("2024-04-06-20-51-12.png")
== Thread
A thread is a single unique execution context including registers, PC, stack pointer, memory, ...
Threads are independently scheduled by the OS.
Web server with Thread Pools
|
|
https://github.com/MohamedElashri/resume | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MohamedElashri/resume/main/README.md | markdown | # Typst Resume Project
This repository contains the Typst file for building my resume and is equipped with GitHub Actions to automate the building and releasing process as a PDF.
## Repository Structure
- `resume.typ`: The Typst source file for the resume.
- `.github/workflows/build.yml`: The GitHub Actions workflow that builds the PDF and manages releases.
## Workflow Overview
The GitHub Actions workflow defined in this repository performs the following steps:
1. Checks out the repository's code.
2. Builds the PDF from the Typst source file.
3. Uploads the built PDF as an artifact.
4. Optionally creates a release with the PDF when a new tag is pushed.
## Making Changes to Your Resume
To update your resume, follow these steps:
1. Clone the repository:
```bash
git clone https://github.com/MohamedElashri/resume.git
cd resume
```
2. Make changes to `resume.typ`.
3. Commit the changes:
```bash
git add resume.typ
git commit -m "Update resume details"
git push
```
4. The GitHub Action will automatically build a new PDF and store it as an artifact once I push the changes.
## Creating a New Release
To create a new release with an attached PDF, you will need to tag my commit and push the tag to GitHub:
1. Tag commit:
```bash
git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "Release version 1.0.0"
```
2. Push the tag to GitHub:
```bash
git push origin v1.0.0
```
3. The GitHub Action checks for tags. If a tag is found, it will:
- Build the PDF.
- Create a release named after the tag and timestamp, and attach the PDF.
## Modifying the GitHub Action
If you need to modify the GitHub Action (found in `.github/workflows/build.yml`), you can edit the file directly in your repository. Common modifications might include:
- Changing the name of the output PDF.
- Adjusting the Typst build settings.
- Adding steps to the workflow, such as automated testing of the document layout.
|
|
https://github.com/typst/packages | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/typst/packages/main/packages/preview/big-todo/0.1.0/README.md | markdown | Apache License 2.0 | # Big-TODO
Create clearly visible TODOs in your document, and add an outline to keep track of them.
## Usage
Import the package
```typst
import "@preview/big-todo:0.1.0": *
```
And use the `todo` function to create a TODO, and the put the `todo_outline` somewhere to keep track of them.
```typst
= Pirates
Pirates, a term often associated with seafaring outlaws, have left an indelible mark on world history. The term conjures images of Jolly Roger flags, eye patches, and treasure chests, but the reality of piracy is more complex and varied than its romanticized image suggests. Historically, pirates were motivated by wealth, adventure, or desperation and were not confined to the seas of the Caribbean but roamed the waters of the Mediterranean, the South China Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. Pirate societies were notorious for their flouting of societal norms, and many pirate ships operated under democratic principles, offering crew members an equal share in the spoils and voting rights on important decisions. To get a better picture, it's worth looking into how the social structures onboard these pirate vessels contrasted with those on merchant or navy vessels of the same era. #todo([Research and provide more _detail_ on #underline[pirate ship] governance and societal norms ])
Pirates' influence on history extends beyond their shipboard societies, however. Many pirates played important roles in global trade, war, and politics, often acting as privateers for countries at war. At times, they acted as de facto naval forces, protecting their patron countries' interests or disrupting those of their enemies. During the Golden Age of Piracy, roughly from 1650 to 1720, pirates were a major force in the Atlantic and the Caribbean, attacking the heavily laden ships of the Spanish Empire and others. They have also impacted popular culture, inspiring countless books, movies, and games. But their story is not finished. Modern-day piracy, especially off the coast of Somalia, has become a significant issue in international shipping.
#todo_outline
```
The `todo` function has the follwin parameters and defaults:
| Parameter | Default | Type | Description |
| ------------ | ------- | ------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
| `body` | / | Content | Content of the todo |
| `big_text` | 40pt | Length | Size of the `! TODO !` text |
| `small_text` | 15pt | Length | Size of the content |
| `gap` | 2mm | Length | Gap between the `! TODO !` text and the content | |
https://github.com/dermesser/jupyter2typst | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dermesser/jupyter2typst/master/README.md | markdown | # jupyter2typst
This project was started and never finished. Instead, take a look at [typst_of_jupyter](https://lewinb.net/posts/19_typst_of_jupyter/)
(repository: [dermesser/typst_of_jupyter](https://github.com/dermesser/typst_of_jupyter)), which can successfully convert most notebooks
already.
|
|
https://github.com/TempContainer/typnotes | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/TempContainer/typnotes/main/templates/my-template.typ | typst | #import "@preview/physica:0.9.3": *
#import "@preview/ctheorems:1.1.2": *
#import "page.typ": is-web-target
#let theorem = thmbox("theorem", "Theorem", fill: rgb("#e7e7e7"), padding: (top: 0em, bottom: 0em), base_level: 2)
#let proposition = thmbox("theorem", "Proposition", fill: rgb("#e7e7e7"), padding: (top: 0em, bottom: 0em), base_level: 2)
#let corollary = thmbox("theorem", "Corollary", fill: rgb("#e7e7e7"), padding: (top: 0em, bottom: 0em), base_level: 2)
#let definition = thmbox("definition", "Definition", inset: (x: .5em, top: 0em), /*stroke: rgb("#e7e7e7") + 1pt */ base_level: 2)
#let example = thmplain("example", "Example").with(numbering: none)
#let proof = thmproof("proof", "Proof")
#let answer = thmproof("proof", "Answer", bodyfmt: body => [
#show: thmrules.with(qed-symbol: $triangle.stroked.t$)
#proof-bodyfmt(body)
]
)
#let wtf(w) = {
set text(red)
w
}
#let ii = {$upright(i)$}
#let ee = {$upright(e)$}
#let numeq(content) = math.equation(
block: true,
numbering: "(1)",
content,
)
#let vz(x) = vb(math.upright(x))
#let grad = $nabla$
#let div = $nabla dot$
#let curl = $nabla times$
#let laplacian = $nabla^2$
#let dD = dd.with(d:$upright(D)$)
#let dvD = dv.with(d:$upright(D)$)
#let template(doc) = {
set text(
font: ("Linux Libertine", "Source Han Serif"),
size: 12pt
) if not is-web-target
// set par(leading: 0.55em, /* first-line-indent: 2em,*/ justify: true)
set heading(numbering: "1.1")
// set page(numbering: "1")
set math.equation(supplement: [Eq.])
set math.mat(delim: "[")
// set enum(indent: 1.8em)
set heading(supplement: [Sec.])
// show raw: set text(font: "New Computer Modern Mono")
show: thmrules.with(qed-symbol: $square$)
// // show par: set block(spacing: 0.55em)
// show heading: set block(above: 1.4em, below: 1em)
// show heading: set text(
// font: ("Linux Biolinum O", "Noto Sans CJK SC"),
// weight: "medium"
// )
doc
}
|
|
https://github.com/KillTheMule/derive_typst_intoval | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KillTheMule/derive_typst_intoval/master/README.md | markdown | Apache License 2.0 | # derive_typst_intoval  [](https://docs.rs/derive_typst_intoval/) [](https://crates.io/crates/derive_typst_intoval)
A small derive macro to derive `IntoValue` for structs. I mainly use it myself to pack
up the data for typst's [`inputs`](https://docs.rs/typst/latest/typst/struct.LibraryBuilder.html#method.with_inputs).
## FAQ
- What about enums?
- Derive [`Cast`](https://docs.rs/typst-macros/latest/typst_macros/derive.Cast.html).
## Status
Maintained.
## Contributing
I'd love contributions, comments, praise, criticism... You could open an
[issue](https://github.com/KillTheMule/derive_typst_intoval/issues) or a [pull
request](https://github.com/KillTheMule/derive_typst_intoval/pulls).
## CoC
Wherever applicable, this project follows the [rust code of
conduct](https://www.rust-lang.org/en-US/conduct.html).
|
https://github.com/kfijalkowski1/typst-diff-tool | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kfijalkowski1/typst-diff-tool/main/typst_ast_parser/data/1_additional_bullet_point/added_bullet_point.typ | typst | #import "@preview/pesha:0.2.0": *
#experience(
place: "Hot Topic",
title: "Retail-sales associate",
time: [2004--06],
)[
- Top in-store sales associate in seven out of eight quarters
- Inventory management
- ADDED BULLET POINT
- Training and recruiting
- ANOTHER ADDED BULLET POINT
]
|
|
https://github.com/ShadowMitia/typst-babble-bubbles | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ShadowMitia/typst-babble-bubbles/main/lib.typ | typst | MIT License | // Functions
#let callout(body, title: "Callout", fill: blue, title-color: white, body-color: black, icon: none) = {
block(fill: fill,
width: 100%,
inset: 8pt)[
= #text(title-color)[#icon #title]
#text(body-color)[
#body
]
]
}
// Presets
#let note = callout.with(title: "Note",
fill: rgb(21, 30, 44),
icon: "✎",
title-color: rgb(21, 122, 255),
body-color: white)
#let info = callout.with(title: "Info",
fill: rgb(21, 30, 44),
icon: "🛈",
title-color: rgb(21, 122, 255),
body-color: rgb(8, 109, 221))
#let warning = callout.with(title: "Warning",
fill: rgb(42, 33, 24),
icon: "⚠",
title-color: rgb(233, 151, 63),
body-color: white)
#let success = callout.with(title: "Success",
fill: rgb(25, 39, 29),
title-color: rgb(68, 207, 110),
icon: "✓",
body-color: white)
#let check = success.with(title: "Check")
#let question = callout.with(title: "Question",
fill: rgb(41, 41, 29),
title-color: rgb(224, 222, 113),
icon: "?",
body-color: white)
#let fail = callout.with(title: "Failed",
fill: rgb(44, 25, 26),
title-color: rgb(175, 52, 56),
icon: "𐄂",
body-color: white)
#let example = callout.with(title: "Example",
fill: rgb(25, 79, 29),
title-color: rgb(68, 217, 110),
icon: "🕮",
body-color: white)
#let examples = example.with(title: "Examples")
#let quote = callout.with(title: "Quote",
fill: rgb(34, 34, 34),
title-color: rgb(158, 158, 158),
icon: "❞",
body-color: white)
|
https://github.com/typst/templates | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/typst/templates/main/icicle/lib.typ | typst | MIT No Attribution | // The tile size.
#let size = 80pt
// The movement described by the given update.
#let deltas = (
w: (x: 0, y: -1),
a: (x: -1, y: 0),
s: (x: 0, y: 1),
d: (x: 1, y: 0),
)
// The texture map.
#let texture = image(
"texture.png",
width: 5 * size,
height: 5 * size,
)
// Parses a level description.
#let parse-level(text) = {
// Parses a point from its textual form.
let parse-point(pos) = {
let (x, y) = pos.split(",").map(str.trim).map(int)
(x: x, y: y)
}
// Parses a layer from its textual form.
let parse-layer(text) = {
text.split("\n").map(line => line.split().map(str.trim))
}
let (pos, back, front) = text
.replace(regex("//.*\n"), "\n")
.split(regex("\n{2,}"))
.map(str.trim)
.filter(s => s != "")
(
won: false,
pos: parse-point(pos),
back: parse-layer(back),
front: parse-layer(front),
)
}
// Parses the document's body into an array of strings containing
// only the four updates "w", "a", "s", and "d".
#let parse-updates(body) = {
let extract(it) = {
""
if it == [ ] {
" "
} else if it.func() == text {
it.text
} else if it.func() == [].func() {
it.children.map(extract).join()
}
}
extract(body).clusters().map(lower).filter(c => c in "wasdx")
}
// Adds two points.
#let add-points(p1, p2) = (x: p1.x + p2.x, y: p1.y + p2.y)
// Accesses the layer at the given position, returning `none` if the
// position is out of bounds
#let layer-at(layer, p) = {
if p.x >= 0 and p.y >= 0 {
layer.at(p.y, default: ()).at(p.x, default: none)
}
}
// Move an entity from one position to another.
#let move-entity(level, from, to) = {
let v = level.front.at(from.y).at(from.x)
level.front.at(from.y).at(from.x) = "_"
level.front.at(to.y).at(to.x) = v
level
}
// Update the state of the level
#let update(level, u) = {
let delta = deltas.at(u)
let old = level.pos
let new = add-points(old, delta)
let new2 = add-points(new, delta)
let new-back = layer-at(level.back, new)
let new-front = layer-at(level.front, new)
// Handle floor.
if new-back in ("f", "g") {
// Handle block at new position.
if new-front == "b" {
let new-back2 = layer-at(level.back, new2)
let new-front2 = layer-at(level.front, new2)
if new-back2 not in ("f", "w", "g") or new-front2 != "_" {
return level
}
level = move-entity(level, new, new2)
}
level.pos = new
}
// Handle bridge block in water.
if new-back == "w" and new-front == "b" {
level.pos = new
}
// Handle goal.
if new-back == "g" {
level.won = true
}
level
}
// Selects a tile from the texture map.
#let tex(x, y) = block(
width: size,
height: size,
fill: white,
stroke: 1pt + gray,
clip: true,
place(
top + left,
dx: -size * x,
dy: -size * y,
texture,
),
)
// Render one cell of the level.
#let render-cell(level, p) = {
let guy = p == level.pos
let b = layer-at(level.back, p)
let f = layer-at(level.front, p)
// Is the Typst-guy delta-next to the current position.
let guy-at(delta) = {
let p2 = add-points(p, delta)
p2 == level.pos and layer-at(level.back, p2) != "w"
}
// Is there a ball delta-next to the player.
let ball-at(delta) = {
let p2 = add-points(level.pos, delta)
layer-at(level.front, p2) == "b" and layer-at(level.back, p2) != "w"
}
// Are we next to at most one snowball?
let solo = deltas.values().filter(ball-at).len() < 2
// Pick the best tile from the texture.
if b == "f" {
if guy {
if solo and ball-at(deltas.w) { tex(1, 3) }
else if solo and ball-at(deltas.a) { tex(4, 2) }
else if solo and ball-at(deltas.s) { tex(2, 2) }
else if solo and ball-at(deltas.d) { tex(0, 3) }
else { tex(2, 3) }
}
else if f == "b" {
if solo and guy-at(deltas.w) { tex(3, 1) }
else if solo and guy-at(deltas.a) { tex(4, 0) }
else if solo and guy-at(deltas.s) { tex(1, 0) }
else if solo and guy-at(deltas.d) { tex(1, 1) }
else { tex(4, 1) }
}
else { tex(4, 4) }
} else if b == "w" {
let v = calc.rem(p.x + p.y, 4)
if f == "b" and guy { tex(3, 4) }
else if f == "b" { tex(2, 4) }
else if v == 0 { tex(4, 3) }
else if v == 1 { tex(3, 3) }
else if v == 2 { tex(1, 4) }
else { tex(0, 4) }
} else if b == "g" {
if guy { tex(3, 2) }
else if f == "b" {
if solo and guy-at(deltas.w) { tex(2, 1) }
else if solo and guy-at(deltas.a) { tex(3, 0) }
else if solo and guy-at(deltas.s) { tex(0, 0) }
else if solo and guy-at(deltas.d) { tex(0, 1) }
else { tex(2, 0) }
}
else { tex(1, 2) }
} else if b == "x" {
tex(0, 2)
} else {
panic("unknown back tile", b)
}
}
// Display the current level.
#let render-level(level) = {
let h = level.back.len()
let w = level.back.first().len()
let cells = ()
for y in range(level.back.len()) {
for x in range(level.back.at(y).len()) {
let p = (x: x, y: y)
cells.push(render-cell(level, p))
}
}
grid(
columns: (size,) * w,
rows: (size,) * h,
..cells,
)
}
// Displays an informative popup.
#let popup(main, sub: none) = place(rect(
width: 5.7 * size,
height: 1.7 * size,
fill: black,
stroke: 6pt + white,
text(1em, main) + if sub != none {
v(0.4em, weak: true)
text(0.5em, sub)
}
))
// The game template.
#let game(
levels: (
read("levels/level1.txt"),
read("levels/level2.txt"),
read("levels/level3.txt"),
),
body,
) = {
set page(width: auto, height: auto, margin: 1pt, fill: gray.lighten(70%))
set align(center + horizon)
set place(center + horizon)
set text(30pt, fill: white, font: "VG5000")
let setup(i) = parse-level(levels.at(i))
let lvl = 0
let score = 0
let level = setup(lvl)
for u in parse-updates(body) {
if level.won and lvl + 1 < levels.len() and u == "x" {
lvl += 1
level = setup(lvl)
} else if not level.won and u in "wasd" {
level = update(level, u)
score += 1
}
}
render-level(level)
if level.won {
if lvl + 1 == levels.len() {
popup([You win!], sub: [(in #score moves)])
} else {
popup([Level #(lvl + 1) complete], sub: [(press x to continue)])
}
}
}
|
https://github.com/Kasci/LiturgicalBooks | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Kasci/LiturgicalBooks/master/CSL_old/oktoich/Hlas6/1_Pondelok.typ | typst | #let V = (
"HV": (
("","Ánheľskija síly","Slézy Spáse, pokajánija mí dážď sokrušénnoju mýsliju: jáko da omýju skvérnu duší mojejá, júže zľí okaľách, ďíjaj neprávednaja na vsják čás, imíja na sijé moľáščuju, tebé róždšuju, i ánheľskija líki, i tvojé čelovikoľúbije."),
("","","Hrjadí o dušé! i raskájsja o mnóhich hrisích, jáže soďíjala jesí v žitií, i mnóžestvu výšnich vóinstv molísja, so vozdychánijem že i slezámi: jáko da vrémja podástsja tebí pokajánija, da ne jáko neplódnaja smokóvnica otsléšisja vo óhň hejénskij vsestrástnaja."),
("","","Nijedínu na zemlí zápoviď tvojú sotvorích, káko javľúsja tebí siďáščemu na prestóľi, i slóvo dáti, i súd podjáti o vsích, jáže v víďiniji, i ne v víďiniji, kóježdo soďíjach Christé mój? Ťímže zovú tebí, tvojích slúh molítvami spasí mja blúdnaho."),
("","Tridnévno voskrésl jesí","Ánheľskija síly Christé, predstojášče prestólu tvojemú, móľatsja o róde čelovíčesťim. Ťích úbo molítvami mír vsím dárujaj, jazýkov dérzosť ukrotí."),
("","","Ókrest prestóla vsích carjá, prísno likújušče ánheľstiji vsí čínove, nás sochraňájte, víroju vás prizyvájuščich, i mučénij izbavľájte."),
("","","Otéc íže nad vsími Bóh, síly nebésnych umóv, bezobrázny i neveščéstvenny pivcý, trisólnečnyja slávy svojejá privedé, i jedínstvennoje Slóvo, i Dúch."),
("Bohoródičen","","Slóvo sobeznačáľnoje otcú že i Dúchu, archánheľskim hlásom Bohoródice, vo utróbi začénši, cheruvímov, i serafímov, i prestólov javílasja jesí prevýšši."),
),
"S": (
("","","Vo strášnoje prišéstvije tvojé Christé, da ne uslýšim: ne vím vás. upovánije bo na ťá spásé, vozložíchom, ášče i tvojá poveľínija ne sochraníchom za nebrežénije náše: no poščadí dúšy náša, mólimsja."),
("","","Pokajánija ne sťažách, nižé páki sléz: sehó rádi moľú ťa Christé Bóže, préžde koncá obratíti i dáti umilénije mňí, jáko da izbávľusja ot múki."),
("","","Múčenicy tvojí, Hóspodi, ne otverhóšasja tebé, ni otstupíša ot zápovidej tvojích. Ťích molítvami pomíluj nás."),
("Bohoródičen","","Archánheľski vospojím vírniji, nebésnyj čertóh, i dvér zapečátanu voístinnu: rádujsja, jejáže rádi otrasté nám Spás vsích Christós, žiznodávec i Bóh. Nizloží Vladýčice mučíteli, bezbóžnyja vrahí náša, rukóju tvojéju prečístaja, upovánije christiján."),
),
)
#let P = (
"1": (
("","","Jáko po súchu pišešéstvovav Izráiľ, po bézdňi stopámi, honíteľa faraóna víďa potopľájema, Bóhu pobídnuju písň pojím, vopijáše."),
("","","Mojehó umá óblak strastéj otžení čístaja, i vozsijáj mí svít, róždšaja prečístaja Sýna, sijánije ótčeje, jáko da vospojú ťa."),
("","","Jáko Havriíl Ďívi, prijidíte vírniji, i mý vopijém blahohovénijem dušévnym: voístinnu ukrášena, čístaja, róždšaja rádosť: rádujsja prečístaja."),
("","","Íže bezstrástno préžde vík ot Otcá roždénnaho, prečístaja, v posľídňaja dní vo utróbi nosjášči Sýna, rodilá jesí suhúba, Bóha i čelovíka."),
("","","Bóha rodilá jesí jedínaho bez tlí, i Ďíva prebylá jesí po roždeství, jákože bí i préžde roždestvá prečístaja: sehó rádi, vírniji, rádujsja, tebí zovém."),
),
"3": (
("","","Ňísť svját, jákože tý Hóspodi Bóže mój, voznesýj róh vírnych tvojích bláže, i utverdívyj nás na kámeni ispovídanija tvojehó."),
("","","Ňísť neporóčny, jákože tý prečístaja Bohoródice, róždšaja ziždíteľa i Vladýku vsjáčeskim: ťímže tí vsí vírniji blahodárstvenno, rádujsja, vzyvájem."),
("","","Strastéj smuščájet mjá ľútoje volnénije čístaja, i hóresťmi mnóhich padénij vo hlubinú pometájem voístinnu zlých mojích, dážď mí rúku čístaja, i spasí mja."),
("","","Ťmú razruší mojích prehrišénij, Ďívo, i ozarí svítom bezstrástija žízň neskazánno, čístaja, róždšaja sólnce neprikosnovénnoje."),
("","","Ohném strácha Bóžija očístivši mjá, otrokovíce, ot prehrišénij i skvérny, oblecý svitozárnoju odéždeju dobroďítelej, i likóm svjatých sočetáj."),
),
"4": (
("","","Christós mojá síla, Bóh i Hospóď, čestnája cérkov Bohoľípno pojét vzyvájušči, ot smýsla čísta, o Hóspoďi prázdnujušči."),
("","","Svít róždšaja, ťmú razruší mnóhich mojích prehrišénij tvojéju zaréju preneporóčnaja Vladýčice, jáže sólnce právdy vírnym vozsijávšaja."),
("","","Nadéždu, tebé prečístaja, nýňi predlaháju mojehó nemožénija: da ot tebé ne neďíjstvovan otidú, spasénije že polučív vospojú rádujasja."),
("","","Bohátyja ščedróty tvojá dáruj nám prečístaja, víroju i ľubóviju v tvój chrám pritekájuščym, i ot vsjákich iskušénij i skorbéj izbávi."),
("","","Slóvo prečístaja, v ťá vselísja, bezslovésija strastéj mír izbavľája Vladýčice, i cárstvija nebésnaho spodobľája vospivájuščyja ťá."),
),
"5": (
("","","Bóžijim svítom tvojím bláže, útreňujuščich tí dúšy ľubóviju ozarí, moľúsja: ťá víďiti Slóve Bóžij, ístinnaho Bóha, ot mráka hrichóvnaho vzyvájušča."),
("","","Božéstvennoju zaréju ot tvojích črésl vozsijávšaho, mojú dúšu vo ťmí spjáščuju prosvití Ďívo, i hrichóvnuju mhlú otžení, svítom mjá tvojím prosviščájušči."),
("","","Dúšu mojú iscilí blahája, vpádajušču v razbójniki, mílostivňi jeléj iskápajušči, i vinó blahosérdija tvojehó, rázumy nezavístno podajúšči mí."),
("","","Plotskíja nedúhi, i dušévnyja iscilí nám k tebí pribihájuščym vsepítaja: kríposť bo jesí pritekájuščym pod króv tvojejá molítvy, Bohorodíteľnice."),
("","","Božéstvennyj Dúch svjatýj vséľsja presvjatája čístaja, v tvojé črévo, osinív ťá pokazá dóm Tróicy, blahovolénijem Ótčim Slóvo začénši, i sehó róždši."),
),
"6": (
("","","Žitéjskoje móre vozdvizájemoje zrjá napástej búreju, k tíchomu pristánišču tvojemú priték vopijú ti: vozvedí ot tlí živót mój, mnohomílostive."),
("","","Ťmú razruší okajánnyja mojejá duší, i svítom prosvití mja prečístaja, vozsijávšim ot tvojích ložésn, i vsé čelovíčeskoje jestestvó ozarívšim."),
("","","Vráh vídimych i nevídimych navíta izbávi mjá čístaja, i podážď mí króv deržávnyj tvojehó zastuplénija: k tebí bo Ďívo, nýňi pribihóch."),
("","","Sozdávyj vsjáčeskaja, v posľídnija dní ot svjatýja utróby tvojejá voplotísja, čelovíčeskoje jestestvó jéže ot Adáma ľúťi popólzšejesja ustrójiv, mír obnoví."),
("","","Svjatých ánhel blahoľípije pojét ťá, i áz moľú preneporóčnaja: otimí ot mené neľípaja bisóv mečtánija, v tišiňí sobľudájušči sérdce mojé."),
),
"S": (
("","","Prilózi soprotívnych bórjut dostojánije tvojé Vladýčice čístaja, razorí ťích kovárstvija, i nizloží na zémľu hordýnnoje šatánije: tý bo jesí zastúpnica vírno moľáščymsja tí."),
),
"7": (
("","","Rosodáteľnu úbo péšč soďíla ánhel prepodóbnym otrokóm, chaldéji že opaľájuščeje veľínije Bóžije mučíteľa uviščá vopíti: blahoslovén jesí Bóže otéc nášich."),
("","","Prosvitívši mjá svítom nepristúpnym prečístaja, vo ťmí nerazumínija, i k svítu nastávi vírno vopíti Sýnu tvojemú blahočéstno: blahoslovén Bóh otéc nášich."),
("","","Omračénnyj óblak otžení ot duší mojejá Bohorodíteľnice, osijávši svítom vsích tvorcá: prijátelišče bo jesí svíta prevéčnaho, ot Otcá bezstrástno vozsijávšaho."),
("","","Priklonísja nášym moľbám čístaja Bohorodíteľnice, molítvoju mílostivno podvíhnisja k Bóhu: i sehó mílostiva sotvorí nám, na ťá blahája, prísno naďíjuščymsja."),
("","","Oskvernéna mjá súšča strasťmí lukávych ďijánij, očistílišče dážď mí čístaja, sléz kápli omyvájušči stúd lukávyj hrichá mojehó, okajánija istóčnik."),
),
"8": (
("","","Iz plámene prepodóbnym rósu istočíl jesí, i právednaho žértvu vodóju popalíl jesí: vsjá bo tvoríši Christé, tókmo jéže choťíti. ťá prevoznósim vo vsjá víki."),
("","","Jáže Vladýku vsích plótiju róždšaja, nasíľstvija strastéj ischití mja otrokovíce, i tvorcú vsjáčeskich prisvój ľubóviju, pojúščaho vo vsjá víki."),
("","","Na odrí boľíznenňi sležášču mí, posiščénijem tvojím otrokovíce, vozstávi mjá, i dušévnoje i ťilésnoje dáruj mí zdrávije, vospivájušču Christá vo víki."),
("","","Strastéj mojích plámeň uhasí rosóju molítv tvojích Vladýčice: i mené spasí, jákože préžde Sýn tvój izbávi ótroki, prevoznosjáščyja jehó vo víki."),
("","","Ne užasájusja lájanija borcá, na ťá upovánije čájanija mojehó imýj blahája: zastupáješi bo vsehdá spasájušči ot bíd, ťá voschvaľájuščich."),
),
"9": (
("","","Bóha čelovíkom ne vozmóžno víďiti, na nehóže ne smíjut číni ánheľstiji vziráti: tobóju že vsečístaja, javísja čelovíkom Slóvo voploščénno, jehóže veličájušče, s nebésnymi vóji ťá ublažájem."),
("","","Zól vsjáčeskich izbávi k tebí pribihájuščaho víroju Ďívo prečístaja: i zdrávije dážď mí pribíhšemu v pokróv tvój otrokovíce, i ľútych izbavlénije: jáko da vo hlásich blahodárstvenno prísno slávľu ťá."),
("","","Kľátvu pečáli razrušíla jesí čístaja, i rádosť istočíla jesí míru roždestvóm tvojím: blahoslovénija istóčnik róždši. Ťímže voschvaľájušče ťá vsepítuju, vsí blahodárstvenno vírniji ublažájem prísno."),
("","","Svíta prijátelišče Bohorodíteľnice, tvojé črévo býsť vsepítaja, ot Otcá vozsijávšaho préžde vsích vík. Ťímže ťá Bohoródicu vsí slávim: sehó jáko Sýna tvojehó i Bóha veličájem."),
("","","Sýna bezľítna ot Otcá vozsijávšaho, jedína čístaja, rodilá jesí v ľíto, Dúcha naítijem božéstvennaho. Ťímže ťá prečístaja, Bohoródicu neiskusomúžnuju vsí jazýkom i sérdcem vírniji ispovídujem."),
),
)
#let U = (
"S1": (
("","","Pomyšľáju déň strášnyj, i pláčusja ďijánij mojích lukávych, káko otviščáju bezsmértnomu carjú? Kóim že derznovénijem vozzrjú na sudijú blúdnyj áz? Blahoutróbnyj Ótče, Sýne jedinoródnyj, i Dúše svjatýj, pomíluj mjá."),
("","","Vo udóli plačévňij, na mísťi iďíže položí, jehdá sjádeši mílostive, sotvoríti právednyj súd, ne obličí mojá sokrovénnaja, nižé posramí mené pred ánhely: no poščadí mja Bóže, i pomíluj mjá."),
("Bohoródičen","","Preslávnuju Bóžiju Máter, i svjatých ánhel svjaťíjšuju, nemólčno vospojém sérdcem i ustý, Bohoródicu sijú ispovídajušče, jáko voístinnu róždšuju Bóha voploščénna i moľáščujusja neprestánno o dušách nášich."),
),
"S2": (
("","","Pomíluj nás Hóspodi, pomíluj nás: vsjákaho vo otvíta nedoumíjušče, sijú ti molítvu jáko Vladýce hríšniji prinósim, pomíluj nás."),
("","","Hóspodi, pomíluj nás, na ťá bo upováchom, ne prohňívajsja na ný ziló, nižé pomjaní bezzakónij nášich: no prízri i nýňi jáko blahoutróben, i izbávi ný ot vráh nášich. Tý bo jesí Bóh náš, i mý ľúdije tvojí, vsí ďilá rukú tvojéju, i ímja tvojé prizyvájem."),
("","","Svít právednym prísno, svjatíji bo o tebí prosvíščšesja, sijájut vsehdá jáko svitíla, svíščnik nevírnych uhasívše: íchže molítvami Spáse náš, tý prosvití svitíľnik mój Hóspodi, i spasí mja."),
("Bohoródičen","","V chrámi stojášče slávy tvojejá, na nebesí stojáti mním. Bohoródice, dvér nebésnaja, otvérzi nám dvéri mílosti tvojejá."),
),
"S3": (
("","","Strášnaho dné prišéstvija tvojehó užasájusja Christé, i neumolénnaho sudíšča bojúsja i trepéšču, jáko imýj mnóžestvo sohrišénij: no préžde koncá mja obratív spasí jáko mílostiv Bóh, ánhel tvojích molítvami, blahoutróbne Spáse, jedíne čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Dušé, v ľínosti žízň provoždájušči vsjú, dné súdnaho hróznaho vo umí ne prijémleši, vosprjaní úbo, i pokajánije sebí izberí, obratísja i vozopíj ko Christú: ščédre, ne vospomjaní nášich mnóhich sohrišénij, v čás osuždénija."),
("Bohoródičen","","Upovánije, i pokróv, i pristánišče na ťá naďíjuščymsja, Bohorodíteľnice blahája, predstáteľnice míru, molí so bezplótnymi priľížno, jehóže rodilá jesí čelovikoľúbnaho Bóha, izbávitisja dušám nášym ot vsjákaho preščénija, jedína blahoslovénnaja."),
),
"K": (
"P1": (
"1": (
("","","Čúvstvennyj faraón potoplén býsť so vsevójinstvom, Izrájiľ že prošéd posreďí mórja, vopijáše: Hóspodevi Bóhu nášemu poím, jáko proslávisja."),
("","","Vpádšaho, Christé, razbójnikov v rúci lukávych, i jázvami dušetľínnymi, íspolu mértva bývša, mílosti jeléjem uvračeváv uščédri mjá, da ťá proslavľáju."),
("","","Jáko sohriších mnóho, vertép bých razbójnikom: roždéjsja v vertépi Christé, sléz túču dáruj mí, i očísti, jáko da svjatómu Dúchu tvojemú cérkov búdu."),
("Múčeničen","","Júnošeski vrahá nizložívše stradáľcy, Bohopleténnymi voístinnu vincý ukrasístesja, i Bóhu v výšnich so ánhely predstoité, slávy ispolňájemi."),
("Múčeničen","","Íže krovéj hlubinóju faraóna mýslennaho udavívše inohdá, čestníji velikomúčenicy, k zemlí obitovánija nebésňij preidóste, Christá slávjašče."),
("Bohoródičen","","S múčenki čístaja, s božéstvennymi proróki i so vsími ánhely, ziždíteľa vsích molí, spastí víroju ťá slávjaščich i veličájuščich."),
),
"2": (
("","","Jáko po súchu pišešéstvovav Izráiľ, po bézdňi stopámi, honíteľa faraóna víďa potopľájema, Bóhu pobídnuju písň pojím, vopijáše."),
("","","Nebésnych lík voschvaľáju krásnoje blahoľípije, ťích svítlymi mólnijami prosvitítisja vopijú: moľú ťa Christé, jedínaho blahoutróbnaho."),
("","","Nebésnych lík voschvaľáju krásnoje blahoľípije, ťích svítlymi mólnijami prosvitítisja vopijú: moľú ťa Christé, jedínaho blahoutróbnaho."),
("","","Ukrašéj slóvom vsjá, i íže iz tebé vsesvjatým Dúchom ánheľskija líki, tebé júže vsích vinú píti ustrójil jesí ťích, jáko vsesílen."),
("Bohoródičen","","Tvojehó prijémši soďíteľa jáko sám voschoťí, iz bezsímennaho tvojehó čréva páče umá voploščájema, čístaja, tvárem voístinnu javísja Vladýčica."),
),
),
"P3": (
"1": (
("","","Na tvérďim víry tvojejá kámeni pomyšlénije utverdív duší mojejá, utverdí Hóspodi: ťá bo ímam bláže, pribížišče i utverždénije."),
("","","Pokájatisja Christóvi obiščáchsja, i ot zlých nikákože otstupáju: čtó búdu, sľipotóju obložén mnóhoju? Sýne Bóžij, tý mja uščédri."),
("","","Pomyšľáju Bóžije dolhoterpínije, izžív žízň v ľínosti okajánnyj, i bojúsja, da ne vnezápu posičénije smértnoje predvarít mjá."),
("Múčeničen","","Honénija, boľíznej že i bíd jákože píšči želájušče, múčenicy veseľáchusja, zrjášče mýslennyma očíma víčnujuščeje naslaždénije."),
("Múčeničen","","Jákože na tvérďim blahočéstija kámeni pomyšlénije utverdívše premúdrenno, krípostiju svjatíji, mnohoobráznych rán ne ubojástesja múčenicy."),
("Bohoródičen","","Nóv nám ráj javílasja jesí žízni, čístaja, posreďí drévo imúščij, ot nehóže jadýj, prečístaja, umerščvlénija Adám lukávaho otpuščájetsja."),
),
"2": (
("","","Ňísť svját, jákože tý Hóspodi, Bóže mój, voznesýj róh vírnych tvojích bláže, i utverdívyj nás na kámeni ispovídanija tvojehó."),
("","","Íže vsjákoje slovésnoje jestestvó, ot ne súščich choťínijem soďílavšeje, trisvjatými hlásy pojétsja v trí líca, i slavoslóvitsja vírno."),
("","","Íže vsjákoje slovésnoje jestestvó, ot ne súščich choťínijem soďílavšeje, trisvjatými hlásy pojétsja v trí líca, i slavoslóvitsja vírno."),
("","","Istočája nýňi blahóje Vladýko vsjáčeskich, i bohátňi izlivája: pričástijem blahích, bezplótnyja líki ánheľskija pokazál jesí, čelovikoľúbče."),
("Bohoródičen","","Dadésja otpuščénije nám tebé rádi Bohoródice, zakóna bo Vladýka iz tebé voplóščsja, strásti nás rádi preterpív, i vsích izbávil jésť."),
),
),
"P4": (
"1": (
("","","Pokrýla jésť nebesá dobroďítel tvojá Christé, i tvojehó chvalénija Hóspodi, vsjá ispólnišasja."),
("","","Ne osudí nás sohrišívšich tí mnóho: no obýčnoju tvojéju Vladýko, mílostiju uščédri."),
("","","Púť sýj životá Spáse, smertonósnych putéj hrichá ukloňátisja mí prísno spodóbi."),
("Múčeničen","","Vospaľájuščimisja ránami uhasíste óhň, postradávšiji múčenicy, rosóju božéstvennaho Dúcha, prebýste neopaľájemi."),
("Múčeničen","","Potóka božéstvennyja píšči naslaždájetesja prevýspr múčenicy, króvnymi tečéniji, sijú bohátno nasľídovavše."),
("Bohoródičen","","Ľínostiju žízň mojú iždív, prečístaja, k tvojemú pritekáju zastupléniju, uščédrivši spasí mja."),
),
"2": (
("","","Christós mojá síla, Bóh i Hospóď, čéstnája cérkov Bohoľípno pojét vzyvájušči, ot smýsla čísta o Hóspoďi prázdnujušči."),
("","","Tlí neprijátnoje jestestvó imúšče, božéstvenňijšiji umí tvojí čéstníji, prestól obstoját, bezsmértija ťá istóčnik nasľídovavšiji čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Tlí neprijátnoje jestestvó imúšče, božéstvenňijšiji umí tvojí čéstníji, prestól obstoját, bezsmértija ťá istóčnik nasľídovavšiji čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Ot svjatáho Dúcha osvjaščájemi ánheľstiji sobóri, na zló prebyvájut nedvížimi, jéže k pérvomu blahómu voschoždéniju obožájemi."),
("Bohoródičen","","Kľátva razorísja pramáterňaja, tebé rádi Bohoródice vseneporóčnaja: tý bo nám prečístaja, blahoslovénija istóčnik prisnotekúšč rodilá jesí."),
),
),
"P5": (
"1": (
("","","Svít vozsijávyj míru Christé, prosvití sérdce mojé ot nóšči tebí zovúšča, i spasí mja."),
("","","Íže ot Jesséjova kórene izrastýj, Christé, izsuší prozjabénija strastéj mojích, vsaždája vo mňí strách tvój."),
("","","Vozdychánija jákože mytár sťážim, i zlých otstúpim, jáko da vozdychánija ubižím víčnujuščaho."),
("Múčeničen","","Ujázvleni božéstvennym tí želánijem, múčenicy tvoí Hóspodi, ujazvľájemi múkami rádovachusja."),
("Múčeničen","","Ot konéc ťilesém stráždušče múčenicy vozzváste, i Christós hlás váš uslýšal jésť."),
("Bohoródičen","","Nebésnaja vratá vospojém Bohoródicu, ímiže vchóďat vsí hríšniji ko vchódom proščénija."),
),
"2": (
("","","Bóžijim svítom tvojím bláže, útreňujuščich tí dúšy ľubóviju ozarí, moľúsja: ťá víďiti Slóve Bóžij, ístinnaho Bóha, ot mráka hrichóvnaho vzyvájušča."),
("","","Na prestóľi cheruvímsťi víďiv ťá prorók vsevídče, ziždíteľa i Bóha siďášča: známeňmi tvojemú naučájetsja Vladýčestvu i Hospóďstvu."),
("","","Na prestóľi cheruvímsťi víďiv ťá prorók vsevídče, ziždíteľa i Bóha siďášča: známeňmi tvojemú naučájetsja Vladýčestvu i Hospóďstvu."),
("","","Ťmý ťmámi, i týsjašča týsjaščami ánhel, tebé okružájema Vladýko, Danijíl zrjáše, sovokupléna čelovíčeskomu zráku: deržávi tvojejá slávy tajnonaučájetsja."),
("Bohoródičen","","Krasén dobrótoju tvój Sýn javísja, páče synóv zemnoródnych, vseneporóčnaja Vladýčice: Slóvo bo jésť íže nad vsími Bóh, ášče i jestestvó čelovíčeskoje iz tebé priját."),
),
),
"P6": (
"1": (
("","","Kítom požrén hrichóvnym, vopijú tebí Christé, jáko proróka iz istľínija mjá svobodí."),
("","","Voočívyj sľipýja Christé, duší mojejá otvérzi óči: jáko da svít tvój úzrju, i strastéj ťmý izbávľusja."),
("","","Vód životvórnych pokajánija ispólnenu dúšu mojú sotvorí ščédre, ríki sléz dáruja mí."),
("Múčeničen","","Judólija múčeničeskaja kríny iscilénij izraščájut, i vsích serdcá blahočestívych oblahouchájut."),
("Múčeničen","","Razrišájemi múkami ťilesé tľíjuščaho svjatíji, ľubóviju že ko Vladýci i sérdcem privjazástesja."),
("Bohoródičen","","Svjatája Máti Bóžija, oskvernénoje sérdce mojé ďijániji nečístymi, molítvami tvojími očísti."),
),
"2": (
("","","Žitéjskoje móre vozdvizájemoje zrjá napástej búreju, k tíchomu pristánišču tvojemú priték vopijú ti: vozvedí ot tlí živót mój, mnohomílostive."),
("","","umá čistotóju zrjá Jákov, na ľístvici nizchoďáščja ánhely tvojá Vladýko svítlo, izdaléča tvojemú naučášesja v plóti prišéstviju jávstvenňijše."),
("","","umá čistotóju zrjá Jákov, na ľístvici nizchoďáščja ánhely tvojá Vladýko svítlo, izdaléča tvojemú naučášesja v plóti prišéstviju jávstvenňijše."),
("","","Razumív božéstvennoje ánhelov svítloje opolčénije, rádovašesja uhódnik tvój Vladýko, Izráiľ, blahočínno likovstvújuščeje, i tvojú neizrečénnuju slávu obstojáščeje."),
("Bohoródičen","","Hór nebésnych voístinnu prevýšši, ánheľskich síl, javísja horá jávstvennaja otrokovíca Vladýčica, jáže tvojú vmistívšaja lučú božestvá."),
),
),
"P7": (
"1": (
("","","Prepodóbnych tvojích otrokóv písň uslýšavyj, i péšč horjáščuju orosívyj, blahoslovén jesí Hóspodi Bóže otéc nášich."),
("","","Ot zíľnyja zlóby umóm osľipíchsja, i ne vozzrích na svít pokajánija, Christé Spáse mój spasí mja."),
("","","Naďíjusja na tvojé blahoutróbije, pripádaju tí ščédre, prošú zól mojích razrišénija, ne prézri mjá Vladýko."),
("Múčeničen","","Premírnoju slávoju oblekíj svjatýja tvojá postradávšyja v míri, molítvami ích Christé mój, spasí mja."),
("Múčeničen","","Zakonopoložénija neprávednaja popleváste, právednaho zakóna súšče božéstvenniji chranítelije, víroju zakónno postradávše."),
("Bohoródičen","","Rábij zrák prijémšaho Vladýku, otrokovíce, raždáješi: jehóže molí čístaja, strastéj mjá rabóty svobodíti."),
),
"2": (
("","","Rosodáteľnu úbo péšč soďíla ánhel prepodóbnym otrokóm, chaldéji že opaľájuščeje velénije Bóžije mučíteľa uviščá vopíti: blahoslovén jesí Bóže otéc nášich."),
("","","Krasotóju svetľíjetesja vsí svjatíji ánheli vsederžíteľa, približájuščesja neizrečénňij slávi Christóvij, i ľubóviju vsehdá pojúšče jemú: blahoslovén jesí Bóže vo víki."),
("","","Krasotóju svetľíjetesja vsí svjatíji ánheli vsederžíteľa, približájuščesja neizrečénňij slávi Christóvij, i ľubóviju vsehdá pojúšče jemú: blahoslovén jesí Bóže vo víki."),
("","","Mýslenno o tebí Vladýko, obraščájuščesja ánheli, nepostížno svitojavlénije tvojé prijémľut prisnosúščňi, pojúšče i hlahóľušče vsehdá: blahoslovén jesí Bóže vo víki."),
("Bohoródičen","","S tobóju blahoslovénnaja Hospóď, bezplótnyj archánhel rečé: istľívšeje bo jestestvó obnovíti choťá, vo črévo tvojé vselísja čístaja, blahoslovénnaja, jáže Bóha plótiju róždšaja."),
),
),
"P8": (
"1": (
("","","Prepodóbniji tvojí ótrocy v peščí cheruvímy podražáchu, trisvjatúju písň vospivájušče: blahoslovíte , pójte, i prevoznosíte vo vsjá víki."),
("","","Porevnovách nemilosérdiju bohátaho nrávom, i prezirája mojehó obniščávšaho umá, pred dvérmi pokajánija ohnojénaho zlóboju Christé, da ne vo óhň pósleši nehasímyj."),
("","","Zimí i v subbótu, dóbrych prázdnosti, da ne ot žitijá mja pójmeši nehotóva, zímu hrichóvnuju utolívyj ščédryj: no obraščénije božéstvennoje podážď mí."),
("Múčeničen","","Múčenicy neľstívnoju víroju lésť popirájušče, vsjáko múk preterpíša trevolnénije, blahoslóvjašče, pojúšče, i prevoznosjášče Christá vo víki."),
("Múčeničen","","Vozžihájuščij plámeň múk uhasívše terpínija rosóju svjatíji, véšč popalíste bezbóžija révnostiju božéstvennyja ľubvé raspalájemi, dobropobídniji múčenicy."),
("Bohoródičen","","Súšči ánhel čestňíjšaja, Bóha presvjatáho rodilá jesí, premnóžestvenňi osvjáščšisja Bohoródice Ďívo: ťímže dúšu mojú osvjatí."),
),
"2": (
("","","Iz plámene prepodóbnym rósu istočíl jesí, i právednaho žértvu vodóju popalíl jesí: vsjá bo tvoríši Christé, tókmo jéže choťíti. Ťá prevoznósim vo vsjá víki."),
("","","Jákože Jelisséja drévle tvojehó uhódnika vójinstvy bezplótnymi ohradíl jesí: tákožde i nýňi Christé, cérkov tvojú tebé prevoznosjáščuju ohradí vo víki."),
("","","Jákože Jelisséja drévle tvojehó uhódnika vójinstvy bezplótnymi ohradíl jesí: tákožde i nýňi Christé, cérkov tvojú tebé prevoznosjáščuju ohradí vo víki."),
("","","Izbávitisja ot prehrišénij, molítesja archistratízi božéstvenniji, jáko predstojášče prestólu hróznomu, ľubóviju slávjaščym i prevoznosjáščym Christá vo vsjá víki."),
("Bohoródičen","","Jáko Máteri i Ďívi, rádujsja, tebí vopijém s Havrijílom božéstvennym, Bohorádovannaja: Slóvo bo nám Bóžije plótiju rodilá jesí, jehóže prevoznósim vo vsjá víki."),
),
),
"P9": (
"1": (
("","","Jéže rádujsja ot ánhela priímšaja, i róždšaja sozdáteľa svojehó, Ďívo, spasí ťa veličájuščyja."),
("","","Jósif úbo cilomúdrstvovav, pšenicodávec poznán býsť: áz že blúdstvuja, hládom oderžím jésm dobroďítelnych ďijánij."),
("","","Jáko Pétr pokájavsja Christé, slézy prinošú, jáko mytár vozdycháju, jáko blúdnyj iz hlubiný zovú: sohriších, prostí mja."),
("Múčeničen","","Posóbijem Christóvym premúdriji, nizložíste zlóbu vrážiju, vincý pobídy s vysotý prijáste."),
("Múčeničen","","Svjatája múčenik pámjať vsích osvjaščájet svjatým Dúchom, pravoslávno sijú osvjaščájuščich."),
("Bohoródičen","","Prosvití mja omračénnaho hrichí, bezstrástija svít róždšaja: jáko da pojú ťa čístaja prisnoďívo."),
),
"2": (
("","","Bóha čelovíkom ne vozmóžno víďiti, na nehóže ne smíjut číni ánheľstiji vziráti: tobóju že vsečístaja javísja čelovíkom Slóvo voploščénno, jehóže veličájušče, s nebésnymi vói ťá ublažájem."),
("","","Davídu proróku tvojemú, jáko prestáti sotvoríl jesí, tvojá ľúdi poražájušča orúžijem tí ánhela: jáko ščédr podážď mír Christé, vsím cérkvam, nadležáščaja nýňi oblehčája iskušénija, jáko mnohomílostiv."),
("","","Davídu proróku tvojemú, jáko prestáti sotvoríl jesí, tvojá ľúdi poražájušča orúžijem tí ánhela: jáko ščédr podážď mír Christé, vsím cérkvam, nadležáščaja nýňi oblehčája iskušénija, jáko mnohomílostiv."),
("","","Víďiv ľudéj tvojích, Christé, ozloblénije, jáko vráč dúš že i ťilés iscilí moľbámi Vladýko, tvojích služítelej, nýňi ókrest stojáščich tebé vsích carjá i hlásy neprestánnymi jáko Bóha slavoslóvjaščich ťá."),
("Bohoródičen","","Načála, archánheli, Hospóďstvija i Serafími , síly, vlásti i ánheli, prestóli s cheruvímy, nýňi preproslávlennoje roždestvó tvojé čtúšče, ťá Máti Ďívo, blahohovíjno prísno slávjat."),
),
),
),
"CH": (
("","","Náha mjá obrít ot dobroďítelej vráh, strilóju hrichóvnoju ujazví: no tý jáko vráč dúš že i ťilés, jázvy duší mojejá iscilí Bóže, i pomíluj mjá."),
("","","Sérdca mojehó strúpy ot mnóhich sohrišénij vozrástšyja mí iscilí Spáse, jáko dúš i ťilés vráč, podajá prosjáščym sohrišénij proščénije, prísno podajá mi slézy pokajánija: i dáruj mí razrišénije dolhóv Hóspodi, i pomíluj mjá."),
("Múčeničen","","Hóspodi, v pámjati svjatých tvojích, vsjá tvár prázdnujet, nebesá rádujutsja so ánhely, i zemľá veselítsja s čelovíki: ťích molítvami pomíluj nás."),
("Bohoródičen","","Archánheľskoje slóvo prijála jesí i cheruvímskij prestól pokazálasja jesí, i na rukú nosíla jesí Bohoródice, nadéždu dúš nášich."),
),
)
#let L = (
"B": (
("","","Pomjaní mja Bóže Spáse mój, jehdá priídeši vo cárstviji tvojém: i spasí mja jáko jedín čelovikoľúbec."),
("","","Prézri jáže v víďiniji i ne v víďiniji soďíjannaja mojá, Iisúse čelovikoľúbče, i spasájemych části spodóbi mjá."),
("","","Prosvitívyj ánheľskija líki, ťích moľbámi Christé, zrák sérdca mojehó prosvití."),
("","","Vsjáko iskušénije rán podjémše strástonóscy, rány i strúpy čelovíkom vérujuščym prísno isciľájete."),
("","","Tróici svjaťíj poklonímsja, pojémij ánheľskimi vóinstvy, tój vopijúšče: spasí dúšy náša."),
("","","Izbávi mjá ohňá víčnaho, i múk naležáščich mí, Bohorodíteľnice jáko da ublažáju ťá."),
),
)
|
|
https://github.com/k-84mo10/typst_modification | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/k-84mo10/typst_modification/main/tests/typ/compiler/embedded-expr.typ | typst | Apache License 2.0 | // Test embedded expressions.
// Ref: false
---
// Error: 6-8 expected identifier, found keyword `as`
#let as = 1 + 2
---
#{
// Error: 7-9 expected identifier, found keyword `as`
let as = 10
}
---
// Error: 2-2 expected expression
#
---
// Error: 2-2 expected expression
# hello
|
https://github.com/jgm/typst-hs | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jgm/typst-hs/main/test/typ/compiler/color-01.typ | typst | Other | // Test gray color modification.
// Ref: false
#test(luma(20%).lighten(50%), luma(60%))
#test(luma(80%).darken(20%), luma(63.9%))
#test(luma(80%).negate(), luma(20%))
|
https://github.com/DashieTM/ost-5semester | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DashieTM/ost-5semester/main/experiment/weeks/week1.typ | typst | #import "../../utils.typ": *
#section("Base Idea")
the reason we do experiments, is to validate a *Hypothesis*, which is based on a
model of the real world.\
Aka, we think about a supposed way the world works, and then to test this
assumption, we create an experiment to compare the model world to the real
world.
*Note, experimenting is not randomly doing something, it has a purpose!*
#subsection("Mathematical Base")
*statistics* and *error calculation* is the base that covers:
- inaccuracies
- noise
- continuity
#subsection("Experiment Planning")
- keeps the amount of actual experiments low
- only change one factor at a time -> otherwise you can't tell what made the
difference
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_08_42_20.png", width: 50%)],
)
#section("Industrial Experiment Planning (Design of Experiments DOE)")
#columns(2, [
- Complexity
- high amount of factors or elements
- lot of aspects
- Trickyness (Kompliziertheit)
- unknown, not understood or hard to describe mechanisms or connections
- tendency to oversimplify
- Noise
- time variation
- different results after same input
- inconsistent system
#colbreak()
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_08_50_46.png", width: 90%)],
)
])
- 1. Research of basics
- 2. Testing of hypothesis and theories
- 3. Development of new products
- 4. Creation of new processes
- 5. Optimization
- of old processes
- of cycle time
- of process parameters
- of product quality
- of costs
- of load
*Experiments can either be done on the real object/real world, or in a simulated
environment.*
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_08_55_39.png", width: 70%)],
)
The idea here is that you never know the end result, and the object/world is
always considered to be a black box.\
You can never know the box fully until the end.\
Take into account:
- noise
- unknown or known inaccuracies
- often can't be removed
- input factors
- this is the only thing we can truly influence
- error in measurements
- we always make errors here, again either consciously or unconsciously
#subsection("Solving a real problem via statistics")
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_08_58_58.png", width: 70%)],
)
#section("Terms")
#subsection("Target Values")
This refers to the result of the experiment.\
Can be measurements, calculated values(consider error propagation here).\
Multiple target values can be defined for an experiment.
#subsection("Influence Values")
- Control Values
- turning knobs we can control
- input parameters $x^i$
- Noise Values
- can't be controlled by us
- unknown value
#subsection("Factors and Factorlevels")
- *Factors*
out of all values, we take the supposed relevant influence values for the
experiment, these are called *factors*
- *Factorlevels*
After choosing the factors, we have to define which values these factors are
going to have in the experiment.\
example, in a function graph, where are we in this graph? What values are
relevant for the section we want to experiment on?
- *Quantitative factors (metric scale)*
- Number values on the metric scale
- *Qualitative factors (nominal scale)*
- Names, descriptions, labels
#subsection("Procedure of an experiment")
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_09_08_21.png", width: 80%)],
)
#pagebreak()
#subsection("Analysis")
#columns(2, [
analyze current situation
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_09_16_38.png", width: 90%)],
)
#colbreak()
Define goals of experiment
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_09_17_10.png", width: 90%)],
)
])
#columns(2, [
Define Target Values
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_09_18_29.png", width: 90%)],
)
#colbreak()
Best Practice
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_09_18_58.png", width: 90%)],
)
])
#subsection("example")
#columns(2, [
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_09_22_31.png", width: 90%)],
)
#colbreak()
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_09_22_57.png", width: 90%)],
)
])
#columns(2, [
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_09_23_13.png", width: 90%)],
)
#colbreak()
#align(
center,
[#image("../../Screenshots/2023_09_21_09_23_27.png", width: 90%)],
)
])
|
|
https://github.com/hash-roar/typst-math-template | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hash-roar/typst-math-template/main/two_clolumn_thesis/template.typ | typst | // This is a template for a document that uses the let project macro.
#let project(
title: "",
abstract: [],
keywords: [],
authors: (),
date: none,
body,
) = {
// Set the document's basic properties.
set document(author: authors.map(a => a.name), title: title)
set page(numbering: "1", number-align: center)
set text(font: "New Computer Modern", lang: "zh")
show math.equation: set text(weight: 400)
// Title row.
align(center)[
#block(text(weight: 700, 1.75em, title))
#v(1em, weak: true)
#date
]
// Author information.
pad(
top: 0.5em,
x: 2em,
grid(
columns: (1fr,) * calc.min(3, authors.len()),
gutter: 1em,
..authors.map(author => align(center)[
*#author.name* \
#author.email
]),
),
)
pad(
)[
#text(weight: "bold")[Abstract]: #abstract
#text(style: "italic")[Keywords]: #keywords.join(" ")
]
// Main body.
set par(justify: true)
show: columns.with(2, gutter: 1.3em)
body
} |
|
https://github.com/CodingThrust/Templates | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CodingThrust/Templates/main/typst/template.typ | typst | #import "@preview/cetz:0.2.2": canvas, draw, tree
#import "@preview/grape-suite:1.0.0": exercise
#import "@preview/ouset:0.2.0": ouset
#import exercise: project, task, subtask
#show: project.with(
title: [Lecture 1: Linear Algebra and Quantum States],
institute: [Advanced Materials Thrust],
university: [Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)],
seminar: [AMAT5996: Modern Quantum Mechanics],
show-outline: true,
show-solutions: false,
author: "<NAME>",
abstract: [From linear algebra to tensor network representation of quantum states.],
task-type: "Quiz",
)
#let tensor(location, name, label) = {
import draw: *
circle(location, radius: 13pt, name: name)
content((), text(black, label))
}
#let phantom(location, name) = {
import draw: *
circle(location, radius: 15pt, name:name, stroke: none)
}
#let edge(from, to, label) = {
import draw: *
line(from, to, name:"line")
content("line.mid", label, align: center, fill:white, frame:"rect", padding:0.1, stroke: none)
}
#let infobox(title, body, stroke: blue) = {
set text(black)
set align(left)
rect(
stroke: stroke,
inset: 8pt,
radius: 4pt,
width: 100%,
[*#title:*\ #body],
)
}
#pagebreak()
= Basic linear algebra
I suggest you to read the bibles of linear algebra, one is *Introduction to Linear Algebra*@Strang2022 by <NAME> and another is *Matrix Computation*@Golub2013 by <NAME> and <NAME>.
== Singular Value Decomposition
Answer: Let us define a complex matrix $A in CC^(m times n)$, and let its singular value decomposition be
$
A = U S V^dagger
$
where $U$ and $V$ are unitary matrices and $S$ is a diagonal matrix with non-negative real numbers on the diagonal. The columns of $U$ and $V$ are the orthonormal bases ${|i angle.r_A}$ and ${|j angle.r_B}$, respectively. If $S$ has more than one non-zero elements, then the state is entangled.
In quantum physics, this is equivalent to the Schmidt decomposition, which is unique up to a global phase.
$
| psi_(A B) angle.r = sum_i lambda_i |i angle.r_A times.circle |i angle.r_B
$
where $lambda_i$ are non-negative real numbers and $sum_i lambda_i^2 = 1$.
It is easy to verify that the Schmidt coefficients $lambda_i$ correspond to the non-zero elements on the diagonal of $S$.
In the $| psi angle.r_("uniform")$ example, the matrix $A$ is
$
A = frac(1, 2) mat(1, 1; 1, 1)
$
Its singular value decomposition is
$
A = frac(1, sqrt(2)) mat(1, 1; 1, -1) mat(1, 0; 0, 0) frac(1, sqrt(2)) mat(1, 1; 1, -1)^dagger
$
Only one singular value is non-zero, so the state is not entangled.
== Eigenvalue Decomposition
== QR Decomposition
= Tensor and tensor contraction
A rank 3 tensor $A_(i j k)$ can be represented as
#align(canvas({
import draw: *
tensor((1, 1), "A", "A")
phantom((3, 1), "P1")
phantom((1, 3), "P2")
phantom((-1, 1), "P3")
edge("A", "P1", "k")
edge("A", "P2", "j")
edge("A", "P3", "i")
set-origin((3.5, 0))
content((0, 1.5), $arrow$)
set-origin((1, 0))
content((0, 1.5), `ijk`)
}), left)
The contraction of two tensors $A_(i j k)$ and $B_(k l)$, i.e. $sum_k A_(i j k) B_(k l)$, can be diagrammatically represented as
#align(canvas({
import draw: *
tensor((1, 1), "A", "A")
tensor((3, 1), "B", "B")
phantom((5, 1), "P1")
phantom((1, 3), "P2")
phantom((-1, 1), "P3")
edge("A", "B", "k")
edge("B", "P1", "l")
edge("A", "P2", "j")
edge("A", "P3", "i")
set-origin((5.5, 0))
content((0, 1.5), $arrow$)
set-origin((2, 0))
content((0, 1.5), `ijk,kl->ijl`)
}), left)
The kronecker product of two matrices $A_(i j)$ and $B_(k l)$, i.e. $A_(i j) times.circle B_(k l)$, can be diagrammatically represented as
#pad(canvas({
import draw: *
tensor((1, 1), "A", "A")
tensor((3, 1), "B", "B")
phantom((1, -1), "P1")
phantom((1, 3), "P2")
phantom((3, -1), "P3")
phantom((3, 3), "P4")
edge("A", "P1", "j")
edge("A", "P2", "i")
edge("B", "P3", "l")
edge("B", "P4", "k")
set-origin((5.5, 0))
content((0, 1), $arrow$)
set-origin((2, 0))
content((0, 1), `ij,kl->ijkl`)
}), x:25pt)
The operation $tr(A B C)$ can be diagrammatically represented as
#pad(canvas({
import draw: *
tensor((1, 1), "A", "A")
tensor((3, 1), "B", "B")
tensor((5, 1), "C", "C")
edge("A", "B", "j")
edge("B", "C", "k")
bezier("A.north", "C.north", (1, 3), (5, 3), name:"line")
content("line.mid", "i", align: center, fill:white, frame:"rect", padding:0.1, stroke: none)
set-origin((7.5, 0))
content((0, 1.5), $arrow$)
set-origin((3, 0))
content((0, 1.5), `ij,jk,ki->`)
}), x:25pt)
From the diagram, we can see the trace permutation rule: $tr(A B C) = tr(C A B) = tr(B C A)$ directly.
#infobox([Definition (Tensor Network)], [A tensor network@Liu2022@Roa2024 is a mathematical framework for defining multilinear maps, which can be represented by a triple $cal(N) = (Lambda, cal(T), V_0)$, where:
- $Lambda$ is the set of variables present in the network $cal(N)$.
- $cal(T) = { T_(V_k) }_(k=1)^K$ is the set of input tensors, where each tensor $T_(V_k)$ is associated with the labels $V_k$.
- $V_0$ specifies the labels of the output tensor.
])
Specifically, each tensor $T_(V_k) in cal(T)$ is labeled by a set of variables $V_k subset.eq Lambda$, where the cardinality $|V_k|$ equals the rank of $T_(V_k)$. The multilinear map, or the *contraction*, applied to this triple is defined as
$
T_(V_0) = "contract"(Lambda, cal(T), V_0) ouset(=, "def") sum_(m in cal(D)_(Lambda without V_0)) product_(T_V in cal(T)) T_(V|M=m),
$
where $M = Lambda without V_0$. $T_(V|M=m)$ denotes a slicing of the tensor $T_V$ with the variables $M$ fixed to the values $m$. The summation runs over all possible configurations of the variables in $M$.
For instance, matrix multiplication can be described as the contraction of a tensor network given by
$
(A B)_({i, k}) = "contract"({i,j,k}, {A_({i, j}), B_({j, k})}, {i, k}),
$
where matrices $A$ and $B$ are input tensors containing the variable sets ${i, j}, {j, k}$, respectively, which are subsets of $Lambda = {i, j, k}$. The output tensor is comprised of variables ${i, k}$ and the summation runs over variables $Lambda without {i, k} = {j}$. The contraction corresponds to
$
(A B)_({i, k}) = sum_j A_({i,j})B_({j, k}).
$
Diagrammatically, a tensor network can be represented as an *open hypergraph*, where each tensor is mapped to a vertex and each variable is mapped to a hyperedge. Two vertices are connected by the same hyperedge if and only if they share a common variable. The diagrammatic representation of the matrix multiplication is given as follows:
Here, we use different colors to denote different hyperedges. Hyperedges for $i$ and $k$ are left open to denote variables of the output tensor. A slightly more complex example of this is the star contraction:
$
"contract"({i,j,k,l}, {A_({i, l}), B_({j, l}), C_({k, l})}, {i,j,k}) \
= sum_l A_({i,l}) B_({j,l}) C_({k,l}).
$
Note that the variable $l$ is shared by all three tensors, making regular edges, which by definition connect two nodes, insufficient for its representation. This motivates the need for hyperedges, which can connect a single variable to any number of nodes.
= Quantum state
Single qubit
$
|0 angle.r = mat( 1; 0 )\
|1 angle.r = mat( 0; 1 )
$
#task("Representing a quantum state with tensor networks", [1. How to represent the product state $|0 angle.r times.circle |0 angle.r$ with tensor network diagram?
2. How to represent the GHZ state $ frac(|0 0 1 angle.r + |1 1 1 angle.r, sqrt(2))$ with tensor network diagram?
])
= Matrix product state
1. Matrix product states
#pad(canvas({
import draw: *
for (i, name) in ((1, "A1"), (2, "A2"), (3, "A3"), (4, "A4")) {
tensor((2*i, 1), name, [$A_#i$])
line(name, (2*i, 2))
}
for (i, j) in (("A1", "A2"), ("A2", "A3"), ("A3", "A4")) {
line(i, j, stroke: 3pt)
}
content((2, 2.3), $d$)
content((3, 1.4), $chi$)
}), x:20pt)
#task("Data compression with matrix product states", [What is the data compression ratio of a $n$-site matrix product state with bond dimension $chi$ and local dimension $d$?])
== Tensor operations
- Algorithm: convert a quantum state to a tensor network
- Convert a tensor network to a canonical form
== Inner product and optimal contraction order
#pad(canvas({
import draw: *
for (i, name) in ((1, "A1"), (2, "A2"), (3, "A3"), (4, "A4")) {
tensor((2*i, 3), name+"*", [$A_#i^*$])
tensor((2*i, 1), name, [$A_#i$])
line(name, name+"*")
}
for (i, j) in (("A1", "A2"), ("A2", "A3"), ("A3", "A4")) {
line(i+"*", j+"*", stroke: 3pt)
line(i, j, stroke: 3pt)
}
}), x:20pt)
The contraction order can be represented as a contraction tree, where the leaves are the tensors and the internal nodes are the contractions. The goal of contraction order optimization is to minimize the computational cost, including the time complexity, the memory usage and the read/write operations. Multiple algorithms@Kalachev2021@Gray2021 to find optimal contraction orders could be found in #link("https://arrogantgao.github.io/blogs/contractionorder/")[this blog post].
One of the optimal (in space) contraciton order for the inner product of the two states is
#pad(canvas({
import draw: *
tree.tree(
([], ([], ([], ([], [$A_1$], [$A_1^*$]), [$A_2$]), [$A_2^*$]), ([], ([], ([], [$A_4$], [$A_4^*$]), [$A_3$]), [$A_3^*$])),
draw-node: (node, ..) => {
tensor((), "", [#node.content])
},
grow: 1.5,
spread: 1.5
)
}), x:20pt)
#task("Optimal contraction order of a tree tensor network", [
1. What is the time complexity, memory usage and read/write operations of the above contraction order?
2. Given a tree tensor network, what is the optimal contraction order to compute the inner product of the two states? The inner product of a tree tensor network is diagrammatically represented as
#pad(canvas({
import draw: *
tensor((3, 5), "B1*", [$B_1^*$])
tensor((3, -1), "B1", [$B_1$])
tensor((7, 5), "B2*", [$B_2^*$])
tensor((7, -1), "B2", [$B_2$])
tensor((5, 7), "C1*", [$C_1^*$])
tensor((5, -3), "C1", [$C_1$])
for (i, name) in ((1, "A1"), (2, "A2"), (3, "A3"), (4, "A4")) {
tensor((2*i, 3), name+"*", [$A_#i^*$])
tensor((2*i, 1), name, [$A_#i$])
line(name, name+"*")
}
line("A1*", "B1*", stroke: 3pt)
line("A1", "B1", stroke: 3pt)
line("A2*", "B1*", stroke: 3pt)
line("A2", "B1", stroke: 3pt)
line("A4*", "B2*", stroke: 3pt)
line("A4", "B2", stroke: 3pt)
line("A3*", "B2*", stroke: 3pt)
line("A3", "B2", stroke: 3pt)
line("B1*", "C1*", stroke: 3pt)
line("B1", "C1", stroke: 3pt)
line("B2*", "C1*", stroke: 3pt)
line("B2", "C1", stroke: 3pt)
}), x:20pt)
])
3. Hamiltonian and expectation value
#pagebreak()
#bibliography("refs.bib") |
|
https://github.com/jfrydell/fpga-gpu | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jfrydell/fpga-gpu/main/README.md | markdown | # FPGA GPU
This is (a subset of) the code for my Duke ECE 350 Digital Systems final project, written in Fall 2023.
The project is described more [here](https://fletchrydell.com/projects/gpu) as well as in the technical report in this repository.
The code here includes only that which I wrote specifically for the final project, and not anything from prior course assignments.
Unfortunately, this means that running this code is impossible if you do not have a working version of the CPU made in the course, along with a few other components needed.
However, I describe below what is included in this repository as well as what the missing files do.
## Verilog
The `gpu` directory includes the Verilog code implementing the GPU core (`gpu_core.v`), keyboard input system (`keuyboard_input.v`), framebuffer/output logic (`framebuffer_output.v`), and a main wrapper for everything (`main.v`).
Additionally, `fp_unit.v` includes the execution unit for the GPU core, and `fp_lookup.c` generates the needed lookup table for the arctan instruction.
The following Verilog modules are missing:
- `processor` is the CPU created throughout the rest of ECE 350. It handles the actual execution of instructions, exposing control and data signals for accessing the register file, data memory, and instruction memory.
- `regfile` is the register file created in another ECE 350 assignment. Implementing it would be fairly easy with Behavioral Verilog (`reg` variables were prohibited for the assignment, making it slightly less trivial).
- `RAM` and `ROM` are modules implementing basic RAMs and ROMs. The `ROM_B` module I implemented in `main.v` is only a few keystrokes away from implementing these, if you're so inclined.
- `Ps2Interface` is a module that gives make/break keycodes from a keyboard plugged into the FPGA. I believe [this](https://github.com/Digilent/Nexys4/blob/master/Projects/User_Demo/src/hdl/Ps2Interface.vhd) is the VHDL module we used, but am too lazy to check.
- `fp_add_sub`, `fp_mult`, `fp_div`, and `fp_sqrt` were generated from the Vivado IP Catalog. They implement non-blocking half-precision floating point operations.
- `fixed_to_single`, `single_to_half`, and `floating_point_1` are likewise Vivado IP blocks for fixed-point (16 bit signed int, 16 bit fraction) to single-precision float, single to half precision float, and half-precision float to 8-bit fixed (1 bit sign, 7 bit fraction) converters, respectively.
`fixed_to_single` and `single_to_half` are used in tandem because the Vivado IP Catalog has no fixed-point to half-precision converter.
## Assembly
The `assembly` includes all assembly I wrote for this project, along with a (very bad) assembler and emulator for the GPU's ISA. The `cpu_` prefixed files are for the CPU, which follows the architecture specified in the processor assignment.
Because it is course material, I do not include the specification or assembler for the CPU.
## Generated Files
The `generated` directory includes the `.mem` files generated by both the assemblers and the lookup table for arctan. Additionally, it includes generated bitstreams for the 3 demo programs. These can be flashed to the Nexys A7 with OpenOCD (see [Duke's ECE 350 Toolchain](https://github.com/plutothespacedog/ECE350-Toolchain-Mac/blob/master/upload.sh)).
## Technical Report
The `report` directory is a [Typst](https://typst.app/) project for the technical report I wrote describing the project. It also includes the rendered pdf of the report, if you'd like more information about the project.
|
|
https://github.com/wendigo/resume | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wendigo/resume/master/template.typ | typst | #import "@preview/based:0.1.0": base64
#import "@preview/backtrack:1.0.0": current-version
#let content = yaml("en.yml")
#let (preSpace, postSpace) = (v(0.8em), v(0.8em))
#set document(
title: (content.name + " resume"),
author: content.name,
keywords: content.keywords,
date: none
)
#set page(footer: [
#set align(center)
#text(size: 8pt, fill: gray)[
#counter(page).display(
"1/1",
both: true,
)]
])
#set par(justify: true)
#set text(font: content.font, size: 10pt)
#show heading: set text(font: content.font, size: 14pt, weight: "regular")
#show link: underline
#[
#set align(center)
= #content.name
= #text(size: 10pt, weight: "regular")[
#v(-1em)
#content.summary
]
]
= #content.sections.contact #v(0.6em)
#grid(
columns: (15%, 35%, 15%, 35%),
rows: (1.5em, 1.5em, 1.5em),
row-gutter: 0.1em,
[E-mail:], [#str(base64.decode(content.contact.email))],
[Github:], [#link(content.contact.github.link)[#content.contact.github.title]],
[Phone:], [#str(base64.decode(content.contact.mobile))],
[LinkedIn:], [#link(content.contact.linkedin.link)[#content.contact.linkedin.title]],
[Location:], [#content.contact.location],
[],[]
)
#content.intro
#preSpace
== #content.sections.skills
#postSpace
#box(height: 5em,
columns(3, gutter: 10pt)[
#for skill in content.skills [
- #skill
]
]
)
#preSpace
== #content.sections.experience
#postSpace
#let render_keyword(keyword) = {
link(keyword.link)[#keyword.name]
}
#for experience in content.experience [
#grid(
columns: (12%, auto),
column-gutter: 1em,
[
#experience.years
],
[
*#experience.position*
_ #experience.job _ / #experience.city
_ Keywords _: #experience.summary.keywords.map(render_keyword).join(", ")
#eval(experience.summary.details, mode: "markup")
],
)
]
#preSpace
== #content.sections.education
#postSpace
#for education in content.education [
#grid(
columns: (15%, auto),
column-gutter: 1em,
[
#education.years
],
[
*#education.subject*
_ #education.institute _ / #education.city
],
)
]
#preSpace
== #content.sections.projects
#postSpace
#for project in content.projects [
- *#project.name*
#project.language / #link(project.repo)[#project.repo]
#project.summary
]
#preSpace
== #content.sections.languages
#postSpace
#for language in content.languages [
- #language.language (#language.proficiency)
]
#preSpace
== #content.sections.interests
#postSpace
#for interest in content.interests [
- #eval(interest, mode: "markup")
]
#[
#set align(center)
#set text(fill: silver, size: 8pt)
#v(2em)
This resume was carefully crafted using typesetting system #link("https://github.com/typst/typst")[typst] #current-version.displayable. Current #link("https://github.com/wendigo/resume/blob/master/resume-en.pdf")[version] and sources at #link("https://github.com/wendigo/resume")[github].
]
#v(0.5em)
#text(8pt, fill: silver)[#content.gdpr]
|
|
https://github.com/vEnhance/1802 | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vEnhance/1802/main/src/preface.typ | typst | MIT License | #import "@local/evan:1.0.0":*
= Preface
At MIT, the course 18.02 (multivariable calculus) is a general institute requirement (GIR);
every student must pass this class in order to graduate.
These are lecture notes based upon the fall 2024 instance of the course, taught by <NAME>.
== [TEXT] Goals of this book
These notes have the following lofty goal:
#goal[
In theory, an incoming MIT student with a single-variable calculus background
should be able to pass the 18.02 final exam
by *only* reading these notes and problems, working through several practice final exams,
and going to a weekly office-hours#footnote[
You can substitute the office hours for a knowledgeable friend, or similar.
The point is that you should have at least some access to live Q/A.
] to ask questions to a real human.
]
This is ambitious, and your mileage my vary.
Just to be clear, this text is unofficial material and there is no warranty or promise
that this goal will be fulfilled for you.
(Also, if you are actually an MIT student, bear in mind the content of the course
will vary by instructor.)
But with this goal in mind, here are some parts of the design philosophy of this book.
- *It's practical*. It sticks to the basics and
emphasizes giving straight cookbook-like answers to common exam questions.
- I better say something about memorizing recipes.
In principle, if you have perfect memory, you could potentially get a passing score
(but not a perfect score) on the final exam by _only_ memorizing the recipes.
I don't recommend this approach; even a vague conceptual understanding of where a recipe
is at minimum quite helpful for remembering said recipe.
But it may be useful to know in principle that the recipe is all you need,
and conversely, that you should have the recipes down by heart.
- *It's concrete*. We only work in $RR^n$, and not a generic vector space.
We don't use anywhere near the level of abstraction as, say, the Napkin#footnote[
That's the one at #url("https://web.evanchen.cc/napkin.html"),
which _does_ assume a proof-based background.
].
We don't assume proof experience.
- *It writes things out*.
A lot of lecture notes were meant to accompany a in-person lecture rather than replace it.
These notes are different.
They are meant to stand alone, and anything that would normally
be said out loud is instead written out in text.
- *It has full solutions to its exercises*. I really believe in writing things out.
I'd rather have a small number of exercises with properly documented solutions
than an enormous pile of mass-produced questions with no corresponding solutions.
#todo[Okay this is not true yet lol I'm working on it. There will be solutions one day.
Especially since ChatGPT can do all the exercises anyway kappa.]
- *It tries to explain where formulas come from*.
For example, these notes spell out how matrix multiplication corresponds
to function composition (in @matrix-mult), something that isn't clearly stated in many places.
I believe that seeing this context makes it easier to internalize the material.
- *It marks more complicated explanations as "not for exam"*.
I hope the digressions are interesting to you (or I wouldn't have written them).
But I want to draw a clear boundary between
"this explanation is meant for your curiosity or to show where this formula comes from"
versus "this is something you should know by heart to answer exam questions".
There are two kinds of ways we mark things as not for exam:
- Anything in a gray digression box is not for exam.
#digression[
Here's an example of a digression box.
]
- Anything in an entire section marked *[SIDENOTE]* is not for exam.
- *It's written by <NAME>*. That's either really good or really bad, depending on your tastes.
If you've ever seen me teach a class in person, you know what I mean.
== [TEXT] Prerequisites
As far as prerequisites go, a working knowledge of pre-calculus
and calculus as taught in United States high schools is assumed.
- *Algebra*:
You should be able to work with elementary algebra, so that the following statements make sense
$ x^2 - 7x + 12 = (x-3)(x-4) = 0 ==> x = 3 " or " x = 4. $
You should also be able to solve two-variable systems of equations, such as
$ cases(
5 x - 2 y = 8,
3 x + 10 y = 16
) ==> (x,y) = (2,1). $
- *Trigonometry*: You should be know how $sin$ and $cos$ work, in both degrees and radians.
So you should know $sin(30 degree) = 1/2$, and $cos((7 pi) / 6) = -sqrt(3) / 2$.
- *Precalculus*: You should know some common formulas covered in precalculus for vectors and matrices:
- You should be able to add and scale vectors, like
$ vec(1,7) + 10 vec(3,5) = vec(1,7) + vec(30,50) = vec(31,57). $
(It's really as easy as the equation above makes it look: do everything componentwise.)
