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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/top/index.md | ---
title: top
slug: Web/CSS/top
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.top
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`top`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets the vertical position of a [positioned element](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/position). It does not effect non-positioned elements.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/top.html")}}
The effect of `top` depends on how the element is positioned (i.e., the value of the {{cssxref("position")}} property):
- When `position` is set to `absolute` or `fixed`, the `top` property specifies the distance between the element's outer margin of top edge and the inner border of the top edge of its containing block.
- When `position` is set to `relative`, the `top` property specifies the distance the element's top edge is moved below its normal position.
- When `position` is set to `sticky`, the `top` property is used to compute the sticky-constraint rectangle.
- When `position` is set to `static`, the `top` property has _no effect_.
When both `top` and {{cssxref("bottom")}} values are specified, there are three different cases:
- If `position` is set to `absolute` or `fixed` and {{cssxref("height")}} is unspecified (either `auto` or `100%`), both the `top` and `bottom` values are respected.
- If `position` is set to `relative` or `height` is constrained, the `top` property takes precedence and the `bottom` property is ignored.
- If `position` is set to `sticky`, both `top` and `bottom` values are considered. This means that a sticky element can potentially move up and down within its containing block based on the values of these two properties as long as the element's position box remains contained within its containing block.
## Syntax
```css
/* <length> values */
top: 3px;
top: 2.4em;
/* <percentage>s of the height of the containing block */
top: 10%;
/* Keyword value */
top: auto;
/* Global values */
top: inherit;
top: initial;
top: revert;
top: revert-layer;
top: unset;
```
### Values
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : A negative, null, or positive {{cssxref("<length>")}} that represents:
- for _absolutely positioned elements_, the distance to the top edge of the containing block.
- for _relatively positioned elements_, the distance that the element is moved below its normal position.
- {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}
- : A {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} of the containing block's height.
- `auto`
- : Specifies that:
- for _absolutely positioned elements_, the position of the element is based on the {{Cssxref("bottom")}} property, while `height: auto` is treated as a height based on the content; or if `bottom` is also `auto`, the element is positioned where it should vertically be positioned if it were a static element.
- for _relatively positioned elements_, the distance of the element from its normal position is based on the {{Cssxref("bottom")}} property; or if `bottom` is also `auto`, the element is not moved vertically at all.
- `inherit`
- : Specifies that the value is the same as the computed value from its parent element (which might not be its containing block). This computed value is then handled as if it were a {{cssxref("<length>")}}, {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}, or the `auto` keyword.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### A positioned element set 10% from the top
```css
body {
background: beige;
}
div {
position: absolute;
top: 10%;
right: 40%;
bottom: 20%;
left: 15%;
background: gold;
border: 1px solid blue;
}
```
```html
<div>The size of this content is determined by the position of its edges.</div>
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('Examples','100%','200')}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("inset")}}, the shorthand for all related properties: {{cssxref("top")}}, {{cssxref("bottom")}}, {{cssxref("left")}}, and {{cssxref("right")}}
- The mapped logical properties: {{cssxref("inset-block-start")}}, {{cssxref("inset-block-end")}}, {{cssxref("inset-inline-start")}}, and {{cssxref("inset-inline-end")}} and the shorthands {{cssxref("inset-block")}} and {{cssxref("inset-inline")}}
- {{cssxref("position")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_colon_-moz-submit-invalid/index.md | ---
title: ":-moz-submit-invalid"
slug: Web/CSS/:-moz-submit-invalid
page-type: css-pseudo-class
status:
- non-standard
browser-compat: css.selectors.-moz-submit-invalid
---
{{CSSRef}}{{Non-standard_Header}}
The **`:-moz-submit-invalid`** CSS [pseudo-class](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes) is a [Mozilla extension](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Mozilla_Extensions) that represents any submit {{HTMLElement("button")}} on forms whose contents aren't valid based on their [validation constraints](/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms#constraint_validation).
By default, no style is applied. You can use this pseudo-class to customize the appearance of the submit button when there are invalid form fields.
## Syntax
```css
:-moz-submit-invalid {
/* ... */
}
```
## Specifications
Not part of any standard.
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{CSSxRef(":valid")}}
- {{CSSxRef(":invalid")}}
- {{CSSxRef(":required")}}
- {{CSSxRef(":optional")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/page-break-inside/index.md | ---
title: page-break-inside
slug: Web/CSS/page-break-inside
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.page-break-inside
---
{{CSSRef}}
> **Warning:** This property has been replaced by the {{cssxref("break-inside")}} property.
The **`page-break-inside`** CSS property adjusts page breaks _inside_ the current element.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/page-break-inside.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
page-break-inside: auto;
page-break-inside: avoid;
/* Global values */
page-break-inside: inherit;
page-break-inside: initial;
page-break-inside: revert;
page-break-inside: revert-layer;
page-break-inside: unset;
```
### Values
- `auto`
- : Initial value. Automatic page breaks (neither forced nor forbidden).
- `avoid`
- : Avoid page breaks inside the element.
## Page break aliases
The `page-break-inside` property is now a legacy property, replaced by {{cssxref("break-inside")}}.
For compatibility reasons, `page-break-inside` should be treated by browsers as an alias of `break-inside`. This ensures that sites using `page-break-inside` continue to work as designed. A subset of values should be aliased as follows:
| page-break-inside | break-inside |
| ----------------- | ------------ |
| `auto` | `auto` |
| `avoid` | `avoid` |
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Avoiding page breaks inside elements
#### HTML
```html
<div class="page">
<p>This is the first paragraph.</p>
<section class="list">
<span>A list</span>
<ol>
<li>one</li>
<!-- <li>two</li> -->
</ol>
</section>
<ul>
<li>one</li>
<!-- <li>two</li> -->
</ul>
<p>This is the second paragraph.</p>
<p>This is the third paragraph, it contains more text.</p>
<p>
This is the fourth paragraph. It has a little bit more text than the third
one.
</p>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
.page {
background-color: #8cffa0;
height: 90px;
width: 200px;
columns: 1;
column-width: 100px;
}
.list,
ol,
ul,
p {
break-inside: avoid;
}
p {
background-color: #8ca0ff;
}
ol,
ul,
.list {
margin: 0.5em 0;
display: block;
background-color: orange;
}
p:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Avoiding_page_breaks_inside_elements", 400, 160)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("break-before")}}, {{cssxref("break-after")}}, {{cssxref("break-inside")}}
- {{cssxref("page-break-after")}}, {{cssxref("page-break-before")}}
- {{cssxref("orphans")}}, {{cssxref("widows")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/system-color/index.md | ---
title: <system-color>
slug: Web/CSS/system-color
page-type: css-type
browser-compat: css.types.color.system-color
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`<system-color>`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [data type](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Types) usually reflects the default color choices used for the different parts of a web page.
However, user agents can provide an accessibility feature called _forced colors mode_, in which colors are restricted into a user- and user agent-defined palette, overriding the author's choice of colors in certain properties. In forced colors mode, `<system-color>` exposes the chosen colors, so that the rest of the page can integrate with them. An example of forced colors mode is [high contrast mode on Windows](https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2020/09/17/styling-for-windows-high-contrast-with-new-standards-for-forced-colors/).
In forced colors mode, authors should use colors from the `<system-color>` type for all properties that are _not_ in the set of properties whose colors are overridden. This ensures that the page consistently uses the same color palette across all properties.
Authors can detect forced colors mode using the [`forced-colors`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors) media feature.
A `<system-color>` value can be used anywhere a [`<color>`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value) can be used.
## Syntax
Note that these keywords are _case insensitive_, but are listed here with mixed case for readability.
- `AccentColor`
- : Background of accented user interface controls
- `AccentColorText`
- : Text of accented user interface controls
- `ActiveText`
- : Text of active links
- `ButtonBorder`
- : Base border color of controls
- `ButtonFace`
- : Background color of controls
- `ButtonText`
- : Text color of controls
- `Canvas`
- : Background of application content or documents
- `CanvasText`
- : Text color in application content or documents
- `Field`
- : Background of input fields
- `FieldText`
- : Text in input fields
- `GrayText`
- : Text color for disabled items (e.g. a disabled control)
- `Highlight`
- : Background of selected items
- `HighlightText`
- : Text color of selected items
- `LinkText`
- : Text of non-active, non-visited links
- `Mark`
- : Background of text that has been specially marked (such as by the HTML `mark` element)
- `MarkText`
- : Text that has been specially marked (such as by the HTML `mark` element)
- `SelectedItem`
- : Background of selected items, for example, a selected checkbox
- `SelectedItemText`
- : Text of selected items
- `VisitedText`
- : Text of visited links
### Deprecated system color keywords
The following keywords were defined in earlier versions of the CSS Color Module. They are now deprecated for use on public web pages.
- `ActiveBorder` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Active window border.
- `ActiveCaption` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Active window caption. Should be used with `CaptionText` as foreground color.
- `AppWorkspace` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Background color of multiple document interface.
- `Background` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Desktop background.
- `ButtonHighlight` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : The color of the border facing the light source for 3-D elements that appear 3-D due to that layer of surrounding border.
- `ButtonShadow` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : The color of the border away from the light source for 3-D elements that appear 3-D due to that layer of surrounding border.
- `CaptionText` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Text in caption, size box, and scrollbar arrow box. Should be used with the `ActiveCaption` background color.
- `InactiveBorder` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Inactive window border.
- `InactiveCaption` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Inactive window caption. Should be used with the `InactiveCaptionText` foreground color.
- `InactiveCaptionText` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Color of text in an inactive caption. Should be used with the `InactiveCaption` background color.
- `InfoBackground` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Background color for tooltip controls. Should be used with the `InfoText` foreground color.
- `InfoText` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Text color for tooltip controls. Should be used with the `InfoBackground` background color.
- `Menu` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Menu background. Should be used with the `MenuText` or `-moz-MenuBarText` foreground color.
- `MenuText` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Text in menus. Should be used with the `Menu` background color.
- `Scrollbar` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Background color of scroll bars.
- `ThreeDDarkShadow` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : The color of the darker (generally outer) of the two borders away from the light source for 3-D elements that appear 3-D due to two concentric layers of surrounding border.
- `ThreeDFace` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : The face background color for 3-D elements that appear 3-D due to two concentric layers of surrounding border. Should be used with the `ButtonText` foreground color.
- `ThreeDHighlight` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : The color of the lighter (generally outer) of the two borders facing the light source for 3-D elements that appear 3-D due to two concentric layers of surrounding border.
- `ThreeDLightShadow` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : The color of the darker (generally inner) of the two borders facing the light source for 3-D elements that appear 3-D due to two concentric layers of surrounding border.
- `ThreeDShadow` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : The color of the lighter (generally inner) of the two borders away from the light source for 3-D elements that appear 3-D due to two concentric layers of surrounding border.
- `Window` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Window background. Should be used with the `WindowText` foreground color.
- `WindowFrame` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Window frame.
- `WindowText` {{deprecated_inline}}
- : Text in windows. Should be used with the `Window` background color.
## Examples
### Using system colors
In this example we have a button that normally gets its contrast using the {{cssxref("box-shadow")}} property. In forced colors mode, `box-shadow` is forced to `none`, so the example uses the `forced-colors` media feature to ensure there is a border of the appropriate color (`ButtonBorder` in this case).
#### HTML
```html
<button class="button">Press me!</button>
```
#### CSS
```css
.button {
border: 0;
padding: 10px;
box-shadow:
-2px -2px 5px gray,
2px 2px 5px gray;
}
@media (forced-colors: active) {
.button {
/* Use a border instead, since box-shadow
is forced to 'none' in forced-colors mode */
border: 2px ButtonBorder solid;
}
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Using system colors")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [`<color>`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value): the data type these keywords belong to
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/box-direction/index.md | ---
title: box-direction
slug: Web/CSS/box-direction
page-type: css-property
status:
- deprecated
- non-standard
browser-compat: css.properties.box-direction
---
{{CSSRef}}{{Non-standard_header}}{{Deprecated_Header}}
> **Warning:** This is a property of the original CSS Flexible Box Layout Module draft, and has been replaced by a newer standard. The `-moz-box-direction` will only be used for XUL while the previous standard `box-direction` has been replaced by `flex-direction`. See [flexbox](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Basic_concepts_of_flexbox) for information about the current standard.
The **`box-direction`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property specifies whether a box lays out its contents normally (from the top or left edge), or in reverse (from the bottom or right edge).
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
box-direction: normal;
box-direction: reverse;
/* Global values */
box-direction: inherit;
box-direction: initial;
box-direction: revert;
box-direction: revert-layer;
box-direction: unset;
```
The `box-direction` property is specified as one of the keyword values listed below.
### Values
- `normal`
- : The box lays out its contents from the start (the left or top edge).
- `reverse`
- : The box lays out its contents from the end (the right or bottom edge).
## Notes
The edge of the box designated the _start_ for layout purposes depends on the box's orientation:
- For horizontal elements, the _start_ is the top edge.
- For vertical elements, the _start_ is the left edge.
The edge opposite to the start is designated the _end_.
If the direction is set using the element's `dir` attribute, then the style is ignored.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
```plain
box-direction =
normal | reverse | inherit
```
## Examples
### Setting box direction
```css
.example {
/* bottom-to-top layout */
-moz-box-direction: reverse; /* Mozilla */
-webkit-box-direction: reverse; /* WebKit */
box-direction: reverse; /* As specified */
}
```
## Specifications
Not part of any standard.
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{CSSxRef("box-orient")}}
- {{CSSxRef("box-pack")}}
- {{CSSxRef("box-align")}}
- {{CSSxRef("flex-direction")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/number/index.md | ---
title: <number>
slug: Web/CSS/number
page-type: css-type
browser-compat: css.types.number
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`<number>`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [data type](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Types) represents a number, being either an integer or a number with a fractional component.
## Syntax
The syntax of `<number>` extends the syntax of {{CSSxRef("<integer>")}}. A fractional value is represented by a `.` followed by one or more decimal digits, and may be appended to an integer. There is no unit associated with numbers.
## Interpolation
When animated, values of the `<number>` CSS data type are interpolated as real, floating-point numbers. The speed of the interpolation is determined by the [easing function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/easing-function) associated with the animation.
## Examples
### Valid numbers
```plain example-good
12 A raw <integer> is also a <number>.
4.01 Positive fraction
-456.8 Negative fraction
0.0 Zero
+0.0 Zero, with a leading +
-0.0 Zero, with a leading -
.60 Fractional number without a leading zero
10e3 Scientific notation
-3.4e-2 Complicated scientific notation
```
### Invalid numbers
```plain example-bad
12. Decimal points must be followed by at least one digit.
+-12.2 Only one leading +/- is allowed.
12.1.1 Only one decimal point is allowed.
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{CSSxRef("<integer>")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_doublecolon_slotted/index.md | ---
title: "::slotted()"
slug: Web/CSS/::slotted
page-type: css-pseudo-element
browser-compat: css.selectors.slotted
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`::slotted()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-element](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements) represents any element that has been placed into a slot inside an HTML template (see [Using templates and slots](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_templates_and_slots) for more information).
This only works when used inside CSS placed within a [shadow DOM](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_shadow_DOM). Note that this selector won't select a text node placed into a slot; it only targets actual elements.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/tabbed/pseudo-element-slotted.html", "tabbed-shorter")}}
```css
/* Selects any element placed inside a slot */
::slotted(*) {
font-weight: bold;
}
/* Selects any <span> placed inside a slot */
::slotted(span) {
font-weight: bold;
}
```
## Syntax
```css-nolint
::slotted(<compound-selector>) {
/* ... */
}
```
## Examples
### Highlighting slotted elements
In this example, we use a template with three slots:
```html
<template id="person-template">
<div>
<h2>Personal ID Card</h2>
<slot name="person-name">NAME MISSING</slot>
<ul>
<li><slot name="person-age">AGE MISSING</slot></li>
<li><slot name="person-occupation">OCCUPATION MISSING</slot></li>
</ul>
</div>
</template>
```
We define the `<person-details>` custom element. In this case, we add styles with JavaScript, though we could have added them in a {{HTMLElement("style")}} block within the {{HTMLElement("template")}} with the same effect:
```js
customElements.define(
"person-details",
class extends HTMLElement {
constructor() {
super();
let template = document.getElementById("person-template");
let templateContent = template.content;
const shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({ mode: "open" });
let style = document.createElement("style");
style.textContent =
"div { padding: 10px; border: 1px solid gray; width: 200px; margin: 10px; }" +
"h2 { margin: 0 0 10px; }" +
"ul { margin: 0; }" +
"p { margin: 10px 0; }" +
"::slotted(*) { color: gray; font-family: sans-serif; } " +
"::slotted(span) {text-decoration: underline;} ";
shadowRoot.appendChild(style);
shadowRoot.appendChild(templateContent.cloneNode(true));
}
},
);
```
When filling the `style` element with content, you'll see that we select all slotted elements (`::slotted(*)`) and give them a different font and color. This differentiates them from the slots that haven't been filled. We styled all the slotted {{HTMLElement("span")}}s (`::slotted(span)`) to differentiate the `<span>`s from the {{HTMLElement("p")}}s.
Our markup includes three custom elements, including a custom element with an invalid slot name in a source order that differs from the `<template>`:
```html
<person-details>
<p slot="person-name">Wonder Woman</p>
<span slot="person-age">Immortal</span>
<span slot="person-occupation">Superhero</span>
</person-details>
<person-details>
<p slot="person-name">Malala Yousafzai</p>
<span slot="person-age">17</span>
<span slot="person-occupation">Activist</span>
</person-details>
<person-details>
<span slot="person-age">44</span>
<span slot="not-a-slot-name">Time traveller</span>
<p slot="person-name">Dr. Who</p>
</person-details>
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Highlighting_slotted_elements', 500, 500)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref(":host")}}
- {{cssxref(":host_function", ":host()")}}
- {{cssxref(":host-context", ":host-context()")}}
- [CSS scoping](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_scoping) module
- HTML [`slot`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/slot) attribute
- HTML {{HTMLElement("slot")}} element
- HTML {{HTMLElement("template")}} element
- [Web components](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/quotes/index.md | ---
title: quotes
slug: Web/CSS/quotes
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.quotes
---
{{CSSRef}}
The [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) **`quotes`** property sets how the browser should render quotation marks that are automatically added to the HTML {{HTMLElement("q")}} element or added using the `open-quotes` or `close-quotes` (or omitted using the `no-open-quote` and `no-close-quote`) values of the of the CSS [`content`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/content) property.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/quotes.html")}}
Browsers insert quotation marks at the opening and closing of `<q>` elements and for the `open-quote` and `close-quote` values of the `content` property. Each opening or closing quote is replaced by one of the strings from the value of `quotes`, based on the depth of nesting, or, if `quotes` is explicity set to or otherwise resolves to `auto`, the quotation marks used are language dependent.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword value */
quotes: none;
quotes: auto;
/* <string> values */
quotes: "«" "»"; /* Set open-quote and close-quote to use French quotation marks */
quotes: "«" "»" "‹" "›"; /* Set two levels of quotation marks */
/* Global values */
quotes: inherit;
quotes: initial;
quotes: revert;
quotes: revert-layer;
quotes: unset;
```
### Values
- `none`
- : The `open-quote` and `close-quote` values of the {{cssxref("content")}} property produce no quotation marks, as if `no-open-quote` and `no-close-quote` were set, respectively.
- `auto`
- : Quotation marks that are typographically appropriate for the inherited language (i.e. via the [`lang`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes#lang) attribute set on the parent or other ancestor).
- `[{{cssxref("<string>")}} <string>]+`
- : Defines one or more pairs of quotation mark values for opening and closing quotes. In each pair, the first of each pair of quotes are used as the values for the `open-quote` and the second of each pair is the `close-quote`.
The first pair represents the quotation's outer level. The second pair, if present, represents the first nested level. The next pair is used for doubly nested levels, and so on. If the depth of quote nesting is greater than the number of pairs, the last pair in the `quotes` value is repeated.
Which pair of quotes is used depends on the depth, or nesting level, of quotes: the number of occurrences of `<q>` quotes or `open-quote` (or `no-open-quote`) in all generated text before the current occurrence, minus the number of occurrences of closing quotes, either as `</q>`, `close-quote`, or `no-close-quote`. If the depth is 0, the first pair is used, if the depth is 1, the second pair is used, etc.
> **Note:** The CSS `content` property value `open-quote` increments and `no-close-quote` decrements the quoting level, but does not insert a quotation marks.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Default quotes and overrides
This examples compares the default quotes provided by the semantic HTML `<q>` element to those we define using the CSS `quotes` property.
The default value of `quotes` is [`auto`](#auto). In this example, the first list item has `quotes: auto` set, so gets the default quotes for the language specified; the same as if no `quotes` property was set. The second list item defines which quotation marks to use for quotes and nested quotes; these quotation marks will be used for descendants of an element with `specialQuotes` class regardless of the language (like any [`lang`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/lang) attribute values set).
#### HTML
```html
<ul>
<li>
Default quotes:
<p lang="ru">
<q
>Митч Макконнелл - это человек, который знает о России и ее влиянии
меньше, чем даже Дональд Трамп, и <q>я ничего не знаю</q>, сказал
Трамп</q
>, - писал Раджу.
</p>
</li>
<li class="specialQuotes">
Defined by <code>quotes</code> property :
<p lang="ru">
<q
>Митч Макконнелл - это человек, который знает о России и ее влиянии
меньше, чем даже Дональд Трамп, и <q>я ничего не знаю</q>, сказал
Трамп</q
>, - писал Раджу.
</p>
</li>
<ul></ul>
</ul>
```
#### CSS
```css
li {
quotes: auto;
}
.specialQuotes {
quotes: "“" "”" "‘" "’";
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Overriding default quotes', "100%", 200)}}
By default, browser provide language specific quotation marks when the `<q>` element is used. If the `quotes` property is defined, the values provided override the browser defaults. Note the `quotes` property is inherited. The `quotes` property is set on the `<li>` with the `specialQuotes` class, but the quotes are applied the `<q>` elements.
Note that each open-quote and close-quote is replaced by one of the strings from the value of quotes, based on the depth of nesting.
### Auto quotes
The default value of `quotes` is `auto`. This example works without it being explicitly being set.
#### HTML
```html
<ul>
<li lang="fr">
<q>Ceci est une citation française.</q>
</li>
<li lang="ru">
<q>Это русская цитата</q>
</li>
<li lang="de">
<q>Dies ist ein deutsches Zitat</q>
</li>
<li lang="en">
<q>This is an English quote.</q>
</li>
</ul>
```
#### CSS
```css
q {
quotes: auto;
}
li:not(:last-of-type) {
border-bottom: 1px solid;
}
```
```css hidden
li {
padding: 0.5em 0;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Auto_quotes', "100%", 200)}}
Note that the [`lang`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes#lang) attribute was placed on an ancestor of the `<q>`, not the `<q>` itself. If a quotation is in a different language than the surrounding text, it is customary to quote the text with the quote marks of the language of the surrounding text, not the language of the quotation itself.
### With generated content
In this example, instead of using the `<q>` element, we are adding quotation marks to the {{cssxref("::before")}} and {{cssxref("::after")}} pseudo-elements before and after the content of each element with a specific class name.
#### HTML
```html
<p>
<span class="quote">I should be using quotes</span>, I thought,
<span class="quote"
>But why use semantic HTML elements when I can add classes to
<span class="quote">ALL THE THINGS!</span>?
</span>
</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
.quote {
quotes: '"' '"' "'" "'";
}
.quote::before {
content: open-quote;
}
.quote::after {
content: close-quote;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('With generated content', "100%", 80)}}
### Text as quotes and empty quotes
This example demonstrates using something other than quotation marks as the `<string>` values. The open-quote indicates the speaker and, as there is not opening quotation mark, the close-quote is the empty. (Mixing a `<string>` with an enumerated keyword to create a pair is not supported). We set `auto` for the nested quotes. These nested quotes will be book-ended by whatever the language dictates is normal for nested quotes.
#### HTML
```html
<ul>
<li><q data-speaker="karen">Hello</q></li>
<li><q data-speaker="chad">Hi</q></li>
<li><q data-speaker="karen">this conversation is not interesting</q></li>
<li>
<q data-speaker="pat"
>OMG! <q>Hi</q>? Seriously? at least <q>hello</q> is five letters long.</q
>
</li>
</ul>
```
#### CSS
```css
[data-speaker="karen" i] {
quotes: "She said: " "";
}
[data-speaker="chad" i] {
quotes: "He said: " "";
}
[data-speaker="pat" i] {
quotes: "They said: " "";
}
[data-speaker] q {
quotes: auto;
}
```
```css hidden
li {
padding: 0.5em 0;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Text as quotes and empty quotes', "100%", 200)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [CSS generated content](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_generated_content) module
- {{ Cssxref("contain") }}
- {{ Cssxref("content") }}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/using_css_custom_properties/index.md | ---
title: Using CSS custom properties (variables)
slug: Web/CSS/Using_CSS_custom_properties
page-type: guide
---
{{CSSRef}}
**Custom properties** (sometimes referred to as **CSS variables** or **cascading variables**) are entities defined by CSS authors that represent specific values to be reused throughout a document. They are set using the {{cssxref("@property")}} at-rule or by [custom property syntax](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/--*) (e.g., **`--primary-color: blue;`**). Custom properties are accessed using the CSS {{cssxref("var", "var()")}} function (e.g., **`color: var(--primary-color);`**).
Complex websites have very large amounts of CSS, and this often results in a lot of repeated CSS values. For example, it's common to see the same color used in hundreds of different places in stylesheets. Changing a color that's been duplicated in many places requires a search and replace across all rules and CSS files. Custom properties allow a value to be defined in one place, then referenced in multiple other places so that it's easier to work with. Another benefit is readability and semantics. For example, `--main-text-color` is easier to understand than the hexadecimal color `#00ff00`, especially if the color is used in different contexts.
Custom properties defined [using two dashes (`--`)](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/--*) are subject to the [cascade](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Cascade) and inherit their value from their parent.
The {{cssxref("@property")}} at-rule allows more control over the custom property and lets you specify whether it inherits its value from a parent, what the initial value is, and the type constraints that should apply.
> **Note:** Variables do not work inside media queries and container queries.
> You can use the {{cssxref("var", "var()")}} function in any part of a value in any property on an element.
> You cannot use {{cssxref("var", "var()")}} for property names, selectors, or anything aside from property values, which means you can't use it in a media query or container query.
## Declaring custom properties
In CSS, you can declare a custom property using two dashes as a prefix for the property name, or by using the {{cssxref("@property")}} at-rule.
The following sections describe how to use these two methods.
### Using a prefix of two dashes (`--`)
A custom property prefixed with two dashes begins with `--`, followed by the property name (e.g.,`--my-property`), and a property value that can be any [valid CSS value](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units).
Like any other property, this is written inside a ruleset.
The following example shows how to create a custom property `--main-bg-color` and uses a [`<named-color>`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/named-color) value of `brown`:
```css
section {
--main-bg-color: brown;
}
```
The selector given to the ruleset ([`<section>`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section) elements in the example above) defines the scope in which the custom property can be used.
For this reason, a common practice is to define custom properties on the {{cssxref(":root")}} pseudo-class, so that it can be referenced globally:
```css
:root {
--main-bg-color: brown;
}
```
This doesn't always have to be the case: you maybe have a good reason for limiting the scope of your custom properties.
> **Note:** Custom property names are case sensitive — `--my-color` will be treated as a separate custom property to `--My-color`.
### Using the `@property` at-rule
The {{cssxref("@property")}} at-rule allows you to be more expressive with the definition of a custom property with the ability to associate a type with the property, set default values, and control inheritance.
The following example creates a custom property called `--logo-color` which expects a [`<color>`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value):
```css
@property --logo-color {
syntax: "<color>";
inherits: false;
initial-value: #c0ffee;
}
```
If you want to define or work with custom properties in JavaScript instead of directly in CSS, there is a corresponding API for this purpose.
You can read about how this work in the [CSS Properties and Values API](/en-US/docs/Web/API/CSS_Properties_and_Values_API) page.
### Referencing custom properties with `var()`
Regardless of which method you choose to define a custom property, you use them by referencing the property in a {{cssxref("var", "var()")}} function in place of a standard property value:
```css
details {
background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}
```
## First steps with custom properties
Let's start with some HTML that we would like to apply some styles to.
There is a `<div>` that acts as a container that includes some child elements, some with nested elements:
```html
<div class="container">
<div class="one">
<p>One</p>
</div>
<div class="two">
<p>Two</p>
<div class="three">
<p>Three</p>
</div>
</div>
<input class="four" placeholder="Four" />
<textarea class="five">Five</textarea>
</div>
```
We will use the following CSS to style a few different elements based on their classes (some layout rules are not shown below so we can focus on colors).