- You should know the rule for matrix multiplication, so that for example
you could carry out the calculation
$ mat(1,2,3;4,5,6) mat(7;8;9)
= mat(1 dot 7 + 2 dot 8 + 3 dot 9; 4 dot 7 + 5 dot 8 + 6 dot 9)
= mat(50; 122). $
If you haven't seen this before, there are plenty of tutorials online; find any of them.
Poonen's notes (mentioned later) do cover this for example;
see section 1-2 of #url("https://math.mit.edu/~poonen/notes02.pdf").
You are _not_ expected to have any idea why the heck the rule is defined this way;
an explanation for where this rule comes from is in @matrix-mult.
we will explain what this rule means later.
So we'll assume you have memorized this strange rule, but don't know what it means.
- We'll assume you know the formula for the determinant of a $2 times 2$ and $3 times 3$ matrix; that is
$ det mat(a,b;c,d) = a d - b c $
and
$ det mat(a_1, a_2, a_3; b_1, b_2, b_3; c_1, c_2, c_3)
=
a_1 det mat(b_2, b_3; c_2, c_3)
- a_2 det mat(b_1, b_3; c_1, c_3)
+ a_3 det mat(b_1, b_2; c_1, c_2).
$
For example, you should be able to verify the correctness of the following equation:
$ det mat(0, 1, 5; 2, 0, 13; 1, 4, 1) = 51. $
We won't assume you know where this formula comes from,
and in fact we won't be able to explain that within these notes.
But if you're curious, you should read Chapter 12 of the Napkin.
- *Calculus*: You should know single variable derivatives and integrals, for example:
- You should be able to differentiate $x^7 + sin(x)$ to get $7x^6 + cos(x)$.
- You should be able to integrate $integral_0^1 x^2 dif x$ to get $1/3$.
This is covered in the course 18.01 at MIT,
and also in the AP calculus courses in the United States.
#tip[
If you're not at MIT, you should replace the words "18.01" and "18.02" with
the course names corresponding to "single-variable calculus"
and "multi-variable calculus" at your home institution.
]
No proof-based background is expected.
== [TEXT] Topics covered
Here is a brief overview of what happens in these parts
/ Alfa and Bravo: This part is dedicated to *linear algebra* (vectors and matrices).
This is intentional, because some working knowledge of linear algebra is important.
In fact, if I was designing a serious course in multivariable calculus for math majors,
it would come after an entire semester of properly-done linear algebra first.
/ Charlie: This short part is review of the *complex numbers* $CC$.
I actually don't know why this is part of 18.02, to be honest,
but since it happened I included a short section on it.
/ Delta: Covers the calculus of functions $bf(r) : RR -> RR^n$,
which is usually thought of as a *parametric* function $bf(r)(t)$
(a time-indexed trajectory through the vector space $RR^n$).
This section turns out to be easy because it's pretty much all 18.01 material.
This part is therefore also only a few pages long.
/ Echo and Foxtrot: Cover the *differentiation of multivariable functions* $f : RR^n -> RR$,
and the optimization such functions.
The star of these two parts in the gradient $nabla f$,
which gets airtime in virtually every kind of question you'll see.
This is the first serious multivariable calculus usage.
/ Golf and Hotel: TBD.
- #todo[finish writing this]
(The words Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, etc.~are from the
#link("https://w.wiki/4ur")[NATO phonetic alphabet]
which the author of this book has memorized from overexposure to
#link("https://web.evanchen.cc/puzzlehunt.html")[puzzle hunts].)
== [TEXT] The structure of this book
You will quickly notice that all the subsections are labeled with different headings.
Here's an explanation of what they mean.
/ TEXT: Good old prose.
An explanation like you might hear in a lecture.
/ RECIPE: Contains only the final recipe, as you need it on the exam.
As I mentioned before, I don't like the idea of just memorizing recipes,
but in theory you might still be able to pass the exams by doing only this.
/ SIDENOTE: An optional extended discussion.
You can skip these unless you're interested in them.
/ RECAP: A summary of what happened in this chapter.
/ EXER: Problems to work on.
Starred exercises are harder than questions that will appear in the actual MIT course.
You'll also see some colored boxes that mark where certain chunks begin and end.
These should be self-explanatory.
== [TEXT] Other references
The best resource I have for 18.02 in text is definitely <NAME>'s fall 2021 notes,
available at
#align(center)[
#url("https://math.mit.edu/~poonen/notes02.pdf").
]
Poonen is a really great writer of mathematical exposition in general,
and I highly recommend these notes as a result.
In fact, I will even tell you, for each section,
what the corresponding sections of Poonen are if you decide something I write
doesn't make sense and you want to reference the corresponding text.
(That said, this text is meant to stand alone.)
There are lots of other resources on multivariable calculus out there too.
For example,
#link("https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-02-multivariable-calculus-spring-2006/pages/readings/supp_notes/")[MIT OpenCourseWare]
has some supplementary notes and problems still used by the math department.
And so on.
You can also find countless final exams from previous years of 18.02 on OCW.
I think the term "treatment" for the way a course is taught is apt,
because it reflects a reality about education:
like medicine, there is no one treatment that works for everyone.
In theory, there might be some people who only read this book and that's all they need.
In practice, a lot of you would benefit from having friends ask to explain things differently
for the sections of the book that don't work from you,
or consulting another text when things here don't suit you.
You should not feel under any obligation to treat this book as the one true bible of 18.02.
This book is meant to be an aid, not a cage.
== [SIDENOTE] If you're thinking of becoming a math major
If you're thinking of becoming a math major, there's some advice in @appendix-math-major.
== [SIDENOTE] These exercises are a bit harder than real 18.02 exam questions, so take your time
When setting exercises, I tried to come up with questions
that require a bit of thought and understanding, for learning purposes.
I'm intentionally trying to stretch you slightly with my exercises while the timer is off ---
I want to give you a little bit of an opportunity to take your time and think.
I think you'll internalize the material better this way and it'll pay off.
But when you actually take an 18.02 midterm in real life,
you have no time to think#footnote[
If you're in India, the JEE exam is even more about speed and tricks
than having any real understanding, and I apologize that you have to suffer through it.
]--- you have to answer each question in 5-10 minutes.
So on the flip side, you will probably be pleasantly surprised when you find that
50%-80% of your midterm questions can be solved by turning _off_
your brain and following recipes to the letter.
It has to be this way because of the short time limit and the amount of material.
All this is to say to *not be discouraged if you find the exercises on the hard side*.
It's by design.
The real exam will have a lot of cookie-cutter no-thought questions
in return for the short time limit.
(Like most textbooks, the starred exercises are the hardest ones.)
== [SIDENOTE] Acknowledgments
- Thank you to the staff and other recitation leaders who made this course possible;
particularly <NAME> for leading the instance of the course this year full-heartedly
and <NAME> for making so much happen behind the scenes.
Thanks also to <NAME> for coordinating many other logistics,
and particularly for helping me book classrooms on short notice on multiple occasions.
- Thank you to all the students in my recitation section
(and those officially enrolled in other sections, but who came to my section anyway!)
who regularly attended my class every Monday and Wednesday at 9am.
That's some real early-morning dedication.
There's a saying that the enthusiasm of an instructor can be contagious,
but I definitely think the enthusiasm of students can be as well.
- In particular, I got a lot of words of thanks and encouragements
from my students this year, which I am indeed grateful for.
I certainly wouldn't have had the motivation to type these notes without these kind words.
- I thank <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME> for multiple corrections.
(Your name could be here too --- find me some typos.
If you know how to open a GitHub pull request,
the relevant repository is #url("https://github.com/vEnhance/1802").)
- Thanks to OpenAI for gifting me a Plus subscription to ChatGPT,
which helped a lot with generating sample questions and solutions throughout the document.
#todo[more to come]
|
https://github.com/Mc-Zen/quill | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Mc-Zen/quill/main/tests/gates/custom%20gate%20size/test.typ | typst | MIT License | #set page(width: auto, height: auto, margin: 0pt)
#import "/src/quill.typ": *
#quantum-circuit(
targ(), targ(size: 6pt), targ(size: 3pt), ctrl(0), ctrl(0, size: 4pt), ctrl(0, open: true), ctrl(0, size: 4pt, open: true), ctrl(0), ctrl(0, size: 4pt)
)
#pagebreak()
#quantum-circuit(scale: 70%,
targ(), targ(size: 6pt), targ(size: 3pt), ctrl(0), ctrl(0, size: 4pt), ctrl(0, open: true), ctrl(0, size: 4pt, open: true), ctrl(0), ctrl(0, size: 4pt)
) |
https://github.com/Nasus20202/przetwarzanie-rozproszone | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Nasus20202/przetwarzanie-rozproszone/main/sprawozdanie.typ | typst | #set text(
font: "New Computer Modern",
size: 13pt
)
#set par(justify: true)
#set page(paper: "a4", margin: (x: 2cm, y: 2cm))
#set align(center)
= Deathmatch
=== <NAME> 193328 <NAME> 193354 <NAME> 193433
=
#set align(left)
#set heading(numbering: "1.")
= Wstęp
Celem projektu było stworzenie gry Deathmatch, w której gracze mogą walczyć ze sobą na arenie. Do stworzenia gry użyto języka C++ oraz biblioteki Boost. Gra działa w trybie tekstowym, sterowanie odbywa się za pomocą klawiatury. Gracze mogą poruszać się po arenie, strzelać do siebie oraz zbierać ulepszenia (np. szybsze strzelanie). Grę wygrywa gracz, który zdobędzie wcześniej określoną liczbę punktów, które zdobywa się poprzez eliminację przeciwników.
== Działanie z punktu widzenia użytkownika
Na początku gracz łączy się z serwerem nadrzędnym, który jest odgórnie zdefiniowany. Po nawiązaniu połączenia gracz wybiera nick, którym będzie się posługiwał w grze. Następnie użytkownik wpisuje nazwę serwera (lobby), do którego chce dołączyć. Jeśli serwer o podanej nazwie nie istnieje, tworzony jest nowy i gracz jest do niego automatycznie dołączany. Gdy wszystko się powiodło, gracz może zaznaczyć gotowość. Po zaznaczeniu gotowości przez wszystkich użytkowników na serwerze rozpoczyna się rozgrywka. Gracz może poruszać się po arenie za pomocą klawiszy W, A, S, D #linebreak(justify: true)
i strzelać za pomocą strzałek. Po wejściu na pole z ulepszeniem gracz je automatycznie podnosi. Za każdą eliminację przeciwnika gracz zdobywa punkt. Grę wygrywa gracz, który zdobędzie wcześniej określoną liczbę punktów.
== Działanie z punktu widzenia serwera
Po połączeniu się klientów serwer rozpoczyna grę. Oczekuje na akcje od klientów, które od razu propaguje do pozostałych klientów celem zmniejszenia opóźnień. Serwer przeprowadza symulację ticku oraz co pewien czas (np 10 ticków) synchronizuje stan gry klientów. Kolejność symulacji jest ustalona i nie pozwala na sytuacje wyścigu. Po zakończeniu gry serwer wysyła informację o końcu rozgrywki do klientów, którzy mogą zagrać kolejny mecz lub opuścić grę.
= Przypuszczalne problemy
== Co się stanie jak gracz wejdzie w nieśmiertelność i zostanie trafiony w tym samym czasie
Wszystkie wydarzenia w grze będą przetwarzane w kolejce priorytetowej i wszystkie ulepszenia wykonają się przed sprawdzaniem trafień. Analogicznie, jeśli w tym samym momencie gracz się ruszy i zostanie trafiony, to najpierw przetworzone zostaną wszystkie ruchy graczy, a dopiero potem sprawdzanie trafień.
== Niska responsywność gry
Ze względu na niską częstotliwość odświeżania konsoli w trybie tekstowym, gra może wydawać się mało responsywna, i często może dochodzić do sytuacji, gdzie dwóch graczy w jednym momencie robi ruch na to samo pole (wtedy się zderzają i obydwoje zatrzymują), ponieważ między pojedynczymi aktualizacjami może minąć dużo czasu. Aby temu zaradzić, sama gra będzie się odświeżać 60 razy na sekundę niezależnie od prędkości odświeżania konsoli, dzięki czemu dużo częściej o wyniku jakieś akcji będzie decydować zręczność gracza, a nie to, czy akurat w tym momencie konsola się odświeżyła.
== Co jeśli pakiety UDP nie przyjdą w kolejności?
Samo zdarzenie jest mało prawdopodobne, ponieważ pakiety są wysyłane tylko w momencie, gdy gracz kliknie lub zwolni przycisk, co musiałoby się stać szybciej niż opóźnienie w dostarczeniu pakietu. W przypadku, gdyby jednak tak się stało, to co określony czas, najprawdopodobniej co każde odświeżenie konsoli, serwer będzie wysyłał stan gry, co pozwoli na synchronizację między klientami oraz serwerem, oraz nadpisze niepoprawny stan wywołany złą kolejnością przychodzenia pakietów UDP.
== Co gdyby gracz zmodyfikował kod gry i zaczął wysyłać fałszywe pakiety?
Gracz wysyła tylko informacje o akcjach, które wykonuje (wysyła np. "zaczynam iść do przodu", a nie "moja pozycja to X Y"), a serwer sam symuluje stan gry, który potem rozsyła innym klientom. Dzięki takiemu rozwiązaniu oszukiwanie nie będzie możliwe.
= Struktura komunikatów
Każdy komunikat zawiera dodatkowo umieszczone na początku 1-bajtowe pole #emph([packet_id]) oznaczające jego rodzaj.
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, auto),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Żądanie o utworzenie serwera (lobby) (Klient -> Kolejka)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[server_name_length], [int32], [Długość nazwy serwera],
[server_name], [char[]], [Nazwa serwera o długości server_name_length]
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, auto),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Potwierdzenie utworzenia serwera (Serwer -> Kolejka)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[port], [int32], [Port nowoutworzonego serwera lub żądanego po nazwie. Wartość specjalna: -1, jeśli wystąpił błąd]
)
#pagebreak()
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, auto),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Żądanie o dołączenie do serwera (lobby) (Klient -> Kolejka)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[server_name_length], [int32], [Długość nazwy serwera],
[server_name], [char[]], [Nazwa serwera o długości server_name_length]
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, auto),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Informacja o porcie serwera (Kolejka -> Klient)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[port], [int32], [Port nowo utworzonego serwera lub żądanego po nazwie. Wartość specjalna: -1, jeśli wystąpił błąd]
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, 1fr),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Dołączenie do gry (Klient -> Serwer)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[nick_length], [int32], [Długość nicku gracza (maksymalnie: 20)],
[nick], [char[]], [Nick gracza o długości nick_length],
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, 1fr),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Propagacja dołączenia gracza do gry (Serwer -> Klient)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[player_id], [int32], [id, jakie zostało nadane temu graczowi],
[nick_length], [int32], [Długość nicku gracza (maksymalnie: 20)],
[nick], [char[]], [Nick gracza o długości nick_length],
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, auto),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Przesłanie informacji o mapie (Serwer -> Klient)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[player_id], [int32], [id, jakie zostało nadane temu graczowi],
[width], [int32], [Szerokość mapy],
[height], [int32], [Wysokość mapy],
[tiles], [MapTile[]], [Tablica kafelków mapy o rozmiarach width*height, każdy kafelek ma rozmiar 4 bajtów],
)
#table(
columns: (100%),
table.cell(align(center)[*Informacja o gotowości gracza (Klient -> Serwer)*], align: center),
table.cell(align(center)[Przesyłany jest jedynie odpowiedni #emph([packet_id])], align: center),
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, 1fr),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Propagacja gotowości gracza (Serwer->Klient) *], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[player_id], [int32], [id gracza],
)
#pagebreak()
#table(
columns: (100%),
table.cell(align(center)[*Informacja o rozpoczęciu gry (Serwer -> Klient)*], align: center),
table.cell(align(center)[Przesyłany jest jedynie odpowiedni #emph([packet_id])], align: center),
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, auto),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Akcja od gracza [UDP] (Klient -> Serwer)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[action], [int32(enum)], [Jedna z wartości:\ 0 - poruszanie się w górę, 1 - poruszanie się w dół, 2 - poruszanie się w lewo, 3 - poruszanie się w prawo, 4 - wystrzelenie pocisku w górę, 5 - wystrzelenie pocisku w dół, 6 - wystrzelenie pocisku w lewo, 7 - wystrzelenie pocisku w prawo, 8 - zatrzymanie ruchu gracza],
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, auto),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Propagacja akcji [UDP] (Serwer -> Klient)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[action], [int32(enum)], [Jedna z wartości:\ 0 - poruszanie się w górę, 1 - poruszanie się w dół, 2 - poruszanie się w lewo, 3 - poruszanie się w prawo, 4 - wystrzelenie pocisku w górę, 5 - wystrzelenie pocisku w dół, 6 - wystrzelenie pocisku w lewo, 7 - wystrzelenie pocisku w prawo, 8 - zatrzymanie ruchu gracza],
[player_id], [int32], [id gracza, którego dotyczy akcja]
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, 1fr),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Informacja o końcu gry (Serwer -> Klient)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[scores_len], [int32], [Długość tablicy wyników],
[scores], [PlayerScore[]], [Tablica struktur PlayerScore.\ Pola struktury:\ #emph[player_id] - id gracza (int32)\ #emph[score] - wynik gracza (int32)\ Rozmiar: 8 bajtów]
)
#table(
columns: (100%),
table.cell(align(center)[*Informacja o opuszczeniu gry (Klient -> Serwer)*], align: center),
table.cell(align(center)[Przesyłany jest jedynie odpowiedni #emph([packet_id])], align: center),
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, 1fr),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Propagacja opuszczenia gry przez gracza (Serwer -> Klient)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[player_id], [int32], [id gracza],
)
#table(
columns: (100%),
table.cell(align(center)[*Informacja o pustym serwerze (Serwer->Kolejka)*], align: center),
table.cell(align(center)[Przesyłany jest jedynie odpowiedni #emph([packet_id])], align: center),
)
#table(
columns: (auto, auto, auto),
table.cell(colspan: 3, align(center)[*Synchronizacja stanu gry (Serwer -> Klient)*], align: center),
align(center)[*Nazwa pola*], align(center)[*Typ danych*], align(center)[*Opis*],
[players_num], [int32], [Ilość graczy w grze],
[players], [Player[]], [Tablica struktur Player.\ Pola struktury:\ #emph([player_id]) - id gracza (int32)\ #emph([x, y]) - koordynaty gracza (2*int32)\ #emph([score]) - wynik gracza (int32)\ Rozmiar: 16 bajtów],
[bullets_num], [int32], [Ilość aktualnie wystrzelonych pocisków],
[bullets], [Bullet[]], [Tablica struktur Bullet.\ Pola struktury:\ #emph([owner_id]) - id gracza, który wystrzelił pocisk (int32)\ #emph([x, y]) - koordynaty pocisku (2*int32)\ Rozmiar: 12 bajtów],
[width], [int32], [Szerokość mapy],
[height], [int32], [Wysokość mapy],
[tiles], [MapTile[]], [Tablica kafelków mapy o rozmiarach width*height, każdy kafelek ma rozmiar 4 bajtów],
)
#pagebreak()
= Diagram sekwencji
#align(center)[#image("diagrams/sequence.png", height: 95%)]
#pagebreak()
== Schemat działania
=== Serwer kolejkowania
Poza serwerem gry, stworzony zostanie serwer kolejkowania. Będzie on odpowiedzialny za zarządzanie kilkoma serwerami gry. Kolejka, na żądanie klientów, pozwala na utworzenie kilku osobnych serwerów gry. Gracze, przy tworzeniu gry przesyłają nazwę rozgrywki, a kolejka tworzy nowy proces potomny serwera na losowo wybranym porcie. Przesyła informację #linebreak(justify: true)
o porcie serwera do klienta. Nazwy rozgrywek oraz informacje o portach zapisane są w hashmapie. Następnie, jeśli następny gracz chce dołączyć do tej rozgrywki, przesyła informację o jej nazwie do kolejki, a ta zwraca informację o porcie odpowiedniego serwera. Gdy serwer jest pusty, może zgłosić ten fakt do systemu kolejkowania, aby zostać usunięty. Alternatywnie, system kolejkowania automatycznie usuwać będzie puste serwery co określony interwał czasu.
=== Serwer gry
Przed rozpoczęciem gry serwer tworzy nową mapę. Klienci łączą się z serwerem oraz przesyłają informację o swoim nicku w grze. Serwer potwierdza dołączenie do poczekalni oraz przesyła użytkownikowi informację o mapie, na której będzie rozgrywany mecz. Klienci mogą zgłaszać się do gry aż do jej rozpoczęcia. Serwer oczekuje na otrzymanie od każdego z zarejestrowanych graczy potwierdzenia gotowości. Kiedy otrzyma je od każdego z klientów, rozpoczyna się rozgrywka.
W trakcie gry serwer oczekuje na akcje od klientów. Dozwolonymi akcjami jest zmiana stanu ruchu (rozpoczęcie poruszania w jednym z 4 kierunków bądź zatrzymanie) lub strzał (w wybranym z 4 kierunków). Po odebraniu akcji serwer waliduje jej poprawność i umieszcza w kolejce rozkazów. Serwer propaguje akcję do pozostałych klientów. Pozwala to na szybszą aktualizację stanu gry u innych graczy i usprawnienie rozgrywki. Należy pamiętać, że stan gry jest symulowany na serwerze. Rozpropagowanie akcji ma na celu obniżenie opóźnień w grze, ale nie wpływa na rozgrywkę w inny sposób.
Co każdy tick serwera (czyli co określony czas) serwer wykonuje wszystkie akcje z kolejki rozkazów. Kolejka ta jest implementacją priorytetową, co pozwala na zachowanie kolejności akcji (np. wszystkie akcje ruchu w tym samym ticku wykonają się przed wszystkimi akcjami strzelania). Po wykonaniu wszystkich akcji serwer przesyła zaktualizowany stan gry do wszystkich klientów. Pozwala to na synchronizację stanu gry między klientami oraz serwerem.
Następnie przeprowadzana jest symulacja ticku.
- Na początku przesuwamy każdego z graczy w kierunku, w którym się porusza. Kolejność przesuwania graczy jest stała.
- Sprawdzane są kolizje z innymi graczami. Jeśli do niej dojdzie, stan wszystkich graczy w niej uczestniczących zamieniany jest na brak ruchu.
- Następnie sprawdzana jest kolizja ze ścianami mapy. W przypadku próby wejścia w ścianę, gracz jest zatrzymywany. Jeśli gracz ma ulepszenie, które pozwala na przechodzenie przez ściany, to nie jest zatrzymywany. Jeśli ulepszenie to się skończyło, a gracz jest "w ścianie", przesuwamy go na najbliższe wolne pole według ustalonego algorytmu.
- Sprawdzamy kolizje z ulepszeniami. Jeśli gracz wejdzie na pole z ulepszeniem, gracz podnosi je, a ulepszenie znika z mapy. Jeśli gracz już ma inne ulepszenie, to zostaje ono zastąpione nowym.
- Następnie przesuwane są pociski, które sprawdzają kolizje z graczami oraz ścianami. W przypadku kolizji z graczem, gracz ginie, a strzelec zdobywa punkt. W przypadku kolizji ze ścianą pocisk znika.
- Jeśli gracz zginął w tym ticku, to jest on przesuwany na ustalone pole odrodzenia, jeśli jest zajęte, to wybierane jest najbliższe puste pole według ustalonego algorytmu.
Po upłynięciu określonego czasu gry lub uzyskaniu odpowiedniej ilości punktów przez gracza, mecz kończy się. Serwer wysyła informację o zakończeniu gry do wszystkich klientów. Klienci otrzymują informację o zwycięzcy oraz wynikach meczu. Klienci mogą ponownie potwierdzić gotowość i zagrać kolejny mecz lub opuścić poczekalnię #linebreak(justify: true)
i rozłączyć się z serwerem.
= Sekcja krytyczna
Informacje o stanie gry przechowywane są w klasie GameState. Dostęp do tej struktury ma tylko wątek główny, co uniemożliwia sytuacje wyścigów. Wątki socketów klientów mogą jedynie zgłaszać swoje akcje, ale nie mają bezpośredniego dostępu to instancji GameState. Pozwala to na zagwarantowanie spójności stanu gry.
Kluczowe z punktu widzenia synchronizacji gry są akcje wykonywane przez graczy, czyli ruch oraz strzał. Informacje o tych wydarzeniach umieszczane są w synchronizowanej między wątkami kolejce priorytetowej (różne akcje mają różne priorytety). #linebreak(justify: true)
W trakcie obsługi ticku wątek główny symulacji gry blokuje dostęp do tej struktury. #linebreak(justify: true)
W tym czasie wątki socketów graczy nie mogą umieszczać w niej akcji. Po przeprowadzeniu symulacji ticku kolejka jest odblokowywana przez główny wątek.
#pagebreak()
= Diagram klas
#align(center)[#image("diagrams/class.png")]
#pagebreak()
== Opis klas
- Direction - enum reprezentujący kierunek ruchu. Dozwolonymi kierunkami są: góra, dół, lewo, prawo oraz brak ruchu.
- PowerUp - enum reprezentujący ulepszenie. Dozwolonymi ulepszeniami są: szybsze strzelanie, strzelanie na wszystkie strony, nieśmiertelność, przechodzenie przez ściany, podwójne punkty za zabicie przeciwnika.
- MapTile - enum reprezentujący kafelek mapy. Dozwolonymi kafelkami są: ściana, wolne pole, pole z ulepszeniem.
- Bullet - klasa reprezentująca pocisk. Przechowuje informacje o kierunku, w którym się porusza, oraz o graczu, który go wystrzelił.
- Actor - klasa reprezentująca gracza. Przechowuje informacje o pozycji, nicku, kierunku ruchu, ulepszeniach, punktach oraz czasie odnowienia strzału.
- Map - klasa reprezentująca mapę. Przechowuje informacje o szerokości, długości, kafelkach oraz ulepszeniach na mapie.
- GameState - klasa reprezentująca stan gry. Przechowuje informacje o mapie, graczach, pociskach oraz czasie gry.
- ServerGameController - klasa odpowiedzialna za zarządzanie grą na serwerze. Przechowuje informacje o stanie gry oraz podłączonych klientach. Zarządza grą, odbiera akcje od klientów, przetwarza je oraz przesyła stan gry do klientów.
- PlayerGameController - klasa odpowiedzialna za zarządzanie grą u klienta. Przechowuje informacje o stanie gry oraz połączeniu z serwerem. Zarządza grą, wysyła akcje do serwera, odbiera stan gry oraz zleca rysowanie stanu gry.
#pagebreak()
= Prototyp interfejsu klienta
#align(center)[#image("diagrams/client-ui.png")]
Interfejs użytkownika przedstawiający mapę w trakcie rozgrywki. Poziome i pionowe linie ograniczają zakres mapy. Litery oznaczają kolejnych graczy. Wyjątkiem jest litera 'X', która przedstawia wzmocnienie. Znaki hashtag (\#) oznaczają ściany umieszone na planszy. Pociski wystrzelone przez graczy reprezentują litery 'o'.
|
|
https://github.com/cherryblossom000/typst-apa-bibliography | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cherryblossom000/typst-apa-bibliography/main/lib.typ | typst | #let apa-bibliography = (() => {
let dict-from-entries = entries => {
let result = (:)
for (key, value) in entries {
result.insert(key, value)
}
result
}
let n(x, default, f) = if x == none { default } else { f(x) }
let nid(x, default) = n(x, default, y => y)
let show-list(xs, commaStr: ",", andStr: "and") = {
let len = xs.len()
if len == 1 {
xs.at(0)
} else if len == 2 {
xs.at(0) + " " + andStr + " " + xs.at(1)
} else {
xs.slice(0, -1).join(commaStr + " ") + commaStr + " " + andStr + " " + xs.at(-1)
}
}
let get-value(x) = if type(x) == "string" { x } else { x.value }
let months = (
"January",
"February",
"March",
"April",
"May",
"June",
"July",
"August",
"September",
"October",
"November",
"December",
)
// idk how to convert an int into a char so this will do for now
let letters = ("a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z")
let parse-date(x) = {
if type(x) == "integer" {
(y: x, monthNum: none, m: none, d: none)
} else {
let (y, m, d) = x.split("-").map(int)
(y: y, monthNum: m, m: months.at(m - 1), d: d)
}
}
(works, include-all: true) => {
for (key, work) in works.pairs() {
let authors = if type(work.author) == "array" { work.author } else { (work.author,) }.map(author => (
name: if type(author) == "string" {
author
} else {
author.name + if "given-name" in author {
", " + author.given-name.at(0) + "." + if "middle-name" in author { " " + author.middle-name.at(0) + "." } else { "" }
} else {
""
}
},
inline-name: if type(author) == "string" { author } else { author.name },
short-name: if "short-name" in author { author.short-name } else { none }
))
works.insert(
key,
(
..work,
page-type: if "page-type" in work { work.page-type } else { none },
title: get-value(work.title),
authors: authors,
author-str: if authors.len() >= 3 {
authors.first().name + " et al."
} else {
show-list(andStr: "&", authors.map(author => author.name))
},
date: if "date" in work { parse-date(work.date) } else { none },
url: (..work.url, date: parse-date(work.url.date)),
parent: if "parent" in work and work.parent != none {
(..work.parent, title: get-value(work.parent.title))
} else { none },
),
)
}
let sorted-works = works.pairs()
.sorted(key: ((_, work)) => work.title)
.sorted(key: ((_, work)) => n(work.date, 0, x => nid(x.d, 0)))
.sorted(key: ((_, work)) => n(work.date, 0, x => nid(x.monthNum, 0)))
.sorted(key: ((_, work)) => n(work.date, 0, x => x.y))
.sorted(key: ((_, work)) => work.author-str)
// TODO: account for unused works
let author-year-counts = (:)
for (i, x) in sorted-works.enumerate() {
let (_, work) = x
let year-counts = author-year-counts.at(work.author-str, default: (:))
let yearKey = n(work.date, "n.d.", x => str(x.y))
let count = year-counts.at(yearKey, default: 0)
if count >= 1 {
if count == 1 { sorted-works.at(i - 1).at(1).dateLetter = "a" }
sorted-works.at(i).at(1).dateLetter = letters.at(count)
} else {
sorted-works.at(i).at(1).dateLetter = none
}
year-counts.insert(yearKey, count + 1)
author-year-counts.insert(work.author-str, year-counts)
}
let used-works = state("used-works", ())
let use-work(key) = [#used-works.update(x => x + (key,))]
let inline-date(work) = n(work.date, [n.d.#n(work.dateLetter, none, x => [-#x])], x => [#x.y#work.dateLetter])
let inline-citation(key, work, extra) = [(#used-works.display(used => {
let used-authors = used.map(k => works.at(k).authors.map(a => a.name)).flatten()
let display-author(author) = if author.name in used-authors {
nid(author.short-name, author.inline-name)
} else {
author.inline-name + n(author.short-name, none, x => [ [#x]])
}
if work.authors.len() >= 3 {
[#display-author(work.authors.first()) et al.]
} else {
show-list(andStr: "&", work.authors.map(display-author))
}}), #inline-date(work)#extra)#use-work(key)]
(
reference: dict-from-entries(sorted-works
.map(((key, work)) => (
key,
inline-citation(key, work, [])
))
),
reference-with-page: dict-from-entries(sorted-works
.map(((key, work)) => (
key,
pageNum => inline-citation(key, work, [, #pageNum])
))
),
reference-date-only: dict-from-entries(sorted-works
.map(((key, work)) => (
key,
[(#inline-date(work))#use-work(key)]
))
),
bibliography: {
set par(hanging-indent: 0.5in, justify: false)
locate(loc => {
let used = used-works.final(loc)
if include-all { sorted-works } else { sorted-works.filter(((key, _)) => used.contains(key)) }
.map(((_, work)) => [
#work.author-str
(#n(
work.date,
[n.d.#n(work.dateLetter, none, x => [-#x])],
date => [#date.y#work.dateLetter#if date.m != none { [, #date.m #date.d] }]
)).
#emph(work.title)#n(work.page-type, none, x => [ [#x]]).#n(work.parent, none, x => [ #x.title.])
Retrieved #work.url.date.m #work.url.date.d, #work.url.date.y, from #link(work.url.value)
])
.join(parbreak())
})
},
works: works,
)
}
})()
|
|
https://github.com/polarkac/MTG-Stories | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/polarkac/MTG-Stories/master/stories/044%20-%20Innistrad%3A%20Crimson%20Vow/009_Episode%205%3A%20Till%20Death%20Do%20Us%20Part.typ | typst | #import "@local/mtgstory:0.2.0": conf
#show: doc => conf(
"Episode 5: Till Death Do Us Part",
set_name: "Innistrad: Crimson Vow",
story_date: datetime(day: 24, month: 11, year: 2021),
author: "<NAME>",
doc
)
Law is the assertion of order over chaos. You cannot have one without the other. Every day of Adeline's training made that clear to her: cathars will always need to dispense justice, because chaos is the natural state of the world. Deep in the belly of the beast, surrounded by a maelstrom of entropy—that is when the cathar should feel most comfortable, as that is when they're needed most.
That's what they say, anyway. Adeline's beginning to wonder how much of what she was taught was wishful thinking.
#emph[There are people who need my help] , she thought, and it became her only thought, the only thing that drove her on through the night, the only thing that kept her breathing. A sacred oath to protect the people of Innistrad lent her sword arm strength, even when her flesh grew weary.
Chandra's right at home in the chaos. As a vampire's claw rakes across Adeline's shield, Chandra is there, bounding up onto a table to get a better angle. Their eyes link over the vampire's shoulder. Somehow—despite the screams, despite the obscenities, despite the death grunts around them—Chandra's smirking.
#figure(image("009_Episode 5: Till Death Do Us Part/01.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Chandra, Dressed to Kill | Art by: <NAME>], supplement: none, numbering: none)
A pillar of flame consumes the vampire. Only a pile of ash remains of the woman, her jewelry sitting prettily atop it. Adeline lets out a breath.
Chandra grins. "Hammer and anvil works pretty—huh?"
Her words cut off abruptly when Adeline pulls her close and raises her shield just in time. A wine bottle shatters against hardwood and steel. Red slicks the holy symbol staring back at their assailant and red, too, paints Adeline's helmet as the excess spills over.
"Guess that makes me the anvil," Adeline says.
A quick squeeze around her waist—hardly palpable in the armor—signals Chandra's thanks. "Hey, don't sound so down. We've got this."
Adeline draws away. A thrall emerges from the melee, armed with a candelabra. Chandra blasts him with fire about a second before he makes contact, the candelabra clattering to the ground. Flames lick at the table runners, which is bad, given how many people have taken to duels atop the tables. There must be a dozen of them going on at least, and not all of them pit humans against vampires.
It seems some of the bloodsuckers are taking the opportunity to settle old debts. In the bare moment Adeline spends glancing at them, she watches a well-dressed woman skewer a beautiful man before drawing him into a kiss. The tip of her blade juts from his back. He's smiling, somehow.
Everywhere she looks it's like this. Two mounted cathars are joined by a youth riding a trained pig; all three of them try to take on a Falkenrath flushed with fresh blood. There's a demon swinging a column at a group of farmers, and Sigarda is there to catch it. A guard cuts the head clean from a warrior's shoulders, tossing it to a blood-mouthed child, who catches it from the air like a well-trained dog.
Red gushes across the throat of the guard. He falls, bleeding his stolen blood onto the slick marble floor. Behind him, a violet-wreathed Kaya withdraws her knife.
"Any sign of Arlinn?" Adeline asks.
Kaya shakes her head. "We hold the line."
"Uh, Kaya, in case you haven't seen, it's less of a line here and more of a~" Chandra starts.
She stops, again—this time because a column's toppling over toward all three of them. Adeline rushes to save her—and manages it, if only because the column hovers suspended in its trajectory for a full second. The time mage's work. Chandra has powerful friends indeed.
"Nice catch, Adeline. I agree," Teferi says. He ducks an oncoming axe swing, tapping his staff against the guard's flank. The guard freezes in place long enough for a cathar to finish the job. "Everyone's scattering. We can't keep this up for long."
"Arlinn knows what she's doing," Kaya says. "She's going to finish the job—"
"Avacyn always fought with her sisters at her side. We shouldn't leave her alone," Adeline says. "She needs help."
"Can't spare anyone," Chandra says. "We have company."
And so they do—a dozen burly vampire guards, shields linked, marching straight toward them. A tall order at the best of times. Chandra sends out a gout of flame; their hesitation lasts only an instant.
Adeline sinks into her fighting stance.
Law is the assertion of order over chaos. A cathar is most needed in the maelstrom.
One of the guards hurls a javelin.
Adeline raises her shield.
Impact never comes.
A massive wolf lunges before them. The javelin bounces right off it, unable to pierce the dense muscle at its flanks. The wolf turns toward the vampires. The growl that leaves its throat is so low Adeline feels it rumbling in her lungs.
One paw beats the marble floor. Then: a howl.
Four more wolves—these normally sized—leap in through the windows. And they aren't the only ones. There must be dozens of wolves pouring in now, some big as boulders, from the windows and the open gates.
But why? Why are they here? Not long ago, the wolves tore through civilians during the Harvesttide Massacre. Why save them?
"Did~did you guys invite them?" Chandra asks.
As if to answer, the largest of the wolves turns toward them. An arm juts from its great jaws. No—#emph[his. ] Adeline knows those scars.
It's Tovolar.
#figure(image("009_Episode 5: Till Death Do Us Part/02.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Wedding Crasher | Art by: <NAME>], supplement: none, numbering: none)
"Here to help?" Teferi asks.
The wolf nods. Kaya points out a particular door.
"She went that way," she says.
Tovolar's gone the second she's done talking, bounding over the remains of the chandelier toward Arlinn.
During The Travails, it was hard to know who was friend and who was foe. The lines got blurred. People you knew all your life burst into tendrils and carapaces.
This isn't as bad as The Travails—but Adeline's not sure what to make of the wolf, either.
#v(0.35em)
#line(length: 100%, stroke: rgb(90%, 90%, 90%))
#v(0.35em)
<NAME> is well familiar with the dark. For thousands of years, darkness has been his best companion. And now, sinking into a pit of blood, he realizes that it might be the only companion he has left.
The other planeswalkers from before~dead or gone, or shadows of their former selves.
Nahiri. A girl he once trusted. A woman who locked him in stone and forced him to watch the Plane crumble.
Avacyn, his most treasured creation. All of his hopes for the future in a single perfect frame. Unmaking her #emph[hurt] , truly hurt. Even vampiric powers won't heal that wound in his heart.
And now~
Blood rushes against his eyelids. If he opens his mouth there'll be plenty to drink, plenty to give him strength. But if he does pull himself out of here, what's left? Seven thousand years of existence settle against his body. He's sinking further down into the sanguine depths.
What's left?
He strains to think. There must be something. People such as him see the greater image, not the smaller one. His grandfather taught him that.
His grandfather, who even now fought for the dreadful privilege of marrying <NAME>. His grandfather, who hurled him here for the same reason. Of all the wounds Sorin bore, Edgar had inflicted the first, and still, Sorin had loved him for thousands of years.
Had that been part of his grandfather's plans, too? To use Sorin only when convenient? To indulge all those long conversations, as if indulging a child's tea parties?
The grander picture, not the smaller.
Yes, he sees it now.
Sorin's chest aches.
He opens his mouth.
Blood—sweet, sticky, intoxicating as wine—pours in. Sinew weaves itself back together. Bones crack into place. Wounds stitch shut. His muscles swell with stolen vigor—his vigor. They thought this cellar would drown him, but it's only made him stronger.
Sorin begins to climb.
It takes longer than he'd like. With every reach of his hand, his body continues to heal itself, continues to stitch itself back together. He grunts. But he throws himself fully to the work, to the effort, and when he crests the lip of the pit, there is no longer any place for doubt within him.
The ballroom. That is where his grandfather—#emph[Edgar] —has gone.
One step after another. It is a predator's slink that propels him through the halls of the sanguitorium, a predator's nose that guides him through the muttering corridors, a predator's instinct to pick up a greatsword along the way.
The sounds come to him before long: the clatter of metal, the groans of the dying, the beating of an angel's wings. Each one infuriating. Infuriating, too, the howl of wolves on Voldaren lands.
Well—it would have been infuriating days ago.
Now, a grim satisfaction comes over him. For millennia, the vampires have plotted and schemed, torn out throats and staked hearts just for the barest taste of more power. It is only natural that the wolves—true pack animals—have come to rout them.
It occurs to him he has family in that ballroom, and it occurs to him—distantly, like a whisper through padded cloth—that he no longer cares.
Sorin steps into the maelstrom. An arrow whistles over his shoulder. He catches it, driving it into the throat of an oncoming Voldaren guard. The man struggles to breathe. Sorin twists the arrow's shaft.
"Quiet," he says.
The man collapses when Sorin pulls the arrow away. Sorin doesn't much care. Already, he's surveying the room for Edgar. Olivia hardly matters anymore. She might be the one who arranged the wedding, but Edgar agreed to it. Edgar fought for it. Edgar cast away his own grandson for something as simple—as disposable, as fleeting—as power.
He is looking for Edgar.
There—rounding on Teferi and his companions, flanked by Markov duelists. Edgar wields his greatsword like a much younger man, cackling with glee. Has he always seemed so decrepit? His flesh so sullen, his eyes so beady?
There are those who try to get between Sorin and Edgar. A foolish way to stamp their own death warrants. Limbs fall from them like leaves from autumn branches. Sorin marches on.
Edgar swings on Teferi. The time mage slows the blow down, but only so much—he barely manages to block. The cathar takes on two of the duelists herself; the pyromancer's flames lick at Edgar's fine clothes. Two geists fade into existence in time to deal killing blows to the duelists.
The tide is turning. Edgar must be able to feel it as easily as Sorin does.
The face Sorin once thought beatific and wise wrenches in disgust. "You again?"
Sorin's attack is too quick for the humans to follow, and Edgar's parry just the same. Swords meet again and again, hands a blur, sparks flying around them. Sorin's onslaught is vicious, unrelenting, uninterested in peace or parley. Edgar might be powerful—but the blade has long since been Sorin's favored area of study.
Those who come to Edgar's aid also find swift ends. Sorin hasn't the mind to keep track of it beyond the most passing sense, but he knows the others are keeping them at bay.
In the end, it is Edgar who falls from the rumble first, scrambling backward, his sword clattering to the ground like a toy.
"Sorin," he says. "You have to understand—"
Sorin rests the tip of his borrowed sword at the base of Edgar's throat. "I understand, Edgar. The larger picture, not the smaller. Sacrifices. Power. I understand perfectly now what you think of me."
And he understands, too, how easy it would be to kill the man here. A simple flick of his wrists is all it would take. A moment's resistance, a dying gasp—that would be all.
Yet something stays his hand.
Perhaps the unseen hand of an angel, long gone.
Sorin scowls. "Go. Get out of my sight."
For all his blustering, for all his power, Edgar doesn't need to be told twice. Like a frightened cat, he scampers away. Where he's going is no concern of Sorin's. Instead, his eyes remain on the spot where his grandfather had just been—the place where he might have died.
"Are you alright?"
The pyromancer, probably. He's surprised at the concern in her voice. She never seemed to like him.
"Yes," he lies. Sorin wipes his blade clean. When at last he looks up, he sees that the others are giving them a wide berth. Vampire corpses litter the floor like the dregs of a feast.
"Sorin, I know—I know that must have been hard for you, but you did the right thing," says Teferi.
Sorin wants to glare at him. How can he know? How can he judge? And yet it occurs to him—Teferi, too, is old. Teferi, too, has known loss, has seen things beyond his imagining.
And the others might be shorter lived—but there is something that they all understand about one another inherently. A restlessness. A wanderlust.
"Thank you."
It is all he can think of to say.
#v(0.35em)
#line(length: 100%, stroke: rgb(90%, 90%, 90%))
#v(0.35em)
<NAME> dreams of forests.
She dreams of boughs beneath her padded feet, of autumn leaves falling in lazy circles around her, of the wind through her fur.
Boulder and Patience run shoulder to shoulder with her. Streak bounds ahead. She is sure, somehow, that Redtooth is behind them.
A pain in her chest.
For as free as she feels with her wolves at her side, the truth is unavoidable. They've left.
She is alone.
"Arlinn."
Wolves have many means of speaking—but her name has always eluded the maws of her closest companions. Arlinn furrows her brow. She wants to slow, but her packmates keep her marching on.
"Arlinn, it's time to hunt."
It feels terrible. Like her head's the cathedral bell, and the voice is the hammer.
She wants to stop.
But then—a warmth. Something at her side, solid, its heart beating in a rapid tattoo. Warmth against her face. A familiar scent.
The stag can wait.
When she opens her eyes, Tovolar is the first thing she sees—still bearing the wounds from their last encounter. The softness of his expression throws his powerful body into relief.
"You're here?" she asks.
"You called for aid," comes the answer, roughly shaped from his muzzle.
And it's when she stirs that she realizes they're not alone. Boulder's at her side, too—they all are. Relief and joy overtake the pain of her injuries as she throws her arms around them. Her pack! And they are just as eager to see her, too, lapping at her face, bopping her with their noses.
#figure(image("009_Episode 5: Till Death Do Us Part/03.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [End the Festivities | Art by: <NAME>], supplement: none, numbering: none)
But the embrace isn't meant to last long. With joy comes clarity, and with clarity comes memory.
Olivia's the one who hurt her like this. And Olivia's the one with the Moonsilver Key.
Boulder and Patience help her to her feet. She shifts, again, knowing her human nose will do her no favors here. Nor will her human healing. She needs the wolf.
Yet there's one thing nagging at her, too—the near-sheepish rounding of Tovolar's shoulders.
"Tovolar," she says, "this doesn't change anything between us. What you did~"
"Tonight, we settle this," he says. Words are hard to form in that shape—but it isn't as if Tovolar can change as easily as she can. "Afterward, come find me. We'll settle it like packmates."
Arlinn's skin crawls. Tovolar isn't her pack—these three are. But it'll have to do for now, won't it? The Voldarens gaining absolute control over the other vampires—and the angels—wouldn't be good for the wolves, either.
She doesn't dignify him with a response. Olivia's scent is thick in this place, her blood upon the marble fresh and enticing. It'll be easy enough to track her down.
Arlinn doesn't need to tell Tovolar to follow.
She doesn't need to tell the wolves, either. Together the five of them run through the halls of <NAME>, staggered two at a time, blood rushing in their ears. It hurts. Of course, it does.
But that's nothing compared to what'll happen if Olivia gains control over all of Innistrad's angels.
Her trail takes them not back toward the ballroom, but up somewhere higher. Stairs are hard to negotiate on four feet. They make do. There isn't room for anything else.
It isn't long before Edgar's voice comes to them from down a hall.
"You promised you had everything under control."
"I did. All of this~this #emph[nonsense] ~"
The wolves round the corridor. There, at the end of the hall, surrounded by statues of herself, is <NAME>. <NAME> stands with her, covered in blood, his breathing ragged. Olivia's face is alight with fury; her hand flies once more to her sword. Edgar reaches for her shoulder.
"Olivia, it's over," he says.
She bats his hand away. "You touch me only when I allow you to touch me."
The wolves draw near. Arlinn comes to a stop before them, a rumble low in her throat. Olivia knows what she wants. Tovolar bites at Edgar—but Arlinn's sharp bark cuts him off.
This is Olivia's mess. She gets a chance to make it right.
Arlinn isn't sure what wins out in the end: Olivia's pique, or her lack of patience. Maybe it's her own sniveling cowardice.
But she drops the key.
It clatters, without much ceremony, against the floor.
"Have your little toy, if it matters so much to you," she sneers.
Arlinn wraps the key with a length of torn curtain and picks it up between her teeth. Olivia's already taken off through one of the windows. Edgar soon follows. Tovolar leaps up the side of the walls, scrambling to get at them—but he comes back down with only the tails of Edgar's coat caught between his jaws.
He's glowering. She expects he would. No doubt he wanted to tear them apart and end this threat forever.
Part of Arlinn does, too.
But there'll be time for that later.
As Arlinn shifts back to human form, she catches Tovolar's eye.
"If you've got a problem with how I run things, come find me later," she says. "Me and my pack will sort you out."
#v(0.35em)
#line(length: 100%, stroke: rgb(90%, 90%, 90%))
#v(0.35em)
The Moonsilver Key lends weary feet new speed. The whole way from Stensia to Kessig, they take no breaks, make no stops. Teferi's efforts to speed them further leave him exhausted—by the time they arrive, he's fast asleep within the carriage.
Every step is hard-won. Every step is a victory.
But all will mean nothing if the ritual isn't completed.
Katilda assures them they still have a chance. Her spirit bound to the Moonsilver Key as it is, she's followed them on their journey. Kaya keeps her company for most of the trip—but Arlinn has questions for her, too.
"How can we be sure it'll work?"
"How can you be sure it won't?" says Katilda.
Being a spirit must make you more inclined to mystery—not less.
"I just like to be sure of things," Arlinn answers. They're walking through the woods, most of the others asleep in a carriage. Adeline's charger has taken up the yoke, along with Kaya's borrowed gelding. They are the only ones awake of the whole group—the cathar, the wolf, and the spirit. "You can't fault me for that."
"You don't know yourself very well," Katilda answers. "If you acted only when you were certain, you wouldn't be here, would you?"
They say the worst dog bites come from pups you raise with your own two hands. Arlinn winces.
Her eyes fall on the carriage, again. She thinks of everyone within it. Chandra curled up on one of the benches, Kaya somehow asleep leaning against the wall, Teferi taking the other bench. And all along the floor—her wolves, slumbering peacefully, their bellies full.
"Were you certain of them?"
The question startles her from her thoughts. Arlinn glances toward Katilda. "Of course I was. Some of the strongest mages around. How could I not be?"
"You knew I didn't mean the mages."
Another wince. There's no fooling witches, is there? "Sorin had his own reasons for wanting to help us. He's made his mistakes, but at the end of the day, he loves Innistrad as much as I do. I knew he'd come around."
Left unspoken is that Sorin didn't make the journey with them. He said there were things to which he still needed to attend. Cryptic, as always. She suspected that it wasn't just brooding obfuscation on his part this time. He stayed behind to help them attend to the fallen, to the injured. Anyone who needed long-term support was moving into Markov Manor for a few months. He insisted it was only because he had access to medical texts the others could only dream of.
And maybe it was.
Or maybe it was something else, and he just didn't want to admit it.
Thus—"I have other matters to attend to."
Thinking of it does bring a smile to her face. She knew there was a heart in there somewhere.
But the smile shrinks at Katilda's next needle: "You know I didn't mean him, either."
The woods are lovely at night, the scent of pine clear and bracing like good whiskey. Arlinn lets it linger in her nose for a little while.
"There's a day coming where you won't have to ask that question," she says.
"A day many years past the Harvesttide Massacre," Katilda says. Her spectral form flickers.
"He'll pay for what he's done," she says. That's the real question here—she's sure of it. "Once all this is taken care of, I'll start tracking him down."
"And yet how will he pay?" Katilda asks. "What currency can he give us for the lives he's taken? You are a human who wears the skin of a beast. He is a beast, no matter the shape he wears."
It isn't the conversation she wanted to have. Still, it needs saying.
"Tovolar rebuilt the Mondronen Howlpack out of fear," Arlinn begins. "He'll tell you there are other reasons, but at the end of the day, it's fear. Too many of his friends walked the same line I do—and they got killed for it, no matter how good they were."
There is a man lumbering ahead of her in the woods. He doesn't talk much. He doesn't need to. They understand each other.
Arlinn pushes the memory aside.
"When you're a werewolf, you're never just yourself. Doesn't matter who you are—people will assume things about you. You're responsible for any villager any wolf has ever killed, and you don't want to be. You're afraid. You run. You find a pack. They don't judge you for what you are, and they tell you it's okay to be that way. That you #emph[have ] to be—because otherwise, humans will kill you. And they're right enough that most people never have a second thought."
Avabruck through a wolf's eyes. Her parents, wondering where she's gone. A secret she can't share.
"It isn't until you get some distance that you realize they're wrong. There is another path. Not an easy one, by any means—you've got to change what you expect about humans, and humans have to change what they expect about you—but it's there. If #emph[everyone ] can agree to work toward a different Plane, we can build one step by step, each of us a brick. It'll take years. Decades, maybe. But we can get there. Still—when you're a werewolf, you worry about right now. What you're going to eat, who's hunting you, what you're doing to stay safe during the day. It's hard to see the bigger picture, and harder to feel connected to it."
Tovolar around the fire, staring at her as if she'd grown a second head.
"I told him all of this years ago. I told him there was another way. He didn't believe me. To him, humans will never change. They'll always think we're monsters—so why not be monsters? Why keep ourselves from his idea of greatness?"
She swallows.
"Something like Harvesttide doesn't come from nowhere. If you asked him, he'd say there are a hundred times more wolves that have died over the years. That Harvesttide was only the beginning."
The words taste disgusting, even as she speaks them. Arlinn can't imagine a worldview she disagrees with more. Yet even still~
"You asked what justice looks like there. Tell you the truth, I'm not sure. How do you punish someone who lives their whole life in fear and anger without stoking those flames? I want him to pay for what he's done. But I want him to get better, too. I want him to see that there is another way. That we can work together toward a better day—but Harvesttide set us back decades. It will make humans more likely to kill us, not less."
Arlinn takes another breath of the cool air. It brings her less clarity than she'd like.
"You asked me if I was sure he'd come. I wasn't," she admits. "But I thought that if he did, he'd see that we #emph[can ] all work together. I wanted him to see that if he helped, people would be grateful, that we wouldn't have to fight. I thought it was important."
Katilda, floating beside her, looks up to the moon. For a long while, neither of them says anything. The weight of her speech settles across her own shoulders, heavier than a bearskin. To be honest, she hadn't thought any of it through—just said what her heart felt. Now that her mind's had a chance to hear it, she's still processing.
She's not sure she's ever going to be done sorting through it.
"Do you think it helped?" Katilda asks.
And the answer's as obvious as it is hard to say, each syllable wrung from her like water from a rag. "I don't know. But I had to try."
"I would give you advice, Arlinn," Katilda says.
Arlinn rolls her shoulders. "Let's hear it."
"It's admirable not to forget the man behind the crimes," she says, "but nor should you forget the crimes themselves. Whatever your hopes for Tovolar, he's betrayed them as often as he's fulfilled them. One day, you're going to have to reckon with that. It won't be enough to simply hope for better."
Again—each word a needle. Arlinn closes her eyes. The earth is cool and springy beneath her feet. It is night on Innistrad, and they are on the way to save it.
"I know," she says. "I know."
#figure(image("009_Episode 5: Till Death Do Us Part/04.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Glorious Sunrise | Art by: <NAME>atos], supplement: none, numbering: none)
#v(0.35em)
#line(length: 100%, stroke: rgb(90%, 90%, 90%))
#v(0.35em)
"So, we're sure this is going to work, right?" says Chandra.
Arlinn smirks. "Yes, we're sure."
She stands at the center of the Celestus, the others gathered on one of its outer arms. Katilda is before her, returned now to her rightful body. In Arlinn's hand is the Sungold Lock—along with the blood and offerings from before the ritual's sudden interruption.
The Moonsilver Key, token of victory, sits in the witch's hands. A faint magical glow surrounds her.
#emph["Root and soul, blood and fang," ] she intones—and it is not her voice, but the voices of all the gathered witches, the voice of the Plane itself. #emph["Let Innistrad stand united beneath the warmth of the sun."]
Raised by the joined magic of the Dawnhart Coven, the Moonsilver Key floats toward the Sungold Lock. Arlinn holds it aloft, just as she's been instructed.
Part of her worries that it won't fit—that they've gotten a duplicate.
But that worry dies the instant gold meets silver.
A flash of light floods the Celestus, yet not a frightening one. It's warm as sunlight, warm as promises, and Arlinn's skin is happy to drink it in. She doesn't even have to close her eyes. All around them, the Celestus roars to life, shaking off centuries of overgrowth. Some of the trees still cling as the arms begin to rotate. Arlinn's never seen a tree clear over her head before, and admittedly, it fills her with a childlike sense of joy.
So, too, does the sight of her companions scrambling from their arm to another before they fall off. It happens so slowly they aren't in any real danger, especially not with Teferi around, but it's funny nonetheless. The rim—thankfully—is far more stationary.
With each passing of the arms overhead, the light around them increases in intensity. Eventually only a single column remains, running from this very platform to the moon itself. It's difficult to watch it and feel anything but eternal.
Arlinn can't think of anything to say. She thinks there isn't anything to say, at all, about this. Sometimes you just have to shut up and appreciate what's happening—appreciate the absurdity of life itself.
A blacksmith's daughter stands beneath an ancient device and watches day return to Innistrad.
When the light fades—and it is long in fading—the moon has already begun her descent, sinking like a dropped coin beneath the waves of the horizon. Next to her, she hears Katilda picking up the key.
Arlinn raises a brow. "Don't you need that?"
Katilda looks up at the sky. "If all goes well, not for another thousand years. There is another here who has greater need of it."
Best not to argue with witches. As the moon sinks below the horizon, Arlinn walks with Katilda toward the rim of the Celestus. There, the others are sitting, their legs hanging over the edge.
Ahead of them, the Kessig woods run on and on and on. She knows every inch of them as well as she knows her own skin. She knows what they look like in the night, in the morning, and in the precious dawn hours, when every bough is painted pink.
Yet the thought of seeing all of it again is almost enough to bring her to tears.
She sits among them, her friends, and her wolves quickly surround her. Patience lays in her lap. Katilda joins them, too.
Together they watch the first sunrise over Innistrad in months. It is the same as every other sunrise—but therein lies the beauty. Every single sunrise is a gift. It is something that defies expectation, something that almost defies belief: every morning a golden ball of fire crests the horizon, and that act alone is enough to bring light to the Plane.
It is the first sunrise in months. It is like every other sunrise. And it is all the more perfect for that.
Cheers erupt the moment the sun finally shows herself. Arlinn can't keep from joining in, the joy as golden in her soul as the disk they're celebrating. Even the wolves join in—howling, for once, at the sun. Lovers kiss, friends link arms. Ancient songs with familiar melodies lift the spirits of the attendees.
And, of course, there is drink.
Someone slips a goblet into Arlinn's hand almost without her noticing. The spiced wine is warm against her skin even through its container, and warmer still when it blooms across her chest.
But there is a coldness that follows it as she realizes it's time for the others to go.
In the gathered crowd—now a party—she finds her friends.
Chandra and Adeline come first. She finds them, just as she expected, secreted away beneath the boughs of a willow tree. A veil of leaves keeps the secret of their parting. Arlinn can't hear what they're saying from here, either—only just barely make out their embrace. It feels right, to stay at this distance. Chandra will find her later to say goodbye—but for now, best to let them have this.
She's only gone a few steps away when she hears Kaya. "Spying, huh? Didn't think you had it in you."
"I just wanted to check in on them," Arlinn says.
"Sure you did," Kaya answers. She crosses her arms, looking toward the willow. "Didn't figure she'd like this place so much."
"Innistrad's more than just doom and gloom," Arlinn says. "I hope you've found that, too."
Kaya smirks. "Maybe. Or maybe I don't mind doom and gloom," she says. "It's been nice working with you, Arlinn."
"Nice working with you, too," Arlinn says. "I hope it's not the last time."
"Of course not. There's a lot of ghosts here with unsettled business. I'm sure you'll need my expertise before too long. Just remember I don't work for free," she says.
"Sure you don't," Arlinn says, smirking.
But Kaya's already shimmering out of existence.
Teferi isn't far, either—and he has company. Katilda's with him. As Arlinn approaches, they both turn toward her. In Teferi's hand is the Moonsilver Key.
"Ahh, so you're the one who needs the key," Arlinn says.
Teferi smirks. "She's been kind enough to lend me the key. Moonsilver has a number of fascinating properties, particularly for temporal magic."
"I hope it serves you well, then," she says. "But remember, you've got to return it, or I'll hunt you down."
Teferi smiles and hugs her. "I'd never escape a wolf on my tail. It's been good to see you, Arlinn."
"And good to see you, too," she says.
But there's something hanging in the air, something yet unsaid. Teferi holds her at arm's length searching for the words.
"Bad news?" Arlinn asks.
"Might be. You're going to have to keep an eye out. We've had trouble, lately. Old trouble."
"That means something, coming from you," Arlinn says. She hopes a bit of levity will make things easier, but Teferi isn't cheered at all.
"I know better than most how serious the threat is. They're called Phyrexians. If you see any strange black oil, beings of flesh and metal~anything strange at all, let the rest of us know. I had hoped we might find a clue during this endeavor, but it turned out well. This key is promising."
Teferi once spoke of a place he'd known before, a place he'd failed. From the look in his eyes, she had the feeling the two are related.
"Something might be coming. Be certain you're ready for it."
"I will," she says. "No matter what, Innistrad will endure."
He smiles at her again—but with only a shadow of his usual mirth. "It's in good hands, isn't it? Take care, Arlinn."
Soon, he too fades.
She knows the Kessig woods.
But they call to her, all the same, the light now filtering through the leaves of evergreens. Snow falls like flower petals upon the forest. The air is bright with the scent of winter.
Even though her friends will soon be gone, <NAME> has her pack.
#figure(image("009_Episode 5: Till Death Do Us Part/05.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Katilda's Rising Dawn | Art by: <NAME>], supplement: none, numbering: none)
|
|
https://github.com/GYPpro/ACM_res | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GYPpro/ACM_res/main/0_Template/graph/Path/SCSP.typ | typst | #import "@preview/codelst:2.0.1": sourcecode
// Display inline code in a box
#set text(font:("Times New Roman","Source Han Serif SC"))
#show raw.where(block: false): box.with(
fill: luma(230),
inset: (x: 3pt, y: 0pt),
outset: (y: 3pt),
radius: 2pt,
)
#show raw.where(block: true): block.with(
fill: luma(240),
inset: 10pt,
radius: 4pt,
)
#show raw: set text(
font: ("consolas", "Source Han Serif SC")
)
#set page(
// flipped: true,
// background: [#image("background.png")]
paper: "a4",
)
#set text(
font:("Times New Roman","Source Han Serif SC"),
style:"normal",
weight: "regular",
size: 13pt,
)
#show math.equation:set text(font:("New Computer Modern Math","Source Han Serif SC"))
#let nxtIdx(name) = box[ #counter(name).step()#counter(name).display()]
#set math.equation(numbering: "(1)")
#set page(
paper:"a4",
number-align: right,
margin: (x:2cm,y:2.5cm),
header: [
#box(baseline:5pt)[#set text(
size: 11pt,
)
#align(
left+bottom,
[
#smallcaps[ ]
#h(1fr)#text(" ",fill:rgb("#898989"));
]
)]
#line(start: (0pt,-10pt),end:(483pt,-10pt))
],
numbering: "1/1"
)
#set math.mat(delim: "[")
#set math.vec(delim: "[")
#set page(
paper:"a4",
number-align: right,
margin: (x:2cm,y:2.5cm),
header: [
#box(baseline:5pt)[#set text(
size: 11pt,
)
#align(
left+bottom,
[
#smallcaps[Templetes]
#h(1fr)#text("Github GYPpro/Acm_res",fill:rgb("#898989"));
]
)]
#line(start: (0pt,-10pt),end:(483pt,-10pt))
],
numbering: "1/1"
)
///MAIN---MAIN///
给你一个n个点，m条边的无向图，每条边连接点u、v，并且有个长度w。
有q次询问，每次询问给你一对t、x,表示仅当前询问下，将t这条边的长度修改为x,请你输出当前1到n的最短路长度。
数据范围
2 ≤ n ≤ 2e5
1 ≤ m, q ≤ 2e5
1 ≤ wi,xi ≤ 1e9
我们先不考虑修改，考虑给出指定的边，求出经过这条边的最短路
设这条边连接u,v,很容易想到这样的话只需要从1与n分别跑一遍Dijkstra,最短路长度就是 min(1到u的距离+边长+v到n的距离,1到v的距离+边长+u到n的距离)。
我们可以把修改分为以下几类：
- 1.修改的边在1到n的最短路上，边的长度变大了。
- 2.修改的边在1到n的最短路上，边的长度变小了。
- 3.修改的边不在1到n的最短路上，边的长度变大了。
- 4.修改的边不在1到n的最短路上，边的长度变小了。
很容易知道：
对于 2， 原最短路长度-原边长+新边长 就是答案。
对于 3， 原最短路长度 就是答案。
对于 4， 由前面的思考得 min(原最短路长度，min(1到u的距离+新边长+v到n的距离,1到v的距离+新边长+u到n的距离) 就是答案。
都是O(1)得出答案
于是只剩下1了。
对于原问题，我们可以得到一些简单的结论。
令原最短路为E,其路径为E1,E2,E3……Ek.
对于每个不是E上的点u,1到u的最短路必定会使用E的一段前缀（可以为空）。
令这个前缀为Lu,1到u的最短路经过E1,E2,……E(Lu)。
同理可得u到n的最短路必定会使用E的一段后缀（可以为空）。
令这个后缀为Ru,u到n的最短路经过E1,E2,……E(Ru)。
特别地，对于E上的点u，令其L为E上连接自己的边的编号，R为自己连到下一个E上点的边的编号
关于如何求出每个点的L与R,我们可以先从n到1跑一遍Dijkstra,求出E的路径。
然后分别从1到n,n到1各跑一遍Dijkstra,过程中分别更新每个非E上点的L,R。
有了每个点的L,R后，考虑如何解决1。
1就是求min(E的长度-原边长+新边长，不经过修改的这条边的最短路长度)
问题从而转化成如何快速求出 不经过E上某条边的最短路长度
考虑使用线段树，树上的每段区间 l,r 的值表示 整个图不经过E上l到r这段的最短路长度
有了每个点的L,R我们很容易用图中非E上的边更新线段树
例如：一条边连接点u,v,经过这条边的最短路长度为len，
我们可以把树上 Lu+1,Rv 的区间用len更新,比个min
同样地，可以把 Lv+1,Ru 的区间用len更新
由于代码中点1的l,r为0，且l=r,所以l要加1
如果图方便，可以把l[1]=1,r[1]=0,每个点的l比r大1
不懂的话可以自己画图比划比划
从而我们可以在O(logn)的时间内回答每个问题
总的复杂度为O((m+n+q)logn)
=== solution:
#sourcecode[
```cpp
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define ll long long
const ll inf=1e18;
#define N 200505
#define mod 1000000007
int main()
{
ios::sync_with_stdio(0);cin.tie(0);cout.tie(0);
int t=1;
void solve();
// cin>>t;
while(t--)solve();
}
//换边最短路
//题目：有一张n个点，m条带权无向边的图，现在有qu次询问，每次询问将边ti的权值修改为ch后的最短路，
// 询问对原图无影响
// 可用于删边、换边的最短路
//思想是先跑一遍dj，找到原始的最短路，用线段维护路上每条边删除后的最短路的距离
//此模板建议原封不动地抄
int n,m,qu; //n点数，m边数，qu询问次数
struct Original_edge{int u,v;ll len;}OE[N]; //存原边
struct tabl{int to,id;ll len;}; //用于邻接表的结构体、存边
struct node{int id; ll len; bool operator < (const node &x) const {return x.len<len;}};//用于优先队列的结构体，存点和距离
vector<tabl> edge[N<<1]; //邻接表
priority_queue<node> q; //用于dj的优先队列
int lstvis[N]={0};
int l[N]={0};
int r[N]={0}; //
int ind[N]={0}; //标记，ind[i]==j，表示边i在原始最短路上，且是路上的第j条边
int vis[N]; //用于dj的vis数组
ll t[N<<4]={0}; //这个是线段树
ll disT[N],disN[N]; //disT[i]从起点到点i的最短距离，disN[i]从终点到点i的最短距离
bool on_path[N]; //记录原始最短路，on_path[i]==true,表示点i在最短路上
int path_cnt=0; //表示原始最短路上的边数
void dj(int p,ll dis[],int f)//起点， 对应数组， 操作编号
{
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)//初始化
{
vis[i]=0;
dis[i]=inf;
}
dis[p]=0;
q.push((node){p,0}); //加入起点
while(!q.empty())
{
node temp=q.top();
q.pop();
int u=temp.id;
ll w=temp.len;
if(vis[u])continue;//跳过处理过的点
vis[u]++;
dis[u]=w;//记录距离
for(auto re:edge[u])
{
int v=re.to;
int id=re.id;
ll tw=re.len;
if(dis[v]<=w+tw)continue;
dis[v]=w+tw; //松弛
lstvis[v]=id; //记前驱边，表示点v从边id到达
q.push((node){v,w+tw});
if(f==1&&!on_path[v])l[v]=l[u]; //操作1，此时是从起点出发，需要记住前缀
if(f==2&&!on_path[v])r[v]=r[u]; //操作2，此时是从终点出发，需要记住后缀
}
}
}
void trace()
{
int u=1; //u初始为起点
on_path[u]=true; //做好起点的初始化
l[u]=r[u]=0;
for(int i=1;u!=n;i++) //第一次dj是从终点开始，所以这里要从起点开始，向终点找路
{
int e_id=lstvis[u]; //取前驱边
ind[e_id]=i; //给前驱标记
u^=OE[e_id].u^OE[e_id].v; //取前驱点
on_path[u]=true; //前驱点做标记
l[u]=r[u]=i; //做标记
path_cnt++; //路长增加
}
}
void build(int le,int ri,int p)
{
t[p]=inf; //初始化为无穷大
if(le==ri)return;
int mid=(le+ri)>>1,lef=(p<<1),rig=lef|1;
build(le,mid,lef);
build(mid+1,ri,rig);
}
void update(int L,int R,int x,int y,int p,ll k)
{
if(x>y)return;
if(x<=L&&R<=y) //区间修改
{
t[p]=min(t[p],k);
return;
}
int mid=(L+R)>>1,lef=(p<<1),rig=lef|1;
if(x<=mid)update(L,mid,x,y,lef,k);
if(y>mid)update(mid+1,R,x,y,rig,k);
}
ll query(int L,int R,int x,int y,int p)
{
ll ans=t[p];
if(L==R) //单点查询
{
return ans;
}
int mid=(L+R)>>1,lef=(p<<1),rig=lef|1;
if(y<=mid)ans=min(ans,query(L,mid,x,y,lef)); //全程取最小值
else ans=min(ans,query(mid+1,R,x,y,rig));
return ans;
}
void solve()
{
memset(on_path,false,sizeof(on_path)); //初始化
cin>>n>>m>>qu;
for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)
{
int u,v;
ll w;
cin>>u>>v>>w;
OE[i].u=u; //记录原边，后续要用下标查询边
OE[i].v=v;
OE[i].len=w;
edge[u].push_back({v,i,w}); //邻接表
edge[v].push_back({u,i,w});
}
dj(n,disN,0); //先dj一次，找到原始最短路
trace();
dj(1,disT,1); //分别对起点和终点进行dj，得到每条边的
dj(n,disN,2);
build(1,path_cnt,1); //建立线段树，维护不经过某些边的最短路
for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)
{
int u=OE[i].u,v=OE[i].v;
ll w=OE[i].len;
if(ind[i])continue; //在路上的边不做更新
//为线段树加入元素
update(1,path_cnt,l[u]+1,r[v],1,disT[u]+w+disN[v]);//注意这里左边界要加一
update(1,path_cnt,l[v]+1,r[u],1,disT[v]+w+disN[u]);
}
while(qu--)
{
int ti;
ll ch;
ll ans;
cin>>ti>>ch;
//询问会有两种大情况，换了最短路上的边，以及，换了最短路外的边
if(ind[ti]) //若换了路上的边
{
ans=disT[n]-OE[ti].len+ch;//最理想的情况就是将原最短路的边给换一下
//若新的边权更小，则不用比较了
if(ch>OE[ti].len) //若新的边权更大，则需要比较
{
ans=min(ans,query(1,path_cnt,ind[ti],ind[ti],1)); //查询不经过ti边的最短路
}
}
else //若换了最短路外的边
{
ans=disT[n]; //最理想是原最短路
//换的边比原来的边大，则无需考虑
if(OE[ti].len>ch) //若换的边更小，则需要比较
{
int u=OE[ti].u,v=OE[ti].v;
ans=min(ans,min(disT[u]+ch+disN[v],disT[v]+ch+disN[u]));
//新的最短路可能是 disT[u]+ch+disN[v] 表示从起点沿最优路径到达u，再经过边ti，再从v沿着最优路径到达终点
// 也可能是 disT[v]+ch+disN[u] 表示从起点沿着最优路径到达v，再经过边ti，再从u沿着最优路径到达终点
}
}
cout<<ans<<"\n";
}
}
```] |
|
https://github.com/dismint/docmint | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dismint/docmint/main/biology/lec7.typ | typst | #import "template.typ": *
#show: template.with(
title: "Lecture 7",
subtitle: "7.016"
)
= Introduction
In order to replicate the strands of DNA, we will need to separate the hydrogen bonds holding them together. This is done by a substance called *helicase*. Then we need to synthesize a new strand, which is done using *DNA polymerase*. In order to build these, we also need to have dNTP around.
= DNA Replication
DNA is synthesized from 5' to 3', thus the template is read 3' to 5'. DNA polymerase needs a 3' OH to start.
When the helicase is splitting DNA, one strand is the *leading* stand (if it is going in the same direction) and otherwise it is the *lagging* strand.
#define(
title: "Topoisomerase"
)[
Topoisomerase prevents supercoiling in DNA downstream of the replication fork.
]
The location on a chromosome where DNA synthesis starts is called the *origin of replication*. There are signals for where this should be, as well as when it should start and finish.
#define(
title: "Ligase"
)[
Ligase is responsible for forming the covalent bonds where the 'nicked' strands previous were with the RNA.
]
|
|
https://github.com/schmidma/typst-workshop | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/schmidma/typst-workshop/main/examples/09-content.typ | typst | Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal | The most "universal" type in Typst language is *content*. Everything you write in the document becomes content.
#[
But you can explicitly create it with _scripting mode_.
In square brackets, you can use any markup functions.
] |
https://github.com/chamik/gympl-skripta | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/chamik/gympl-skripta/main/cj-autori/poe.typ | typst | Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International | #import "/helper.typ": autor
#autor("<NAME>", "1809", "1849 (40 let)", "novinář, básník, spisovatel", "Virginská univerzita; Vojenská akademie", "romantismus, detektivky, básně", "/cj-autori/media/poe.jpg")
Poe měl rychle se měnící a poměrně komplikovaný a tragický život. Jeho otec odešel od jejich rodiny a jeho matka zemřela rok poté. Byl adoptován rodinou Allanů, kteří mu poskytli vzdělání v Anglii (která mu pravděpodobně zůstala inspirací až do pozdních let). Studoval i na univerzitě, ale kvůli hádce s jeho otčímem o penězích a alkoholu se odstěhoval do Baltimoru.
Snažil se vydělat si jako úředník, nebo jako spisovatel do novin. Na chvíli nastoupil do armády, kde napsal svoji první knihu (která neměla skoro žádný ohlas).
Problémy s alkoholem ho provázely celý život (zemřel kvůli nim i jeho bratr), byl kvůli nim vyhozen z několika zaměstnání. Údajně to byl i gambler. Přestože v jeho pozdním životě vydával hodně a jeho jméno se stalo poměrně známým, měl potíže si na živobytí vydělat pouze psaním.
V den jeho smrti byl nalezen nevědomý na ulici. Příčina není známá, ale předpokládá se alkoholové delirium.
Mezi jeho známá díla patří:
1. *Vraždy v ulici Morgue* -- Povídka, která patří mezi první detektivní příběhy a je prvním popisem zápletky, která se dnes označuje termínem záhada zamčeného pokoje.#footnote[Uzavřené místnost, z níž nebylo možné uniknout, se najde mrtvola bez pachatele.] V povídce je dále použit motiv bezradné policie, která z neschopnosti nebo z lehkomyslnosti přehlíží stopy, později objevené velkým detektivem <NAME>em.
2. *<NAME>* -- Tato povídka se odehrává ve španělském městě Toledo, líčí pocity člověka odsouzeného inkvizicí na smrt za kacířství. Autor neuvádí jméno hlavního hrdiny. Povídka byla vícekrát zfilmována.
*Současníci*\
_<NAME>_ -- Bídníci, 1862\
_<NAME>_ -- <NAME>, 1825
#pagebreak() |
https://github.com/Myriad-Dreamin/tinymist | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Myriad-Dreamin/tinymist/main/crates/tinymist-query/src/fixtures/call_info/user_with2.typ | typst | Apache License 2.0 | #let f(x, y) = x + y
#let g = f.with(1)
#let h = g.with(2)
#(/* position after */ h()) |
https://github.com/Area-53-Robotics/53E-Notebook-Over-Under-2023-2024 | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Area-53-Robotics/53E-Notebook-Over-Under-2023-2024/giga-notebook/entries/build-tracking-wheels/entry.typ | typst | Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International | #import "/packages.typ": notebookinator
#import notebookinator: *
#import themes.radial.components: *
#show: create-body-entry.with(
title: "Build: Tracking Wheels",
type: "build",
date: datetime(year: 2023, month: 8, day: 12),
author: "<NAME>",
witness: "Violet Ridge",
)
#grid(
columns: (1fr, 1fr),
gutter: 20pt,
[
We followed the following steps to construct the tracking wheels:
1. We gathered all of the materials for the tracking wheels twice, once for each
tracking wheel.
2. We attached the standoff retainer to the aluminum plate with a single screw and
lock nut.
3. We attached the plate and 1 bearing to the 3-Channel with screws and lock nuts.
4. We attached the optical shaft encoder to the other side of the 3-channel with
screws and lock nuts.
5. We took the axle and pressed it through the hole in the shaft encoder so the tip
stuck out the other end.
6. We placed the 1/8" spacer on the end of the axle.
7. We placed the 2.75" omni wheel (making sure to include the inserts) on the axle.
8. We placed the 1/4" spacer and shaft collar on the axle, and then locked the
collar.
],
[
#image("./top.jpg", width: 75%)
#image("./iso.jpg", width: 75%)
],
)
#admonition(type: "build")[
Our tracking wheels are finally complete.
]
#image("./complete.jpg", width: 75%)
|
https://github.com/jamesrswift/journal-ensemble | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jamesrswift/journal-ensemble/main/src/pages/inner.typ | typst | The Unlicense | #import "../elements.typ"
#let inner(..args) = page(
numbering: none,
{
grid(
gutter: 1cm,
columns: (1fr, 1fr),
rows: (auto, 1fr),
// stroke: 1pt,
..args
)
}
) |
https://github.com/jgm/typst-hs | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jgm/typst-hs/main/test/typ/compiler/let-06.typ | typst | Other | // Ref: false
// Destructuring with a sink.