Depending on their classes, we're giving elements `cornflowerblue` or `aquamarine` background colors:
```css hidden
/* Set fonts, borders and padding */
body {
font-family: sans-serif;
color: white;
}
div,
input,
textarea {
border: 2px black solid;
padding: 4px;
margin: 4px;
}
.container {
display: grid;
gap: 10px;
}
```
```css
/* For each class, set some colors */
.one {
background-color: cornflowerblue;
}
.two {
color: black;
background-color: aquamarine;
}
.three {
background-color: cornflowerblue;
}
.four {
background-color: cornflowerblue;
}
.five {
background-color: cornflowerblue;
}
```
This produces the following result:
{{EmbedLiveSample("First_steps_with_custom_properties",600,360)}}
There's an opportunity to use custom properties to replace repetitive values across these rules.
After defining `--main-bg-color` in the `.container` scope and referencing its value in multiple places, the updated styles look like this:
```css
/* Define --main-bg-color here */
.container {
--main-bg-color: cornflowerblue;
}
/* For each class, set some colors */
.one {
background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}
.two {
color: black;
background-color: aquamarine;
}
.three {
background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}
.four {
background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}
.five {
background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}
```
## Using the :root pseudo-class
For some CSS declarations, it is possible to declare this higher in the cascade and let CSS inheritance solve this problem. For non-trivial projects, this is not always possible. By declaring a custom property on the {{cssxref(":root")}} pseudo-class and using it where needed throughout the document, a CSS author can reduce the need for repetition:
```css
/* Define --main-bg-color here */
:root {
--main-bg-color: cornflowerblue;
}
/* For each class, set some colors */
.one {
background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}
.two {
color: black;
background-color: aquamarine;
}
.three {
background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}
.four {
background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}
.five {
background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
}
```
This leads to the same result as the previous example, yet allows for one canonical declaration of the desired property value (`--main-bg-color: cornflowerblue;`), which is very useful if you want to change the value across the entire project later.
## Inheritance of custom properties
A custom property defined using two dashes `--` instead of `@property` always inherit the value of its parent.
This is demonstrated in the following example:
```html live-sample___dash-custom-property-inheritance
<div class="one">
<p>One</p>
<div class="two">
<p>Two</p>
<div class="three"><p>Three</p></div>
<div class="four"><p>Four</p></div>
</div>
</div>
```
```css hidden live-sample___dash-custom-property-inheritance
div {
color: black;
font-family: sans-serif;
width: 75%;
height: 80%;
margin: 4px;
border: 2px black solid;
display: inline-block;
}
p {
margin: 0;
}
.one {
height: 250px;
}
.two {
height: 80%;
}
.three {
height: 40%;
}
.four {
height: 40%;
}
```
```css live-sample___dash-custom-property-inheritance
div {
background-color: var(--box-color);
}
.two {
--box-color: cornflowerblue;
}
.three {
--box-color: aquamarine;
}
```
{{embedlivesample("dash-custom-property-inheritance", "100%", "280px")}}
The results of `var(--box-color)` depending on inheritance are as follows:
- `class="one"`: _invalid value_, which is the default value of a custom property defined in this way
- `class="two"`: `cornflowerblue`
- `class="three"`: `aquamarine`
- `class="four"`: `cornflowerblue` (inherited from its parent)
One aspect of custom properties that the examples above demonstrate is that they don't behave exactly like variables in other programming languages.
The value is computed where it is needed, not stored and reused in other places of a stylesheet.
For instance, you cannot set a property's value and expect to retrieve the value in a sibling's descendant's rule.
The property is only set for the matching selector and its descendants.
### Using `@property` to control inheritance
The `@property` at-rule lets you explicity state whether the property inherits or not.
The following example creates a custom property using the `@property` at-rule.
Inheritance is disabled, there's a [`<color>`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value) data type defined, and an intital value of `cornflowerblue`.
The parent element sets `--box-color` to a value of `green` and uses `--box-color` as a value for its background color.
The child element also uses `background-color: var(--box-color)`, and we would expect it to have the color `green` if inheritance was enabled (or if it was defined using the double dash syntax).
```html live-sample___at-property-inheritance
<div class="parent">
<p>Parent element</p>
<div class="child">
<p>Child element with inheritance disabled for --box-color.</p>
</div>
</div>
```
```css hidden live-sample___at-property-inheritance
div {
color: white;
font-family: sans-serif;
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
margin: 4px;
padding: 8px;
border: 2px black solid;
display: inline-block;
}
```
```css live-sample___at-property-inheritance
@property --box-color {
syntax: "<color>";
inherits: false;
initial-value: cornflowerblue;
}
.parent {
--box-color: green;
background-color: var(--box-color);
}
.child {
width: 80%;
height: 40%;
background-color: var(--box-color);
}
```
Because `inherits: false;` is set in the at-rule, and a value for the `--box-color` property is not declared within the `.child` scope, the initial value of `cornflowerblue` is used instead of `green` that would have been inherited from the parent:
{{embedlivesample("at-property-inheritance", "100%", "250px")}}
## Custom property fallback values
You can define fallback values for custom properties using the `var()` function, and the `initial-value` of the `@property` at-rule.
> **Note:** Fallback values aren't used to fix compatibility issues for when CSS custom properties are not supported, as the fallback value won't help in this case.
> Fallbacks cover the case where the browser supports CSS custom properties and is able to use a different value if the desired variable isn't defined yet or has an invalid value.
### Defining fallbacks in the `var()` function
Using the [`var()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/var) function, you can define multiple **fallback values** when the given variable is not yet defined; this can be useful when working with [Custom Elements](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_custom_elements) and [Shadow DOM](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_components/Using_shadow_DOM).
The first argument to the function is the name of the custom property. The second argument to the function is an optional fallback value, which is used as the substitution value when the referenced custom property is invalid.
The function accepts two parameters, assigning everything following the first comma as the second parameter. If the second parameter is invalid, the fallback will fail. For example:
```css
.one {
/* Red if --my-var is not defined */
color: var(--my-var, red);
}
.two {
/* pink if --my-var and --my-background are not defined */
color: var(--my-var, var(--my-background, pink));
}
.three {
/* Invalid: "--my-background, pink" */
color: var(--my-var, --my-background, pink);
}
```
Including a custom property as a fallback, as seen in the second example above (`var(--my-var, var(--my-background, pink))`), is the correct way to provide more than one fallback with `var()`.
You should be aware of the performance impact of this method, however, as it takes more time to parse through the nested variables.
> **Note:** The syntax of the fallback, like that of [custom properties](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-variables/#custom-property), allows commas. For example, `var(--foo, red, blue)` defines a fallback of `red, blue` — anything between the first comma and the end of the function is considered a fallback value.
### Fallbacks using the `@property` initial value
Aside from using `var()`, the `initial-value` defined in the `@property` at-rule can be used as a fallback mechanism.
In fact, we've already seen this in the [`@property` inheritance](#using_property_to_control_inheritance) section.
The following example sets an initial value of `--box-color` to `cornflowerblue` using the `@property` at-rule.
In the ruleset following the at-rule, we want to set `--box-color` to `aquamarine`, but there's a typo in the value name.
The same is true for the third `<div>` where we've used `2rem` for the custom property that's expecting a valid [`<color>` value](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value).
Both `2rem` and `aqumarine` are invalid color values, so the initial value of `cornflowerblue` is applied:
```css live-sample___at-property-initial-value
@property --box-color {
syntax: "<color>";
initial-value: cornflowerblue;
inherits: false;
}
.one {
--box-color: aquamarine;
background-color: var(--box-color);
}
.two {
--box-color: aqumarine;
background-color: var(--box-color);
}
.three {
--box-color: 2rem;
background-color: var(--box-color);
}
```
```css hidden live-sample___at-property-initial-value
div {
color: white;
font-family: sans-serif;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
margin: 4px;
padding: 8px;
border: 2px black solid;
display: inline-block;
}
.one {
color: black;
}
```
```html hidden live-sample___at-property-initial-value
<div class="one">
<p>One</p>
</div>
<div class="two">
<p>Two.</p>
</div>
<div class="three">
<p>Three.</p>
</div>
```
{{embedlivesample("at-property-initial-value", "100%", "150px")}}
## Invalid custom properties
Each CSS property can be assigned a defined [set of values](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units).
If you try to assign a value to a property that is outside its set of valid values, it's considered _invalid_.
When the browser encounters an invalid value for a regular CSS property (for example, a value of `16px` for the {{cssxref("color")}} property), it discards the declaration, and elements are assigned the values that they would have had if the declaration did not exist.
In the following example, we see what happens when a regular CSS declaration is invalid; `color: 16px;` is discarded and the previous `color: blue` rule is applied instead:
```html live-sample___invalid-property
<p>This paragraph is initially black.</p>
```
```css live-sample___invalid-property
p {
color: blue;
}
p {
/* oops, not a valid color */
color: 16px;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('invalid-property', 100, 50)}}
However, when the values of custom properties are parsed, the browser doesn't yet know where they will be used, so it must consider nearly all values as _valid_.
Unfortunately, these valid values can be used, via the `var()` functional notation, in a context where they might not make sense.
Properties and custom variables can lead to invalid CSS statements, leading to the concept of _valid at computed time_.
When the browser encounters an invalid `var()` substitution, then the [initial](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/initial_value) or [inherited](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Inheritance) value of the property is used.
This example is just like the last one, except we use a custom property.
The browser substitutes the value of `--text-color` in place of `var(--text-color)`, but `16px` is not a valid property value for {{cssxref("color")}}.
After substitution, the property doesn't make sense., so the browser handles this situation in two steps:
1. Check if the property {{cssxref("color")}} is inheritable. It is, but this `<p>` doesn't have any parent with the `color` property set. So we move on to the next step.
2. Set the value to its **default initial value**, which is black.
```html live-sample___invalid-custom-property
<p>This paragraph is initially black.</p>
```
```css live-sample___invalid-custom-property
:root {
--text-color: 16px;
}
p {
color: blue;
}
p {
color: var(--text-color);
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('invalid-custom-property', 100, 50)}}
For such cases, the `@property` at-rule can prevent unexpected results by allowing to define the initial value of the property:
```html live-sample___invalid-custom-property-fallbacks
<p>This paragraph is initially black.</p>
```
```css live-sample___invalid-custom-property-fallbacks
@property --text-color {
syntax: "<color>";
inherits: false;
initial-value: cornflowerblue;
}
:root {
--text-color: 16px;
}
p {
color: blue;
}
p {
color: var(--text-color);
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('invalid-custom-property-fallbacks', 100, 50)}}
## Values in JavaScript
To use the values of custom properties in JavaScript, it is just like standard properties.
```js
// get variable from inline style
element.style.getPropertyValue("--my-var");
// get variable from wherever
getComputedStyle(element).getPropertyValue("--my-var");
// set variable on inline style
element.style.setProperty("--my-var", jsVar + 4);
```
## See also
- [Custom property syntax](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/--*)
- {{cssxref("@property")}} at-rule
- [`var()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/var)
- [CSS Properties and Values API](/en-US/docs/Web/API/CSS_Properties_and_Values_API)
- [CSS custom properties for cascading variables](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_cascading_variables) module
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_colon_scope/index.md | ---
title: ":scope"
slug: Web/CSS/:scope
page-type: css-pseudo-class
browser-compat: css.selectors.scope
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`:scope`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-class](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes) represents elements that are a reference point, or scope, for selectors to match against.
```css
/* Selects a scoped element */
:scope {
background-color: lime;
}
```
Which element(s) `:scope` matches depends on the context in which it is used:
- When used at the root level of a stylesheet, `:scope` is equivalent to {{cssxref(":root")}}, which in a regular HTML document matches the {{htmlelement("html")}} element.
- When used inside a {{cssxref("@scope")}} block, `:scope` matches the block's defined scope root. It provides a way to apply styles to the root of the scope from inside the `@scope` block itself.
- When used within a DOM API call — such as {{domxref("Element.querySelector", "querySelector()")}}, {{domxref("Element.querySelectorAll", "querySelectorAll()")}}, {{domxref("Element.matches", "matches()")}}, or {{domxref("Element.closest()")}} — `:scope` matches the element on which the method was called.
## Syntax
```css
:scope {
/* ... */
}
```
## Examples
### Using `:scope` as an alternative to `:root`
This example shows that `:scope` is equivalent to `:root` when used at the root level of a stylesheet. In this case, the provided CSS colors the background of the `<html>` element orange.
#### HTML
```html
<html></html>
```
#### CSS
```css
:scope {
background-color: orange;
}
```
#### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample("Using :scope as an alternative to :root", "100%", 50) }}
### Using `:scope` to style the scope root in a `@scope` block
In this example, we use two separate `@scope` blocks to match links inside elements with a `.light-scheme` and `.dark-scheme` class respectively. Note how `:scope` is used to select and provide styling to the scope roots themselves. In this example, the scope roots are the {{htmlelement("div")}} elements that have the classes applied to them.
#### HTML
```html
<div class="light-scheme">
<p>
MDN contains lots of information about
<a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML">HTML</a>,
<a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS">CSS</a>, and
<a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="dark-scheme">
<p>
MDN contains lots of information about
<a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML">HTML</a>,
<a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS">CSS</a>, and
<a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.
</p>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css hidden
div {
padding: 10px;
}
```
```css
@scope (.light-scheme) {
:scope {
background-color: plum;
}
a {
color: darkmagenta;
}
}
@scope (.dark-scheme) {
:scope {
background-color: darkmagenta;
color: antiquewhite;
}
a {
color: plum;
}
}
```
#### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample("Using :scope to style the scope root in a @scope block", "100%", 150) }}
### Using `:scope` in JavaScript
This example demonstrates using the `:scope` pseudo-class in JavaScript. This can be useful if you need to get a direct descendant of an already retrieved {{domxref("Element")}}.
#### HTML
```html
<div id="context">
<div id="element-1">
<div id="element-1.1"></div>
<div id="element-1.2"></div>
</div>
<div id="element-2">
<div id="element-2.1"></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Selected element ids :
<span id="results"></span>
</p>
```
#### JavaScript
```js
const context = document.getElementById("context");
const selected = context.querySelectorAll(":scope > div");
document.getElementById("results").innerHTML = Array.prototype.map
.call(selected, (element) => `#${element.getAttribute("id")}`)
.join(", ");
```
#### Result
The scope of `context` is the element with the [`id`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes#id) of `context`. The selected elements are the `<div>` elements that are direct children of that context — `element-1` and `element-2` — but not their descendants.
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Using :scope in JavaScript') }}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The {{cssxref("@scope")}} [at-rule](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/At-rule)
- The {{cssxref(":root")}} [pseudo-class](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes)
- [Locating DOM elements using selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document_object_model/Locating_DOM_elements_using_selectors)
- {{domxref("Element.querySelector()")}} and {{domxref("Element.querySelectorAll()")}}
- {{domxref("Document.querySelector()")}} and {{domxref("Document.querySelectorAll()")}}
- {{domxref("DocumentFragment.querySelector()")}} and {{domxref("DocumentFragment.querySelectorAll()")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/value_definition_syntax/index.md | ---
title: Value definition syntax
slug: Web/CSS/Value_definition_syntax
page-type: guide
spec-urls: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values/#value-defs
---
{{CSSRef}}
**CSS value definition syntax**, a formal grammar, is used for defining the set of valid values for a CSS property or function. In addition to this syntax, the set of valid values can be further restricted by semantic constraints (for example, for a number to be strictly positive).
The definition syntax describes which values are allowed and the interactions between them. A component can be a _keyword_, some characters considered as a _literal_, or a value of a given CSS data type or of another CSS property.
## Component value types
### Keywords
#### Generic keywords
A keyword with a predefined meaning appears literally, without quotation marks. For example: `auto`, `smaller` or `ease-in`.
#### The specific case of `inherit`, `initial` and `unset`
All CSS properties accept the keywords `inherit`, `initial` and `unset`, that are defined throughout CSS. They are not shown in the value definition, and are implicitly defined.
### Literals
In CSS, a few characters can appear on their own, like the slash ('`/`') or the comma ('`,`'), and are used in a property definition to separate its parts. The comma is often used to separate values in enumerations, or parameters in mathematical-like functions; the slash often separates parts of the value that are semantically different, but have a common syntax. Typically, the slash is used in shorthand properties; to separate components that are of the same type, but belong to different properties.
Both symbols appear literally in a value definition.
### Data types
#### Basic data types
Some kind of data are used throughout CSS, and are defined once for all values in the specification. Called _basic data types_, they are represented with their name surrounded by the symbol '`<`' and '`>`': {{CSSxRef("<angle>")}}, {{CSSxRef("<string>")}}, …
#### Non-terminal data types
Less common data types, called _non-terminal data types_, are also surrounded by '`<`' and '`>`'.
Non-terminal data types are of two kinds:
- data types _sharing the same name of a property_, put between quotes. In this case, the data type shares the same set of values as the property. They are often used in the definition of shorthand properties.
- data type _not sharing the same name of a property_. These data types are very close to the basic data types. They only differ from the basic data types in the physical location of their definition. In this case, the definition is usually physically very close to the definition of the property using them.
## Component value combinators
### Brackets
_Brackets_ enclose several entities, combinators, and multipliers, then transform them as a single component. They are used to **group components to bypass the precedence rules**.
```css
bold [ thin && <length> ]
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold thin 2vh`
- `bold 0 thin`
- `bold thin 3.5em`
But not:
- `thin bold 3em`, as `bold` is juxtaposed with the component defined by the brackets, it must appear before it.
### Juxtaposition
Placing several keywords, literals or data types, next to one another, only separated by one or several spaces, is called _juxtaposition_. All juxtaposed components are **mandatory and should appear in the exact order**.
```css
bold <length>, thin
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold 1em, thin`
- `bold 0, thin`
- `bold 2.5cm, thin`
- `bold 3vh, thin`
But not:
- `thin 1em, bold`, as the entities must be in the expressed order
- `bold 1em thin`, as the entities are mandatory; the comma, a literal, must be present
- `bold 0.5ms, thin`, as the `ms` values are not {{CSSxRef("<length>")}}
### Double ampersand
Separating two or more components, by a _double ampersand_, `&&`, means that all these entities are **mandatory but may appear in any order**.
```css
bold && <length>
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold 1em`
- `bold 0`
- `2.5cm bold`
- `3vh bold`
But not:
- `bold`, as both components must appear in the value.
- `bold 1em bold`, as both components must appear only one time.
> **Note:** juxtaposition has precedence over the double ampersand, meaning that `bold thin && <length>` is equivalent to `[ bold thin ] && <length>`. It describes `bold thin <length>` or `<length> bold thin` but not `bold <length> thin`.
### Double bar
Separating two or more components by a _double bar_, `||`, means that all entities are options: **at least one of them must be present, and they may appear in any order**. Typically this is used to define the different values of a [shorthand property](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Shorthand_properties).
```css
<'border-width'> || <'border-style'> || <'border-color'>
```
This example matches the following values:
- `1em solid blue`
- `blue 1em`
- `solid 1px yellow`
But not:
- `blue yellow`, as a component must appear at most one single time.
- `bold`, as it isn't a keyword allowed as value of any of the entity.
> **Note:** the double ampersand has precedence over the double bar, meaning that `bold || thin && <length>` is equivalent to `bold || [ thin && <length> ]`. It describes `bold`, `thin <length>`, `bold thin <length>`, or `thin <length> bold` but not `<length> bold thin` as bold, if not omitted, must be placed before or after the whole `thin && <length>` component.
### Single bar
Separating two or more entities by a _single bar_, `|`, means that all entities are exclusive options: **exactly one of these options must be present**. This is typically used to separate a list of possible keywords.
```css
<percentage> | <length> | left | center | right | top | bottom
```
This example matches the following values:
- `3%`
- `0`
- `3.5em`
- `left`
- `center`
- `right`
- `top`
- `bottom`
But not:
- `center 3%`, as only one of the components must be present.
- `3em 4.5em`, as a component must be present at most one time.
> **Note:** the double bar has precedence over the single bar, meaning that `bold | thin || <length>` is equivalent to `bold | [ thin || <length> ]`. It describes `bold`, `thin`, `<length>`, `<length> thin`, or `thin <length>` but not `bold <length>` as only one entity from each side of the `|` combinator can be present.
## Component value multipliers
A multiplier is a sign that indicates how many times a preceding entity can be repeated. Without a multiplier, an entity must appear exactly one time.
Note that multipliers cannot be added and have precedence over all combinators.
### Asterisk (`*`)
The _asterisk multiplier_ indicates that the entity may appear **zero, one or several times**.
```css
bold smaller*
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold`
- `bold smaller`
- `bold smaller smaller`
- `bold smaller smaller smaller`, and so on.
But not:
- `smaller`, as `bold` is juxtaposed, and must appear before any `smaller` keyword.
### Plus (`+`)
The _plus multiplier_ indicates that the entity may appear **one or several times**.
```css
bold smaller+
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold smaller`
- `bold smaller smaller`
- `bold smaller smaller smaller`, and so on.
But not:
- `bold`, as `smaller` must appear at least one time.
- `smaller`, as `bold` is juxtaposed and must appear before any `smaller` keyword.
### Question mark (`?`)
The _question mark multiplier_ indicates that the entity is optional, and **must appear zero or one time**.
```css
bold smaller?
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold`
- `bold smaller`
But not:
- `bold smaller smaller`, as `smaller` must appear at most one time.
- `smaller`, as `bold` is juxtaposed and must appear before any `smaller` keyword.
### Curly braces (`{ }`)
The _curly braces multiplier_, enclosing two integers separated by a comma, A and B, indicates that the entity **must appear at least A times and at most B times**.
```css
bold smaller{1,3}
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold smaller`
- `bold smaller smaller`
- `bold smaller smaller smaller`
But not:
- `bold`, as `smaller` must appear at least one time.
- `bold smaller smaller smaller smaller`, as `smaller` must appear at most three times.
- `smaller`, as `bold` is juxtaposed and must appear before any `smaller` keyword
### Hash mark (`#`)
The _hash mark multiplier_ indicates that the entity may be repeated one or more times (for example, the plus multiplier), but each occurrence is separated by a comma (',').
```css
bold smaller#
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold smaller`
- `bold smaller, smaller`
- `bold smaller, smaller, smaller`, and so on.
But not:
- `bold`, as `smaller` must appear at least one time.
- `bold smaller smaller smaller`, as the different occurrences of `smaller` must be separated by commas.
- `smaller`, as `bold` is juxtaposed and must appear before any `smaller` keyword.
The hash mark may optionally be followed by curly braces to indicate precisely how many times the repetition occurs.
```css
bold smaller#{1,3}
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold smaller`
- `bold smaller, smaller`
- `bold smaller, smaller, smaller`
But not:
- `bold smaller, smaller, smaller, smaller`, as `smaller` must appear at most three times.
```css
bold smaller#{2}
```
This example matches the following value:
- `bold smaller, smaller`
But not:
- `bold smaller`, as `smaller` must appear exactly two times.
### Exclamation point (`!`)
The _exclamation point multiplier_ after a group indicates that the group is required, and must produce at least one value; even if the grammar of the items within the group would otherwise allow the entire contents to be omitted, at least one component value must not be omitted.
```css
[ bold? smaller? ]!
```
This example matches the following values:
- `bold`
- `smaller`
- `bold smaller`
But not:
- neither `bold` nor `smaller`, as one of them must appear.
- `smaller bold`, as `bold` is juxtaposed and must appear before the `smaller` keyword.
- `bold smaller bold`, as `bold` and `smaller` may only appear once.
## Summary
<table class="standard-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Sign</th>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Description</th>
<th scope="col">Example</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th colspan="4">Combinators</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Juxtaposition</td>
<td>Components are mandatory and should appear in that order</td>
<td><code>solid <length></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>&&</code></td>
<td>Double ampersand</td>
<td>Components are mandatory but may appear in any order</td>
<td><code><length> && <string></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>||</code></td>
<td>Double bar</td>
<td>
At least one of the components must be present, and they may appear in
any order.
</td>
<td>
<code><'border-image-outset'> || <'border-image-slice'></code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>|</code></td>
<td>Single bar</td>
<td>Exactly one of the components must be present</td>
<td><code>smaller | small | normal | big | bigger</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>[ ]</code></td>
<td>Brackets</td>
<td>Group components to bypass precedence rules</td>
<td><code>bold [ thin && <length> ]</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="4">Multipliers</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>No multiplier</td>
<td>Exactly 1 time</td>
<td><code>solid</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>*</code></td>
<td>Asterisk</td>
<td>0 or more times</td>
<td><code>bold smaller*</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>+</code></td>
<td>Plus sign</td>
<td>1 or more times</td>
<td><code>bold smaller+</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>?</code></td>
<td>Question mark</td>
<td>0 or 1 time (that is <em>optional)</em></td>
<td><code>bold smaller?</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>{A,B}</code></td>
<td>Curly braces</td>
<td>At least <code>A</code> times, at most <code>B</code> times</td>
<td><code>bold smaller{1,3}</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>#</code></td>
<td>Hash mark</td>
<td>
1 or more times, but each occurrence separated by a comma
('<code>,</code>')
</td>
<td><code>bold smaller#</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>!</code></td>
<td>Exclamation point</td>
<td>Group must produce at least 1 value</td>
<td><code>[ bold? smaller? ]!</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## See also
- CSS key concepts:
- [CSS syntax](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Syntax)
- [Comments](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Comments)
- [Specificity](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Specificity)
- [Inheritance](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Inheritance)
- [Box model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model)
- [Layout modes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Layout_mode)
- [Visual formatting models](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Visual_formatting_model)
- [Margin collapsing](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Mastering_margin_collapsing)
- Values
- [Initial values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/initial_value)
- [Computed values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/computed_value)
- [Used values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/used_value)
- [Actual values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/actual_value)
- **Value definition syntax**
- [Shorthand properties](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Shorthand_properties)
- [Replaced elements](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Replaced_element)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/transform-style/index.md | ---
title: transform-style
slug: Web/CSS/transform-style
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.transform-style
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`transform-style`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets whether children of an element are positioned in the 3D space or are flattened in the plane of the element.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/transform-style.html")}}
If flattened, the element's children will not exist on their own in the 3D-space.
As this property is not inherited, it must be set for all non-leaf descendants of the element.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
transform-style: flat;
transform-style: preserve-3d;
/* Global values */
transform-style: inherit;
transform-style: initial;
transform-style: revert;
transform-style: revert-layer;
transform-style: unset;
```
### Values
- `flat`
- : Indicates that the children of the element are lying in the plane of the element itself.
- `preserve-3d`
- : Indicates that the children of the element should be positioned in the 3D-space.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Transform style demonstration
In this example we have a 3D cube created using transforms. The parent container of the cube faces has `transform-style: preserve-3d` set on it by default, so it is transformed in the 3D space and you can see it as intended.
We also provide a checkbox allowing you to toggle between this, and `transform-style: flat`. In this alternative state, the cube faces are all flattened onto the plane of their parent, and you might not be able to see them at all, depending on the browser you are using.
#### HTML
```html
<section id="example-element">
<div class="face front">1</div>
<div class="face back">2</div>
<div class="face right">3</div>
<div class="face left">4</div>
<div class="face top">5</div>
<div class="face bottom">6</div>
</section>
<div class="checkbox">
<label for="preserve"><code>preserve-3d</code></label>
<input type="checkbox" id="preserve" checked />
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
#example-element {
margin: 50px;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
transform-style: preserve-3d;
transform: rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 30deg);
}
.face {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
position: absolute;
backface-visibility: inherit;
font-size: 60px;
color: #fff;
}
.front {
background: rgb(90 90 90 / 70%);
transform: translateZ(50px);
}
.back {
background: rgb(0 210 0 / 70%);
transform: rotateY(180deg) translateZ(50px);
}
.right {
background: rgb(210 0 0 / 70%);
transform: rotateY(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}
.left {
background: rgb(0 0 210 / 70%);
transform: rotateY(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}
.top {
background: rgb(210 210 0 / 70%);
transform: rotateX(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}
.bottom {
background: rgb(210 0 210 / 70%);
transform: rotateX(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}
```
#### JavaScript
```js
const cube = document.getElementById("example-element");
const checkbox = document.getElementById("preserve");
checkbox.addEventListener("change", () => {
cube.style.transformStyle = checkbox.checked ? "preserve-3d" : "flat";
});
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Transform_style_demonstration', '100%', 260)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Using CSS transforms](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_transforms/Using_CSS_transforms)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/animation-play-state/index.md | ---
title: animation-play-state
slug: Web/CSS/animation-play-state
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.animation-play-state
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`animation-play-state`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets whether an animation is running or paused.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/animation-play-state.html")}}
Resuming a paused animation will start the animation from where it left off at the time it was paused, rather than starting over from the beginning of the animation sequence.
## Syntax
```css
/* Single animation */
animation-play-state: running;
animation-play-state: paused;
/* Multiple animations */
animation-play-state: paused, running, running;
/* Global values */
animation-play-state: inherit;
animation-play-state: initial;
animation-play-state: revert;
animation-play-state: revert-layer;
animation-play-state: unset;
```
### Values
- `running`
- : The **animation** is currently **playing**.
- `paused`
- : The **animation** is currently **paused**.
> **Note:** When you specify multiple comma-separated values on an `animation-*` property, they are applied to the animations in the order in which the {{cssxref("animation-name")}}s appear. For situations where the number of animations and `animation-*` property values do not match, see [Setting multiple animation property values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_animations/Using_CSS_animations#setting_multiple_animation_property_values).