#let (a, b, ..c) = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
#test(a, 1)
#test(b, 2)
#test(c, (3, 4, 5, 6))
|
https://github.com/Ajsoabk/Exam-Paper-Answer-and-Analysis-typst-template | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Ajsoabk/Exam-Paper-Answer-and-Analysis-typst-template/main/test1.typ | typst | // #include "exam_paper_answer.typ";
#import "exam_paper_answer.typ":*;
#show: conf.with(title:"GESP2023年12月一级真题",affiliation:"大卫信奥");
|
|
https://github.com/ramojus/typst-template-VU-thesis | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramojus/typst-template-VU-thesis/main/template.typ | typst | #let text_font_size = 12pt
#let heading_font_size = 14pt
#let get_lt_supplement(it) = {
let supplement = "pav"
if it.body != none {
if it.body.func() == image {
supplement = "pav"
}
else if it.body.func() == table {
supplement = "lentelė"
}
else if it.body.func() == raw {
supplement = "kodo fragmentas"
}
}
supplement
}
#let get_lt_caption(it) = {
let supplement = get_lt_supplement(it)
if it.has("caption") {
if it.numbering != none {
it.counter.display(it.numbering)
}
[ ]
supplement
[. ]
it.caption.body
}
}
#let get_people_with_signature_fields(authors, done_by, supervisor, reviewer) = {
let signature_field = {
v(1.2em)
h(1.5em)
super([(Parašas)])
h(1em)
}
v(15%)
align(right, {
table(
columns: 2,
align: left,
stroke: white,
[Atliko: #done_by], [],
..for name in authors {(
{name}, {signature_field}
)},
..if supervisor != none {(
[Vadovas:], [],
{supervisor}, {signature_field},
)},
..if reviewer != none {(
[Recenzentas:], [],
{reviewer}, {signature_field},
)},
)
})
}
// to indent the first real paragraph
#let follow_with_empty_par(it, line_spacing) = {
it
let a = par(box())
a
v(-line_spacing)
if it.func() == figure {
v(0.845em) // it's not the same to just use line_spacing here -- probably a bug
}
}
#let indent_as_first_line(it, first_line_indent) = {
block(inset: (left: first_line_indent, right: 0pt, top: 0pt, bottom: 0pt), outset: 0pt, it)
}
#let vu_thesis(
title: "<NAME>",
english_title: "Paper title",
authors: (),
supervisor: none,
reviewer: none,
work_type: "<NAME>",
university: "Vilniaus Universitetas",
faculty: "Matematikos ir Informatikos",
department: "Informatikos",
done_by: "",
city: "Vilnius",
date: datetime.today(),
body,
) = {
set document(title: title, author: authors)
set text(
size: text_font_size,
font: "Linux Libertine",
lang: "lt",
hyphenate: false,
)
set page(
paper: "a4",
margin: (
top: 3cm,
left: 3cm,
right: 1.5cm,
bottom: 2cm,
),
footer: locate(loc => {
let i = counter(page).at(loc).first()
if i != 1 {
align(right, [#i])
}
})
)
set terms(separator: [ -- ])
set table(stroke: 0.3pt)
set heading(numbering: "1.")
show heading: it => {
if it.level == 1 {
pagebreak(weak: true)
} else {
v(1.5em, weak: true)
}
set text(heading_font_size, weight: "semibold")
it
set text(text_font_size, weight: "regular")
v(1.5em, weak: true)
}
set math.equation(numbering: "(1)")
show table: set math.equation(numbering: none)
// Use commas in decimal numbers
show math.equation: it => {
show regex("\d+\.\d+"): it => {
show ".": {
"," + h(0pt)
}
it
}
it
}
show raw.where(block: true): it => {
set par(justify: false)
block(
stroke: 0.3pt,
breakable: true,
inset: 0.5em,
it
)
}
show link: it => underline(it)
show figure: it => {
set align(center)
v(1.5em, weak: true)
block({
// For tables, caption comes first
if it.body.func() != table {
it.body
v(1.5em, weak: true)
}
get_lt_caption(it)
if it.body.func() == table {
v(1.5em, weak: true)
it.body
}
})
v(1.5em, weak: true)
}
show ref: it => {
if it.element == none or it.element.body == none {
return it
}
let ref_counter = none
if it.element.func() == figure {
ref_counter = counter(figure.where(kind: it.element.body.func()))
} else {
ref_counter = counter(it.element.func())
}
let elem_numbering = it.element.numbering
if elem_numbering == "1.1." {
elem_numbering = "1.1"
}
// Don't show supplement, only the caption number
link(it.element.location(), {
numbering(
elem_numbering,
..ref_counter.at(it.element.location())
)
})
}
// Remove page number and dot fill for specific headings in TOC
show outline.entry: it => {
if it.at("label", default: none) == <modified-entry> {
it // prevent infinite recursion
} else if repr(it.body).contains("Priedas") {
[#outline.entry(
it.level,
it.element,
it.body,
[], // remove fill
[] // remove page number
) <modified-entry>]
} else {
it
}
}
set bibliography(style: "vu.csl")
// Title page
align(center, image("vu_logo.png", width: 60pt))
align(center, upper([
#university \
#faculty Fakultetas\
#department Katedra\
]))
v(20%)
align(center, work_type)
align(center, text(size: 15pt, weight: 700, title))
v(-0.5em)
align(center, text(size: 15pt, [(#english_title)]))
get_people_with_signature_fields(authors, done_by, supervisor, reviewer)
align(bottom + center, {
city
[\ ]
if date != none {
date.display("[year]")
}
})
pagebreak()
outline(title: "Turinys", indent: true)
pagebreak()
let first_line_indent = 0.7cm
let line_spacing = 0.845em // Matches latex \onehalfspacing
set par(
first-line-indent: first_line_indent,
justify: true,
leading: line_spacing,
)
set block(spacing: line_spacing) // no extra spacing between paragraphs
// change how first line indent works. First line is not indented by default, that's why the following lines add an empty first line after a bunch of content types.
show heading: it => follow_with_empty_par(it, line_spacing)
show enum: it => indent_as_first_line(it, first_line_indent)
show enum: it => follow_with_empty_par(it, line_spacing)
show list: it => indent_as_first_line(it, first_line_indent)
show list: it => follow_with_empty_par(it, line_spacing)
show raw.where(block: true): it => follow_with_empty_par(it, line_spacing)
show figure: it => follow_with_empty_par(it, first_line_indent)
body
}
|
|
https://github.com/alberto-lazari/computer-science | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/alberto-lazari/computer-science/main/advanced-topics-cs/module-3/paper.typ | typst | == Trade-offs in ML models
The first topic addressed by the paper are trade-offs that arise when modeling machine learning systems. \
There are three key features of an ML model that struggle to coexist:
+ *Interpretability*: is it possible to explain why an ML system gave a specific classification to a specific input?
+ *Privacy*: is it possible to retrieve information about the data the system was trained on, using only the system's output?
+ *Accuracy*: does the system actually work? I.e., are predictions accurate most of the times, with a suitably high probability?
Trying to increase one of these aspects, naturally lowers one of the others:
- increasing privacy may lead to more complex models, with less regular predictions that are more difficult to explain (interpretability) and are less accurate;
- increasing accuracy may reduce privacy, because better performances can probably reveal more about training data, but also make the model much more difficult to explain (neural networks, for instance).
Various works already addressed the trade-off between privacy and accuracy, but no one ever considered interpretability in the variables. Since EU's GDPR (_General Data Protection Regulation_) states that algorithms have to be interpretable and private by design it's important to find a balance between the three variables, otherwise accuracy would have to be sacrificed.
The main topic addressed by the paper is exactly that of finding a model to better equilibrate interpretability, privacy and accuracy in ML systems predictions.
== LLM
To achieve the goal of balancing the trade-off the paper suggests to use a simple and analytical model, satisfying:
#{
set enum(numbering: "A.")
[
+ Local _and_ global explanations
+ Low number of parameters, to have a good privacy -- accuracy trade-off
+ Good level of expressiveness to be useful even with complex data
]
}
The proposal is to use _Locally Linear Maps_ (LLMs) for such a model.
=== Local and global explanation
Using LLMs allows to provide both local and global predictions explanations.
Various methods are explainable, but only on a local scope: it is possible to explain the classification of a particular input, but not that of an entire class of inputs.
With these methods the only possible way to understand the system as a whole it is necessary to test various inputs to get an idea of how it works on specific classes, but it is not possible only looking at the model itself.
LLMs allow this property instead: when analyzing the output of a specific input it is possible to quickly have a grasp of what lead to a particular classification.
When classifying an input, the model assigns weights to every single linear map.
The wights themselves are a great indicator of the explanation of predictions about a single input, but also about a class as a whole.
In fact, judging by the weight of a linear map it's possible to understand what class that specific linear map is sensible to.
=== Privacy vs accuracy
As stated before, there are various existing methods to get a good trade-off between privacy and accuracy.
As seen in the previous section using LLM it is possible to have a good level of interpretability (both local and global).
Finding a good trade-off between privacy and accuracy means that LLM provides a good trade-off between all the three variables.
/ Differential Privacy: It is important to note that the paper considers privacy in the context of _Differential Privacy_ (DP), which defines the quantity of privacy loss between two datasets that differ in the presence of one element. \ The privacy loss is higher the higher is the probability of revealing the presence of that one element in the dataset, through the system's output.
The _composability_ property of DP states that the composition of DP values degrades the total privacy.
For this reason LLM has to reduce the number of parameters and perturb them to increase privacy, which is done combining two methods:
- *Random projections*: used to reduce the dimension of the input. It allows to have a lower number of linear maps
- *Perturbation*: noise is added to each linear map, at each step of the training
Only adding noise to the output would lead to a great loss in accuracy, this is the reason to also use random projections.
=== Expressiveness
The LLM method is comparable to other works, that reflect flexibility and expressiveness.
An example, reported in the paper, is the _Mixture of Experts_ (ME) model.
MEs are very similar to LLMs and both models can be directly translated into one another: local expert models represent a specialized model over a specific part of the input, just like linear maps are specific of one class of the input.
Linear maps, though, can be even more flexible when multiple linear maps are associated with a class.
This allows for multiple combinations to better fit the possible inputs.
== Test results
=== MNIST
When compared with different, accurate models, the LLM model gives very similar results.
In a test on the MNIST database the LLM model has a mean accuracy which is less than 1% inferior than other privatized models (with the same privacy loss of $epsilon = 2$ and $epsilon = 0.5$). \
This result is impressive, considering that the other existing privatized models are far less explainable.
=== Fashion-MNIST
Another test done on the Fashion-MNIST database gives less impressive results, however with a still decent accuracy (about 10% less, around 80-83% of accuracy).
=== Medical dataset
In the paper yet another test is reported, consisting in a disease classification over medical data. When compared to a non-privatized model, here LLM manages to keep an accuracy of about 2% less for the non-private and private ($epsilon = 1.5$) models and 4% for strongly private training ($epsilon = 0.2$).
Results for this test also highlight the fact that the LLM model, in every configuration (non-private, private with high and low privacy loss) has very consistent linear maps: they are very similar in each case, though incrementing the privacy makes them slightly more homogeneous (because of the added noise).
== Conclusions
The actual, experimental tests prove the fact that a good trade-off between interpretability, privacy and accuracy is indeed possible, using the LLM model.
The authors, though, leave some open questions and topics for the future:
- What happens when LLM is trained on more complex data sets? Complexity limits of this model are still to be analyzed and there is much to study about how it behaves when the number of linear maps grows significantly
- Is it possible to make the model interact with more large and complex models (such as neural networks) in a privacy-preserving way?
|
|
https://github.com/Fr4nk1inCs/typreset | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Fr4nk1inCs/typreset/master/src/styles/report.typ | typst | MIT License | #import "./basic.typ": base-style
#import "../utils/title.typ": make-title
#import "../utils/header.typ": make-header
#let style(report-name: "Report Name", authors: "<NAME>", lang: "en", body) = {
let authors = if type(authors) == str { (authors, ) } else { authors }
let title = report-name
show: base-style.with(lang: lang)
set document(title: title, author: authors)
let header = if authors.len() == 1 {
grid(
columns: (auto, 1fr),
align(left, title),
align(right, authors.at(0)),
)
} else {
title
}
set page(
header-ascent: 14pt,
header: make-header(header),
)
// title
make-title(
title: title,
other: grid(
columns: 1,
row-gutter: 0.4em,
..authors.flatten()
)
)
body
}
|
https://github.com/dainbow/MatGos | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dainbow/MatGos/master/themes/16.typ | typst | #import "../conf.typ": *
= Интегрирование дифференциальной формы с компактным носителем. Зависимость интеграла от замены координат.
Из @form-basic Пространство $Lambda_n $ одномерно. Иными словами, если $(f^1, ..., f^n)$ -- базис $E^*$,
то
#eq[
${c f^1 and ... and f^n | c in RR} = Lambda_n$
]
Тогда если $(e^1_0, ..., e^n_0)$ -- ортонормированный базис в $E^*$ сопряжённый
к $(e_1^0, ..., e_n^0)$ -- ортонормированному базису в $E^*$.
Введём форму *ориентированного объёма*
#eq[
$V_(e^0) = e^1_0 and ... and e^n_0 attach(=, t: "соглашение") dif e_1^0 and ... dif e_n^0$
]
Возьмём произвольный базис $(e_1^0, ..., e_n^*)$ в $E$, связанный с исходным
матрицей перехода $T$:
#eq[
$forall j : space e_j = t_j^i e_i^0$
]
Рассмотрим действие:
#eq[
$V_(e_0) (e_1, ..., e_n) = dif e_1^0 and ... dif e_n^0 (e_1, ..., e_n) = det (dif e_i^0 (e_j))_(i, j = 1)^(n) = det T$
]
Причём $forall$ базиса форма ориентированного объёма на нём самом равна $1$:
#eq[
$V_(e_0) = det T dot V_e$
]
В начале определим интеграл от форм из $Lambda_n$.
#definition[
*Интегралом от формы* $Omega (x) = alpha(x) V_(e_0)$ по области $D subset E$ называется
#eq[
$integral_D Omega = integral_D alpha(x) dif mu(x)$
]
]
#definition[
*Стандартным кубом* $K$ называется
#eq[
$x_0 in K <=> forall i in overline("1, n") : space 0 < x_0^i < 1 $
]
в ортономированном базизе $e_1^0, ..., e_n^0$.
]
#definition[
*Цепь стандартных кубов* -- это формальная линейная комбинация
#eq[
$Pi = sum_(i = 1)^m n_i K_i; quad n_i in ZZ, K_i - "стандартный куб"$
]
]
#definition[
*Интегралом от формы* $Omega (x) = alpha(x) V_(e_0)$ по цепи кубов $Pi$ называется
#eq[
$integral_Pi Omega = sum_(i = 1)^m n_i integral_K_i Omega$
]
]
#definition[
*Граница стандартного куба* -- цепь стандартных $(n - 1)$-мерных кубов с
коэффицентами $plus.minus 1$, в зависимости от направления внешней нормали.
]
#theorem(
"Формула Стокса-Пуанкаре для стандартного куба",
)[
Если $Omega$ -- гладкая $n - 1$ форма, заданная на замыкании куба $K subset RR$,
то
#eq[
$integral_(partial K) Omega = integral_K dif Omega$
]
]
#proof[
Пусть $V_j$ -- форма ориентированного объёма в $n - 1$-мерном подпространстве $n$-мерного
пространства, в которой отсутствует $dif e_j^0$.
Тогда БОО
#eq[
$Omega (x) = alpha(x) V_j$
]
Значит её дифференциал
#eq[
$dif Omega (x) = dif alpha(x) and V_j = (partial alpha (x)) / (partial x_j) dif e_j^0 and V_j = (-1)^(j - 1) (partial alpha (x)) / (partial x_j) V_e_0$
]
Тогда распишем интеграл, к которому хотим свести:
#eq[
$integral_K dif Omega = (-1)^(j - 1) integral_K (partial alpha (x)) / (partial x_j) dif mu(x) =^("Фубини" x = (y, x_j)) (-1)^(j - 1) integral_K_j integral_[0, 1] (partial alpha (x)) / (partial x_j) dif e_j^0 dif mu_(n - 1) (y) = \
(-1)^(j - 1) integral_K_j (alpha(y, 1) - alpha(y, 0)) dif mu_(n - 1) (y) $
]
С другой стороны, от изначального интеграла по границе останутся лишь те
слагаемые линейной кобинации, в которых также нет $dif e_j^0$, так как в
остальных какая-то координата, участвующая в $V_j$ фиксирована, а значит
интеграл будет нулевым:
#eq[
$integral_(partial K) Omega = integral_((-1)^(j + 1) K_(j, 1) + (-1)^j K_(j, 0)) alpha(x) V_j = \
(-1)^(j + 1) integral_((-1)^(j + 1) K_(j, 1)) alpha(x) V_(j , 1) + (-1)^j integral_((-1)^j K_(j, 0)) alpha(x) V_(j, 0) = \
(-1)^(j - 1) integral_K_j (alpha(y, 1) - alpha(y, 0)) dif mu_(n - 1) (y)$
]
]
#definition[
*Клеткой* называется диффеоморфный образ куба
]
#definition[
Для формы $Omega$ и диффеоморфизма $phi: U -> V$, $M subset U$ -- клетки, $K subset V$ -- куба:
#eq[
$integral_M Omega = integral_K phi^* Omega$
]
]
|
|
https://github.com/Shedward/dnd-charbook | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Shedward/dnd-charbook/main/dnd/page/charlist.typ | typst | #import "../core/core.typ": *
#import "../game/game.typ"
#let statsGrid(
names: game.stats
) = framed(fitting: expand)[
#grid(
columns: 100%,
gutter: paddings(1),
rows: 1fr,
..names.map(c => [
#framed(fitting: expand, insets: 0pt, stroke: strokes.normal)[
#grid(
columns: 100%,
rows: (1fr, auto),
[],
grid.hline(stroke: strokes.normal),
pad(y: paddings(1), charStat(c))
)
]
])
)
]
#let savingRolls() = table(
columns: (1fr, 10mm, 1fr, 10mm),
stroke: innerRowStrokes(),
// ---
..(for stat in game.stats {
(none, statCaption(stat))
})
)
#let deathSavesCheckboxes(caption) = grid.cell(colspan: 2)[
#propCap(caption)
#box[
#rect(width: 12mm, height: 1mm)
#place(center + horizon)[
#checkboxes(3, size: 2.5mm, padding: 100%, shape: circle.with(fill: white))
]
]
]
#let deathSaves() = grid(
columns: (auto, auto),
rows: (auto, auto),
gutter: paddings(1),
// ---
propCap[Destiny P.], propCap[Ins],
checkboxes(3), checkboxes(1),
deathSavesCheckboxes[Sc.],
deathSavesCheckboxes[Fl.]
)
#let rollsCaption(caption: none, body) = figure(
caption: propCap(caption),
supplement: none,
numbering: none,
body
)
#let saves() = grid(
columns: (1fr, auto, auto),
gutter: paddings(0.5),
inset: paddings(0.5),
// ---
rollsCaption(caption: [Saving roll])[
#savingRolls()
],
line(length: 100%, angle: 90deg, stroke: strokes.hairline),
rollsCaption(caption: [Death saves])[
#deathSaves()
]
)
#let skillsGrid() = grid(
columns: 100%,
rows: (auto, 1fr),
row-gutter: paddings(1),
// ---
framed(fitting: expand-h)[
#saves()
],
framed(fitting: expand, insets: (x: paddings(2), y: 0pt))[
#table(
columns: (18mm, 1fr, 10mm),
rows: 1fr,
stroke: innerRowStrokes(),
align: (auto, left, center),
// ---
..(for skill in game.skills {
(
none,
skill.name,
statCaption(fill: colors.secondary, skill.stat)
)
})
)
]
)
#let propsSeparator = line(stroke: strokes.thin, length: 100% + paddings(2), angle: 0deg)
#let healthPropBox = propBox.with(shape: heart, dy: -0.25em)
#let propsGrid() = framed(fitting: expand)[
#grid(
columns: 100%,
rows: (auto, auto, 1fr, auto, auto, auto, 1fr, auto),
row-gutter: paddings(1),
// ---
propBox[Initiative],
propBox(shape: shield, dy: -0.25em)[AC],
propsSeparator,
healthPropBox[Max],
badge(
width: 60%,
height: 4mm
)[
#healthPropBox[Cur.]
],
healthPropBox[Temp.],
propsSeparator,
propBox[Prf.Bonus],
propBox[Movement]
)
]
#let charlist(
character
) = page[
#grid(
columns: (20mm, 1fr, 21mm),
rows: (auto, 1fr),
gutter: paddings(1),
// ---
grid.cell(colspan: 2)[
#characterName(character.name)
#table(
columns: (1fr, 1fr),
align: (left, right),
inset: 2pt,
stroke: none,
[ #character.class, #character.subclass ], character.alignment,
[ #character.race, #character.type ], character.story,
)
],
grid.cell[
#pad(paddings(1))[
#propBox[Level]
]
],
statsGrid(), skillsGrid(), propsGrid()
)
]
|
|
https://github.com/r8vnhill/apunte-bibliotecas-de-software | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/r8vnhill/apunte-bibliotecas-de-software/main/Unit1/Clean.typ | typst | == Código limpio y mantenible
- Código fácil de leer y entender:
- Escribe código que sea claro y comprensible para otros desarrolladores.
- Usa nombres de variables y funciones descriptivos y significativos.
- Facilita el trabajo en equipo:
- Un código limpio y bien estructurado mejora la colaboración entre los miembros del equipo.
- Facilita la revisión de código y la incorporación de nuevos desarrolladores al proyecto.
- Evolución del software a lo largo del tiempo:
- Un código mantenible permite realizar cambios y agregar nuevas funcionalidades de manera eficiente.
- Reduce la deuda técnica y el riesgo de introducir errores en el sistema.
=== Impacto en la mantenibilidad
- Otrxs desarrolladorxs pueden entender rápidamente el propósito y funcionamiento del código:
- Facilita la colaboración y el trabajo en equipo.
- Permite a nuevxs desarrolladorxs integrarse más rápidamente al proyecto.
- Código más legible reduce la probabilidad de introducir errores:
- Ayuda a identificar problemas potenciales antes de que se conviertan en errores.
- Mejora la calidad general del software.
- Código bien estructurado y documentado es más fácil de modificar y mejorar:
- Facilita la implementación de nuevas funcionalidades.
- Permite realizar refactorizaciones y mejoras con menor riesgo.
- Asegura que el conocimiento se mantenga accesible para todo el equipo.
=== Impacto en la escalabilidad
- Código limpio puede adaptarse más fácilmente a nuevos requisitos y cambios:
- Permite una respuesta ágil a las necesidades del negocio.
- Facilita la implementación de nuevas características sin comprometer la calidad del código existente.
- Componentes bien definidos y modulares pueden ser reutilizados en diferentes partes del proyecto o en otros proyectos:
- Fomenta la reutilización del código.
- Reduce el tiempo de desarrollo al evitar la duplicación de esfuerzos.
- Equipos pueden trabajar de manera más eficiente y productiva, acelerando el desarrollo de nuevas funcionalidades y mejoras:
- Mejora la colaboración y la distribución de tareas.
- Minimiza los conflictos y la necesidad de refactorizaciones extensivas.
=== Principios de código limpio
==== Nombres descriptivos
Utilizar nombres que revelen la intención.
Si un nombre requiere un comentario, entonces el nombre no revela la intención adecuadamente.
*Ejemplo con nombres poco descriptivos*:
```kotlin
fun getThem(theList: List<IntArray>): List<IntArray> {
val list1 = mutableListOf<IntArray>()
for (x in theList) {
if (x[0] == 4) {
list1.add(x)
}
}
return list1
}
```
*Ejemplo mejorado con nombres descriptivos*:
```kotlin
fun getFlaggedCells(gameBoard: List<IntArray>): List<IntArray> {
val flaggedCells = mutableListOf<IntArray>()
for (cell in gameBoard) {
if (cell[STATUS_VALUE] == FLAGGED) {
flaggedCells.add(cell)
}
}
return flaggedCells
}
```
En este último ejemplo:
- `gameBoard` es un nombre que sugiere claramente el contexto.
- `flaggedCells` indica explícitamente lo que se está almacenando en la lista.
- `cell` describe cada elemento de la lista original.
Aquí tienes una versión mejorada y más clara, con la corrección indicada:
Evitar desinformación.
Evitar usar nombres que varíen ligeramente:
*Incorrecto*: `XYZControllerForEfficientHandlingOfStrings` vs `XYZControllerForEfficientStorageOfStrings`
Usar nombres de series como `a1`, `a2`, …, `aN` no es informativo.
*Ejemplo con nombres poco informativos*:
```kotlin
fun copyChars(a1: CharArray, a2: CharArray) {
for (i in a1.indices) {
a2[i] = a1[i]
}
}
```
*Ejemplo mejorado con nombres descriptivos*:
```kotlin
fun copyChars(source: CharArray, destination: CharArray) {
for (i in source.indices) {
destination[i] = source[i]
}
}
```
Las palabras "ruido" son redundantes y deben evitarse:
- *Incorrecto*: `ProductInfo` vs `ProductData`
- *Incorrecto*: `name` vs `theName` vs `aName`
- *Incorrecto*: `nameString`
*Ejemplo de nombres claros y concisos*:
```kotlin
val currentAccount
val activeUserAccounts
val accountDetails
```
Utilizar nombres pronunciables:
#quote(attribution: [Martin, 2009])[
If you can't pronounce it, you can't discuss it without sounding like an idiot. (…) This matters because programming is a social activity.
]
*Ejemplo con nombre poco pronunciable*:
```kotlin
// "generation date, year, month, day, hour, minute, and second"
val genymdhms: String = TODO()
```
==== Funciones
- Las funciones deben ser pequeñas.
#quote(attribution: [Martin, 2009])[
The first rule of functions is that they should be small. The second rule of functions is that they should be smaller than that.
]
- Idealmente, una función no debería tener más de 20 líneas.
- Cada función debe hacer una sola cosa.
- Una función que hace una sola cosa “no puede” dividirse en secciones.
- El número ideal de argumentos de una función es 0, seguido por 1 y luego 2.
- Tener 3 o más argumentos debe estar justificado fuertemente.
- Evitar el uso de argumentos “flag”.
- Las funciones deben hacer algo o responder una pregunta, pero no ambas.
==== Comentarios
#quote(attribution: [Martin, 2009])[
The proper use of comments is to compensate for our failure to express ourselves in code.
]
- Los comentarios son propensos a errores.
- Es importante mantener los comentarios actualizados.
- Los comentarios deben usarse cuando el código por sí solo no sea suficiente para expresar la intención.
==== Formato de código
- *Archivos pequeños*: Son más fáciles de entender y manejar que archivos gigantes.
- *Orden lógico*: El código generalmente se lee de arriba hacia abajo, por lo que las funciones deben estar organizadas de manera lógica para facilitar la lectura.
- *Estándares de formato*: Es crucial definir y seguir estándares de formato para cada proyecto. Estos estándares aseguran consistencia y legibilidad.
- *Herramientas de análisis estático*: Utilizar herramientas de análisis estático puede ayudar a mantener el formato del código consistente y detectar desviaciones de los estándares establecidos.
Mantener un formato de código coherente y organizado no solo mejora la legibilidad, sino que también facilita la colaboración y el mantenimiento del proyecto a largo plazo.
|
|
https://github.com/typst/packages | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/typst/packages/main/packages/preview/fh-joanneum-iit-thesis/1.1.0/template/thesis.typ | typst | Apache License 2.0 | // IIT Institute of Software Design and Security
// FH JOANNEUM (fhj)
// Template for a Bachelor's and Master's thesis
// central place where libraries are imported
// (or macros are defined)
// which are used within all the chapters:
#import "chapters/global.typ": *
#show: doc => thesis(
// Logo should be ok for a thesis at IIT, the
// Institute of Software Design and Security (see https://www.fh-joanneum.at/iit)
logo: image("./figures/logo.svg", width: 32%),
// Your study programme
// Master:
// ims ... IT & Mobile Security (see https://www.fh-joanneum.at/ims)
// irm ... IT-Recht & Management (see https://www.fh-joanneum.at/irm)
// Bachelor:
// swd ... Software Design & Cloud Computing (VZ) (see https://www.fh-joanneum.at/itm)
// swd ... Software Design & Cloud Computing (BB) (see https://www.fh-joanneum.at/swd)
// msd ... Mobile Software Development (see https://www.fh-joanneum.at/msd)
study: "swd", // ims, irm, swd, msd
// For study programme "ims" the language is required to be in English
language: "en", // en, de
title: "<title>",
// Optional subtitle. Set to none if you do not need a subtitle.
subtitle: "<subtitle>",
supervisor: "<supervisor>",
author: "<author>",
// E.g. "Dezember 2025" or "Dec / 2025"
submission-date: "<submission_date>",
// For study programme "IMS"
// the German abstract is optional, i.e. set to none.
abstract-ge: [
#lorem(180)
#todo([TODO: Die Kurzfassung sollte das gesamte Werk enthalten, also das spannende Problem, den gewählten – neuartigen – Lösungsansatz und natürlich vor allem die erreichten Resultate.])
],
abstract-en: [
#lorem(180)
#todo([TODO: Write the abstract in English and in German, called Kurzfassung. Describe in about 250 to 350 words the problem, the innovation, the method, the results and implications.])
],
// enable/disable "listings", "tables","equations","figures"
show-list-of: ("listings", "tables","equations","figures"),
biblio: bibliography("biblio.bib", style: "./biblio.csl"),
doc,
)
// Include as many chapters as you like
// e.g.:
#include "./chapters/2-intro.typ"
#pagebreak()
#include "./chapters/3-related.typ"
#pagebreak()
#include "./chapters/4-background.typ"
#pagebreak()
#include "./chapters/5-concept.typ"
#pagebreak()
#include "./chapters/6-implementation.typ"
#pagebreak()
#include "./chapters/7-evaluation.typ"
#pagebreak()
#include "./chapters/8-conclusion.typ"
#pagebreak()
|
https://github.com/0x6e66/hbrs-typst | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/0x6e66/hbrs-typst/main/modules_de/01_fundamentals.typ | typst | = Grundlagen
#lorem(500)
== Sub-Grundlagen
#lorem(500) |
|
https://github.com/noahjutz/AD | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/noahjutz/AD/main/uebungen/2/rec_tree.typ | typst | #import "@preview/cetz:0.2.2"
#let rec_tree(root) = {
if root < 2 {root}
else {(root, rec_tree(root - 1), rec_tree(root - 2))}
}
#let to_content(x) = if type(x) == array {x.map(to_content)} else {repr(x)}
#cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
import cetz.tree
let n = 5
set-style(content: (padding: 4pt))
tree.tree(rec_tree(n).map(to_content))
}) |
|
https://github.com/SWATEngineering/Docs | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SWATEngineering/Docs/main/src/3_PB/SpecificaTecnica/meta.typ | typst | MIT License | #let title = "Specifica Tecnica" |
https://github.com/typst/packages | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/typst/packages/main/packages/preview/universal-hit-thesis/0.2.0/harbin/bachelor/pages/bibliography.typ | typst | Apache License 2.0 | #import "../config/constants.typ": special-chapter-titles
#let bibliography-page(
bibliography,
) = [
#heading(special-chapter-titles.参考文献, level: 1, numbering: none)
#bibliography(title: none)
] |
https://github.com/MatheSchool/typst-g-exam | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MatheSchool/typst-g-exam/develop/docs-shiroa/g-exam-doc/examples/exam-big-image.doc.typ | typst | MIT License | #import "@preview/cetz:0.2.1"
#import "@preview/g-exam:0.3.2": *
#show: g-exam.with(
author: (
name: "<NAME>",
email: "<EMAIL>",
watermark: "Profesor: andres",
),
school: (
name: "IES <NAME>",
// logo:image("./logo-ies_fernando_fernan_gomez.png")
),
exam-info: (
academic-period: "Curso 2023/2024",
academic-level: "1º ESO",
academic-subject: "Matemáticas",
number: "1º Evaluación",
content: "Potencias y raíces",
model: "Modelo A"
),
language: "es",
decimal-separator: ",",
date: "November 21, 2023",
show-student-data: "odd-pages",
show-grade-table: true,
question-point-position: right,
// question-text-parameters: (size: 18pt, spacing:200%)
// question-text-parameters: (size: 11pt, spacing:100%)
)
#set math.cases(reverse: true)
#g-question(point:0.5)[Calcula el valor de las siguientes potencias:]
#g-subquestion[$display(3^3 = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(5^3 =)$]
#v(1fr)
// ==? $display(2^5 =)$
// #v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(37^0 =)$]
#v(1fr)
#g-question(point:0.5)[Expresa en forma de potencia:]
#g-subquestion[$display(3 dot 3 dot 3 dot 3 =)$]
#v(1fr)
// ==? $display(5 dot 5 dot 5 = )$
// #v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(18 dot 18 dot 18 dot 18 dot 18 dot 18 = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-question(point:2)[Expresa en forma de una sola potencia:]
#g-subquestion[$display(3^5 dot 3^7 = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(2^3 dot 2^8 = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(2^5:2^2 = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(5^10:5^7 = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(5^3 dot 2^3 = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(14^5 : 7^5 = )$]
#v(1fr)
#pagebreak()
#g-question(point:1)[Escribe en forma de una única potencia las siguientes operaciones:]
#g-subquestion[$display((3^2)^8 = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display((25^3)^5 = )$]
#v(1fr)
// =? 1 Simplifica las siguientes expresiones e indicalas en forma de una única potencia:
// ==? $display((3^3 dot 3^2)^2 = )$
// #v(1fr)
// ==? $display(20^6 dot (5^2)^3 = )$
// #v(1fr)
=? 2 Halla el valor de estas raíces cuadradas exactas:
#g-subquestion[$display(sqrt(81) = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(sqrt(225) = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-question(point:2)[Indica el valor de las siguientes expresiones como un solo radical:]
#g-subquestion[$display(sqrt(7) dot sqrt(3) = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(sqrt(15) dot sqrt(5) = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-subquestion[$display(sqrt(14) : sqrt(7) = )$]
#v(1fr)
#g-question(point:2)[Queremos crear un jardín cuadrado y nos han dado para ello 18 crisantemos, ¿Cuál será el tamaño del jardín y cuantas flores nos sobran?]
#v(5fr) |
https://github.com/tingerrr/anti-matter | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tingerrr/anti-matter/main/example/main.typ | typst | MIT License | #import "/src/lib.typ": anti-matter, fence, set-numbering
#set page("a4", height: auto)
#show heading.where(level: 1): it => pagebreak(weak: true) + it
#show: anti-matter
#set-numbering(none)
#align(center)[My Title Page]
#pagebreak()
#set-numbering("I")
#include "front-matter.typ"
#fence()
#include "chapters.typ"
#fence()
#include "back-matter.typ"
|
https://github.com/meggy-lie-anne/TopologyCubicalComplexes | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/meggy-lie-anne/TopologyCubicalComplexes/main/report.typ | typst | #import "@preview/cetz:0.1.2"
#set text(font: "New Computer Modern")
#set par(justify: true, leading: 0.9em)
#show heading: it => {
v(1em)
it
v(1em, weak: true)
}
#v(2em)
#align(center, [
= Cubical complexes
<NAME>, <NAME>
])
#v(4em)
*This research project focuses on the implementation of homology and persistent homology algorithms for cubical complexes - mathematical structures that provide a combinatorial description of spaces by using cubes as building blocks. Usually, those two concepts are computed for filtrations arising from simplicial complexes, but in certain cases (e.g. 3D models, bitmap pictures etc) the use of cubical decomposition is more appropriate. its applications on different surfaces (e.g. Klein bottle, torus, projective plane). We were able to build the boundary matrices and the persistent homology barcodes for complexes built in $ZZ_2$.*
== Introduction
When talking about homology and persistent homology, it is often assumed that we are studying simplicial complexes and their filtrations. However, in some areas, data is better represented with *cubical complexes*, in which simplices are replaced with cubes. For instance, it is the case when dealing with an image made of square pixels, or a video which can be seen as a three-dimensional image, where the third dimension is time.
For instance, they offer a useful framework for representing pixel-based data, such as bitmap images, where each pixel corresponds naturally to a cube. In this context, the grid-like structure of cubical complexes aligns smoothly with the structure of pixel grids. Moreover, the boundary definition in cubical complexes is particularly advantageous for tasks related to image processing. In a cubical complex, determining the boundary of a cube is straightforward, making it well-suited for identifying neighboring pixels in an image.
More formally, a cube can be defined as a product of elementary intervals. An elementary interval is either degenerate ([𝑖, 𝑖], 𝑖 ∈ N) or non-degenerate ([𝑖, 𝑖 + 1]). A 2-dimensional cube (square) spanning from (1, 3) to (2, 4) would then be represented as:
$ [1, 2] times [3, 4] $
Similarly to a simplicial complex, we can define a cubical complex as a set of cubes such that if a cube is part of the complex, then its boundary is part of it too.
#let pt = c => cetz.draw.rect(c, (c.at(0) + 0.1, c.at(1) + 0.1), fill: black)
#figure(
cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
pt((0, 0))
pt((2, 0))
pt((2, 2))
pt((0, 2))
line((0.05, 0), (0.05, 2))
line((2.05, 0.05), (0.05, 0.05))
}),
caption: "Example of a cubical complex"
) <ex1>
Using similar definitions as for simplicial complex, it is possible to define homology and persistent homology for this kind of complex.
== Method
=== Representing cubical complexes
We can improve the efficiency of the representation of cubical complexes by taking advantage of their structure. In a 𝑑-dimensional complex, each cube can be efficiently represented as an element of $NN^d$. Here, each element of this vector corresponds to a dimension. If the coordinate is even, the corresponding interval in the product is degenerate; if it is odd, it is non-degenerate. The interval corresponding to a coordinate $x$ starts at $x div 2$ (using Euclidean division).
The complex illustrated in @ex1 can be represented using this set (assuming the y-axis points down, and (0, 0) is in the upper-left corner):
$
{
vec(0, 0), vec(0, 2), vec(2, 0), vec(2, 2), vec(0, 1), vec(1, 2)
}
$
Each element of this set corresponds to a cube in the complex. The first coordinate in each pair represents the x-coordinate, and the second coordinate represents the y-coordinate. For instance, $vec(0,2)$ gives us $[0,0] times [1,1]$, corresponding to the 0-dimensional cube (vertex) (0,1) ; $vec(1,2)$ gives us $[0,1] times [1,1]$, correponding to the 1-dimensional cube (edge) [0,1].
This representation is much more compact and less ambiguous than listing the vertices that are part of each cube.
=== Computing homology
It is then possible to compute homology, and more generaly, persistent homology. To do so, we implemented the algorithm described by Wagner _et al._ @Wagner2012.
Using a filtration, that is represented as a function that assigns to each vertex an index, we build a generalization of this filtration, that assigns an index to all cubes in the complex. Cubes can then be sorted according to their assigned index. The order of the vertices is preserved, and a non-vertex cube is guaranteed to be after all its vertices.
We use this ordering to build a boundary matrix: each column corresponds to a cube in the complex (the $i$-th column corresponds to the cube with filtration index $i$ to be exact). The $j$-th element in this column is $1$ if the cube with filtration index $j$ is part of the boundary of the $i$-th cube (otherwise, it is $0$).
Using the representation described above, it is easy to compute the boundary of any cube: for each coordinate $x$, if it is non-degenerate, the boundary includes two cubes that both share the same coordinates as the cube excepted for $x$ which is replaced with $x - 1$ and $x + 1$ respectively.
Afterwards, the matrix is reduced, using the algorithm proposed by Chen _et al._ @Chen2011PersistentHC. We can then exploit the equations provided in this same article to build persistence pairs.
== Results
=== A simple example
We decided to test our code on a simple example, drawn below (the number below each step is the filtration index of the cube that is added at this step):
#align(center, table(
columns: 8,
rows: 2,
stroke: gray,
cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
scale(0.7)
pt((0, 0))
rect((2.1, 2.1), (2.1, 2.1))
}),
cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
scale(0.7)
pt((0, 0))
pt((2, 0))
rect((2.1, 2.1), (2.1, 2.1))
}),
cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
scale(0.7)
pt((0, 0))
pt((2, 0))
line((0, 0.05), (2, 0.05))
rect((2.1, 2.1), (2.1, 2.1))
}),
cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
scale(0.7)
pt((0, 0))
pt((2, 0))
line((0, 0.05), (2, 0.05))
pt((2, 2))
}),
cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
scale(0.7)
pt((0, 0))
pt((2, 0))
line((0, 0.05), (2, 0.05))
pt((2, 2))
line((2.05, 0.05), (2.05, 2.05))
}),
cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
scale(0.7)
pt((0, 0))
pt((2, 0))
line((0, 0.05), (2, 0.05))
pt((2, 2))
line((2.05, 0.05), (2.05, 2.05))
pt((0, 2))
}),
cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
scale(0.7)
pt((0, 0))
pt((2, 0))
line((0, 0.05), (2, 0.05))
pt((2, 2))
line((2.05, 0.05), (2.05, 2.05))
pt((0, 2))
line((2.05, 2.05), (0.05, 2.05))
}),
cetz.canvas({
import cetz.draw: *
scale(0.7)
pt((0, 0))
pt((2, 0))
line((0, 0.05), (2, 0.05))
pt((2, 2))
line((2.05, 0.05), (2.05, 2.05))
pt((0, 2))
line((2.05, 2.05), (0.05, 2.05))
line((0.05, 2.05), (0.05, 0.05))
}),
"0",
"1",
"2",
"3",
"4",
"5",
"6",
"7",
))
Our algorithm gives the following boundary matrix, which is then reduced:
#{
show "0": text.with(fill: gray)
$
mat(
0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;
)
arrow
mat(
0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0;
)
$
}
If we build the homology pairs and plot them on a bar diagram, this is what we obtain.
#figure(image("simple_bars.png"))
The dark blue bars are homology generators: the longest one is for the $0$-dimension generator (one connected component) and the short one is for the $1$-dimension generator (the loop that appears at the last step). The light blue bars correspond to the addition of a vertex followed by the addition of a line: a new connected component is created and then immediatly killed.
=== Some classic examples
For these complexes, we used data from SageMath that we converted to our own format. Here are the bar charts that we obtain:
#figure(image("plane_bars.png"), caption: "Projective plane bars")
#figure(image("klein_bars.png"), caption: "Klein bottle bars")
#figure(image("torus_bars.png"), caption: "Torus bars")
We can see that the number of generator is what we would expect. For instance, the torus has one generator in dimension 0, two in dimension one, and one in dimension two.
== Discussion
Our algorithm seems to correctly compute persistent homology for cubical complexes. Unfortunately, due to time constraints, we were unable to implement the persistent homology algorithm using various coefficients. As it is, our code only supports $ZZ_2$.
The choice of coefficients in persistent homology are important for the detail of the captured topological features. For instance, using $ZZ_2$ coefficients simplifies computations and is well-suited for applications in image processing and computer graphics.
Extending the model to support other coefficients would require we use a more general definition of boundaries (e.g. in $ZZ$, cubes in a boundary are oriented). However, this comes at the cost of increased computational complexity. The reduction algorithm should also be adapted to work in a different field, when summing columns together.
== Conclusion
In conclusion, this research project delved into the implementation of homology and persistent homology algorithms specifically applied to cubical complexes. While traditional approaches focus on simplicial complexes, cubical complexes provide a more suitable representation for certain types of data, such as pixel-based images or three-dimensional structures incorporating time.
The method presented efficiently represents cubical complexes, and allow for a more effective representation compared to listing individual vertices. The implemented algorithms for computing homology and persistent homology were based on the work of Wagner et al. [1], with an emphasis on using filtrations to assign indices to cubes and building boundary matrices.
Results from testing the code on both a simple example and classic mathematical surfaces, such as the Klein bottle, torus, and projective plane, gave expected outcomes. The homology generators and their corresponding dimensions align with the theoretical expectations. However, our current implementation supports only $ZZ_2$ coefficients. It can be noted that $ZZ_2$ coefficients are suitable for applications in image processing and computer graphics. Also, extending the model to accommodate other coefficients would involve a more general definition of boundaries.
Further work could involve refining the model to support additional coefficients, adapting the reduction algorithm accordingly, and exploring applications in various fields where cubical complexes play a crucial role.
== Division of work
<NAME> : researches on cubical complexes and persistent homology, implementation of the algorithm, tests, report
<NAME>and : researches on cubical complexes and persistent homology, report
== References
#bibliography("report.bib", title: none) |
|
https://github.com/valentinvogt/npde-summary | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/valentinvogt/npde-summary/main/src/chapters/10.typ | typst | #import "../setup.typ": *
#show: thmrules
= Convection-Diffusion Problems
<ch:convection-diffusion>
== Heat conduction in a Fluid
<sub:heat-conduction>
Consider a flowing fluid. Then there is the key quantity, the #emph[flow field] $bold(v) : Omega subset bb(R)^d arrow.r bb(R)^d$,
where $d$ is the dimension we consider. The flow field can be understood as
$bold(v) (bx) =$ fluid velocity at point $bx in Omega$.
Given a flow field $bold(v)$, we can consider the autonomous initial value
problem
$ dot(bold(y)) = bold(v) (bold(y)) , quad bold(y)_0 = bx_0 $ The solution $t arrow.r bold(y) (t)$ describes
how a particle moves, carried by the fluid, also called #emph[streamline];.
As the domain $Omega$ is usually bounded, we cannot have fluid leaving the
domain. This means the fluid velocity must be zero in the normal direction of
the domain boundary. Hence
$ bold(v (x) dot.op n (x)) = 0 , quad forall bx in partial Omega $
#strong[Fourier’s law in a moving fluid]
$ bold(j (x)) = - kappa grad u (bx) + bold(v (x)) rho u (bx) $
with $kappa$ the heat conductivity and $rho$ the volumetric heat capacity. We
already know the first part, called diffusive heat flux, from the heat equation.
The second part is called convective heat flux. With this new flux, the standard
PDE becomes
#neq(
$ - div (kappa grad u) + div (rho bold(v (x)) u) = f quad upright("in ") Omega $,
) <eq:convection-diffusion-strong>
#strong[Incompressible Fluids]
A fluid is called incompressible if its associated flow map (evaluation
operator) $Phi^t$ is volume preserving. This is the case iff.
#align(center)[
#subtle-box(width: 50%)[
$ upright("div ") bold(v) equiv 0 quad upright("in ") Omega $
]
]
Hence the fluid is incompressible if its flow velocity is divergence-free.
// #theorem(number: "10.1.3.7", "Differentiation formula for determinants")[
// Let $bold(S)$ be a smooth matrix-valued function. If $bold(S)$ is
// regular then
// $ frac(dif, dif t) upright("det") bold(S) (t) = upright("det") (bold(S) (t)) upright("tr") (frac(dif bold(S), dif t) (t) bold(S)^(- 1) (t)) $
// with det the determinant and tr the trace of a matrix.
// ]
In case of incompressibility, equation @eq:convection-diffusion-strong can be
simplified using the general product rule @thm:general-product-rule and
$upright("div ") bold(v) = 0$
$ - div (kappa grad u) + bold(v (x)) dot.op grad rho u = f quad upright("in ") Omega $
We can also look at the time-dependent heat flow, which is similar to the heat
equation @eq:heat-local
#neq(
$ frac(partial, partial t) med (rho u) - div (kappa grad u) + div (rho med bold(v) (bx ,t) med bu) = f quad upright("in ") Omega $,
)<eq:time-dependent-heat>
We will see later on how to solve this.
#pagebreak()
== Stationary Convection-Diffusion Problems
<sub:stationary-convection-diffusion>
Here we will focus on the convection diffusion equation
@eq:convection-diffusion-strong with constant $kappa$, $rho$, incompressible
flow
$bold(v)$ and zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. Hence
$ - kappa Delta u + rho bold(v (x)) dot.op grad u = f quad upright("in ") Omega , #h(2em) u = 0 quad upright("on ") partial Omega $
Non-dimensionalizing the problem results in
#neq(
$ - eps Delta u + bold(v (x)) dot.op grad u = f quad upright("in ") Omega , #h(2em) u = 0 quad upright("on ") partial Omega $,
) <eq:convection-diffusion-basic-strong>
with $norm(bold(v))_(L^oo (Omega)) = 1$. This results in the following
variational form
#neq(
$ eps integral_Omega grad u dot.op grad w dif bx + integral_Omega (bold(v) dot.op grad u) w dif bx = integral_Omega f (bx) w dif x $,
) <eq:convection-diffusion-weak>
with the left-hand side the bilinear form $a (u , w)$. However, $a$ is not
symmetric. This also means that it does not induce an energy norm. However, it
is still positive definite (see lecture document).
=== Singular perturbation
A boundary value problem depending on a parameter $eps$ is called singularly
perturbed, if the limit problem for $eps arrow.r eps_0$ is not compatible with
the boundary conditions.
For $eps = 0$, the above PDE is singularly perturbed. It cannot satisfy Dirichlet
boundary conditions on the _outflow_ part of the boundary.
$ Gamma_(upright("out")) &= bx in partial Omega : bold(v (x)) dot.op bold(n (x)) > 0 \
Gamma_(upright("in")) &= bx in partial Omega : bold(v (x)) dot.op bold(n (x)) < 0 $
// TODO: give a clear example
// *Example*: In 1D, assume $Omega = (0, 1)$, $bold(v) = 1$, $f = 0$ and $u = 0$ on $partial Omega$, so for $eps = 0$ we have
// $ frac(dif u, dif x) = 0 \
// u (0) = 0, thick u (1) = 0 $
// The equation has the solution $u(x)=x$, but this is incompatible with the boundary conditions.
=== Upwinding
When we solve Convection-Diffusion for $eps approx 0$ with the Galerkin method, we get
large (non-physical) oscillations in the solution. This is due to the fact that
the Galerkin matrix becomes close to singular.
So our goal is to get a robust method that can
solve @eq:convection-diffusion-weak for any $eps >= 0$.
Consider again Eq. @eq:convection-diffusion-weak but in $d = 1$ and with zero
boundary conditions
$ eps integral_0^1 frac(partial u, partial x) frac(partial w, partial x) dif x + integral_0^1 frac(partial u, partial x) w dif x = integral_0^1 f (x) w dif x $
To calculate the Galerkin matrix for an equidistant mesh with $M$ cells, we use
the global composite trapezoidal rule for the convective term
$ integral_0^1 psi (x) dif x approx h sum_(j = 0)^M psi (j h) $
Hence the convective term of the bilinear form will be approximated by
$ integral_0^1 frac(partial u_h, partial x) med w_h dif x approx h sum_(j = 1)^(M - 1) colMath(frac(partial u_h, partial x) (j h), accentcolor) med w_h (j h) $
But $frac(partial u_h, partial x) (j h)$ is not defined: $u_h in cal(S)_(1 , 0)^0$ is
piecewise continuous, so its derivative has jumps at the nodes. However,
convection transports the information in the direction of $bold(v)$ ($= 1$
in our case). So we use the value of $frac(partial u_h, partial x)$ from "upwind",
i.e., in direction $-bold(v)$, which here is the value in the previous cell:
$ frac(partial u_h, partial x) (j h) = lim_(delta arrow.r 0) frac(partial u_h, partial x) (j h - delta bold(v)) = eval(frac(partial u_h, partial x)) _openint(x_(j - 1), x_j) $
And generalized in more dimensions
$ bold(v (p)) dot.op grad u_h (bold(p)) = lim_(delta arrow.r 0) bold(v (p)) dot.op grad u_h (bold(p) - delta bold(v (p))) $
#counter(heading).update((10, 2, 2, 1))
==== Streamline Diffusion
A different appproach to fix the problem of $eps arrow.r 0$ is to add artificial diffusion.
In 1D, this can be done by replacing $eps arrow.l eps + c (h)$ with $c (h) > 0$.
For $d>1$, this is generalized to adding an $h$-dependent multiple of $Delta u$. With this artificial diffusion, we get
a different solution: there is "smearing in the internal layers", sharp jumps are smoothed out.
The remedy for this problem is to add diffusion only in the direction of streamlines. This results in the method of #emph[Anisotropic diffusion]:
On cell $K$, replace
$eps arrow.l eps bold(I) + delta_K bold(v)_K bold(v)_K^top$. Here, $bold(v)_K$ is
the local velocity, obtained by averaging over the vertices, and
$delta_K > 0$ some controlling parameter.
$ integral_Omega (eps bold(I) + delta_K bold(v)_K bold(v)_K^top) grad u dot.op grad w dif bx + integral_Omega (bold(v) dot.op grad u) w dif bx = integral_Omega f (bx) w dif bx $
However this affects the solution $u$, such that it will not be the same as the
one from Eq. @eq:convection-diffusion-weak. To get rid of this inconsistency,
the anisotropic diffusion can be introduced via a residual term
$ integral_Omega eps grad u dot.op grad w dif bx + integral_Omega (bold(v) dot.op grad u) w dif bx\
+ sum_(K in msh) delta_K integral_K (- eps Delta u + bold(v) dot.op grad u - f) (bold(v) dot.op grad w) = integral_Omega f (bx) w dif bx $
The added term will be zero for the exact solution and we still have a diffusion term. The control parameter is usually chosen
according to
$ delta_K = cases(
delim: "{", eps^(- 1) h_K^2 & quad upright("if ") norm(bold(v))_(K , oo) h_K lt.eq 2 eps, h_K & quad upright("if ") norm(bold(v))_(K , oo) h_K > 2 eps,
) $
With this, the $Order(h_(msh)^2)$ convergence of
$norm(u-u_h)_(L^2 (Omega))$ for $h$-refinement is preserved, while upwind
quadrature only achieves $Order(h_(msh))$ convergence.
#pagebreak(weak: true)
== Discretization of Time-Dependent Convection-Diffusion IBVPs
<sub:discrete-time-dependent-convection-diffusion>
Now we will take a look at how time-dependent (also called _transient_)
convection-diffusion can be modeled. Assuming the incompressibility condition
and non-dimensionalizing, @eq:time-dependent-heat becomes
#neq(
$ frac(partial u, partial t) - eps Delta u + bold(v)(bx, t) dot.op grad u = f quad upright("in ") Omega $,
) <eq:transient_conv_diff>
If we solve this with the method of lines (@sub:method-of-lines) without upwind
quadrature, oscillations occur. But with upwinding, we get damping, which is
also wrong. Therefore, we need a different method. Again, we need to take care
of the limit $eps arrow.r 0$. So let's first look at the pure transport problem
($eps = 0$):
$ frac(partial u, partial t) + bold(v)(bx, t) dot.op grad u = f quad upright("in ") Omega $
Its solution is given by the #emph[Method of Characteristics]
#neq(
$ u (bx , t) = cases(
delim: "{", u_0 (bold(x_0)) + integral_0^t f (bold(y) (s) , s) dif s & upright("if ") bold(y) (s) in Omega quad &forall 0 < s < t, g (bold(y) (s_0) , s_0) + integral_(s_0)^t f (bold(y) (s) , s) dif s quad& upright("if ") bold(y) (s_0) in partial Omega and bold(y) (s) in Omega quad &forall s_0 < s < t,
) $,
) <eq:moc>
where $bold(y) (t)$ is defined as the solution of
$dot(bold(y)) (t) = bold(v \( y) (t) , t \)$ and describes a streamline.
We have the initial condition $u_0$ on $Omega$ and the Dirichlet boundary
condition $g$ on the inflow boundary (see @eq:heat-bc-ic for definitions). This
method works as follows: We follow a streamline backwards in time starting at $bx$.
Then, the solution consists of two parts: The inital value of $u$ at $t=0$ and
the integral of the source function $f$ from 0 to $t$ along the streamline. This
is described by the first case for a streamline that stays inside the domain.
The second case is for a streamline that leaves the domain. Here, $s_0$ is the
time at which the streamline intersects the boundary, and we use the boundary
value $g$ as the initial value at time $s_0$.
#strong[Splitting Methods]
Given a general ODE whose right-hand side is the sum of two functions
$ dot(bold(y)) = bold(g) (t , bold(y)) + bold(r) (t , bold(y)) $ The Strang
Splitting single-step method provides a method to solve this.
#mybox(
"Strang Splitting",
)[
Compute $bold(y)^((j + 1))$ given
$bold(y)^((j))$ according to
$ tilde(bold(y)) &= bold(z) (t_j + 1 / 2 tau) , #h(2em) &&upright(" where ") bold(z) (t) &&upright(" solves ") dot(bold(z)) &&= bold(g) (t , bold(z)) , bold(z) (t_j) = bold(y)^((j))\
hat(bold(y)) &= bold(w) (t_(j + 1)) , #h(2em) &&upright(" where ") bold(w) (t) &&upright(" solves ") dot(bold(z)) &&= bold(r) (t , bold(w)) , bold(w) (t_j) = tilde(bold(y))\
bold(y)^((j + 1)) &= bold(z) (t_(j + 1)) , #h(2em) &&upright(" where ") bold(z) (t) &&upright(" solves ") dot(bold(z)) &&= bold(g) (t , bold(z)) , bold(z) (t_j + 1 / 2 tau) = hat(bold(y)) $
and $t_(j + 1) = t_j + tau$
]
#v(-1cm)
#theorem(
number: "10.3.3.5", "Order of Strang splitting single-step method",
)[
If the IVP in each sub-step is solved exactly or with a 2nd-order time-stepping
method, the Strang splitting method is of second order.
]
We can now apply this to Eq. @eq:transient_conv_diff.
$ frac(partial, partial t) &u &= quad & eps Delta u & quad f - bold(v) & dot.op grad u\
&arrow.t.b & quad & med med arrow.t.b & quad & med med arrow.t.b\
& dot(bold(y)) &= quad bold( &g (y)) & &bold(r(y)) $ This
amounts to once solving pure diffusion
$ frac(partial t, partial z) - eps Delta z = 0 $ and once pure transport
$ frac(partial t, partial w) + bold(v) dot.op grad u = f $ To solve the pure
transport problem, we have seen the method of characteristics @eq:moc. However,
it requires integration along streamlines. We can approximate these integrals by imagining particles being carried by the velocity field and "following" them along their pathlines. This *particle method*
works as follows:
+ Pick suitable interpolation nodes $bold(p)_i$, the initial particle positions.
+ Solve initial value problems
$ bold(dot(y)) (t) = bold(y)(bold(v)(t), t) quad , quad bold(y) (0) = bold(p)_i $
with suitable single-step methods.
+ Reconstruct the approximation. E.g., with the composite midpoint rule,
$ u_h^((j)) (bold(p)_i^((j))) = u_0 (bold(p)_i) + tau sum_(l = 1)^(j - 1) f (1 / 2 (bold(p)_i^l + bold(p)_i^(l - 1)) , 1 / 2 (t_l + t_(l - 1))) $
Basically, we have an interpolation problem with nodes that change over time. At
each step, we need to add particles at the inflow boundary and remove ones that
leave the domain. This means we need to re-mesh in each step, i.e., create a new
triangular mesh with the advected nodes/particles.
#pagebreak(weak: true)
#counter(heading).update((10, 3, 3))
=== Semi-Lagrangian Method
<sub:semi-lagrangian>
#tip-box(
"",
)[
Check out this #link("https://youtu.be/kvBRFxRIJuY", "video") for an
intuitive explanation of the method in 1D.
]
The Semi-Lagrangian method, contrary to the particle method, uses a _fixed_ mesh.
#definition(
number: "10.3.4.2", "Material derivative", ..unimportant,
)[
Given a velocity field $bold(v)$, the material derivative of a function
$f$ is given by
$ frac(D u, D bold(v)) (bx , t_0) = lim_(tau arrow.r 0) frac(u (bx , t_0) - u (Phi^(t_0 , t_0 - tau) bx , t_0 - tau), tau) $
]
By the chain rule we find
$ frac(D u, D bold(v)) (bx , t) = grad u (bx , t) dot.op bold(v \( x) , t \) + frac(partial, partial t) u(bx , t) $
Hence the transient convection-diffusion equation @eq:transient_conv_diff can be
rewritten as
$ frac(D u, D bold(v)) - eps Delta u = f quad upright(" in ") Omega $
We will now approximate the material derivative by a backwards difference. It is
easy to interpret that expression: the total change of $u$ in a time-step for a
particle is the difference of the current $u^((j))$ at the particle's current
position $bx$ minus the value of the previous function $u^((j - 1))$ at the
particle's old position $Phi^(t_j , t_j - tau) bx$. We get a semi-discretization
$ frac(u^((j)) (bx) - u^((j - 1)) (Phi^(t_j , t_j - tau) bx), tau) - eps Delta u^((j)) = f (bx , t_j) quad upright(" in ") Omega $
with additional initial conditions for $t = t_j$. We can apply the standard
Galerkin method to this semi-discretization.
$ integral_Omega frac(u^((j)) (bx) - u^((j - 1)) (Phi^(t_j , t_j - tau) bx), tau) w(bx) dif bx + eps integral_Omega grad u^((j)) dot.op grad w dif bx = integral_Omega f (bx , t_j) w(bx) dif bx $
Unfortunately this cannot be implemented as is because the function
$u^((j - 1)) (Phi^(t_j , t_j - tau) bx)$ is not a finite element function on $msh$.
To get around this, we do two things: Replace $Phi^(t_j , t_j - tau) bx$ by $bx - tau bold(v)(bx, t_j)$ (an
explicit Euler step) and replace $u^((j - 1)) (Phi^(t_j , t_j - tau) bx)$ by its
linear interpolant $I_1 (u^((j - 1)) (Phi^(t_j , t_j - tau) bx))$.
$ integral_Omega frac(
u^((j)) (bx) - I_1 lr({u^((j - 1)) (bold(s) - tau bold(v)(bold(s) , t_j))}, size: #110%) (bx), tau,
) w(bx) dif bx + eps integral_Omega grad u^((j)) dot.op grad w dif bx = integral_Omega f (bx , t_j) w(bx) dif bx $
Here, $bold(s)$ is the variable on which the interpolation operator $I_1$ acts
(in the lecture notes, this variable is written as a dot "$med dot.op med$").
The above equation still looks quite complicated, but can be implemented.
|
|
https://github.com/SWATEngineering/Docs | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SWATEngineering/Docs/main/src/3_PB/VerbaliInterni/VerbaleInterno_240223/meta.typ | typst | MIT License | #let data_incontro = "23-02-2024"
#let inizio_incontro = "16:00"
#let fine_incontro = "17:00"
#let luogo_incontro = "Discord" |
https://github.com/Otto-AA/definitely-not-tuw-thesis | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Otto-AA/definitely-not-tuw-thesis/main/template/content/front-matter.typ | typst | MIT No Attribution | #heading(outlined: false)[Danksagung]
#lorem(100)
#heading(outlined: false)[Acknowledgements]
#lorem(100)
= Kurzfassung
#lorem(100)
= Abstract
#lorem(100) |
https://github.com/CL4R3T/QFT_homework | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CL4R3T/QFT_homework/main/README.md | markdown | 该repo为2024秋季学期起进行的开源作业project之一。欢迎各位核对纠错，也欢迎未来选课的学弟参考。
本课程为《量子场论》，2024秋季，谭时纳老师授课。
> 该repo仅作学习用途。This repo is ONLY FOR STUDY USE.
> 请不要直接抄袭。Direct copying is NOT allowed.
> 你在考试中无法抄袭。There's NO CHEATING in real exams.
# 一些想说的话
最好不要向其他同学推荐这个以及同类repo（因为你永远不知道信不信得过同学，尤其是在PKU），**千万别向TA/老师直接跳脸输出**。物院神人确实多，我希望各位不是。这个repo就不用star了，自己偷偷看吧。
每个学期作业的题目都有可能微调，所以极其不建议直接copy然后交了。
个人建议先看一遍所有题目，试着花一点时间把难题做了，做不出再来看我有没有一些良好的思路。
# 快速开始
答案pdf文件通常会在作业完成当天同步发布至packages，并不会包含在源码内。如果你只需要pdf的话，直接下载就好了，并忽略以下内容。
如果你没有接触过typst，但你仍想重新编译生成pdf，你有这些选择：
+ （推荐）使用Tinymist：使用VS Code打开typ文件，并安装Tinymist Typst扩展，即可在VS Code中预览并编译该文档。
+ （不是很推荐）安装Typst CLI：根据[Typst CLI安装指引](https://github.com/typst/typst?tab=readme-ov-file#installation)进行安装，并安装必要的包：
```
typst init @preview/problemst:0.1.0
typst init @preview/physica:0.9.3
```
然后进行编译
```
typst compile <typ_file_path>
```
+ （不推荐）直接打开[typst网页端](https://typst.app/)，进行注册后新建一个文档，将源码复制进文档中，即可在网页上直接进行预览，也可以下载pdf文件。
+ （十分推荐）直接DM我，然后我进行一个快速的update（还能水一个commit数）.
|
|
https://github.com/MDLC01/unichar | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MDLC01/unichar/main/README.md | markdown | MIT License | # Unichar
This is a [Typst](https://github.com/typst/typst) package that ports part of the [Unicode Character Database](https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/) to Typst. Notably, it includes information from [UnicodeData.txt](https://unicode.org/reports/tr44/#UnicodeData.txt) and [Blocks.txt](https://unicode.org/reports/tr44/#Blocks.txt). It is available on [Typst Universe](https://typst.app/universe/package/unichar).
## Project structure
This project mainly consists of a Python script that downloads the necessary files from the Unicode Character Database and generates corresponding Typst files.
A small interface written in Typst lets the user access the data conveniently. It is available in [`src/`](src/).
This project can be built into a proper Typst package by [`build.py`](build.py). This build script was made for Python 3.12, and does not require anything outside of the standard library.
## Usage
For more information on how to use this package, take a look at the rendered README on [Typst Universe](https://typst.app/universe/package/unichar).
## License
The contents of this repository are licensed under the [MIT License](LICENSE). As per the [Unicode Terms of Use](https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html), the [Unicode License v3](https://www.unicode.org/license.txt) applies to the built Typst package.
|
https://github.com/floriandejonckheere/utu-thesis | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/floriandejonckheere/utu-thesis/master/thesis/figures/07-proposed-solution/louvain-3.typ | typst | #import "@preview/cetz:0.2.2": canvas, draw, angle
#v(2em)
#let vertex = (name, x, y, stroke: black, fill: white) => {
draw.circle((x, y), radius: .35, stroke: stroke, fill: fill, name: name)
draw.content((x, y), eval(name, mode: "math"))
}
#let edge = (start, end, name) => {
let (a, b) = (start, end)
draw.line((a, .35, b), (b, .35, a), name: name)
}
#canvas(length: 1cm, {
import draw: *
set-style(content: (padding: .2), stroke: black)
content((1, -3.5), "Community aggregation")
vertex("", -.35, .35)
vertex("v_14", 0, 0, fill: green.lighten(80%))
vertex("", 2.35, .35)
vertex("v_4", 2, 0, fill: blue.lighten(80%))
vertex("", -.35, -2.35)
vertex("v_16", 0, -2, fill: red.lighten(80%))
vertex("", 2.35, -2.35)
vertex("v_2", 2, -2, fill: yellow.lighten(80%))
edge("v_14", "v_4", "e_1")
edge("v_14", "v_16", "e_2")
edge("v_14", "v_2", "e_3")
edge("v_4", "v_2", "e_4")
edge("v_2", "v_16", "e_5")
})
#v(2em)
|
|
https://github.com/yasemitee/Teoria-Informazione-Trasmissione | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yasemitee/Teoria-Informazione-Trasmissione/main/2023-11-10.typ | typst | #import "@preview/lemmify:0.1.4": *
#let (
theorem, lemma, corollary,
remark, proposition, example,
proof, rules: thm-rules
) = default-theorems("thm-group", lang: "it")
#show: thm-rules
#show thm-selector("thm-group", subgroup: "proof"): it => block(
it,
stroke: green + 1pt,
inset: 1em,
breakable: true
)
= Informazione mutua
Ora introduciamo una nuova quantità l'informazione mutua $I(XX,YY)$, quest'ultima fa riferimento a due variabili casuali e ci dice quanta informazione rilascia una variabile casuale rispetto all'altra variabile. L'informazione mutua quindi è così definita,
$ I(XX,YY) = sum_(x in X) sum_(y in Y) p(x,y) log_2(p(x,y)/(p(x) dot p(y))) $
Notiamo che questa quantità corrisponde all'entropia relativa fra la congunta e il prodotto delle marginali (Ricordiamo che l'entropia relativa è $Delta(Chi bar.v.double Y) = sum_(s in S) p_X (s) log_D (p_Chi (s)) / (p_Y (s))$). Quindi essendo un'entropia relativa è sempre maggiore di 0 ($I(XX,YY) >= 0)$.
Possiamo quindi riscrivere $I(XX,YY)$ come:
$ I(XX,YY) = sum_(x in X) sum_(y in Y) p(x,y) log_2 (cancel(p(y)) dot p(x | y))/(p(x) dot cancel(p(y))) $
$ = underbracket(sum_(x in X) underbrace(sum_(y in Y) p(x,y), "probabilità\nmarginale"p(x)) dot log_2 1/p(x), H(x)) + underbracket(sum_(x in X) sum_(y in Y) p(x,y) dot log_2 p(x | y), "Definizione di entropia condizionata") $
$ = H(XX) - H(XX | YY) >= 0 $
Può anche essere scritta come,
$ I(XX,YY) = H(YY) - underbrace(H(YY | XX),"condiziono su" XX) $
Quindi questo risultato ci permette di interpretare l'informazione mutua come una decrescita di entropia, ovvero il numero di bit che il valore di $YY$ fornisce in media riguardo il valore di $XX$. D'altra parte notiamo che la non negatività di $I(XX,YY)$ implica anche che $H(XX | YY) <= H(XX)$, ovvero il condizionamento di $YY$ decresce l'entropia di $XX$.
== Casi particolari
Vediamo ora alcuni casi particolari che coinvolgono il calcolo dell'informazione mutua:
- Se $XX$ e $YY$ sono indipendenti, allora $H(XX | YY) = H(XX)$ quindi,
$ I(XX,YY) = H(X) - H(x) = 0 $
- Se $XX$ e $YY$ sono dipendenti, quindi $XX = g(YY)$ dove $g(YY)$ è una qualunque funzione che permetta di stabilire il valore di $XX$, allora $H(XX | YY) = 0$ quindi,
$ I(XX,YY) = H(X) - 0 = H(X) $
- Possiamo usare la chain rule per l'entropia, $H(XX,YY) = H(YY) + H(XX | YY)$, per riscrivere l'informazione mutua come:
$ I(XX,YY) = H(XX) - H(XX | YY) = H(XX) + H(YY) - H(XX,YY) $
Quindi graficamente le relazioni fra entropie e informazione muta è:
#v(12pt)
#figure(
image("assets/2023-11-10 informazione mutua.png", width: 65%)
)
#v(12pt)
- $H(XX) = H(XX | YY) + I(XX,YY)$
- $H(YY) = H(YY | XX) + I(XX,YY)$
- $H(XX,YY) = H(XX) + H(YY) - I(XX,YY)$
- $H(XX,YY) = H(XX | YY) + H(YY | XX) + I(XX,YY)$
Analogamente all'entropia, anche l'informazione mutua possiede una sua versione condizionata
$ I(XX,YY | ZZ) = sum_(x,y,z) p(x,y,z) dot log_2 p(x,y | z)/(p(y | z) dot p(x | z)) $
== Data Processing Inequality
Il seguente teorema ci dice che qualsiasi algoritmo di pulizia del rumore può al massimo ricostruire l'informazione tale e quale, non può quindi creare più informazione.
#theorem(numbering: none, name: "Data processing inequality")[
Siano $XX,YY,ZZ$ delle variabili casuali con codominio finito tali che la loro distribuzione congiunta $p(x,y,z)$ soddisfa $p(x,y | z) = p(x | y )p(z | y)
" " forall x,y,z$; ovvero, $x$ e $z$ sono indipendenti dato $y$. Allora $I(XX,YY) >= I(XX,ZZ)$.
]
Quindi tornando al discorso di prima, il teorema ci dice che $I(XX,YY)$ è una soglia che non può essere superata.
=== Esempio
Supponiamo che vogliamo trovare $I(XX,YY)$ e $I(XX,YY | ZZ)$ nella situazione del lancio di una mometa, dove $ZZ = XX + YY$
$ p(x=1) = 1/2 $
$ p(x=2) = 1/2 $
$I(XX,YY) = 0$ perchè $YY$ è indipendente da $XX$, quindi non rilascia informazioni.
$I(XX,YY | ZZ) = H(XX | ZZ) - H(XX | ZZ, YY = 0)$ se ho $YY$ e $ZZ$ allora non dovrò comunicare nulla per $XX$ perchè lo conosciamo già, quindi sarà 0.
$P(ZZ = 0)H(XX | ZZ = 0) + p(ZZ = 1)H(XX | ZZ = 1) + p(ZZ = 2)H(XX | ZZ = 2) = 0+1/2+0=1/2$
Quindi l'entropia è massima.
$$
== Disuguaglianza di Fano
Il seguente risultato lega direttamente la probabilità di errore all'entropia.
#theorem(numbering: none, name:"Disuguaglianza di Fano")[
Siano $XX$ e $YY$ due variabili casuali con valori in $Chi$ e $Y$ entrambi finiti e sia $g: Y -> X$ una funzione qualunque che mappa i valori di $Y$ in quelli di $X$. Sia $p_e$ la probabilità di errore quando uso $g(YY)$ per predire $X,p_e = P(g(YY) != XX)$. Allora
$ p_e >= (H(XX | YY) - 1) / (log_2 |Chi|) $
] |
|
https://github.com/OverflowCat/BUAA-Data-and-Error-Analysis-Sp2024 | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/OverflowCat/BUAA-Data-and-Error-Analysis-Sp2024/neko/project-2/regression.typ | typst | #import "./helper.typ": *
#import "@preview/unify:0.5.0": num, qty
#let transpose(data) = {
let width = data.at(0).len()
let height = data.len()
let res = data.at(0).map(_ => data.map(_ => none))
for i in range(width) {
for j in range(height) {
res.at(i).at(j) = data.at(j).at(i)
}
}
res
}
#let regression(x, _y, x_unit: "", y_unit: "", estimate: none, control: none) = {
let N = x.len()
let y = ()
let REP = false
let m = average(_y.map(g => g.len()))
y = _y.map(g => average(g))
// = 一元线性回归
assert(x.len() == y.len())
// 单位的显示
let XU = x_unit
let XU2 = ""
let YU = y_unit
let YU2 = ""
let XYU = []
let YXU = []
if XU != "" {
XU2 = $" "XU^2$
XYU += XU
YXU += "/" + XU
}
if YU != "" {
YU2 = $" "#y_unit^2$
if XU != "" {
XYU += $dot.c$
}
XYU += YU
YXU = YU + YXU
}
if XYU != "" {
XYU = " " + XYU
}
[== 每组求平均后的数据]
table(
columns: (auto, ..range(N).map(x => 1fr)),
table.header("N", ..range(N).map(x => [#(x+1)])),
$x"/"XU$, ..x.map(x => [#x]),
$y"/"YU$, ..y.map(y => [#c(y)]),
)
[== 回归方程的确定]
let DS = $sum^N_(t=1)$
[=== 计算 $l_(x x)$]
// 计算x的均值
let sum_x = x.sum()
let x_avg = sum_x / N
$ DS x_t = #sum_x XU, overline(x) = #c(x_avg) XU $
// 计算x的平方的平均值
let x_sq = x.map(x => calc.pow(x, 2))
let sum_x_sq = x_sq.sum()
let x_sq_avg = calc.pow(sum_x, 2) / N
$ DS x_t^2 = #num(rx(sum_x_sq)) XU2 , quad (DS x_t)^2 / N = #num(rx(x_sq_avg)) XU2 $
let l_xx = sum_x_sq - x_sq_avg
$ l_(x x) = DS x_t^2 - (DS x_t)^2 / N = #num(rx(l_xx)) XU2 $
pagebreak()
[=== 计算 $l_(y y)$]
// 计算y的均值
let sum_y = y.sum()
let y_avg = sum_y / N
$ DS y_t = #c(sum_y)" "YU, overline(y) = #c(y_avg)" "YU $
// 计算y的平方的平均值
let y_sq = y.map(y => y*y)
let sum_y_sq = y_sq.sum()
let y_sq_avg = calc.pow(sum_y, 2) / N
$ DS y_t^2 = #num(ry(sum_y_sq)) YU2, quad (DS y_t)^2 / N = #num(ry(y_sq_avg)) YU2 $
let l_yy = sum_y_sq - y_sq_avg
$ l_(y y) = DS y_t^2 - (DS y_t)^2 / N = #num(ry(l_yy)) YU2 $
pagebreak()
[=== 计算 $l_(x y)$]
let sum_xy = x.zip(y).map(((x, y)) => x * y ).sum()
let xy_sum_avg = (sum_x * sum_y) / N
$ DS x_t y_t = #num(rxy(sum_xy)) XYU, quad ((DS x_t)(DS y_t)) / N = #num(rxy(xy_sum_avg)) XYU $
let l_xy = sum_xy - xy_sum_avg
$ l_(x y) = DS x_t y_t - ((DS x_t)(DS y_t)) / N = #num(rxy(l_xy)) XYU $
pagebreak()
[=== 计算 $b$ 和 $b_0$]
let b = l_xy / l_xx
$ b = l_(x y) / l_(x x) = #num(rxy(b)) YXU $
let b_0 = y_avg - b * x_avg
$ b_0 = overline(y) - b overline(x) = #num(rxy(b_0)) YU $
[最终的回归直线为]
$ hat(y) = #num(r(b_0)) YU + (#num(r(b)) YXU) x $
[== 方差分析]
$ m = #m $
let DM = $sum^m_(i=1)$
let (S, U, Q) = (0., 0., 0.)
// REP
S = _y.flatten().map(yti => calc.pow(yti - y_avg, 2)).sum()
U = m * b * l_xy
Q = S - U
let vU = 1
let QL = m * l_yy - U
// let QE = range(N).map(t => _y.map(y_group => calc.pow(y_group.at(t) - y.at(t), 2)).sum()).sum()
let QE = _y.map(group => {
let avg = average(group)
group.map(
y => calc.pow(y - avg, 2)
).sum()
}).sum()
let vL = N - 2
let vE = N * (m - 1)
[
/ 总离差平方和: $ S = #c(S) YU2. $
/ 回归平方和: $ U = m b l_(x y) = #c(U) YU2. $
/ 残余平方和: $ Q &= l_(y y) - b l_(x y) = S - U = #c(Q) YU2,\
Q_E &= DS DM (y_(t i) - overline(y)_t)^2 = #c(QE) YU2,\
Q_L &= m l_(y y) - U = #c(QL) YU2.
$
]
let F1 = (QL / vL) / (QE / vE)
let F2 = (U / vU) / ((QE + QL) / (vE + vL))
$
F_1 = (Q_L / v_L) / (Q_E / v_E) = #c(F1), quad
F_2 = (U / v_U) / ((Q_E + Q_L) / (v_E + v_L)) = #c(F2). \
sigma_E = sqrt(Q_E / v_E) = #c(calc.sqrt(QE / vE)). quad
sigma_L = sqrt(Q_L / v_L) = #c(calc.sqrt(QL / vL)).
$
[
== 显著性检验
=== $bold(F)$ 检验
]
let vU = 1
// let vQ = N - 2
let vL = N - 2
let vE = N*(m - 1)
let vS = N*m - 1
let F = calc.round((U/vU)/(QE/vE), digits: 2)
let F1 = calc.round((QL / vL) / (QE / vE), digits: 2)
let F2 = calc.round((U/vU) / ((QE + QL) / (vE + vL)), digits: 2)
let UvU = U / vU
let QLvL = QL / vL
let QEvE = QE / vE
$
F =& (U "/" v_U) / (Q_E "/" v_E)
= (U "/" 1) / (Q "/" (N - 2)) \
=& #c(U) / (#c(Q) "/" #vE) \
=& #c(F).
\
\
F_1 =& (Q_L "/" v_L) / (Q_E "/" v_E) = #F1.
\
F_2 =& (U"/"v_U) / ((Q_E + Q_L) "/" (v_E + v_L))
= #F2.