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Pausing an animation
This animation is paused, but runs when you hover over it.
#### HTML
```html
<div class="box"></div>
```
#### CSS
```css
.box {
background-color: rebeccapurple;
border-radius: 10px;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
animation-name: rotate;
animation-duration: 0.7s;
animation-iteration-count: infinite;
animation-play-state: paused;
}
.box:hover {
animation-play-state: running;
}
@keyframes rotate {
0% {
transform: rotate(0);
}
100% {
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
}
```
#### Result
Hover over the rectangle to play the animation.
{{EmbedLiveSample("Pausing an animation","100%","250")}}
See [CSS animations](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_animations/Using_CSS_animations) for examples.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Using CSS animations](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_animations/Using_CSS_animations)
- JavaScript {{domxref("AnimationEvent")}} API
- Other related animation properties: {{cssxref("animation")}}, {{cssxref("animation-composition")}}, {{cssxref("animation-delay")}}, {{cssxref("animation-direction")}}, {{cssxref("animation-duration")}}, {{cssxref("animation-fill-mode")}}, {{cssxref("animation-iteration-count")}}, {{cssxref("animation-name")}}, {{cssxref("animation-timeline")}}, {{cssxref("animation-timing-function")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/-webkit-text-stroke/index.md | ---
title: "-webkit-text-stroke"
slug: Web/CSS/-webkit-text-stroke
page-type: css-shorthand-property
browser-compat: css.properties.-webkit-text-stroke
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`-webkit-text-stroke`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property specifies the [width](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/length) and [color](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value) of strokes for text characters. This is a shorthand property for the longhand properties {{cssxref("-webkit-text-stroke-width")}} and {{cssxref("-webkit-text-stroke-color")}}.
```css
/* Width and color values */
-webkit-text-stroke: 4px navy;
text-stroke: 4px navy;
/* Global values */
-webkit-text-stroke: inherit;
-webkit-text-stroke: initial;
-webkit-text-stroke: revert;
-webkit-text-stroke: revert-layer;
-webkit-text-stroke: unset;
```
## Constituent properties
This property is a shorthand for the following CSS properties:
- [`-webkit-text-stroke-color`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/-webkit-text-stroke-color)
- [`-webkit-text-stroke-width`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/-webkit-text-stroke-width)
## Syntax
### Values
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : The width of the stroke.
- {{cssxref("<color>")}}
- : The color of the stroke.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Adding a red text stroke
#### HTML
```html
<p id="example">The stroke of this text is red.</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
#example {
font-size: 3em;
margin: 0;
-webkit-text-stroke: 2px red;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Adding_a_red_text_stroke", 600, 60)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Surfin' Safari blog post announcing this feature](https://webkit.org/blog/85/introducing-text-stroke/)
- [CSS-Tricks article explaining this feature](https://css-tricks.com/adding-stroke-to-web-text/)
- {{cssxref("-webkit-text-stroke-width")}}
- {{cssxref("-webkit-text-stroke-color")}}
- {{cssxref("-webkit-text-fill-color")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_doublecolon_view-transition-image-pair/index.md | ---
title: "::view-transition-image-pair"
slug: Web/CSS/::view-transition-image-pair
page-type: css-pseudo-element
status:
- experimental
browser-compat: css.selectors.view-transition-image-pair
---
{{CSSRef}}{{SeeCompatTable}}
The **`::view-transition-image-pair`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-element](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements) represents a container for a [view transition's](/en-US/docs/Web/API/View_Transitions_API) "old" and "new" view states — before and after the transition.
During a view transition, `::view-transition-image-pair` is included in the associated pseudo-element tree as explained in [The view transition process](/en-US/docs/Web/API/View_Transitions_API#the_view_transition_process). It is only ever a child of a {{cssxref("::view-transition-group")}}. In terms of children, it can have a {{cssxref("::view-transition-new")}} or a {{cssxref("::view-transition-old")}}, or both.
`::view-transition-image-pair` is given the following default styling in the UA stylesheet:
```css
html::view-transition-image-pair(*) {
position: absolute;
inset: 0;
animation-duration: inherit;
animation-fill-mode: inherit;
}
```
During a view transition, `::view-transition-image-pair` has {{cssxref("isolation", "isolation: isolate")}} set on it in the view transition style sheet so that its children can be blended with non-normal blend modes without affecting other visual outputs.
## Syntax
```css-nolint
::view-transition-image-pair(<pt-name-selector>) {
/* ... */
}
```
`<pt-name-selector>` can be one of the following values:
- `*`
- : Causes the pseudo-element to match all view transition groups.
- `root`
- : Causes the pseudo-element to match the default `root` view transition group created by the user agent to contain the view transition for the overall page, meaning any element not assigned to its own specific view transition group via the {{cssxref("view-transition-name")}} property.
- {{cssxref("custom-ident")}}
- : Causes the pseudo-element to match a specific view transition group created by assigning the given {{cssxref("custom-ident")}} to an element via the {{cssxref("view-transition-name")}} property.
## Examples
```css
::view-transition-image-pair(root) {
isolation: auto;
}
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [View Transitions API](/en-US/docs/Web/API/View_Transitions_API)
- [Smooth and simple transitions with the View Transitions API](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/web-platform/view-transitions/)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/overscroll-behavior-y/index.md | ---
title: overscroll-behavior-y
slug: Web/CSS/overscroll-behavior-y
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.overscroll-behavior-y
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`overscroll-behavior-y`** CSS property sets the browser's behavior when the vertical boundary of a scrolling area is reached.
See {{cssxref("overscroll-behavior")}} for a full explanation.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
overscroll-behavior-y: auto; /* default */
overscroll-behavior-y: contain;
overscroll-behavior-y: none;
/* Global values */
overscroll-behavior-y: inherit;
overscroll-behavior-y: initial;
overscroll-behavior-y: revert;
overscroll-behavior-y: revert-layer;
overscroll-behavior-y: unset;
```
The `overscroll-behavior-y` property is specified as a keyword chosen from the list of values below.
### Values
- `auto`
- : The default scroll overflow behavior occurs as normal.
- `contain`
- : Default scroll overflow behavior (e.g., "bounce" effects) is observed inside the element where this value is set. However, no {{Glossary("Scroll_chaining", "scroll chaining")}} occurs on neighboring scrolling areas; the underlying elements will not scroll. The `contain` value disables native browser navigation, including the vertical pull-to-refresh gesture and horizontal swipe navigation.
- `none`
- : No scroll chaining occurs to neighboring scrolling areas, and default scroll overflow behavior is prevented.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Preventing an underlying element from scrolling vertically
```css
.messages {
height: 220px;
overflow: auto;
overscroll-behavior-y: contain;
}
```
See {{cssxref("overscroll-behavior")}} for a full example and explanation.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Take control of your scroll: customizing pull-to-refresh and overflow effects](https://developer.chrome.com/blog/overscroll-behavior/#demo)
- The mapped logical properties: {{cssxref("overscroll-behavior-inline")}}, {{cssxref("overscroll-behavior-block")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/translate/index.md | ---
title: translate
slug: Web/CSS/translate
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.translate
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`translate`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property allows you to specify translation transforms individually and independently of the {{CSSxRef("transform")}} property. This maps better to typical user interface usage, and saves having to remember the exact order of transform functions to specify in the `transform` value.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/translate.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
translate: none;
/* Single values */
translate: 100px;
translate: 50%;
/* Two values */
translate: 100px 200px;
translate: 50% 105px;
/* Three values */
translate: 50% 105px 5rem;
/* Global values */
translate: inherit;
translate: initial;
translate: revert;
translate: revert-layer;
translate: unset;
```
### Values
- Single {{cssxref("<length-percentage>")}} value
- : A {{cssxref("<length>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} that specifies a translation along the X-axis. Equivalent to a `translate()` (2D translation) function with a single value specified.
- Two {{cssxref("<length-percentage>")}} values
- : Two {{cssxref("<length>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} that specify the X and Y axis translation values (respectively) of a 2D translation. Equivalent to a `translate()` (2D translation) function with two values specified.
- Three values
- : Two {{cssxref("<length-percentage>")}} and single {{cssxref("<length>")}} values that specify the X, Y, and Z axis translation values (respectively) of a 3D translation. Equivalent to a `translate3d()` (3D translation) function.
- `none`
- : Specifies that no translation should be applied.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{CSSSyntax}}
## Examples
### Translating an element on hover
This example shows how to use the `translate` property to move an element in three axes.
The first box is moved along the X axis and the second box is moved along the X and Y axes.
The third box is moved along the X, Y and Z axes and has the appearance of moving toward the viewer because of the addition of {{cssxref('perspective')}} to the parent element.
#### HTML
```html
<div class="wrapper">
<div id="box1">translate X</div>
<div id="box2">translate X,Y</div>
<div id="box3">translate X,Y,Z</div>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
.wrapper {
perspective: 100px;
display: inline-flex;
gap: 1em;
}
.wrapper > div {
width: 7em;
line-height: 7em;
text-align: center;
transition: 0.5s ease-in-out;
border: 3px dotted;
}
#box1:hover {
translate: 20px;
}
#box2:hover {
translate: 20px 20px;
}
#box3:hover {
translate: 5px 5px 30px;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Translating_an_element_on_hover", "100%", 175)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref('scale')}}
- {{cssxref('rotate')}}
- {{cssxref('transform')}}
Note: skew is not an independent transform value
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/box-sizing/index.md | ---
title: box-sizing
slug: Web/CSS/box-sizing
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.box-sizing
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`box-sizing`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets how the total width and height of an element is calculated.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/box-sizing.html")}}
By default in the [CSS box model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model), the `width` and `height` you assign to an element is applied only to the element's content box. If the element has any border or padding, this is then added to the `width` and `height` to arrive at the size of the box that's rendered on the screen. This means that when you set `width` and `height`, you have to adjust the value you give to allow for any border or padding that may be added. For example, if you have four boxes with `width: 25%;`, if any has left or right padding or a left or right border, they will not by default fit on one line within the constraints of the parent container.
The `box-sizing` property can be used to adjust this behavior:
- `content-box` gives you the default CSS box-sizing behavior. If you set an element's width to 100 pixels, then the element's content box will be 100 pixels wide, and the width of any border or padding will be added to the final rendered width, making the element wider than 100px.
- `border-box` tells the browser to account for any border and padding in the values you specify for an element's width and height. If you set an element's width to 100 pixels, that 100 pixels will include any border or padding you added, and the content box will shrink to absorb that extra width. This typically makes it much easier to size elements.
`box-sizing: border-box` is the default styling that browsers use for the {{htmlelement("table")}}, {{htmlelement("select")}}, and {{htmlelement("button")}} elements, and for {{htmlelement("input")}} elements whose type is `{{htmlelement("input/radio", "radio")}}`, `{{htmlelement("input/checkbox", "checkbox")}}`, `{{htmlelement("input/reset", "reset")}}`, `{{htmlelement("input/button", "button")}}`, `{{htmlelement("input/submit", "submit")}}`, `{{htmlelement("input/color", "color")}}`, or `{{htmlelement("input/search", "search")}}`.
> **Note:** It is often useful to set `box-sizing` to `border-box` to lay out elements. This makes dealing with the sizes of elements much easier, and generally eliminates a number of pitfalls you can stumble on while laying out your content. On the other hand, when using `position: relative` or `position: absolute`, use of `box-sizing: content-box` allows the positioning values to be relative to the content, and independent of changes to border and padding sizes, which is sometimes desirable.
## Syntax
```css
box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: content-box;
/* Global values */
box-sizing: inherit;
box-sizing: initial;
box-sizing: revert;
box-sizing: revert-layer;
box-sizing: unset;
```
The `box-sizing` property is specified as a single keyword chosen from the list of values below.
### Values
- `content-box`
- : This is the initial and default value as specified by the CSS standard. The {{Cssxref("width")}} and {{Cssxref("height")}} properties include the content, but does not include the padding, border, or margin. For example, `.box {width: 350px; border: 10px solid black;}` renders a box that is 370px wide.
Here, the dimensions of the element are calculated as: _width = width of the content_, and _height = height of the content_. (Borders and padding are not included in the calculation.)
- `border-box`
- : The {{Cssxref("width")}} and {{Cssxref("height")}} properties include the content, padding, and border, but do not include the margin. Note that padding and border will be inside of the box. For example, `.box {width: 350px; border: 10px solid black;}` renders a box that is 350px wide, with the area for content being 330px wide. The content box can't be negative and is floored to 0, making it impossible to use `border-box` to make the element disappear.
Here the dimensions of the element are calculated as: _width = border + padding + width of the content_, and _height = border + padding + height of the content_.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Box sizes with content-box and border-box
This example shows how different `box-sizing` values alter the rendered size of two otherwise identical elements.
#### HTML
```html
<div class="content-box">Content box</div>
<br />
<div class="border-box">Border box</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
div {
width: 160px;
height: 80px;
padding: 20px;
border: 8px solid red;
background: yellow;
}
.content-box {
box-sizing: content-box;
/* Total width: 160px + (2 * 20px) + (2 * 8px) = 216px
Total height: 80px + (2 * 20px) + (2 * 8px) = 136px
Content box width: 160px
Content box height: 80px */
}
.border-box {
box-sizing: border-box;
/* Total width: 160px
Total height: 80px
Content box width: 160px - (2 * 20px) - (2 * 8px) = 104px
Content box height: 80px - (2 * 20px) - (2 * 8px) = 24px */
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Box_sizes_with_content-box_and_border-box', 'auto', 300)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [CSS box model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/sin/index.md | ---
title: sin()
slug: Web/CSS/sin
page-type: css-function
browser-compat: css.types.sin
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`sin()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions) is a trigonometric function that returns the sine of a number, which is a value between `-1` and `1`. The function contains a single calculation that must resolve to either a {{cssxref("<number>")}} or an {{cssxref("<angle>")}} by interpreting the result of the argument as radians. That is, `sin(45deg)`, `sin(0.125turn)`, and `sin(3.14159 / 4)` all represent the same value, approximately `0.707`.
## Syntax
```css
/* Single <angle> values */
width: calc(100px * sin(45deg));
width: calc(100px * sin(0.25turn));
width: calc(100px * sin(1.0471967rad));
/* Single <number> values */
width: calc(100px * sin(63.673));
width: calc(100px * sin(2 * 0.125));
/* Other values */
width: calc(100px * sin(pi / 2));
width: calc(100px * sin(e / 4));
```
### Parameter
The `sin(angle)` function accepts only one value as its parameter.
- `angle`
- : A calculation which resolves to a {{cssxref("<number>")}} or an {{cssxref("<angle>")}}. When specifying unitless numbers they are interpreted as a number of radians, representing an {{cssxref("<angle>")}}
### Return value
The sine of an `angle` will always return a number between `−1` and `1`.
- If `angle` is `infinity`, `-infinity`, or `NaN`, the result is `NaN`.
- If `angle` is `0⁻`, the result is `0⁻`.
### Formal syntax
{{CSSSyntax}}
## Examples
### Changing box sizes
In this example, `sin(30deg)` will return `0.5`, making the box have a `50px` width and a `50px` height.
```css
div {
background-color: red;
width: calc(sin(30deg) * 100px);
height: calc(sin(30deg) * 100px);
}
```
### Controlling animation duration
Another use case is to control the {{cssxref("animation-duration")}}, reducing the duration based on the sine value. In this case, the animation duration will be `1s`.
```css
div {
animation-name: myAnimation;
animation-duration: calc(sin(0.25turn) * 1s);
}
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{CSSxRef("cos")}}
- {{CSSxRef("tan")}}
- {{CSSxRef("asin")}}
- {{CSSxRef("acos")}}
- {{CSSxRef("atan")}}
- {{CSSxRef("atan2")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/scroll-padding-block-start/index.md | ---
title: scroll-padding-block-start
slug: Web/CSS/scroll-padding-block-start
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.scroll-padding-block-start
---
{{CSSRef}}
The `scroll-padding-block-start` property defines offsets for the start edge in the block dimension of the _optimal viewing region_ of the scrollport: the region used as the target region for placing things in view of the user. This allows the author to exclude regions of the scrollport that are obscured by other content (such as fixed-positioned toolbars or sidebars) or to put more breathing room between a targeted element and the edges of the scrollport.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/scroll-padding-block-start.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
scroll-padding-block-start: auto;
/* <length> values */
scroll-padding-block-start: 10px;
scroll-padding-block-start: 1em;
scroll-padding-block-start: 10%;
/* Global values */
scroll-padding-block-start: inherit;
scroll-padding-block-start: initial;
scroll-padding-block-start: revert;
scroll-padding-block-start: revert-layer;
scroll-padding-block-start: unset;
```
### Values
- `<length-percentage>`
- : An inwards offset from the block start edge of the scrollport, as a valid length or a percentage.
- `auto`
- : The offset is determined by the user agent. This will generally be 0px, but a user agent is able to detect and do something else if a non-zero value is more appropriate.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [CSS scroll snap](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_scroll_snap)
- [Well-controlled scrolling with CSS scroll snap](https://web.dev/articles/css-scroll-snap)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/text-decoration-skip-ink/index.md | ---
title: text-decoration-skip-ink
slug: Web/CSS/text-decoration-skip-ink
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.text-decoration-skip-ink
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`text-decoration-skip-ink`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property specifies how overlines and underlines are drawn when they pass over glyph ascenders and descenders.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/text-decoration-skip-ink.html")}}
`text-decoration-skip-ink` is not part of the {{cssxref("text-decoration")}} shorthand.
## Syntax
```css
/* Single keyword */
text-decoration-skip-ink: none;
text-decoration-skip-ink: auto;
text-decoration-skip-ink: all;
/* Global keywords */
text-decoration-skip-ink: inherit;
text-decoration-skip-ink: initial;
text-decoration-skip-ink: revert;
text-decoration-skip-ink: revert-layer;
text-decoration-skip-ink: unset;
```
### Values
- `none`
- : Underlines and overlines are drawn across the full length of the text content, including parts that cross over glyph descenders and ascenders.
- `auto`
- : The default — the browser _may_ interrupt underlines and overlines so that they do not touch or closely approach a glyph. That is, they are interrupted where they would otherwise cross over a glyph.
- `all`
- : The browser _must_ interrupt underlines and overlines so that they do not touch or closely approach a glyph. This can be helpful with certain Chinese, Japanese, or Korean (CJK) fonts, where the `auto` behavior might not create interruptions.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### HTML
```html
<p>You should go on a quest for a cup of coffee.</p>
<p class="no-skip-ink">Or maybe you'd prefer some tea?</p>
<p>この文は、 text-decoration-skip-ink: auto の使用例を示しています。</p>
<p class="skip-ink-all">
この文は、 text-decoration-skip-ink: all の使用例を示しています。
</p>
```
### CSS
```css
p {
font-size: 1.5em;
text-decoration: underline blue;
text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; /* this is the default anyway */
}
.no-skip-ink {
text-decoration-skip-ink: none;
}
.skip-ink-all {
text-decoration-skip-ink: all;
}
```
### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Examples", "100%", 250)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref('text-decoration')}}
- {{cssxref('text-decoration-skip')}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_colon_placeholder-shown/index.md | ---
title: ":placeholder-shown"
slug: Web/CSS/:placeholder-shown
page-type: css-pseudo-class
browser-compat: css.selectors.placeholder-shown
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`:placeholder-shown`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-class](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes) represents any {{HTMLElement("input")}} or {{HTMLElement("textarea")}} element that is currently displaying [placeholder text](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#placeholder).
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/tabbed/pseudo-class-placeholder-shown.html", "tabbed-shorter")}}
## Syntax
```css
:placeholder-shown {
/* ... */
}
```
## Examples
### Basic example
This example applies special font and border styles when the placeholder is shown.
#### HTML
```html
<input placeholder="Type something here!" />
```
#### CSS
```css
input {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 3px;
}
input:placeholder-shown {
border-color: teal;
color: purple;
font-style: italic;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Basic_example", 200, 80)}}
### Overflowing text
When form fields are too small, placeholder text can get cropped in an undesirable way. You can use the {{cssxref("text-overflow")}} property to alter the way overflowing text is displayed.
#### HTML
```html
<input id="input1" placeholder="Name, Rank, and Serial Number" /> <br /><br />
<input id="input2" placeholder="Name, Rank, and Serial Number" />
```
#### CSS
```css
#input2:placeholder-shown {
text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Overflowing_text", 200, 80)}}
### Customized input field
The following example highlights the Student ID field with a custom style.
#### HTML
```html
<form id="test">
<p>
<label for="name">Enter Student Name:</label>
<input id="name" placeholder="Student Name" />
</p>
<p>
<label for="branch">Enter Student Branch:</label>
<input id="branch" placeholder="Student Branch" />
</p>
<p>
<label for="sid">Enter Student ID:</label>
<input
type="number"
pattern="[0-9]{8}"
title="8 digit ID"
id="sid"
class="studentid"
placeholder="8 digit id" />
</p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>
```
#### CSS
```css
input {
background-color: #e8e8e8;
color: black;
}
input.studentid:placeholder-shown {
background-color: yellow;
color: red;
font-style: italic;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Customized_input_field", 200, 180)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The {{CSSxRef("::placeholder")}} pseudo-element styles the placeholder _itself_.
- Related HTML elements: {{HTMLElement("input")}}, {{HTMLElement("textarea")}}
- [HTML forms](/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/overflow/index.md | ---
title: overflow
slug: Web/CSS/overflow
page-type: css-shorthand-property
browser-compat: css.properties.overflow
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`overflow`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [shorthand property](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Shorthand_properties) sets the desired behavior when content does not fit in the parent element box (overflows) in the horizontal and/or vertical direction.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/overflow.html")}}
## Constituent properties
This property is a shorthand for the following CSS properties:
- [`overflow-x`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow-x)
- [`overflow-y`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow-y)
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
overflow: visible;
overflow: hidden;
overflow: clip;
overflow: scroll;
overflow: auto;
overflow: hidden visible;
/* Global values */
overflow: inherit;
overflow: initial;
overflow: revert;
overflow: revert-layer;
overflow: unset;
```
The `overflow` property is specified as one or two {{CSSXref("overflow_value", "<overflow>")}} keyword values. If only one keyword is specified, both `overflow-x` and `overflow-y` are set to the same value. If two keywords are specified, the first value applies to `overflow-x` in the horizontal direction and the second one applies to `overflow-y` in the vertical direction.
### Values
- `visible`
- : Overflow content is not clipped and may be visible outside the element's padding box. The element box is not a {{glossary("scroll container")}}. This is the default value of the `overflow` property.
- `hidden`
- : Overflow content is clipped at the element's padding box. There are no scroll bars, and the clipped content is not visible (i.e., clipped content is hidden), but the content still exists. User agents do not add scroll bars and also do not allow users to view the content outside the clipped region by actions such as dragging on a touch screen or using the scroll wheel on a mouse. The content _can_ be scrolled programmatically (for example, by setting the value of the {{domxref("Element.scrollLeft", "scrollLeft")}} property or the {{domxref("Element.scrollTo", "scrollTo()")}} method), in which case the element box is a scroll container.
- `clip`
- : Overflow content is clipped at the element's _overflow clip edge_ that is defined using the [`overflow-clip-margin`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow-clip-margin) property. As a result, content overflows the element's padding box by the {{cssxref("<length>")}} value of `overflow-clip-margin` or by `0px` if not set. Overflow content outside the clipped region is not visible, user agents do not add a scroll bar, and programmatic scrolling is also not supported. No new [formatting context](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_display/Block_formatting_context) is created. To establish a formatting context, use `overflow: clip` along with {{cssxref("display", "display: flow-root", "#flow-root")}}. The element box is not a scroll container.
- `scroll`
- : Overflow content is clipped at the element's padding box, and overflow content can be scrolled into view using scroll bars. User agents display scroll bars in both horizontal and vertical directions if only one value is set, whether or not any content is overflowing or clipped. The use of this keyword, therefore, can prevent scroll bars from appearing and disappearing as content changes. Printers may still print overflowing content. The element box is a scroll container.
- `auto`
- : Overflow content is clipped at the element's padding box, and overflow content can be scrolled into view. Unlike `scroll`, user agents display scroll bars _only if_ the content is overflowing and hide scroll bars by default. If content fits inside the element's padding box, it looks the same as with `visible` but still establishes a new formatting context. The element box is a scroll container.
> **Note:** The keyword value `overlay` is a legacy value alias for `auto`. With `overlay`, the scroll bars are drawn on top of the content instead of taking up space.
## Description
Overflow options include hiding overflowing content, enabling scroll bars to view overflow content or displaying the content flowing out of an element box into the surrounding area, and combinations there of.
The following nuances should be kept in mind while using the various keywords for `overflow`:
- Specifying a value other than `visible` (the default) or `clip` for `overflow` creates a new [block formatting context](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_display/Block_formatting_context). This is necessary for technical reasons; if a float intersects with a scrolling element, it would forcibly rewrap the content after each scroll step, leading to a slow scrolling experience.
- For an `overflow` setting to create the desired effect, the block-level element must have either a set height (`height` or `max-height`) or `white-space` set to `nowrap`.
- Setting one axis to `visible` (the default) while setting the other to a _different_ value results in `visible` behaving as `auto`.
- The JavaScript {{domxref("Element.scrollTop")}} property may be used to scroll through content in a scroll container, including when `overflow` is set to `hidden`.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Demonstrating results of various overflow keywords
#### HTML
```html
<div>
<code>visible</code>
<p class="visible">
Maya Angelou: "I've learned that people will forget what you said, people
will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them
feel."
</p>
</div>
<div>
<code>hidden</code>
<p class="hidden">
Maya Angelou: "I've learned that people will forget what you said, people
will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them
feel."
</p>
</div>
<div>
<code>clip</code>
<p class="clip">
Maya Angelou: "I've learned that people will forget what you said, people
will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them
feel."
</p>
</div>
<div>
<code>scroll</code>
<p class="scroll">
Maya Angelou: "I've learned that people will forget what you said, people
will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them
feel."
</p>
</div>
<div>
<code>auto</code>
<p class="auto">
Maya Angelou: "I've learned that people will forget what you said, people
will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them
feel."
</p>
</div>
<div>
<code>overlay</code>
<p class="overlay">
Maya Angelou: "I've learned that people will forget what you said, people
will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them
feel."
</p>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css hidden
body {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
justify-content: start;
}
div {
margin: 2em;
font-size: 1.2em;
}
p {
width: 5em;
height: 5em;
border: dotted;
margin-top: 0.5em;
}
div:nth-of-type(5),
div:nth-of-type(6) {
margin-top: 200px;
}
```
```css
p.visible {
overflow: visible;
}
p.hidden {
overflow: hidden;
}
p.clip {
overflow: clip;
overflow-clip-margin: 1em;
}
p.scroll {
overflow: scroll;
}
p.auto {
overflow: auto;
}
p.overlay {
overflow: overlay;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Demonstrating results of various overflow keywords", "500", "600")}}
## Accessibility concerns
A scrolling content area cannot be scrolled by a keyboard-only user, with the exception of users on Firefox (which makes the container keyboard focusable by default).
As a developer, to allow non-Firefox keyboard-only users to scroll the container, you will need to give it a [`tabindex`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/tabindex) using `tabindex="0"`. Unfortunately, when a screen reader encounters this tab-stop, they will have no context for what it is and their screen reader will likely announce the entirety of its contents. Giving it an appropriate [WAI-ARIA role](/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/Roles) (`role="region"`, for example) and an accessible name (via [`aria-label`](/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/Attributes/aria-label) or [`aria-labelledby`](/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/Attributes/aria-labelledby)) can mitigate this.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{Cssxref("overflow-x")}}, {{Cssxref("overflow-y")}}
- {{Cssxref("overflow-block")}}, {{Cssxref("overflow-clip-margin")}}, {{Cssxref("overflow-inline")}}
- {{Cssxref("clip")}}, {{Cssxref("display")}}, {{cssxref("text-overflow")}}, {{cssxref("white-space")}}
- [CSS overflow](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_overflow)
- [Keyboard-only scrolling areas](https://adrianroselli.com/2022/06/keyboard-only-scrolling-areas.html) on adrianroselli.com (2022)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/ratio/index.md | ---
title: <ratio>
slug: Web/CSS/ratio
page-type: css-type
browser-compat: css.types.ratio
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`<ratio>`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [data type](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Types), used for describing [aspect ratios](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/aspect-ratio) in [media queries](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_media_queries), denotes the proportion between two unitless values.
## Syntax
In Media Queries Level 3, the `<ratio>` data type consisted of a strictly positive {{cssxref("<integer>")}} followed by a forward slash ('/', Unicode `U+002F SOLIDUS`) and a second strictly positive {{cssxref("<integer>")}}. Spaces before and after the slash are optional. The first number represents the width, while the second represents the height.
In Media Queries Level 4, the `<ratio>` date type is updated to consist of a strictly positive {{cssxref("<number>")}} followed by a forward slash ('/', Unicode `U+002F SOLIDUS`) and a second strictly positive {{cssxref("<number>")}}. In addition a single {{cssxref("<number>")}} as a value is allowable.