$
[
== 方差分析表
]
let sigma2 = Q / (N - 2)
let dash = [#line(length: .9em)]
table(
align: center,
columns: (auto, auto, auto, auto, 1fr, auto),
table.header([来源], [平方和], [自由度], [方差], $F$, $F_alpha$),
[回归], $U = #c(U)$, $v_U=#vU$, $U"/"V_U \
= #c(UvU)$, $F = #F$, $F_alpha (1, N(m-1))$,
// [残余], $Q = #c(Q)$, $#v_Q$,
[失拟], $Q_L=#c(QL)$, $v_L &= N-2 \
&= #vL$, $Q_L"/"V_L \
= #c(QLvL)$, $F_1 = F1$, $F_alpha (v_L, v_E)$,
[误差], $Q_E=#c(QE)$, $v_E &= N(m-1) \
&= #vE$, $Q_E"/"V_E \
= #c(QEvE)$, dash, dash,
[总计], $S = #c(S)$, $v_S &= N m-1 \
&= #vS $, dash, dash, dash
)
let sigma_ = calc.sqrt(sigma2)
/* 在定点的值 */
if estimate != none {
[
== 预测问题
当 $x_0 = estimate$ 时，有
]
let y_0 = b_0 + b * estimate
$ y_0 = #c(b_0) + (#c(b)) times estimate = #c(y_0) $
$ sqrt(Q / (N - 2)) = #c(sigma_) $
if N > 90 {
[因 $alpha$ = 0.05，查附表 2.1 正态分布表可得 $Z_alpha approx 1.95$，得到]
let d = 1.95 * sigma_
$ d = 1.95 times sigma = #c(d) $
[$y_0$ 的 95% 近似预测区间为 $(#c(y_0 - d), #c(y_0 + d)).$]
} else {
let t = 2.31
[查附表2.3可得 $t_alpha (N-2)= #t.$]
let d = t * sigma_ * calc.sqrt(1 + 1/N + calc.pow(estimate - x_avg, 2) / l_xx)
$ delta(x_0) = t_alpha (N-2) sigma sqrt(1 + 1/N + (x_0 - overline(x))^2/l_(x x)) = #c(d). $
[即预测水平为0.95的区间为 $(#c(y_0 - d), #c(y_0 + d))$．]
}
}
if control != none {
let (y01, y02) = control
[
== 控制问题
$ y_"0 1" = y01, y_"0 2" = y02, $
]
$ cases(
x_1 = 1/b ((y_0)_1 - b_0 plus/* .minus */ Z_alpha sqrt(Q/(N-2))),
x_2 = 1/b ((y_0)_2 - b_0 minus/* .plus */ Z_alpha sqrt(Q/(N-2)))
) $
if b > 0 {
$ b > 0, x_1 > x > x_2, $
} else {
$ b < 0, x_1 < x < x_2, $
}
let Z = 1.95
let x1 = 1/b*(y01 - b_0 + Z * sigma_)
let x2 = 1/b*(y02 - b_0 - Z * sigma_)
[其中 $x_1 = x1, x_2 = x2.$]
}
}
|
|
https://github.com/furkan/cv | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/furkan/cv/main/modules/skills.typ | typst | Apache License 2.0 | #import "../brilliant-CV/template.typ": *
#cvSection("Other")
#cvSkill(
type: [Languages],
info: [Turkishs (Native) #hBar() English (Advanced) #hBar() German (Beginner) #hBar() Spanish (Beginner)]
)
#cvSkill(
type: [Interests],
info: [Songwriting #hBar() Reading #hBar() Playing soccer]
)
|
https://github.com/polarkac/MTG-Stories | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/polarkac/MTG-Stories/master/stories/016%20-%20Fate%20Reforged/002_Unwritten.typ | typst | #import "@local/mtgstory:0.2.0": conf
#show: doc => conf(
"Unwritten",
set_name: "Fate Reforged",
story_date: datetime(day: 14, month: 01, year: 2015),
author: "<NAME>",
doc
)
#emph[Sarkhan Vol has arrived in Tarkir's past, more than a thousand years before his birth.] #emph[ When he first arrived, he saw the plane's long-extinct dragons for the first time, watching them emerge from a crackling storm.]
#emph[Then he saw her: a human woman fighting with a glowing dragon's claw on her staff and a sabertooth cat at her side. She killed a dragon broodling with powerful magic and drove the others away. She is everything he hoped for when he yearned for Tarkir's dragons.]
#emph[He has to know more.]
#v(0.35em)
#line(length: 100%, stroke: rgb(90%, 90%, 90%))
#v(0.35em)
Snow crunched under Sarkhan Vol's boots. He and his guide were moving higher. The cold mountain air seared his lungs, and he savored the feeling, like breathing dragonfire in reverse.
She might not know she was guiding him, but she'd certainly made herself easy for him to follow.
Every mile or two, she'd found or cleared some bare patch of stone and gouged two sweeping curves into it with the clawed staff she carried. When he first saw it he had thought she was marking the place where she had defeated a dragon. Now, as the trail grew longer, he was not sure what to think.
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/01.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Thornwood Falls | Art by Eytan Zana], supplement: none, numbering: none)
Perhaps she was Ugin's herald, leading him onward. Perhaps these signs really were meant for his eyes. Yet they meant nothing to him. Each was the same. With wiser eyes he might see…but he did not dare take dragon form where she might see him, not if he wanted any hope of speaking to her.
This patch was still warm, the marks glowing with the red heat of her staff. He was catching up with her. She was Temur, native to these mountains. He was Mardu, out of place and time.
She wanted him to catch up with her.
There was a whistle, like a bird's, behind him. He got no more warning than that.
Something slammed into him from behind, huge and living and warm. He sprawled face down in the frigid snow, pinned beneath what felt like one enormous paw. Huge fangs and hot breath pressed against his neck. He did not struggle.
Another whistle, different. The fangs lifted, but the weight on his back still held him immobile. He could not see what held him, but he suspected.
Snow crunched, heavy boots tracing a wide semicircle around him, until at last she came into view.
She was older than he—#emph[far older] , some inane part of him whispered—built compactly, with a stern but unlined face. The claw at the tip of her staff glowed red, and her eyes were cold and appraising. #emph[Dragon's claw, dragon's eyes.]
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/02.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Yasova Dragonclaw | Art by <NAME>], supplement: none, numbering: none)
"You're following me," she said. Her voice was rich and vibrant.
"You left a trail to be followed," he said. His voice came in choked gasps, crushed beneath who knew how many pounds of sabertooth cat. He gestured weakly to the mark she had made. "You left signs."
"Not for your eyes, vagrant," she said.
Her tone was unhurried, but she glanced frequently at the sky.
"You're following me," she said again. "Why?"
Cold snow, cold eyes, hot breath. He considered his answer for as long as he dared.
"I am following a…voice, the whispers of a spirit," he said. He hesitated, then: "I seek the great dragon Ugin. I think…I think this might be a vision, and you my spirit guide."
She laughed once, harshly.
"I think you might be out of your mind," she said.
"I may be," said Sarkhan. "Time will tell."
The woman whistled, and the weight lifted off of Sarkhan's back.
"Get up," she said.
Had his seeming madness moved her? Or his mention of Ugin?
He crawled toward his staff on his knees, like a beggar. The hedron shard he had taken from the Eye of Ugin was still securely tied to it. It had fallen across the woman's mysterious mark, and for a moment, when he moved it, he thought he saw both of them shimmer.
Leaning on his staff, he stood.
She was shorter than him. He might even have called her small. But with that sabertooth cat curled around her, with a clawed staff glowing with fiery magic, with those deadly dragon eyes, she looked anything but.
"Who are you?" she asked.
"My name is <NAME>," he said.
He saw her eyes take in his strange clothes and wild hair. The claw on her staff began to glow red.
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/03.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Sarkhan, the Dragonspeaker | Art by Daarken], supplement: none, numbering: none)
Sar-khan, great khan. #emph[High khan, sky-khan] . To anyone else on Tarkir, it was an absurd claim on anyone's part, most of all coming from an anonymous wanderer. He should have known better, but he'd forgotten himself. In his own mind, it was his name. The voice in his head called him Sarkhan, before it fell silent. But Bolas called him Vol.
"Sar-khan," she said flatly. She bowed with a flourish, but there was iron in her voice. "In that case, Yasova Dragonclaw of the Temur pays her respects to you, O khan of khans, and bids you welcome to her lands."
Dragonclaw! Even in his own Tarkir, was that not the title of the Temur khan?
"And over what," she asked, pronouncing every word carefully, "do you claim dominion?"
He had dealt with khans before. With Zurgo. With Bolas. No khan, even a friend, could tolerate disrespect. They knew only one language, the honeyed tongue of flattery, and in his time as Bolas's thrall he had learned to speak it well.
#emph[Vol is ever your servant] , said a voice in his head. It was his voice, pathetic, squirming in the silence of his mind. It awakened a memory, an echo of himself that answered a khan's question.
"No one and nothing," he said hurriedly, averting his eyes and bowing. "It is a nickname, given to me in jest, to mock my arrogance. I took it for my own."
"And your khan tolerates this?"
#emph[No. But Ugin…]
"I have no khan," he said. "I have traveled far from my home."
"An exile," said the woman, with contempt. "No wonder you're dressed in castoffs."
She lowered her staff at him. The claw's glow intensified.
"You follow me," she said. "You insult me. And you trespass in my lands. Give me a reason to spare you, Vol, or I'll kill you and be on my way."
He dropped to his knees.
"Please, forgive my rudeness," he said. "As I said, I have traveled far, and even the mighty khan of the Temur is known to me only by reputation. Clearly, you're not here to guide me. Perhaps instead I am here to serve you. You are a khan. I am nothing, a beggar…"
She regarded him for a long moment, then shrugged and lifted her staff.
"Enough," she said, with obvious disgust. "Get up."
He stood back up, brushing snow off of his clothes.
"Thank you," he said.
She scowled.
"Thank you, #emph[khan] ," she corrected. "Your delusions are forgiven, but I'll tolerate no further disrespect."
"My thanks, khan," he said, a small rebellion. "And my apologies."
The sound of his own voice was thick in his ears, cloying. She acknowledged him with a nod.
"I am <NAME>," she said. "Khan of the Temur Frontier, dragon slayer many times over, and lord of these lands." She swept her arms wide. "Vol, exile, khan of nothing and no one…welcome."
He looked around the mountain, seeing it with new eyes. Yes, these were Temur lands. Not far from where he'd been when he…when time fractured. There was less snow than he remembered, more bare and steaming rock.
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/04.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Rugged Highlands | Art by Eytan Zana], supplement: none, numbering: none)
He turned back to see that she was already walking away, her back turned. He hurried to follow, but a snarl from behind him stopped him where he stood. The enormous cat's carrion breath washed over him.
"Follow me, if you're certain that's your path," said Yasova, without turning. "But I wouldn't walk too close. Anchin is very protective, and he won't be gentle with you a second time."
They walked in silence, for a time. Sarkhan struggled to follow—but not too closely—as Yasova scrambled over the rough terrain at full speed, his breath coming in steaming gasps. She led him up the sides of a high ridge lined with stout trees. Behind him, the sabertooth padded along, just loudly enough that he could hear it.
Yasova stopped on a wide ledge. Sarkhan kept a respectful distance, mindful of the great cat behind him. He breathed heavily. Yasova, seemingly unaffected by the climb, ignored his wheezing.
The dragon claw atop her staff began to glow again, and Sarkhan feared for a moment she was going to kill him after all. But she brought the staff's red-hot head down, sweeping it across the snowy surface of the ledge. The snow hissed and melted, rivulets of steaming water running down the hillside, until bare rock revealed itself. She reversed the staff and made that mark again—two long, sweeping curves, symmetrical, carved in stone.
Sarkhan waited until she was finished.
"What is that symbol?" he asked. "Why do you keep making it?"
Yasova turned. Her eyes were reptilian, cold and hot all at once.
"No questions, Vol," she said. In her mouth, his birth name was a curse. "Not until you've told me about these whispers you're following."
Why was she indulging him? What use to her could a madman's ravings be?
"I was in…." He faltered, unsure how to translate his history into words she could accept. "I was in a distant place, far from my home and far from here. I visited a cavern called the Eye of Ugin—"
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/05.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Eye of Ugin | Art by <NAME>], supplement: none, numbering: none)
"Where?" she asked, sharply. So the name did mean something to her.
"As I said, it is very distant. Across an…"—ocean, he almost said, before remembering he had learned that word on another world. "Across a vast lake, so wide you cannot see from one shore to the other."
She snorted.
"There is no such lake."
"Even so," he said, "I have crossed it."
"And then?"
"After visiting the Eye, I heard Ugin himself, speaking to me. He drew me to this place. But then…everything changed. Ugin's voice fell silent, and I found myself alone, with no whispers to guide me. I mistook you for a herald of Ugin."
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/06.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Tormenting Voice | Art by Volkan Baga], supplement: none, numbering: none)
Yasova looked out over the valley, her back to him.
"May I ask you something, <NAME>?" said Sarkhan.
"You might as well."
"That storm, that birthed the dragons…what was that?"
She turned and stared at him, mouth agape.
"Forgive my ignorance, khan," he said. "In my homeland, we do not have such things."
"Then where do the dragons come from?" she asked.
He thought a long time before answering. "In my homeland, we have no dragons."
"Vast lakes and empty skies," said Yasova, her eyes narrowing. "You really are mad."
"I know how it sounds," he said. "But there are no such storms, none of these…"
"Dragon tempests," she said, as though to a child. "The source of all dragons. How can you not know this? Where are you from?"
Doubts swirled like phantoms. Ugin's voice was silent, his thoughts were his own, and yet he felt less clarity than ever. Was he mad? Had he dreamed all this? Was he dreaming now?
"I knew a Temur shaman once," he said, "who taught me a great deal about the spirits of dragons."
"You know the Temur, but you do not know their khan? Are there Temur in this distant home of yours, too?"
"I beg your indulgence," he said. He tried to remember if he had ever said exactly those words to Bolas. "My story may seem nonsensical, but it is the only story I have to tell. Consider it a mere vision, a fever dream, if it aids your patience."
She nodded at him to go on.
"This shaman and his cohort showed me many things. I heard the low, steady voice of an ancient dragon, long dead, whose spirit yet lingered. I would hear that voice again, years later, when I came to the Eye. The Eye of Ugin, my khan. The voice of Ugin."
"Ugin lives," she said flatly. The sabertooth, roused by her tone, took its place behind her.
He backed away, arms wide, palms out.
"My khan," he said. "It's all very confusing to me, but…my home, my life…I believe they are not yet written."
The unwritten now, the Temur conception of things yet to come. Shrouded by the now, all around it, circling it like beasts, were the possible futures of the unwritten.
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/07.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Shamanic Revelation | Art by Cynthia Sheppard], supplement: none, numbering: none)
"Nothing lives in the unwritten," she said. "It's not a place. I don't know what this shaman told you, but it simply doesn't work like that."
"Then perhaps I had it backwards," he said. "Perhaps I am your spirit guide—a phantom of the unwritten, here to tell you of one possible path from this now to the next. Ask. I will tell you anything."
She advanced on him, her staff crackling to life.
"This place you speak of, your supposed home," she said. "It's this place, isn't it? Tarkir, but beyond the now?"
He nodded.
"Yes," he said. "I was Mardu, once, and I traveled among the Temur. But my khan's name, and that Temur khan's, would not be known to you. They are not yet born."
"And there are no dragons?" she asked. Her eyes gleamed eagerly. "Not one?"
"Not in all of Tarkir," he said. "Only bones."
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/08.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [], supplement: none, numbering: none)
Flooded Strand | Art by <NAME>
"And Ugin?"
"Long dead," he said. "Only whispers remain. The whispers that brought me here."
"Then it's true," she said. "If Ugin dies, the storms cease. The dragons fall."
Ugin and the storms, connected! No wonder he had been greeted, on his arrival, by one of those tempests. Ugin was not yet a whisper, and could not or would not speak to him as he had. But he had sent a storm to guide Sarkhan. To guide him…to Yasova?
"Where did you hear that?" he asked, heart racing.
"In a vision of my own," she said, but she would not be deterred. "Tell me of this unwritten now. Tell me of its people. It must be glorious."
He recognized, now, the gleam in her eye. It was greed, the same greed he had seen in the eye of every khan he had ever met. Zurgo sought blood and vengeance, Bolas sought power beyond imagining, even gentle Narset sought knowledge above all else…and Yasova, his spirit guide, sought the end of all dragons.
"No, my khan," he said hurriedly. "The people, the khans, of my now…they are not like you. They are weak, foolish, grasping at the shadows of the past. They no longer have to fight for their lives, so they fight for glory or greed or nothing at all.
"They are not like you," he said again, pleading. "You are better."
She thrust her staff at him. A wall of heat hit him, the claw dangerously close, and he staggered back, lost his balance, and fell. He sprawled across the mark she had made in the bare rock, the gouges in the stone still uncomfortably warm through his furs.
"Better," she spat. "We watch helplessly as our homes are ravaged and our children killed. We glance to the skies like frightened rabbits, dedicate our lives to nothing more than survival, scratch out a living as simpering peasants in someone else's domain."
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/09.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Frontier Siege | Art by <NAME>], supplement: none, numbering: none)
She stood over him, eyes filled with fury, holding a claw torn from a dragon, glowing with the fire of her magic and the heat of her rage.
"And for this you call us #emph[better] ?"
"Please," he said. "I have seen the unwritten—"
"I don't know what you are," she said. "I don't know how you came here, or what any of this means. But I've seen the unwritten myself, seen a world with no dragons. And it was paradise."
"I have played your spirit guide," he said. "I have told you, as true as I know it, what I have seen. Please, I beg you, do the same for me. Tell me of the vision that guides you."
She planted her staff.
"I saw fields choked with dragon bones," she said, eyes distant. "Skies clear of those cursed tempests. There was no more fighting. No more war. The Temur had been freed to conquer, and my descendant, a daughter many times removed, was sar-khan, lord of all Tarkir. The people lived off the land, hunting and herding, with enough for everyone and to spare. And I heard a voice, smooth and quiet, telling me how I might bring it about."
"That is not how it happens," he said. Confusion reigned. "There is no sar-khan. There is no peace. #emph[Ugin] showed you these things?"
"No," she said, "although he spoke of Ugin. He told me to chart the storms, to track them, to leave a trail."
She gestured to the scratched stone beneath him.
"He told me that if I showed him the way to the spirit dragon's lair…he would kill Ugin."
Bile rose in Sarkhan's throat.
"Who?" he whispered. "Who spoke to you?"
"A great dragon," she said, her tone filled only with awe. "The greatest, as unlike them as a khan is to a packbeast. He spoke, in true words, not dragon's howlings, and he towered above me, bigger than Atarka herself, with scales like burnished gold. Above his head, between his horns, floated an egg, and in my fever-dream I thought it might crack and hatch the world anew."
"No," said Sarkhan. "#emph[No] ."
Curved horns, like the double curves of Yasova's marks. He should have seen it. But how could he have known?
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/10.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [], supplement: none, numbering: none)
#emph[Bolas] .
Bolas had followed him. No—impossible. #emph[Fool.] Bolas was already here! What had the dragon said? #emph[I know where Ugin lays. I put him there myself, not so long ago.] Not so long. Damn him! What was a hundred years to a creature such as Bolas, or a thousand, or ten thousand?
#emph[It's happening here! Now!]
Fire rushed through him. It burned his pink, soft flesh away and stole his voice, forcing out a roar that shook the snow from the trees. Now it was Yasova who fell backward, shrinking before him.
#figure(image("002_Unwritten/11.jpg", width: 100%), caption: [Form of the Dragon | Art by Daarken], supplement: none, numbering: none)
His jaws burned and stretched, and he opened his mouth, breathing in a lungful of cold mountain air, ready to breathe out a gout of pure, glorious flame.
But Yasova was no morsel, much as she looked like one. Her cat backed away from him, hissing, but she sprang to her feet. Her staff glowed as she drew it back, and he thought back dimly, in dragon-mind, to the claw of flame that had arced through the sky and killed one of the dragon broodlings before his eyes.
Ugin was in danger. Bolas was #emph[here] , now, or would be soon. He could not risk injury fighting this little creature. Not when he was so, so close.
Flame spilled from his mouth as he exhaled, but it was no jet of fire. She tumbled back, singed but no doubt still alive.
With a kick from his powerful legs, Sarkhan Vol launched himself into the sky.
|
|
https://github.com/cs-24-sw-3-01/typst-documents | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cs-24-sw-3-01/typst-documents/main/report/sources/MatsInterview.typ | typst |
== Interview with Mats <InterviewMats>
00:00:02,960 --> 00:00:04,580
Marc: Er du klar på en masse spørgsmål?
00:00:05,839 --> 00:00:06,660
Mats: Så klar!
00:00:07,919 --> 00:00:10,900
Marc: Skal vi ikke bare starte med mindre du har noget?
00:00:11,599 --> 00:00:13,540
Mats: Kommer der flere på eller er det kun mig?
00:00:14,965 --> 00:00:19,705
Marc: Vi deler op I tre grupper, så vi tager dig og så de andre snakker med nogle af de andre lige nu.
00:00:26,725 --> 00:00:28,265
Marc: Lad os starte med det første spørgsmål.
00:00:30,940 --> 00:00:36,380
Er der nogle generelle problemer, I oplever, hvad den nuværende ferieplan? Er det f. Eks.
00:00:36,380 --> 00:00:38,879
Brugergrænsefladen eller et eller andet, I tænker?
00:00:40,140 --> 00:00:41,680
Mats: det er ikke fordi
00:00:44,895 --> 00:00:51,475
det er et gammelt produkt og det er mere det ældre brugere, som har brugt det fra starten.
00:00:53,135 --> 00:00:56,355
Så ikke nogen problemer, som jeg har hørt nej.
00:01:02,309 --> 00:01:04,170
Marc: Hvordan er adgangen til produktet?
00:01:05,190 --> 00:01:07,350
Kan man være derhjemme og have adgang til det?
00:01:07,350 --> 00:01:08,970
Eller skal man være på samme netværk?
00:01:09,670 --> 00:01:11,050
Mats: Du skal være på VPN.
00:01:12,310 --> 00:01:15,345
Så hvis du ikke har været på VPN, kan du ikke komme på.
00:01:15,645 --> 00:01:18,065
Marc: Okay, og det er vigtigt, at det er sådan det er.
00:01:20,845 --> 00:01:26,545
Mats: Det er bare for at beskytte applikationen, så den er ikke tilgængeligt udefra.
00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:31,380
Marc: Giver god mening. I siger til, hvis I kan følge med ikke også.
00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:33,460
Der går meget hurtigt med at skrive.
00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:37,939
Mats: Er der en hurtig svar?
00:01:38,975 --> 00:01:39,875
Marc: Hvad for noget?
00:01:40,215 --> 00:01:41,695
Mats: Nej, nej, ikke nej.
00:01:41,695 --> 00:01:43,954
Marc: nej, det er nogle fine svar.
00:01:47,134 --> 00:01:50,435
Fx da du startede, hvordan var du det ved KMD?
00:01:51,790 --> 00:01:52,850
Mats: Næsten ti år.
00:01:52,910 --> 00:01:55,570
Marc: Næsten ti år. Var alle flere planlæggeren der også dengang?
00:01:56,430 --> 00:01:59,330
Mats: Det var den. Det var det I 2014.
00:02:04,625 --> 00:02:08,885
Det er ikke en applikation, jeg bruger rigtigt til noget. Jeg bruger ikke.
00:02:10,224 --> 00:02:12,965
Så det er ikke alle brugere, der bruger. Nogle
00:02:15,504 --> 00:02:25,490
som har brugt, når de planlægger men jeg vil sige, at de fleste brugere, tror jeg ikke bruge den.
00:02:26,990 --> 00:02:31,754
Marc: Synes du, det var intuitivt første gang indtrykket af af flere planlæger?
00:02:32,614 --> 00:02:34,555
Mats: Ja, den er jo meget simpel.
00:02:34,775 --> 00:02:47,660
Du kan gå tabt I applikationen, så ja, jeg synes den er okay og brugervenlig til det, man kan. Det synes jeg.
00:02:50,920 --> 00:02:55,500
Det er ikke så mange ting, man kan lægge forkert ind på.
00:02:56,440 --> 00:02:58,300
Du kan ikke lave så meget I den.
00:02:58,905 --> 00:03:00,045
Marc: Ja, den er jo
00:03:01,705 --> 00:03:03,785
Mats: supersimpel.
00:03:03,785 --> 00:03:05,645
Marc: Så er det skidt, hvis man ikke finder den intuitive.
00:03:11,880 --> 00:03:17,900
Skal man have mulighed for at kunne beskrive mere detaljeret omkring de forskellige ferieårsager?
00:03:18,360 --> 00:03:19,980
Eller hvis man kan kontaktes?
00:03:20,440 --> 00:03:21,980
Skal der være en dybere funktioner?
00:03:23,275 --> 00:03:28,175
Mats: Altså, det findes jo vi har forskellige absence koder,
00:03:31,675 --> 00:03:35,375
og som den nu lad man lige hurtigt tjekke en gang
00:03:44,830 --> 00:03:48,130
Nu kan du ikke sige hvis du er bare en syg.
00:03:50,270 --> 00:03:55,385
Nu siger du bare at du har fri. Og jeg tænkte
00:03:59,444 --> 00:04:05,471
det ville måske være rart, hvis man kunne, men nej, jeg ved ikke.
00:04:05,471 --> 00:04:07,705
Marc: Det er ikke vigtigt, men det kunne være lækkert.
00:04:09,060 --> 00:04:16,440
Mats: Det kunne være smart at sige: okay, nu er jeg faktisk syg, nu har jeg ferie.
00:04:16,980 --> 00:04:17,480
Marc: Ja.
00:04:31,414 --> 00:04:34,155
Hvordan fungerer sådan en workoad I forhold til at ønske fri?
00:04:34,215 --> 00:04:40,050
Er der nogen, der skal godkendes det, eller er der bare fuldtillid til, at det er ordnet?
00:04:40,350 --> 00:04:47,729
Mats: Ja, vi registrerer jo vores SAP med vores masterdata.
00:04:49,710 --> 00:04:54,935
Så hvis du skal ind og registrere din ferie, så går det ind og SAP og registrerer den.
00:04:55,475 --> 00:04:59,735
Og som tidligere var det en integration mellem SAP og ferieplan.
00:04:59,795 --> 00:05:05,975
Det er ikke mere, den har vi stillet, fordi vi har skiftet til Cloud-app.
00:05:06,900 --> 00:05:09,080
Der kunne du ikke lave det der integration.
00:05:12,900 --> 00:05:20,200
Så den her vacation plan-applikation er mere bare Du skal ikke kunne approve
00:05:20,420 --> 00:05:21,700
Det er ikke nogen, der skal approve
00:05:21,700 --> 00:05:23,635
Du taster nogle absence inde.
00:05:23,635 --> 00:05:28,775
Det er bare: For dit team, at holde styr på hvem er frie hvornår.
00:05:29,395 --> 00:05:36,435
Fordi jeg kan ikke kigge på mit team I SAP og sige: Hvornår har de fri?
00:05:36,435 --> 00:05:37,735
Det kan jeg ikke se.
00:05:38,890 --> 00:05:45,550
Så det er mere bare for at holde kollegaerne I det team op til date hvornår folk er fri.
00:05:51,764 --> 00:06:00,905
Så det er bare at oplyse information for dem I dit team. Ikke noget approval.
00:06:12,690 --> 00:06:17,030
Marc: Oplever I nogle gange, at der er fejl, når I opretter ferie?
00:06:17,170 --> 00:06:19,945
Er der sådan nogle klassiske fejl, man kan lave?
00:06:21,045 --> 00:06:26,505
Mats: Det har nogle fejl, men det her med var synkron mellem SAP og medarbejderne.
00:06:27,445 --> 00:06:34,639
Som det nu får vi et load hver eneste dag som siger, hvad er det for nogle medarbejdere, der
00:06:34,639 --> 00:06:36,820
hører til hvad for nogle afdelinger?
00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:42,740
Og den har nogle gange noget fejl I dem.
00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,040
Marc: Så det er ikke brugerfejl I systemet?
00:06:45,040 --> 00:06:45,780
Mats: det ikke brugerfejl.
00:07:07,570 --> 00:07:09,490
Hvad kan du bedst lide, hvad den nuværende ferie planlægger?
00:07:09,490 --> 00:07:11,670
Er der et eller andet, hvor du tænker, det fungerer?
00:07:11,730 --> 00:07:13,510
Mats: Det er nok, fordi den er så simpelt.
00:07:14,130 --> 00:07:22,745
Du kom ind på den, du ser dit default, det team, du hører sammen med Og så er det jo meget
00:07:22,745 --> 00:07:28,205
simpelt opbygget, at du vil få information, du har brug før, hurtigt.
00:07:34,909 --> 00:07:39,490
Du skal ikke en masse omveje for at finde det information, du har brug for.
00:07:40,590 --> 00:07:43,090
Du får information, du leder efter lige med en gang.
00:07:44,030 --> 00:07:45,729
Så brugervenlig, kan man nok sige.
00:07:53,725 --> 00:07:58,385
Marc: Er der nogle funktioner eller noget, som I finder overflød I I den nuværende ferieplanlægger?
00:08:00,940 --> 00:08:02,240
Mats: Nej, det tror jeg ikke.
00:08:02,540 --> 00:08:04,000
Det kan jeg ikke så meget.
00:08:04,700 --> 00:08:08,480
Det inderste man kan I applikationen er tilføj lidt,
00:08:11,180 --> 00:08:18,775
aftager sig når du har ferie og så kan du kigge på nogle andre I dit team eller oprette en ny teams.
00:08:19,955 --> 00:08:21,575
Så jeg tænker det er rigeligt.
00:08:21,795 --> 00:08:23,575
Jeg tror ikke, at det savner noget.
00:08:25,555 --> 00:08:28,695
Nu har jeg ikke super meget kontakt til slutbrugeren.
00:08:29,075 --> 00:08:31,655
Hvad synes de andre om applikationen?
00:08:34,220 --> 00:08:37,120
Så jeg ved ikke rigtigt, hvis de har nogle nye ønsker.
00:08:54,945 --> 00:08:56,885
Marc: Du siger, du bruger ikke så meget ferieplanlæggeren.
00:08:57,185 --> 00:09:00,800
Hvad bruger du hvad foretrækker du?
00:09:01,740 --> 00:09:08,220
Mats: Vi har jo Scrums. Hver inderste dag har vi en del standard, hvor folk fortæller, hvad de skal
00:09:08,220 --> 00:09:10,080
lave og også hvis de holder fri.
00:09:13,595 --> 00:09:14,095
Informationen
00:09:17,274 --> 00:09:18,095
Marc: kommer flydende.
00:09:18,154 --> 00:09:19,295
Mats: Den kommer flydende.
00:09:22,555 --> 00:09:24,014
Jeg vil måske bruge den I fremtiden.
00:09:24,274 --> 00:09:26,175
Jeg skal lave den ting.
00:09:27,220 --> 00:09:30,680
Der har jeg brug for den person, at han ikke kan lære ham på arbejde.
00:09:32,980 --> 00:09:34,680
Og igen, har vi et team
00:09:34,980 --> 00:09:37,480
Vores team I modern Work Place
00:09:40,035 --> 00:09:42,115
er ikke fordi vi overlapper så meget.
00:09:42,115 --> 00:09:45,155
Vi har vores specifikke opgave vi laver.
00:09:45,155 --> 00:09:54,769
Så hvis to personer I mit team holder ferie, det betyder ikke så meget, fordi vi er rimelig selvkørende allesammen.
00:09:55,390 --> 00:09:58,690
Så det betyder ikke så meget, hvis man er på ferie.
00:10:01,709 --> 00:10:07,995
Så vores team er et dårligt eksempel I forhold til hvordan jeg bruger det I hvert fald.
00:10:09,355 --> 00:10:13,214
Så jeg bruger det ikke særlig meget, fordi informationerne er der I forvejen.
00:10:20,340 --> 00:10:24,200
Marc: Er der nogle funktioner, som godt kunne tænke dig I dit nye produkt?
00:10:24,260 --> 00:10:28,360
Er der noget, du tænker kunne være fedt?
00:10:38,415 --> 00:10:42,995
Mats: Nej, man kan jo se helligdag.
00:10:44,575 --> 00:10:48,755
Hvis det er en polsk helligdag, så kan man se den, man kan også se de danske helligdage.
00:10:50,790 --> 00:10:56,089
Så jeg tænkte ikke, er det andet, jeg kunne tænke mig?
00:10:58,070 --> 00:10:59,690
Marc: Det er de to primære nationaliteter.
00:11:04,165 --> 00:11:11,205
Mats: Ja, det er det. Så du kan se, at det er lokale helligdage, også fordi andre er I det team, hvis de
00:11:11,205 --> 00:11:12,665
kommer fra et andet land.
00:11:14,730 --> 00:11:19,790
Så nej, jeg tror ikke Jeg har i hvert fald ikke brug for noget andet end det her.
00:11:23,850 --> 00:11:25,230
Marc: I hvert fald meget relevant tænker jeg.
00:11:34,155 --> 00:11:36,735
Hvad foretrækker I platformen? Er det vigtigt, at det er en webløsning?
00:11:36,835 --> 00:11:39,615
Er det fint med kun mobil eller kun computer?
00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:48,840
Mats: I? Jeg vil nok sige, at det fleste bruger jeg nok webben, når de sidder på arbejde.
00:11:48,840 --> 00:11:51,100
Det ville også være rart, at du kunne bruge den på
00:11:53,560 --> 00:11:55,240
måske ikke en app. Det tænkte jeg,
00:11:55,240 --> 00:11:59,815
det er lidt overkill. Men kunne bruge det på en Mobile device.
00:12:01,074 --> 00:12:05,014
Marc: Så layoutet er også optimeret til det? Ja.
00:12:05,074 --> 00:12:07,394
Men en app, det tænkte jeg, så meget, tror jeg ikke, dem
00:12:07,394 --> 00:12:09,334
Mats: bliver brugt, at der skal bruge en app til?
00:12:09,555 --> 00:12:17,140
Marc: Nej, det tror da ikke, vi kommer til. Det er perfekt.
00:12:17,140 --> 00:12:20,120
Lige sådan til sidst, er der noget, vi kan være inde på?
00:12:28,795 --> 00:12:41,180
Mats: Nej. Ikke rigtigt. Men igen, hvis I har løbende spørgsmål, så skal I have jer velkomne til at kontakte mig.
00:12:41,320 --> 00:12:43,340
Hvad er det jeres slutprodukt?
00:12:43,640 --> 00:12:55,785
Er det en funktionel applikation? Hvad er jeres slut?slutmålet?
00:12:57,204 --> 00:13:01,045
Marc: For os: At lave en webapplikationer, som kan bruges.
00:13:01,045 --> 00:13:02,105
Det er det her målet.
00:13:02,565 --> 00:13:05,464
Det står I vores curriculum.
00:13:07,370 --> 00:13:14,089
Ellers har vi ikke bestemt. Det går vi efter. Hvad er
00:13:14,089 --> 00:13:16,110
Mats: det for en uddannelse I læser?
00:13:16,570 --> 00:13:19,310
Marc: Det er Software. Jeg læser til softwareingeniør.
00:13:23,035 --> 00:13:27,695
Mats: hvor lang er uddannelsen tre-fem år?
00:13:28,395 --> 00:13:31,295
Marc: Jamen bachelor er så kandidat efterfølgende.
00:13:33,275 --> 00:13:34,415
Mats: Hvor langt er I henne nu?
00:13:34,955 --> 00:13:36,975
Marc: Vi er halvandet år inde tredje semester.
00:13:38,170 --> 00:13:39,389
Vi er halvvejs med bacheloren.
00:13:41,930 --> 00:13:45,209
Jeg tror, det bliver godt. Spændende.
00:13:45,209 --> 00:13:48,269
Du var egentlig meget hurtig til at svare på det hele.
00:13:48,970 --> 00:13:50,589
Vi har faktisk ikke så meget mere.
00:13:51,050 --> 00:13:51,790
Mats: Det er fint.
00:13:54,455 --> 00:13:55,975
Marc: Vi vil egentlig bare sige tak for din tid.
00:13:55,975 --> 00:14:01,415
Mats: Jeg håber, at det gav nogle ting, I kan overveje. Vi har
00:14:01,415 --> 00:14:02,775
Marc: nu at arbejde med, så det er lækkert.
00:14:02,775 --> 00:14:05,195
Der kommer helt sikkert en masse spørgsmål senere.
00:14:07,060 --> 00:14:07,220
Mats: Jeg kan
00:14:07,220 --> 00:14:09,960
Marc: godt trække på mails eller videoopgaver lige
00:14:11,540 --> 00:14:12,260
Mats: meget. Det er lige meget.
00:14:12,260 --> 00:14:17,800
Det kræver videoopgaver, det er måske nemmere, så kan man klare nogle ting eller vise nogle ting.
00:14:18,420 --> 00:14:22,154
E-mails tager det typisk nogle gange lang tid.
00:14:22,154 --> 00:14:23,375
Så vidt opkald er fint.
00:14:25,195 --> 00:14:26,894
Marc: Du høre fra os, hvis der er mere.
00:14:26,954 --> 00:14:28,815
Mats: Det kan godt. Held og lykke.
00:14:29,755 --> 00:14:30,575
Marc: Tak for nu.
|
|
https://github.com/lucannez64/Notes | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lucannez64/Notes/master/Capture/template.typ | typst | // The project function defines how your document looks.
// It takes your content and some metadata and formats it.
// Go ahead and customize it to your liking!
#import "physics.typ"
#let project(title: "", authors: (), date: none, body) = {
// Set the document's basic properties.
set document(author: authors, title: title)
set page(numbering: "1", number-align: center)
set text(font: "Zilla Slab", lang: "fr")
show link: underline
// Title row.
align(center)[
#block(text(font: "Playfair Display",weight: 700, 1.75em, title))
#v(1em, weak: true)
#date
]
// Author information.
pad(
top: 0.5em,
bottom: 0.5em,
x: 2em,
grid(
columns: (1fr,) * calc.min(3, authors.len()),
gutter: 1em,
..authors.map(author => align(center, strong(author))),
),
)
// Main body.
set par(justify: true)
show heading: it => [
#set text(font: "Playfair Display")
#v(0.5em)
#block(it.body)
]
show image: set image(width: 70%)
show math.equation: set text(font: "STIX Two Math", 12pt)
body
}
#let blockquote(body) = [
#set text( size: 0.92em )
#block(inset: (left: 1.5em, top: 0.2em, bottom: 0.2em))[#body]
]
|
|
https://github.com/goshakowska/Typstdiff | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/goshakowska/Typstdiff/main/assets/example1/new.typ | typst | ZMIANY NA HEADERZE
= Introduction zmeniony
ZMIANY NA PARAGRAFIE \
In eport, we will explore the
various that influence fluid
dynamics in glaciers *and how* they
contribute to the formation and
behaviour of these natural structures.
ZMIANY NA LISTACH
+ The climate
- Temperature
+ The topography
+ The geology
+ Nowy
ZMIANY NA MATEMATYCE
$ Q = rho A v + A $
ZMIANY NA FIGURACH ZE ZDJĘCIEM
#figure(
image("doggo.jpeg", width: 30%),
caption: [
_Dog_ form an important part
of the earth's climate system. DODANE
],
)
ZMIANY NA FUNKCJACH
#show "ArtosFlow": name => box[
#box(image(
"doggo.jpeg",
height: 0.9em,
))
#name
]
// zmienne i funkcje
#let name = "Typst"
This is #name's documentation.
It CHANGED #name.
This rep is embedded in the
ArtosFlow project. ArtosFlow is a
project of the Artos DODANE Institute.
ZMIANY NA LINKACH \
https://another.app/docs
/* MODES */
Number: #(1 + 5)
let name = [*Typst NEW!*]
ZMIANY NA TEKŚCIE
#lower("ABC") \
#lower[*CHANGED*] \
#lower[already low]
#upper("CHANGED") \
#upper[*my text*] \
#upper[ALREADY HIGH] |
|
https://github.com/frectonz/the-pg-book | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/frectonz/the-pg-book/main/book/082.%20webstartups.html.typ | typst | webstartups.html
The Future of Web Startups
Want to start a startup? Get funded by
Y Combinator.
October 2007(This essay is derived from a keynote at FOWA in October 2007.)There's something interesting happening right now. Startups are
undergoing the same transformation that technology does when it becomes
cheaper.It's a pattern we see over and over in technology. Initially
there's some device that's very expensive and made
in small quantities. Then someone discovers how to make them cheaply;
many more get built; and as a result they can be used in new ways.Computers are a familiar example. When I was a kid, computers were
big, expensive machines built one at a time. Now they're a commodity.
Now we can stick computers in everything.This pattern is very old. Most of the turning
points in economic history are instances of it. It happened to
steel in the 1850s, and to power in the 1780s.
It happened to cloth manufacture in the thirteenth century, generating
the wealth that later brought about the Renaissance. Agriculture
itself was an instance of this pattern.Now as well as being produced by startups, this pattern
is happening to startups. It's so cheap to start web startups
that orders of magnitudes more will be started. If the pattern
holds true, that should cause dramatic changes.1. Lots of StartupsSo my first prediction about the future of web startups is pretty
straightforward: there will be a lot of them. When starting a
startup was expensive, you had to get the permission of investors
to do it. Now the only threshold is courage.Even that threshold is getting lower, as people watch others take
the plunge and survive. In the last batch of startups we funded,
we had several founders who said they'd thought of applying before,
but weren't sure and got jobs instead. It was only after hearing
reports of friends who'd done it that they decided to try it
themselves.Starting a startup is hard, but having a 9 to 5 job is hard too,
and in some ways a worse kind of hard. In a startup you have lots
of worries, but you don't have that feeling that your life is flying
by like you do in a big company. Plus in a startup you could make
much more money.As word spreads that startups work, the number may grow
to a point that would now seem surprising.We now think of it as normal to have a job at a company, but this
is the thinnest of historical veneers. Just two or three
lifetimes ago, most people in what are now called industrialized
countries lived by farming. So while it may seem surprising to
propose that large numbers of people will change the way they make
a living, it would be more surprising if they didn't.2. StandardizationWhen technology makes something dramatically cheaper, standardization
always follows. When you make things in large volumes you tend
to standardize everything that doesn't need to change.At Y Combinator we still only have four people, so we try to
standardize everything. We could hire employees, but we want to be
forced to figure out how to scale investing.We often tell startups to release a minimal version one quickly,
then let the needs of the users determine what to do
next. In essense, let the market design the product. We've
done the same thing ourselves. We think of the techniques we're
developing for dealing with large numbers of startups as like
software. Sometimes it literally is software, like
Hacker News and
our application system.One of the most important things we've been working on standardizing
are investment terms. Till now investment terms have been
individually negotiated.
This is a problem for founders, because it makes raising money
take longer and cost more in legal fees. So as well as using the
same paperwork for every deal we do, we've commissioned generic
angel paperwork that all the startups we fund can use for future
rounds.Some investors will still want to cook up their own deal terms.
Series A rounds, where you raise a million dollars or more, will
be custom deals for the forseeable future. But I think angel rounds
will start to be done mostly with standardized agreements. An angel
who wants to insert a bunch of complicated terms into the agreement
is probably not one you want anyway.3. New Attitude to AcquisitionAnother thing I see starting to get standardized is acquisitions.
As the volume of startups increases, big companies will start to
develop standardized procedures that make acquisitions little
more work than hiring someone.Google is the leader here, as in so many areas of technology. They
buy a lot of startups— more than most people realize, because they
only announce a fraction of them. And being Google, they're
figuring out how to do it efficiently.One problem they've solved is how to think about acquisitions. For
most companies, acquisitions still carry some stigma of inadequacy.
Companies do them because they have to, but there's usually some
feeling they shouldn't have to—that their own programmers should
be able to build everything they need.Google's example should cure the rest of the world of this idea.
Google has by far the best programmers of any public technology
company. If they don't have a problem doing acquisitions, the
others should have even less problem. However many Google does,
Microsoft should do ten times as many.One reason Google doesn't have a problem with acquisitions
is that they know first-hand the quality of the people they can get
that way. Larry and Sergey only started Google after making the
rounds of the search engines trying to sell their idea and finding
no takers. They've been the guys coming in to visit the big
company, so they know who might be sitting across that conference
table from them.4. Riskier Strategies are PossibleRisk is always proportionate to reward. The way to get really big
returns is to do things that seem crazy, like starting a new search
engine in 1998, or turning down a billion dollar acquisition offer.This has traditionally been a problem in venture funding. Founders
and investors have different attitudes to risk. Knowing that risk
is on average proportionate to reward, investors like risky strategies,
while founders, who don't have a big enough sample size to care
what's true on average, tend to be more conservative.If startups are easy to start, this conflict goes away, because
founders can start them younger, when it's rational to take more
risk, and can start more startups total in their careers. When
founders can do lots of startups, they can start to look at the
world in the same portfolio-optimizing way as investors. And that
means the overall amount of wealth created can be greater, because
strategies can be riskier.5. Younger, Nerdier FoundersIf startups become a cheap commodity, more people will be able to
have them, just as more people could have computers once microprocessors
made them cheap. And in particular, younger and more technical
founders will be able to start startups than could before.Back when it cost a lot to start a startup, you had to convince
investors to let you do it. And that required very different skills
from actually doing the startup. If investors were perfect judges,
the two would require exactly the same skills. But unfortunately
most investors are terrible judges. I know because I see behind
the scenes what an enormous amount of work it takes to raise money,
and the amount of selling required in an industry is always inversely
proportional to the judgement of the buyers.Fortunately, if startups get cheaper to start, there's another way
to convince investors. Instead of going to venture capitalists
with a business plan and trying to convince them to fund it, you
can get a product launched on a few tens of thousands of dollars
of seed money from us or your uncle, and approach them with a
working company instead of a plan for one. Then instead of
having to seem smooth and confident, you can just point them to
Alexa.This way of convincing investors is better suited to hackers, who
often went into technology in part because they felt uncomfortable
with the amount of fakeness required in other fields.6. Startup Hubs Will PersistIt might seem that if startups get cheap to start, it will mean the
end of startup hubs like Silicon Valley. If all you need to start
a startup is rent money, you should be able to do it anywhere.This is kind of true and kind of false. It's true that you can now
start a startup anywhere. But you have to do more with a
startup than just start it. You have to make it succeed. And that
is more likely to happen in a startup hub.I've thought a lot about this question, and it seems to me the
increasing cheapness of web startups will if anything increase the
importance of startup hubs. The value of startup hubs, like centers
for any kind of business, lies in something very old-fashioned:
face to face meetings. No technology in the immediate future will
replace walking down University Ave and running into a friend who
tells you how to fix a bug that's been bothering you all weekend,
or visiting a friend's startup down the street and ending up in a
conversation with one of their investors.The question of whether to be in a startup hub is like the question
of whether to take outside investment. The question is not whether
you need it, but whether it brings any advantage at all.
Because anything that brings an advantage will give your competitors
an advantage over you if they do it and you don't. So if you hear
someone saying "we don't need to be in Silicon Valley," that use
of the word "need" is a sign they're not even thinking about the
question right.And while startup hubs are as powerful magnets as ever, the increasing
cheapness of starting a startup means the particles they're attracting
are getting lighter. A startup now can be just a pair of 22 year
old guys. A company like that can move much more easily than one
with 10 people, half of whom have kids.We know because we make people move for Y Combinator, and it doesn't
seem to be a problem. The advantage of being able to work together
face to face for three months outweighs the inconvenience of moving.
Ask anyone who's done it.The mobility of seed-stage startups means that seed funding is a
national business. One of the most common emails we get is from
people asking if we can help them set up a local clone of Y Combinator.
But this just wouldn't work. Seed funding isn't regional, just as
big research universities aren't.Is seed funding not merely national, but international? Interesting
question. There are signs it may be. We've had an ongoing
stream of founders from outside the US, and they tend to do
particularly well, because they're all people who were so determined
to succeed that they were willing to move to another country to do
it.The more mobile startups get, the harder it would be to start new
silicon valleys. If startups are mobile, the best local talent
will go to the real Silicon Valley,
and all they'll get at the local one will be the people who didn't
have the energy to move.This is not a nationalistic idea, incidentally. It's cities that
compete, not countries. Atlanta is just as hosed as Munich.7. Better Judgement NeededIf the number of startups increases dramatically, then the people
whose job is to judge them are going to have to get better at
it. I'm thinking particularly of investors and acquirers. We now
get on the order of 1000 applications a year. What are we going
to do if we get 10,000?That's actually an alarming idea. But we'll figure out some kind
of answer. We'll have to. It will probably involve writing some
software, but fortunately we can do that.Acquirers will also have to get better at picking winners.
They generally do better than investors, because they pick
later, when there's more performance to measure. But even at the
most advanced acquirers, identifying companies to
buy is extremely ad hoc, and completing the acquisition often
involves a great deal of unneccessary friction.I think acquirers may eventually have chief acquisition officers
who will both identify good acquisitions and make the deals happen.
At the moment those two functions are separate. Promising new
startups are often discovered by developers. If someone powerful
enough wants to buy them, the deal is handed over to corp dev guys
to negotiate. It would be better if both were combined in
one group, headed by someone with a technical background and some
vision of what they wanted to accomplish. Maybe in the future big
companies will have both a VP of Engineering responsible for
technology developed in-house, and a CAO responsible for bringing
technology in from outside.At the moment, there is no one within big companies who gets in
trouble when they buy a startup for $200 million that they could
have bought earlier for $20 million. There should start to be
someone who gets in trouble for that.8. College Will ChangeIf the best hackers start their own companies after college
instead of getting jobs, that will change what happens in college.
Most of these changes will be for the better. I think the experience
of college is warped in a bad way by the expectation that afterward
you'll be judged by potential employers.One change will be in the meaning of "after
college," which will switch from when one graduates from college
to when one leaves it. If you're starting your own company, why
do you need a degree? We don't encourage people to start startups
during college, but the best founders are certainly
capable of it. Some of the most successful companies we've funded
were started by undergrads.I grew up in a time where college degrees seemed really important,
so I'm alarmed to be saying things like this, but there's nothing
magical about a degree. There's nothing that magically changes
after you take that last exam. The importance of degrees is due
solely to the administrative needs of large organizations. These
can certainly affect your life—it's hard to get into grad
school, or to get a work visa in the US, without an undergraduate
degree—but tests like this will matter less and
less.As well as mattering less whether students get degrees, it will
also start to matter less where they go to college. In a startup
you're judged by users, and they don't care where you went to
college. So in a world of startups, elite universities will play
less of a role as gatekeepers. In the US it's a national scandal
how easily children of rich parents game college admissions.
But the way this problem ultimately gets solved may not be by
reforming the universities but by going around them. We in the
technology world are used to that sort of solution: you don't beat
the incumbents; you redefine the problem to make them irrelevant.The greatest value of universities is not the brand name or perhaps
even the classes so much as the people you meet. If
it becomes common to start a startup after college, students may start
trying to maximize this. Instead of focusing on getting
internships at companies they want to work for, they may start
to focus on working with other students they want as cofounders.What students do in their classes will change too. Instead of
trying to get good grades to impress future employers, students
will try to learn things. We're talking about some pretty dramatic
changes here.9. Lots of CompetitorsIf it gets easier to start a startup, it's easier for competitors too.
That doesn't erase the advantage of
increased cheapness, however. You're not all playing a zero-sum
game. There's not some fixed number of startups that can succeed,
regardless of how many are started.In fact, I don't think there's any limit to the number of startups
that could succeed. Startups succeed by creating wealth, which is
the satisfaction of people's desires. And people's desires seem
to be effectively infinite, at least in the short term.What the increasing number of startups does mean is that you won't
be able to sit on a good idea. Other people have your idea, and
they'll be increasingly likely to do something about it.10. Faster AdvancesThere's a good side to that, at least for consumers of
technology. If people get right to work implementing ideas instead
of sitting on them, technology will evolve faster.Some kinds of innovations happen a company at a time, like the
punctuated equilibrium model of evolution. There are some kinds
of ideas that are so threatening that it's hard for big companies
even to think of them. Look at what a hard time Microsoft is
having discovering web apps. They're like a character in a movie
that everyone in the audience can see something bad is about to
happen to, but who can't see it himself. The big innovations
that happen a company at a time will obviously happen faster if
the rate of new companies increases.But in fact there will be a double speed increase. People won't
wait as long to act on new ideas, but also those ideas will
increasingly be developed within startups rather than big companies.
Which means technology will evolve faster per company as well.Big companies are just not a good place to make things happen fast.
I talked recently to a founder whose startup had been acquired by
a big company. He was a precise sort of guy, so he'd measured their
productivity before and after. He counted lines of code, which can
be a dubious measure, but in this case was meaningful because it
was the same group of programmers. He found they were one thirteenth
as productive after the acquisition.The company that bought them was not a particularly stupid one.
I think what he was measuring was mostly the cost of bigness. I
experienced this myself, and his number sounds about right. There's
something about big companies that just sucks the energy out of
you.Imagine what all that energy could do if it were put to use. There
is an enormous latent capacity in the world's hackers that most
people don't even realize is there. That's the main reason we do
Y Combinator: to let loose all this energy by making it easy for
hackers to start their own startups.A Series of TubesThe process of starting startups is currently like the plumbing in
an old house. The pipes are narrow and twisty, and there are leaks
in every joint. In the future this mess will gradually be replaced
by a single, huge pipe. The water will still have to get from A
to B, but it will get there faster and without the risk of spraying
out through some random leak.This will change a lot of things for the better. In a big, straight
pipe like that, the force of being measured by one's performance
will propagate back through the whole system. Performance is always
the ultimate test, but there are so many kinks in the plumbing now
that most people are insulated from it most of the time. So you
end up with a world in which high school students think they need
to get good grades to get into elite colleges, and college students
think they need to get good grades to impress employers, within
which the employees waste most of their time in political battles,
and from which consumers have to buy anyway because there are so
few choices. Imagine if that sequence became a big, straight pipe.
Then the effects of being measured by performance would propagate
all the way back to high school, flushing out all the arbitrary
stuff people are measured by now. That is the future of web startups.Thanks to <NAME> and <NAME> for inviting me to
speak, and the crew at Carson Systems for making everything run smoothly.Japanese Translation
|
|
https://github.com/rangerjo/tutor | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rangerjo/tutor/main/lib.typ | typst | MIT License | /// Load the default tutor config.
///
/// The tutor configuration holds all settings for the individual utilities provided by tutor.
///
/// #example(`
/// let cfg = tutor.default-config()
/// [#cfg]
/// `)
///
/// -> dictionary
#let default-config() = {
let cfg = (
sol: false,
level: 1,
test: true,
utils: (
lines: ( spacing: 10mm ),
grid: ( spacing: 4mm ),
checkbox: (
sym_true: "☒",
sym_false: "☐",
sym_question: "☐"
),
totalpoints: (
outline: false,
),
)
)
return cfg
}
/// Show a checkbox.
///
/// *Example in Question Mode:*
///
/// #example(`
/// let cfg = tutor.default-config()
/// [What does FHIR stand for?
/// - #tutor.checkbox(cfg, false) Finally He Is Real
/// - #tutor.checkbox(cfg, true) Fast Health Interoperability Resources]
/// `)
///
/// *Example in Solution Mode:*
///
/// #example(`
/// let cfg = tutor.default-config()
/// (cfg.sol = true) // enable solutions
/// [What does FHIR stand for?
/// - #tutor.checkbox(cfg, false) Finally He Is Real
/// - #tutor.checkbox(cfg, true) Fast Health Interoperability Resources]
/// `)
///
/// - cfg (dictionary): Global Tutor configuration
/// - answer (boolean): Wheter the checkbox should be filled in solution mode.
/// -> content
#let checkbox(cfg, answer) = {
if cfg.sol {
if answer {
cfg.utils.checkbox.sym_true
} else {
cfg.utils.checkbox.sym_false
}
} else {
cfg.utils.checkbox.sym_question
}
}
/// Print a blank line with a solution text.
///
/// *Example in Question Mode:*
///
/// #example(`
/// let cfg = tutor.default-config()
/// [Word for top of mountain: #tutor.blankline(cfg, 2cm, [peak])]
/// `)
///
/// *Example in Solution Mode:*
///
/// #example(`
/// let cfg = tutor.default-config()
/// (cfg.sol = true) // enable solutions
/// [Word for top of mountain: #tutor.blankline(cfg, 2cm, [peak])]
/// `)
///
/// - cfg (dictionary): Global Tutor configuration
/// - width (length): Line length.
/// - answer (content): Answer to display in solution mode.
/// -> content
#let blankline(cfg, width, answer) = {
if cfg.sol {
box(width: width, baseline: 5pt, stroke: (bottom: black),text(baseline:-5pt)[#answer])
} else {
box(width: width, baseline: 5pt, stroke: (bottom: black))[]
}
}
/// Print lines for students to write answers.
///
/// *Example:*
///
/// #example(`
/// let cfg = tutor.default-config()
/// (cfg.utils.lines.spacing = 2mm)
/// [Write answer here:]
/// tutor.lines(cfg, 3)`)
///
///
///
/// - cfg (dictionary): Global Tutor configuration
/// - count (integer): Number of lines to display.
/// -> content
#let lines(cfg, count) = {
let content = []
let spacing = cfg.utils.lines.spacing
if type(spacing) == "string" {
spacing = eval(spacing)
}
for n in range(count) {
content += [#v(spacing) #line(length:100%) ]
}
return content
}
/// Print a grid for students to write answers.
///
/// *Example:*
///
/// #example(`
/// let cfg = tutor.default-config()
/// [Write answer here:]
/// tutor.grid(cfg, 4cm, 2cm)`)
///
///
///
/// - cfg (dictionary): Global Tutor configuration
/// - width (length): Width of grid box.
/// - height (length): Length of grid box.
/// -> content
#let grid(cfg, width, height) = {
let spacing = cfg.utils.grid.spacing
if type(spacing) == "string" {
spacing = eval(spacing)
}
let pat = pattern(size: (spacing, spacing))[
#place(line(start: (0%, 0%), end: (0%, 100%), stroke: 0.2pt))
#place(line(start: (0%, 0%), end: (100%, 0%), stroke: 0.2pt))
]
align(center,rect(fill: pat, width: width, height: height, stroke: 0.2pt))
}
/// Maximum points that can be achieved for a question. Will be internally added up to the total points counter.
///
/// *Example:*
///
/// #example(`[In this question a maxiumum of #tutor.points(4.5) points can be achieved.]`)
///
///
///
/// - num (integer, float): Number of points.
/// -> content
#let points(num) = {
let c = state("points", 0.0)
c.update(points => points + num)
[ #num ]
}
/// Display the total points of this exam, typically in the exam header.
///
/// *Example:*
///
/// #example(`
/// let cfg = tutor.default-config()
/// [In this a exam a total of #tutor.totalpoints(cfg) points can be achieved.]`)
///
///
/// - cfg (dictionary): Global Tutor configuration
/// -> content
#let totalpoints(cfg) = {
context {
let c = state("points", 0.0)
let points = c.final()
if cfg.utils.totalpoints.outline {
points = points/2
}
[ #points ]
}
}
/// Display only in solution mode.
///
/// - cfg (dictionary): Global Tutor configuration
/// - sol (content): Content to be shown in solution mode
/// -> content
#let if_sol(cfg, sol) = {
if cfg.sol {
sol
}
}
/// Display different content in solution and question mode.
///
/// - cfg (dictionary): Global Tutor configuration
/// - sol (content): Content to be shown in solution mode
/// - question (content): Content to be shown in question mode
/// -> content
#let if_sol_else(cfg, sol, question) = {
if cfg.sol {
sol
} else {
question
}
}
/// Display only in test mode.
///
/// - cfg (dictionary): Global Tutor configuration
/// - test (content): Content to be shown in test mode
/// -> content
#let if_test(cfg, test) = {
if cfg.test {
test
}
}
/// Display different content in solution and question mode.
///
/// - cfg (dictionary): Global Tutor configuration
/// - test (content): Content to be shown in test mode
/// - exercise (content): Content to be shown in question mode
/// -> content
#let if_test_else(cfg, test, exercise) = {
if cfg.test {
test
} else {
exercise
}
}
|
https://github.com/npikall/vienna-tech | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/npikall/vienna-tech/main/template/main.typ | typst | The Unlicense | #import "@preview/vienna-tech:0.1.1": *
#show "Typst": fancy-typst
#show "LaTeX": fancy-latex
// Useing the configuration
#show: tuw-thesis.with(
title: [Instruktionen zur Abfassung der Bachelorarbeit],
thesis-type: [Bachelorarbeit],
lang: "de",
authors: (
(
name: "<NAME>",
email: "<EMAIL>",
matrnr: "12345678",
date: datetime.today().display("[day] [month repr:long] [year]"),
),
),
abstract: include "abstract.typ",
toc:true,
bibliography: bibliography("assets/refs.bib"),
appendix: include "appendix.typ",
)
// Some Example Content has already been created for you, to show you how to use the configuration
// and to give you some useful information about the structure of a Bachelor Thesis
// You can delete this content and start writing your own content
// Main Content
= Einleitung
Die Bachelorarbeit kann in Deutsch oder Englisch verfasst werden.
Die Länge darf 12 Seiten nicht unterschreiten und 30 Seiten nicht
überschreiten (exkl. Anhang).
Nach dem Titel der Arbeit werden der Autor und darauf eine Kurzfassung
angeführt.
Danach beginnt der Hauptteil der Arbeit.
Die Bachelorarbeit hat keine Titelseite und nur bei Bedarf ein
Inhaltsverzeichnis (zwischen Kurzfassung und Kapitel 1).
Der Titel der Arbeit wird in dem Konfigurationsbefehl `tuw-thesis` angegeben, ebenso wie der Name des/der Autors/Autoren, die E-Mailadresse, die Matrikelnummer und das Datum.
Durch den Konfigurationsbefehl wird nicht nur der Typografische Stil der Arbeit festgelegt, sondern es wird auch der Titelblock, das Inhalts- und das Literaturverzeichnis generiert.