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Use in a media query
```css
@media screen and (min-aspect-ratio: 16/9) {
/* … */
}
```
### Common aspect ratios
| | Ratio | Usage |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
|  | `4/3` | Traditional TV format in the twentieth century. |
|  | `16/9` | Modern "widescreen" TV format. |
|  | `185/100` = `91/50` | The most common movie format since the 1960s. |
|  | `239/100` | "Widescreen," anamorphic movie format. |
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [`aspect-ratio`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/aspect-ratio) media feature
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/resize/index.md | ---
title: resize
slug: Web/CSS/resize
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.resize
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`resize`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets whether an element is resizable, and if so, in which directions.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/resize.html")}}
`resize` does not apply to the following:
- Inline elements
- Block elements for which the {{cssxref("overflow")}} property is set to `visible`
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
resize: none;
resize: both;
resize: horizontal;
resize: vertical;
resize: block;
resize: inline;
/* Global values */
resize: inherit;
resize: initial;
resize: revert;
resize: revert-layer;
resize: unset;
```
The `resize` property is specified as a single keyword value from the list below.
### Values
- `none`
- : The element offers no user-controllable method for resizing it.
- `both`
- : The element displays a mechanism for allowing the user to resize it, which may be resized both horizontally and vertically.
- `horizontal`
- : The element displays a mechanism for allowing the user to resize it in the _horizontal_ direction.
- `vertical`
- : The element displays a mechanism for allowing the user to resize it in the _vertical_ direction.
- `block`
- : The element displays a mechanism for allowing the user to resize it in the _block_ direction (either horizontally or vertically, depending on the {{cssxref("writing-mode")}} and {{cssxref("direction")}} value).
- `inline`
- : The element displays a mechanism for allowing the user to resize it in the _inline_ direction (either horizontally or vertically, depending on the {{cssxref("writing-mode")}} and {{cssxref("direction")}} value).
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Disabling resizability of textareas
In many browsers, {{HTMLElement("textarea")}} elements are resizable by default. You may override this behavior with the `resize` property.
#### HTML
```html
<textarea>Type some text here.</textarea>
```
#### CSS
```css
textarea {
resize: none; /* Disables resizability */
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Disabling_resizability_of_textareas","200","100")}}
### Using resize with arbitrary elements
You can use the `resize` property to make any element resizable. In the example below, a resizable {{HTMLElement("div")}} contains a resizable paragraph ({{HTMLElement("p")}} element).
#### HTML
```html
<div class="resizable">
<p class="resizable">
This paragraph is resizable in all directions, because the CSS `resize`
property is set to `both` on this element.
</p>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
.resizable {
resize: both;
overflow: scroll;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div {
height: 300px;
width: 300px;
}
p {
height: 200px;
width: 200px;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Using_resize_with_arbitrary_elements","450","450")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{HTMLElement("textarea")}}
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/z-index/index.md | ---
title: z-index
slug: Web/CSS/z-index
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.z-index
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`z-index`** CSS property sets the z-order of a [positioned](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/position) element and its descendants or flex and grid items. Overlapping elements with a larger z-index cover those with a smaller one.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/z-index.html")}}
For a positioned box (that is, one with any `position` other than `static`), the `z-index` property specifies:
1. The stack level of the box in the current [stacking context](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_positioned_layout/Understanding_z-index/Stacking_context).
2. Whether the box establishes a local stacking context.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword value */
z-index: auto;
/* <integer> values */
z-index: 0;
z-index: 3;
z-index: 289;
z-index: -1; /* Negative values to lower the priority */
/* Global values */
z-index: inherit;
z-index: initial;
z-index: revert;
z-index: revert-layer;
z-index: unset;
```
The `z-index` property is specified as either the keyword `auto` or an `<integer>`.
### Values
- `auto`
- : The box does not establish a new local stacking context. The stack level of the generated box in the current stacking context is `0`.
- `<integer>`
- : This {{cssxref("<integer>")}} is the stack level of the generated box in the current stacking context. The box also establishes a local stacking context. This means that the z-indexes of descendants are not compared to the z-indexes of elements outside this element.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Visually layering elements
#### HTML
```html
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="dashed-box">Dashed box</div>
<div class="gold-box">Gold box</div>
<div class="green-box">Green box</div>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
.wrapper {
position: relative;
}
.dashed-box {
position: relative;
z-index: 1;
border: dashed;
height: 8em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
margin-top: 2em;
}
.gold-box {
position: absolute;
z-index: 3; /* put .gold-box above .green-box and .dashed-box */
background: gold;
width: 80%;
left: 60px;
top: 3em;
}
.green-box {
position: absolute;
z-index: 2; /* put .green-box above .dashed-box */
background: lightgreen;
width: 20%;
left: 65%;
top: -25px;
height: 7em;
opacity: 0.9;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Visually_layering_elements', '550', '200')}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- CSS {{Cssxref("position")}} property
- [Understanding CSS z-indexes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_positioned_layout/Understanding_z-index)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/text-size-adjust/index.md | ---
title: text-size-adjust
slug: Web/CSS/text-size-adjust
page-type: css-property
status:
- experimental
browser-compat: css.properties.text-size-adjust
---
{{CSSRef}}{{SeeCompatTable}}
The **`text-size-adjust`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/API/CSS) property controls the text inflation algorithm used on some smartphones and tablets. Other browsers will ignore this property.
Because many websites have not been developed with small devices in mind, mobile browsers differ from desktop browsers in the way they render web pages. Instead of laying out pages at the width of the device screen, they lay them out using a {{glossary("viewport")}} that is much wider, usually 800 or 1000 pixels. To map the extra-wide layout back to the original device size, they either show only part of the whole render or scale the viewport down to fit.
Since text that has been scaled down to fit a mobile screen may be very small, many mobile browsers apply a text inflation algorithm to enlarge the text to make it more readable. When an element containing text uses 100% of the screen's width, the algorithm increases its text size, but without modifying the layout. The `text-size-adjust` property allows web authors to disable or modify this behavior, as web pages designed with small screens in mind do not need it.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
text-size-adjust: none;
text-size-adjust: auto;
/* <percentage> value */
text-size-adjust: 80%;
/* Global values */
text-size-adjust: inherit;
text-size-adjust: initial;
text-size-adjust: revert;
text-size-adjust: revert-layer;
text-size-adjust: unset;
```
The `text-size-adjust` property is specified as `none`, `auto`, or a `<percentage>`.
### Values
- `none`
- : Disables the browser's inflation algorithm.
- `auto`
- : Enables the browser's inflation algorithm. This value is used to cancel a `none` value previously set with CSS.
- `<percentage>`
- : Enables the browser's inflation algorithm, specifying a percentage value with which to increase the font size.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Basic disabling usage
As hinted at above, on a properly designed responsive site the `text-size-adjust` behavior is not needed, so developers can elect to turn it off by specifying a value of none:
```css
p {
-webkit-text-size-adjust: none;
text-size-adjust: none;
}
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Apple's documentation](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/AppleApplications/Reference/SafariWebContent/AdjustingtheTextSize/AdjustingtheTextSize.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40006510-SW16)
- [Google Chrome behavior description](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PPcEwAhXJJ1TQShor29KWB17KJJq7UJOM34oHwYP3Zg/edit)
- [Gecko's behavior description](https://dbaron.org/log/20111126-font-inflation), by L. David Baron
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/margin/index.md | ---
title: margin
slug: Web/CSS/margin
page-type: css-shorthand-property
browser-compat: css.properties.margin
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`margin`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) shorthand property sets the [margin area](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model#margin_area) on all four sides of an element.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/margin.html")}}
## Constituent properties
This property is a shorthand for the following CSS properties:
- {{cssxref("margin-top")}}
- {{cssxref("margin-right")}}
- {{cssxref("margin-bottom")}}
- {{cssxref("margin-left")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Apply to all four sides */
margin: 1em;
margin: -3px;
/* top and bottom | left and right */
margin: 5% auto;
/* top | left and right | bottom */
margin: 1em auto 2em;
/* top | right | bottom | left */
margin: 2px 1em 0 auto;
/* Global values */
margin: inherit;
margin: initial;
margin: revert;
margin: revert-layer;
margin: unset;
```
The `margin` property may be specified using one, two, three, or four values. Each value is a {{cssxref("<length>")}}, a {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}, or the keyword `auto`. Negative values draw the element closer to its neighbors than it would be by default.
- When **one** value is specified, it applies the same margin to **all four sides**.
- When **two** values are specified, the first margin applies to the **top and bottom**, the second to the **left and right**.
- When **three** values are specified, the first margin applies to the **top**, the second to the **right and left**, the third to the **bottom**.
- When **four** values are specified, the margins apply to the **top**, **right**, **bottom**, and **left** in that order (clockwise).
### Values
- {{cssxref("length")}}
- : The size of the margin as a fixed value.
- {{cssxref("percentage")}}
- : The size of the margin as a percentage, relative to the inline size (_width_ in a horizontal language, defined by {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}) of the [containing block](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Containing_block).
- `auto`
- : The browser selects a suitable margin to use. For example, in certain cases this value can be used to center an element.
## Description
This property can be used to set a margin on all four sides of an element. Margins create extra space _around_ an element, unlike {{cssxref("padding")}}, which creates extra space _within_ an element.
The top and bottom margins have no effect on _non-[replaced](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Replaced_element)_ inline elements, such as {{HTMLElement("span")}} or {{HTMLElement("code")}}.
### Horizontal centering
To center something horizontally in modern browsers, you can use {{cssxref("display")}}`: flex;` {{cssxref("justify-content")}}`: center;`.
However, in older browsers like IE8-9 that do not support Flexible Box Layout, these are not available. In order to center an element inside its parent, use `margin: 0 auto;`.
### Margin collapsing
Elements' top and bottom margins are sometimes collapsed into a single margin that is equal to the larger of the two margins. See [Mastering margin collapsing](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Mastering_margin_collapsing) for more information.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Simple example
#### HTML
```html
<div class="center">This element is centered.</div>
<div class="outside">This element is positioned outside of its container.</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
.center {
margin: auto;
background: lime;
width: 66%;
}
.outside {
margin: 3rem 0 0 -3rem;
background: cyan;
width: 66%;
}
```
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Simple_example','100%',120) }}
### More examples
```css
margin: 5%; /* All sides: 5% margin */
margin: 10px; /* All sides: 10px margin */
margin: 1.6em 20px; /* top and bottom: 1.6em margin */
/* left and right: 20px margin */
margin: 10px 3% -1em; /* top: 10px margin */
/* left and right: 3% margin */
/* bottom: -1em margin */
margin: 10px 3px 30px 5px; /* top: 10px margin */
/* right: 3px margin */
/* bottom: 30px margin */
/* left: 5px margin */
margin: 2em auto; /* top and bottom: 2em margin */
/* Box is horizontally centered */
margin: auto; /* top and bottom: 0 margin */
/* Box is horizontally centered */
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Introduction to the CSS basic box model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model)
- [Margin collapsing](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Mastering_margin_collapsing)
- {{cssxref("margin-top")}}, {{cssxref("margin-right")}}, {{cssxref("margin-bottom")}}, and {{cssxref("margin-left")}}
- The mapped logical properties: {{cssxref("margin-block-start")}}, {{cssxref("margin-block-end")}}, {{cssxref("margin-inline-start")}}, and {{cssxref("margin-inline-end")}} and the shorthands {{cssxref("margin-block")}} and {{cssxref("margin-inline")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/display-inside/index.md | ---
title: <display-inside>
slug: Web/CSS/display-inside
page-type: css-type
browser-compat:
- css.properties.display.multi-keyword_values
- css.properties.display.flow-root
- css.properties.display.table_values
- css.properties.display.grid
- css.properties.display.flex
- css.properties.display.ruby_values
spec-urls: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-display/#typedef-display-inside
---
{{CSSRef}}
These keywords specify the element's inner {{CSSxRef("display")}} type, which defines the type of formatting context that lays out its contents (assuming it is a non-replaced element). These keywords are used as values of the `display` property, and can be used for legacy purposes as a single keyword, or as defined in the Level 3 specification alongside a value from the {{CSSxRef("<display-outside>")}} keywords.
## Syntax
Valid `<display-inside>` values:
- `flow` {{Experimental_Inline}}
- : The element lays out its contents using flow layout (block-and-inline layout).
If its outer display type is `inline` or `run-in`, and it is participating in a block or inline formatting context, then it generates an inline box. Otherwise it generates a block container box.
Depending on the value of other properties (such as {{CSSxRef("position")}}, {{CSSxRef("float")}}, or {{CSSxRef("overflow")}}) and whether it is itself participating in a block or inline formatting context, it either establishes a new [block formatting context](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_display/Block_formatting_context) (BFC) for its contents or integrates its contents into its parent formatting context.
- `flow-root`
- : The element generates a block element box that establishes a new [block formatting context](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_display/Block_formatting_context), defining where the formatting root lies.
- `table`
- : These elements behave like HTML {{HTMLElement("table")}} elements. It defines a block-level box.
- `flex`
- : The element behaves like a block element and lays out its content according to the [flexbox model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout).
- `grid`
- : The element behaves like a block element and lays out its content according to the [grid model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_grid_layout/Basic_concepts_of_grid_layout).
- `ruby` {{Experimental_Inline}}
- : The element behaves like an inline element and lays out its content according to the ruby formatting model. It behaves like the corresponding HTML {{HTMLElement("ruby")}} elements.
> **Note:** Browsers that support the two value syntax, on finding the inner value only, such as when `display: flex` or `display: grid` is specified, will set their outer value to `block`. This will result in expected behavior; for example if you specify an element to be `display: grid`, you would expect that the box created on the grid container would be a block level box.
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
In this example the parent box has been given `display: flow-root` and so establishes a new BFC and contains the floated item.
### HTML
```html
<div class="box">
<div class="float">I am a floated box!</div>
<p>I am content inside the container.</p>
</div>
```
### CSS
```css
.box {
background-color: rgb(224, 206, 247);
border: 5px solid rebeccapurple;
display: flow-root;
}
.float {
float: left;
width: 200px;
height: 150px;
background-color: white;
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 10px;
}
```
### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Examples", "100%", 180)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{CSSxRef("display")}}
- {{CSSxRef("<display-outside>")}}
- {{CSSxRef("<display-listitem>")}}
- {{CSSxRef("<display-internal>")}}
- {{CSSxRef("<display-box>")}}
- {{CSSxRef("<display-legacy>")}}
- [Basic Concepts of Flexbox](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout/Basic_concepts_of_flexbox)
- [Basic Concepts of Grid Layout](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_grid_layout/Basic_concepts_of_grid_layout)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/font-synthesis-style/index.md | ---
title: font-synthesis-style
slug: Web/CSS/font-synthesis-style
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.font-synthesis-style
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`font-synthesis-style`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property lets you specify whether or not the browser may synthesize the oblique typeface when it is missing in a font family.