#include "sections.typ" |
https://github.com/Kasci/LiturgicalBooks | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Kasci/LiturgicalBooks/master/CSL_old/oktoich/Hlas8/1_Pondelok.typ | typst | #let V = (
"HV": (
("","Hóspodi, ášče i sudílišče","Hóspodi, prišédyj v mír hríšniki prizváti, i razbójniki, i mytarjá, i bludnícu, i blúdnaho prijémyj: páče vsích mené sohrišívšaho tebí, Christé mój, i nikákože ktomú kájuščasja, čelovikoľúbne prizoví."),
("","","Hóspodi, íže ot mytaréj pástyri cérkvi tvojéj postavléj, i íže tój préžde honíteľa, nýňi zastúpnika soďílav: i mené ťích molítvami tvojé ovčá pokaží, Spáse, i da ne v sňíď čuždému nepotrébnyj búdu."),
("","","Pláči okajánnaja dušé, préžde koncá, i Bóhu priľipísja, zovúšči jemú ot sérdca i stenáňmi, o vseskvérnaja, sohriších tí Christé, ne hnušájsja mené, moľúsja, no obratív mjá jáko mílostiv, i proščénija spodóbi."),
("","Hóspodi, ášče i sudílišče","Hóspodi, bezplótnych sobóri neprestánno slávjat ťá, tvojejá naslaždájuščesja krasotý, i neizrečénnoju dobrótoju, i trisólnečnymi lučámi bohátno ozarjájemi: íchže molítvami i predstáteľstvom, Spáse, spasí dúšy náša."),
("","","Hóspodi, vseslíčnyja líki ánheľskija, tý postávil jesí vsesíľnym tvojím slóvom, i presvjatým tvojím Dúchom, neotpádajuščimi zarjámi sijánije darováv. Íchže moľbámi i predstáteľstvy, Spáse, spasí dúšy náša."),
("","","Hóspodi, Serafími vospivájut ťá, i vlásti, i ánheli, načála, Hospóďstvija, prestóli i síly, i archánheli, i Cheruvími strášniji chvalénije tebí prinósjat: íchže moľbámi i predstáteľstvy, Spáse, spasí dúšy náša."),
("Bohoródičen","","Vsehdá tvorcá áz tvár oskorbľáju i prohňivľáju, dážď mí ispravlénije, otrokovíce, préžde tohó preminívši, i pómoščiju tvojéju k ďilóm uhódnym vozstávi, jáko da ulučú spasénije i ostavlénije."),
),
"S": (
("","","Tebé carjá i Vladýku, ánheli neprestánno vospivájut, áz že tí pripádaju, jáko mytár zovýj: Bóže, očísti mjá, i pomíluj mjá."),
("","","Bezsmértna súšči dušé mojá, volnámi žitéjskimi ne pokryvájsja, no vozníkni vopijúšči k svojemú blahodáteľu: Bóže, očísti mjá, i spasí mja."),
("","","Múčency Hospódni, vsjáko místo osvjaščájete, i vsják nedúh uvračújete: i nýňi molítesja, izbávitisja ot sítej vrážijich dušám nášym, mólim vý."),
("Bohoródičen","","Archánhela Havrijíla hlás vospriímše, rcém: rádujsja Máti Bóžija, jáže žiznodávca Christá míru róždši."),
),
)
#let P = (
"1": (
("","","Kolesnicehoníteľa faraóňa pohruzí, čudotvorjáj inohdá moiséjskij žézl, krestoobrázno porazív i razďilív móre: Izráiľa že bihlecá, pišechódca spasé, písň Bóhovi vospivájušča."),
("","","Preslávnaja o tebí vozhlahólašasja, prečístaja, vírnych sláva jedína bývša. Ťímže búduščija slávy pričástnika mjá pokaží tvojími molítvami, slávjaščaho ťá, presvjatája Ďívo vsepítaja."),
("","","Blahoslovén plód, prečístaja, čréva tvojehó, ímže zemníji vsí kľátvy izbávichomsja, blahoslovénnaja vsečístaja. O neskazánnaho čudesé, nedoumínnaho slýšanija, vsích že vírnych spasénija!"),
("","","Ánhel mólit ťá, Hóspodi, mnóžestvo vsehdá: učenik sobór, i prorók, soslóvija múčenik, i prepodóbnych tvojích: Bohoródicy rádi hrichóv proščénije dáruj nám, jáko čelovikoľúbec."),
("","","Tebé prečístuju, júže v ložesnách prijémšuju óhň nesterpímyj, moľú víroju: hejénny ohňá izbáviti mjá i ischitíti, i víčnujuščaho mučénija svobodíti tvojími blahoprijátnymi molítvami."),
),
"3": (
("","","Nebésnaho krúha verchotvórče Hóspodi, i cérkve ziždíteľu, tý mené utverdí v ľubví tvojéj, želánij kráju, vírnych utverždénije, jedíne čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Čístaho žitijá otpád prečístaja, priložíchsja skotóm, i osuždén vés bých: jáže sudijú róždšaja, vsjákaho osuždénija izbávi, i spasí mja."),
("","","Stenánija čístaja, i dušévnuju slézu, i prísnoje mí umilénije podážď otrokovíce: jáko da pláču oderžáščyja mjá strásti ot nevňátija, Bohoblahodátnaja."),
("","","Nebésniji čínove, služébniji dúsi, sobór prorók i apóstol, i múčenik tvojích móľat ťá neprestánno ščédre: ľúdem tvojím dáruj prehrišénij ostavlénije."),
("","","Milosérdija mjá božéstvennaho, jáko mílostiva prečístaja, nýňi spodóbiti umolí milosérdaho: nrávy bo nemílostivy nemilosérdno sťažáv, víčnomu ohňú dostójin bých."),
),
"4": (
("","","Tý mojá kríposť Hóspodi, tý mojá i síla, tý mój Bóh, tý mojé rádovanije, ne ostávľ ňídra Ótča, i nášu niščetú positív. Ťím s prorókom Avvakúmom zovú ti: síľi tvojéj sláva, čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Lukávoje hrichóv mojích rukopisánije razderí prečístaja, božéstvennym kopijém, probódšim božéstvennaja rébra, vočelovíčitisja iz tebé voschoťívšaho: i molí sehó, v knízi mjá spasénnych napisáti, bezúmno ot nehó udalívšahosja."),
("","","Da hlásy blahodárstvennymi slávľu ťá, da ľubóviju božéstvennoju veličáju ťá, preneporóčnaja: jéže velíkim tvojím roždestvóm, vsjá udalívšijasja vozvelíčivši, veľmí udalívšahosja i ľúťi pádšaho mjá, proščénija božéstvennaho spodóbi."),
("","","Zakóny v tebí isprazdníšasja jestestvá, páče bo jestestvá Bóha Slóva rodilá jesí. Ťímže ťá víroju moľú, preneporóčnaja: páče jestestvá čelovíčeskaho mnóho sohríšša, i Bóha udáľšasja, obráščšahosja spasí molítvami tvojími."),
("","","Vráh úbo hrichóvnymi strilámi dúšu mojú vsjú ujazví, i oskverní slasťmí mojé sérdce, i ot putí otvedé právaho. Sehó rádi Ďívo, vopijú ti: obratívši iscilí i spasí mja."),
),
"5": (
("","","Vskúju mjá otrínul jesí ot licá tvojehó, svíte nezachodímyj, i pokrýla mjá jésť čuždája ťmá okajánnaho? No obratí mja, i k svítu zápovidej tvojích putí mojá naprávi, moľúsja."),
("","","Ródove rodóv ťá, Ďívo, prisnoblažénnuju nýňi blážát, nebésnyja síly, jáko dólňaja s výšnimi sovokúpľšuju, voschvaľájut jedínu v ženách blahoslovénnuju, pádšaho Adáma ispravlénije."),
("","","Prebýti mí cílu, i neprelóžna stojánija ulúčšu, no blahošéstvujušču že, i Bóhu uhódnaja ďílajušču, blahája molí, blaháho róždši Slóva, nás bezslovésija izbávľšaho."),
("","","Íže króv svojú Slóve, na kresťí prolijávyj, za premnóhuju mílosti bézdnu, strastéj mojích bézdnu izsuší: i vo umiléniji tebí Bóhu uhodíti, Bohoródicy rádi spodóbi."),
("","","Máti Ďívo otrokovíce, jáže neobiménnaho plótiju róždšaja, ánhelov slávu, i bisóv jázvu, Bohonevísto, mojé sérdce ujazvívšejesja hrichóm, ciľbý božéstvennyja spodóbi."),
),
"6": (
("","","Očísti mjá Spáse, mnóha bo bezzakónija mojá, i iz hlubiný zól vozvedí, moľúsja: k tebí bo vozopích, i uslýši mjá, Bóže spasénija mojehó."),
("","","Pomílovasja tobóju jestestvó čelovíčeskoje, mílostivaja Vladýčice: mílostivaho bo rodilá jesí prečístaja. Ťímže moľú ťa, mojú dúšu pomíluj."),
("","","Bezplótnych čínove móľat ťá Christé, múčenik, prorók, i apóstol tvojích: róždšija ťá rádi, ľúdi tvojá spasí ot vsjákaho obstojánija."),
("","","Jáže neďílannaja zemľá, ďílateľa róždši, i vsích ziždíteľa, oľadeňívšuju dúšu mojú strasťmí, plodonósnu pokaží božéstvennym razumínijem."),
("","","Prestupích zápovidi jáže k Bóhu vedúščyja mjá, i ne choťá porabótichsja lukávym strastém: ťímže moľú ťa prisnoďíívo, ischití mja ot ťích vladýčestvija."),
),
"S": (
("","","Nebésnoje blahočéstije sílam, i pochváľnuju vysotú dušám nášym, Mátereďivu otrokovícu voschválim vírniji: rádujsja, jáže ánhelom tvorcá vo utróbi začénši, rádujsja, pádajuščich očiščénije, Bóha Slóva voplóščši. Rádujsja, nevísto nenevístnaja."),
),
"7": (
("","","Bóžija snizchoždénija óhň ustyďísja v Vavilóňi inohdá. sehó rádi ótrocy v peščí rádovannoju nohóju, jáko vo cvitníci likújušče pojáchu: blahoslovén jesí Bóže otéc nášich."),
("","","Neizrečénnym roždestvóm tvojím, strášnych i neizhlahólannych veščéj nás spodóbila jesí Bohoródice: ťímže mjá strášnyja múki izbávi, i neizrečénnyja mjá rádosti ispólni, da pojú ťa prísno mnohopítuju."),
("","","V ľínosti žitijé mojé iždív, bých bezplóden, i užasájusja prénija, i hejénny ohňá nehasímaho: jáže óhň róždšaja Bohoródice nesterpímyj, priloží izbáviti mjá molítvami tvojími."),
("","","Čudés prevýše velíkoje čúdo tvojehó roždestvá, čístaja Ďívo, sehó rádi vopijú ti Bohorodíteľnice: tvojá mílosti na mňí udiví, i búduščaho hňíva izbávi, i spasí mja."),
("","","Mené žívšaho v ľínosti, i prezrívšaho svjatýja zakóny tvojá, i čéstnája tvojá Christé poveľínija, uščédri Spáse, róždšija ťá rádi, jáko blahodátel Bóh, i mnohomílostiv."),
),
"8": (
("","","Sedmeríceju péšč chaldéjskij mučítel Bohočestívym neístovno razžžé, síloju že lúčšeju spasény sijá víďiv, tvorcú i izbáviteľu vopijáše: ótrocy blahoslovíte, svjaščénnicy vospójte, ľúdije prevoznosíte vo vsjá víki."),
("","","Umerščvlénuju oživí, pádšuju vozstávi, ujázvenuju dúšu mojú iscilí, úm mój umirí, iskušénij vólny ukrotí Ďívo, i vopijúšča mjá spasí: ótrocy blahoslovíte, svjaščénniji vospójte, ľúdije prevoznosíte jehó vo víki."),
("","","Jáko razbójnik vzyváju tí, pomjaní mja čelovikoľúbče: pláču jáko bludníca, i vopijú: sohriších jákože drévle blúdnyj, kájuščasja prijimí mja otčájannaho, Bohoródicy rádi, da usérdno vopijú ti: svjaščénniji vospójte, ľúdije prevoznosíte jehó vo víki."),
("","","Raboľípno vopijém tí Bohoródice vsepítaja: so bezčíslennymi úmnymi sílami, proróki i prepodóbnymi, i apóstoly že i múčeniki, sotvorí moľbú za vsjá čelovíki, božéstvenňi pojúščyja: svjáščénniji vospójte, ľúdije prevoznosíte jehó vo víki."),
("","","Čéstňijši jesí Bohoródice vseneporóčnaja, premírnych ánheľskich činóv: sích bo rodilá jesí sozdáteľa i Hóspoda, ot ďivíčeskija neiskusobráčnyja utróby, vo dvúch suščestvách, nesmísno i neprelóžno, jedínu ipostás, Bohoródice voploščájemu."),
),
"9": (
("","","Ustrašísja vsják slúch neizrečénna Bóžija snizchoždénija, jáko výšnij vóleju sníde dáže i do plóti, ot ďivíčeskaho čréva býv čelovík: ťímže ťá prečístuju Bohoródicu vírniji veličájem."),
("","","O božéstvennyj ódre Solomónov, jehóže okružájut nýňi síľniji šesťdesját, hlahóly božéstvennaho pisánija, na némže Bóh počí, ťmámi mjá prísno démony okružéna, nevrédna sochraní síloju tvojéju, čístaja prisnoďívo."),
("","","Iskápajuščaja božéstvennuju sládosť, vsích sládosť róždšaja, dúšu mojú usladí, jádom zmiínym ohorčénuju, otčuždájušči mjá hórkaho vréda, vsehdá chodátajstvom tvojím, predstáteľnice vírnych nepostýdnaja."),
("","","Sólnce slávy Iisúse, okajánnuju mojú dúšu prosvití, moľbámi tebé róždšija čístyja Bohootrokovícy: i bezplótnych slúh, čéstných apóstol tvojích, i svjatítelej, i prorók, i múčenik izbránnych, i prepodóbnych tvojích."),
("","","Strašúsja jedíne carjú, tvojehó vtoráho i strášnaho prišéstvija, vés osuždén i nedoumínen sýj, Hóspodi. Ťímže préžde koncá vopijú ti: róždšija ťá rádi poščadí mja, i spasí mílostive, blahíj čelovikoľúbče."),
),
)
#let U = (
"S1": (
("","","Ókom blahoutróbnym, Hóspodi, vížď mojé smirénije, jáko vmáľi žízň mojá skončavájetsja, i ot ďíl ňísť mňí spasénija. Sehó rádi moľúsja: ókom blahoutróbnym, Hóspodi, vížď mojé smirénije, i spasí mja."),
("","","Jáko sudijí súšču, popecýsja o dušé, i strášnaho dné čás pomyšľáj: súd bo bez mílosti jésť ne sotvóršym mílosti. Ťímže préžde koncá vozopíj: poščadí mja Spáse, jedín bo jesí bezhríšen."),
("Bohoródičen","","Poveľínnoje tájno prijím v rázumi, v króvi Jósifovi, tščánijem predstá bezplótnyj, hlahóľa neiskusobráčňij: priklonívyj schoždénijem nebesá, vmiščájetsja neizmínno vés v ťá. Jehóže i víďa v ložesnách tvojích prijémša rábij zrák, užasájusja zváti tebí: rádujsja, nevísto nenevístnaja."),
),
"S2": (
("","","Déň ón strášnyj pomyšľájušči dušé mojá, pobdí, vžihájušči sviščú tvojú, jeléjem prosviščájušči, ne vísi bo, kohdá priídet k tebí hlás hlahóľuščij: sé ženích. Bľudí úbo dušé mojá, da ne vozdrémleši, i prebúdeši vňí tolkúšči jáko pjáť ďív: no bódrenno poždí, da usrjáščeši Christá jeléjem mastítym, i dást tí čertóh božéstvennyj slávy svojejá."),
("","","Jáko bludníca pripádaju tí, da prijimú ostavlénije, i vmísto míra slézy ot sérdca prinošú ti: da jáko ónuju uščédriši mjá Spáse, i podási mí očiščénije hrichóv. Jáko ónaja bo zovú ti: izbávi mjá ot timínija ďíl mojích."),
("Múčeničen","","Svítom nebésnym prosviščájetsja dnés séj chrám: v ném bo vójinstva ánheľskaja rádujutsja, s nímiže i právednych lícy veseľátsja, v pámjať strástotérpec. Ťích molítvami nizposlí míru tvojemú mír Christé, i véliju mílosť."),
("Bohoródičen","","Rádujsja vratá carjá slávy jáže výšnij jedín prójde, i jedínu zapečátanu sochraní, vo spasénije dúš nášich."),
),
"S3": (
("","Poveľínnoje tájno","Dokóľi, dušé mojá, živéši v neraďíniji? Dokóľi vo unýniji skončaváješi? Ot sná unýnija vostáni okajánnaja, vo úm prijémši ďijánija tvojá: vozstení, i právednaho sudijí vostrepeščí izrečénija, čtó otviščáti ímaši v čás ón? Ilí káko ožidájuščaho ťá izbávišisja opalénija, neisprávlena prebyvájušči? Vozopíj préžde koncá k sudijí: prehrišénij dážď mí, Spáse, ostavlénije, tý bo jedín jesí dolhoterpilív."),
("","","Mytarévo stenánije, i bludnícy rydánije dušé, préžde koncá vosprijimí, víduščemu tájnaja ďilá tvojá, ne prestáj rydánijem ispovídajuščisja i pláčem, postóm i bďínijem, i molítvoju vopijúšči: sohriších, očísti mjá Spáse, molítvami ánhel tvojích, jáko ščédr, i spasí mja."),
("Bohoródičen","","Bohorádovannaja, čístaja blahoslovénnaja, za milosérdije ščedrót iz tebé róždšahosja, s výšnimi sílami i archánhely, i so vsími bezplótnymi, o nás molí neprestánno, dáti nám préžde koncá proščénije i očiščénije hrichóv, i žitijá ispravlénije: jáko da obrjáščem mílosť."),
),
"K": (
"P1": (
"1": (
("","","Vódu prošéd jáko súšu, i jehípetskaho zlá izbižáv, Izráiľťanin vopijáše: izbáviteľu i Bóhu nášemu pojím."),
("","","Izbávi mjá hejénny, júže sebí ďíly bezmístnymi ischodátaich, izbáviteľu: i tvojejá ľubvé vozžzí mi v pomyšléniji óhň božéstvennyj."),
("","","Podkloníchsja strastém i omračíchsja, i bezslovésen javíchsja, slóvom počtén býv: Hóspodi, vozniknovénije dážď duší mojéj, i ímiže vísi suďbámi, spasí mja."),
("Múčeničen","","Dručímo ťílo bijéňmi, javľáše nráva právoje že i nepreklónnoje, i jéže k ziždíteľu ľubóv, vincenóscy vsechváľniji múčenicy."),
("Múčeničen","","Krovéj potékša ríki ťilés svjatých, slávnych tvojích stradálec, idolobísija térnije tvojéju síloju ščédre podavíša."),
("Bohoródičen","","Iscilí čístaja, nedúhujušča mjá ľúťi smertonósnym hrichóm, plotskích i dušévnych strastéj, jáko da víroju prísno ublažáju ťá."),
),
"2": (
("","","Vódu prošéd jáko súšu, i jehípetskaho zlá izbižáv, Izráiľťanin vopijáše: izbáviteľu i Bóhu nášemu pojím."),
("","","Svjatých ánhel jáko načalovódcy, i Bohoviďínija naslaždájuščesja svitlostno, blahodávca i Spása o nás molíte archánheli."),
("","","Svjatých ánhel jáko načalovódcy, i Bohoviďínija naslaždájuščesja svitlostno, blahodávca i Spása o nás molíte archánheli."),
("","","Núždnymi oderžími napásťmi, k vám jáko predstátelem nýňi pribihájem vírniji, archánheli božéstvenniji, Vladýku nýňi o nás priľížno umolíte."),
("Bohoródičen","","Búdi mí Ďívo, pribížišče, pristánišče že i sťiná i predstáteľnica, jáže Bóha plótiju róždši Bohomáti, izbáviteľa vseščédraho."),
),
),
"P3": (
"1": (
("","","Nebésnaho krúha verchotvórče Hóspodi, i cérkve ziždíteľu, tý mené utverdí v ľubví tvojéj, želánij kráju, vírnych utverždénije, jedíne čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Kotórymi uzrjú ťa tohdá, Christé Spáse, očíma, nijedínu na zemlí zápoviď tvojú sotvorív? Káko nesterpímomu tvojemú predstánu prestólu, bezmírnych mí zól tvorjášču otvít?"),
("","","Prostér rúci tvojích ščedrót, prijimí mja jákože préžde blúdnaho, podóbnymi óbrazy porabótivšahosja bezčéstnym strastém, i ot tebé udalívšasja, Iisúse čelovikoľúbče preblahíj."),
("Múčeničen","","Utverdívšesja na kámeni Bóžijaho rázuma, múčenicy Christóvy strastotérpcy, orúžijem víry iskoreníste nerazúmija térnije, i plodý stradánija vozďílaste."),
("Múčeničen","","Nepokolebímiji stolpí, ístinnyja víry presvítlaja cérkóvnaja udobrénija, svjaščénňijšaja ovčáta Christóva, vóleju zakolénaja, múčenicy da pochváľatsja."),
("Bohoródičen","","Tebé chraníteľnicu presvjatája, v napástech sťažách: tebé po Bózi mojú predstáteľnicu ímam neusýpnu: tebé da obrjášču prečístaja, izbavľájuščuju mjá v déň sudá vsjákaho osuždénija."),
),
"2": (
("","","Nebésnaho krúha verchotvórče Hóspodi, i cérkve ziždíteľu, tý mené utverdí v ľubví tvojéj, želánij kráju, vírnych utverždénije, jedíne čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Darmí mnohoobráznymi ánheľskaho čína, jáko činonačáľnicy javľájemi archistratízi, ukrašájemi. Christóvy cérkvi tvérdo sochraňájte predstáteľstvy vášimi."),
("","","Darmí mnohoobráznymi ánheľskaho čína, jáko činonačáľnicy javľájemi archistratízi, ukrašájemi. Christóvy cérkvi tvérdo sochraňájte predstáteľstvy vášimi."),
("","","Orúžijem blahovolénija, vírnych ispolnénija, pravoslávija dobrótami nýňi vinčavájemi, ot napástej jáko blahoslávniji predstátelije Bóžiji izbávite, božéstvenniji archánheli."),
("Bohoródičen","","Žízni netľínnyja božéstvennaja síň bylá jesí, jedína ot vík jávľšisja Ďívo Máti čístaja. Ťímže vsepítaja, súščaho mjá v síni smértňij, k životú nastávi nýňi molítvami tvojími."),
),
),
"P4": (
"1": (
("","","Iz horý priosinénnyja Slóve, prorók, jedínyja Bohoródicy, choťášča voplotítisja, bohovídno usmotrí. I so stráchom slavoslóvjaše sílu tvojú."),
("","","Velík pódvih duší razlučájuščejsja, trépet strášen, sudijí siďášču. I sudímym čelovíkom sohrešívšym: uvý mňí, čtó sotvorjú osuždényj?"),
("","","Imíja sérdce skvérn ispólneno, i hrichóv neudób nosímaja bremená, i k ščedrótam tvojím pritekáju Vladýko: ne prézri mené, no uščédri mjá, moľúsja."),
("Múčeničen","","Čestná váša smérť pokazásja pred Bohom, dóbliji strastotérpcy: ne bó otverhóstesja tohó, boľíznej tmámi i ránami okružájemi."),
("Múčeničen","","Uránen býsť vráh ránoju múčenik, padé jehó bróv vozvyšájemaja: i veličájetsja ťích vincedáteľ, písňmi božéstvennymi proslavľájem."),
("Bohoródičen","","Tebé čístoje prijátelišče Vladýki Bohorodíteľnice, víroju moľú: očísti mjá ot vsjákija skvérny, i dóm pokaží vseďíteľnaho i božéstvennaho Dúcha."),
),
"2": (
("","","Uslýšach Hóspodi, smotrénija tvojehó táinstvo: razumích ďilá tvojá, i proslávich tvojé božestvó."),
("","","Dvóice pérvenstvujuščaja archánheľskomu nýňi sobrániju, pritekájuščija k pokróvu vášemu, ot vsjákija bidý spasájte."),
("","","Dvóice pérvenstvujuščaja archánheľskomu nýňi sobrániju, pritekájuščija k pokróvu vášemu, ot vsjákija bidý spasájte."),
("","","Zrítelije svítlosti Bohonačáľnaja, i blahodajánija archistratízi vseslávniji, nýňi stádo váše prosviščájte."),
("Bohoródičen","","Svjáščénno ťá slávjat bezplótnych božéstvennaja vóinstva, Bohomáti vseneporóčnaja: ziždíteľa bo ích rodilá jesí."),
),
),
"P5": (
"1": (
("","","Prosvití nás poveľíniji tvojími Hóspodi, i mýšceju tvojéju vysókoju, tvój mír podážď nám čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Nrávom lukávym preohorčích ťá Hóspodi, ďílajaj bezmístnaja: no uščédri mjá obraščájuščahosja, i spasí."),
("","","Imíjaj pómysl ot zlých nevoznicájušč, ne čúvstvuju nesmýslennyj, nedoumínije mojé Iisúse razriší, i spasí mja."),
("Múčeničen","","Položí vás božéstvenniji múčenicy svitodáteľ, jákože kámenija sijájuščaja Bohorazúmijem, i prélesti ťmú razorjájuščaja."),
("Múčeničen","","Zakónom lukávym zakóny božéstvennyja soprotivopoložíste, i Bóha propovídajušče, umertvítisja jehó rádi usédrno podjáste."),
("Bohoródičen","","Umertví čístaja, plóti mojejá dvizánija, umertvívšaja roždestvóm tvojím otrokovíce, živúščij hrích práotca."),
),
"2": (
("","","Prosvití nás poveľíniji tvojími Hóspodi, i mýšceju tvojéju vysókoju, tvój mír podážď nám čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Ókrest Bóha predstojášče archistratízi, i ottúdu istekájuščimi zarjámi prosviščájemi, stádo váše sochraníte."),
("","","Ókrest Bóha predstojášče archistratízi, i ottúdu istekájuščimi zarjámi prosviščájemi, stádo váše sochraníte."),
("","","Izbavlénije nám darováti, molítesja Vladýci i Bóhu nášemu, jáko predstátelije vsích izbavlénija."),
("Bohoródičen","","Míro tájnoje imenújem ťá vsečístaja súščeje, róždšuju Bóha plótiju, blahouchánija točáščaho darovánija."),
),
),
"P6": (
"1": (
("","","Jónu v kíťi Hóspodi jedínaho vselíl jesí, mené že svjázannaho mréžami vrážijimi, jáko ot tlí ónaho spasí."),
("","","Sólnečnyj svít pokajánija vozsijáj mí, Christé svitodáteľu, súščemu vo ťmí prehrišénij, da pojú tvojú blahostýňu."),
("","","Tvojehó strášnaho sudíšča trepéšču vsehdá, zlých že ne otstupáju, rabótaja zlómu obýčaju: isprávi mjá Christé, da pojú tvojú blahostýňu."),
("Múčeničen","","Lícy čéstných múčenik postradáša, i polkí pobidíša bisóvskija, i likóm ánheľskim sovokupíšasja v rádosti: ťích molítvami Hóspodi, spasí dúšy náša."),
("Múčeničen","","Krípostiju tvojéju síľny pokazál jesí múčeniki tvojá Hóspodi, i vsjú sílu nizložíša vétchaho zapináteľa: ťích molítvami, Hóspodi spasí dúšy náša."),
("Bohoródičen","","Da hlásy blahodárstvenňi vsehdá slávľu ťá vseneporóčnaja, duší mojejá otžení ťmú, i pokajánija svítom razriší mí mráčnaja sohrišénija."),
),
"2": (
("","","Molítvu prolijú ko Hóspodu, i tomú vozviščú pečáli mojá: jáko zól dušá mojá ispólnisja, i živót mój ádu priblížisja: i moľúsja jáko Jóna: ot tlí Bóže vozvedí mja."),
("","","Nýňi prestólu strášnomu predstojáti neuklónno spodóbivšesja bohovídcy, i ozaréniji svjatýja Tróicy nasyščájetesja: k vám pribihájuščym ot napástej i strastéj molíte izbávitisja, archánheli."),
("","","Nýňi prestólu strášnomu predstojáti neuklónno spodóbivšesja bohovídcy, i ozaréniji svjatýja Tróicy nasyščájetesja: k vám pribihájuščym ot napástej i strastéj molíte izbávitisja, archánheli."),
("","","Stránstvija Vladýčňaho molítesja vás písnenno vospivájuščym polučíti, i rádosti prisnosúščnyja spodóbitisja, i božéstvennyja svítlosti, archánheli bohovídniji, Havrijíle i Michajíle vseslávniji."),
("Bohoródičen","","Oduševlénnyj Vladýčnij čertóh, íže svítlymi lučámi ďívstva svitovídňi, jákože krín sijájuščij posreďí ternóvnaho mjatéža, prečístaja i blahoľípnaja Bohoródica Ďíva da slávitsja."),
),
),
"P7": (
"1": (
("","","Ot Judéji došédše ótrocy, v Vavilóňi inohdá, víroju Tróičeskoju plámeň péščnyj popráša pojúšče: otcév Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
("","","Vozdychánije mí dážď Christé, jákože inohdá mytarjú, i jákože bludníci, slezámi otmýv hnojénija zól mojích, i vopijúšča mjá uščédri: otéc nášich Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
("","","V razbójniki dušehubíteľnyja Spáse vpádšaho, i ujázvlennaho ľúťi, iscilí jeléjem ískrenňaho pokajánija, i umilí píti tebí: otéc nášich Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
("Múčeničen","","Umertvístesja míru, i mértva bývša živonósnaho Christá, nikákože otverhóstesja dóblestvenniji strastonóscy, stradáľčestvujušče i pojúšče: otéc nášich Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
("Múčeničen","","Jedíno jestestvó Tróicy, v trijéch ipostásich ispovídajušče múdriji, mnohobóžnuju prélesť ídoľskuju strastotérpcy razrušíste, pojúšče: otéc nášich Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
("Bohoródičen","","Íže Bóžije Bóh Slóvo, vo utróbu tvojú vséľsja, Ďívo Máti čístaja, vsím zastúpnicu obídimym javľájet ťá, vopijúščym: otéc nášich Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
),
"2": (
("","","Ot Judéji došédše ótrocy, v Vavilóňi inohdá, víroju Tróičeskoju plámeň péščnyj popráša pojúšče: otcév Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
("","","Mnohorazlíčnuju blahodáť archistratízi božéstvenniji, vám darovál jésť, íže vsích blahodáteľ, jehóže nýňi cérkov pojúščuju spasájte: otéc nášich Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
("","","Mnohorazlíčnuju blahodáť archistratízi božéstvenniji, vám darovál jésť, íže vsích blahodáteľ, jehóže nýňi cérkov pojúščuju spasájte: otéc nášich Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
("","","Síloju vsevídca ukripľájemi, vsjá koncý zemlí jásno nazirájete, i vsích spasájete víroju pojúščich: otéc nášich Bóže, blahoslovén jesí."),
("Bohoródičen","","Spasíteľnoje pristánišče Bohoródice Ďívo, ťá nýňi imúšče, žitéjskich bíd izbihájem i mjatéžej, Sýnu tvojemú zovúšče: otéc nášich Bóže blahoslovén jesí."),
),
),
"P8": (
"1": (
("","","Na horí svjaťíj proslávľšasja, i v kupiňí ohném prisnoďívy Moiséovi tájnu jávľšaho, Hóspoda pójte, i prevoznosíte vo vsjá víki."),
("","","Otvedénaho mjá plotskími ľuboslástiji, i ot tebé Slóve bezúmno udalívšahosja, i upodóbľšasja vsím skotóm, ne prézri Spáse, no préžde koncá obratív spasí mja."),
("","","Ot hrích nikákože ostajúsja, obraščénija nikohdáže tvorjá, i vopijú okajánnyj: sohriších tí Hóspodi, i ožesťívšuju umilí dúšu mojú, ščédre."),
("Múčeničen","","Dóbliji Hospódni strastotérpcy, króvnymi strujámi krestívšesja, vtorými skvérnami ne oskverníšasja, i vincenóscy so ánhely likovstvújut neprestánno."),
("Múčeničen","","Vžílivšesja nadéždeju búduščich, blahočéstija múčenicy, múk ľútosť dóbliji preterpíša: i skončávšesja, prestólu Vladýčňu predstoját neprestánno."),
("Bohoródičen","","Stojáščich utverždénije jesí, i pádšich ispravlénije Ďívo. Ťímže pádšaho mjá vozstávi, da ťá slávľu blahoslovénnuju i obrádovannuju."),
),
"2": (
("","","Carjá nebésnaho, jehóže pojút vóji ánhelstiji, chvalíte i prevoznosíte vo vsjá víki."),
("","","Predstojáteli i pivcý neizrečénnyja i neizhlahólannyja tvojejá slávy, prijimí tebí nýňi moľáščyjasja Christé vo víki."),
("","","Predstojáteli i pivcý neizrečénnyja i neizhlahólannyja tvojejá slávy, prijimí tebí nýňi moľáščyjasja Christé vo víki."),
("","","Jedíne bláže Christé, o nás moľáščajasja nýňi vójinstva ánheľskaja prijimí, tebé vospivájuščaja vo víki."),
("Bohoródičen","","Svitľíjšimi tvojími blistáňmi Bohomáti, víroju pojúščyja ťá prosviščáješi, ťá voschvaľájuščyja vo vsjá víki."),
),
),
"P9": (
"1": (
("","","Ustrášisja vsják slúch neizrečénna Bóžija snischoždénija, jáko výšnij vóleju sníde dáže i do plóti, ot Ďivíčeskaho čréva býv čelovík. Ťímže prečístuju Bohoródicu vírniji veličájem."),
("","","Jákože drévle bludnícu, s pláčem pripádšuju k tebí Spáse, očístil jesí: i jákože opravdál jesí mytarjá Slóve, tóčiju vozdochnúvša: i jákože prijál jesí Manassíju, i jáko Davída pomíloval jesí pokájavšasja: táko i mené prijimí, i spasí mjá čelovikoľúbče."),
("","","Vozdochní i proslezísja dušé, pérvych tvojích sohrišénij otstupí, i k víduščemu tájnaja tvojá jávstvenno pripadí i vozopíj tépľi: sohriších tí Hóspodi, túne mjá uščédri, imíjaj utróby ščedrót mnohomílostive."),
("Múčeničen","","Postradávše bohozráčniji strastotérpcy na zemlí terpilívňi, i nepokolebímoje nýňi cárstvija nasľídije prijáša, i rájskija sládosti pričaščájutsja rádujuščesja: ťích molítvami Christé Bóže, tvojejá slávy pričástniki sotvorí nás."),
("Múčeničen","","Svitíla vostók nevečérnij prosvitívše javístesja, i nóšč bezbóžija potrebíste premúdriji, i lučámi svjaščénnymi vsích ozarjájete, svitonósnyj váš strastonóscy prázdnik veličájuščich."),
("Bohoródičen","","Prosvití Vladýčice, dvére svíta, sérdca mojehó óči moľúsja, íchže omračí hrichóvnaja ťmá hlubókaja, i pokajánija mí zarjú nizposlí, i ohňá víčnaho chodátajstvom tvojím, čístaja, svobodí."),
),
"2": (
("","","Voístinnu Bohoródicu ťá ispovídujem, spasénniji tobóju Ďívo čístaja, s bezplótnymi líki ťá veličájušče."),
("","","Likóm bezplótnych nýňi tvojú cérkov dobroďíteliju podražájušču pokaží, ohraždája ánhely Christé stádo tvojé."),
("","","Dušám spaséniju ot Bóha darovátisja, ánheli zastúpnicy molítesja, pribihájuščym pod króv váš vseslávniji."),
("Bohoródičen","","Jáko útro súščym vo ťmí i zablúždšym Ďívo, právednoje sólnce na rukú deržášči Christá, vozsijála jesí."),
),
),
),
"CH": (
("","","Jehdá prijimú vo umí mnóžestvo soďíjannych mnóju zól, i v pomyšlénije prijidú strášnaho ónaho ispytánija, trépetom soderžím k tebí pribiháju čelovikoľúbcu Bóhu. Ťímže ne prézri mené, moľú ťá, jedíne bezhríšne: dáruj umilénije smirénňij mojéj duší préžde koncá, i spasí mja."),
("","","Slézy mí dážď Bóže, jákože inohdá žeňí hríšnici: i spodóbi mjá omočíti nózi tvojí, jáže mjá ot putí prélesti svobodívšyja, i míro blahouchánija tebí prinosíti žitijé čísto, pokajánijem mí sozdánnoje, da uslýšu i áz želájemyj tvój hlás: víra tvojá spasé ťa, idí v míri."),
("Múčeničen","","Čtó vás narečém svjatíji? Cheruvímy li? Jáko na vás počíl jésť Christós. Serafímy li? Jáko neprestánno prosláviste jehó. Ánhely li? Ťíla bo otvratístesja. Síly li? Ďíjstvujete bo čudesý: mnóhaja váša imená, i bóľšaja darovánija: molíte spastísja dušám nášym."),
("Bohoródičen","","Nebésnaja pojút ťá, obrádovannaja Máti beznevístnaja: i mý slavoslóvim neizsľídovannoje tvojé roždestvó, Bohoródice, molí spastísja dušám nášym."),
),
)
#let L = (
"B": (
("","","Pomjaní nás Christé Spáse míra, jákože razbójnika pomjanúl jesí na drévi: i spodóbi vsích, jedíne ščédre, nebésnomu cárstviju tvojemú."),
("","","Iscilí Christé, strásti dúši mojejá, jedíne vračú dúš i ťilés: i umilénija strujámi mjá omýv, vsehó očísti jáko blahoutróben."),
("","","Prestól čestnáho obstojášče Bohonačálija, Prestóli, Cheruvími, Načála i Vlásti, i próčaja bezplótnych činonačálija, svjáščénno vospivájut."),
("Múčeničen","","Razhorénijem raspalájuščesja Christóvy ľubvé, neopalími prebýša posreďí ohňá stradáľcy, popalívše térnije zločéstija božéstvennoju blahodátiju ."),
("","","O Tróice presvjatája, jedínice načáľňijšaja! izbávi rabý tvojá ohňá nehasímaho, moľbámi božéstvennych bezplótnych tvojích síl, i cárstvija tvojehó spodóbi."),
("","","Svítok ťá inohdá províďi Isáia Bohoblahodátnaja, v némže Ótčim pérstom napisásja Slóvo neskazánno, v kníhach živótnych napisújuščeje nás."),
),
)
|
|
https://github.com/HKFoggyU/hkust-thesis-typst | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HKFoggyU/hkust-thesis-typst/main/hkust-thesis/utils/utils.typ | typst | LaTeX Project Public License v1.3c | #import "constants.typ" as constants
#let signature-line(length: 70%) = (
align(center)[#line(length: length, stroke: 0.5pt)]
)
#let do-repeat(content, count) = (
for time in range(count) {
// [#(time+1) #content]
[#content]
}
)
#let clearDoublePage() = (
pagebreak(weak: true, to: "odd")
)
#let set-degree(degree) = {
let degreeFull = ""
let degreeShort = ""
if (lower(degree) == "phd") {
degreeFull = "Doctor"
degreeShort = "PhD"
} else if (lower(degree) == "mphil") {
degreeFull = "Master"
degreeShort = "MPhil"
} else {
degreeFull = "UNKNOWN"
degreeShort = "UNKNOWN"
}
return (degreeFull, degreeShort)
}
// For lof and lot, ulgy hacking method
// Need optimization in future releases!
#let indent-entry(pre, sep, post) = style(styles => {
let size = measure([#pre #sep], styles)
set par(
leading: constants.abstract-linespacing,
hanging-indent: size.width,
)
[#pre#sep#post#v(-2em)]
})
#let TeX = style(styles => {
let e = measure(text(1em, "E"), styles)
let T = "T"
let E = text(1em, baseline: e.height / 4, "E")
let X = "X"
box(T + h(-0.1em) + E + h(-0.125em) + X)
})
#let LaTeX = style(styles => {
let l = measure(text(1em, "L"), styles)
let a = measure(text(0.7em, "A"), styles)
let L = "L"
let A = text(0.7em, baseline: a.height - l.height, "A")
box(L + h(-0.3em) + A + h(-0.1em) + TeX)
}) |
https://github.com/Ziyzou02/typst_feyndraw | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Ziyzou02/typst_feyndraw/main/README.md | markdown | ## 介绍
这是一个在typst上画Feynman图的一个例子，基于cetz.
你可以通过一系列函数来直接画出标量玻色子，矢量玻色子和费米子的传播子。
例如
详情见代码。
|
|
https://github.com/TypstApp-team/typst | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/TypstApp-team/typst/master/docs/tutorial/2-formatting.md | markdown | Apache License 2.0 | ---
description: Typst's tutorial.
---
# Formatting
So far, you have written a report with some text, a few equations and images.
However, it still looks very plain. Your teaching assistant does not yet know
that you are using a new typesetting system, and you want your report to fit in
with the other student's submissions. In this chapter, we will see how to format
your report using Typst's styling system.
## Set rules
As we have seen in the previous chapter, Typst has functions that _insert_
content (e.g. the [`image`]($image) function) and others that _manipulate_
content that they received as arguments (e.g. the [`align`]($align) function).
The first impulse you might have when you want, for example, to justify the
report, could be to look for a function that does that and wrap the complete
document in it.
```example
#par(justify: true)[
= Background
In the case of glaciers, fluid
dynamics principles can be used
to understand how the movement
and behavior of the ice is
influenced by factors such as
temperature, pressure, and the
presence of other fluids (such as
water).
]
```
Wait, shouldn't all arguments of a function be specified within parentheses? Why
is there a second set of square brackets with content _after_ the parentheses?
The answer is that, as passing content to a function is such a common thing to
do in Typst, there is special syntax for it: Instead of putting the content
inside of the argument list, you can write it in square brackets directly after
the normal arguments, saving on punctuation.
As seen above, that works. The [`par`]($par) function justifies all paragraphs
within it. However, wrapping the document in countless functions and applying
styles selectively and in-situ can quickly become cumbersome.
Fortunately, Typst has a more elegant solution. With _set rules,_ you can apply
style properties to all occurrences of some kind of content. You write a set
rule by entering the `{set}` keyword, followed by the name of the function whose
properties you want to set, and a list of arguments in parentheses.
```example
#set par(justify: true)
= Background
In the case of glaciers, fluid
dynamics principles can be used
to understand how the movement
and behavior of the ice is
influenced by factors such as
temperature, pressure, and the
presence of other fluids (such as
water).
```
<div class="info-box">
Want to know in more technical terms what is happening here?
Set rules can be conceptualized as setting default values
for some of the parameters of a function for all future
uses of that function.
</div>
## The autocomplete panel { #autocomplete }
If you followed along and tried a few things in the app, you might have noticed
that always after you enter a `#` character, a panel pops up to show you the
available functions, and, within an argument list, the available parameters.
That's the autocomplete panel. It can be very useful while you are writing your
document: You can apply its suggestions by hitting the Return key or navigate to
the desired completion with the arrow keys. The panel can be dismissed by
hitting the Escape key and opened again by typing `#` or hitting
<kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>Space</kbd>. Use the autocomplete panel to discover the
right arguments for functions. Most suggestions come with a small description of
what they do.
## Set up the page { #page-setup }
Back to set rules: When writing a rule, you choose the function depending on
what type of element you want to style. Here is a list of some functions that
are commonly used in set rules:
- [`text`]($text) to set font family, size, color, and other properties of text
- [`page`]($page) to set the page size, margins, headers, enable columns, and
footers
- [`par`]($par) to justify paragraphs, set line spacing, and more
- [`heading`]($heading) to set the appearance of headings and enable numbering
- [`document`]($document) to set the metadata contained in the PDF output, such
as title and author
Not all function parameters can be set. In general, only parameters that tell
a function _how_ to do something can be set, not those that tell it _what_ to
do it with. The function reference pages indicate which parameters are settable.
Let's add a few more styles to our document. We want larger margins and a serif
font. For the purposes of the example, we'll also set another page size.
```example
#set text(
font: "New Computer Modern",
size: 10pt
)
#set page(
paper: "a6",
margin: (x: 1.8cm, y: 1.5cm),
)
#set par(
justify: true,
leading: 0.52em,
)
= Introduction
In this report, we will explore the
various factors that influence fluid
dynamics in glaciers and how they
contribute to the formation and
behavior of these natural structures.
>>> Glacier displacement is influenced
>>> by a number of factors, including
>>> + The climate
>>> + The topography
>>> + The geology
>>>
>>> This report will present a physical
>>> model of glacier displacement and
>>> dynamics, and will explore the
>>> influence of these factors on the
>>> movement of large bodies of ice.
<<< ...
#align(center + bottom)[
#image("glacier.jpg", width: 70%)
*Glaciers form an important
part of the earth's climate
system.*
]
```
There are a few things of note here.
First is the [`page`]($page) set rule. It receives two arguments: the page size
and margins for the page. The page size is a string. Typst accepts
[many standard page sizes,]($page.paper) but you can also specify a custom page
size. The margins are specified as a [dictionary.]($dictionary) Dictionaries are
a collection of key-value pairs. In this case, the keys are `x` and `y`, and the
values are the horizontal and vertical margins, respectively. We could also have
specified separate margins for each side by passing a dictionary with the keys
`{left}`, `{right}`, `{top}`, and `{bottom}`.
Next is the set [`text`]($text) set rule. Here, we set the font size to `{10pt}`
and font family to `{"New Computer Modern"}`. The Typst app comes with many
fonts that you can try for your document. When you are in the text function's
argument list, you can discover the available fonts in the autocomplete panel.
We have also set the spacing between lines (a.k.a. leading): It is specified as
a [length]($length) value, and we used the `em` unit to specify the leading
relative to the size of the font: `{1em}` is equivalent to the current font size
(which defaults to `{11pt}`).
Finally, we have bottom aligned our image by adding a vertical alignment to our
center alignment. Vertical and horizontal alignments can be combined with the
`{+}` operator to yield a 2D alignment.
## A hint of sophistication { #sophistication }
To structure our document more clearly, we now want to number our headings. We
can do this by setting the `numbering` parameter of the [`heading`]($heading)
function.
```example
>>> #set text(font: "New Computer Modern")
#set heading(numbering: "1.")
= Introduction
#lorem(10)
== Background
#lorem(12)
== Methods
#lorem(15)
```
We specified the string `{"1."}` as the numbering parameter. This tells Typst to
number the headings with arabic numerals and to put a dot between the number of
each level. We can also use [letters, roman numerals, and symbols]($numbering)
for our headings:
```example
>>> #set text(font: "New Computer Modern")
#set heading(numbering: "1.a")
= Introduction
#lorem(10)
== Background
#lorem(12)
== Methods
#lorem(15)
```
This example also uses the [`lorem`]($lorem) function to generate some
placeholder text. This function takes a number as an argument and generates that
many words of _Lorem Ipsum_ text.
<div class="info-box">
Did you wonder why the headings and text set rules apply to all text and headings,
even if they are not produced with the respective functions?
Typst internally calls the `heading` function every time you write
`[= Conclusion]`. In fact, the function call `[#heading[Conclusion]]` is
equivalent to the heading markup above. Other markup elements work similarly,
they are only _syntax sugar_ for the corresponding function calls.
</div>
## Show rules
You are already pretty happy with how this turned out. But one last thing needs
to be fixed: The report you are writing is intended for a larger project and
that project's name should always be accompanied by a logo, even in prose.
You consider your options. You could add an `[#image("logo.svg")]` call before
every instance of the logo using search and replace. That sounds very tedious.
Instead, you could maybe
[define a custom function]($function/#defining-functions) that always yields the
logo with its image. However, there is an even easier way:
With show rules, you can redefine how Typst displays certain elements. You
specify which elements Typst should show differently and how they should look.
Show rules can be applied to instances of text, many functions, and even the
whole document.
```example
#show "ArtosFlow": name => box[
#box(image(
"logo.svg",
height: 0.7em,
))
#name
]
This report is embedded in the
ArtosFlow project. ArtosFlow is a
project of the Artos Institute.
```
There is a lot of new syntax in this example: We write the `{show}` keyword,
followed by a string of text we want to show differently and a colon. Then, we
write a function that takes the content that shall be shown as an argument.
Here, we called that argument `name`. We can now use the `name` variable in the
function's body to print the ArtosFlow name. Our show rule adds the logo image
in front of the name and puts the result into a box to prevent linebreaks from
occurring between logo and name. The image is also put inside of a box, so that
it does not appear in its own paragraph.
The calls to the first box function and the image function did not require a
leading `#` because they were not embedded directly in markup. When Typst
expects code instead of markup, the leading `#` is not needed to access
functions, keywords, and variables. This can be observed in parameter lists,
function definitions, and [code blocks]($scripting).
## Review
You now know how to apply basic formatting to your Typst documents. You learned
how to set the font, justify your paragraphs, change the page dimensions, and
add numbering to your headings with set rules. You also learned how to use a
basic show rule to change how text appears throughout your document.
You have handed in your report. Your supervisor was so happy with it that they
want to adapt it into a conference paper! In the next section, we will learn how
to format your document as a paper using more advanced show rules and functions.
|
https://github.com/sevehub/minimalbc | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sevehub/minimalbc/main/lib.typ | typst | MIT License | #let companytext(size, body, style: "normal") = text(
size: size,
style: style,
weight: "medium",
)[#body]
#let nametext(size, body, style: "normal") = text(
size: size,
style: style,
weight: "medium",
)[#body]
#let roletext(size, body, style: "normal") = text(
size: size,
style: style,
weight: "light",
)[#body]
#let minimalbc(
company_name: "<NAME>",
name: "<NAME>",
role: none,
telephone_number: "+00 000 0000000",
email_address: "<EMAIL>",
website: "example.com",
company_logo: none,
bc_background: none,
bg_color: "f2f2f2",
geo_size: "eu",
flip:true,
body
) = {
set text(font: "Lucida Sans")
set text(9pt)
let pz = geo_size+"-business-card"
set page(paper:pz, flipped:flip, fill: rgb(bg_color))
grid(columns:(100%),
rows:(50%,10%,35%),
gutter:0.5mm,
grid(
columns: (60%, 40%),
rows: (40%, 15%, 20%, 20% ),
gutter: 1mm,
companytext(14pt,company_name),
grid.cell(rowspan:2, image("cover.png"), align:center),
//
[],
grid.cell(colspan:2, nametext(11pt,name)),
grid.cell(colspan:2, roletext(10pt,role)),
),
[],
if flip == false {
grid(
columns: (10%,60%,30%),
rows: (30%, 30%, 30%),
align: center,
gutter: 0.5mm,
grid.cell([#emoji.phone], align:center),
grid.cell(telephone_number, align:left),
grid.cell(
rowspan: 3,
align:center,
image("qrcode_ws.png", width: 70%)),
grid.cell([#emoji.email], align:center),
grid.cell(email_address, align:left),
grid.cell([#emoji.globe.meridian], align:center),
grid.cell(website, align:left),
)}
else {
grid(
columns: (10%,90%),
rows: (15%, 15%, 15%, 55%),
align: center,
gutter: 0.5mm,
grid.cell([#emoji.phone], align:center),
grid.cell(telephone_number, align:center),
grid.cell([#emoji.email], align:center),
grid.cell(email_address, align:center),
grid.cell([#emoji.globe.meridian], align:center),
grid.cell(website, align:center),
grid.cell(
colspan: 2,
align:center,
image("qrcode_ws.png", height: 80%)),
)}
)
}
|
https://github.com/herbhuang/utdallas-thesis-template-typst | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/herbhuang/utdallas-thesis-template-typst/main/proposal.typ | typst | MIT License | #import "/layout/proposal_template.typ": *
#import "/metadata.typ": *
#import "/utils/todo.typ": *
#set document(title: titleEnglish, author: author)
#show: proposal.with(
title: titleEnglish,
titleGerman: titleGerman,
degree: degree,
program: program,
supervisor: supervisor,
advisors: advisors,
author: author,
startDate: startDate,
submissionDate: submissionDate,
transparency_ai_tools: include "/content/proposal/transparency_ai_tools.typ",
)
#TODO(color: red)[ // Remove this block
Before you start with your thesis, have a look at our guides on Confluence!
#link("https://confluence.ase.in.tum.de/display/EduResStud/How+to+Proposal")
]
#set heading(numbering: none)
#include "/content/proposal/abstract.typ"
#set heading(numbering: "1.1")
#include "/content/proposal/introduction.typ"
#include "/content/proposal/problem.typ"
#include "/content/proposal/motivation.typ"
#include "/content/proposal/objective.typ"
#include "/content/proposal/schedule.typ"
|
https://github.com/0x1B05/english | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/0x1B05/english/main/nce3/content/chapters.typ | typst | #import "../template.typ": *
= A puma at large
Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw "a large cat" only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of "cat-like noises" at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
== New words and Expressions
- puma(title) n. 美洲狮
- corner(1. 9) v. 使走投无路，使陷入困境
- spot(1. 2) v. 看出，发现
- trail(1. 11) n. 一串，一系列
- evidence(1. 4) n．证据
- print(1. 12) n. 印痕
- accumulate(1. 4) v. 积累，积聚
- cling(1. 12) (clung, clung) v. 粘
- oblige(1. 5) v. 使……感到必须
- convince(1. 14) v. 使……信服
- hunt(1. 7) n. 追猎；寻找
- somehow(1. 16) adv. 不知怎么搞地，不知什么原因
- blackberry(1. 8) n. 黑莓
- human being(1. 9) 人类
- disturb(1. 17) v. 令人不安
== Notes on the text
1. at large是介词短语，此处表示“逍遥自在”、“行动自由”的意思。
2. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, 当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里的地方发现一头野生美洲狮时。这个从句中以that引导的从句是reports的同位语，用于进一步说明报告的内容。
3. feel obliged to do sth. 是“感到不得不做某事”的意思。
4. it left behind it a trail of, 它身后留下一串……。 a trail of作left的宾语，behind it是状语，提到宾语之前是为了使句子结构更紧凑。
5. puma fur was found clinging to bushes中，clinging是现在分词，此处作主语puma fur的主语补足语。下文中As no pumas had been reported missing…一句中，missing也是现在分词作主语补足语。
6. in the possession of, 为……所有。
== 参考译文
美洲狮是一种体形似猫的大动物，产于美洲。当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。可是，随着证据越来越多，动物园的专家们感到有必要进行一番调查，因为凡是声称见到过美洲狮的人们所描述的情况竟是出奇地相似。
搜寻美洲狮的工作是从一座小村庄开始的。那里的一位妇女在采摘黑莓时的看见“一只大猫”，离她仅5码远，她刚看见它，它就立刻逃走了。专家证实，美洲狮非被逼得走投无路，是决不会伤人的。事实上搜寻工作很困难，因为常常是早晨在甲地发现那只美洲狮，晚上却在20英里外的乙地发现它的踪迹。无论它走哪儿，一路上总会留下一串死鹿及死兔子之类的小动物，在许多地方看见爪印，灌木丛中发现了粘在上面的美洲狮毛。有人抱怨说夜里听见“像猫一样的叫声”；一位商人去钓鱼，看见那只美洲狮在树上。专家们如今已经完全肯定那只动物就是美洲狮，但它是从哪儿来的呢？由于全国动物园没有一家报告丢了美洲狮，因此那只美洲狮一定是某位私人收藏豢养的，不知怎么设法逃出来了。搜寻工作进行了好几个星期，但始终未能逮住那只美洲狮。想到在宁静的乡村里有一头危险的野兽继续逍遥流窜，真令人担心。
#pagebreak()
= Thirteen equals one
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since.
One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on. In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as <NAME>, our local grocer.
"Whatever are you doing up here Bill?" asked the vicar in surprise.
"I'm trying to repair the bell," answered Bill. "I've been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise."
"You certainly did give me a surprise!" said the vicar. "You've probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I'm glad the bell is working again."
"That's the trouble, vicar," answered Bill. "It's working all right, but I'm afraid that at one o'clock it will strike thirteen times and there's nothing I can do about it."
"We'll get used to that, Bill," said the vicar. "Thirteen is not as good as one, but it's better than nothing. Now let's go downstairs and have a cup of tea."
== New words and Expressions
- equal v.等于
- vicar n.牧师
- raise v.募集，筹（款）
- torchlight n.电筒光
== Notes on the text
1. woke up with a start:... with a start,由于受到惊动，惊醒了。冒号后面是一个解释性的分句，是对start所作的具体说明。
2. recognize as,认出是。
3. Whatever are you doing up here?你究竟在这上面干什么。
whatever 用于疑问句中，用以加强 what 的语气，作“究竟什么”解，口语中很常用。
4. You certainly did give me a surprise!你确实使我感到意外！ 在英语中助动词 do 可以用来表示强调。此时助动词do放在谓语动词之前。
5. Thirteen is not as good as one,but it is better than nothing.
敲 13 下虽然不如敲 1 下好，但总比 1 下不敲强多了。
== 参考译文
我们教区的牧师总是为各种各样的事筹集资金。但始终未能筹足资金把教堂的钟修好。教堂的钟很大，以前不分昼夜打点报时，但很多年前遭到毁坏，从此便无声无息了。
一天夜里，我们的牧师突然被惊醒了，大钟又在“打点”报时了！他一看表，才1点钟，可是那钟一边敲了13下才停。牧师拿着一支电筒走上钟楼想去看看究竟发生了什么事情。借着电筒光，他看见一个人，马上认出那是本地杂货店主比尔.威尔金斯。
“你究竟在这上面干什么，比尔？”牧师惊讶地问。
“我想把这口钟修好，”比尔回答说。“好几个星期了，我天天夜里到钟楼上来。嗯，我是想让你大吃一惊。”
“你确实使我大吃了一惊！”牧师说，“也许同时你把村里所有的人都吵醒了。不过，钟又能报时了，我还是很高兴的。”
“问题就在这里，牧师，”比尔回答说。“不错，钟能报时了，但是，恐怕每到1点钟，它总要敲13下，对此我已无能为力了。”
“大家慢慢就习惯了，比尔，”牧师说。“13下是不如1下好，但总比1下也不敲强。来，咱们下楼去喝杯茶吧。”
#pagebreak()
= An unknown goddess
Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses -- often three storeys high -- were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.
The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hip. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.
== New words and Expressions 生词与短语
- goddess(title) n．女神
- sacred(1. 10) adj．宗教的，神圣的
- archaeologist(1. 1) n．考古学家
- fragment(1. 10) n．碎片
- Aegean(1. 2) adj．爱琴海的
- remains(1. 12) n．遗物，遗迹，废墟
- explore(1. 2) v．考察，勘探
- classical(1. 13) adj．（希腊和罗马）古文化的
- promontory(1. 3) n．海角
- prosperous(1. 4) adj．（经济上）繁荣
- reconstruct(1. 14) v．修复的，昌盛的
- rest(1. 16) v．倚放，放置
- civilization(1. 5) n．文明
- hip(1. 16) n．屁股，臀部
- storey(1. 5) n．楼层
- full-length(1. 16) adj．（裙衣）拖地长的
- drainage(1. 7) n．排水
- graceful(1. 17) adj．优雅的
- worship(1. 9) n．祟拜
- identity(1. 17) n．身份
== Notes on the text
1. the Aegean island of Kea,爱琴海的基亚岛。爱琴海是东地中海的一部分，位于希腊半岛和小亚细亚之间，它包括希腊半岛以外的许多岛屿。基亚岛位于希腊半岛东南方的海域里。
2. Ayia irini,阿伊亚.依里尼，意为“圣依里尼”，Irini是希腊文，意为“和平”。
3. The city at one time must have been prosperous,for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.这座古城肯定一度很繁荣，因为它曾享有高度的文明。must have been是对过去的推测。at one time,一度。
4. Roman times,罗马时代。指古罗马（约公元前200 -公元400）时期，那时罗马人在欧洲建立了帝国。
5. date from,追溯到。
6. Classical times,指古希腊，古罗马时代。
7. the goddess turned out to be...,那位女神原来是...。
== 参考译文
不久之前，在爱琴海的基亚岛上，考古工作者有一项有趣的发现。一个美国考古队在阿伊亚.依里尼海角的一座古城里考察了一座庙宇。这座古城肯定一度很繁荣，因为它曾享有高度的文明，房子一般有3层楼高，用石块修建。里面房间很大，墙壁装饰华丽。城里甚至还敷设了排水系统，因为在狭窄的街道底下发现了许许多多陶土制作的排水管道。
考古工作者考察的这座庙宇从公元前15世纪直到罗马时代一直是祭祀祈祷的场所。在庙中最神圣的一间殿堂里发现了15尊陶雕像的碎片。每一尊雕像代表一位女神，而且一度上过色。其中有一尊雕像，她的躯体是在公元前15世纪的历史文物中发现的，而她那身异处的脑袋却碰巧是在公元前5世纪的文物中找到的。她的脑袋一定是在古希腊罗马时代就为人所发现，并受到精心的保护。即使在当时，它也属历史悠久的珍奇之物。考古工作者把这些碎片重新拼装起来后，惊奇地发现那位女神原来是一位相貌十分摩登的女郎。
她身高3英尺，双手叉腰。身穿一条拖地长裙，尽管上了年纪，但体态确实优美。不过，考古工作者至今未能确定这位女神的身份。
#pagebreak()
= The double life of <NAME>
These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as "white collar workers" for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of <NAME> who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job. He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman. Before returning home at night, he took a shower and changed back into his suit. Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. Alf's wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office as a junior clerk. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money. From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him "Mr. Bloggs", not "Alf".
== New words and Expressions
- manual adj. 体力的
- collar n. 衣领
- sacrifice v. 牺牲，献出
- privilege n. 好处
- dustman n. 清洁工
- corporation n. 公司
- overalls n. 工作服
- shower n. 淋浴
- secret n. 秘密
- status n. 地位
== Notes on the text
1. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as "white-collar workers", 那些坐在办公室的人，往往被称为“白领工人”。 white-collar workers往往指脑力劳动者，而体力劳动者则被称为 blue-collar workers, 蓝领工人。
2. for the simple reason that…这里 that引导的从句是 the reason的同位语。
3. Such is human nature, that… such位于句首，起强调作用，后面要用倒装语序， that引导的是 such的同位语从句。
4. as it did in the case of <NAME> who… worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation. 正如给埃尔斯米尔公司当清洁工的艾尔弗雷德·布洛格斯的情况所造成的怪现象那样。 as it did中的 it是指上一句中that 从句所指的情况，而 did是替代give rise to curious situations。
5. half as much as he used to, 只相当于过去的一半。
== 参考译文
如今，从事体力劳动的人的收入一般要比坐办公室的人高出许多。坐办公室的之所以常常被称作“白领工人”，就是因为他们通常是穿着硬领白衬衫，系着领带去上班。许多人常常情愿放弃较高的薪水以换取做白领工人的殊荣，此乃人之常情。而这常常会引起种种奇怪的现象，在埃尔斯米尔公司当清洁工的艾尔弗雷德.布洛斯就是一个例子。
艾尔弗结婚时，感到非常难为情，而没有将自己的职业告诉妻子。他只说在埃尔斯米尔公司上班。每天早晨，他穿上一身漂亮的黑色西装离家上班，然后换上工作服，当8个小时清洁工。晚上回家前，他洗个淋浴，重新换上那身黑色西服。两年多以来，艾尔弗一直这样，他的同事也为他保守秘密。艾尔弗的妻子一直不知道她嫁给了一个清洁工，而且她永远也不会知道了，因为艾尔弗已找到新职，不久就要坐办公室里工作了。他将来挣的钱只有他现在的一半。不过他觉得，地位升高了，损失点儿钱也值得。从此，艾尔弗可以一天到晚穿西服了。别人将称呼他为“布洛格斯先生”，而不再叫他“艾尔弗”了。
#pagebreak()
= The facts
Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics. Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic. When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused to publish it. The article began: "Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's palace. "The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall.
The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press. He sent the journalist two more faxes, but received no reply. He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired. When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written. A week later, the editorat at last received a fax from the journalist. Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1, 084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which surrounded the president's palace.
== New words and Expressions
- editor(1. 1) n．编辑
- publish(1. 6) v．出版
- extreme(1. 1) n．极端
- fax(1. 7) n．传真
- statistics(1. 2) n．统计数字
- impatient(1. 10) adj. 不耐烦的
- journalist(1. 3) n．新闻记者
- fire(1. 12) v．解雇
- president(1. 4) n．总统
- originally(1. 13) adv．起初，原先，从前
- palace(1. 4) n．王宫；宏伟的住宅
== Notes on the text
1. go to extremes. 走极端。
2. provide…with…作“向……提供……”解。
3. to write an article on, 写一篇有关的报道。
4. lead to …作“通往……”、“导致……”解
5. go to press, 付印。
6. Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. 这是 not only… but… as well 引导的并列句子，如果将not only置于句首，后面主谓语应采取倒装结构。
== 参考译文
报刊杂志的编辑常常为了向读者提供成立一些无关紧要的事实和统计数字而走向极端。去年，一位记者受一家有名的杂志的委托写一篇关于非洲某个新成立共和国总统府的文章。稿子寄来后，编辑看了第一句话就拒绝予以发表。文章的开头是这样的：“几百级台阶通向环绕总统府的高墙。”编辑立即给那位记者发去传真，要求他核实一下台阶的确切数字和围墙的高度。
记者立即出发去核实这些重要的事实，但过了好长时间不见他把数字寄来。在此期间，编辑等得不耐烦了，因为杂志马上要付印。他给记者先后发去两份传真，但对方毫无反应。于是他又发了一份传真，通知那位记者说，若再不迅速答复，将被解雇。但记者还是没有回复。编辑无奈，勉强按原样发稿了。一周之后，编辑终于接到了记者的传真。那个可怜的记者不仅被捕了，而且还被送进了监狱。不过，他终于获准发回了一份传真。在传真中他告诉编辑，就在他数通向15英尺高的总统府围墙的 1，084级台阶时，被抓了起来。
#pagebreak()
= Smash-and-grab
The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening. At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty. Mr. Taylor, the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window display. Two of his assistants had been working busily since eight o'clock and had only just finished. Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet. After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop.
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. It came to a stop outside the jeweller's. One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars. While this was going on, <NAME> was upstairs. He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade. One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain. The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed. Just as it was leaving, Mr. Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was impossible to stop the thieves. They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.
== New words and Expressions
- smash-and-grab(title) n.砸橱窗抢劫
- velvet(1. 7) n．天鹅绒，丝绒
- headlight(1. 9) n．（汽车等）前灯
- arcade(1. 1) n．有拱廊的街道（两旁常设商店）
- blare(1. 9) v．发嘟嘟声，吼叫
- staff(1. 12) n．全体工作人员
- Piccadilly(1. 1) n．皮卡迪利大街
- raid(1. 14) n．偷袭
- jewellery (1. 3) n．珠宝（总称）
- scramble (1. 14) v．爬行
- necklace(1. 5) n．项链
- fantastic(1. 15) adj．非常大的
- ring(1. 6) n．戒指
- ashtray(1. 16) n．烟灰缸
- background(1. 6) n．背景
== Notes on the text
1. Piccadilly, 皮卡迪利，这是伦敦市中心一条著名的街。这条街从海德公园通向一个著名的广场，叫作“皮卡迪利广场”。
2. with its headlights on and its horn blaring, …这是 with引导的独立主格结构，在句中表示伴随状况。
3. but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain.但他只顾忙着抢劫钻石，根本顾不上疼痛了。这里 help oneself to sth. 是“擅自取用，侵占某物”的意思。
== 参考译文
皮卡迪利大街附近的一条著名拱廊街道上，几家高档商店刚刚开始营业。在早晨的这个时候，拱廊街上几乎空无一人。珠宝店主泰勒先生正在欣赏新布置的橱窗。他手下两名店员从早上8点就开始忙碌，这时刚刚布置完毕。钻石项链、戒指漂亮地陈列在黑色丝绒上面。泰勒先生站在橱窗外凝神欣赏了几分钟就回到了店里。
宁静突然被打破，一辆大轿车亮着前灯，响着喇叭，呼啸着冲进了拱廊街，在珠宝店门口停了下来。一人留在驾驶座上，另外两个用黑色长筒丝袜蒙面的人跳下车来。他们用铁棒把商店橱窗玻璃砸碎。这一切发生时，泰勒先生正在楼上。他与店员动手向窗外投掷家具，椅子、桌子飞落到拱廊街上。一个窃贼被一尊很重的雕像击中，但由于他忙着抢钻石首饰，竟连疼痛都顾不上了。这场抢劫只持续了3分钟，因为窃贼争先恐后地爬上轿车，以惊人的速度开跑了。就在轿车离开的时候，泰勒先生从店里冲了出来，跟在车后追赶，一边还往车上扔烟灰缸、花瓶。但他已无法抓住那些窃贼了。他们已经带着价值数千镑的首饰逃之夭夭了。
#pagebreak()
= Mutilated ladies
Has it ever happened to you? Have you ever put your trousers in the washing machine and then remembered there was a large bank note in your back pocket? When you rescued your trousers, did you find the note was whiter than white? People who live in Britain needn't despair when they make mistakes like this(and a lot of people do)! Fortunately for them, the Bank of England has a team called Mutilated Ladies which deals with claims from people who fed their money to a machine or to their dog. Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money!
A recent case concerns <NAME> whose fiancé, John, runs a successful furniture business. John had a very good day and put his wallet containing ￡ 3, 000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping. Then he and Jane went horse-riding. When they got home, Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven and without realizing it, cooked her fiancé's wallet as well. Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash! John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains of wallet and the money to the special department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilated Ladies! They examined the remains and John got all his money back. "So long as there's something to identify, we will give people their money back, "said a spokeswoman for the Bank. "Last year, we paid ￡ 1. 5m on 21, 000 claims. "
\* Damaged bank notes. The Queen's head appears on English bank notes, and "lady" refers to this.
== New words and Expressions
- mutilate(title) v．使残缺不全
- safekeeping(1. 10) n．妥善保管
- chew(1. 8) v．咀嚼
- Newcastle(1. 14) n．纽卡斯尔（英国港市）
- fiancé(1. 9) n．未婚夫
- microwave(1. 10) n．微波，微波炉
- identify(1. 15) v．鉴定，识别
- oven(1. 10) n．炉灶
- spokeswoman(1. 16) n．女发言人
== Notes on the text
1. Mutilated ladies，这是英国银行专门负责识别和鉴定残缺或被毁纸币的小组，其中的 lady是指英国纸币上印的女王头像。
2. a large bank note，面额很大的纸币。
3. whiter than white，这是英国有关洗衣粉的电视广告中常用的一句话。这里的意思是纸币上的字迹、图案均被洗掉了，可以译为“比白纸还白”。
4. they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash，他们发现一只煮得很好看的钱包，钞票已烧成了灰。后半句 they found… notes turned to ash中过去分词短语 turned to ash作宾语 notes的补足语，这后半句话可以看成 they found… that notes had been turned to ash。
== 参考译文
这种事情在你身上出现过吗？你有没有把裤子塞进洗衣机，然后又想起在裤子的后兜有一张大面值的纸币？当你把裤子抢救出来时，你有没有发现那张纸币已经变得比白纸还白？当英国人犯这种错误时，他们不必感到绝望（而许多国家的人都有这种绝望的感觉）。对英国人来说，值得庆幸的是英国银行有一个残钞鉴别组，负责处理那些把钱塞进机器或塞给狗的人提出的索赔要求。看起来，狗很喜欢咀嚼钱币。
最近的一个案例与简·巴特林有关，她的未婚夫约翰拥有一家生意兴隆的家具店。有一天约翰的生意很好，他把一只装有3，000英镑的钱包放进微波炉内保存。然后，他和简一起去骑马。回家后，简用微波炉煮了晚饭，无意之中把她未婚夫的钱包也一起煮了。可以想像他们发现一只煮得很好看的钱包、钞票已化成灰时的沮丧心情。约翰去找银行经理，经理把约翰的钱包和纸币的残留物送到英国银行在纽卡斯尔的一个专门部门——残钞鉴别组。他们鉴定了这些残留物。约翰拿回了他损失的全部数额。“只要有东西可供识别，我们会把钱还给人家的，”银行的一位女发言人说。“去年，我们对21，000起索赔要求支付了150万英镑。”
#pagebreak()
= A famous monastery
The Great St. Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy. At 2, 473 metres, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The famous monastery of St. Bernard, which was founded in the eleventh century, lies about a mile away. For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass. These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watchdogs even in Roman times. Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty. Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot.
During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is visited by thousands of people who cross the Pass in cars. As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure. In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different. The temperature drops to -30° and very few people attempt to cross the Pass. The monks prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy. The dogs have greater freedom, too, for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure. The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter. These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St. Bernard's monastery.
== New words and Expressions
- monastery（title） n．寺院，修道院
- enclosure（1. 12） n．围场，圈地
- St．Bernard（1. 1） 圣伯纳德
- monk（1. 14） n．和尚，僧侣
- pass（1. 2） n．关隘
- privacy（1. 14） n．清静，隐居
- watchdog（1. 7） n．看门狗
- skier（1. 16） n．滑雪者
- rashly（1. 9） adj．莽撞地，冒失地
- Easter（1. 16） n．复活节
== Notes on the text
1. Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains，由于一条穿山隧道已经开通。now that是连词，当“既然”，“由于”讲，引导一个原因状语从句，说明一种新情况。
2. As there are so many people about, …about为副词，作“在附近”，“到处”讲。也可用around表示。
3. The monks prefer winter to summer，修道士们喜欢冬天而不喜欢夏天。 prefer…to…有“喜欢……而不喜欢……”的意思，to的前后要用名词或动名词来表示所对比的事物或活动。
== 参考译文
圣伯纳德大山口连接着瑞士与意大利，海拔2，473米，是欧洲最高的山口。11世纪建造的著名的圣伯纳德修道院位于离山口1英里远的地方。几百年来，圣伯纳德修道院驯养的狗拯救了许多翻越这道山口的旅游者的生命。这些最先从亚洲引进的狗，待人友好，早在罗马时代就给人当看门狗了。如今由于在山里开挖了隧道，翻越山口已不那么危险了。但每年还要派狗到雪地里去帮助那些遇到困难的旅游者。尽管修通了隧道，但仍有一些人想冒险徒步跨越圣伯纳德山口。
夏天的几个月里，修道院十分忙碌，因为有成千上万的人驾车通过山口，顺道来修道院参观。由于来人太多，狗被关在专门的围栏里。然而到了冬天，修道院里的生活则是另一番景象。气温下降到零下30度，试图跨越山口的人寥寥无几。修道士们喜欢冬天，而不太喜欢夏天。因为在冬天，他们可以更多地过上无人打扰的生活。狗也比较自由，被放出围栏，四处遛达。冬天常来修道院参观的只有一批批滑雪者。他们在圣诞节或复活节到那儿去。这些热爱高山清静环境的年轻人每年都受到圣伯纳德修道院的热烈欢迎。
#pagebreak()
= Flying cats
Cats never fail to fascinate human beings. They can be friendly and affectionate towards humans, but they lead mysterious lives of their own as well. They never become submissive like dogs and horses. As a result, humans have learned to respect feline independence. Most cats remain suspicious of humans all their lives. One of the things that fascinates us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine lives. Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this idea. A cat's ability to survive falls is based on fact.
Recently the New York Animal Medical Centre made a study of 132 cats over a period of five months. All these cats had one experience in common: they had fallen off high buildings, yet only eight of them died from shock or injuries. Of course, New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study, because there is no shortage of tall buildings. There are plenty of high-rise windowsills to fall from! One cat, Sabrina, fell 32 storeys, yet only suffered from a broken tooth. "Cats behave like well-trained paratroopers," a doctor said. It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure themselves. In a long drop, they reach speeds of 60 miles an hour and more. At high speeds, falling cats have time to relax. They stretch out their legs like flying squirrels. This increases their air-resistance and reduces the shock of impact when they hit the ground.
== New words and Expressions
- fascinate（1. 1） v．迷住，吸引住
- independence（1. 4） n．独立，独立性
- affectionate（1. 2） adj．充满深情的，柔情的
- high-rise（1. 12） adj．高层的
- windowsill（1. 12） n．窗槛
- mysterious（1. 2） adj．神秘的．难以理解的
- paratrooper（1. 13） n．伞兵
- squirrel（1. 16） n．松鼠
- submissive（1. 3） adj．服从的，顺从的
- air-resistance（1. 16） n．空气阻力
- feline（1. 4） adj．猫的
- impact（1. 16） n．冲击力
== Notes on the text
1. Cats never fail to fascinate human beings. 在这句话中有一个否定词 never和一个含有否定意义的动词 fail，这两个否定词就组成了双重否定，而双重否定往往用来表示肯定。这句话可以译成：“猫总能引起人们的极大兴趣。”
2. be based on，在……基础之上。
3. have in common，有共同之处。
4. the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure themselves，猫跌落的距离越长，它们就越不会伤害自己。“the +形容词或副词比较级…the +形容词或副词比较级”的结构常用来表示比较关系，往往可以译成“越……越……”。 be likely to是“很可能会”的意思。
== 参考译文
猫总能引起人们的极大兴趣。它们可以对人友好，充满柔情。但是，它们又有自己神秘的生活方式。它们从不像狗和马一样变得那么顺从。结果是人们已经学会尊重猫的独立性。在它们的一生中，大多数猫都对人存有戒心。最使我们感兴趣的一件事情就是一种通俗的信念——猫有九条命。显然，这种说法里面包含着许多真实性。猫在跌落时能够大难不死是有事实作为依据的。
最近，纽约动物医疗中心对132只猫进行了为期5个月的综合研究。所有这些猫都有一个共同的经历：它们都曾从高层建筑上摔下来过，但只有其中的8只猫死于震荡或跌伤。当然，纽约是进行这种有趣的试验的一个理想的地方，因为那里根本不缺乏高楼大厦，有的是高层的窗槛从上往下坠落。有一只叫萨伯瑞娜的猫从32层楼上掉下来，但只摔断了一颗牙。“猫就像训练有素的跳伞队员，”一位医生说。看起来，猫跌落的距离越长，它们就越不会伤害自己。在一个长长的跌落过程中，它们可以达到每小时60英里甚至更快的速度。在高速下落中，猫有时间放松自己。它们伸展开四肢，就像飞行中的松鼠一样。这样就加大了空气阻力，并减小了它们着地时冲击力带来的震动。
#pagebreak()
= The loss of the Titanic
The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912. She was carrying 1, 316 passengers and a crew of 891. Even by modern standards, the 46, 000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship. At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen watertight compartments. Even if two of these were flooded, she would still be able to float. The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life.
Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout. After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her. Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened. The noise had been so faint that no one thought that the ship had been damaged. Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her sixteen watertight compartments had already been flooded! The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water. As there were not enough lifeboats for everybody, 1, 500 lives were lost.
== New words and Expressions
- Southampton（1. 1） n．南安普敦（英国港市）
- lookout（1. 10） n．瞭望员
- collision（1. 11） n．碰撞
- colossal（1. 4） adj．庞大的
- narrowly（1. 11） adv．刚刚，勉强地
- watertight（1. 6） adj．不漏水的
- miss（1. 11） v．避开
- compartment（1. 6） n．（轮船的）密封舱
- slight（1. 12） adj．轻微的
- tremble（1. 12） v．震颤
- flood（1. 7） v．充满水
- faint（1. 13） adj．微弱的
- float（1. 7） v．漂浮，飘浮
- horror（1. 14） n．恐惧
- tragic（1. 7） adj．悲惨的
- abandon（1. 15） v．抛弃
- liner（1. 7） n．班船
- plunge（1. 16） v．投入，跳入
- voyage（1. 8） n．航行
- lifeboat（1. 16） n．救生船
- iceberg（1. 10） n．冰山
== Notes on the text
1. sail for，驶往……。
2. even by modern standards，即使依照现代标准来衡量。by作“依照”、“按照”讲。
3. regarded as unsinkable，被认为是不会沉没的。 regard… as…当“把……当作……”讲。
4. she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life，她首航就下沉，造成大批人员死亡。go down是“下沉”的意思。
5. narrowly missing，勉强避开。
6. Below, the captain realized to his horror，在下面，船长惊恐地发现。 below是个副词。
== 参考译文
巨轮“泰坦尼克”号1912年4月10日从南安普敦起锚驶向纽约。船上载有1，316名乘客与891名船员。即便用现代标准来衡量，46，000吨的“泰坦尼克”号也算得上一艘巨轮了。当时，这艘轮船不仅是造船史上建造的最大的一艘船，而且也被认为是不会沉没的。因为船由16个密封舱组成，即使有两个舱进水，仍可漂浮在水面上。然而，这艘巨轮首航就下沉，造成大批人员死亡。人们将永远记着这艘巨轮的沉没惨剧。
“泰坦尼克”起航后的第4天，它正行驶在北大西洋冰冷的海面上。突然，瞭望员发现一座冰山。警报响过不久，巨轮急转弯，以避免与冰山正面相撞。“泰坦尼克”这个弯拐得及时，紧贴着高出海面100英尺的巨大的冰墙擦过去。突然，从船舱下部传来一声轻微的颤音，船长走下船舱去查看究竟。由于这个声音非常轻，没人会想到船身已遭损坏。在下面，船长惊恐地发现“泰坦尼克”号正在急速下沉，16个密封舱已有5个进水。于是，他发出了弃船的命令，几百人跳进了冰冷刺骨的海水里。由于没有足够的救生艇运载所有乘客，结果1，500人丧生。
#pagebreak()
= Not guilty
Customs Officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are going through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare. Even really honest people are often made to feel guilty. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase. When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
"Have you anything to declare?" he asked, looking me in the eye.
"No," I answered confidently.
"Would you mind unlocking this suitcase please? "
"Not at all," I answered.
The Officer went through the case with great care. All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess. I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again. Suddenly, I saw the Officer's face light up. He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
"Perfume, eh?" he asked sarcastically. "You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty. "
"But it isn't perfume," I said. "It's hair gel." Then I added with a smile, "It's a strange mixture I make myself. "
As I expected, he did not believe me.
"Try it!" I said encouragingly.
The Officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils. He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth. A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk marks on my baggage.
== New words and Expressions
- guilty（title） adj．犯罪的，违法的
- perfume（1. 16） n．香水
- tolerant（1. 1） adj．宽容的
- sarcastically（1. 16） adv．讽刺地
- declare（1. 3） v．申报
- exempt（1. 16） adj．被免除的
- hardened（1. 4） adj．有经验的
- duty（1. 17） n．税
- professional（1. 4） adj．职业的，专业的
- gel（1. 18） n．凝胶
- smuggler（1. 4） n．走私者
- mixture（1. 18） n．混合物
- officious（1. 7） adj．爱管闲事的
- unscrew（1. 22） v．拧开
- confidently（1. 10） ady．自信地
- nostril（1. 22） n．鼻孔
- dreadful（1. 14） adj．可怕的，一团糟的
- chalk（1. 24） n．粉笔
- pounce（1. 15） v．猛抓，扑住
- baggage（1. 24） n．行李
== Notes on the text
1. the Green Channel，绿色通道，指海关专供没有携带征税物品进关的旅客所走的通道。
2. hidden in his suitcase是过去分词短语作定语，修饰watches，它相当于一个定语从句：which were hidden in his suitcase.
3. looking me in the eye，直盯着我的眼睛，这是分词短语作状语，表示方式，修饰 asked。
4. The officer went through，这里go through作“检查”讲。
5. in a dreadful mess （或 in a mess），乱七八糟，混乱透了。
6. I saw the Officer's face light up．我看到那位官员的脸上露出了得意的神色。
7. You should have declared that．你早该申报了。“should +不定式的完成式”表示本该做而未做之事。
8. be exempt from 作“免除”、“豁免”解。
== 参考译文
现在的海关官员往往相当宽容。但是，当你通过绿色通道，没有任何东西需要申报时，他们仍可以拦住你。甚至是最诚实的人也常被弄得觉得有罪似的，而老练的职业走私犯即使在手提箱里藏着500只金表，却也处之泰然。最近一次，我出国归来，碰上一位特别好管闲事的年轻海关官员，他显然把我当成了走私犯。
“您有什么需要申报的吗？”他直盯着我的眼睛问。
“没有。”我自信地回答说。
“请打开这只手提箱好吗？”
“好的。”我回答说。
那位官员十分仔细地把箱子检查了一遍。所有细心包装好的东西一会儿工夫就乱成了一团。我相信那箱子再也关不上了。突然，我看到官员脸上露出了得意的神色。他在我的箱底发现了一只小瓶，高兴地一把抓了起来。
“香水，嗯？”他讥讽地说道，“你刚才应该申报，香水要上进口税的。”
“不，这不是香水，”我说，“是发胶。”接着我脸带微笑补充说：“这是一种我自己配制的奇特的混合物。”果不出所料，他并不相信我。
“你就闻一闻吧！”我催促说。
海关官员拧开瓶盖，把瓶子放到鼻子底下。一股怪味袭来，使他相信了我说的是真话。几分钟后，我终于被放行，手提划着宝贵的粉笔记号的行李，匆匆离去。
#pagebreak()
= Life on a desert island
Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island. We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines. Life there is simple and good. Ripe fruit falls from the trees and you never have to work. The other side of the picture is quite the opposite. Life on a desert island is wretched. You either starve to death or live like <NAME>, waiting for a boat which never comes. Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out.
Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer. They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin Islands to Miami to have it repaired. During the journey, their boat began to sink. They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and cans of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island. There were hardly any trees on the island and there was no water, but this did not prove to be a problem. The men collected rainwater in the rubber dinghy. As they had brought a spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat. They caught lobster and fish every day, and, as one of them put it "ate like kings". When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave.
== New words and Expressions 生词和知语
- desert island（title） 荒岛
- Miami（1. 10） n．迈阿密（美国最南的城市）
- unrealistic（1. 1） adj．不真实的
- paradise（1. 2） n．天堂，乐土
- dinghy（1. 11） n．救生筏，小船
- wretched（1. 6） adj．可怜的，艰苦的
- Caribbean（1. 12） n．加勒比海
- starve（1. 6） v．挨饿
- spear gun（1. 14） 捕鱼枪
- element（1. 7） n．成分
- lobster（1. 15） n．龙虾
- opportunity（1. 8） n．机会
- tanker（1. 15） n．油轮
- coral（1. 9） n．珊瑚
- genuinely（1. 16） adv．由衷地
- Virgin Islands （1. 10） 维尔京群岛
- <NAME> （11. 6-7） 鲁滨孙·克鲁索（小说《鲁滨孙漂流记》主人公）
== Notes on the text
1. imagine…to be…，作“想像……是……”，“设想……是……”讲。不定式to be引起的短语作宾语补足语。
2. quite the opposite，完全相反，截然不同。
3. starve to death，饿死。
4. …wished they had stayed there longer. ……还真希望在那里多呆些日子。wish引起的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。
5. as one of them put it，正如其中一位所说的。
== 参考译文
我们许多人对于荒岛生活有一种不切实际的想法。我们有时想像荒岛是阳光终日普照的天堂。在那里，生活简单又美好。成熟的水果从树上掉下来，人们根本无需劳动。另一种想法恰恰相反，认为荒岛生活很可怕，要么饿死，要么像鲁滨孙那样，天天盼船来，却总不见船影。也许，这两种想像都有可信之处。但很少有人能有机会去弄个究竟。
最近有两个人在一座珊瑚岛上呆了5天，他们真希望在那儿再多呆一些日子。他们驾着一条严重损坏的小船从维尔京群岛去迈阿密修理。途中，船开始下沉，他们迅速把食物、火柴、罐装啤酒往一只救生筏上装。然后在加勒比海上划行了几英里，到了一座珊瑚岛上。岛上几乎没有一棵树，也没有淡水，但这不算什么问题。他们用橡皮艇蓄积雨水。由于他们随身带了一支捕鱼枪，因此，吃饭不愁。他们天天捕捉龙虾和鱼，正如其中一位所说，吃得“像国王一样好”。5天后，一条油轮从那儿路过，搭救了他们。这二位不得不离开那个荒岛时，还真的感到遗憾呢！
#pagebreak()
= It's only me
After her husband had gone to work, <NAME> sent her children to school and went upstairs to her bedroom. She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going to a fancy-dress party with her husband. She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night before, she was impatient to try it on. Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective. After putting it on, <NAME> went downstairs. She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.
Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining room, there was a knock on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker. She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table. Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs. She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the storeroom was opened and a man entered, <NAME> realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the metre. She tried to explain the situation, saying "It's only me", but it was too late. The man let out a cry and jumped back several paces. When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him.
== New words and Expressions
- costume（1．5） n. 化装服
- storeroom（1．13） n. 储藏室
- consist（1．6） v. 由……组成
- electricity（1．14） n. 电
- sheet（1．7） n. 被单
- metre（1．14） n. 电表
- effective（1．7） adj. 有明显效果的，有作用的
- pace（1．15） n. 一步
- flee（1．16） , fled)v. 逃走
- comfortable（1．8） adj. 舒适的
- slam（1．16） v. 砰地关上
== Notes on the text
1. would be going, 是过去将来进行时，用来表示过去预计将要发生的动作。
2. fancy-dress party化装舞会。
3. dress up as, 化装成……。
4. try it on, it指costume, try on是“试穿”、“试戴”。
5. just as…, 正当……的时候。
6. She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table. 她曾告诉过他，如果她没去开门，他可直接进来，把面包放在厨房的桌子上。if ever在条件句中表示强调，可译作“任何时候”。to come straight in指“直接进来”。
7. Not wanting to frighten the poor man, 不想去吓唬这个可怜的人。这是现在分词短语的否定形式，作目的状语。
== 参考译文
理查兹夫人等丈夫上班走后，把孩子送去上学，然后来到楼上自己的卧室。那天上午，她兴奋得什么家务活都不想做，因为晚上她要同丈夫一起去参加一个化装舞会。她打算装扮成鬼的模样。头天晚上她已把化装服做好，这时她急于想试试。尽管化装服仅由一个被单制成，却十分逼真。理查兹夫人穿上化装服后下了楼，想看看穿起来是否舒服。
理查兹夫人刚刚走进餐厅，前门就传来敲门声。她知道来人一定是面包师。她曾告诉过面包师，如果她不去开门，他可直接进门，把面包放在厨房的桌上。理查兹夫人不想吓唬这个可怜的人，便赶紧躲到了楼梯下的小储藏室里。她听见前门被打开，走廊里响起了重重的脚步声。突然贮藏室门开了，一个男人走了进来。理查兹夫人这才想到一定是供电局来人查电表了。她说了声“是我，别怕！”然后想进行一番解释，但已来不及了。那人大叫了一声，惊退了几步。理查兹夫人朝他走去，只见他“砰”的一声关上门逃走了。
#pagebreak()
= A noble gangster
There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for "protection". If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining "protection money" is not a modern crime. As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir <NAME>, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of "the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor <NAME>" .
== New Words and Expressions
- gangster(title) n. 歹徒，强盗
- city-state（1．11） n. （古代）城邦
- Chicago（1．1） n. 芝加哥（美国城市）
- hire（1．11） v. 租出，雇给
- protection（1．3） n. 保护
- prince（1．11） n. 君主，诸侯
- promptly（1．3） adv. 准时地
- Florentine（1．15） n. 佛罗伦萨人
- destroy（1．4） v. 毁掉；消灭
- funeral（1．16） n. 葬礼
- remarkable（1．7） adj. 不寻常的
- dedicate（1．16） v. 奉献，题献给
- band（1．9） n. 帮，团伙
- memory（1．16） n. 纪念
- Florence（1．10） n. 佛罗伦萨（意大利城市）
- valiant（1．16） adj. 英勇的
== Notes on the text
1. in return for…，作“作为……的报答”讲。
2. out of business, 倒闭，破产。
3. as long ago as, 作“追溯到”、“早在”讲。注意要与as long as分开，后面这个短语作“只要”或“长达……之久”讲。
4. people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters,人们情愿支付一大笔钱，也不愿自己毕生的心血毁于歹徒之手。
5. made a name for himself, 出名了。
6. be at war with…, 与……处于战争状态。
7. in times of peace, 在和平时期。
8. a sort of hero, 某种英雄。sort of作“可以说是一种”讲。
== 参考译文
曾经有一个时期，芝加哥的店主和商行的老板们不得不拿出大笔的钱给歹徒以换取“保护”。如果交款不及时，歹徒们就会很快捣毁他的商店，让他破产。榨取“保护金”并不是一种现代的罪恶行径。早在14世纪，英国人约翰·霍克伍德就有过非凡的发现：人们情愿拿出大笔的钱，也不愿毕生的心血毁于歹徒之手。
600年前，约翰·霍克伍德爵士带着一队士兵来到意大利，在佛罗伦萨附近驻扎下来，很快就出了名。意大利人叫他乔凡尼·阿库托。每次意大利各城邦之间打仗，霍克伍德便把他的士兵雇佣给愿给他出高价的君主。和平时期，当生意萧条时，霍克伍德便带领士兵进入某个城邦，纵火烧毁一两个农场，然后提出，如向他们缴纳保护金，他们便主动撤离。霍克伍德用这种方法挣了大笔钱。尽管如此，意大利人还是把他视作某种英雄。他80岁那年死去时，佛罗伦萨人为他举行了国葬，并为他画像以纪念这位“骁勇无比的战士、杰出的领袖乔凡尼·阿库托先生”。
#pagebreak()
= Fifty pence worth of trouble
Children always appreciate small gifts of money. Mum or dad, of course, provide a regular supply of pocket money, but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income. With some children, small sums go a long way. If fifty pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months inside money boxes. Only very thrifty children manage to fill up a money box. For most of them, fifty pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.
My nephew, George, has a money box but it is always empty. Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have given him have found their way there. I gave him fifty pence yesterday and advised him to save it. Instead he bought himself fifty pence worth of trouble. On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his fifty pence and it bounced along the pavement and then disappeared down a drain. George took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed his right arm through the drain cover. He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out. A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but George was firmly stuck. The fire brigade was called and two fire fighters freed George using a special type of grease. George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who owns the sweet shop heard about his troubles and rewarded him with a large box of chocolates.
== New Words and Expressions
- appreciate（1．1） v. 欣赏，感激
- pavement（1．11） n. 人行道
- pocket money（1．2） 零用钱
- stick（1．14） , stuck)v. 卡住，夹住，不能再动
- rattle（1．5） v. 格格作响
- thrifty（1．6） adj. 节俭的
- brigade（1．14） n. 旅，（消防）队
- nephew（1．8） n. 侄子，外甥
- grease（1．15） n. 润滑油
- bounce（1．11） v. 弹起，跳起
== Notes on the text
1. with some children, 介词with此处作“对于”讲。
2. go a long way, 可以维持很久。
3. If fifty pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, 如果50便士的分币没有用来换糖果的话。exchange…for…作“以……换……”讲，注意英语中的便士有两种复数形式pence和pennies, 但用法不同。如：a fifty pence是指1个50便士的硬币，而fifty pennies是指50个1便士的硬币。
4. have found their way there, 其中there是指储蓄罐。find one's way在这里作“进入”讲，即放到“储蓄罐”里。
5. what is more, 更有甚者。是固定词组，此处用作插入语。
== 参考译文
孩子们总是喜欢得到一些零花钱。爸爸妈妈当然经常会给孩子零花钱，但是，叔舅婶姨也是孩子们额外收入的来源。对于有些孩子来说，少量的钱可以花很长一段时间。如果50便士不拿来换糖吃，则可以放在储蓄罐里叮当响上好几个月。但是能把储蓄罐装满的只有屈指可数的几个特别节俭的孩子。对大部分孩子来说，用50便士来买一大块好的巧克力，是算不了什么的。
我的外甥乔治有一个储蓄罐，但总是空空的。我给了他不少50便士的硬币，但没有几个存到储蓄罐里。昨天，我给了他50便士让他存起来，他却拿这钱给自己买了50便士的麻烦。在他去糖果店的路上，50便士掉在地上，在人行道上跳了几下，掉进了阴沟里。乔治脱掉外套，卷起袖子，将右胳膊伸进了阴沟盖。但他摸了半天也没找到那50便士硬币，他的胳膊反倒退不出来了。这时在他周围围上了许多人，一位女士在乔治胳膊上抹了肥皂、黄油，但乔治的胳膊仍然卡得紧紧的。有人打电话叫来消防队，两位消防队员使用了一种特殊的润滑剂才使乔治得以解脱。不过，此事并没使乔治过于伤心，因为糖果店老板娘听说了他遇到的麻烦后，赏给了他一大盒巧克力。
#pagebreak()
= Mary had a little lamb
Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in the tiny village of Perachora in southern Greece. One of Mary's prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her. She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening. One evening, however, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
When Dimitri came in from the fields, his wife told him what had happened. Dimitri at once set out to find the thief. He knew it would not prove difficult in such a small village. After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. Dimitri immediately went to Aleko's house and angrily accused him of stealing the lamb. He told him he had better return it or he would call the police. Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into his backyard. It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black. Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him. While they were talking it began to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko's house until the rain stopped. When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find that the little black lamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
== New Words and Expressions
- prize（1．2） adj. 珍贵的，宝贵的
- deny（1．11） v. 否认
- tie（1．3） v. 拴，系
- ashamed（1．13） adj．感到羞耻，惭愧
- theft（1．9） n．偷盗行为，偷盗案
- apologize（1．13） v. 道歉
- accuse（1．10） v. 指控
- dye（1．16） v. 染
== Notes on the text
1. it would not prove difficult, 是不难做到的。prove是连系动词，作“证明是”讲，本句子与it would not be difficult相同。
2. accuse sb. of (doing) sth. 作“指责、指控某人做某事”解。
3. he had better return it, 他最好把羔羊还给迪米特里。 had better用来表达一种建议，建议在将来某一具体场合采取的动作。这个短语比should和ought to的语气更强烈，常带有威胁、告诫或催促的意思。
4. denied taking it…,deny后面可接动名词作宾语，也可接宾语从句。
5. apologize to sb. for (doing)sth. , 是“因（做）某事向某人道歉”的意思。
== 参考译文
玛丽与丈夫迪米特里住在希腊南部一个叫波拉考拉的小村庄里。玛丽最珍贵的财产之一就是丈夫送给她的一只白色小羔羊。白天，玛丽把羔羊拴在地里的一棵树上，每天晚上把它牵回家。可是，一天晚上，那只小羔羊失踪了。绳子被人割断，很明显小羔羊是被人偷走了。
迪米特里从地里回来，妻子把情况跟他一说，他马上出去找偷羔羊的人。他知道在这样一个小村庄里抓住小偷并不困难。把失窃的事告诉几个朋友后，迪米特里发现他的邻居阿列科家突然多了一只小羔羊。迪米特里立刻去了阿列科家，气呼呼地指责他偷了羔羊，告诉他最好把羊交还，否则就去叫警察。阿列科不承认，并把迪米特里领进院子。不错，他的确刚买了一只羔羊，阿列科解释说，但他的羔羊是黑色的。迪米特里为自己的鲁莽而感到不好意思，向阿列科道了歉，说是错怪了他。就在他俩说话的时候，天下起了雨，迪米特里便呆在阿列科家里避雨，一直等到雨停为止。半小时后，当他从屋里出来时，他惊奇地发现小黑羔羊全身几乎都变成了白色。原来羊毛上染的黑色被雨水冲掉了！
#pagebreak()
= The longest suspension bridge in the world
Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angoulême. He described it as "a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river". Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world was named after him.
The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by <NAME>, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island. It has a span of 4, 260 feet. The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer. Two great towers support four huge cables. The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete. The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea. These alone took sixteen months to build. Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet. They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended. Each of the four cables contains 26, 108 lengths of wire. It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity. However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge. Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create "an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible".
== New Words and Expressions
- suspension(title) n. 悬，吊
- concrete（1．11） n. 混凝土
- agreeable（1．3） adj. 宜人的
- suspend（1．13） v. 悬挂
- situation（1．3） n. 地点，地方
- length（1．14） n. 根，段
- locate（1．3） v. 位于
- estimate（1．14） v. 估计
- immortal（1．6） adj. 永生的，流芳百世的
- capacity（1．15） n. 承受量
- Brooklyn（1．8） n. 布鲁克林（纽约一区名）
- immensity（1．16） n. 巨大
- Staten（1．8） n．斯塔顿（岛）
- elegant（1．16） adj. 优美别致的
- span（1．9） n. 跨度
- faintly（1．17） adv. 微细地
- cable（1．10） n．缆索
== Notes on the text
1. describe…as…作“把……描绘成……”、“认为……”讲。
2. located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river, 位于两座小山之间，一条大河滔滔流过。 located…是过去分词短语作定语，修饰situation;in the midst of which引导一个定语从句，which指two small hills。in the midst of, 在……之中。
3. by no means, 无论如何，决不。
4. be named after sb. , 以某人的名字命名。
5. be taken into account, 被考虑到。
6. It has been estimated…, 据估计，……。
7. be packed with…作“挤满……”、“装满……”解。
== 参考译文
1524年，一位鲜为人知的意大利人维拉萨诺驾船驶进纽约港，并将该港命名为安古拉姆。他对该港作了这样的描述：“地理位置十分适宜，位于两座小山的中间，一条大河从中间流过”。虽然维拉萨诺绝对算不上一个伟大的探险家，但他的名字将流芳百世，因为1964年11月21日建成的一座世界上最长的吊桥是以他的名字命名的。
维拉萨诺大桥由奥斯马·阿曼设计，连结着布鲁克林与斯塔顿岛，桥长4，260英尺。由于桥身太长，设计者不得不考虑了地表的形状。两座巨塔支撑着4根粗大的钢缆。塔身建在巨大的水下钢筋混凝土平台上。平台深入海底100英尺。仅这两座塔就花了16个月才建成。塔身高出水面将近700英尺。高塔支撑着钢缆，而钢缆又悬吊着大桥。4根钢缆中的每根由26，108股钢绳组成。据估计，若桥上摆满了汽车，也只不过是桥的总承载力的1／3。然而，这座桥的重要特点不仅是它的规模与强度。尽管此桥很大，但它的结构简单，造型优美，实现了设计者企图创造一个“尽量用细线条勾画出一个庞然大物”的梦想。
#pagebreak()
= Electric currents in modern art
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places. Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops. We have got quite used to them. Some so－called "modern" pieces have been on display for nearly eighty years.
In spite of this, some people----including myself----were surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: "Do not touch the exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!"The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody. These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres. The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time. In the centre of the hall, there were a number of tall structures which contained coloured lights. These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad. Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily. It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment. These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well!
== New Words and Expressions
- current(title) n. 电流
- flicker(1. 15) v. 闪烁
- sculpture(1. 1) n. 雕塑
- emit(1. 15) v. 放射
- mistaken(1. 2) adj. 错误的
- flash(1. 16) v. 闪光
- gallery(1. 9) n. 美术馆
- prehistoric(1. 16) adj. 史前的，老掉牙的
- exhibit(1. 9) n. 展品，陈列品
- oddly(1. 10) adv. 古怪的
- electronic (1. 16) adj. 电子的
- attach(1. 12) v. 连，系
- peculiar (1. 17) adj. 奇异的
- sphere(1. 13) n. 球体
- shock(1. 17) v. 令人震惊，刺激人
- magnetize(1. 13) v. 使磁化
- emotionally(1. 17) adv. 感情上
- repel(1. 13) v. 排斥
== Notes on the text
1. The idea that… is mistaken.此处that引导的从句作idea的同位语。
2. take no interest in…，作“对……不感兴趣”解。
3. cannot have failed to notice, 不至于没注意到。“cannot+have+过去分词”表示对于过去的事所作的不肯定的推测。
4. move in response to a gust of wind，随风飘荡。 in response(to)作“回答”、“响应”、“作出反应”讲。此处是“（展品）随风而动”的意思。
5. be familiar to…是“为……所熟悉”的意思。
6. Lined up against the wall, 靠墙排列着。
7. like traffic lights which have gone mad, 就像失去控制的红绿灯一样。go mad作“发疯”、“发狂”讲。
8. on and off（亦作 off and on）作“断断续续地”、“有时”讲。
9. These peculiar forms not only seemed designed…，其中seemed是系动词，seemed designed 作用与were designed是一样的。
== 参考译文
现代雕塑不再使我们感到惊讶了。那种认为现代艺术只能在博物馆里才能看到的观点是错误的。即使是对艺术不感兴趣的人也不会不注意到在公共场所展示的现代艺术品。公园里、大楼和商店外竖立着的奇形怪状的雕塑，对这些，我们已经司空见惯了。有些所谓的“现代”艺术品在那里已经陈列了近80年了。
尽管如此，最近举办的一次现代雕塑展览还是使一些人（包括我在内）大吃了一惊。走进展厅首先看到的是一张告示，上面写着：“切勿触摸展品，某些展品有危险！”展品都是些活动的雕塑。人们所熟悉的是悬挂在天花板上、造型奇特、随风飘荡的雕塑品。这些展品却使人大开眼界。靠墙排列着许多细长的电线，而电线又连着金属球。金属球经过磁化，互相之间不停地相互吸引或相互排斥。展厅中央是装有彩色灯泡的许多高高的构件，灯泡一刻不停地闪烁着，就像失去了控制的红绿灯。小黑盒子里迸出火花，红色灯泡发怒似地忽明忽暗。这儿倒像是在展览古老的电子设备。好像设计这些奇形怪状的展品不仅是为了给人感情上的强烈刺激，而且还想给人以电击似的！
#pagebreak()
= A very dear cat
Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took considerable interest in Mrs. <NAME>'s cat. Mrs. <NAME>, a very wealthy old lady, has shared a flat with her cat, Rastus, for a great many years. Rastus leads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always home by seven o'clock. One evening, however, he failed to arrive. Mrs. Ramsay got very worried. She looked everywhere for him but could not find him.
Three days after Rastus' disappearance, Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter. The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs. Ramsay paid a ransom of￡1, 000. Mrs. Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave it outside her door. At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again----the letter had made that quite clear----she changed her mind. She withdrew ￡1, 000 from her bank and followed the kidnapper's instructions. The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs. Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper would keep his word. Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o'clock that evening. He looked very well, though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk. The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done. She explained that Rastus was very dear to her. Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
== New Words and Expressions
- dear(title) adj. 亲爱的；珍贵的；昂贵的
- ransom (1. 10) n. 赎金
- kidnapper(1. 1) n. 绑架者，拐骗者
- cardboard(1. 11) n. 硬纸板
- considerable(1. 2) adj. 相当大的
- withdraw (1. 13) adj. 富的，有钱的
- withdrawn )v. （从银行）取钱
- orderly(1. 4) adj. 有规律的
- punctually(1. 15) adv. 准时地
- disappearance(1. 9) n. 失踪
- astound (1. 16) v. 使吃惊
- anonymous(1. 9) adj. 匿名的
== Notes on the text
1. share…with…，作“与分享、合用……”解
2. be in safe hands, 在可靠的人那里。
3. she changed her mind, 她改变了主意。
4. keep one's word, 遵守诺言。
5. sure enough, 无疑，果然。
6. Considering… he was dear in more ways than one!considering…是介词短语，作“考虑到……”、“就……而言”解，此处作原因状语。 dear不仅作为“可爱”讲，还可作“昂贵”讲。此处有一语双关之意。 in more ways than one(way) 作“在更多方面”解。
== 参考译文
绑架者很少对动物感兴趣。最近，绑架者却盯上了埃莉诺·拉姆齐太太的猫。埃莉诺·拉姆齐太太是一个非常富有的老妇人，多年来，一直同她养的猫拉斯特斯一起住在一所公寓里。拉斯特斯生活很有规律，傍晚常常出去溜达一会儿，并且总是在7点钟以前回来。可是，有一天晚上，它出去后再也没回来。拉姆齐太太急坏了，四处寻找，但没找着。
拉斯特斯失踪 3天后，拉姆齐太太收到一封匿名信。写信人声称拉斯特斯安然无恙，只要拉姆齐太太愿意支付 1, 000英镑赎金，可以立即将猫送还。他让拉姆齐太太把钱放在一个纸盒里，然后将纸盒放在门口。一开始拉姆齐太太打算报告警察，但又害怕再也见不到拉斯特斯了——这点，信上说得十分明白——于是便改变了主意。她从银行取出1, 000英镑，并照绑架者的要求做了。第二天早晨，放钱的盒子不见了。但拉姆齐太太确信绑架者是会履行诺言的。果然，当天晚上7点正，拉斯特斯准时回来了。它看上去一切正常，只是口渴得很，喝了半瓶牛奶。拉姆齐太太把她所做的事告诉了警察，警察听后大为吃惊。拉姆齐太太解释说她心疼她的猫拉斯特斯。想到她所花的那笔钱，她的心疼就具有双重意义了。
#pagebreak()
= Pioneer pilots
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of￡1, 000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, <NAME> took off from the French coast in his plane the "Antoinette IV". He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on the sea. The "Antoinette" floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
Two days later, <NAME> arrived near Calais with a plane called "No. XI" . Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model. A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty six miles. Latham, however, did not give up easily. He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new "Antoinette" . It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel. Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough. After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m. , Bleriot set off half an hour later. His great flight lasted thirty-seven minutes. When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman. Latham made 15 another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again. His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.
== New Words and Expressions
- pioneer(title) n. 先驱
- Calais(1. 8) n. 加来（法国港市）
- lord(1. 1) n. 对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵
- overland(1. 9) adj. 陆上的
== Notes on the text
1. the English Channel, 英吉利海峡。大西洋延伸的部分，长约350英里（约560公里），将英法两国的领土分开。
2. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. 一年多时间之后，才有人进行第一次尝试。
3. pick up此处作“（从海里）救起”解。
4. did not give up easily, 不轻易作罢。give up当“放弃”讲。
5. It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel. 看起来似乎有一场精采的飞越英吉利海峡的比赛。as if引导的从句作起系动词作用的look的表语，其中谓语动词 would be表示与未来的事实不相符的虚拟结构。
6. got within half a mile of Dover, 到了离多佛不到半英里的地方。
7. Dover, 多佛港，是英吉利海峡的一个港口，对面是法国港口加来。多佛与加来相距21英里（34公里），是英吉利海峡最窄的部分。
== 参考译文
1908年，诺斯克利夫勋爵拿出1, 000英镑，作为对第一个飞越英吉利海峡的人的奖励。然而一年多过去了才有人出来尝试。1909年7月19日凌晨，休伯特·莱瑟姆驾驶“安特瓦奈特4号”飞机从法国海岸起飞，但他只在海峡上空飞行了7英里，引擎就发生了故障，他只好降落在海面上。“安特瓦奈特”号飞机在海上漂浮，后来有船经过，莱瑟姆方才获救。
两天之后，路易斯·布莱里奥驾驶一架名为“11号”的飞机来到加来附近。布莱里奥从1905年起便开始研制飞机，“11号”飞机是他制作的最新型号。一周以前，他曾成功地进行了一次 26英里的陆上飞行。但是莱瑟姆不肯轻易罢休。同一天，他驾驶一架新的“安特瓦奈特”号飞机来到了加来附近。看来会有一场激烈的飞越英吉利海峡的竞争。两架飞机都打算在7月25日起飞，但莱瑟姆那天起床晚了。布莱里奥凌晨4点15分作了一次短距离试飞，半小时后便正式出发了。他这次伟大的飞行持续了37分钟。当他在多佛着陆后，第一个迎接他的是当地一名警察。莱瑟姆一周以后也作了一次尝试，飞到了离多佛不到半英里的地方。这次他又遭厄运，因引擎故障第二次降落在海面上。
#pagebreak()
= <NAME>
Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money. Because of this, they were known as "prizefighters". However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.
One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was <NAME>, who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules. Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old. This attracted the attention of <NAME> who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him. The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour. The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even <NAME> became one of his pupils. He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called <NAME>, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.
== New Words and Expressions
- boxing (1. 1) n. 拳击
- adore (1. 10) v. 崇拜，爱戴
- boxer (1. 2) n. 拳击手
- alike (1. 10) adv. 一样地
- bare (1. 2) adj. 赤裸的
- fame (1. 11) n. 名声
- prizefighter (1. 3) n.职业拳出手（尤指古时赤手拳击手）
- eminent (1. 12) adj. 著名的，杰出的
- bitterly (1. 14) adv. 厉害地
- crude (1. 4) adj. 粗野的
- bet (1. 15) (bet, bet; betted, betted) v. 打赌
- marquis (1. 7) n. 侯爵
- academy (1. 18) n. 专业学校
- technically (1. 8) adv. 严格根据法律意义地
- extravagant (1. 20) adj. 浪费的，奢侈
- science (1. 9) n. 科学的
- popularity (1. 10) n. 名望
- poverty (1. 22) n. 贫困
== Notes on the text
1. they were known as "prizefighters"，他们被称作“职业拳击手”。 be known as…，被称作……。
2. until 1860, when the <NAME> drew up the first set of rules中，以when引导的从句是定语从句，修饰前面的年代 1860年。draw up是“制定”、“草拟”的意思。a set of，一套。 Marquis of Queensberry，昆斯伯里侯爵，是指第8位昆斯伯里侯爵约翰·修托·道格拉斯（1844—1900），苏格兰贵族。他制定的“昆斯伯里规则”至今仍是拳击的比赛规则。
3. change…into…，把……变成……，bring…to…，把……引进……。
4. in his day，在他的全盛时期。day此处指“幸运或顺利的时期”。
5. He was adored by rich and poor alike. 人们不论贫富都很崇拜他。 rich and poor是固定词组，意为富人和穷人。有的形容词可用作名词，但前面要加the。
6. rise to fame，成名。
7. Humphries turned against him，汉弗莱斯与他反目为敌。
8. at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour中，以where引导的从句作Stilton的定语。
9. bet on…，在……上押（赌金）。
10. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries…这是一个it的强调句。被强调的部分not until his third match in 1790放在It was之后，句子的其他部分放在引导词that之后。
11. be in debt，负债。
== 参考译文
两百年前，拳击比赛在英国非常盛行。当时，拳击手们不戴手套，为争夺奖金而搏斗。因此，他们被称作“职业拳击手”。不过，拳击是十分野蛮的，因为当时没有任何比赛规则，职业拳击手有可能在比赛中受重伤，甚至丧命。
拳击史上最引人注目的人物之一是丹尼尔·门多萨，他生于1764年。1860年昆斯伯里侯爵第一次为拳击比赛制定了规则，拳击比赛这才用上了手套。虽然门多萨严格来讲不过是个职业拳击手，但在把这种粗野的拳击变成一种体育运动方面，他作出了重大贡献。是他把科学引进了这项运动。门多萨在他的全盛时期深受大家欢迎，无论是富人还是穷人都对他崇拜备至。
门多萨在14岁时参加了一场拳击赛后一举成名。这引起了当时英国拳坛名将理查德·汉弗莱斯的注意。他主动提出教授门多萨，而年少的门多萨一学就会。事实上，门多萨不久便名声大振，致使汉弗莱斯与他反目为敌。两个人争吵不休，显而易见，只有较量一番才能解决问题。于是两人在斯蒂尔顿设下赛场，厮打了一个小时。公众把大笔赌注下到了门多萨身上，但他却输了。后来，门多萨与汉弗莱斯再次在拳击场上较量，门多萨又输了一场。直到1790年他们第3次对垒，门多萨才终于击败了汉弗莱斯，成了全英拳击冠军。同时，他建立了一所拳击学校，办得很成功，连拜伦勋爵也成了他的学生。门多萨挣来大笔大笔的钱，一次出场费就可多达100英镑。尽管收入不少，但他挥霍无度，经常债台高筑。他在被一个叫杰克逊绅士的拳击手击败后很快被人遗忘。他因无力还债而被捕入狱，最后于1836年在贫困中死去。
#pagebreak()
= By heart
Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.
A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years. In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.
One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his hands. He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual. It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting his eyes, he said: "The light is dim. Read the letter to me." And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler. Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: "The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses." With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
== New Words and Expressions
- run (1. 1) (ran, run) v. （戏剧，电影等）
- gaoler(1. 7) n. 监狱长，看守连演，连映
- colleague (1. 10) n. 同事
- lines (1. 3) n. （剧本中的）台词
- curtain (1. 11) n. （舞台上的）幕布
- part (1. 4) n. 剧中的角色，台词
- reveal (1. 12) v. 使显露
- falter (1. 4) v. 支吾，结巴说
- cell (1. 13) n. 单人监房，监号
- cast (1. 6) (cast, cast) v. 选派……扮演角色
- blank (1. 14) adj. 空白的
- role (1. 7) n. 角色
- squint (1. 16) v. 眯着（眼）看，瞄
- aristocrat (1. 7) n. 贵族
- dim (1. 16) adj. 昏暗
- imprison (1. 7) v. 关押
- sire (1. 18) n. （古用法）陛下
- Bastille (1. 7) n. 巴士底狱
- proceed (1. 20) v. 继续进行
== Notes on the text
1. on end，连续不断的。
2. in many ways，在许多方面。
3. go on repeating，继续重复。 go on加上现在分词是“继续干”的意思。
4. Yet this is not always the case. 然而情况并非总是如此。
5. in the role of…，充当……角色。
6. Bastille，巴士底狱。曾是法国巴黎的监狱。1369年始建时是一个要塞，1789年被巴黎市民攻克并捣毁。
7. insisted that it should be written out in full, insist后面所接的宾语从句，常用虚拟语气“should +动词原形”，而should又经常可以省略。
8. play a joke on…，拿……开玩笑。
9. sire是古代仆人对国王的一种尊称，现在仅用于故事和剧本。
10. Much to the aristocrat's amusement，使贵族感到非常可笑的是……。
much为副词，此处修饰其后的介词短语 to the aristocrat's amusement. much to＋sb. 's sth. 是一个常见的状语短语，有“给某人带来很大的……”的意思。
== 参考译文
有些剧目十分成功，以致连续上演好几年。这样一来，可怜的演员们可倒霉了。因为他们需要一夜连着一夜地重复同样的台词。人们以为，这些演员一定会把台词背得烂熟，绝不会临场结巴的，但情况却并不总是这样。
有一位名演员曾在一出极为成功的剧目中扮演一个贵族角色，这个贵族已在巴士底狱被关押了20年。在最后一幕中，狱卒手持一封信上场，然后将信交给狱中那位贵族。尽管那个贵族每场戏都得念一遍那封信，但他还是坚持要求将信的全文写在信纸上。
一天晚上，狱卒决定与他的同事开一个玩笑，看看他反复演出这么多场之后，是否已将信的内容记熟了。大幕拉开，最后一幕戏开演，贵族独自一人坐在铁窗后阴暗的牢房里。这时狱卒上场，手里拿着那封珍贵的信。狱卒走进牢房，将信交给贵族。但这回狱卒给贵族的信没有像往常那样把全文写全，而是一张白纸。狱卒热切地观察着，急于想了解他的同事是否记熟了台词。贵族盯着白纸看了几秒种，然后，眼珠一转，说道：“光线太暗，请给我读一下这封信。”说完，他一下子把信递给了狱卒。狱卒发现自己连一个字也记不住，于是便说：“陛下，这儿光线的确太暗了，我得去把眼镜拿来。”他一边说着，一边匆匆下台。贵族感到非常好笑的是：一会儿工夫，狱卒重新登台，拿来一副眼镜以及平时使用的那封信，然后为那囚犯念了起来。
#pagebreak()
= One man's meat is another man's poison
People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten. If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy. You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive. On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat---the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.
No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail. Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world. There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food. My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails are despised. As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own. For years he has been asking me to collect snails from my garden and take them to him. The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants. Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to Robert. Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living room where we talked for a couple of hours. I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said that I must stay to dinner. Snails would, of course, be the main dish. I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room. To our dismay, we saw that there were snails everywhere: they had escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the hall! I have never been able to look at a snail since then.
== New Words and Expressions
- poison (title) n. 毒药
- snail (1. 9) n. 蜗牛
- illogical (1. 1) adj. 不合逻辑的，无章法的
- luxury (1. 10) n. 奢侈品，珍品
- octopus (1. 3) n. 章鱼
- associate (1. 11) v. 联想到
- delicacy (1. 3) n. 美味，佳肴
- despise (1. 11) v. 鄙视
- repulsive (1. 4) adj. 令人反感的，令人生厌的
- appeal (1. 13) v. 引起兴致
- stomach (1. 5) n. 胃
- shower (1. 14) n. 陈雨
- turn (1. 5) v. 感到恶心，翻胃
- stroll (1. 14) n. 溜达，散步
- fry (1. 5) v. 油炸
- impulse (1. 15) n. 冲动
- fat (1. 6) n. （动物、植物）油
- dozen (1. 15) n. 12个，一打
- abuse (1. 9) n. 辱骂，责骂
- fancy (1. 19) v. 喜爱，喜欢
== Notes on the text
1. One man's meat is another man's poison. 这是英语的一句谚语，意思是“对一方有利的未必对另一方也有利”。有时可译作“各有所爱”，同时也有汉语俗语“萝卜青菜各有所爱”的意思。
2. would turn at the idea of…， turn此处作“恶心”、“作呕”解。 at the idea of…是“想到……”的意思。
3. to be brought up，养育，抚养，stick to有“坚持”的意思。
4. Cooked in wine， snails…，用酒烹调的蜗牛……，这是过去分词作状语，表示条件。
5. I happened to be walking in the garden．我碰巧在花园里散步。happen后面加不定式表示“碰巧做……”
6. take（亦作have） possession of，是“占有”、“拥有”的意思。
== 参考译文
在决定什么能吃而什么不能吃的时候，人们往往变得不合情理。比如，如果你住在地中海地区，你会把章鱼视作美味佳肴，同时不能理解为什么有人一见章鱼就恶心。另一方面，你一想到动物油炸土豆就会反胃，但这在北方许多国家却是一种普通的烹饪方法。不无遗憾的是，我们中的大部分人，生来就只吃某几种食品，而且一辈子都这样。
没有一种生物所受到的赞美和厌恶会超过花园里常见的蜗牛了。蜗牛加酒烧煮后，便成了世界上许多地方的一道珍奇的名菜。有不计其数的人们从小就知道蜗牛可做菜。但我的朋友罗伯特却住在一个厌恶蜗牛的国家中。他住在大城市里的一所公寓里，没有自已的花园。多年来，他一直让我把我园子里的蜗牛收集起来给他捎去。一开始，他的这一想法没有引起我多大兴趣。后来有一天，一场大雨后，我在花园里漫无目的地散步，突然注意到许许多多蜗牛在我的一些心爱的花木上慢悠悠地蠕动着。我一时冲动，逮了几十只，装进一只纸袋里，带着去找罗伯特。罗伯特见到我很高兴，对我的薄礼也感到满意。我把纸袋放在门厅里，与罗伯特一起进了起居室，在那里聊了好几个钟头。我把蜗牛的事已忘得一干二净，罗伯特突然提出一定要我留下来吃晚饭，这才提醒了我。蜗牛当然是道主菜。我并不喜欢这个主意，所以我勉强跟着罗伯特走出了起居室。使我们惊愕的是门厅里到处爬满了蜗牛：它们从纸袋里逃了出来，爬得满厅都是！从那以后，我再也不能看一眼蜗牛了。
#pagebreak()
= A skeleton in the cupboard
We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret which has been concealed from strangers for years. The English language possesses a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation. The terrible secret is called "a skeleton in the cupboard". At some dramatic moment in the story, the terrible secret becomes known and a reputation is ruined. The reader's hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine, a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.
It is all very well for such things to occur in fiction. To varying degrees, we all have secrets which we do not want even our closest friends to learn, but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard. The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is <NAME>, and he is very proud of the fact. George studied medicine in his youth. Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories. I once spent an uncomfortable weekend which I shall never forget at his house. George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used. He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner. After I had stacked my shirts and underclothes in two empty drawers, I decided to hang one of the two suits I had brought with me in the cupboard. I opened the cupboard door and then stood in front of it petrified. A skeleton was dangling before my eyes. The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave me the impression that it was about to leap out at me. Dropping my suit, I dashed downstairs to tell George. This was worse than "a terrible secret"; this was a real skeleton! But George was unsympathetic. "Oh, that," he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend. "That's Sebastian. You forget that I was a medical student once upon a time. "
== New Words and Expressions
- skeleton (title) n. 骷髅
- guestroom (1. 15) n. （家庭中的）来客住房
- seemingly (1. 1) adv. 表面上地
- respectable (1. 1) adj. 体面的，雅观的
- unpack (1. 15) vt. （从箱中）取出
- conceal (1. 2) v. 隐藏，隐瞒
- stack (1. 16) v. （整齐地）堆放，排放
- vivid (1. 3) adj. 生动的
- underclothes (1. 16) n. 内衣
- dramatic (1. 5) adj. 令人激动的，扣人心弦的
- drawer (1. 16) n. 抽屉
- petrify (1. 18) v. 使惊呆
- ruin (1. 6) v. 毁坏
- dangle (1. 18) v. 悬挂
- heroine (1. 8) n. 女主人公
- sway (1. 18) v. 摇摆
- fiction (1. 10) n. 小说
- unsympathetic (1. 21) adj. 不表同情的，无动于衷的
- varying (1. 10) adj. 不同的
- medicine (1. 13) n. 医学
- medical (1. 22) adj. 医学的
== Notes on the text
1. A skeleton in the cupboard，直译为“柜中骷髅”，此系一成语，作“家丑”解。
2. conceal sth, from sb. 作“对某人隐瞒某事”解。
3. The reader's hair stands on end，读者感到毛骨悚然。
4. to varying degrees，在不同程度上。
5. stood in front of it petrified，站在柜前吓呆了。
s.tand此处表示处于某种状态，起系动词的作用，后面常接形容词、介词短语或过去分词，表示主语处于某种状态中的特征，可视作表语。
6. the impression that it was about to leap out…，
that引导的从句作impression的同位语。be about to do sth. ，表示按照计划即将做的动作。
== 参考译文
在小说中，我们经常读到一个表面上受人尊重的人物或家族，却有着某种多年不为人所知的骇人听闻的秘密。英语中有一个生动的说法来形容这种情况。惊人的秘密被称作“柜中骷髅”。在小说的某个戏剧性时刻，可怕的秘密泄漏出来，接着便是某人的声誉扫地。当读者读到小说最后几页了解到书中女主人公，那位一向待大家很好的可爱的老妇人年轻时一连毒死了她的5个丈夫时，不禁会毛骨悚然。
这种事发生在小说中是无可非议的。尽管我们人人都有各种大小秘密，连最亲密的朋友都不愿让他们知道，但我们当中极少有人有柜中骷髅。我所认识的唯一的在柜中藏骷髅的人便是乔治·卡尔顿，他甚至引以为自豪。乔治年轻时学过医，然而，他后来没当上医生，却成了一位成功的侦探小说作家。有一次，我在他家里度周末，过得很不愉快。这事我永远不会忘记。乔治把我领进客房，说这间房间很少使用。他让我打开行装后下楼吃饭。我将衬衫、内衣放进两个空抽屉里，然后我想把随身带来的两套西服中的一套挂到大衣柜里去。我打开柜门，站在柜门前一下子惊呆了。一具骷髅悬挂在眼前，由于柜门突然打开，它也随之轻微摇晃起来，让我觉得它好像马上要跳出柜门朝我扑过来似的。我扔下西服冲下楼去告诉乔治。这是比“骇人听闻的秘密”更加惊人的东西，这是一具真正的骷髅啊！但乔治却无动于衷。“噢，是它呀！他笑着说道，俨然在谈论一位老朋友。“那是塞巴斯蒂安。你忘了我以前是学医的了。”
#pagebreak()
= The Cutty Sark
One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greenwich. She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past. Before they were replaced by steamships, sailing vessels like the Cutty Sark were used to carry tea from China and wool from Australia. The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built. The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae. Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England. This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.
The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae , but on the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took the lead. It seemed certain that she would be the first ship home, but during the race she had a lot of bad luck. In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away. The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her. A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was fitted with great difficulty. This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was a danger that if she travelled too quickly, this rudder would be torn away as well. Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her lead. After crossing the Equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead. Though the new rudder was fitted at tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to win. She arrived in England a week after the Thermopylae. Even this was remarkable, considering that she had had so many delays. There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
== New Words and Expressions 生词和短评
- impressive (1. 4) adj . 给人深刻印象的
- steamship (1. 5) n. 蒸汽轮船
- vessel (1. 5) n. 轮船，大木船
- era (1. 10) n. 时期，时代
- Java(1. 11) n. 爪哇（印度尼西亚一岛）
- rudder (1. 13) n. 舵
- roll (1. 14). v. 颠簸，摇摆
- steer (1. 14) v. 掌握方向
- temporary (1. 14) adj. 临时的
- plank (1. 15) n. 大块木板
- fit (1. 15) v. 安装
- Equator (1. 17) n. 赤道
- delay (1. 21) n. 耽误
== Notes on the text
1. Cutty Sark，“卡蒂萨克”号，19世纪一艘著名的帆船。现在这艘船在伦敦格林威治作为展品被保护了起来。在轮船时代以前，它是那时侯最快的帆船。
2. both these ships，这两艘船。也可写成 both of these ships或 both ships。
3. The first of the two ships to reach Java…，两艘船中首先到达爪哇的……。不定式短语 to reach Java此处作定语，修饰 first，中间被另一个修饰 first的介词短语 of the two ships所分开。
4. take the lead，领先。lose one's lead，失去其领先地位。
5. There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily. 毫无疑问，如果中途没有失去舵，“卡蒂萨克”号肯定能在比赛中轻易夺冠。这是一个虚拟语气的句子，是对过去的一种假设。
== 参考译文
人们在格林威治仍可看到19世纪最有名的帆船之一“卡蒂萨克”号。它停在陆地上，每年接待成千上万的参观者。它给人们留下深刻的印象，使人们回忆起历史上的巨型帆船。在蒸汽船取代帆船之前，“卡蒂萨克”号之类的帆船被用来从中国运回茶叶，从澳大利亚运回羊毛。“卡蒂萨克”号是帆船制造史上建造的最快的一艘帆船。唯一可以与之一比高低的是“塞姆皮雷”号帆船。两船于1872年6月18日同时从上海启航驶往英国，途中展开了一场激烈的比赛。这场比赛持续了整整4个月，是这类比赛中的最后一次，它标志着帆船伟大传统的结束与一个新纪元的开始。
比赛开始后，“赛姆皮雷”号率先抵达爪哇岛。但在印度洋上，“卡蒂萨克”号驶到了前面。看来，它首先返抵英国是确信无疑的了，但它却在比赛中连遭厄运。8月份“卡蒂萨克”号遭到了一场特大风暴的袭击，失去了一只舵。船身左右摇晃，无法操纵。船员用备用的木板在船上赶制了一只应急用的舵，并克服重重困难将舵安装就位。这样一来，大大降低了船的航速。因为船不能开得太快，否则就有危险，应急舵也会被刮走。因为这个缘故，“卡蒂萨克”号落到了后面。跨越赤道后，船长将船停靠在一个港口，在那儿换了一只舵。但此时，“塞姆皮雷”号早已在500多英里之遥了。尽管换装新舵时分秒必争，但“卡蒂萨克”号已经不可能取胜了，它抵达英国时比“塞姆皮雷”号晚了 1个星期。但考虑到路上的多次耽搁，这个成绩也已很不容易了。毫无疑问，如果中途没有失去舵，“卡蒂萨克”号肯定能在比赛中轻易夺冠。
#pagebreak()
= Wanted: a large biscuit tin
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.
Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing. An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong. These days, advertisers not only offer free samples, but free cars, free houses, and free trips round the world as well. They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money. Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.
During a radio programme, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake biscuits and send them to their factory. They offered to pay ＄10 a pound for the biggest biscuit baked by a listener. The response to this competition was tremendous. Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory. One lady brought in a biscuit on a wheelbarrow. It weighed nearly 500 pounds. A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car. All the biscuits that were sent were carefully weighed. The largest was 713 pounds. It seemed certain that this would win the prize. But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the factory with a truly colossal biscuit which weighed 2, 400 pounds. It had been baked by a college student who had used over 1, 000 pounds of flour, 800 pounds of sugar, 200 pounds of fat, and 400 pounds of various other ingredients. It was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from the lorry. The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated, for they bought the biscuit from the student for ＄ 24, 000.
== New Words and Expressions
- influence (1. 1) v. 影响
- pride (1. 2) v. 骄傲
- taste (1. 2) n. 鉴赏力
- exert (1. 3) v. 施加
- subtle (1. 3) adj. 微妙的，难以捉摸的
- advertiser (1. 5) n. 做广告的人
- classify (1. 6) v. 分类
- magic (1. 8) adj. 有奇妙作用的
- sample (1. 9) n. 样品
- devise (1. 10) v. 设计，想出
- capture (1. 11) v. 吸引，赢得
- manufacturer (1. 12) n. 生产厂家，制造商
- wheelbarrow (1. 15) n. 独轮手推车
- boot (1. 16) n. （汽车尾部的）行李箱
- ingredient (1. 20) n. 配料
- crane (1. 20) n. 起重机
- anticipate (1. 21) v. 预期，预料
== Notes on the text
1. No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. 没有人能避免受广告的影响。 avoid一词需接动名词作宾语， being influenced是动名词一般式的被动形式。
2. Much as we may pride ourselves…，尽管我们可以自夸……，虽然我们可以为……而感到自豪。这是一个让步状语从句，连词 much as可以译成“虽然很……”
3. get something for nothing，免费得到。
4. go wrong ，出差错，出毛病。
5. the response to this competition，对这一竞赛的反响。
== 参考译文
没有人能避免受广告的影响。尽管我们可以自夸自己的鉴赏力如何敏锐，但我们已经无法独立自主地选购自己所需的东西了。这是因为广告在我们身上施加着一种潜移默化的影响。做广告的人在力图劝说我们买下这种产品或那种产品之前，已经仔细地研究了人的本性，并把人的弱点进行了分类。
做广告的人们多年前就发现我们大家都喜欢免费得到东西。凡是用“免费”这个神奇的词开头的广告很少会失败的。目前，做广告的人不仅提供免费样品，而且还提供免费汽车，免费住房，免费周游世界。他们设计数以百计的竞赛，竞赛中有人可赢得巨额奖金。电台、电视使做广告的人可以用这种手段吸引成百万人的注意力。
有一次，在电台播放的节目里，一个生产饼干的公司请听众自己烘制饼干送到他们的工厂去。他们愿意以每磅10美元的价钱买下由听众烘制的最大的饼干。这次竞赛在听众中引起了极其热烈的反响。不久，形状各异、大小不一的饼干陆续送到了工厂。一位女士用手推车运来一个饼干，重达500磅左右。相隔不一会儿，一个男子也带来一个大饼干，那饼干把汽车的行李箱挤得满满的。凡送来的饼干都仔细地称量。最重的一个达713磅，看来这个饼干获奖无疑了。但就在竞赛截止时间将到之际，一辆卡车驶进了工厂，运来了一个特大无比、重达2，400磅的饼干。它是由一个大学生烘制的，用去1，000多磅面粉、800磅食糖、200磅动物脂肪及400磅其他各种原料。饼干份量太重了，用了一台起重机才把它从卡车上卸下。饼干公司不得不付出比他们预计多得多的钱，因为为买下那学生烘制的饼干他们支付了24，000美元。
#pagebreak()
= Nothing to sell and nothing to buy
It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity. A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him. He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences. He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people. His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease. By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do. He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even, in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom. We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
== New Words and Expressions
- philosopher (11. 2-3) n. 哲学家
- wisdom (1. 3) n. 智慧
- priest (1. 3) n. 牧师
- spiritual (1. 3) adj. 精神上的
- grudge (1. 8) v. 不愿给，舍不得给
- surgeon (1. 8) n. 外科大夫
- passer-by (1. 12) n. 过路人（复数 passers-by)
- dignity (1. 13) n. 尊严
- deliberately (1. 14) adv. 故意地
- consequence (1. 15) n. 后果，结果
- afflict (1. 16) v. 使苦恼，折磨
- ease (1. 17) n. 容易
- nature (1. 18) n. 大自然
- contempt (1. 20) n. 蔑视
- envious (1. 21) adj. 嫉妒的
== Notes on the text
1. in the light of，依据，按照。
2. in terms of，从……方面（说来），按照。
3. grudge paying 中，grudge作“吝惜”，“不愿”解，后面要接名词或动名词。这句话中的this service 指上文 to save our lives。
4. The conditions of society are such that… such此处为代词，作“这样”解，that所引起的从句，可视为同位语从句。
5. be free from…，作“不受……影响”解，后面常接 pain（痛苦）， trouble（苦恼）， danger（危险）一类的词语。
6. By having to sleep in the open，由于不得不在露天过夜，这一介词短语作原因状语。
7. in times of real need，确实需要的时侯。
8. put them in the same class as beggars，把他们归为乞丐一类。 the same… as…，像……一样。
== 参考译文
据说每个人都靠出售某种东西来维持生活。根据这种说法，教师靠卖知识为生，哲学家靠卖智慧为生，牧师靠卖精神安慰为生。虽然物质产品的价值可以用金钱来衡量，但要估算别人为我们所提供的服务的价值却是极其困难的。有时，我们为了挽救生命，愿意付出我们所占有的一切。但就在外科大夫给我们提供了这种服务后，我们却可能为所支付的昂贵费用而抱怨。社会上的情况就是如此，技术是必须付钱去买的，就像在商店里要花钱买商品一样。人人都有东西可以出售。
在这条普遍性的规律面前，好像只有流浪汉是个例外。乞丐出售的几乎是他本人，以引起过路人的怜悯。但真正的流浪汉并不是乞丐。他们既不出售任何东西，也不需要从别人那儿得到任何东西。在追求独立自由的同时，他们并不牺牲为人的尊严。流浪汉可能会向你讨钱，但他从来不要你可怜他。他是故意地选择过那种生活的，并完全清楚以这种方式生活的后果。他可能从不知道下顿饭有无着落，但他不像有人那样被成千上万桩愁事所折磨。他几乎没有什么财产，这使他能够轻松自如地在各地奔波。由于被迫在露天睡觉，他比我们中许多人都离大自然近得多。为了生存，他可能会去打猎、乞讨，偶尔偷上一两回；确实需要的时候，他甚至可能干一点儿活，但他决不会牺牲自由。说起流浪汉，我们常常带有轻蔑并把他们与乞丐归为一类。但是，我们中有多少人能够坦率地说我们对流浪汉的简朴生活与无忧无虑的境况不感到有些羡慕呢？
#pagebreak()
= Five pounds too dear
Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour. Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colourful rugs from Persia, silks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful handmade silverware. It was difficult not to be tempted. Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked.
I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring. I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds. Some of them were as big as marbles. The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real. As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a deep impression in the glass. It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches. I examined one of the pens closely. It certainly looked genuine. At the base of the gold cap, the words "made in the U. S. A." had been neatly inscribed. The man said that the pen was worth ￡50, but as a special favour, he would let me have it for ￡30. I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay ￡5. Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to ￡10. Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands. Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted the ￡5 I gave him. I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain ---- until I got back to the ship. No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day it has never written a single word!
== New Words and Expressions
- wares (1. 1) n. 货物，商品
- marble (1. 11) n. 小玻璃球
- anchor (12) v. 停航下锚
- inscribe (1. 16) v. 刻写，雕
- deck (1. 3) n. 甲板
- favour (1. 16) n. 好处，优惠
- silverware (1. 5) n. 银器
- gesticulate (1. 17) v. （讲话时）打手势
- tempt (1. 6) v. 吸引；引诱
- bargain (1. 6) v. 讨价还价
- outrageous (1. 18) adj. 出人预料的；令人不悦的
- disembark (1. 8) v. 下船上岸
- assail (1. 9) v. 纠缠
- thrust (1. 19) v. 硬塞给
== Notes on the text
1. I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed，我刚刚一下船就被……人纠缠住了。 no sooner… than…作“刚……就……”讲
2. go to great lengths to do sth．，竭力做某事。
3. get rid of，摆脱。
4. as a special favour，作为一种特殊的优惠。
5. throw up his arms in despair，绝望地举起双手。
== 参考译文
当一艘大型班船进港的时候，许多小船载着各种杂货快速向客轮驶来。大船还未下锚，小船上的人就纷纷爬上客轮。一会儿工夫，甲板上就摆满了色彩斑斓的波斯地毯、印度丝绸、铜咖啡壶以及手工制作的漂亮的银器。要想不为这些东西所动心是很困难的。船上的许多游客开始同商贩讨价还价起来，但我打定主意上岸之前什么也不买。
我刚下船，就被一个人截住，他向我兜售一枚钻石戒指。我根本不想买，但我不能掩饰这样一个事实：其钻石之大给我留下了深刻的印象。有的钻石像玻璃球那么大。那人竭力想证明那钻石是真货。我们路过一家商店时，他将一颗钻石使劲地往橱窗上一按，在玻璃上留下一道深痕。我花了半个多小时才摆脱了他的纠缠。
向我兜售的第二个人是卖名贵钢笔和手表的。我仔细察看了一枝钢笔，那看上去确实不假，金笔帽下方整齐地刻有“美国制造”字样。那人说那支笔值50英镑，作为特别优惠，他愿意让我出30英镑成交。我摇摇头，伸出5根手指表示我只愿出5镑钱。那人激动地打着手势，仿佛我的出价使他不能容忍。但他终于把价钱降到了10英镑。我耸耸肩膀掉头走开了。一会儿，他突然从后追了上来，把笔塞到我手里。虽然他绝望地举起双手，但他毫不迟疑地收下了我付给他的5镑钱。在回到船上之前，我一直为我的绝妙的讨价还价而洋洋得意。然而不管我如何摆弄，那枝漂亮的钢笔就是吸不进墨水来。直到今天，那枝笔连一个字也没写过！
#pagebreak()
= Funny or not?
Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears.
Most funny stories are based on comic situations. In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal. No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, <NAME>'s early films. However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from the U. S. , has recently come into fashion. It is called "sick humour". Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents. Many people find this sort of joke distasteful. The following example of "sick humour" will enable you to judge for yourself.
A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas. From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home. He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital. Though the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow. On Christmas Day, the man still had his right leg in plaster. He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing. The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good. The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party. To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him. In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals. He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
== New Words and Expressions
- largely (1. 1 ) adv. 在很大程度上
- comic (1. 7) adj. 喜剧的，可笑的
- universal (1. 8) adj. 普遍的
- comedian (1. 10) n. 滑稽演员，喜剧演员
- distasteful (1. 11) adj. 讨厌的
- pester (1. 14) v. 一再要求，纠缠
- dread (1. 15) v. 惧怕
- recovery (1. 15) n. 康复
- plaster (1. 16) n. 熟石膏
- console (1. 17) v. 安慰，慰问
- hobble (1. 19) v. 瘸着腿走
- compensate (1. 19) v. 补偿
- mumble (1. 21) v. 喃喃而语
== Notes on the text
1. whether we find a joke funny or not，这是一个名词性的从句，在句中作主语。
2. be bound up with，与……联系在一起。
3. you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, <NAME>'s early films. 比如说，你看了查理·卓别林的早期电影很难不发笑。句中的say是插入语，可译作“比如说”。查理·卓别林是电影史上最有名的演员之一。他在诸如《淘金记》（1924）这类电影中扮演的流浪汉“小人物”在各种不利的条件下仍获得了成功。
4. stem from，起源于。
5. come into fashion，开始流行，时兴起来。
6. judge for yourself，你自己来判断。
7. take heart，振作精神。
8. the man drank a little more than was good for him．这个人稍微多喝了一点酒。此句than后面省略了主语what， be good for sb. 是“对某人有益”的意思。
== 参考译文
我们觉得一则笑话是否好笑，很大程度上取决于我们是在哪儿长大的。幽默感与民族有着神秘莫测的联系。譬如，法国人听完一则俄国笑话可能很难发笑。同样的道理，一则可以令英国人笑出泪来的笑话，俄国人听了可能觉得没有什么可笑之处。
大部分令人发笑的故事都是根据喜剧情节编写的。尽管民族不同，有些滑稽情节却能产生普遍的效果。比如说，不管你生活在哪里，你看了查理·卓别林的早期电影很难不发笑。然而，近来一种新式幽默流行了起来，这种幽默主要来自美国。它被叫作“病态幽默”。喜剧演员根据悲剧情节诸如暴死、重大事故等来编造笑话。许多人认为这种笑话是低级庸俗的。下面是个“病态幽默”的实例，你可以据此自己作出判断。
圣诞节前几周，某人摔断了右腿被送进医院。从他进医院那一刻时，他就缠住医生，让医生告诉他什么时候能回家。他十分害怕在医院过圣诞。尽管医生竭力医治，但病人恢复缓慢。圣诞节那天，他的右腿还上着石膏，他在床上郁郁不乐地躺了一天，想着他错过的种种欢乐。然而，第二天，医生安慰他说，出院欢度新年的可能性还是很大的，那人听后振作了精神。果然，除夕时他可以一瘸一拐地去参加晚会了。为了补偿住院这一段不愉快的经历，那人喝得稍许多了一点。在晚会上他尽情娱乐，一再告诉大家他是多么讨厌医院。晚会结束时，他嘴里还在嘟哝着医院的事，突然踩到一块冰上滑倒了，摔断了左腿。
#pagebreak()
= The death of a ghost
For years, villagers believed that Endley Farm was haunted. The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and <NAME>. They employed a few farmhands, but no one was willing to work there long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the same story. Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find that work had been done overnight. Hay had been cut and cowsheds had been cleaned. A farm worker, who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the moonlight. In time, it became an accepted fact that the Cox brothers employed a conscientious ghost that did most of their work for them.
No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case. A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died. Everyone went to the funeral, for the "ghost" was none other than <NAME>, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. After the funeral, Joe and Bob revealed a secret which they had kept for over fifty years.
Eric had been the eldest son of the family, very much older than his two brothers. He had been obliged to join the army during the Second World War. As he hated army life, he decided to desert his regiment. When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the farm and his father hid him until the end of the war. Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well. His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action. The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bob. They did not even tell their wives. When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding. All these years, Eric had lived as a recluse. He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley. When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer.
== New Words and Expressions
- labourer (1. 4) n. 劳动者
- overnight (1. 6) adv. 一夜期间
- hay (1. 6) n. 干草
- corn (1. 8) n. 谷物
- moonlight (1. 8) n 月光
- conscientious (1. 9) adj. 认真的
- suspect (1. 10) v. 怀疑
- desert (1. 16) v. （军队中）开小差
- regiment (1. 16) n. （军队）团
- action (1. 19) n. 战斗
- recluse (1. 21) n. 隐士
== Notes on the text
1. every time (=whenever) 作“每当……”解，引导时间状语从句。
2. stay up，熬夜，不睡觉。
3. In time, it became an accepted fact that…，最后，……已成为公认的一个事实。in time作“终于”，“最后”讲。 that引导的从句作fact的同位语。
4. none other than…，不是别人正是……。
== 参考译文
多年来，村民们一直认为恩得利农场在闹鬼。恩得利农场属于乔·考科斯和鲍勃·考科斯兄弟俩所有。他们雇了几个农工，但谁也不愿意在那儿长期工作下去。每次雇工辞职后都叙述着同样的故事。雇工们说，常常一早起来发现有人在夜里把活干了，干草已切好，牛棚也打扫干净了。有一个彻夜未眠的雇工还声称他看见一个人影在月光下收割庄稼。随着时间的流逝，考科斯兄弟雇了一个尽心尽责的鬼，他们家的活大部分都让鬼给干了，这件事成了公认的事实。
谁也没想到农场里竟会有一个从未露面的人。但事实上确有此人。不久之前，村民们惊悉恩得利农场的鬼死了。大家都去参加了葬礼，因为那“鬼”不是别人，正是农场主的兄弟埃里克·考科斯。人们以为埃里克年轻时就死了。葬礼之后，乔和鲍勃透露了他们保守了长达50多年的秘密。
埃里克是这家的长子，年龄比他两个弟弟大很多，第二次世界大战期间被迫参军。他讨厌军旅生活，决定逃离所在部队。当他了解到自己将被派遣出国时，他逃回农场，父亲把他藏了起来，直到战争结束。由于害怕当局，埃里克战后继续深藏不露。他的父亲告诉大家，埃里克在战争中被打死了。除此之外，只有乔与鲍勃知道这个秘密。但他俩连自己的妻子都没告诉。父亲死后，他们兄弟俩认为有责任继续把埃里克藏起来。这些年来，埃里克过着隐士生活，白天睡觉，夜里出来干活，一点不知道自己已成了恩得利农场的活鬼。他死后，他的弟弟们才觉得无法再保守这个秘密了。
#pagebreak()
= A lovable eccentric
True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves. They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add colour to the dull routine of everyday life.
Up to the time of his death, <NAME> was one of the most notable figures in our town. He was a shrewd and wealthybusinessman, but most people in the town hardly knew anything about this side of his life. He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.
Dickie disliked snobs intensely. Though he owned a large car, he hardly ever used it, preferring always to go on foot. Even when it was raining heavily, he refused to carry an umbrella. One day, he walked into an expensive shop after having been caught in a particularly heavy shower. He wanted to buy a￡300 watch for his wife, but he was in such a bedraggled condition that an assistant refused to serve him. Dickie left the shop without a word and returned carrying a large cloth bag. As it was extremely heavy, he dumped it on the counter. The assistant asked him to leave, but Dickie paid no attention to him and requested to see the manager. Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the assistant severely. When Dickie was given the watch, he presented the assistant with the cloth bag. It contained￡300 in pennies. He insisted on the assistant's counting the money before he left ---- 30, 000 pennies in all! On another occasion, he invited a number of important critics to see his private collection of modern paintings. This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, for though the pictures were supposed to be the work of famous artists, they had in fact been painted by Dickie. It took him four years to stage this elaborate joke simply to prove that critics do not always know what they are talking about.
== New Words and Expressions
- lovable (title) adj. 可爱的
- eccentric (title) n. (行为)古怪人
- disregard (1. 2) v. 不顾，漠视
- convention (1. 2) n. 习俗，风俗
- conscious(1. 3) adj. 感觉到的，意识到的
- invariably (1. 3) adv. 总是，经常地
- routine (1. 5) n. 常规；惯例
- shrewd (1. 7) adj. 精明的
- eccentricity (1. 9) n. 怪僻
- legendary (1. 9) adj. 传奇般的
- snob (1. 10) n. 诌上欺下的人
- intensely (1. 10) adv. 强烈地
- bedraggled (1. 13) adj. 拖泥带水的
- dump (1. 14) v. 把……砰的一声抛下
- apologetic (1. 16) adj. 道歉的
- reprimand (l. 16) v. 训斥
- stage (1. 22) v. 暗中策划
- elaborate (1. 22) adj. 精心构思的
== Notes on the text
1. set out to do sth. , 打算，企图做某事。
2. draw attention to . . . , 作“引起对……的注意”讲。
3. without being conscious that . . . , 没有意识到……。 这是介词短词作状语，be conscious that . . . 作“意识到……”解。
4. This invariably wins them the love and respect of others. 这常常赢来人们对他们的爱戴和尊敬。win sb. sth. , 作“使某人获得某事（物）”讲。
5. add . . . to, 把……添加到……。
6. this side of his life, 他生活中这方面的情况。这里指的是He was a shrewd and wealthy businessman.
7. be caught in, 作“突然遇上，碰上”讲。
8. Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic …
由于经理认出这个顾客是谁了，便竭力陪礼道歉……。这句话用现在分词短语作原因状语，most在这里起加强语气的作用，相当于very。
9. insisted on the assistant's counting, 坚持让店员点清。
insist on 后接动名词，the assistant's 是动名词的逻辑主语。
== 参考译文
真正古怪的人从不有意引人注意。他们不顾社会习俗，意识不到自己所作所为有什么特殊之处。他们总能赢得别人的喜爱与尊敬，因为他们给平淡单一的日常生活增添了色彩。
理查德·科尔森生前是我们镇上最有名望的人之一。他是个精明能干、有钱的商人，但镇上大部分人对他生活中的这一个方面几乎一无所知。大家都管他叫迪基。早在他去世前很久，他的古怪行为就成了传奇故事了。
迪基痛恨势利小人。尽管他有一辆豪华小轿车，但却很少使用，常常喜欢以步代车。即使大雨倾盆，他也总是拒绝带伞。一天，他遇上一场瓢泼大雨，淋得透湿。他走进一家高级商店，要为妻子买一块价值300英镑的手表。但店员见他浑身泥水的样子，竟不肯接待他。迪基二话没说就走了。一会儿，他带着一个大布口袋回到店里。布袋很沉，他重重地把布袋扔在柜台上。店员让迪基走开，他置之不理，并要求见经理。经理认出了这位顾客，表示了深深的歉意，还严厉地训斥了店员。店员为迪基拿出了那块手表，迪基把布口袋递给他，口袋里面装着300镑的便士。他坚持要店员点清那些硬币后他才离去。这些硬币加在一起共有30，000枚！还有一次，他邀请一些著名评论家来参观他私人收藏的现代画。这次展览引起报界广泛注意，因为这些画名义上是名家的作品，事实上是迪基自己画的。他花了4年时间策划这出精心设计的闹剧，只是想证明评论家们有时并不了解他们所谈论的事情。
#pagebreak()
= A lost ship
The salvage operation had been a complete failure. The small ship, Elkor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home. A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship's captain instructing him to give up the search. The captain knew that another attempt would be made later, for the sunken ship he was trying to find had been carrying a precious cargo of gold bullion.
Despite the message, the captain of we Elkor decided to try once more. The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom. Though the crew were at first under the impression that the lost ship had been found, the contents of the chest proved them wrong. What they had in fact found was a ship which had been sunk many years before.
The chest contained the personal belongings of a seaman, <NAME>. There were books, clothing and photographs, together with letters which the seaman had once received from his wife. The captain of the Elkor ordered his men to salvage as much as possible from the wreck. Nothing of value was found, but the numerous items which were brought to the surface proved to be of great interest. From a heavy gun that was raised, the captain realized that the ship must have been a cruiser. In another chest, which contained the belongings of a ship's officer, there was an unfinished letter which had been written on March 14th, 1943. The captain learnt from the letter that the name of the lost ship was the Karen. The most valuable find of all was the ship's log book, parts of which it was still possible to read. From this the captain was able to piece together all the information that had come to light. The Karen had been sailing in a convoy to Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy submarine. This was later confirmed by a naval official at the Ministry of Defence after the Elkor had returned home. All the items that were found were sent to the War Museum.
== New Words and Expressions
- salvage (1. 1) v. 救助，营救；打捞
- Barents (1. 2) n. 巴伦支（海）
- sunken (1. 6) adj. 沉没的
- cargo (1. 7) n. 货物
- bullion (1. 7) n. 金条；银条
- scour (1. 8) v. 彻底搜索
- chest (1. 9) n. 大箱子
- contents (1. 10) n. （复数）所装的东西
- belongings (1. 12) n. （复数）所有物
- item (1. 15) n. 物件
- cruiser (1. 16) n. 巡洋舰
- find (1. 18) n. 找到的物品
- log book (1. 19) 航海日志
- piece (1. 19) v. 拼成整体
- convoy (1. 20) n. 护航
- torpedo (1. 21) v. 用鱼雷攻击
- submarine (1. 21) n. 潜水艇
- naval (1. 21) adj. 海军的
- ministry (1. 21) n. （政府的）部
== Notes on the text
1. on its way home, 返航途中。
2. for the sunken ship he was trying to find …,for作“因为”讲，引导并列句； he was trying to find是定语从句修饰主语 ship。
3. under the impression that，以为，认为。
4. be of great interest，很有趣。
5. parts of which it was possible to read,which指先行词 log book，所引起的是定语从句，it是形式主语，不定式 to。叨是真实主语，parts of which作read的宾语。
6. piece together …（或piece… together），作“综合”“拼凑”讲。come to light，被摘清，被知道。
7. War Museum，军事博物馆。指伦敦的帝国军事博物馆，其中展出第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战的军事物品。
== 参考译文
打捞工作彻底失败了。小船“埃尔科”号在巴伦支海搜寻了几个星期之后，正在返航途中。返航前，该船船长收到了大陆上发来的电报，指示他们放弃这次搜寻。船长知道日后还会再作尝试，因为他试图寻找的沉船上载有一批珍贵的金条。
尽管船长接到了电报，他还是决定再试一试。他们用结实的网把海床搜索了一遍。当一只箱子从海底被打捞上来时，甲板上人们激动不已。船员们开始认为沉船找着了，但海底沉箱内的物品证明他们弄错了。事实上，他们发现的是另一艘沉没多年的船。
木箱内装有水手艾伦·菲尔丁的私人财物，其中有书籍、衣服、照片以及水手收到的妻子的来信。“埃尔科”号船长命令船员尽量从沉船中打捞物品，但没发现什么值钱的东西，不过打捞出来的众多的物品还是引起了大家极大的兴趣。从捞起的一门大炮来看，船长认为那艘船一定是艘巡洋舰。另一只海底沉箱中装的是船上一位军官的财物，其中有一封写于1943年3月14日的信，但没有写完。从这封信中船长了解到沉船船名是“卡伦”号。打捞到的东西中最有价值的是船上的航海日志，其中有一部分仍然清晰可读。据此，船长可以将所有的那些已经搞清的材料拼凑起来。“卡伦”号当年在为其他船只护航驶往俄国途中突然遭到敌方潜水艇鱼雷的袭击。这一说法在“埃尔科”号返航后得到国防部一位海军官员的证实。那次打捞到的所有物品均被送往军事博物馆。
#pagebreak()
= A day to remember
We have all experienced days when everything goes wrong. A day may begin well enough, but suddenly everything seems to get out of control. What invariably happens is that a great number of things choose to go wrong at precisely the same moment. It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions. Let us suppose that you are preparing a meal and keeping an eye on the baby at the same time. The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes. While you are on the phone, the baby pulls the tablecloth off the table, smashing half your best crockery and cutting himself in the process. You hang up hurriedly and attend to baby, crockery, etc. Meanwhile, the meal gets burnt. As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
Things can go wrong on a big scale, as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney. During the rush hour one evening two cars collided and both drivers began to argue. The woman immediately behind the two cars happened to be a learner. She suddenly got into a panic and stopped her car. This made the driver following her brake hard. His wife was sitting beside him holding a large cake. As she was thrown forward, the cake went right through the windscreen and landed on the road. Seeing a cake flying through the air, a lorry driver who was drawing up alongside the car, pulled up all of a sudden. The lorry was loaded with empty beer bottles and hundreds of them slid off the back of the vehicle and on to the road. This led to yet another angry argument. Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind. It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meantime, the lorry driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles. Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake. It was just one of those days!
== New Words and Expressions
- prelude (1. 7) n. 序幕，前奏
- unforeseen (1. 8) adj. 意料之外的
- series (1. 8) n. 系列
- catastrophe (l. 8) n. 大祸，灾难
- crockery (1. 9) n. 陶器，瓦器
- suburb (1. 12) n. 郊区
- collide (1. 13) v. 猛撞
- learner (l. 14) n. 初学者
- panic (l. l4) n. 惊慌，恐慌
- windscreen (1. 16) n. （汽车的）挡风玻璃
- alongside (1. 17) prep. 在……的旁边，与……并排
- slide (1. 18) (slid , slid)v. 滑
- stray (1. 21) adj. 离群的
- confusion (1. 21) n. 混乱
- greedily (1. 21) adv. 贪婪地
- devour (1. 22) v. 狼吞虎咽地吃
== Notes on the text
1. get out of control，失去控制。
2. It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions. 就好像一件无关紧要的小事引起了一连串的连锁反应。as if 引导的从句中用的是虚拟语气；set up，引起，产生； a chain of，一连串。
3. keep an eye on，照看，照管。
4. you are on the phone，你在接电话。
5. reduce you to tears，使你流泪。
6. on a big scale，大规模地。
7. rush hour，上下班时间。
8. draw up，追上。
9. pull up，停车。
10. get the traffic on the move，使车辆动起来。
== 参考译文
我们大家都有过事事不顺心的日子。一天开始时，可能还不错，但突然间似乎一切都失去了控制。情况经常是这样的，许许多多的事情都偏偏赶在同一时刻出问题，好像是一件无关紧要的小事引起了一连串的连锁反应。假设你在做饭，同时又在照看孩子。这时电话铃响了，它预示着一连串意想不到的灾难的来临。就在你接电话时，孩子把桌布从桌子上扯了下来，将家中最好的陶瓷餐具半数摔碎，同时也弄伤了他自己。你急急忙忙挂上电话，赶去照看孩子和餐具。这时，饭又烧糊了。好像这一切还不足以使你急得掉泪，你的丈夫接着回来了，事先没打招呼就带来3个客人吃饭。
就像许多人最近在悉尼郊区帕拉马塔所发现的那样，有时乱子会闹得很大。一天傍晚交通最拥挤时，一辆汽车撞上前面一辆汽车，两个司机争吵起来。紧跟其后的一辆车上的司机碰巧是个初学者，她一惊之下突然把车停了下来。她这一停使得跟在后头的司机也来了个急刹车。司机的妻子正坐在他身边，手里托着块大蛋糕。她往前一冲，蛋糕从挡风玻璃飞了出去掉在马路上。此时，一辆卡车正好从后边开到那辆汽车边上，司机看见一块蛋糕从天而降，紧急刹车。卡车上装着空啤酒瓶，成百只瓶子顺势从卡车后面滑出车外落在马路上。这又引起了一场唇枪舌剑的争吵。与此同时，后面的车辆排成了长龙，警察花了将近一个小时才使车辆又开起来。在这段时间里，卡车司机不得不清扫那几百只破瓶子。只有两只野狗从这一片混乱中得到了好处，它们贪婪地吃掉了剩下的蛋糕。这就是事事不顺心的那么一天！
#pagebreak()
= A happy discovery
Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people. The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place. But no one has to muster up courage to enter a less pretentious antique shop. There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors.
No one discovers a rarity by chance. A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it. To do this, he must be at least as knowledgeable to as the dealer. Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded.
My old friend, <NAME>, is just such a person. He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere￡50. One Saturday morning, Frank visited an antique shop in my neighbourhood. As he had never been there before, he found a great deal to interest him. The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packing case lying on the floor. The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it. Frank begged him to do so and the dealer reluctantly prised it open. The contents were disappointing. Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken. Frank gently lifted the crockery out of the box and suddenly noticed a miniature painting at the bottom of the packing case. As its Composition and line reminded him of an Italian painting he knew well, he decided to buy it. Glancing at it briefly, the dealer told him that it was worth￡50. Frank could hardly conceal his excitement, for he knew that he had made a real discovery. The tiny painting proved to be an unknown masterpiece by Correggio and was worth hundreds of thousands of pounds.
== New Words and Expressions
- antique (1. 1) n. 古董，古玩
- fascination (l. l) n. 魅力，迷惑力
- forbidding (1. 4) adj. 望而生畏的，望而却步的
- muster (1. 4) v. 鼓起
- pretentious (1. 5) adj. 自命不凡的，矫饰的
- labyrinth (1. 6) n. 迷宫
- musty (1. 6) adj. 陈腐的，发霉的
- rarity (1. 6) n稀世珍品
- assorted (1. 7) adj. 各式各样的
- junk (1. 7) n. 破烂货，废品
- litter (1. 7) v. 杂乱地布满
- dedicated (1. 8) adj. 专心致志的
- bargain hunter (1. 8) 到处找便宜货买的人
- dealer (1. 10) v. 商人
- cherish (1. 10) v. 期望，渴望
- amply (1. 11) adv. 足够地
- masterpiece (1. 13) n. 杰作
- mere (1. 13) v. 撬开
- carve(1．17) v．镌刻
- miniature (1．19) adj. 小巧的，小型的
- dagger (1．17) n．短剑，匕首
- Composition (1．19) n．构图
== Notes on the text
1. muster up courage，鼓起勇气。
2. above all，最重要的。
3. be bent on，决心要。
4. pick up，在此处有“偶然发现”，“无意中获得”的意思。
5. apart from…，除……以外。
6. Correggio，柯勒乔（1494—1534）。意大利著名画家，真名安托尼奥·阿来里。他对色彩对比、光和影的处理方法对16到17世纪意大利绘画产生了巨大影响。他最著名的作品陈列在意大利巴玛大教堂。
== 参考译文
古玩店对许多人来说有一种特殊的魅力。高档一点的古玩店为了防尘，把文物漂亮地陈列在玻璃柜子里，那里往往令人望而却步。而对不太装腔作势的古玩店，无论是谁都不用壮着胆子才敢往里进。人们还常常有希望在发霉、阴暗、杂乱无章、迷宫般的店堂里，从杂乱地摆放在地面上的、一堆堆各式各样的破烂货里找到一件稀世珍品。
无论是谁都不会一下子就发现一件珍品。一个到处找便宜货买的人必须具有耐心，而且最重要的是看到珍品时要有鉴别珍品的能力。要做到这一点，他至少要像古董商一样懂行。他必须像一个专心致志进行探索的科学家那样抱有这样的希望，即终有一天，他的努力会取得丰硕的成果。
我的老朋友弗兰克·哈利戴正是这样一个人。他多次向我详细讲他如何只花50英镑便买到一位名家的杰作。一个星期六的上午，弗兰克去了我家附近的一家古玩店。由于他从未去过那儿，结果他发现了许多有趣的东西。上午很快过去了，弗兰克正准备离去，突然看见地板上放着一只体积很大的货箱。古董商告诉他那只货箱刚到不久，但他嫌麻烦不想把它打开。经弗兰克恳求，古董商才勉强把货箱撬开了。箱内东西令人失望。除了一柄式样别致、雕有花纹的匕首外，货箱内装满了陶器，而且大部分都已破碎。弗兰克轻轻地把陶器拿出箱子，突然发现在箱底有一幅微型画，画面构图与线条使他想起了一幅他所熟悉的意大利画，于是他决定将画买下来。古董商漫不经心看了一眼那幅画，告诉弗兰克那画值50英镑。弗兰克几乎无法掩饰自己兴奋的心情，因为他明白自己发现了一件珍品。那幅不大的画原来是柯勒乔的一幅未被发现的杰作，价值几十万英镑。
#pagebreak()
= Justice was done
What is the distinction between them?
The word justice is usually associated with courts of law. We might say that justice has been done when a man's innocence or guilt has been proved beyond doubt. Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law. Those who seek it undertake an arduous journey and can never be sure that they will find it. Judges, however wise or eminent, are human and can make mistakes.
There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept. Reward or punishment are meted out quite independent of human interference. At such times, justice acts like a living force. When we use a phrase like "it serves him right", we are, in part, admitting that a certain set of circumstances has enabled justice to act of its own accord.
When a thief was caught on the premises of a large jewellery store one morning, the shop assistants must have found it impossible to resist the temptation to say "it serves him right". The shop was an old converted house with many large, disused fireplaces and tall, narrow chimneys. Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls. As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire brigade. The cry had certainly come from one of the chimneys, but as there were so many of them, the fire fighters could not be certain which one it was. They located the right chimney by tapping at the walls and listening for the man's cries. After chipping through a wall which was eighteen inches thick, they found that a man had been trapped in the chimney. As it was extremely narrow, the man was unable to move, but the fire fighters were eventually able to free him by cutting a huge hole in the wall. The sorry-looking, blackened figure that emerged, admitted at once that he had tried to break into the shop during the night but had got stuck in the chimney. He had been there for nearly ten hours. Justice had been done even before the man was handed over to the police.
== New Words and Expressions
justice (title) n. 正义，公正；司法
- court (1. 1) n. 法院
- law (1. 1) n. 法律
- innocence (1. 2) n. 无辜
- undertake (1. 4) v. 承担，着手做
- arduous (1. 4) adj. 艰苦的，艰难的
- abstract (1. 7) adj. 抽象的
- concept (1. 7) n. 概念，观念
- mete out (1. 8) 给予，处置
- interference (1. 8) n. 干涉
- accord (1. 10) n. 一致
- premises (1. 11) n. 房屋
- convert (1. 12) v. 转变，改变
- disused (1. 13) adj. 不再用的，废弃的
- fireplace (1. 13) n. 壁炉
- muffle (1. 13) v. 捂住，厌抑
- chip (1. 17) v. 砍，削，凿
- blacken (1. 20) v. 不变黑
- emerge (1. 20) v. (从某处)出现
== Notes on the text
1. beyond doubt，确凿无疑。
2. however wise or eminent，不管他们是多么精明、多么杰出。
h.owever 为连接副词，作“不管……如何”解，所引导的让步状语从句中经常可以省略某些词，此处省略了they are。
3. quite independent of human interference，完全不受人的干预。 be independent of，不受。
4. it serves him right，他罪有应得。
5. in part，部分地，在某种程度上。
6. of its own accord，自愿地，自动地。
7. impossible to resist the temptation to say…，情不自禁地说……。
== 参考译文
“正义”这个词常常是同法庭连在一起的。当某人被证据确凿地证明无罪或有罪的时候，我们也许会说正义得到了伸张。正义是复杂的法律机器的组成部分。那些寻求正义的人走的是一条崎岖的道路，从来没有把握他们最终将找到正义。法官无论如何聪明与有名，毕竟也是人，也会出差错的。
在个别情况下，正义不再是一种抽象概念。奖惩的实施是不受人的意志支配的。在这种时候，正义像一种有生命的力量行使其职能。当我们说“他罪有应得”这句话的时候，我们部分地承认了某种特定的环境使得正义自动地起了作用。
一天上午，当一个小偷在一家大型珠宝店里被人抓住的时候，店员一定会忍不住说：“他罪有应得。”那是一座老式的、经过改造的房子，店里有许多废置不用的大壁炉和又高又窄的烟囱。快到中午的时候，一个女售货员听见从一堵墙里传出一种闷声闷气的叫声。由于这种喊叫声重复了几次，她跑去报告了经理，经理当即给消防队挂了电话。喊叫声肯定是从烟囱里传出来的，然而，因为烟囱太多，消防队员无法确定到底是哪一个。他们通过叩击烟囱倾听那人的喊叫声而确定了传出声音的那个烟囱。他们凿透了18英寸厚的墙壁，发现有个人卡在了烟囱里。由于烟囱太窄，那人无法动弹。消防队员在墙上挖了个大洞，才终于把他解救出来。那个看起来满脸沮丧、浑身漆黑的家伙从烟囱里一出来，就承认头天夜里他企图到店里行窃，但让烟囱卡住了。他已经在烟囱里被困了将近10个小时。甚至在那人还没被送交给警察之前，正义就已得到了伸张。
#pagebreak()
= A chance in a million
We are less credulous than we used to be. In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences ---- most of them wildly improbable. Readers happily accepted the fact that an obscure maidservant was really the hero's mother. A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time and wickedly plotting to bring about the hero's downfall. And so on. Modern readers would find such naive solutions totally unacceptable. Yet, in real life, circumstances do sometimes conspire to bring about coincidences which anyone but a nineteenth century novelist would find incredible.
When I was a boy, my grandfather told me how a German taxi driver, <NAME>, found a brother who was thought to have been killed twenty years before. While on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman. After they had gone on, Mrs. Bussman commented on the workman's close resemblance to her husband and even suggested that he might be his brother. Franz poured scorn on the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the war. Though Mrs. Bussman was fully acquainted with this story, she thought that there was a chance in a million that she might be right. A few days later, she sent a boy to the workman to ask him if his name was <NAME>. Needless to say, the man's name was <NAME> and he really was Franz's long-lost brother. When the brothers were reunited, Hans explained how it was that he was still alive. After having been wounded towards the end of the war, he had been sent to hospital and was separated from his unit. The hospital had been bombed and Hans had made his way back into Western Germany on foot. Meanwhile, his unit was lost and all records of him had been destroyed. Hans returned to his family home, but the house had been bombed and no one in the neighbourhood knew what had become of the inhabitants. Assuming that his family had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down in a village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.
== New Words and Expressions
- credulous (1. 1) adj. 轻信的
- improbable (1. 4) adj. 不大可能的
- obscure (1. 4) adj. 不起眼的
- maidservant (1. 5) n. 女仆，女拥
- presume (1. 6) v. 假定
- wickedly (1. 6) adv. 心眼坏地，居心叵测地
- plot (1. 7) v. 密谋
- downfall (1. 7) n. 倒台，垮台
- naive (1. 8) adj. 天真的
- unacceptable (1. 8) adj. 不能接受的
- conspire (1. 9) v. (事件)巧合促成
- incredible (1. 9) adj. 难以置信的
- resemblance (1. 13) n. 相似
- scorn (1. 13) n. 嘲弄，挖苦
- acquaint (1. 15) v. 使了解
- reunite (1. 18) v. 使团聚
- assume (1. 22) v. 假定，认为
== Notes on the text
1. bring… to a conclusion，作“使……结束”讲。
2. bring about，造成，导致。
3. and so on，等等，诸如此类。
4. do sometimes conspire中，do为助动词，对谓语动词起强调作用。
5. while on a walking tour…,while后面省略了主谓结构he was。在表示时间、地点、条件、让步等的状语从句中，从句的主语如与主句的主语相同，常省略从句的主语和谓语。
6. pour scorn on…，作“讥笑……”讲。
7. point out，指出，提请注意。
8. be acquainted with，已知道。
9. needless to say，不用说，当然。
10. become of，结果如何，发生了……情况。
== 参考译文
我们不再像以往那样轻易相信别人了。在19世纪，小说家常在小说结尾处给读者准备一系列巧合——大部分是牵强附会，极不可能的。当时的读者却愉快地接受这样一些事实：一个低贱的女佣实际上是主人公的母亲；主人公一位长期失散的兄弟，大家都以为死了，实际上一直活着，并且正在策划暗算主人公；如此等等。现代读者会觉得这种天真的结局完全无法接受。不过，在现实生活中，有时确实会出现一些巧合。这些巧合除了19世纪小说家外谁也不会相信。
当我是个孩子的时候，我祖父给我讲了一位德国出租汽车司机弗朗兹·巴斯曼如何找到了据信已在20年前死去的兄弟的事。一次，他与妻子徒步旅行。途中，停下来与一个工人交谈，接着他们继续往前走去。巴斯曼夫人说那工人与她丈夫相貌很像，甚至猜测他可能就是她丈夫的兄弟。弗朗兹对此不屑一顾，指出他兄弟已经在战争中阵亡了。尽管巴斯曼夫人熟知这个情况，但她仍然认为自己的想法仍有百万分之一的可能性。几天后，她派了一个男孩去问那人是否叫汉斯·巴斯曼。不出巴斯曼夫人所料，那人的名字真是汉斯·巴斯曼，他确实是弗朗兹失散了多年的兄弟。兄弟俩团聚之时，汉斯说明了他活下来的经过。战争即将结束时，他负伤被送进医院，并与部队失去联系。医院遭到轰炸，汉斯步行回到了西德。与此同时，他所在的部队被击溃，他的所有档案材料全部毁于战火。汉斯重返故里，但他的家已被炸毁，左邻右舍谁也不知原住户的下落。汉斯以为全家人都在空袭中遇难，于是便在距此50英里外的一座村子里定居下来，直至当日。
#pagebreak()
= The Westhaven Express
We have learnt to expect that trains will be punctual. After years of conditioning, most of us have developed an unshakable faith in railway timetables. Ships may be delayed by storms; flights maybe cancelled because of bad weather; but trains must be on time. Only an exceptionally heavy snowfall might temporarily dislocate railway services. It is all too easy to blame the railway authorities when something does go wrong. The truth is that when mistakes occur, they are more likely to be ours than theirs.
After consulting my railway timetable, I noted with satisfaction that there was an express train to Westhaven. It went direct from my local station and the journey lasted a mere hour and seventeen minutes. When I boarded the train, I could not help noticing that a great many local people got on as well. At the time, this did not strike me as odd. I reflected that there must be a great many people besides myself who wished to take advantage of this excellent service. Neither was I surprised when the train stopped at Widley, a tiny station a few miles alone the line. Even a mighty express train can be held up by signals. But when the train dawdled at station after station, I began to wonder. It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour, but barely chugging along at thirty. One hour and seventeen minutes passed and we had not even covered half the distance. I asked a passenger if this was the Westhaven Express, but he had not even heard of it. I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived. Two hours later, I was talking angrily to the station master at Westhaven. When he denied the train's existence, I borrowed his copy of the timetable. There was a note of triumph in my voice when I told him that it was there in black and white. Glancing at it briefly, he told me to look again. A tiny asterisk conducted me to a footnote at the bottom of the page. It said: "This service has been suspended. "
== New Words and Expressions
- express (title) n. 快车；adj. 高速的
- punctual (1. 1) adj. 准时的
- condition (1. 2) v. 使习惯于
- unshakable (1. 2) adj. 不可动摇的
- faith (1. 2) n. 信任
- cancel (1. 4) v. 取消
- exceptionally (1. 5) adv. 例外地
- dislocate (1. 5) v. 打乱(计划等)
- blame (1. 6) v. 责怪
- consult (1. 9) v. 请教，查阅
- direct (1. 10) adv. 径直地
- odd (1. 12) adj. 奇怪的，异常的
- reflect (1. 12) v. 细想
- advantage (1. 13) n. 优势
- mighty (1. 14) adj. 强大的，有力的
- dawdle (1. 15) v. 慢吞吞的动或做
- chug (1. 16) v. 咔嚓咔嚓地响
- lodge (1. 18) v. 提出
- complaint (1. 18) n. 抱怨
- triumph (1. 20) n. 胜利
- asterisk (1. 21) n. 星号 (\*)
- conduct (1. 21) v. 引向，引导
== Notes on the text
1. they are more likely to be ours than theirs，这些错误往往是我们而不是铁路当局造成的。they 指mistakes; ours, theirs此处用斜体字表示强调，应该重读。
2. I could not help noticing that…，我不禁注意到……，can't help doing是“禁不住……”的意思。
3. strike me as odd，使我感到奇怪。
4. take advantage of，利用。
5. Neither was I surprised，这是以neither开头的句子，要用倒装语序。
6. It suddenly dawned on me…，我突然明白了，……。
7. a note of triumph，胜利者的调子。
8. in black and white，白纸黑字。
== 参考译文
我们已经习惯于相信火车总是准点的。经过多年的适应，大多数人对火车时刻表产生了一种不可动摇的信念。轮船船期可能因风暴而推延，飞机航班可能因恶劣天气而取消，唯有火车必然是准点的。只有非同寻常的大雪才可能暂时打乱铁路运行。因此，一旦铁路上真出了问题，人们便不加思索地责备铁路当局。事实上，差错很可能是我们自己，而不是铁路当局的。
我查看了列车时刻表，满意地了解到有一趟去威斯特海温的快车。这是趟直达车，旅途总共才需1小时17分钟。上车后，我不禁注意到许多当地人也上了车。一开始，我并不感到奇怪，我想除我之外，想利用快车之便的也一定大有人在。火车开出几英里即在一个小站威德里停了下来。对此，我不觉得奇怪，因为即便是特别快车也可能被信号拦住。但是，当火车一站接着一站往前蠕动时，我便产生了怀疑。我突然感到这趟快车并没以时速90英里的速度呼啸前进，而是卟哧卟哧地向前爬行，时速仅30英里。1小时17分过去了，走了还不到一半路程。我问一位乘客，这是不是开往威斯特海温的那趟快车，他说从未听说过有这么一趟快车。我决定一到目的地就给铁路部门提意见。两小时后，我气呼呼地同威斯特海温站站长说起此事。他说根本没有这趟车。于是我借了他本人的列车时刻表，我带着一种胜利者的调子告诉他那趟车白纸黑字、明明白白印在时刻表上。他迅速地扫视了一眼，让我再看一遍。一个小小的星形符号把我的目光引到了那页底部的一个说明上。上面写着：“此趟列车暂停运行。”
#pagebreak()
= The first calendar
Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times. They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates. What is more, they will not have to rely solely on the written word. Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMs are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have. They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task. He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.
Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect.
Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusks of mammoths. The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age which began about 35, 000 B. C. and ended about 10, 000 B. C. By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code. They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon. It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar. It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression. They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing. It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them. It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20, 000 years earlier than has been supposed.
== New Words and Expressions
- calendar (title) n. 历法，日历
- historian (1. 1) n. 历史学家
- unique (1. 1) adj. 无与伦比的
- steadily (1. 3) adv. 不断地
- solely (1. 4) adv. 唯一地
- video (1. 5) n. 录像
- CD-ROM (1. 5) n. (只读)光盘驱动器
- bewilder (1. 6) v. 令人眼花缭乱
- deduce (1. 8) v. 推断，推理
- scanty (1. 8) adj. 不足的，贫乏的
- clue (1. 8) n. 线索
- insignificant (1. 9) adj. 不重要的
- shed (1. 9 ) v. 使流出，泻
- advent (1. 10). n. 出现，到来，来临
- agriculture (1. 10) n. 农业
- assumption (1. 12) n. 假定，设想
- dot (1. 13) n. 小圆点
- symbol (1. 13) n. 符号
- engrave (1. 13) v. 雕刻
- ivory (1. 14) n. 象牙制品
- mammoth (1. 14) n. （古）长毛象
- phase (1. 17) n. 月相，天相
- tusk (1. 14) n. 獠牙，长牙、象牙
- primitive （1. 17) adj. 原始的
- nomad (1. 14) n. 游牧民
- depict (1. 18) v. 描画，描绘
- correlate (1. 15) v. 使相互联系
== Notes on the text
1. what is more，作“而且”、“再者”解，是插入语。
2. CD-ROM，是 compact disc read-only memory的缩写。
3. as it were，“可以说”，是插入语。
4. be faced with，作“面临”、“面对”解。
5. shed light on…，使清楚地显出来，解释。
6. come into being，产生，形成。
7. Ice Age，冰川时期。
== 参考译文
未来的历史学家在写我们这一段历史的时候会别具一格。对于逐渐积累起来的庞大材料，他们几乎不知道选取哪些好，而且，也不必完全依赖文字材料。电影、录像、光盘和光盘驱动器只是能为他们提供令人眼花缭乱的大量信息的几种手段。他们能够身临其境般地观看我们做事，倾听我们讲话。但是，历史学家企图重现遥远的过去可是一项艰巨的任务，他们必须根据现有的不充分的线索进行推理。即使看起来微不足道的遗物，也可能揭示人类早期历史中的一些有趣的内容。
历史学家迄今认为日历是随农业的问世而出现的，因为当时人们面临着了解四季的实际需要。但近期科学研究发现，好像这种假设是不正确的。
长期以来，历史学家一直对雕刻在墙壁上、骨头上、古代长毛象的象牙上的点、线和形形色色的符号感到困惑不解。这些痕迹是游牧人留下的，他们生活在从公元前约 35，000年到公元前10，000年的冰川期的末期，以狩猎、捕鱼为生。历史学家通过把世界各地留下的这种痕迹放在一起研究，终于弄懂了这种费解的代码。他们发现代码与昼夜更迭和月亮圆缺有关，事实上是一种最原始的日历。大家早就知道，画在墙上的狩猎图景并不是单纯的艺术表现形式，它们有着一定的含义，因为它们已接近古代人的文字形式。有时，这种图画与墙壁上的刻痕共存，它们之间可能有一定的联系。看来人类早就致力于探索四季变迁了，比人们想像的要早20，000年。
#pagebreak()
= Nothing to worry about
The rough road across the plain soon became so bad that we tried to get Bruce to drive back to the village we had come from. Even though the road was littered with boulders and pitted with holes, Bruce was not in the least perturbed. Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere twenty miles away. It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties. He simply had no sense of danger at all. No matter what the conditions were, he believed that a car should be driven as fast as it could possibly go.
As we bumped over the dusty track, we swerved to avoid large boulders: The wheels scooped up stones which hammered ominously under the car. We felt sure that sooner or later a stone would rip a hole in our petrol tank or damage the engine. Because of this, we kept looking back, wondering if we were leaving a trail of oil and petrol behind us.
What a relief it was when the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes. But there was worse to come. Just ahead of us there was a huge fissure. In response to renewed pleadings, Bruce stopped. Though we all got out to examine the fissure, he remained in the car. We informed him that the fissure extended for fifty yards and was two feet wide and four feet deep. Even this had no effect. Bruce went into a low gear and drove at a terrifying speed, keeping the front wheels astride the crack as he followed its zigzag course. Before we had time to worry about what might happen, we were back on the plain again. Bruce consulted the map once more and told us that the village was now only fifteen miles away. Our next obstacle was a shallow pool of water about half a mile across. Bruce charged at it, but in the middle, the car came to a grinding halt. A yellow light on the dash-board flashed angrily and Bruce cheerfully announced that there was no oil in the engine!
== New Words and Expressions
- rough (1. 1) adj. 崎岖不平的
- boulder (1. 3) n. 大石块
- pit (1. 3) v. 使得坑坑洼洼
- perturb (1. 4) v. 使不安
- underestimate (1. 6) v. 低估
- swerve (1. 9) v. 争转变
- scoop (1. 9) v. 挖出
- hammer (1. 10) v. (用锤)击打，锤打
- ominously (1. 10) adv. 有预兆的，不祥的
- rip (1. 10) v. 划破，撕，扯
- petrol (1. 11) n. 汽油
- stretch (1. 13) n. 一大片(平地或水)
- obstacle (1. 14) n. 障碍
- clump (1. 14) n. 丛，簇
- fissure(1. 15) n. (石，地的)深缝
- renew (1. 15) v. 重复
- pleading (1. 15) n. 恳求
- gear (1. 17) n. (汽车) 排档
- astride (1. 18) prep. 骑，跨
- crack (1. 18) n. 缝隙
- zigzag (1. 18) n. “之”字形
- halt (1. 21) n. 停
- shallow (1. 20) adj. 浅的
- dashboard (11. 21-22) n. (汽车上的)仪表盘
- grind (1. 21) (ground, ground) v. 磨擦
== Notes on the text
1. get sb. to do sth. ，说服某人做某事。
2. in the least，一点儿也不，完全不。
3. It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties. 这并不是说布鲁斯总是低估困难。
4. sooner or later，作“迟早”、”总有一天”讲。
5. giving way to a stretch of plain，出现了一片平原。give way to…，此处作“为……所代替”解。
6. charge at，冲向。
== 参考译文
穿越平原的道路高低不平，开车走了不远，路面愈加崎岖。我们想劝说布鲁斯把车开回到我们出发的那个村庄去。尽管路面布满石头，坑坑洼洼，但布鲁斯却一点儿不慌乱。他瞥了一眼地图，告诉我们前面再走不到20英里就是一个村庄。这并不是说布鲁斯总是低估困难，而是他压根儿没有一点儿危险感。他认为不管路面情况如何，车必须以最高速度前进。
我们在尘土飞扬的道路上颠簸，车子东拐西弯，以躲开那些大圆石。车轮搅起的石块锤击车身，发出不祥的锤击声。我们相信迟早会飞起一个石块把油箱砸开一个窟窿，或者把发动机砸坏。因此，我们不时地掉过头，怀疑车后是否留下了机油和汽油的痕迹。
突然大石块不见了，前面是一片平地，唯一的障碍只有一簇簇灌木丛。这使我们长长地松了口气。但是更糟糕的事情在等着我们，离我们不远处，出现了一个大裂缝。我们再次央求布鲁斯小心，他这才把车停了下来。我们纷纷下车察看那个大裂缝，他却呆在车上。我们告诉他那个大裂缝长50码，宽2英尺，深4英尺。这也没有对他产生任何影响。布鲁斯挂上慢档，把两只前轮分别搁在裂缝的两边，顺着弯弯曲曲的裂缝，以发疯的速度向前开去。我们还未来得及担心后果，车已重新开上了平地。布鲁斯又看了一眼地图，告诉我们那座村庄离我们只有15英里了。下一个障碍是一片约半英里宽的浅水塘。布鲁斯向水塘冲去，但车开到水塘当中，嘎吱一声停住了。仪表盘上一盏黄灯闪着刺眼的光芒，布鲁斯兴致勃勃地宣布发动机里没油了！
#pagebreak()
= Who's who
It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims.
When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill. As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously. He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people. Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.
The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on. Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force. The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help. Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen. As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill. The workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper. He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest. Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station. Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone. Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.
== New Words and Expressions
- hoax (1. 3) n. 骗局，戏弄
- deception (1. 4) n. 欺骗，骗局
- self-respecting (1. 5) adj. 自重的
- indulge (1. 5) v. 使沉迷
- pneumatic (1. 7) adj. 气动的
- drill (1. 8) n. 钻
- silly (1. 11) adj. 无意义的，无聊的
- advance (1. 12) adj. 预先的，事先获得的
- archway (1. 13) n. 拱形门楼
- remonstrate (1. 17) v. 规劝，告诫
- ironically (1. 19) adv. 讽刺地
- permission (1. 21) n. 许可
- grant (1. 21) v. 同意，准予
== Notes on the text
1. It has never been explained why…, 在这个句子中真正的主语是以 why引导的主语从句。
2. specialize in, 专门从事。
3. inviting…fire，是动名词短语，此处作主语， put out作“扑灭”、“熄灭”讲。
4. dress up as, 装扮成。
5. they were not to take him seriously, （他们）不要把他当回事。take 此处作“对待”、“接受”讲，多指对人、对事物的态度和反应。
6. grateful to the student for this piece of advance information, 对这个学生事先通报情况表示感谢。 be grateful to sb. for sth. , 对某人因某事表示感谢。
7. as he pleased, 是方式状语从句，后面省略了to do, 可译作“随他的便”。
8. be under arrest, 被逮捕，拘禁。
9. Only when…did he realize that…。在这句话中， only加上状语从句放在句首，因此主句的主谓语要用倒装的句式。
== 参考译文
谁也弄不清为什么大学生好像比任何人都更喜欢恶作剧。大学生擅长一种特殊的恶作剧——戏弄人。请消防队来扑灭一场根本没有的大火是一种低级骗局，有自尊心的大学生决不会去做。大学生们常常做的是制造一种可笑的局面，使大家笑上一场，当然受害者是笑不出来的。
最近有个学生看见两个工人在大学校门外用风钻干活，马上打电话报告警察，说有两个学生装扮成工人，正在用风钻破坏路面。挂上电话后，他又马上来到工人那儿，告诉他们若有个警察来让他们走开，不要把他当回事；还对工人说，有个学生常装扮成警察无聊地同别人开玩笑。警察与工人都对那个学生事先通报情况表示感谢。
那学生躲在附近一拱形门廊里，在那儿可以看见、听到现场发生的一切。果然，警察来了，有礼貌地请工人离开此地；但其中一个工人粗鲁地回了几句。于是警察威胁要强行使他们离开。工人说，悉听尊便。警察去打电话叫人。一会儿工夫，又来了4个警察，规劝工人离开。由于工人拒绝停下手中的活，警察想夺风钻。两个工人奋力抗争，其中一个发了火，威胁说要去叫警察。警察听后讥讽地说，这大可不必，因为他俩已被逮捕了。其中一个工人装模作样地问道，在被带往警察局之前，是否可以打一个电话。警察同意了，陪他来到一个投币电话前。当他看到那个工人真的是给警察挂电话，才恍然大悟，原来他们都成了一场骗局的受害者。
#pagebreak()
= Illusions of pastoral peace
The quiet life of the country has never appealed to me. City born and city bred, I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasionally visit during the weekend. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country. Though they extol the virtues of the peaceful life, only one of them has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town within six months. Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life. He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the gentle pace of living. Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cockcrow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures. This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture. My friend fails to mention the long and friendless winter evenings in front of the TV ---- virtually the only form of entertainment. He says nothing about the poor selection of goods in the shops, or about those unfortunate people who have to travel from the country to the city every day to get to work. Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me. They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they rightly belong.
If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life can offer. You never have to travel miles to see your friends. They invariably live nearby and are always available for an informal chat or an evening's entertainment. Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year to visit the theatre as a special treat. For them this is a major operation which involves considerable planning. As the play draws to its close, they wonder whether they will ever catch that last train home. The city dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort. The latest exhibitions, films, or plays are only a short bus ride away. Shopping, too, is always a pleasure. There is so much variety that you never have to make do with second best. Country people run wild when they go shopping in the city and stagger home loaded with as many of the exotic items as they can carry. Nor is the city without its moments of beauty. There is something comforting about the warm glow shed by advertisements on cold wet winter nights. Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at weekends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked away in their homes in the country. It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.
== New Words and Expressions
- illusion(title) n. 幻想，错觉
- dubious（1. 15） adj. 可疑的；怀疑的
- pastoral(title) adj. 田园的
- privilege(1. 15) n. 特权
- breed（1. 2） (bred, bred) v. 培育
- misery(1. 15) n. 苦难
- rapture(1. 5) n. 欣喜
- acquaintance(1. 20) n. 熟人
- extol(1. 6) v. 赞美，颂扬
- treat(1. 20) n. 难得的乐事，享受
- superior (1. 8) adj. 优越的
- dweller (1. 22) n. 居住者
- cockcrow(1. 10) n. 鸡叫
- stagger(1. 25) v. 摇晃；螨跚
- twitter(1. 10) v. （鸟）吱吱叫，喊喊喳喳叫
- exotic(1. 25) adj. 导乎寻常的，外来的
- glint(1. 10) v. 闪烁
- glow(1. 26) n. 白炽光
- pasture (1. 11) n. 牧场
- descend(1. 28) v. 下落，降临
- idyllic(1. 11) adj. 田园诗的
- tuck(1. 28) v. 缩进，隐藏
- virtually(1. 12) adv. 几乎；差不多
- obstinately(1. 30) adv. 固执地，顽固地
== Notes on the text
1. city, born and city bred, 城里生，城里长。这是由“名词+过去分词”构成的合成形容词，此处作原因状语。
2. go into raptures, 变得欣喜若狂起来。at the mere mention of, 一提到。
3. be under an illusion, 作“有……的错觉”讲，that引起的是同位语从句。
4. beyond me, 我所无法理解的。
5. do without…，没有……也行。
6. draw to a close，结束，告终。
7. you never have to make do with second best, 你从来不必用二等品来凑合。
make do with…, 凑合着用……。
== 参考译文
宁静的乡村生活从来没有吸引过我。我生在城市，长在城市，总认为乡村是透过火车车窗看到的那个样子，或偶尔周末去游玩一下的景象。我的许多朋友都住在城市，但他们只要一提起乡村，马上就会变得欣喜若狂。尽管他们都交口称赞宁静的乡村生活的种种优点，但其中只有一人真去农村住过，而且不足6个月就回来了。即使他也仍存有幻觉，好像乡村生活就是比城市生活优越。他滔滔不绝地大谈友好的农民，洁净的空气，贴近大自然的环境和悠闲的生活节奏。他坚持认为，凌晨雄鸡第一声啼叫，黎明时分小鸟吱喳欢叫，冉冉升起的朝阳染红树木、牧场，此番美景无与伦比。但这种田园诗般的乡村风光仅仅是一个侧面。我的朋友没有提到在电视机前度过的漫长寂寞的冬夜——电视是唯一的娱乐形式。他也不说商店货物品种单调，以及那些每天不得不从乡下赶到城里工作的不幸的人们。人们为什么情愿每天在路上奔波4个小时去换取值得怀疑的乡间的优点，我是无法理解的。要是他们愿意住在本来属于他们的城市，则可以让他们省去诸多不便与节约大量开支。
如果你愿舍弃乡下生活那一点点乐趣的话，那么你会发现城市可以为你提供生活中最美好的东西。你去看朋友根本不用跋涉好几英里，因为他们都住在附近，你随时可以同他们聊天或在晚上一起娱乐。我在乡村有一些熟人，他们每年进城来看一回或几回戏，并把此看作一种特殊的享受。看戏在他们是件大事，需要精心计划。当戏快演完时，他们又为是否能赶上末班火车回家而犯愁。这种焦虑，城里人是从未体验过的。坐公共汽车几站路，就可看到最新的展览、电影、戏剧。买东西也是一种乐趣。物品品种繁多，从来不必用二等品来凑合。乡里人进城采购欣喜若狂，每次回家时都买足了外来商品，直到拿不动方才罢休，连走路都摇摇晃晃的。城市也并非没有良辰美景。寒冷潮湿的冬夜里，广告灯箱发出的暖光，会给人某种安慰。周末，当成千上万进城上班的人回到了他们的乡间寓所之后，空旷的街市笼罩着一种宁静的气氛，没有什么能比此时的宁静更令人难忘了。城里人对这一切心里很明白，却偏要执拗地装出他们喜欢住在乡村的样子，这对我来说一直是个谜。
#pagebreak()
= Modern cavemen
Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport. Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth. It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives. For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber. They arouse instincts which can only be dimly understood.
Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler. Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations. It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave. Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer. The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3, 723 feet. This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunnelled a course through a flaw in the rocks. The entrance to the cave is on a plateau in the Dauphiné Alps. As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable. The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger. Since its discovery, it has become a sort of potholers' Everest. Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored.
A team of pot-holers recently went down the Gouffre Berger. After entering the narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down the steep sides of the, cave until they came to a narrow corridor. They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools. Suddenly they came to a waterfall which dropped into an underground lake at the bottom of the cave. They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side. To protect themselves from the icy water, they had to wear special rubber suits. At the far end of the. lake, they came to huge piles of rubble which had been washed up by the water. In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave. Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, the pot-holers arrived at an enormous cavern, the size of a huge concert hall. After switching on powerful arc lights, they saw great stalagmites ---- some of them over forty feet high ---- rising up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof. Round about, piles of limestone glistened in all the colours of the rainbow. In the eerie silence of the cavern, the only sound that could be heard was made by water which dripped continuously from the high dome above them.
== New Words and Expressions
- caveman(title) n. （远古）洞穴人
- wade(1. 20) v. 涉水，蹚水
- pot-holing(1. 1) n. 洞穴探险，洞穴探险运动
- waterfall(1. 21) n. 瀑布
- gear(1. 22) n. 一套用具
- solitude(1. 2) n. 孤独，寂寞
- inflatable(1. 22) adj. 可充气的
- lure(1. 3) v. 引诱，诱惑
- rubble(1. 24) n. 碎瓦，瓦块
- pot-holer (1. 5) n. 洞穴探险者
- insistent(1. 25) adj. 连续的，不断的
- rambler(1. 8） n. 漫步者，散步者
- boom(1. 25) v. 轰响
- undertaking(1. 8) n. 任务，工作
- waterspout(1. 25) n. 强大的水柱
- foresight(1. 9) n. 预见；深谋远虑
- cleft(1. 26) n. 裂隙，开口
- foretell(1. 11) (foretold, foretold) v. 预言
- cavern(1. 27) n. 大洞穴
- stalagmite(1. 28) n. 石笋
- Grenoble(1. 12) n. 格里诺布尔
- stalactite(1. 28) n. 钟乳石
- chasm(1. 13) n. 断层，裂口，陷坑
- limestone(1. 29) n. 石灰石
- flaw(1. 14) n. 小裂缝
- glisten(1. 29) v. 闪烁
- distinguished(1. 16) adj. 杰出的，著名的
- eerie(1. 29) adj. 引起恐惧的，可怕的
- Everest(1. 17) n. 珠穆朗玛峰
- dome(1. 31) n. 穹窿，圆顶
== Notes on the text
1. as it has come to be known, 正如已逐渐为人所了解的那样，此处作插入语。
2. it is the desire… or the chance… that…这是强调句式，被强调的部分是句子的主语the desire… or the chance…
3. rig up, 装配，搭起。
4. Grenoble, 格里诺布尔，是法国东南部伊泽尔河上的一座大城镇，尤以它的大学而著称。
5. The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by…如果不是……偶然发现这个洞口的话，这个洞也许永远不会为人所知。这是表示与过去事实不相符的虚拟语气结构，句中的非真实条件句 had not the entrance been spotted by…由于省略了if, 因此要用倒装句式。
6. edge one's way, 此处作“侧身徐徐向前移动”讲。
7. which they found was caused…of the cave.
which was caused…of the cave是定语从句，修饰 sound; they found此处作插入语。 shooting down… of the cave是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 waterspout。
== 参考译文
洞穴勘查——或洞穴勘探——是一项比较新的体育活动。寻求独居独处的愿望或寻求意外发现机会的欲望吸引着人们来到地下深处。要想对洞穴探险者的动机作出满意的解释是不可能的。对洞穴探险者来说，洞穴有一种特殊的魅力，就像高山对于登山者有特殊的魅力一样。为什么洞穴能引发人的那种探险本能，人们对此只能有一种模模糊糊的理解。
探测非常深的洞穴不是那些在星期日下午漫步的人所能胜任的。这种活动需要有军事行动般的周密布署和预见能力。有时需要花费整整8天时间来搭起绳梯，建立供应基地，然后才能下到一个很深的洞穴里。作出这样的准备是必要的，因为无法预见到洞穴探险者究竟会遇到什么性质的困难。世界上最深的洞穴是格里诺布尔附近的高弗·伯杰洞，深达3，723英尺。这个深邃的洞穴是由一条地下暗泉冲刷岩石中的缝隙并使之慢慢变大而形成的。此洞的洞口在丹芬阿尔卑斯山的高原上，仅6英尺宽，很难被人发现。若不是法国著名洞穴探险家伯杰由于偶然的机会发现了这个洞口的话，这个洞也许永远不会为人所知。自从被发现以后，这个洞成了洞穴探险者的珠穆朗玛峰，人们多次进入洞内探险，但至今尚有不少东西有待勘探。
最近，一队洞穴探险者下到了高弗·伯杰洞里。他们从高原上的窄缝进去，顺着笔直陡峭的洞壁往下爬，来到了一条狭窄的走廊上。他们不得不侧着身子往前走，有时蹚过浅溪，有时游过深潭。突然，他们来到一道瀑布前，那瀑布奔泻而下，注入洞底一处地下湖里。他们跳入湖中，把各种器具装上一只充气橡皮艇，听任水流将他们带往对岸。湖水冰冷刺骨，他们必须穿上一种特制的橡皮服以保护自己。在湖的尽头，他们见到一大堆一大堆由湖水冲刷上岸的碎石。在这儿，他们可以听见一种连续不断的轰鸣声。后来他们发现这是由山洞顶部的一个小孔里喷出的水柱跌落到水潭中时发出的声音。洞穴探险者从岩石缝里挤身过去，来到一个巨大的洞里，其大小相当于一个音乐厅。他们打开强力弧光灯，看见一株株巨大的石笋，有的高达40英尺，像树干似地向上长着，与洞顶悬挂下来的钟乳石相接。周围是一堆堆石灰石，像彩虹一样闪闪发光。洞里有一种可怕的寂静，唯一可以听见的声响是高高的圆顶上不间断地滴水的嘀嗒声。
#pagebreak()
= Fully insured
Insurance companies are normally willing to insure anything. Insuring public or private property is a standard practice in most countries in the world. If, however, you were holding an open air garden party or a fete it would be equally possible to insure yourself in the event of bad weather. Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will have to pay. It is not uncommon to hear that a shipping company has made a claim for the cost of salvaging a sunken ship. But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must surely be unique.
Admittedly it was an unusual pie dish, for it was eighteen feet long and six feet wide. It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual fair. The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip. Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate. At the same time, a number of teenagers climbed on to the dish and held a little party of their own. Dancing proved to be more than the dish could bear, for during the party it capsized and sank in seven feet of water.
The pie committee telephoned a local garage owner who arrived in a recovery truck to salvage the pie dish. Shivering in their wet clothes, the teenagers looked on while three men dived repeatedly into the water to locate the dish. They had little difficulty in finding it, but hauling it out of the water proved to be a serious problem. The sides of the dish were so smooth that it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains to the rim without damaging it. Eventually chains were fixed to one end of the dish and a powerful winch was put into operation. The dish rose to the surface and was gently drawn towards the canal bank. For one agonizing moment, the dish was perched precariously on the bank of the canal, but it suddenly overbalanced and slid back into the water. The men were now obliged to try once more. This time they fixed heavy metal clamps to both sides of the dish so that they could fasten the chains. The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side of the canal. The winch was again put into operation and one of the men started up the truck. Several minutes later, the dish was successfully hauled above the surface of the water. Water streamed in torrents over its sides with such force that it set up a huge wave in the canal. There was a danger that the wave would rebound off the other side of the bank and send the dish plunging into the water again. By working at tremendous speed, the men managed to get the dish on to dry land before the wave returned.
== New Words and Expressions
- insure (title) v. 投保
- premium (1. 6) n. 保险费
- fete (1. 4) n. 游园会
- recover (1. 8) v. 使……得到补偿，弥补
- admittedly(1. 10) adv．公认地
- agonizing(1. 22) adj．精神紧张的，提心吊胆的
- purchase(11. 10-11) v．买
- annual(1. 11) adj．一年一度的
- perch(1. 22) v．处于（高处）
- teenager(1. 13) n．（13至19岁的）青少年
- precariously(1. 22) adv．危险地，不稳固地
- capsize(1. 15) v．（船）翻
- shiver(1. 17) v．打颤，发抖
- overbalance(1. 22) v．失去平衡
- dive(1. 17) v. （头向下）跳水
- clamp (1. 24) n．夹钳，夹板
- haul(1. 18) v．拖曳
- vertically(1. 24) adv．垂直地
- hawser(1. 19) n．粗缆绳
- torrent(1. 27) n．激流，洪流
- rim(1. 20) n．（圆形物品的）外沿，边
- rebound(1. 28) v．弹回
- winch(1. 20) n．绞车
== Notes on the text
1. in the event of, 作“倘若”、“万一”、“如果发生”讲。
2. the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will have to pay. 保险公司承担的风险越大，你付的保险费就越高。这里又是一个“the+形容词比较级， the+形容词比较级”的例子，汉语可译成“越…越……”。
3. make a claim for…, 作“要求得到……”讲。
4. put into operation, 使……运转。
5. for one agonizing moment, 在令人忐忑不安的瞬间。
6. set up, 激起。
== 参考译文
保险公司一般说来愿意承保一切东西。承办公共财产或私人财产保险是世界上大部分国家的正常业务。如果你要举办一次露天游园会或盛宴，为避免碰上不好的天气而遭受损失也同样可以保险。不用说，保险公司承担风险越大，你付的保险费也就越高。航运公司为打捞沉船而提出索赔，这是常有的事，但某地当局为打捞一只焙制馅饼的盘子提出索赔，倒是件新鲜事儿。
这个馅饼盘子确实少见，有18英尺长，6英尺宽。某地方当局买下它用来焙制一个巨大的馅饼为一年一度交易会助兴。馅饼委员会确认运输这只盘子的最佳方案是通过运河水运。于是，他们对这只盘子的运输安全投了保。盘子下水后不久，馅饼委员会成员们来到当地一家小酒店庆贺。就在这个时候，许多十几岁的孩子爬上盘子举行他们自己的集会。他们跳起了舞，盘子难以承受。舞会进行过程中，盘子倾覆，沉入了7英尺深的水中。
馅饼委员会给当地汽车修理库老板打电话，他闻讯后开着一辆急修车前来打捞盘子。那些孩子们穿着湿衣服哆嗦，看着3个工人轮番潜入水中以确定盘子的位置。他们没费多大事儿就找到了盘子，可是把盘子捞出却是一个很大的难题。盘子四边十分光滑，要在盘边拴上绳索或链条而同时又不损坏它是很难办到的。不过，他们终于将链条固定在盘子的一端，一台大功率的绞车开动起来。盘子慢慢浮出水面，被轻轻地拽向运河岸边。在令人忐忑不安的瞬间，盘子晃晃悠悠地上了岸，但它突然失去了平衡，又跌回水中。工人们只得再来一次。这次，他们用沉重的金属夹子把盘子夹住，以便往盘子上安装铁链。这次，盘子必须垂直吊出水面，因为盘子的一边紧靠着运河河岸。绞盘机再次启动，一位工人发动了急修车的引擎。几分钟后，盘子被成功地拽出了水面。波浪从盘子两侧急涌而出，在运河里掀起一股大浪。但是当波浪从河对岸折回来时，就有再次把盘子拖进水里的危险。工人们动作迅速，终于赶在那股大浪返回之前把盘子拽到了岸上。
#pagebreak()
= Speed and comfort
People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air. Hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. It is almost impossible to take your mind off the journey. Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night, when you really wish to go to sleep, you rarely manage to do so. If you are lucky enough to get a sleeper, you spend half the night staring at the small almost exhausted. Long car journeys are even less pleasant, for it is quite impossible even to read. On motorways you can, at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on roads with few service stations and too much traffic. By comparison, ferry trips or cruises offer a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, meet interesting people and enjoy good food----always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not, and you are likely to get seasick, no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice holiday time for the pleasure of travelling by sea.
Aeroplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and even hardened travellers are intimidated by them. They also have the disadvantage of being an expensive form of transport. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Travelling at a height of 30, 000 feet, far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience. You do not have to devise ways of taking your mind off the journey, for an aeroplane gets you to your destination rapidly. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the flight. The real escapist can watch a film and sip champagne on some services. But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An aeroplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is hidden from view, you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch out for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled. You will 30 not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey.
== New Words and Expressions
- positively(1. 3) adv．绝对地，完全地
- cruise(1. 13) n．巡游船
- compartment(1. 4) n．列车客车厢内
- civilize(1. 13) v．使文明的分隔间（或单间）
- spacious(1. 13) adj．宽敞的
- cramped (1. 4) adj．窄小的
- seasick(1. 15) adj．晕船的
- stuffy(1. 4) adj．憋气的，闷气的
- intimidate(1. 18) v．恐吓，恫吓
- monotonous(1. 6) adj．枯燥的，乏味的，
- disadvantage(1. 19) n．短处，缺点单调的
- exhilarating(1. 21) adj．使人高兴的，令人兴奋的
- rhythm(1. 6) n．有节奏的运动
- click(1. 6) v．发出咔哒声
- escapist(1. 23) n．逍遥者
- lull(1. 7) v．催人欲睡
- sip(1. 23) v．呷，啜
- snatch(1. 7) n．短时，片段
- champagne(1. 23) n．香槟酒
- sleeper(1. 8) n．卧铺
- refinement(1. 24) n．精心的安排
- fumble(1. 9) v．乱摸，摸索
- breathtaking(1. 25) adj．激动人心的；不寻常的
- inspection(1. 9) n．检查
- inevitably(1. 9) adv．必然地，不可避免
- soar(1. 25) v．高飞，翱翔地
- effortlessly(1. 25) adv．不费力地
- destination(1. 9) n．目的地
- landscape(1. 26) n．景色
- exhaust(1. 10) v．使精疲力尽
- fresh(1. 29) adj．精神饱满的
- motorway(1. 11) n．快车道
- uncrumpled(1. 29) adj．没有垮下来
- ferry(1. 12) n．渡船
== Notes on the text
1. take your mind off the journey, 摆脱旅途的困扰。 take one's mind off sth. 是“把某人的注意力从某事上移开”的意思。
2. in snatches, 断断续续地。
3. more often than not, 经常。
4. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. 但就速度和舒适而论，什么也不能和飞机相比。介词for此处作“就……而论”讲。
5. keep you occupied, 使你有事可做。
== 参考译文
出远门的人常常需要决定是走旱路、水路，还是坐飞机。很少有人能够真正喜欢坐几个小时以上的火车。车厢很快就变得拥挤、闷热，想摆脱开旅途的困扰是很难的。看书只能解决部分问题。车轮与铁轨间单调的嘎喳声很快就会送你进入梦乡。白天是忽睡忽醒，到了夜晚，你真想睡了，却很难入睡。即使你走运弄到一个卧铺，夜间有一半时间你会盯着车顶那盏小蓝灯而睡不着觉；要不然就为查票摸索你的车票。一旦抵达目的地，你总是疲惫不堪。乘汽车作长途旅行则更加不舒服，因为连看书都几乎不可能。在公路上还好，你至少能以相当快的速度安全地向前行。但旅行的大部分时间都花在路上，而且只有很少的服务设施，交通也很拥挤。相比之下，坐船旅行或环游可以得到文明世界的各种享受。你可以在甲板上伸展四肢、做游戏，还能见到各种有趣的人，能享用各种美味佳肴——当然，这一切只有在大海风平浪静的情况下才有可能。如果大海肆虐起来，你就可能晕船，那种难受劲儿是任何一种别的旅行方式都不会带来的。即便风平浪静，坐船旅行也要占用很长时间。没有多少人会为了享受坐船旅行的乐趣而牺牲假期的时间。
飞机以危险而著称，连老资格的旅行者也怕飞机。飞机的另一个缺点是昂贵。但就速度与舒适而言，飞机是无与伦比的。腾云驾雾，在30，000英尺高空以500英里的时速旅行，这种经历令人心旷神怡。你不必想办法去摆脱旅途的困扰，因为飞机会迅速地把你送到目的地。几小时之内，你躺在扶手椅上，享受着旅途的欢乐。真正会享受的人还可以在某些航班上看一场电影和喝香槟。即使没有这些消遣条件，也总是有事可做。飞机上，你可以观察世界上非同寻常的奇妙的美景。你毫不费劲地飞越高山幽谷，你确能饱览大地的风貌。如果这种景色被遮住了，你便可以观赏一下展现在你面前的、一望数英里的、连绵不断的云海，同时阳光灿烂，天空清澈明朗。旅途平稳，丝毫不妨碍你阅读或睡眠。不管你打算如何消磨时间，有件事是可以肯定的，即当你抵达目的地时，你感到精神焕发，毫无倦意，用不着因为漫长旅途的辛苦而花几天时间休息来恢复精神。
#pagebreak()
= The power of the press
In democratic countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly condemned. However, this freedom can easily be abused. Stories about people often attract far more public attention than political events. Though we may enjoy reading about the lives of others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy reading about ourselves. Acting on the contention that facts are sacred, reporters can cause untold suffering to individuals by publishing details about their private lives. Newspapers exert such tremendous influence that they can not only bring about major changes to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow a government.
The story of a poor family that acquired fame and fortune overnight, dramatically illustrates the power of the press. The family lived in Aberdeen, a small town of 23, 000 inhabitants in South Dakota. As the parents had five children, life was a perpetual struggle against poverty. They were expecting their sixth child and were faced with even more pressing economic problems. If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed. They would have continued to struggle against economic odds and would have lived in obscurity. But they suddenly became the parents of quintuplets, four girls and a boy, an event which radically changed their lives. The day after the birth of the five children, an aeroplane arrived in Aberdeen bringing sixty reporters and photographers.
The rise to fame was swift. Television cameras and newspapers carried the news to everyone in the country. Newspapers and magazines offered the family huge sums for the exclusive rights to publish stories and photographs. Gifts poured in not only from unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufacturers who wished to advertise their products. The old farmhouse the family lived in was to be replaced by a new ＄500, 000 home. Reporters kept pressing for interviews so lawyers had to be employed to act as spokesmen for the family at press conferences. While the five babies were still quietly sleeping in oxygen tents in a hospital nursery, their parents were paying the price for fame. It would never again be possible for them to lead normal lives. They had become the victims of commercialization, for their names had acquired a market value. Instead of being five new family members, these children had immediately become a commodity.
== New Words and Expressions
- democratic(1. 1) adj．民主的
- untold(1. 7) adj．数不尽的，无限的
- restrict(1. 1) v．限制
- South Dakota(1. 11) 南达科他州（美国）
- abuse(1. 3) v．滥用
- contention(1. 6) n．论点
- perpetual(1. 12) adj．永久的
- quintuplet(1. 15) n．五胞胎之一
- nursery(1. 24) n．育婴室，保育室
- obscurity(1. 15) n．默默无闻
- commercialization(1. 25) n．商品化
- radically(1. 16) adv．彻底地，完全地
- exclusive(1. 19) adj．独占的，独家的
- commodity(1. 26) n．商品
== Notes on the text
1. read about (=of)…, 作“读到……”讲。
2. it is extremely doubtful whether…ourselves.
i.t是先行主语，替代以whether引导的主语从句。
3. act on…, 根据……行动。
4. bring about, 带来。
5. South Dakota, 南达科他，美国中北部的一个州。面积77，047平方英里（约200，000平方公里）。这个州以粮食生产和矿产著称。
6. struggle against… odds, 与恶运搏斗。
7. If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed. 如果他们只是添了1个孩子，这件事本来就不会引起任何人注意。这是虚拟语气，用来表示与过去的事实相反的假设。unnoticed是过去分词作方式状语，修饰passed。
8. The rise to fame was swift. 出名太快了。to fame作rise的定语。
9. the exclusive rights to publish, 独家报道（出版）权。
10. pour in, 作“大量流入”、“源源而来”解。
11. press for…, 作“迫切要求……”讲。
== 参考译文
在民主国家里，任何限制新闻自由的企图都理所当然地受到谴责。然而，这种自由很容易被滥用。常人轶事往往比政治事件更能引起公众注意。我们都喜欢看关于别人生活的报道，但是否同样喜欢看关于自己生活的报道，就很难说了。记者按事实至上的论点行事，发表有关别人私生活的细节，有时会给当事人造成极大的痛苦。新闻具有巨大的威力。它们不仅可以给寻常人家的生活带来重大的变化，甚至还能推翻一个政府。
下面这户穷人一夜之间出名发财的故事戏剧性地说明了新闻报道的威力。这户人家住在南达科他州一个人口为23，000的小镇上，镇名为阿拜丁。家里已有5个孩子，全家人常年在贫困中挣扎。第6个孩子即将问世，他们面临着更为严峻的经济问题。如果他们只是添了1个孩子，这件事本来就不会引起任何人的注意。这家人会继续为克服经济上的拮据而奋斗，并默默无闻地活下去。但是他们出人意料地生了个五胞胎，4女1男。这事使他们的生活发生了根本的变化。五胞胎降生第二天，一架飞机飞抵阿拜丁，随机带来60名记者与摄影师。
这一家迅速出了名。电视摄像机和报纸把消息传送到全国。报纸、杂志出高价向他们购买文字、图片的独家报道权。不但素昧平生的人寄来了大量的礼物，而且婴儿食品、婴儿肥皂制造厂商为了替自己产品做广告也寄来了大量的礼物。这家人住的旧农舍将由一座价值50万美元的新住宅所取代。由于记者纷纷要求会见，他们不得不请了律师充当他们家的发言人举行记者招待会。眼下，五胞胎还静静地躺在医院婴儿室的氧气帐里，他们的父母却为这名声付出了代价，他们再也无法过正常的生活。他们成了商业化的受害者，因为他们的名字具有了市场价值。这些孩子立即成了商品，而不是5个新的家庭成员。
#pagebreak()
= Do it yourself
So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour. No one can plead ignorance of a subject any longer, for there are countless do-it-yourself publications. Armed with the right tools and materials, newlyweds gaily embark on the task of decorating their own homes. Men, particularly, spend hours of their leisure time installing their own fireplaces, laying out their own gardens; building garages and making furniture. Some really keen enthusiasts go so far as to build their own computers. Shops cater for the do-it-yourself craze not only by running special advisory services for novices, but by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home. Such things provide an excellent outlet for pent up creative energy, but unfortunately not all of us are born handymen.
Some wives tend to believe that their husbands are infinitely resourceful and can fix anything. Even men who can hardly drive a nail in straight are supposed to be born electricians, carpenters, plumbers and mechanics. When lights fuse, furniture gets rickety, pipes get clogged, or vacuum cleaners fail to operate, some women assume that their husbands will somehow put things right. The worst thing about the do-it-yourself game is that sometimes even men live under the delusion that they can do anything, even when they have repeatedly been proved wrong. It is a question of pride as much as anything else.
Last spring my wife suggested that I call in a man to look at our lawn mower. It had broken down the previous summer, and though I promised to repair it, I had never got round to it. I would not hear of the suggestion and said that I would fix it myself. One Saturday afternoon, I hauled the machine into the garden and had a close look at it. As far as I could see, it needed only a minor adjustment: a turn of a screw here, a little tightening up there, a drop of oil and it would be as good as new. Inevitably the repair job was not quite so simple. The mower firmly refused to mow, so I decided to dismantle it. The garden was soon littered with chunks of metal which had once made up a lawn mower. But I was extremely pleased with myself. I had traced the cause of the trouble. One of the links in the chain that drives the wheels had snapped. After buying a new chain I was faced with the insurmountable task of putting the confusing jigsaw puzzle together again. I was not surprised to find that the machine still refused to work after I had reassembled it, for the simple reason that I was left with several curiously shaped bits of metal which did not seem to fit anywhere. I gave up in despair. The weeks passed and the grass grew. When my wife nagged me to do something about it, I told her that either I would have to buy a new mower or let the grass grow. Needless to say our house is now surrounded by a jungle. Buried somewhere in deep grass there is a rusting lawn mower which I have promised to repair one day.
== New Words and Expressions
- plead(1. 3) v．找（借口），辩解
- fuse (1. 14) v．由于烧断保险丝而短路
- ignorance(1. 3) n．无知，不懂
- rickety(1. 14) adj．要散架的，晃动的
- publication(1. 4) n．出版物
- clog(1. 14) v．堵塞
- newlyweds(1. 5) n．新婚夫妇
- delusion(1. 16) n．错觉
- gaily(1. 5) adv．愉快地，高兴地
- lawn mower (1. 18) 割草机
- leisure(1. 6) n．空闲
- adjustment(1. 21) n．调整
- keen(1. 8) adj．热心的，渴望的
- screw（1. 21) n．螺丝钉
- advisory(1. 9) adj．咨询的
- dismantle(1. 23) v．拆卸
- novice(1. 9) n．新手
- chunk(1. 24) n．（厚）块
- consumer(1. 9) n．消费者，顾客
- snap(1. 25) v．绷断
- assemble(1. 10) v．装配，组装
- insurmountable(1. 26) adj．不能克服的，难以对付的
- outlet(1. 10) n．出路
- creative(1. 10) adj．创造性的
- jigsaw(1. 26) n．线锯
- handyman(1. 11) n．手巧的人，能工巧匠
- nag(1. 29) v．唠叨不休
- rust(1. 31) v．生锈
- resourceful(1. 12) adj．足智多谋的
== Notes on the text
1. So great is our passion for doing…, 这句话的基本句型是 so…that…引导的结果状语从句，为了强调great 这个词，把so great提到句首，因此主谓语要倒装。
2. embark on, 开始干。
3. lay out, 布置。
4. go so far as to(do), 竟到了……的程度。
5. cater for, 迎合。
6. get round to, 抽出时间，腾空。
7. I would not hear, 我不愿意听。
8. jigsaw puzzle, 拼板玩具。
== 参考译文
现在我们自己动手做事的热情很高，结果对于专业工人的依赖越来越少了。由于出版了不计其数的教人自己动手做事的书报杂志，没有人再能说对某事一无所知。新婚夫妇找来合适的工具和材料，喜气洋洋地开始布置新房。特别是男人，常利用空闲时间安装壁炉、布置花园、建造车库、制作家具。有些热衷于自己动手的人甚至自己组装电脑。为了满足自己动手势的需要，商店不仅为初学者提供专门的咨询服务，而且为顾客准备了各种零件，供他们买回家去安装。这些东西为人们潜在的创造力提供了一个绝妙的用武之地。但不幸的是，我们并非人人都是能工巧匠。
妻子常常认为她们的丈夫无比聪明能干。甚至那些连一枚钉子都钉不直的男人都被认为是天生的电工、木匠、水管工和机械师。每当电灯保险丝烧断、家具榫头松动、管道堵塞、吸尘器不动时，有些妻子认为丈夫总有办法。自己动手的例子中最糟糕的是，有时甚至是男人尽管接连失败却还误以为自己什么都行，原因就是要面子。
今年春天，妻子让我请人检查一下我家的割草机。那台割草机去年夏天就环了，尽管我答应修，但一直没抽出时间。我不愿听妻子的建议，说我自己会修。一个星期六的下午，我把割草机拉到了花园里，仔细检查了一番。在我看来，只需稍加调整即可。这儿紧紧螺丝，那儿固定一下，再加几滴油，就会像新的一样了。事实上，修理工作远不是那么简单。修完后割草机还是纹丝不动。于是，我决定把它拆开。一会儿工夫，割草机便被拆成一个个金属零件，乱七八糟地堆在花园里。但我却非常高兴，因为我找到了毛病所在。驱动轮子的链条断了一节。我买来一根新链条后，面临的就是如何把这些令人眼花缭乱的拼板重新组装起来。等我装完后，那台割草机仍然一动不动，对此我倒并不感到吃惊。原因很简单，因为还剩下几个形状奇特的零件似乎哪里也装不上去。我无可奈何，只好罢休。几个星期过去了，草长了起来。妻子喋喋不休地让我想点办法。我告诉她，要么买一台新割草机，要么让草长下去。不用说，我家现在已被丛林包围。深草丛中的某个地方有一台正在生锈的割草机，那就是我曾答应某日要修理的割草机。
#pagebreak()
= Too high a price?
Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, overindustrialized planet. When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it. We keep trying all four methods, but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.
Rubbish, however, is only part of the problem of polluting our planet. The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution. Industrialized farming methods produce cheap meat products: beef, pork and chicken. The use of pesticides and fertilizers produces cheap grain and vegetables. The price we pay for cheap food may be already too high: Mad Cow Disease (BSE) in cattle, salmonella in chicken and eggs, and listeria in dairy products. And if you think you'll abandon meat and become a vegetarian, you have the choice of very expensive organically-grown vegetables or a steady diet of pesticides every time you think you're eating fresh salads and vegetables, or just having an innocent glass of water!
However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise. Burglar alarms going off at any time of the day or night serve only to annoy passers-by and actually assist burglars to burgle. Car alarms constantly scream at us in the street and are a source of profound irritation. A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly? ) that dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7. The survey revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike. Lawn mowers whining on a summer's day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbours, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume. New technology has also made its own contribution to noise. A lot of people object to mobile phones, especially when they are used in public places like restaurants or on public transport. Loud conversations on mobile phones invade our thoughts or interrupt the pleasure of meeting friends for a quiet chat. The noise pollution survey revealed a rather surprising and possibly amusing old fashioned source of noise. It turned out to be snoring! Men were found to be the worst offenders. It was revealed that 20％ of men in their mid-thirties snore. This figure rises to a staggering 60％ of men in their sixties. Against these figures, it was found that only 5％ of women snore regularly, while the rest are constantly woken or kept awake by their trumpeting partners. Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain: silence, it seems, has become a golden memory.
== New Words and Expressions
- pollution(1. 1) n．污染
- burglar(1. 16) n．窃贼
- overpopulated(1. 1) adj．人口多的
- burgle(1. 17) v．入室偷窃
- over-industrialized(11. 1-2) adj．过度工业化的
- scream(1. 17) v．尖叫
- profound(1. 18) adj．极度的
- sheer(1. 5) adj．纯粹的，不掺杂的
- irritation(1. 18) n．烦躁
- worldwide(1. 6) adv．在全世界
- incessantly(1. 19) adv．连续不断地
- overwhelm(1. 6) v．制服，使不知所措
- whine(1. 20) v．发呜呜声
- pollute(1. 7) v．污染
- helicopter(1. 22) n．直升飞机
- pesticide(1. 9) n．杀虫剂
- maximum(1. 23) adj．最大的
- fertilizer(1. 9) n．肥料
- technology(1. 23) n．技术
- salmonella(1. 11) n．沙门氏菌
- contribution(1. 24) n．贡献
- listeria(1. 11) n．利斯特杆菌
- mobile(1. 24) adj．可移动的
- vegetarian(1. 12) n．吃素的人
- snore(1. 27) v．打鼾
- organically-grown(1. 12) adj．有机培植的（不施化肥和其他化学品培植）
- offender(1. 28) n．冒犯者
- staggering(1. 28) adj．令人惊愕的
- insidious(1. 15) adj．暗中为害的
- trumpet(1. 30) v．吹号
- urban(1. 15) adj．城市的
- partner(1. 30) n．伙伴
== Notes on the text
1. pay for, 付出代价，得到报应。
2. Mad Cow Disease (BSE), 疯牛病。 这是牛得的一种病的医学名称的缩写，全称为牛海绵状组织病。这种病的首例在80年代末发生在英国，很难彻底治愈。此病俗称“疯牛病”。因为患病的动物无法控制自身的行为。
3. you have the choice of very expensive organically-grown vegetables or a steady diet of pesticides every time you think you're eating fresh salads and vegetables…你可以两者择一：或是选用价格昂贵、有机培植的蔬菜，或是当你认为在享用新鲜色拉和新鲜蔬菜的时候，实际上每次都不断地吃进杀虫剂。 the choice of… or…, 在……和……之间选择。
4. burglar alarm, 防盗警报器；go off, 响起。
5. car alarm, 汽车防盗警报器。
6. large container truck, 运输大型集装箱的卡车。
7. mobile phone, 移动式电话，俗称“大哥大”。
8. against these figures, 与这些数字相比。
== 参考译文
污染就是我们为这个人口过密、过度工业化的星球所付出的代价。当我们开始考虑垃圾问题时，我们只有4种对付垃圾的方法：倾倒、焚烧、把垃圾变成再生材料或试图少产生一些垃圾。我们一直在试这4种方式，但是，我们在世界范围内仅产生的垃圾的量就有把我们覆盖的危险。
然而，垃圾只是我们这个星球的污染问题的一个方面。日益增长的对廉价食物的需求导致了另一种形式的污染。工业化的农作方式生产出了廉价的肉类制品——牛肉、猪肉和鸡肉。使用杀虫剂和化肥生产出了廉价的谷物和蔬菜。为了廉价食物我们付出的代价已经太高了：牛肉中的疯牛病，鸡肉和鸡蛋中的沙门氏菌，奶制品中的利斯特杆菌。如果你想放弃肉类而变成一位素食者，那么你可以两者择一：或是选用价格昂贵、有机培植的蔬菜，或是当你认为在享用新鲜色拉和新鲜蔬菜或饮用一杯无害的水的时候，实际上每次都不断吃进杀虫剂。
但是，还有一种更加隐蔽有害的污染，它专门影响城镇地区，侵袭我们的日常生活，那就是噪音。防盗警报器在白天和黑夜的任何时候都会响起来，它的作用只是骚扰过路行人，而实际上却帮助窃贼入室行窃。在街上，汽车的防盗警报不断对我们吼叫，这是人们极度烦躁的一个原因。最近一个有关噪音的作用的调查（令人吃惊地）指出，夜间连续不断的狗叫声，在一个从1级至7级的刻度表上应列为最严重的噪音污染。这个调查揭示了我们所不喜欢的大量的噪音的来源：夏天呜呜作响的割草机，公寓楼里深夜聚会的喧哗声，大声吵闹的邻居，各式各样的车辆，特别是穿越寂静的村庄的集装箱卡车，从头顶飞过的飞机和直升机，被带到公共场所、音量开到最大的大功率收音机。新技术也为噪音作出了它的贡献。许多人都反对移动式电话，特别是在如饭店、公共交通车等公共场所使用移动电话。用移动电话大声交谈干扰我们的思路，破坏我们和朋友在一起轻声聊天所得到的乐趣。这个有关噪声污染的调查还揭示了一种出人意外而同时可能会引人发笑的老式噪音源。它竟然是鼾声。人类是这方面的罪魁祸首。调查指出，20％的35岁左右的男人打鼾；而到60岁这个年龄段，这个数字上升到令人惊愕的60％。与这些数字相比，只有5％的女性经常打鼾，而其余的则经常被与她们同睡、像吹号似地打着呼噜的男人吵醒或弄得睡不着。不管噪声来自何方，有一点是肯定的：看来寂静已变成一种珍贵的回忆。
#pagebreak()
= The silent village
In this much-travelled world, there are still thousands of places which are inaccessible to tourists. We always assume that villagers in remote places are friendly and hospitable. But people who are cut off not only from foreign tourists, but even from their own countrymen can be hostile to travellers. Visits to really remote villages are seldom enjoyable ---- as my wife and I discovered during a tour through the Balkans.
We had spent several days in a small town and visited a number of old churches in the vicinity. These attracted many visitors, for they were not only of great architectural interest, but contained a large number of beautifully preserved frescoes as well. On the day before our departure, several bus loads of tourists descended on the town. This was more than we could bear, so we decided to spend our last day exploring the countryside. Taking a path which led out of the town, we crossed a few fields until we came to a dense wood. We expected the path to end abruptly, but we found that it traced its way through the trees. We tramped through the wood for over two hours until we arrived at a deep stream. We could see that the path continued on the other side, but we had no idea how we could get across the stream. Suddenly my wife spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep. We gently woke him up and asked him to ferry us to the other side. Though he was reluctant to do so at first, we eventually persuaded him to take us.
The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain. The place consisted of a straggling unmade road which was lined on either side by small houses. Even under a clear blue sky, the village looked forbidding, as all the houses were built of grey mud bricks. The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat on a short length of rope tied to a tree in a field nearby. Sitting down on a dilapidated wooden fence near the field, we opened a couple of tins of sardines and had a picnic lunch. All at once, I noticed that my wife seemed to be filled with alarm. Looking up I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us silently as we ate. We offered them food and spoke to them kindly, but they remained motionless. I concluded that they were simply shy of strangers. When we later walked down the main street of the village, we were followed by a silent procession of children. The village which had seemed deserted, immediately came to life. Faces appeared at windows. Men in shirt sleeves stood outside their houses and glared at us. Old women in black shawls peered at us from doorways. The most frightening thing of all was that not a sound could be heard. There was no doubt that we were unwelcome visitors. We needed no further warning. Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
== New Words and Expressions
- inaccessible (1. 2) adj. 难接近的，达不到的
- hospitable (1. 3) adj. 好客的
- hostile (1. 5) adj. 不友好的，有敌意的
- vicinity (1. 8) n. 周围，近邻
- architectural (1. 9) adj. 建筑的
- fresco (1. 10) n. 壁画
- abruptly (1. 13) adv. 突然地，意外地
- tramp (1. 13) v. 徒步行进
- moor (1. 16) v. （用绳、链、锚）系（船）
- ferry (1. 16) v. （用渡船）运
- straggle (11. 18-19) v. 蔓延，散乱分布
- dilapidated (1. 22) adj. 陈旧破烂的，倒塌的
- sardine (1. 22) n. 沙丁鱼，沙丁鱼罐头
- rag (1. 24) n. 破烂衣服
- motionless (1. 25) adj. 不动的
- procession (1. 26) n. 行列，成队的人群
- shawl (1. 28) n. 披巾，围巾
- peer (1. 28) v. 凝视，盯着
- quicken (1. 30) v. 加快
== Notes on the text
1. much-travelled world，经常有游客往来的世界。
2. be inaccessible to…，是……难以到达的。
3. be cut off from…，与……隔绝。
4. Balkans，巴尔干半岛，它位于欧洲东南部，包括阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、希腊、罗马尼亚东南部分、土耳其欧洲部分和前南斯拉夫各州。
5. descend on，突然到来。
6. taking a path which led out of the town是现在分词短语作时间状语，which引导定语从句修饰path。意即“走上了一条出镇的小路”。
7. (be) fast asleep，熟睡，此处作定语，修饰boatman。
8. the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat，这是一个由名词和分词组成的独立主格结构，作状语，说明seemed deserted。
9. by shy of…，作“对……畏缩”，“害怕……”解。
10. come to life，苏醒过来，活跃起来。
== 参考译文
在这个旅游频繁的世界上，仍有成千上万个游人足迹未至的地方。人们总是以为偏僻地方的村民们热情好客。但是，那些不但与外国旅游者隔绝，而且与本国同胞隔绝的人们有可能对游客抱有敌意。到真正偏僻的村庄去旅游并不是一件愉快的事情，我与妻子在一次周游巴尔干半岛时对此深有体会。
我们在一座小镇上逗留了几天，参观了附近的许多古老的教堂。这些教堂吸引了大量游客，不仅是因为建筑风格奇特，而且还存有大量保存完好的壁画。我们离开小镇的前一天，镇上来了几辆满载游客的公共汽车。人多得使我们难以忍受，于是我们决定利用最后一天去乡间一游。我们走上了一条出镇的小路，穿过几块农田，来到一片茂密的树林。我们原以为小路会到此突然终止，没想到它在树林中继续向前延伸。我们在树林中跋涉了两个多小时，到了一条深溪边。我们可以看到小路在深溪对岸继续向前伸展，但却不知如何越过这道深溪。突然，妻子发现岸边泊着一条小船，船上有一船夫在呼呼大睡。我们轻轻地把他唤醒，请他把我们摆渡过溪。一开始，他很不愿意，但经劝说，终于同意了。
顺着小路，我们来到一个座落在陡峭山坡上的小村庄。这儿有一条未经修筑的弯弯曲曲的道路，路两边排列着一些矮小的农舍。农舍全用灰色的土坯建成，因此，即使在晴朗的蓝天底下，村庄看上去也会令人感到难以亲近。村里似乎无人居住，唯一的生命迹象是附近田里一只面目可憎的黑山羊，用一截短绳拴在一棵树上。我们在田边一堵东倒西歪的篱笆墙上坐了下来，打开几听沙丁鱼罐头，吃了一顿野外午餐。突然，我注意到妻子十分惊恐。我抬头一看，发现我们被一群衣衫褴褛的小孩团团围住了，他们在默不作声地看着我们吃饭。我们给他们东西吃，客客气气地同他们交谈，但他们却一动也不动。我认为这不过是他们在陌生人面前表现出的害羞。后来，我们在村里的主要街道上行走的时候，一队默不作声的孩子跟在我们后头。刚才还似乎空荡荡的村庄一下子活跃了起来，窗口露出了一张张面孔，只穿着衬衣的男人们站在屋子外面凶狠地盯着我们，披黑纱巾的老妇人站在门口偷偷地瞅着我们。最令人害怕的是到处没有一点声音。毫无疑问，我们的来访是不受欢迎的。我们不需要进一步的警告了，便掉转身子，沿着那条主要的街道加快步伐，快速地朝深溪边走去，希望船夫还在那儿等着我们。
#pagebreak()
= The ideal servant
It is a good thing my aunt Harriet died years ago. If she were alive today she would not be able to air her views on her favourite topic of conversation: domestic servants. <NAME> lived in that leisurely age when servants were employed to do housework. She had a huge, rambling country house called "The Gables". She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband's death. Before she grew old, <NAME> used to entertain lavishly. I often visited The Gables when I was a boy. No matter how many guests were present, the great house was always immaculate. The parquet floors shone like mirrors; highly polished silver was displayed in gleaming glass cabinets; even my uncle's huge collection of books was kept miraculously free from dust. A<NAME> presided over an invisible army of servants that continuously scrubbed, cleaned, and polished. She always referred to them as "the shifting population", for they came and went with such frequency that I never even got a chance to learn their names. Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please. While she always criticized the fickleness of human nature, she carried on an unrelenting search for the ideal servant to the end of her days, even after she had been sadly disillusioned by Bessie.
Bessie worked for <NAME> for three years. During that time she so gained my aunt's confidence, that she was put in charge of the domestic staff. Aunt Harriet could not find words to praise Bessie's industriousness and efficiency. In addition to all her other qualifications, Bessie was an expert cook. She acted the role of the perfect servant for three years before <NAME> discovered her "little weakness". After being absent from The Gables for a week, my aunt unexpectedly returned one afternoon with a party of guests and instructed Bessie to prepare dinner. Not only was the meal well below the usual standard, but Bessie seemed unable to walk steadily. She bumped into the furniture and kept mumbling about the guests. When she came in with the last course----a huge pudding----she tripped on the carpet and the pudding went flying through the air, narrowly missed my aunt, and crashed on the dining table with considerable force. Though this caused great mirth among the guests, <NAME> was horrified. She reluctantly came to the conclusion that Bessie was drunk. The guests had, of course, realized this from the moment Bessie opened the door for them and, long before the final catastrophe, had had a difficult time trying to conceal their amusement. The poor girl was dismissed instantly. After her departure, Aunt Harriet discovered that there were piles of empty wine bottles of all shapes and sizes neatly stacked in what had once been Bessie's wardrobe. They had mysteriously found their way there from the wine cellar!
== New Words and Expressions
- rambling (1. 5) adj. 杂乱无章的
- sentimentally (1. 6) adv. 感情上，多情地
- lavishly (1. 8) adv. 慷慨地，大方地
- immaculate (1. 9) adj. 清洁的，无污点的
- parquet (1. 10) n. 镶木地板
- gleam (1. 10) v. 发亮，闪光
- preside (1. 11) v. 指挥
- invisible (1. 11) adj. 看不见的，无形的
- scrub (1. 12) v. 擦拭，刷洗
- enlightened (1. 14) adj. 开明的
- fickleness (1. 16) n. 变化无常
- unrelenting (1. 16) adj. 不屈不挠的，不松懈的
- disillusion (1. 17) v. 使幻想破灭
- industriousness (11. 19-20) n. 勤奋
- qualification (1. 20) n. 资格，能力
- mirth (1. 27) n. 欢笑，高兴
- stack (1. 31) v. 整齐地堆放
- cellar (1. 32) n. 地窖
== Notes on the text
1. air one's views on…，作“对……发表意见”讲。
2. be attached to，喜爱，喜欢。
3. persist in doing sth，坚持做某事。
4. free from dust，一尘不染。
5. <NAME> presided over an invisible army of servants…句中的preside over是“统辖”、“指挥”的意思。由于她雇用过许多仆人，人数之多已可称作一支队伍（army）；而由于她不断解雇又不断雇用，因此这支队伍在一定程度上也就变得无形了。
6. refer to them as，把他们称作……。
7. what was…, an enlightened policy，算得上是一项开明政策。in that是书面用语，作“因为”、“既然”讲。
8. While she always criticized…，while作“虽然”讲，引导让步状语从句；to the end of her days，直到她去世前。
== 参考译文
我的姑妈哈丽特好多年前就去世了，这倒是件好事。如果她活到今天，她将不能就她热衷的话题“佣人”发表意见了。哈丽特生活在一个悠闲的年代，家务事都由雇来的佣人代劳。她在乡下有一幢巨大杂乱的房子，叫作“山墙庄园”。她对这幢房子在感情上难舍难分。房子实在太大了，但在丈夫去世多年后，她仍然执意长年住在那儿。哈丽特姑妈年轻时，喜欢大摆宴席，招待宾客。我小时候常去“山墙庄园”作客。不管去多少宾客，大房子里总是收抬得干干净净。镶木地板洁如明镜，擦得发亮的银器陈列在明亮的玻璃柜里，连姑夫的大量藏书也保存得很好，奇迹般地一尘不染。哈丽特姑妈统率着一支看不见的佣人大军，他们不停地擦拭、清扫、刷洗。她称这些佣人叫“流动人口”，因为他们来去匆匆，所以我甚至都没有机会知道他们的姓名。姑妈待佣人在当时算是开明的，从来不让佣人每天工作超过8小时，但他们很难使她称心如意。她一方面总批评人的本性朝三暮四，另一方面她又持之以恒地寻找一个理想的佣人。即使在贝西大大地伤了她的心之后，她还在找，一直到她死去。
贝西在哈丽特家干了3年。在此期间，她赢得了姑母的赏识，甚至当上了大管家。哈丽特不知该用什么言辞来赞扬贝西的勤奋与高效。贝西除了有各种本领以外，还是一个烹饪大师。她担任“理想仆人”角色3年之后，哈丽特终于发现了她有“小小的弱点”。一次，姑妈有一个星期没在“山墙庄园”住。一天下午，她出其不意地回来了，带来一大批客人，吩咐贝西准备晚饭。结果，不仅饭菜远不如平时做得好，而且贝西走起路来似乎东倒西歪。她撞到了家具上，嘴里还不断咕咕哝哝议论客人。当她端着最后一道菜——一大盘布丁——走进屋来时，在地毯上绊了一跤。布丁飞到半空，从姑母身边擦过，然后狠狠地砸在餐桌上。这件事引起了客人们的欢笑，但哈丽特却着实吓了一跳。她不得不认定贝西是喝醉了。客人们自然从贝西为他们开门那一刻起就看出来了，在好长一段时间里，即最后这个乱子发生前，他们努力克制才没笑出声来。贝西当即被解雇了。贝西走后，哈丽特姑妈发现在贝西以前用过的衣柜里整整齐齐地放着一堆堆形状各异、大小不一的酒瓶子。这些酒瓶神不知鬼不觉地从酒窖来到了这里。
#pagebreak()
= New Year resolutions
The New Year is a time for resolutions. Mentally, at least, most of us could compile formidable lists of "dos" and "don'ts". The same old favourites recur year in year out with monotonous regularity. We resolve to get up earlier each morning, eat less, find more time to play with the children, do a thousand and one jobs about the house, be nice to people we don't like, drive carefully, and take the dog for a walk every day. Past experience has taught us that certain accomplishments are beyond attainment. If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration that results from failure. Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out. We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that we look even more foolish when we slip back into our bad old ways. Aware of these pitfalls, this year I attempted to keep my resolutions to myself. I limited myself to two modest ambitions: to do physical exercises every morning and to read more of an evening. An all-night party on New Year's Eve provided me with a good excuse for not carrying on either of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself assiduously to the task.
The daily exercises lasted only eleven minutes and I proposed to do them early in the morning before anyone had got up. The self-discipline required to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was considerable. Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living room for two days before anyone found me out. After jumping about on the carpet and twisting the human frame into uncomfortable positions, I sat down at the breakfast table in an exhausted condition. It was this that betrayed me. The next morning the whole family trooped in to watch the performance. That was really unsettling, but I fended off the taunts and jibes of the family good-humouredly and soon everybody got used to the idea. However, my enthusiasm waned. The time I spent at exercise gradually diminished. Little by little the eleven minutes fell to zero. By January 10th, I was back to where I had started from. I argued that if I spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning, I would keep my mind fresh for reading when I got home from work. Resisting the hypnotizing effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book. One night, however, feeling cold and lonely, I went downstairs and sat in front of the television pretending to read. That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen. I still haven't given up my resolution to do more reading. In fact, I have just bought a book entitled How to Read a Thousand Words a Minute. Perhaps it will solve my problem, but I just haven't had time to read it!
== New Words and Expressions
- resolution (title) n. 决心
- mentally (1. 1) adv. 内心里
- compile (1. 2) v. 编辑，编制
- formidable (1. 2) adj. 令人畏惧的
- recur (1. 3) v. 再发生，又出现
- regularity (1. 3) n. 规律性
- accomplishment (1. 8) n. 成就
- attainment (1. 8) n. 达到
- inveterate (1. 8) adj. 根深蒂固的
- self-improvement (1. 9) n. 自我完善
- scheme (1. 10) n. 简单的计划，方案
- ambitious (1. 10) adj. 雄心勃勃的
- pitfall (1. 12) n. 意外的困难，易犯的错误
- modest (1. 13) adj. 要求不过分的
- assiduously (1. 15) adv. 刻苦地
- self-discipline (1. 18) n. 自我约束
- frame (1. 20) n. 躯体
- betray (1. 21) v. 暴露，显露
- troop (1. 22) v. 成群结队地走动
- unsettle (1. 22) v. 使不安
- taunt (1. 23) n. 嘲笑，奚落人的话
- jibe (1. 23) n. 嘲弄，挖苦
- good-humouredly (1. 23) adv. 和气地，心情好地
- wane (1. 24) v. 逐渐变小，变弱
- diminish (1. 24) v. 减少，缩小
- hypnotize (1. 27) v. 使欲睡，使蒙眬
- undoing (1. 29) n. 祸根，毁灭的原因
- screen (1. 30) n. 电视机屏幕
== Notes on the text
1. dos and don'ts，要做的事和不要做的事。
2. year in year out，年复一年。
3. a thousand and one，许许多多。
4. beyond attainment，做不到的、达不到的。
5. carry out ，实行，照办、执行。
6. slip back into our bad old ways，滑回到那些坏的老习惯上去。
7. keep…to oneself，作“将……秘而这宣”，“保密”讲。
8. of an evening= in the evenings。
9. apply oneself to，全力以矗赴地干。
10. It was this that betrayed me.这是强调句型，被强调的部分this指sat down…in an exhausted condition。
11. fend off，挡回，避开。
12. doze off，打瞌睡。
== 参考译文
新年是下决心的时候，至少在大多数人的心里会编排出一份“应做什么”和“不应做什么”的令人生畏的单子。相同的决心以单调的规律年复一年地出现。我们决心每天早晨起得早些；吃得少些；多花点时间与孩子们一起做游戏；做大量的家务；对不喜欢的人友善一些；小心驾车；每天都要带着狗散步；等等。以往的经验告诉我们有些事是办不到的。如果我们烟瘾大，戒不掉，那是因为屡戒屡败，失去了信心。我们大多数人想自我完善却遭到失败，这是因为我们的规划过于宏大，而又根本没有时间去实施。我们还犯有一个根本性的错误，即把我们的决心向大家宣布。这样一旦滑回到那些环的老习惯上去，我们在别人眼里会显得更加难堪。我深知这些问题，于是，今年我对自己的计划要严加保密，只给自己定下两项适中的任务：每天早上锻炼身体，每天晚上多看点书。新年除夕举办的一次通宵晚会，使我理直气壮地在新年头一天免去了这两项任务。不过，新年第二天，我全力以赴地照着去做了。
早锻炼一共只有11分钟，我打算在别人起床之前进行。这就要求我比平日早11分钟把自己从床上拽起来，这种自我约束是很艰苦的。不过开头两天我还是成功地蹑手蹑脚地来到楼下起居室，被谁也没发现。我在地毯上跳过来蹦过去，扭曲身子，摆出各种姿势，弄得浑身不舒服，然后坐到桌边吃早饭，一副筋疲力尽的样子。正是这副模样泄露了我的秘密。第二天早晨全家人结队来到起居室看我表演。这真叫人不好意思，但我心平气和地顶住了全家人的嘲笑和奚落。不久，大家对我习以为常了，而这时我的热情却减退了。我花在锻炼上的时间逐渐减少，慢慢地从11分钟减到了零。到了1月10日，我恢复了原来的作息时间。我辩解说，早晨少耗费精力锻炼，晚上下班回家看书时头脑更清醒些。有几天晚上，我极力摆脱了电视的诱惑，坐在自己房间里，两眼盯在书上。可是，有一天夜里，我感到又冷又孤单，便来到楼下坐在电视机前假装看书。这下我可完了，因为不一会儿，我就恢复了以前的坏习惯，在屏幕前打起瞌睡来。但我还没有放弃多看些书的决心。事实上，我刚买来一本叫《一分钟读一千字的诀窍》的书。也许这本书能解决我的问题，但我一直还没时间去看这本书！
#pagebreak()
= Predicting the future
Predicting the future is notoriously difficult. Who could have imagined, in the mid 1970s, for example, that by the end of the 20th century, computers would be as common in people's homes as TV sets? In the 1970s, computers were common enough, but only in big business, government departments, and large organizations. These were the so-called mainframe machines. Mainframe computers were very large indeed, often occupying whole air-conditioned rooms, employing full-time technicians and run on specially-written software. Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small powerful personal computers, commonly known as PCs.
In l975, a primitive machine called the Altair, was launched in the USA. It can properly be described as the first "home computer" and it pointed the way to the future. This was followed, at the end of the 1970s, by a machine called an Apple. In the early l980s, the computer giant, IBM produced the world's first Personal Computer. This ran on an "operating system" called DOS, produced by a then small company named Microsoft. The IBM Personal Computer was widely copied. From those humble beginnings, we have seen the develop ment of the user-friendly home computers and multimedia machines which are in common use today.
Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as the 1960s, an Englishman, <NAME>, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today. Bagrit dismissed the idea that computers would learn to "think" for themselves and would "rule the world", which people liked to believe in those days. Bagrit foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, when they would be capable of providing information about traffic jams and suggesting alternative routes, when they would be used in hospitals to help doctors to diagnose illnesses, when they would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work. All these computer uses have become commonplace. Of course, <NAME> could not possibly have foreseen the development of the Internet, the worldwide system that enables us to communicate instantly with anyone in any part of the world by using computers linked to telephone networks. Nor could he have foreseen how we could use the Internet to obtain information on every known subject, so we can read it on a screen in our homes and even print it as well if we want to. Computers have become smaller and smaller, more and more powerful and cheaper and cheaper. This is what makes Leon Bagrit's predictions particularly remarkable. If he, or someone like him, were alive today, he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next fifty years.
== New Words and Expressions
- notoriously (1. 1) adv. （尤指因坏事）众所周知地
- mainframe (1. 6) n. 主机，中央处理机
- full-time (1. 8) adj. 专职的
- technician (1. 8) n. 技师
- software (1. 8) n. 软件
- IBM (1. 12) （美国）国际商用机器公司（International Business Machines）
- DOS (1. 13) 磁盘操作系统（Disk Operating System）
- Microsoft (1. 13) n. （美国）微软公司
- user-friendly (1. 15) adj. 容易操作的，好用的
- multimedia (1. 15) adj. 多媒体的
- alternative (1. 21) adj. 选择的
- diagnose (1. 21) v. 诊断
- relieve (1. 22) v.减轻
- accountant (1. 22) n. 会计
- repetitive (1. 22) adj. 重复的
- clerical (1. 22) adj. 办公室工作的
- Internet (1. 24) n. 国际交互网
- network (1. 25) n. 网络
== Notes on the text
1. in the mid 1970s，在20世纪70年代中叶。
2. so-called，号称，所谓的。
3. Mainframe computers were very large indeed…software. 在这句话中，现在分词短语occupying和employing以及过去分词短语run均作主语mainframe computers的修饰成分。
4. take over，接收，接管。
5. home computer，家用电脑。
6. a then small company，那时候规模尚小的一个公司。
7. dismiss the idea that…，个考虑……这个想法。
8. the Internet, the worldwide system that…，后面的这个短语用来进一步说明名词the Internet，是它的同位语，这种用法在科技类的文章中很常见。
== 参考译文
众所周知，预测未来是非常困难的。举个例子吧，在20世纪70年代中叶又有谁能想像得到在20世纪末的时候，家庭用的计算机会像电视机一样普遍？在70年代，计算机已经相当普及了，但只用在大的公司、政府部门和大的组织之中，它们被称为主机。计算机主机确实很大，常常占据了装有空调的多间房间，雇用专职的技师，而且得用专门编写的软件才能运行。虽然这种大计算机仍然存在，但是它们的许多功能已被体积小但功能齐全的个人电脑——即我们常说的PC机——所代替了。
1975年，美国推出了一台被称为“牛郎星”的原始机型。严格地说起来，它可以被称为第一台“家用电脑”，而且它也指出了今后的方向。70年代末，在牛郎星之后又出现了一种被称为“苹果”的机型。80年代初，计算机行业的王牌公司美国国际商用机器公司（IBM）生产出了世界上第一台个人电脑。这种电脑采用了一种被称为磁盘操作系统（DOS）的工作程序，而这种程序是由当时规模不大的微软公司生产的。IBM的个人电脑被大规模地模仿。从那些简陋的初级阶段，我们看到了现在都已普及的、使用简便的家用电脑和多媒体的微机的发展。
想一想这些发展的时间多么短，就更觉得英国人莱昂·巴格瑞特有着非凡的能力。他在60年代就能预言我们今天知道的计算机的一些用途。巴格瑞特根本不接受计算机可以学会自己去“思考”和计算机可以“统治世界”这种想法，而这种想法是当时的人们都愿意相信的。巴格瑞特预示有一天计算机可以小到拿在手上，计算机可以提供有关交通阻塞的信息，并建议可供选择的其他路线，计算机在医院里可以帮助医生诊断病情，计算机可以使办公室人员和会计免除那些枯燥、重复的劳动。计算机的所有这些功能现在都变得很平常。当然了，莱昂·巴格瑞特根本没有可能预测到国际交互网——就是把计算机连结到电话线路上，以便和世界上任何一个地方的人立即进行联系的一个世界范围的通讯系统——的发展。他也无法预测到我们可以利用国际交互网获取有关任何已知专题的信息，以便在家里的屏幕上阅读，如果愿意的话甚至可以将其打印出来。计算机已经变得体积越来越小、功能越来越多、价格越来越低，这就是莱昂·巴格瑞特的预测非凡的地方。如果他或是像他的什么人今天还活着的话，他大概可以告诉我们下一个50年后会发生什么事情。
#pagebreak()
= Mud is mud
My cousin, Harry, keeps a large curiously-shaped bottle on permanent display in his study. Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, greyish substance. If you were to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud. If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub some into your skin. This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have. The bottle really does contain perfumed mud. How Harry came into the possession of this outlandish stuff makes an interesting story which he is fond of relating. Furthermore, the acquisition of this bottle cured him of a bad habit he had been developing for years.
Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist. He would invent fanciful names on the spot. On entering a shop, he would ask for a new perfume called "Scented Shadow" or for "insoluble bath cubes". If a shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out. He loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did. How Harry managed to keep a straight face during these performances is quite beyond me.
Harry does not need to be prompted to explain how he bought his precious bottle of mud. One day, he went to an exclusive shop in London and asked for "Myrolite". The shop assistant looked puzzled and Harry repeated the word, slowly stressing each syllable. When the woman shook her head in bewilderment, Harry went on to explain that "myrolite" was a hard, amber-like substance which could be used to remove freckles. This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman who searched shelf after shelf. She produced all sorts of weird concoctions, but none of them met with Harry's requirements. When Harry put on his act of being mildly annoyed, the assistant promised to order some for him. Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud. He expected the assistant to look at him in blank astonishment. However, it was his turn to be surprised, for the woman's eyes immediately lit up and she fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect. For once, Harry had to admit defeat. He picked up what seemed to be the smallest bottle and discreetly asked the price. He was glad to get away with a mere twenty pounds and he beat a hasty retreat, clutching the precious bottle under his arm. From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive. The curious bottle, which now adorns the bookcase in his study, was his first and last purchase of rare cosmetics.
== New Words and Expressions
- permanent (1. 2) adj. 永久的
- tint (1. 3) v. 给……染色
- delicate (1. 3) adj. 淡色的
- shade (1. 3) n. 色度
- observant (1. 3) adj. 观察力敏锐的
- greyish (1. 4) adj. 浅灰色的
- dispel (1. 8) v. 驱散，消除
- outlandish (1. 9) adj. 稀奇古怪的
- acquisition (1. 10) n. 获得
- cosmetic (1. 12) n. 化妆品
- outrageous (1. 12) adj. 无理的，令人不能容忍的
- fanciful (1. 13) adj. 想像出来的
- insoluble (1. 14) adj. 不可溶解的
- prompt (1. 19) v. 敦促，激励
- exclusive (1. 20) adj. 专售高档商品的
- syllable (1. 21) n. 音节
- bewilderment (1. 21) n. 迷惑，糊涂
- freckle (1. 22) n. 雀斑
- evidently (1. 23) adv. 显然地，明显地
- weird (1. 24) adj. 奇异的，古怪的
- concoction (1. 24) n. 调制品
- intoxicate (1. 25) v. 陶醉，得意忘形
- blank (1. 26) adj. 无表情的，茫然的
- discreetly (1. 29) adv. 谨慎地
- clutch (1. 30) v. 抓住
- adorn (1. 31) v. 装饰，打扮
== Notes on the text
1. a delicate shade of green，淡绿色。
2. If you were to ask，这里用was/were加动词不定式来表示过去预计发生并且发生了的事情。
3. come into the possession of，占有，得到。
4. cure someone of…，治好某人的……。
5. on the spot，当场。
6. put out，烦恼，不安，不高兴。
7. out of stock，脱销。
8. keep a straight face，板着面孔，一本正经。
== 参考译文
我的堂兄哈里在他的书房里一直摆着一只形状古怪的大瓶子。尽管那只瓶子呈淡绿色，但细心的客人很快就会发现瓶里装的是一种看上去黏稠、颜色发灰的东西。要是你问哈里瓶里装着什么，他会告诉你是香水泥。如果你表示怀疑或惊奇，他会立即请你闻一闻，然后取出一些抹在你的皮肤上。这一简单的试验会消除你可能存有的一切疑虑。瓶里装的的确是香水泥。哈里是如何得到这种稀奇古怪的东西的，这里有个有趣的故事，而且他挺爱把它讲给别人听。此外，得到这瓶香水泥还治好了他多年的一个坏习惯。
哈里曾认为走进一家名贵化妆品商店，荒唐地提出要买一种根本不存在的商品是件很开心的事儿。他会当场编造出一些稀奇古怪的货名。他走进商店后，会提出要一种名叫“香影”的新型香水或者什么“不溶浴皂”。要是女售货员告诉他从未听说过这些东西，他会装出十分遗憾和不安的样子。他爱听售货员说他想像出来的那种东西暂时脱销，于是他就煞有介事地许诺改天再来光顾。当然，他再也不会来了。我实在想像不出哈里在这些表演中是怎样装出一本正经的样子的。
毋须暗示哈里就会向你讲起他买下那瓶珍贵香水泥的经过。一天，他去伦敦一家高级商店要买一种叫“密诺莱特”的东西，店员露出诧异的神色。哈里又慢慢地、一字一顿地说了一遍这个词，那个女售货员还是迷惑不解地摇了摇头。哈里便进一步解释“密诺莱特”是一种质地坚硬、状似琥珀的东西，可以用来除去雀斑。他的解释显然对女售货员有些启示。她一个货架接着一个货架地寻找，拿出各种各样稀奇古怪的化妆品，但没有一样能够符合哈里的要求。哈里装出不高兴的样子时，女售货员答应为他定货。哈里为他的骗术而感到洋洋得意，又提出要买香水泥。他原想女售货员会惊奇地望着他，不知所措，没料到这回该轮到他自己吃惊了。因为那女售货员听完哈里的话后，马上眼睛一亮，拿出几瓶东西放在柜台上让哈里挑选。哈里只好认输。他挑出一个看上去最小的瓶子，谨慎地问了价。他庆幸自己只破费了20英镑便得以脱身。他把那只宝贵的瓶子放在腋下夹着，溜之大吉。从那以后，他认识到自己发明的小小恶作剧是要付出很大代价的。在他书房的书柜里摆着的那瓶形状古怪的香水泥就是他第一次也是最后一次购买的稀有化妆品。
#pagebreak()
= In the public interest
The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from highhanded or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries too.
The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is "Justiteombudsman", but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the "J.O." or "Ombudsman". The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1, 200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work.
A foreigner living in s Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be 30 prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.
== New Words and Expressions
- evolve（1. 2） v．逐渐形成
- ombudsman（1. 12） n．（瑞典和英国的）司法特派员
- high-handed（11. 3-4） adj．高压的，专横的
- incompetent（1. 4） adj．不够格的，不称职的
- secretive（1. 15） adj．保密的
- correspondence（1. 16） n．来往信件
- over-zealously（1. 8） adv．过分热情地
- safeguard（1. 9） v．保护
- alter（1. 18） v．改变
- parliamentary（1. 9） adj．国会的
- accusation（1. 23） n．谴责，指控
- qualified（1. 10） adj．合格的
- ascertain（1. 25） v．查出，查明
- grievance（1. 11） n．不平，冤屈
- prejudiced（1. 27） adj．有偏见的，不公平的
- Justiteombudsman（1. 11） n．（瑞典的）司法特派员
- prompt（1. 30） adj．即时的
== Notes on the text
1. in the interest of，符合……的利益。
2. in the belief that…，自以为……。
3. be qualified to do sth．，胜任做某事。
4. be subject to…，受……的控制，应服从……。
5. complaints large and small，程度不同的怨言，large and small 作名词 complaint 的定语。这样两个意义相反的形容词并用时要置于被修饰的词之后。
6. in writing，以书面形式。
7. in detail，详细地。
8. on one's behalf，代表某人。
9. in question，当事的，所涉及的。
10. put an end to，制止，结束。
== 参考译文
斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国实行的开明的社会政策，受到全世界的推崇。在瑞典，已逐渐形成了一种完善的制度以保护每个公民不受专横的和不称职的政府官员的欺压。由于这种制度行之有效，已被其他国家采纳。
是瑞典人首先认识到政府工作人员如文职人员、警官、卫生稽查员、税务人员等等也会犯错误或者自以为在为公众服务而把事情做过了头。早在1809年，瑞典议会就建立了一个保护公民利益的制度。议会内有一个代表各政党利益的委员会，由它委派一位称职的人选专门调查个人对国家的意见。此人官衔为“司法特派员”，但瑞典人一般都管他叫“J．O．”，即“司法特派员”。司法特派员不受任何政治压力的制约。他听取社会各阶层的各种大小意见，并进行调查。由于意见均需用书面形式提出，司法特派员每年平均收到1，200封信。他有8位律帅做他的助手协助工作，每封信都详细批阅。司法特派员的工作没有什么秘密可言，他的信件是公开的，供公众监督。如果公民的意见正确，司法特派员便为他伸张正义。司法特派员采取的行动因意见的性质不同而有所不同。他可以善意地批评某位官员，也可以甚至向议会提议修改某项法律。下述事件是司法特派员工作的一个典型例子。
一个住在瑞典乡村的外国人写信给司法特派员，抱怨说他受到警察虐待，原因就是因为他是个外国人。司法特派员立即写信给当地的警察局长，请他寄送与此事有关的材料。材料中没有任何文字记载证明外国人所说的情况符合事实，警察局长矢口否认这一指控。司法特派员难以处理。但是，当他又收到住在同一村庄的另一个外国人写的一封内容类似的投诉信时，他立即派出一位律师前去调查。律师证实有个警察确实多次粗鲁地对待外国人。警察歧视外国人的事在官方档案中不可能加以记载，司法特派员只有派他的代表去核对事实才能了解真相。当事的警察受到严厉斥责，并被告知，如果再有人投诉他，他将受到起诉。司法特派员及时采取的行动，迅速制止了这一起不愉快的事件，不然这件事可能因未得到人们注意而不了了之。
= Instinct or cleverness?
We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. We continually wage war on them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding without dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinating. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that; like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring at them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence. Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?
Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphids were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a large colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated for twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape, making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphids. The tape was so sticky that they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree in bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new route. They were climbing up the wall of the house and then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely defeated by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an answer to my thoroughly unscientific methods!
== New Words and Expressions
- insect（1. 1） n．昆虫
- entranced（1. 14） adj．出神的
- wage（1. 3） v．进行（斗争）
- beetle（1. 16） n．甲虫
- contaminate（1. 3） v．弄脏
- sheltered（1. 18） adj．伤不着的，无危险的
- provocation（1. 4） n．惹怒
- luscious（1. 19） adj．甘美的
- spider（1. 7） n．蜘蛛
- luster（1. 20） n．一簇
- wasp（1. 7） n．黄蜂
- aphid（1. 21） n．蚜虫
- moth（1. 7） n．飞蛾
- underside（1. 21） n．底面，下侧
- ant（1. 8） n．蚂蚁
- colony（1. 21） n．一群
- revulsion（1. 9） n．厌恶
- sticky（1. 24） adj．粘的
- horde（1. 9） n．群
- scurry（1. 25） v．小步跑
- uncanny（1. 11） adj．神秘的，不可思议的
- swarm（1. 27） v．聚集
- erase（1. 12） v．擦，抹去
- ingenuity（1. 30） n．机灵
- praying mantis（11. 13-14） 螳螂
== Notes on the text
1. do more harm than good，害多益少。
2. wage war on，对……开战。
3. does nothing to prevent，不能阻止……。
4. go about…，做……。
5. stand in awe，肃然起敬。
== 参考译文
我们自幼就在对昆虫的惧怕中长大。我们把昆虫当作害多益少的无用东西。人类不断地同昆虫斗争，因为昆虫弄脏我们的食物，传播疾病，吞噬庄稼。它们无缘无故地又叮又咬；夏天的晚上，它们未经邀请便飞到我们房间里，或者对着露出亮光的窗户乱扑乱撞。我们在日常生活中，不但憎恶如蜘蛛、黄蜂之类令人讨厌的昆虫，而且憎恶并无大害的飞蛾等。阅读有关昆虫的书能增加我们对它们的了解，却不能消除我们的恐惧心理。即使知道勤奋的蚂蚁生活在具有高度组织性的社会里，当看到大群蚂蚁在我们精心准备的午间野餐上爬行时，我们也无法抑制对它们的反感。不管我们多么爱吃蜂蜜，或读过多少关于蜜蜂具有神秘的识别方向的灵感的书，我们仍然十分害怕被蜂蜇。我们的恐惧大部分是没有道理的，但却无法消除。同时，不知为什么昆虫又是迷人的。我们喜欢看有关昆虫的书，尤其是当我们了解到螳螂等过着一种令人生畏的生活时，就更加爱读有关昆虫的书了。我们喜欢入迷地看它们做事，它们不知道（但愿如此）我们就在它们身边。当看到蜘蛛扑向一只苍蝇时，一队蚂蚁抬着一只巨大的死甲虫凯旋而归时，谁能不感到敬畏呢？
去年夏天，我花了好几天时间站在花园里观察成千只蚂蚁爬上我那棵心爱的桃树的树干。那棵树是靠着房子有遮挡的一面暖墙生长的。我为这棵树感到特别自豪，不仅因为它度过了几个寒冬终于活了下来，而且还因为它有时结出些甘甜的桃子来。到了夏天，我发现树叶开始枯萎，结果在树叶背面找到成串的叫作蚜虫的小虫子。蚜虫遭到了一窝蚂蚁的攻击，蚂蚁从它们身上可以获得一种蜜。我当即动手作了一项试验，这项试验尽管没有使我摆脱这些蚂蚁，却使我着迷了24小时。我用一条胶带把桃树底部包上，不让蚂蚁接近蚜虫。胶带极粘，蚂蚁不敢从上面爬过。在很长一段时间里，我看见蚂蚁围着大树底部来回转悠，不知所措。半夜，我还拿着电筒来到花园里，满意地（同时惊奇地）发现那些蚂蚁还在围着胶带团团转，无能为力。第二天早上，我起床后希望看到蚂蚁已因无望而放弃了尝试，结果却发现它们又找到一条新的路径。它们正在顺着房子的外墙往上爬，然后爬上树叶。我懊丧地感到败在了足智多谋的蚂蚁手下。蚂蚁已很快找到了相应的对策，来对付我那套完全不科学的办法！
#pagebreak()
= From the earth:Greetings
Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies. This is a major achievement because, in relative terms, planets are very small and do not emit light. Finding planets is proving hard enough, but finding life on them will prove infinitely more difficult. The first question to answer is whether a planet can actually support life. In our own solar system, for example, Venus is far too hot and Mars is far too cold to support life. Only the Earth provides ideal conditions, and even here it has taken more than four billion years for plant and animal life to evolve.
Whether a planet can support life depends on the size and brightness of its star, that is its "sun". Imagine a star up to twenty times larger, brighter and hotter than our own sun. A planet would have to be a very long way from it to be capable of supporting life. Alternatively, if the star were small, the life supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and also provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop. But how would we find such a planet? At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life. The development of such a telescope will be one of the great astronomical projects of the twenty-first century.
It is impossible to look for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes. Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets. Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system. A telescope would have to be as faraway as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system. Once we detected a planet, we would have to find a way of blotting out the light from its star, so that we would be able to "see" the planet properly and analyse its atmosphere. In the first instance, we would be looking for plant life, rather than "little green men". The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria. It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen we breathe on earth. For most of the earth's history they have been the only form of life on our planet. As Earth-dwellers, we always cherish the hope that we will be visited by little green men and that we will be able to communicate with them. But this hope is always in the realms of science fiction. If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves. As <NAME> of NASA observed, "Finding life elsewhere would change everything. No human endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it. "
== New Words and Expressions
- astronomy（1. 1） n．天文学
- particle（1. 20） n．微粒，粒子
- relative（1. 3） adj．相对的
- Jupiter（1. 20） n．木星
- infinitely（1. 5） adv．无限地，无穷地
- blot（1. 22） v．遮暗
- solar（1. 7） adj．太阳系的
- analyse（1. 23） v．分析
- Venus（1. 7） n．金星
- bacteria（1. 25） n．细菌
- Mars（1. 7） n．火星
- oxygen（1. 25） n．氧气
- orbit（1. 13） n．运行轨道
- realm（1. 28） n．领域
- astronomical（1. 15） adj．天文学的
- endeavour（1. 30） n．努力
- generate（1. 18） v．产生
== Notes on the text
1. Milky Way，银河。
2. Whether a planet can support life depends on…，一颗行星是否能支持生命取决于……。在这句话中，以whether引导的名词性从句作句子的主语。
3. up to，直到。
4. earth-based telescopes，放置在地球上的望远镜。
5. in the realms of science fiction，在科幻小说中存在。
6. NASA，这是国家航空和宇宙航空局的首字母缩写（也可作N．A．S．A．或Nasa）。这个组织建于1958年，负责组织美国的航空宇航研究。它的巨大成功之一便是1969年7月21日把一个人（内尔·阿姆斯特朗，乘“阿波罗11”号宇宙飞船）送上了月球。
== 参考译文
天文学方面的最新发展使得我们能够在银河系和其他星系发现行星。这是一个重要的成就，因为相对来说，行星很小，而且也不发光。寻找行星证明相当困难，但是要在行星上发现生命会变得无比艰难。第一个需要解答的问题是一颗行星是否有能够维持生命的条件。举例来说，在我们的太阳系里，对于生命来说，金星的温度太高，而火星的温度则太低。只有地球提供了理想的条件，而即使在这里，植物和动物的进化也用了40亿年的时间。
一颗行星是否能够维持生命取决于它的恒星——即它的“太阳”——的大小和亮度。设想一下，一颗恒星比我们的太阳还要大，还要亮，还要热20倍，那么一颗行星为了维持生命就要离它的恒星非常远。反之，如果恒星很小，维持生命的行星就要在离恒星很近的轨道上运行，而且要有极好的条件才能使生命得以发展。但是，我们如何才能找到这样一颗行星呢？现在，没有一台现存的望远镜可以发现生命的存在。而开发这样一台望远镜将会是21世纪天文学的一个重要的研究课题。
使用放置在地球上的望远镜是无法观察到其他行星上的生命的。地球周围温暖的大气层和望远镜散出的热量使得我们根本不可能找到比行星更小的物体。即使是一台放置在围绕地球的轨道上的望远镜——如非常成功的哈勃望远镜——也因为太阳系中的尘埃微粒而无法胜任。望远镜要放置在木星那样遥远的行星上才有可能在外层空间搜寻生命，因为我们越是接近太阳系的边缘，尘埃就越稀薄。一旦我们找到这样一颗行星，我们就要想办法将它的恒星射过来的光线遮暗，这样我们就能彻底“看见”这颗行星，并分析它的大气层。首先我们要寻找植物，而不是那种“小绿人”。在行星上最容易生存下来的是细菌。正是细菌生产出我们在地球上呼吸的氧气。在地球发展的大部分进程中，细菌是地球上唯一的生命形式。作为地球上的居民，我们总存有这样的希望：小绿人来拜访我们，而我们可以和他们交流。但是，这种希望总是只在科幻小说中存在。如果我们能够在另一颗行星上找到诸如细菌那种低等生命，那么这个发现将彻底改变我们对我们自已的看法。正如美国国家航空和宇宙航空局的丹尼尔·戈尔丁指出的：“在其他地方发现生命会改变一切。任何人类的努力和想法都会发生变化。”
#pagebreak()
= Our neighbour,the river
The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives. Without it we could not make a living. There is only enough spring water to supply the needs of the house, so we have to pump from the river for farm use. We tell the river all our secrets. We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
We have special river birthday parties in the summer. Sometimes we go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving. In a heat wave we choose a midnight birthday party and that is the most exciting of all. We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring, holding a summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and throwing a holly wreath into the current in the winter.
After a long period of rain the river may overflow its banks. This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes. We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding, but other farms are less favourably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell disaster for their owners.
One bad winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows. All the cattle had been moved into stalls and we stood to lose little. We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district. As the floods had put the telephone out of order, we could not find out how they were managing. From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours, and at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point. The first sign of disaster was a dead sheep floating down. Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted. Suddenly a raft appeared, looking rather like Noah's ark, carrying the whole family, a few hens, the dogs, a cat, and a bird in a cage. We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house, which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged. The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank. We still think it a miracle that they were able to do so.
== New Words and Expressions
- boundary（1. 1） n．界线；边界
- spell（1. 17） v．招致，带来
- pump（1. 4） v．用泵抽
- stall（1. 19） n．牲口棚
- overtake（1. 6） v．突然降临
- attic（1. 21） n．顶楼
- backwater（1. 8） n．回水河汊
- sweeping（1. 21） adj．范围广大的
- predecessor（1. 9） n．前任，前辈
- critical（1. 22） adj．危急的
- meadow（1. 9） n．草地，草场
- juncture（1. 22） n．时刻，关头
- crown（1. 11） v．给…戴花环
- raft（1. 25） n．木筏
- holly（1. 13） n．一种冬青植物
- unduly（1. 26） adv．过度地
- wreath（1. 13） n．花环
- foundations（1. 27） n．地基
- occurrence（1. 14） n. 偶发事件
- stoutly（1. 27） adv．牢固地，粗壮的
- proportion（1. 15） n．部分
- submerge（1. 27） v．浸没
- site（1. 16） v. 使位于
- grapple（1. 28） v．抓住
== Notes on the text
1. Without it we could not make a living．没有它我们就无法生存下去。without it 起非真实条件句的作用，make a living，谋生。
2. hard by …，在……近旁。
3. in a heat wave，在大热天。
4. stand to lose，处于损失的境况之中。
5. put…out of order，使……出故障。
6. Noah's ark，诺亚方舟。这是摘自《圣经·旧约》《创世纪》中的典故。诺亚是故事中上帝用洪水消灭人类后的新始祖；诺亚借助一方形大船，与他家属及每种动物雌雄各一逃脱了洪水之灾。
== 参考译文
形成我们农场东部边界的一条河流一直在我们生活中发挥着重要作用。要是没有这条河，我们就无法生存下去。泉水只能满足家庭生活用水，因此我们必须从河里抽水以用于农业生产。我们向那条河倾诉我们的秘密。我们本能地懂得，就像养蜂人和他的蜜蜂那样，要是我们不把生活中的重大事件告诉那条河，就可能大祸临头。
夏天，我们为这条河举办特殊的生日宴会。有时，我们溯流而上来到我们喜爱的回水河汊举办；有时在船坞举办。那船坞是农场的一位前辈在一块草地上盖的；草地紧挨着一个专供游泳、跳水的深水池。天气炎热时，我们便选择在半夜举办生日集会，这种集会是最令人激动的。我们在河边迎接一年四季。春天在河边为最年轻的姑娘戴上花冠，夏天在河边欢庆“仲夏前夜”，秋天在河边为丰收而感恩，冬天往河中抛撒一个冬青花环。
久雨之后，河水会泛滥成灾，但是在我们这里，气候很少发生异常；河水极少泛滥。值得庆幸的是，只有低洼地受到洪水影响，而低洼地在我们农场比例很小。其他农场地势欠佳，洪水有时会给农场主带来灾难。
有一年冬天，天气不好，我们眼看着河水浸没了地势较低的草场。所有的牲口已提前转移到畜圈里，没有造成什么损失。不过，我们很为我们的近邻担心。他们的农场地势低洼，而且他们又是新来乍到。由于洪水造成了电话中断，我们无法了解他们的情况。从顶楼窗口看去，我们农场与他们农场接壤处的那段河流一览无余。在最紧急的时刻，我们轮流监视那段河流的险情。灾难的第一个迹象是一只死羊顺流而下，接着是一匹活马勇敢地与水搏击。但我们担心，洪水的力量将使它上岸之前就筋疲力尽了。突然，出现了一只筏子，看起来很像诺亚方舟，上面载着他们全家老小，还有几只母鸡、几只狗、一只猫与一只鸟笼，那里头有一只小鸟。我们意识到他们一定是被不断上涨的洪水吓坏了。因为他们的房子地基牢固，即使洪水几乎灭顶也不会倒塌。我家的男人们手拿船篙蹚过被水淹没的草场，希望能够钩住筏子一角，将它拽出激流，拖回岸边。他们终于成功了。至今我们仍认为这是个奇迹。
#pagebreak()
= Back in the old country
I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map. I had expected to be near my objective by now, but everything still seemed alien to me. I was only five when my father had taken me abroad, and that was eighteen years ago. When my mother had died after a tragic accident, he did not quickly recover from the shock and loneliness. Everything around him was full of her presence, continually reopening the wound. So he decided to emigrate. In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us, so that he gradually ceased to grieve. He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman's care; but I lacked for nothing, for he was both father and mother to me. He always meant to go back one day, but not to stay. His roots and mine had become too firmly embedded in the new land. But he wanted to see the old folk again and to visit my mother's grave. He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and, when he knew that he was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.
I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most helpful on the cross-country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage. It was not that I actually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was positive I should recognize it as familiar territory. Well, I had been wrong, for I was now lost.
I looked at the map and then at the milometer. I had come ten miles since leaving the town, and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance. I could see no valley, no farms, no cottages and no church spire ---- only a lake. I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere. So I drove back to the town and began to retrace the route, taking frequent glances at the map. I landed up at the same corner. The curious thing was that the lake was not marked on the map. I felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams. And, as in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me. Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in my direction. I waited till he came near, then I asked him the way to our old village. He said that there was now no village. I thought he must have misunderstood me, so I repeated its name. This time he pointed to the lake. The village no longer existed because it had been submerged, and all the valley too. The lake was not a natural one, but a man-made reservoir.
== New Words and Expressions
- alien（1. 2） adj. 异国的，外国的
- territory（1. 18） n．领地；地区
- emigrate（1. 7） v．移居（国外）
- milometer（1. 19） n．计程表
- absorb（1. 8） v．全神贯注于
- spire（1. 20） n．（教堂的）塔尖
- embedded（1. 11） adj．扎牢的
- retrace（1. 23） v．返回，重走
- mortally（1. 12） adv．致命地
- stumble（1. 24） v．趔趄地走
- comprehensive（1. 14） adj．广泛的；丰富的
- horizon（1. 26） n．地平线
- reservoir（1. 30） n．水库
- milestone（1. 17） n．里程碑
== Notes on the text
1. I had expected to be near my objective by now，我本以为这时已经接近目的地了。 “expect的过去完成时+不定式的一般式”，表示过去想做而未做的事。
2. become（be）absorbed in…，作“专心致志于……”、“全神贯注于……”讲。
3. lack for nothing，什么也不缺。
4. he made me promise to go on my own，他要我答应一定单独回故乡一趟。 promise是不带to的动词不定式，作宾语补足语；on one's own作“单独”、“靠自己的力量”解。
5. It was not that…at all. 和下文的 But…territory，这里两个句子实际用的是一个完整的句型：not that…but that（不是因为……而是因为……）。
== 参考译文
我停下车，让汽车发动机冷却一下，同时查看一下地图。我本想离目的地已经不远，但周围一切对我仍很陌生。我5岁那年，父亲就带我出了国，那是18年前的事了。当时我母亲在一次事故中惨死，父亲未能很快从悲痛与孤独中恢复过来。他身边的一切都有母亲的影子不断地勾起他的伤感。于是他决定移居他国。在这个新的国家里，父亲专心致志地为我们俩开创一种新的生活，慢慢地不伤心了。父亲没有再娶，因此，我在没有母亲的环境里长大成人。但我却什么都不缺，他既当父亲又当母亲。他总想将来回国看看，但却不愿长期住下去，因为他与我一样已经把根深深地扎在了异国的土地上。但是，他想看一看家乡父老乡亲，为我的母亲扫墓。就在他计划回国的前几个月，他突然身患绝症。他知道自己已奄奄一息，于是他要我答应一定单独回故乡一趟。
我下飞机后租了一辆车，并买了一本详尽的地图册。在乡间行车途中，我觉得它非常有用，但快到家了，我倒觉得它没什么用了。这倒并非是我背熟了地图，而是父亲曾详细给我讲了，在过了离故乡最近的那个小镇后，在每一个路标处可见到些什么。因此，我相信这段路对我来说会是很熟悉的。唉，实际我错了，我现在迷路了。
我看了看地图，又查了一下里程表。从小镇出来，我走了10英里。照父亲的说法，我面前应是一个山谷，有农场与村舍，还可远远望见老家村子里的教堂的尖顶。可现在我却看不到山谷，看不见农舍，也看不见教堂尖顶，看见的只是一片湖泊。我想一定是在什么地方拐错了弯儿。于是我驾车返回小镇，重新按路线行驶。结果又来到刚才那个拐弯处。奇怪的是那个湖没有在地图上标出。我感到自己就像平时作梦那样迷迷糊糊地闯进了恶梦境地。就像在恶梦里一样，见不到一个人可以帮助我。不过，我是幸运的，正当我走投无路之时，从天边出现一个骑马的人向我骑来。等他走近了，我问他去老家的路。他说那村子已经没有了。我想他一定误解了我的意思，于是又说了一遍村庄的名字。这次他用手指了一下那个湖。村庄已不复存在，因为已经为水所淹，山谷也被水淹没了。这不是一个天然湖泊，是一座人工修建的水库。
#pagebreak()
= A spot of bother
The old lady was glad to be back at the block of flats where she lived. Her shopping had tired her and her basket had grown heavier with every step of the way home. In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that her front door was open. She was thinking that she must reprimand her home help the next morning for such a monstrous piece of negligence, when she remembered that she had gone shopping after the home help had left and she knew that she had turned both keys in their locks. She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open, yet following her regular practice she had shut them before going out. Looking into the drawing room, she saw a scene of confusion over by her writing desk. It was as clear as daylight then that burglars had forced an entry during her absence. Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter from his basement. By this time her legs were beginning to tremble, so she sat down and accepted a cup of very strong tea, while he telephoned the police. Then, her composure regained, she was ready to set off with the porter's assistance to search for any intruders who might still be lurking in her flat.
They went through the rooms, being careful to touch nothing, as they did not want to hinder the police in their search for fingerprints. The chaos was inconceivable. She had lived in the flat for thirty years and was a veritable magpie at hoarding; and it seemed as though everything she possessed had been tossed out and turned over and over. At least sorting out the things she should have discarded years ago was now being made easier for her. Then a police inspector arrived with a constable and she told them of her discovery of the ransacked flat. The inspector began to look for fingerprints, while the constable checked that the front door locks had not been forced, thereby proving that the burglars had either used skeleton keys or entered over the balcony. There was no trace of fingerprints, but the inspector found a dirty red bundle that contained jewellery which the old lady said was not hers. So their entry into this flat was apparently not the burglars' first job that day and they must have been disturbed. The inspector then asked the old lady to try to check what was missing by the next day and advised her not to stay alone in the flat for a few nights. The old lady thought he was a fussy creature, but since the porter agreed with him, she rang up her daughter and asked for her help in what she described as a little spot of bother.
== New Words and Expressions
- lift (1. 3) n. 电梯
- prudent (1. 13) adj. 谨慎的
- monstrous (1. 7) adj. 极大的，可怕的
- composure (1. 15) n. 镇静，沉着
- negligence (1. 7) n. 粗心大意
- intruder (1. 16) n. 入侵者（尤指欲行窃者）
- lurk(1. 16) v．潜藏
- toss(1. 19) v．扔
- hinder(1. 17) v．妨碍
- discard(1. 20) v．丢弃
- fingerprint(1. 18) n．指纹
- constable(1. 21) n．警察
- chaos(1. 18) n．混乱，无秩序
- ransack(1. 22) v．洗劫
- inconceivable (1. 18) adj．不可思议的
- balcony(1. 24) n．阳台
- veritable(1. 19) adj．真正的；地地道道的
- fussy(1. 28) adj．大惊小怪的；小题大作的
- magpie(1. 19) n．喜欢收藏物品的人
== Notes on the text
1. with every step of the way home，这里介词 with引起的短语作状语，表示“随……（情况发生某种变化）”。
2. her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest，她只想着午餐和好好休息。
3. reprimand sb．for…，因为……而训斥某人。
4. yet following her regular practice，然而按照她的惯例。 这是现在分词短语作方式状语，修饰 had shut。
5. as clear as daylight，十分清楚。
6. it might be more prudent to have someone with her，有人陪伴她可能更谨慎一些。 it是形式主语，不定式短语 to have someone with her是真正的主语。
7. being careful to touch nothing是现在分词短语作方式状语，修饰 went through。
8. skeleton key，万能钥匙。
== 参考译文
老妇人回到了她居住的公寓楼，心里很高兴。去商店买东西把她搞得筋疲力尽；在回家的路上，她每走一步，就感到手里的篮子又重了一点。她乘上电梯后，只想着午餐和好好休息一下。但她到了自己的楼层走出电梯后，就把这两件事忘了个干净，因为她突然发现她家的大门开着。她心想明天上午一定要好好训斥那个干家务的帮手，她竟如此疏忽大意。但突然她记起来了，帮手是在她出去买东西之前走的，她还记得曾用了两把钥匙把大门锁上了。她慢慢地走进前厅，立即发现所有的房门都敞开着，而她记得在出门买东西前，她按老规矩是把房门一一锁上的。她往起居室里看去，写字台边一片狼藉。事情很清楚，在她外出时，窃贼曾闯进家门。她第一个条件反射是到各个房间里搜寻一下窃贼，但转念一想，像她这个年纪，最好是找个人一起去。于是她到地下室去找看门的人。这时，她两腿累得开始发抖，于是坐了下来，喝了一杯浓茶。与此同时，看门的人给警察挂了电话。此刻老妇人也镇定了下来，准备在看门人的协助下搜寻可能仍躲藏在她房里的窃贼。
他俩搜遍了每一个房间，小心翼翼地不接触任何东西，因为他们怕妨碍警察寻找指纹。房间里的紊乱状况是无法想像的。老妇人在这套公寓里住了30年，她又是个名副其实的收藏家。看来她的每一件东西都被翻了出来，并且被里里外外看了个遍。这样一来，她倒是容易将那些几年前就该扔掉的东西找出来了。过了一会儿，一位巡官带着一名警察来了。她向他们讲述了发现公寓遭劫的经过。巡官开始搜寻指纹，警察经检查发现大门锁头并无撬过的迹象。由此可以证明，窃贼或者是用了万能钥匙，或者是翻越阳台进来的。巡官没有发现指纹，却发现了一个装有珠宝的、肮脏的红包袱。老妇人说那不是她的。很明显，闯进这套公寓的窃贼那天并不是首次作案，而且他一定是受了惊吓。巡官请老妇人在次日之前设法查清丢了些什么，并劝她几夜之内不要独自一人在公寓过夜。老妇人觉得巡官大惊小怪，但既然看门人也同意他的意见，她只得打电话向女儿求援，说她碰到了一点儿小麻烦。
#pagebreak()
= Collecting
People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so. Indeed they can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not know they owned. Those who never have to move house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described as clutter. They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that they may one day need just those very things. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and mental energy, both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away, and sentiment. Things owned for a long time are full of associations with the past, perhaps with relatives who are dead, and so they gradually acquire a value beyond their true worth.
Some things are collected deliberately in the home in an attempt to avoid waste. Among these I would list string and brown paper, kept by thrifty people when a parcel has been opened, to save buying these two requisites. Collecting small items can easily become a mania. I know someone who always cuts sketches out from newspapers of model clothes that she would like to buy if she had the money. As she is not rich, the chances that she will ever be able to afford such purchases are remote; but she is never sufficiently strongminded to be able to stop the practice. It is a harmless habit, but it litters up her desk to such an extent that every time she opens it; loose bits of paper fall out in every direction.
Collecting as a serious hobby is quite different and has many advantages. It provides relaxation for leisure hours, as just looking at one's treasures is always a joy. One does not have to go outside for amusement, since the collection is housed at home. Whatever it consists of, stamps, records, first editions of books, china, glass, antique furniture, pictures, model cars, stuffed birds, toy animals, there is always something to do in connection with it, from finding the right place for the latest addition, to verifying facts in reference books. This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have some bearing on it. There are also other benefits. One wants to meet like-minded collectors, to get advice, to compare notes, to exchange articles, to show off the latest find. So one's circle of friends grows. Soon the hobby leads to travel , perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country. Over the years, one may well become an authority on one's hobby and will very probably be asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences. In this way self-confidence grows, first from mastering a subject, then from being able to talk about it. Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time for boredom.
== New Words and Expressions
- amass(1. 1) v．积聚
- relaxation(1. 18) n．休息，娱乐
- indiscriminate(1. 4) adj．不加选择的
- verify(1. 22) v．查证，核实
- clutter(1. 5) n．一堆杂物
- bearing(1. 24) n．关系，联系
- string(1. 12) n．细线
- like-minded(1. 24) adj．志趣相投的
- requisite(1. 13) n．必需品
- mania(1. 13) n．癖好
- specimen(1. 27) n．标本
- sketch (1. 13) n．草图，图样
- constructively(1. 30) adv．有益的，积极的
- remote(1. 15) adj．（机会，可能性）少的，小的
- contented(1. 31) adj．心满意足的
- strong-minded(11. 15-16) adj．意志坚强的
- boredom(1. 31) n．烦恼，无聊
== Notes on the text
1. in the belief that，这个介词短语在句子中作谓语动词 leave的状语。
2. those very things，就是那些东西，very在这里起强调作用，可译作“正是那个（些）”，“正是所要的”。
3. for two other reasons，lack of physical and mental energy，… and sentiment，在这个句子中，lack of…和sentiment是两个并列的成分，作reasons的同位语，而both of which…是physical and mental energy的非限定性定语从句。
4. beyond their true worth，超过它们的实际价值。
5. to such an extent that，达到了这样的程度， that后面的从句作 extent的同位语。
6. as just looking at one's treasures is always a joy，因为欣赏自己收藏的珍品总会充满了乐趣。 as是连词，引导原因状语从句。
7. have some bearing on it，与它有关。
== 参考译文
人们喜欢收藏东西，有时并没有意识到自己在这样做。确实，一旦无意之中从自己的收藏品中找到某件有用的东西时，可以给人一种惊喜的感觉。那些从来不必搬家的人们成了一种无所不容的收藏家。他们专门收藏那些只能被称作杂货的东西。他们在抽屉里、碗柜中、阁楼上堆放着一些不用的东西，一放就是好几年，相信总有一天需要的正好是那些东西。人们年老之后也喜欢收藏东西，不过是出于两个不同的原因：一是体力、精力均告不佳，这二者是清除无用的东西必不可少的因素；另一个原因是感情因素。东西搁得时间久了，便会充满着与过去岁月的联系，比方说与死去的亲戚有关。因此这些东西慢慢获得了一种超出它本身的价值。
居家度日，有目的地收藏某些东西是为了防止浪费。这些东西中我想举出线绳和包装纸为例。节俭的人们打开包裹后便把这两样必备的东西收藏起来，省得日后去买。收集小玩艺儿很容易着迷。我认识一个人，她总喜欢从报纸上剪下流行服装的图样，等以后有钱时去买服装。由于她并不富裕，她买得起这些服装的可能性十分渺茫。但她又缺乏足够坚强的意志把这一收集活动停下来。这种习惯无害，只是把写字台里堆得满满当当，以致每次打开抽屉总能带出许多纸片四处飞扬。
作为一种严肃的业余爱好的收藏活动完全是另外一回事，它具有许多益处。它可以使人在闲暇中得到休息，因为欣赏自己收藏的珍品总会充满了乐趣。人们不必走到户外去寻求娱乐，因为收藏品都是存放在家中。不管收藏品是什么，邮票、唱片、头版书籍、瓷器、玻璃杯、老式家具、绘画、模型汽车、鸟类标本，还是玩具动物，从为新增添的收藏品寻找摆放位置到核对参考书中的事实，总归有事可做。这种爱好不仅能使人从选择的专题中受到教育，而且也能从与之有关的一般事物中获得长进。除此之外，还有其他的益处。收藏者要会见情趣相投的收藏者，以获取教益、交流经验、交换收藏品、炫耀自己的最新收藏。朋友的圈子就这样不断扩太。用不了多久，有这种爱好的人便开始旅行，也许是去另一个城市参加会议，也可能是出国寻找一件珍品，因为收藏家是不分国籍的。一人积了多年经验会成为自己这种爱好的权威，很可能应邀在小型集会上作非正式的讲话。如果讲得好，可能向更多的人发表演说。这样，你自信心不断增强，先是因为掌握了一门学问，接下来是因为能够就此发表见解。收藏活动通过富有建设性地利用业余时间使人感到心满意足，不再有无聊之日。
#pagebreak()
= Too early and too late
Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos. Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality. The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand. He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party. But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine. It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment. If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time. They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late. The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual. The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance. Some friends of my family had this irritating habit. The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. Then they arrived just when we wanted them.
If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late. Although being early may mean wasting a tittle time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it. An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you. Such an experience befell a certain young girl the first time she was travelling alone.
She entered the station twenty minutes before the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys to meet her. She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket. To her horror he said that she was two hours too soon. She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter. He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers. The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake. The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic "o" beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little "o" indicated that the train only stopped for mail. Just as that moment the train came into the station. The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van. But the station master was adamant: rules could not be broken. And she had to watch that train disappear towards her destination while she was left behind.
== New Words and Expressions
- punctuality(1. 1) n．准时
- puncture (1. 10) v．刺破（轮胎）
- rural(1. 4) adv．农村的
- diversion(1. 10) n．改道；绕道
- disregard(1. 4) v．不顾，无视
- trial(1. 12) n．讨厌的事、人
- intellectual(1. 5) n．知识分子
- fraction (1. 16) n．很小一点儿
- abstruse(1. 6) adj．深奥的
- flourish (1. 29) n．挥舞（打手势）
- coordinate(1. 6) v．协调
- microscopic (1. 29) adj．微小的
- reproach(1. 8) v．责备
- adamant(1. 32) adj．坚定的，不动摇的
== Notes on the text
1. Only in a sparsely-populated…is it possible…，这是一个倒装句，因为only放在句首。
2. for the matter in hand，为手中的事。
3. if late for a dinner party，在以if，when，though等连词引导的从句中，当其谓语为be时，而主语又与主句的主语相同，从句中往往可以将主语和谓语省去。上句if后就省略了he is。
4. cut things fine，把时间安排得不留余地。
5. The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual .到得过早的人和迟到的人同样使人无法忍受。as much as，和……一样。
6. half an hour too soon（= half an hour earlier），早到半个小时。
7. in good time，作“适当地”、“及时地”讲。
== 参考译文
准时是文明社会中进行一切社交活动时必须养成的习惯。不准时将一事无成，事事都会陷入混乱不堪的境地。只有在人口稀少的农村，才可以忽视准时的习惯。在日常生活中人们可以容忍一定程度的不准时。一个专心钻研某个复杂问题的知识分子，为了搞好手头的研究，要把一切都协调一致、组织周密。因此，他要是赴宴迟到了会得到谅解。但有些人不准时常常是因为掐钟点所致，他们常常会受到责备。精力充沛、头脑敏捷的人极不愿意浪费时间，因此他们常想做完一件事后再去赴约。要是路上没有发生如爆胎、改道、突然起雾等意外事故，他们是决不会迟到的。他们与那些从不迟到的人相比，常常是更勤奋有用的公民。早到的人同迟到的人一样令人讨厌。客人提前半小时到达是最令人讨厌的。我家有几个朋友就有这种令人恼火的习惯。唯一的办法就是请他们比别的客人晚来半小时。这样，他们可以恰好在我们要求的时间到达。
如果赶火车，早到总比晚到好，哪怕早到一会儿也好。虽然早到可能意味着浪费一点时间，但这比误了火车、等上一个多小时坐下一班车浪费的时间要少，而且可以避免那种正好在火车驶出站时赶到车站，因上不去车而感到的沮丧。更难堪的情况是虽然及时赶到站台上，却眼睁睁地看着那趟火车启动，把你抛下。一个小姑娘第一次单独出门就碰到了这种情况。
在火车进站20分钟前她就进了车站。因为她的父母再三跟她说，如果误了这趟车，她的东道主朋友就得接她两趟，这是不应该的。她把行李交给搬运工并给他看了车票。搬运工说她早到了两个小时，她听后大吃一惊。她从钱包里摸出一张纸条，那上面有她父亲对这次旅行的详细说明，她把这张纸条交给了搬运工。搬运工说，正如纸条上所说，确有一趟火车在那个时刻到站，但它只停站装邮件，不载旅客。姑娘要求看时刻表，因为她相信父亲不能把这么大的事给弄错。搬运工跑回去取时刻表，同时请来了站长。站长拿着时刻表一挥手，指着那趟列车到站时刻旁边的一个很小的圆圈标记。这个标记表示列车是为装邮件而停车。正在这时，火车进站了。女孩泪流满面，央求让她不声不响地到押车员车厢里去算了。但站长态度坚决，规章制度不能破环，姑娘只得眼看着那趟火车消逝在她要去的方向而撇下了她。
|
|
https://github.com/binhtran432k/ungrammar-docs | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/binhtran432k/ungrammar-docs/main/contents/acknowledgments.typ | typst | #let m = yaml("../metadata.yml")
#let advisor = if m.supervisors.len() > 1 [advisors] else [advisor]
#let advisorArticle = if m.supervisors.len() > 1 [their] else [his]
#let advisorArticleFirst = if m.supervisors.len() > 1 [Their] else [His]
= Acknowledgments
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our #advisor, #m.supervisors.join([, ], last: [ and ]), for #advisorArticle invaluable guidance and support throughout this project.
#advisorArticleFirst expertise, provided resources, and ongoing encouragement were instrumental in our success.
We are also deeply grateful to the faculty of the #m.department at #m.university for their dedication to our education.
Their knowledge and support have been invaluable in our academic journey.
Finally, we would like to thank our families, friends, and loved ones for their unwavering support and encouragement.
Their belief in us has motivated us to persevere and achieve our goals.
#align(right)[The student group that implements the #m.doc_type]
|
|
https://github.com/yasemitee/Teoria-Informazione-Trasmissione | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yasemitee/Teoria-Informazione-Trasmissione/main/2023-10-20.typ | typst | #import "@preview/lemmify:0.1.4": *
#let (
theorem, lemma, corollary,
remark, proposition, example,
proof, rules: thm-rules
) = default-theorems("thm-group", lang: "it")
#show: thm-rules
#show thm-selector("thm-group", subgroup: "proof"): it => block(
it,
stroke: green + 1pt,
inset: 1em,
breakable: true
)
= Entropia
== Definizione
L'entropia è usata per quantificare la quantità di informazione contenuta in una sorgente di dati o, in altre parole, per misurare quanto siamo incerti riguardo a un evento futuro quando conosciamo l'insieme degli eventi possibili. Maggiore è l'entropia, maggiore è l'incertezza o la mancanza di informazione. D'altro canto, minore è l'entropia, minore è l'incertezza e maggiore è l'informazione contenuta nel sistema.
Dato il modello sorgente $angle.l Chi,p angle.r$, con $Chi = {x_1, dots, x_m}$ e $P = {p_1, dots, p_m}$, introduciamo $XX : Chi arrow.long RR = {a_1, dots, a_m}$ (funzione iniettiva) con $a_1, dots, a_m in RR$ tali che $P(XX = a_i) = p_i$.
Definisco l'entropia sulla variabile casuale $XX$:
$ H_D (XX) = sum_(i=1)^m p_i log_D (1 / p_i) $
Se non metto pedici è entropia binaria $D = 2$ e in questo caso l'unità di misura è il _bit_.
=== Esempio
Immaginiamo di voler modellare il lancio di una moneta.
_Il caso con entropia maggiore_ è quello più “incerto”, ovvero quello in cui testa e croce hanno la medesima probabilità di uscire: prima di lanciare la moneta, non si ha modo di azzeccare quale faccia cadrà a testa in giù.
_Quando invece uno stato ha probabilità maggiore di realizzarsi, l’entropia diminuisce_, e con lei la nostra “sorpresa” nel vedere il risultato. Quindi lanciando una moneta truccata ripetutamente, non saremo sopresi del risultato o se vogliamo il risultato è più predicibile.
== Entropia binaria
L'entropia binaria è definita su una variabile casuale Bernoulliana $XX in {0,1}$ dove
$P(XX = 1) = p$ e $P(XX = 0) = 1 - p$, per $p in [0,1]$.
Quindi dalla definizione di entropia abbiamo che $H(XX) = h(p)$ dove
$ h(p) = p log_2 (1/p) + (1-p) log_2 (1/(1-p)) $
#v(12pt)
#figure(
image("assets/23-10-20 bernoulliana-entropia-binaria.png", width: 40%)
)
_$ "Grafico dell'entropia binaria" h(p) "nel suo intervallo di definizione" [0,1] $_
#v(12pt)
Come si evince dalla bernoulliana, in 0 e 1 ho entropia 0, mentre in $1/2$ ho entropia massima.
So inoltre che $ 1 - 1 / x lt.eq ln x lt.eq x - 1 $
Questi bound ci serviranno dopo.
#v(12pt)
#figure(
image("assets/2023-10-20 disuguaglianze.png", width: 40%)
)
_$ "la linea rossa in mezzo è " ln_x $_
#v(12pt)
== Proprietà dell'entropia
- L'entropia fa solo riferimento alla distribuzione di probabilità, quindi non c'entra niente con i simboli ${a_1, dots, a_m}$. Infatti l’entropia di una sorgente dipende dall’insieme delle probabilità che tale sorgente ha di generare i suoi possibili output.
- se volessi fare un cambio base (quindi cambiare l'entropia binaria) devo ricordarmi che $ log_b p = (ln p) / (ln b) = (ln p) / (ln b) dot (ln a) / (ln a) = underbracket((ln p) / (ln a), log_a p) dot underbracket((ln a) / (ln b), log_b a) $
Ovvero cambiare base significa cambiare base e portarsi dietro una costante. Quindi
$ H_b (XX) = sum_(i=1)^m p_i log_b 1 / p_i arrow.long H_a (XX) = sum_(i=1)^m p_i log_a 1 / p_i log_b a arrow.long log_b a dot H_a (XX) $
- L'entropia è non negativa, ovvero $H(XX) >= 0$. Infatti, l'entropia è una combinazione lineare con coefficienti positivi $p_i$ di numeri non negativi $log 1/p_i$.
- $H(XX) = 0$ se e solo se esiste un $a in RR$ tale che $P(XX = a) = 1$. Infatti, $H(XX) = 1 ln 1 = 0$
- $H_D (Chi) lt.eq log_D m$
#lemma(numbering:none)[
Sia $XX$ variabile casuale che assume i valori distinti $a_1, dots, a_m$; allora $H_D (XX) lt.eq log_D m space forall D > 1$; inoltre, vale l'uguaglianza $H(XX) = log_D m$ se e solo se $XX$ ha una distribuzione uniforme su $a_1, dots, a_m$
]<thm>
#pagebreak()
#proof[
(voglio far vedere $lt.eq 0$)
$ H_D (XX) - log_D m &= sum_(i=1)^m p_i log_D 1 / p_i - log_D m dot underbracket(sum_(i=1)^m p_i, =1) $
$ = sum_(i=1)^m p_i log_D 1 / p_i - p_i log_D m = sum_(i=1)^m p_i dot (log_D 1 / p_i - log_D m) $ $ = sum_(i=1)^m p_i dot (log_D 1 / p_i + log_D m^(-1)) = sum_(i=1)^m p_i dot log_D m^(-1) / p_i ("sistema") $
Io so la maggiorazione del logaritmo
$ sum_(i=1)^m p_i dot ln underbracket(1 / (p_i dot m), x) dot 1 / (ln D) <.eq sum_(i=1)^m p_i (1 / (p_i dot m) - 1) 1 / (ln D) \ <.eq 1 / (ln D) sum_(i=1)^m 1 / m - p_i = 1 / (ln D) underbracket([ underbracket(sum_(i=1)^m 1 / m, 1) - underbracket(sum_(i=1)^m p_i, 1) ], 0) = 0 $
Quindi $H_D (XX) - log_D m lt.eq 0 arrow.long H_D (XX) lt.eq log_D m$
Ora, se $P(X = a_i) = 1 / m space forall i = 1, dots, m$ allora $ H_D (XX) = sum_(i=1)^m 1 / m log_D m = log_D m underbracket(sum_(i=1)^m 1 / m, 1) = log_D m $
]<proof>
== Entropia relativa
Introduciamo l'entropia relativa $Delta(Chi bar.v.double Y)$ misura la distanza tra $Chi$ e $Y$, la diversità tra $Chi$ e $Y$, due distribuzioni di probabilità
$ Delta(XX bar.v.double YY) = sum_(s in S) p_XX (s) log_D (p_XX (s)) / (p_YY (s)) $
$S$ è il dominio sul quale $Chi$ e $Y$ lavorano
#theorem(numbering:none)[
per ogni coppia di variabili casuali $XX,YY$ definite sullo stesso dominio $S$, vale la disuguaglianza $Delta(XX bar.v.double YY) gt.eq 0$
]<thm>
#pagebreak()
#proof[
$ D(XX bar.v.double YY) &= sum_(s in S) p_XX (s) log_D (p_XX (s)) / (p_YY (s)) = sum_(s in S) p_XX (s) ln (p_XX (s)) / (p_YY (s)) 1 / (ln D) \ &= 1 / (ln D) sum_(s in S) p_XX (s) ln underbracket((p_XX (s)) / (p_YY (s)), x) \ >.eq 1 / (ln D) sum_(s in S) p_XX (s) dot (1 - (p_YY (s)) / (p_XX (s))) = 1 / (ln D) sum_(s in S) p_XX (s) - p_YY (s) \ >.eq underbracket(sum_(s in S) p_XX (s), 1) - underbracket(sum_(s in S) p_YY (S), 1) = 0 $
]<proof>
== Relazione tra $EE$ e l'entropia
Ora vediamo relazione tra il valore atteso delle lunghezze del codice e l'entropia
#theorem(numbering:none)[
sia $c : Chi arrow DD^+$ codice istantaneo $D$-ario per una sorgente $angle.l Chi, p angle.r$, allora $ EE[l_c] gt.eq H_D (Chi) $
]
#proof[
Definisco $ZZ : Chi arrow.long RR$ variabile casuale alla quale associamo una distribuzione di probabilità $ q(x) = D^(-l_c (x)) / ( limits(sum)_(x' in Chi) D^(-l_c (x')) ) $
Possiamo quindi scrivere:
$ EE[l_c] - H_D (Chi) = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) l_c (x) - sum_(x in Chi)^m p(x) log_D 1 / p(x) $ $ = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) dot (l_c (x) - log_D 1 / p(x)) = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) dot (log_D D^(l_c (x)) - log_D 1 / p(x)) $ $ = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) dot (log_D D^(l_c (x)) + log_D p(x)) = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) log_D ( D^(l_c (x)) dot p(x)) $ $ = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) dot (log_D (p(x)) / (D^(-l_c (x))) dot 1) = sum_(x in X) p(x) dot (log_D (p(x) / (D^(-l_c (x))) dot (sum_(x' in Chi) D^(-l_c (x'))) / (sum_(x' in Chi) D^(-l_c (x'))))) $ $ = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) dot (log_D p(x) (sum_(x' in Chi) D^(-l_c (x'))) / (D^(-l_c (x))) - log_D sum_(x' in Chi) D^(-l_c (x'))) $ $ = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) dot (log_D p(x) / q(x) - log_D sum_(x' in Chi) D^(-l_c (x'))) $ $ = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) log_D p(x) / q(x) - p(x) log_D sum_(x' in Chi) D^(-l_c (x')) $ $ = sum_(x in Chi) p(x) log_D p(x) / q(x) - sum_(x in Chi) p(x) log_D sum_(x' in Chi) D^(-l_c (x')) $ $ = underbracket(Delta(Chi bar.v.double ZZ), gt.eq 0) underbracket(- underbracket(log_D sum_(x' in Chi) D^(-l_c (x')), "c istantaneo" arrow "vale kraft" <= 1), "logaritmo di qualocosa <= 1 \n da un risultato negativo \no al più 0") dot underbracket(sum_(x in Chi) p(x), =1) gt.eq 0 $
Quindi è una somma di cose positive. (la prima è positiva per definizione, la seconda è positiva perché il logaritmo di qualcosa è minore o uguale a 1 che poi viene invertito dal -, la terza è positiva perché è una somma di probabilità).
]<proof>
Questo risultato dà un significato operativo all'entropia, mostrando che l'entropia di una variabile casuale $XX$ è un limite inferiore (lower bound) al numero di simboli di codice istantaneo che dobbiamo usare in media per descrivere una relazione di $XX$.
= Sardinas-Patterson
Algoritmo che permette di dimostrare se un codice è univocamente decodificabile
Sia $S_1 = Chi$, allora proseguo in modo iterativo applicando le due regole seguenti:
- per ogni $x in S_1$, se esiste $y in S_i$ tale che $\x\y in S_i$ allora $y in S_(i+1)$
- per ogni $z in S_i$, se esiste $y in S_1$ tale che $\x\y in S_1$ allora $y in S_(i+1)$
Quindi
1. $S_0$ è il codice di partenza.
2. Per costruire $S_(i+1)$ vado a vedere se qualche parola di $S_i$ è prefisso di qualche parola di $S_i$ e se sì aggiungo la parola più lunga a $S_(i+1)$. Se non c'è nessuna parola di $S_i$ che è prefisso di una parola di $S_i$ allora il codice è univocamente decodificabile.
3. controllo se negli elementi di $S_(i+1)$ c'è una parola di codice di $S_0$ e se sì il codice non è univocamente decodificabile altrimenti torno al punto 2. |
|
https://github.com/robinhundt/typst-polylux-to-pptx | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/robinhundt/typst-polylux-to-pptx/main/README.md | markdown | # Typst Polylux to PPTX
This is a small script to convert a typst presentation which uses polylux to a powerpoint .pptx presentation. The typst presentation is compiled to .png and then python-pptx is used to create a presentation where each image becomes one slide. The speaker notes are also extracted from the typst presentation and added to the powerpoint.
To use this, install the dependencies with poetry (or your package manager of choice) and change the `typs_presentation` path in `main.py`. You also need a local installation of the typst compiler and the `polylux2pdfpc` tool (available via AUR or the source from [here](https://github.com/andreasKroepelin/polylux/tree/main/pdfpc-extractor)).
|
|
https://github.com/rdboyes/resume | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rdboyes/resume/main/modules_fr/professional.typ | typst | // Imports
#import "@preview/brilliant-cv:2.0.2": cvSection, cvEntry
#let metadata = toml("../metadata.toml")
#let cvSection = cvSection.with(metadata: metadata)
#let cvEntry = cvEntry.with(metadata: metadata)
#cvSection("Expérience Professionnelle")
#cvEntry(
title: [Directeur de la Science des Données],
society: [XYZ Corporation],
date: [2020 - Présent],
logo: image("../src/logos/xyz_corp.png"),
location: [San Francisco, CA],
description: list(
[Diriger une équipe de scientifiques et d'analystes de données pour développer et
mettre en œuvre des stratégies axées sur les données, développer des modèles
prédictifs et des algorithmes pour soutenir la prise de décisions dans toute
l'organisation],
[Collaborer avec la direction pour identifier les opportunités d'affaires et
stimuler la croissance, mettre en œuvre les meilleures pratiques en matière de
gouvernance, de qualité et de sécurité des données],
),
)
#cvEntry(
title: [Analyste de Données],
society: [ABC Company],
date: [2017 - 2020],
location: [New York, NY],
logo: image("../src/logos/abc_company.png"),
description: list(
[Analyser de grands ensembles de données à l'aide de SQL et Python, collaborer
avec des équipes interfonctionnelles pour identifier des insights métier],
[Créer des visualisations de données et des tableaux de bord à l'aide de Tableau,
développer et maintenir des pipelines de données à l'aide d'AWS],
),
)
#cvEntry(
title: [Stagiaire en Analyse de Données],
society: [PQR Corporation],
date: [été 2017],
location: [Chicago, IL],
logo: image("../src/logos/pqr_corp.png"),
description: list([Aider à la préparation, au traitement et à l'analyse de données à l'aide de
Python et Excel, participer aux réunions d'équipe et contribuer à la
planification et à l'exécution de projets]),
)
|
|
https://github.com/Danmushu/OUC-lab-template-typst | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Danmushu/OUC-lab-template-typst/main/README.md | markdown | MIT License | # OUC-lab-template-typst
- 自己使用的一个模板,简单修改了一下
- 非常感谢[pluto](https://github.com/Starlight0798),源地址[在此](https://github.com/Starlight0798/typst-nku-lab-template)
|
https://github.com/jamesrswift/typst-chem-par | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jamesrswift/typst-chem-par/main/README.md | markdown | MIT License | # The `chem-par` Package
<div align="center">Version 0.2.0</div>
A utility package for displaying IUPAC nomenclature and chemical formulae without the hassle of manually formatting all of these in your document.
## Example Usage
```typ
#import "@preview/chem-par:0.2.0": *
#set page(width: 30em, height: auto, margin: 1em)
#show: chem-style
The oxidation of n-butanol with K2Cr2O7 requires acidification with H2SO4 to yield butanoic acid. N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
```
Works on most of the common things a chemist would type
 |
https://github.com/chubetho/THWS_Bachelor_Template | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/chubetho/THWS_Bachelor_Template/main/chapters/background.typ | typst | = Background
#lorem(50)
== Title 1
#lorem(50)
=== Subtitle 1
#lorem(100)
=== Subtitle 2
#lorem(100)
#pagebreak(weak: true)
|
|
https://github.com/andrewzn69/templates | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/andrewzn69/templates/main/templates/Typst/project-report/main.typ | typst | MIT License | #import "template.typ": *
// Take a look at the file `template.typ` in the file panel
// to customize this template and discover how it works.
#show: project.with(
title: "Sample Project Report",
subtitle: "A sample project on this & that",
abstract: lorem(50),
subject: "PROJ-CS881 PROJECT - III",
guide: (
name: "Mr. <NAME>",
designation: "Assistant Professor",
department: "Information Technology"),
authors: (
(name: "<NAME>",
department: "Computer Science",
rollno: "123456789",
regno: "1000000010 of 2021-22"),
(name: "<NAME>",
department: "Computer Science",
rollno: "123456789",
regno: "1000000010 of 2021-22"),
(name: "<NAME>",
department: "Computer Science",
rollno: "123456789",
regno: "1000000010 of 2021-22"),
(name: "<NAME>",
department: "Computer Science",
rollno: "123456789",
regno: "1000000010 of 2021-22"),
(name: "<NAME>",
department: "Computer Science",
rollno: "123456789",
regno: "1000000010 of 2021-22"),
),
department: "Department of Information Technology",
institute: "Calcutta Institute of Engineering and Management",
address: "24/1A Chandi Ghosh Road, Kolkata - 700040"
)
// We generated the example code below so you can see how
// your document will look. Go ahead and replace it with
// your own content!
= Introduction
#lorem(60)
== In this paper
#lorem(320)
== Contributions
#lorem(40)
== Some Other Things
#lorem(40)
== Some Other Things
#lorem(40)
= Related Work
#lorem(50)
== Level 2 Heading
#lorem(100)
=== Level 3 Heading
#lorem(100)
==== Level 4 Heading
#lorem(100)
===== Level 5 Heading
#lorem(100)
#box(
stroke: 1pt,
inset: 10pt,
lorem(10)
)
|
https://github.com/ysthakur/PHYS121-Notes | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ysthakur/PHYS121-Notes/main/Notes/Ch08.typ | typst | MIT License | = Chapter 8: Equilibrium and Elasticity
== Torque and Static Equilibrium
An object at rest is in *static equilibrium*.
As long as the object can be modeled as a particle, static equilibrium is achieved when the net force on the particle is 0.
However, for extended objects that can rotate, we need to also consider torque: the object is only in static equilibrium if *both net force _and_ net torque* are 0.
=== Choosing the Pivot Point
For an object in static equilibrium, the net torque about *every point* must be 0.
You can choose _any_ point as a pivot point for calculating torque.
*Natural axis:* Axis about which rotation *would* occur if the object were not in static equilibrium.
== Forces and Torques in the Body
=== Mechanical Advantage
If a nutcracker applies 3 times as much force to the nut as the force applied by the hand, it has a mechanical advantage of 3.
== Stability and Balance
An extended object has a *base of support* on which it rests when in static equilibrium.
A wider base of support and/or a lower center of gravity improves stability.
As long as the object's center of gravity remains over the base of support, torque due to gravity will rotate the object back towards its stable equilibrium position. The object is *stable*.
If the object's center of gravity moves outside the base of support, it is *unstable*.
/ Critical angle: Angle where center of gravity is directly above pivot.
$ theta_c = tan^(-1)((1/2 t) / h) $
== Springs and Hooke's Law
/ Restoring force: Force that restores system to an equilibrium position
/ Elastic systems: Systems that exhibit restoring forces, e.g. springs and rubber bands
/ Spring constant: $k$, units: N/m
Spring force: $F_"spring" = -k Delta x$ (Hooke's Law)
== Stretching and Compressing Materials
Most solid materials can be modeled as being made up of particle-like atoms connected by spring-like bonds.
Pulling on a steel rod will slightly stretch the bonds between particles and the rod will stretch.
/ Rigid: Rigid materials only experience small changes in dimension under normal forces (e.g., steel)
/ Pliant: Pliant materials can be stretched easily or show large deformations with small forces (e.g., rubber bands)
For a rod, the spring constant depends on the cross-sectional area $A$, the length of the rod $L$, and the material from which it is made:
$ k = (Y A)/L $
/ Young's modulus ($Y$): The constant $Y$ is a property of the material from which the rod is made (higher for stronger materials). Units are $upright(N\/m^2)$
The restoring force can be written in terms of the change in length $Delta L$:
$ F = (Y A)/L Delta L$
Useful to rearrange this to put in terms of *stress* and *strain*:
$ F/A = Y((Delta L)/L) $
/ Strain: Strain is $(Delta L)/L$ (unitless)
/ Stress: Stress is $F/A$, units are $upright(N\/m^2)$
/ Tensile stress: Stress due to stretching
=== Beyond the Elastic Limit
#align(image("/Images/8-elastic-limit.png", width: 60%), center)
As long as the stretch stays within the *linear region*, a solid rod acts like a spring and obeys Hooke's law.
/ Elastic limit: The end of the *elastic region*.
As long as the stretch is less than the elastic limit, the rod returns to its initial length when force is removed.
/ Ultimate stress/tensile strength: The ultimate stress/tensile strength of a rod of a rod or cable of a particular material is the largest stress the material can take before breaking ($A$ is cross-section area):
$ "Tensile strength" = F_"max"/A $
|
https://github.com/joshuabeny1999/unisg-thesis-template-typst | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/joshuabeny1999/unisg-thesis-template-typst/main/layout/titlepage.typ | typst | Other | #let titlepage(
title: "",
subtitle: "",
type: "",
professor: "",
author: "",
matriculationNumber: "",
submissionDate: datetime,
abstract: "",
language: "en",
) = {
set page(
margin: (left: 2.5cm, right: 2.5cm, top: 2.5cm, bottom: 2.5cm),
numbering: none,
number-align: center,
)
let body-font = "Times New Roman"
set text(
font: body-font,
size: 12pt,
lang: language
)
set par(leading: 0.5em)
// --- Title Page ---
align(center, image("/figures/unisg_logo.png", width: 15%))
let universityName = (en: "University of St. Gallen", de: "Universität St. Gallen")
align(center, text(font: body-font, 18pt, weight: 500, upper(universityName.at(language))))
let universityHeader = (en: "School of Management, Economics,\n Law, Social Sciences, International Affairs and Computer Science", de: "Hochschule für Wirtschafts-, Rechts- und Sozialwissenschaften,\n Internationale Beziehungen und Informatik")
align(center, text(font: body-font, 11pt, weight: 500, universityHeader.at(language)))
v(1fr)
line(length: 100%, stroke: 0.5pt + gray)
align(center, text(font: body-font, 16pt, weight: 400, type))
align(center, text(font: body-font, 20pt, weight: 700, title))
align(center, text(font: body-font, 16pt, weight: 400, subtitle))
line(length: 100%, stroke: 0.5pt + gray)
v(1fr)
let submittedBy = (en: "Submitted by", de: "Eingereicht von")
let approvedBy = (en: "Approved on Application by \n\n Professor:", de: "Genehmigt auf Antrag von \n\n Professor:")
let submissionDateText = (en: "Date of Submission:", de: "Einreichungsdatum:")
align(center, text(font: body-font, 12pt, weight: 400, submittedBy.at(language) + ": \n" + author +"\n" + matriculationNumber))
align(center, text(font: body-font, 12pt, weight: 400, approvedBy.at(language) + "\n" + professor))
v(5mm)
align(center, text(font: body-font, 12pt, weight: 400, submissionDateText.at(language) + "\n\n" + submissionDate.display("[day padding:zero]/[month padding:zero]/[year repr:full]")))
}
|
https://github.com/pedrofp4444/BD | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pedrofp4444/BD/main/report/content/[4] Modelação Lógica/validação.typ | typst | #let validação = {
[
== Construção e Validação do Modelo de Dados Lógico
Após a conclusão e revisão da modelação concetual, a equipa da "Quatro em Linha" está agora a avançar para a elaboração do Modelo de Dados Lógico. Este tipo de modelo descreve os elementos de dados em detalhe e é utilizado para criar uma compreensão visual das entidades de dados, atributos, chaves e relacionamentos. O objetivo principal é estabelecer uma estrutura fundamental para os componentes da camada semântica em sistemas de gestão de dados, sem depender de um motor específico. Propôs-se a elaboração de um Modelo de Dados Lógico com o intuito de definir como o sistema em desenvolvimento deve ser implementado.
Em particular, o Modelo Lógico de Dados proporciona mais detalhes na representação das entidades e dados, oferecendo um contexto visual para os dados, atributos e relações entre eles. Para alcançar este objetivo, a equipa de desenvolvimento optou por utilizar a ferramenta MySQL WorkBench para estudar e construir o modelo esperado.
O MySQL WorkBench é uma plataforma de modelação de dados poderosa e versátil, projetada para auxiliar na criação, visualização e gestão de modelos de dados lógicos e físicos. Com uma interface intuitiva e diversas funcionalidades, o MySQL WorkBench permite aos utilizadores criar representações precisas e compreensíveis dos dados e das suas inter-relações, facilitando assim o desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação robustos e eficazes.
]
} |
|
https://github.com/elteammate/typst-compiler | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/elteammate/typst-compiler/main/src/reflection.typ | typst | #import "reflection-parser.typ": typst_parse, typst_lex, lex_file
#let parse(source) = typst_parse(typst_lex(source))
#let parse_file(filename) = parse(open(filename))
|
|
https://github.com/SE-legacy/physics_lectures_3_term | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SE-legacy/physics_lectures_3_term/main/lesson_5/main.typ | typst | #import "conf.typ": conf
#show: conf.with(
meta: (
title: "Физика. Занятие №5, 07.10.2024",
author: "<NAME>., <NAME>. Чернышевского",
group: 251,
city: "Саратов",
year: 2024,
)
)
#set math.equation(numbering: "(1)", supplement: [])
= Опыт Эрстеда и Эйхенвальда
В опыте Эрстеда стрелка стремится расположиться перпендикулярно проводнику с током.
В опыте Эйхенвальда обосновано взаимодействие конвеционного тока и движение магнитной стрелки
#image("images/1.jpg")
= Опыт Иоффе (1911)
Взаимодействие движущихся заряженных частиц (электронов) и магнитной стрелки.
Эксперименты показывают:
+ Движущиеся относительно системы отсчета заряды (токи) создают магнитное поле
+ Магнтиное поле действует на движущиеся заряда, а на неподвижные не действует.
#image("images/2.jpg")
(Цитата) Под недвижущимся зарядами мы подразумеваем не полностью не движущиеся заряды (так как полностью недвижымих не существует), здесь подразуемваются неподвижные заряды в том плане, что у них не происходит ни магнитного, ни электрического смещения, то есть отсутствует работа по перемещению их в пространстве.
= Свойства магнитного поля
Классическая модель:
- Это особое состояние материи, способное полностью заполнять пространство и проникать в другие поля и вещества
- Магнитное поле действует ориентирующе на магнитную стрелку
- Магнитное поле действует ориентирующе на замкнутый ток (рамка, виток)
- Магнитное поле действует с некоторой силой на линейный ток
- Магнитное поле действует с некоторой силой на движущийся заряд
Динамическое свойство магнитного поля:
- Изменяющееся во времени магнитное поле создает электрическое поле
Параметр магнитного поля, характеризующий количественно силовые действия называется *вектором магнитной индукции ---* $overline(B)$
#image("images/3.jpg")
Максимальный вращающий момент $M_(max)$ достигается, если угол между начальным и конечным положением рамки $90 degree$.
$ M_(max) dash.wave I, "если" S = "const" $
$ M_(max) dash.wave S, "если" I = "const" $ отсюда следует, что *Максимальный вращающий момент $M_(max)$ определяется произведением $I dot S$*
Магнитный момент рамки: $ P_m = I dot S $
Так как рамка характеризуется ориентацией в пространстве, то магнитный момент (величина, определяющая необходимую силу тока и разрешенное сечение) --- величина векторная:
$ overline(P_m) = P_m overline(n) = I S overline(n) $
Для любой точки пространства отношение $M_(max) "и" P_(m)$ величина постоянная.
$ M_(max) / P_m = M_(max) / (I S) = B $
Данную величину можно вывести из закона Ампера и закона Лоуренца
Сила Ампера:
При перемещении проводника под действием $F_a$ на расстояние $d x$ совершается работа:
$ d A = F_A d x = I B l d x = I B d S = I d Phi $
$Phi = integral_S overline(B) d overline(S)$ --- магнитный поток сквозь поверхность $d S$, которую прочерчивает проводник при своем движении.
Если I = const: $A = I Delta Phi$
Если B = const: $A = integral_S I d Phi$
#image("images/4.jpg")
Закон Ампера в векторной форме:
$ d overline(F) = I [d overline(l), overline(B)] -> B = (d F) / (I d l) $
$alpha = 0, "то" d F = 0, alpha = pi/2, "то" d F = max$
*Магнитное поле не действует на ток, текущий вдоль силовой линии индукции*
На одну заряженную частицу в элементе тока $I d l$ действует сила Лоренца:
$ F_"л" = (d F) / (d N) $
#image("images/5.jpg")
$ F_л = abs(q) v B sin(alpha) $
$overline(F_л) bot overline(v) =>$ Сила Лоренца не может совершить работу над зарядом, она может лишь изменить направление вектора его скорости.
$ overline(F) = q overline(E) + q [overline(v), overline(B)] $
= Движение заряженной частицы в однородном магнитном поле
#image("images/6.jpg")
= Силовые линии магнитного поля
#image("images/7.jpg")
- Прямой ток. Направление силовых линий определяется правилом правого винта.
- Круговой ток
- Соленоид --- система витков, имеющих ось симметрии.
- Постоянный магнит.
= Законы магнитного поля
+ Закон Гаусса
Силовые линии магнитного поля замкнуты. По теореме О.-Г: $ limits(integral.cont)_S overline(B) d overline(S) = limits(integral)_V d i v B d V $
$ d i v overline(B) = 0 $, $ limits(integral.cont)_S overline(B) d overline(S) = 0 $
+ Закон Био-Савара-Лапласа
Био и Савар экспериментально определили, что индукция зависит от:
+ тока l, протекающего по проводнику,
+ формы и размера проводника,
+ положения точки относительно проводника,
+ состояния окружающей среды (магнитной проницаемости)
Лаплас учел векторный характер магнитного поля и предположил, что $ overline(B) = limits(sum)_(i=1)^n overline(B)_i = limits(integral)_l d overline(B)_i $
$ d overline(B) = (mu mu_0 I [d overline(l), overline(r)])/(4 pi r^3) $, где $mu_0 = 4 pi dot 10^(-7)$ [Гн / м, Н/$А^2$] --- магнитная постоянная
Отношение магнитной индукции в среде $B_("среда")$ к магнитной индукции в вакууме $B_0$ называется *относительной магнитной проницаемостью среды:* $ mu = B_(с р е д а)/B_0 $
Если $mu < 1$, то среда --- диамагнетик
Если $mu > 1$ --- парамагнетик
Если $mu >> 1$ --- ферромагнетик
#image("images/8.jpg")
*H --- вектор напряженности магнитного поля, измеряемая в СИ [А / м]*
$ overline(B) = mu mu_0 overline(H) $
$ d overline(H) = (I [d overline(l), overline(r)])/(4 pi r^3) $ --- закон Био-Савара-Лапласа для H.
+ Эффект Холла
Через золотую пластину пропускался ток I, перпендикулярно было направлено магнитное поле индукцией B. Между верхними гранями возникала разность потенциалов $Delta phi$, величина которой была пропорциональна I, B и обратно пропорциональна ширине пластины b.
#image("images/9.jpg")
В металле или полупроводнике с током, помещенном в магнитное поле, перпендикулярное к вектору плотности тока j, возникает поперечное электрическое поле и разность потенциалов $Delta phi$. Причина --- сила Лоренца.
$ F_л = q nu B = q E => E = nu B $
$ Delta phi = E alpha $
$ I = j S = q n nu alpha b => nu = I/(q n alpha b) $
$ Delta phi = (I B)/(q n b) = 1/(q n) dot (I B)/b $
$ Delta phi = R_H (I B)/b $
$R_H < 0$, проводимость $n-$типа (электронный полупроводник)
$R_H > 0$, проводимость $"р"-$типа (дырочный полупроводник)
= Магнитное поле в веществе
#underline[Дополнения к физической модели:]
- Магнитные свойства вещества зависят от магнитных свойств его атомов и молекул
- Орбитальное вращение электронов можно рассматривать как замкнутый ток
+ Круговой ток обладает орбитальным магнитным моментом
$ I = q/t = e/T =e f $, t --- частота вращения электрона по орбите.
#image("images/10.jpg")
$ overline(p)_m = I S overline(n) = e f overline(S) $
$ overline(p)_m arrow.t arrow.t overline(n) $, S --- площадь орбиты. n --- нормаль к S (направление определяется правилом правого винта).
+ Обладает орбитальным механическим моментом импульса
$ L_e = m nu r = p r = mat(nu = (2 pi r)/T = 2 pi r f; S = pi r^2) = 2 m f S $
$ overline(L)_e = [overline(r), overline(p)] => overline(p)_m arrow.t arrow.b overline(L)_e $
$ overline(p)_m = - e/(2 m) overline(L)_e $ --- гиромагнитное отношение орбитальных моментов
+ В квантовой механике показано, что кроме орбитальных моментов $p_m, L_e$ электрон обладает собственным механическим моментом импульса $L_("es")$, называемым спином.
+ Спину электрона соответствует спиновый (собственный) магнитный момент:
$ overline(p)_(m s) = plus.minus 1/2 h -> overline(p)_(m s) arrow.t arrow.b overline(L)_(e s) $
|
|
https://github.com/jgm/typst-hs | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jgm/typst-hs/main/test/typ/compiler/array-37.typ | typst | Other | // Error: 2-18 array index out of bounds (index: -4, len: 3) and no default value was specified
#(1, 2, 3).at(-4)
|
https://github.com/Treeniks/bachelor-thesis-isabelle-vscode | https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Treeniks/bachelor-thesis-isabelle-vscode/master/thesis.typ | typst | #import "/utils/isabelle.typ": *
#import "/template.typ": thesis
#import "@preview/codly:1.0.0": *
#import "@preview/gentle-clues:0.9.0": *
#set text(font: "STIX Two Text", size: 11pt)
#show math.equation: set text(font: "STIX Two Math")
#show raw: set text(font: "JetBrains Mono", size: 1.1em)
#let acknowledgements = [
There are several people I would like to thank:
*Prof. Dr. <NAME>* for giving me the opportunity to work on a tool as big and prominent as Isabelle.
*My advisor <NAME>* for meeting with me weekly, helping me understand the inner workings of Isabelle, discussing design and implementation details and lending me his time for other silly questions.
*My father <NAME>* for doing his best rubber duck impression and letting me waste his time by explaining the contents of this thesis to him to sort out my thoughts.
*My friends <NAME> and <NAME>* for their valuable feedback on various sections of this thesis and helping me with its overall structure.
*Many more of my fellow student friends* for joining me in my visits to the cafeteria and providing mental and emotional respite during lunch.
]
#let abstract = [The primary interface for interacting with the Isabelle proof assistant is the #jedit prover IDE. #vscode was developed as an alternative, implementing a language server for the Language Server Protocol and a language client for Visual Studio Code. However, #vscode did not provide a user experience comparable to #jedit. This thesis explores and implements several improvements to address these shortcomings by refining existing functionality and augmenting #vscode with new features. Key enhancements include improved completions, persistent decorations on file switch, code actions for interacting with active markup, and better formatting for state and output panels. Additionally, we implemented more granular control over symbol handling and an Isabelle system option to turn off HTML output, increasing compatibility with potential new language clients. We developed prototype language clients for the Neovim and Sublime Text code editors to evaluate the improved language server's versatility. While an Isabelle language client for these editors was previously infeasible, our enhancements made them viable. Our work not only brings #vscode closer to feature parity with #jedit, but also paves the way for future integrations with a broader range of development environments.]
#let appendix = none
#show: thesis.with(
title-primary: [Improving Isabelle/VSCode:\ Towards Better Prover IDE Integration\ via Language Server],
title-secondary: text(lang: "de", [Isabelle/VSCode Verbesserungen:\ Fortschritte in der Prover IDE Integration\ mittels Language Server]),
degree: "Bachelor",
program: "Informatics: Games Engineering",
supervisor: "Prof. Dr. <NAME>",
advisors: ("Prof. Dr. <NAME>", "M.Sc. <NAME>"),
author: "<NAME>",
start-date: datetime(day: 15, month: 04, year: 2024),
submission-date: datetime(day: 15, month: 08, year: 2024),
acknowledgements: acknowledgements,
abstract: abstract,
appendix: appendix,
)
#show: codly-init.with()
#codly(
zebra-fill: luma(245),
stroke: 2pt + luma(230),
lang-stroke: none,
)
#show "VSCode": it => box(it)
#show "VSCodium": it => box(it)
// Sei $x in (a, b)$ und $h in RR without {0}$ mit $x + h in [a, b]$. Es gilt:
// $ (F(x + h) - F(x))/h &= 1/h (integral^(x + h)_a f(t) d t - integral^x_a f(t) d t) = 1/h integral^(x + h)_x f(t) d t\
// &= 1/h f(xi_h) dot h = f(xi_h), quad xi_h in [x, x + h] $
#include "/chapters/01-introduction.typ"
#include "/chapters/02-background.typ"
#include "/chapters/03-related-work.typ"
#include "/chapters/04-main-refinements.typ"
#include "/chapters/05-main-enhancements.typ"
#include "/chapters/06-conclusion.typ"
|
Subsets and Splits