It is often convenient to use the shorthand property {{cssxref("font-synthesis")}} to control all typeface synthesis values.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
font-synthesis-style: auto;
font-synthesis-style: none;
/* Global values */
font-synthesis-style: inherit;
font-synthesis-style: initial;
font-synthesis-style: revert;
font-synthesis-style: revert-layer;
font-synthesis-style: unset;
```
### Values
- `auto`
- : Indicates that the missing oblique typeface may be synthesized by the browser if needed.
- `none`
- : Indicates that the synthesis of the missing oblique typeface by the browser is not allowed.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Disabling synthesis of oblique typeface
This example shows turning off synthesis of the oblique typeface by the browser in the `Montserrat` font.
#### HTML
```html
<p class="english">
This is the default <em>oblique typeface</em> and
<strong>bold typeface</strong>.
</p>
<p class="english no-syn">
The <em>oblique typeface</em> is turned off here but not the
<strong>bold typeface</strong>.
</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
@import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Montserrat&display=swap");
.english {
font-family: "Montserrat", sans-serif;
}
.no-syn {
font-synthesis-style: none;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Disabling synthesis of bold typeface', '', '100')}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [font-synthesis](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-synthesis) shorthand, [font-synthesis-small-caps](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-synthesis-small-caps), [font-synthesis-weight](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-synthesis-weight)
- {{cssxref("font-style")}}, {{cssxref("font-variant")}}, {{cssxref("font-weight")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/-moz-orient/index.md | ---
title: "-moz-orient"
slug: Web/CSS/-moz-orient
page-type: css-property
status:
- non-standard
browser-compat: css.properties.-moz-orient
---
{{CSSRef}}{{Non-standard_header}}
The **`-moz-orient`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property specifies the orientation of the element to which it's applied.
## Syntax
The `-moz-orient` property is specified as one of the keyword values chosen from the list below.
### Values
- `inline` {{non-standard_inline}}
- : The element is rendered in the same direction as the axis of the text: horizontally for horizontal writing modes, vertically for vertical writing modes.
- `block` {{non-standard_inline}}
- : The element is rendered orthogonally to the axis of the text: vertically for horizontal writing modes, horizontal for vertical writing modes.
- `horizontal`
- : The element is rendered horizontally.
- `vertical`
- : The element is rendered vertically.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
```plain
-moz-orient =
inline | block | horizontal | vertical
```
## Examples
### HTML
```html
<p>The following progress meter is horizontal (the default):</p>
<progress max="100" value="75"></progress>
<p>The following progress meter is vertical:</p>
<progress class="vert" max="100" value="75"></progress>
```
### CSS
```css
.vert {
-moz-orient: vertical;
width: 16px;
height: 150px;
}
```
### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Examples","200","360")}}
## Specifications
Not part of any standard. Though [submitted](https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-style/2014Jun/0396.html) to the W3C, with positive initial feedback, this property is not yet part of any specification; currently, this is a Mozilla-specific extension (that is, `-moz-orient`).
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("box-orient")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/border-radius/index.md | ---
title: border-radius
slug: Web/CSS/border-radius
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.border-radius
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`border-radius`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property rounds the corners of an element's outer border edge. You can set a single radius to make circular corners, or two radii to make elliptical corners.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/border-radius.html")}}
The radius applies to the whole {{cssxref("background")}}, even if the element has no border; the exact position of the clipping is defined by the {{cssxref("background-clip")}} property.
The `border-radius` property does not apply to table elements when {{cssxref("border-collapse")}} is `collapse`.
> **Note:** As with any shorthand property, individual sub-properties cannot inherit, such as in `border-radius:0 0 inherit inherit`, which would partially override existing definitions. Instead, the individual longhand properties have to be used.
## Constituent properties
This property is a shorthand for the following CSS properties:
- [`border-top-left-radius`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-top-left-radius)
- [`border-top-right-radius`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-top-right-radius)
- [`border-bottom-right-radius`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-bottom-right-radius)
- [`border-bottom-left-radius`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-bottom-left-radius)
## Syntax
```css
/* The syntax of the first radius allows one to four values */
/* Radius is set for all 4 sides */
border-radius: 10px;
/* top-left-and-bottom-right | top-right-and-bottom-left */
border-radius: 10px 5%;
/* top-left | top-right-and-bottom-left | bottom-right */
border-radius: 2px 4px 2px;
/* top-left | top-right | bottom-right | bottom-left */
border-radius: 1px 0 3px 4px;
/* The syntax of the second radius allows one to four values */
/* (first radius values) / radius */
border-radius: 10px / 20px;
/* (first radius values) / top-left-and-bottom-right | top-right-and-bottom-left */
border-radius: 10px 5% / 20px 30px;
/* (first radius values) / top-left | top-right-and-bottom-left | bottom-right */
border-radius: 10px 5px 2em / 20px 25px 30%;
/* (first radius values) / top-left | top-right | bottom-right | bottom-left */
border-radius: 10px 5% / 20px 25em 30px 35em;
/* Global values */
border-radius: inherit;
border-radius: initial;
border-radius: revert;
border-radius: revert-layer;
border-radius: unset;
```
The `border-radius` property is specified as:
- one, two, three, or four {{cssxref("<length>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} values. This is used to set a single radius for the corners.
- followed optionally by "/" and one, two, three, or four `<length>` or `<percentage>` values. This is used to set an additional radius, so you can have elliptical corners.
### Values
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><em>radius</em></td>
<td><img alt="A light blue rectangle with a light gray border. All 4 corners are rounded." src="all-corner.png" /></td>
<td>
Is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a
{{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting a radius to use
for the border in each corner of the border. It is used only in the
one-value syntax.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>top-left-and-bottom-right</em></td>
<td>
<img alt="A light blue rectangle with a light gray border. The 2 corners on the top left and the bottom right have are rounded." src="top-left-bottom-right.png" />
</td>
<td>
Is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a
{{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting a radius to use
for the border in the top-left and bottom-right corners of the element's
box. It is used only in the two-value syntax.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>top-right-and-bottom-left</em></td>
<td>
<img alt="A light blue rectangle with a light gray border. The 2 corners on the top right and the bottom left are rounded." src="top-right-bottom-left.png" />
</td>
<td>
Is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a
{{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting a radius to use
for the border in the top-right and bottom-left corners of the element's
box. It is used only in the two- and three-value syntaxes.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>top-left</em></td>
<td><img alt="A light blue rectangle with a light gray border. The corner on the top left is rounded." src="top-left.png" /></td>
<td>
Is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a
{{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting a radius to use
for the border in the top-left corner of the element's box. It is used
only in the three- and four-value syntaxes.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>top-right</em></td>
<td><img alt="A light blue rectangle with a light gray border. The corner on the top right is rounded." src="top-right.png" /></td>
<td>
Is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a
{{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting a radius to use
for the border in the top-right corner of the element's box. It is used
only in the four-value syntax.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>bottom-right</em></td>
<td><img alt="A light blue rectangle with a light gray border. The bottom right corner is rounded." src="bottom-right.png" /></td>
<td>
Is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a
{{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting a radius to use
for the border in the bottom-right corner of the element's box. It is
used only in the three- and four-value syntaxes.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>bottom-left</em></td>
<td><img alt="A light blue rectangle with a light gray border. The bottom left corner is rounded." src="bottom-left.png" /></td>
<td>
Is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a
{{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting a radius to use
for the border in the bottom-left corner of the element's box. It is
used only in the four-value syntax.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : Denotes the size of the circle radius, or the semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse, using length values. Negative values are invalid.
- {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}
- : Denotes the size of the circle radius, or the semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse, using percentage values. Percentages for the horizontal axis refer to the width of the box; percentages for the vertical axis refer to the height of the box. Negative values are invalid.
For example:
```css
border-radius: 1em/5em;
/* It is equivalent to: */
border-top-left-radius: 1em 5em;
border-top-right-radius: 1em 5em;
border-bottom-right-radius: 1em 5em;
border-bottom-left-radius: 1em 5em;
```
```css
border-radius: 4px 3px 6px / 2px 4px;
/* It is equivalent to: */
border-top-left-radius: 4px 2px;
border-top-right-radius: 3px 4px;
border-bottom-right-radius: 6px 2px;
border-bottom-left-radius: 3px 4px;
```
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
```html hidden
<pre id="example-1">
border: solid 10px;
border-radius: 10px 40px 40px 10px;
</pre>
<pre id="example-2">
border: groove 1em red;
border-radius: 2em;
</pre>
<pre id="example-3">
background: gold;
border: ridge gold;
border-radius: 13em/3em;
</pre>
<pre id="example-4">
border: none;
border-radius: 40px 10px;
background: gold;
</pre>
<pre id="example-5">
border: none;
border-radius: 50%;
background: burlywood;
</pre>
<pre id="example-6">
border: dotted;
border-width: 10px 4px;
border-radius: 10px 40px;
</pre>
<pre id="example-7">
border: dashed;
border-width: 2px 4px;
border-radius: 40px;
</pre>
```
```css hidden
pre {
margin: 20px;
padding: 20px;
width: 80%;
height: 80px;
}
pre#example-1 {
border: solid 10px;
border-radius: 10px 40px 40px 10px;
}
pre#example-2 {
border: groove 1em red;
border-radius: 2em;
}
pre#example-3 {
background: gold;
border: ridge gold;
border-radius: 13em/3em;
}
pre#example-4 {
border: none;
border-radius: 40px 10px;
background: gold;
}
pre#example-5 {
border: none;
border-radius: 50%;
background: burlywood;
}
pre#example-6 {
border: dotted;
border-width: 10px 4px;
border-radius: 10px 40px;
}
pre#example-7 {
border: dashed;
border-width: 2px 4px;
border-radius: 40px;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Examples", "200", "1150")}}
### Live Samples
- Sample 1 : <https://jsfiddle.net/Tripad/qnGKj/2/>
- Sample 2 : <https://jsfiddle.net/Tripad/qnGKj/3/>
- Sample 3 : <https://jsfiddle.net/Tripad/qnGKj/4/>
- Sample 4 : <https://jsfiddle.net/Tripad/qnGKj/5/>
- Sample 5 : <https://jsfiddle.net/Tripad/qnGKj/6/>
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- Border-radius-related CSS properties: {{cssxref("border-top-left-radius")}}, {{cssxref("border-top-right-radius")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom-right-radius")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom-left-radius")}}, {{cssxref("border-start-start-radius")}}, {{cssxref("border-start-end-radius")}}, {{cssxref("border-end-start-radius")}}, {{cssxref("border-end-end-radius")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/max-inline-size/index.md | ---
title: max-inline-size
slug: Web/CSS/max-inline-size
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.max-inline-size
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`max-inline-size`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property defines the horizontal or vertical maximum size of an element's block, depending on its writing mode. It corresponds to either the {{cssxref("max-width")}} or the {{cssxref("max-height")}} property, depending on the value of {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}.
If the writing mode is vertically oriented, the value of `max-inline-size` relates to the maximal height of the element; otherwise, it relates to the maximal width of the element. A related property is {{cssxref("max-block-size")}}, which defines the other dimension of the element.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/max-inline-size.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* <length> values */
max-inline-size: 300px;
max-inline-size: 25em;
/* <percentage> values */
max-inline-size: 75%;
/* Keyword values */
max-inline-size: none;
max-inline-size: max-content;
max-inline-size: min-content;
max-inline-size: fit-content;
max-inline-size: fit-content(20em);
/* Global values */
max-inline-size: inherit;
max-inline-size: initial;
max-inline-size: revert;
max-inline-size: revert-layer;
max-inline-size: unset;
```
### Values
The `max-inline-size` property takes the same values as the {{cssxref("max-width")}} and {{cssxref("max-height")}} properties.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting maximum inline size in pixels
#### HTML
```html
<p class="exampleText">Example text</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
.exampleText {
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
background-color: yellow;
block-size: 100%;
max-inline-size: 200px;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Setting_maximum_inline_size_in_pixels")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The mapped physical properties: {{cssxref("max-width")}} and {{cssxref("max-height")}}
- {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/page-break-before/index.md | ---
title: page-break-before
slug: Web/CSS/page-break-before
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.page-break-before
---
{{CSSRef}}
> **Warning:** This property has been replaced by the {{cssxref("break-before")}} property.
The **`page-break-before`** CSS property adjusts page breaks _before_ the current element.
This property applies to block elements that generate a box. It won't apply on an empty {{ HTMLElement("div") }} that won't generate a box.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/page-break-before.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
page-break-before: auto;
page-break-before: always;
page-break-before: avoid;
page-break-before: left;
page-break-before: right;
page-break-before: recto;
page-break-before: verso;
/* Global values */
page-break-before: inherit;
page-break-before: initial;
page-break-before: revert;
page-break-before: revert-layer;
page-break-before: unset;
```
### Values
- `auto`
- : Initial value. Automatic page breaks (neither forced nor forbidden).
- `always`
- : Always force page breaks before the element.
- `avoid`
- : Avoid page breaks before the element.
- `left`
- : Force page breaks before the element so that the next page is formatted as a left page. It's the page placed on the left side of the spine of the book or the back side of the page in duplex printing.
- `right`
- : Force page breaks before the element so that the next page is formatted as a right page. It's the page placed on the right side of the spine of the book or the front side of the page in duplex printing.
- `recto` {{experimental_inline}}
- : If pages progress left-to-right, then this acts like `right`. If pages progress right-to-left, then this acts like `left`.
- `verso` {{experimental_inline}}
- : If pages progress left-to-right, then this acts like `left`. If pages progress right-to-left, then this acts like `right`.
## Page break aliases
The `page-break-before` property is now a legacy property, replaced by {{cssxref("break-before")}}.
For compatibility reasons, `page-break-before` should be treated by browsers as an alias of `break-before`. This ensures that sites using `page-break-before` continue to work as designed. A subset of values should be aliased as follows:
| page-break-before | break-before |
| ----------------- | ------------ |
| `auto` | `auto` |
| `left` | `left` |
| `right` | `right` |
| `avoid` | `avoid` |
| `always` | `page` |
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Avoid a page break before an element
```css
/* Avoid page break before div elements of class note */
div.note {
page-break-before: avoid;
}
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("break-before")}}, {{cssxref("break-after")}}, {{cssxref("break-inside")}}
- {{cssxref("page-break-after")}}, {{cssxref("page-break-inside")}}
- {{cssxref("orphans")}}, {{cssxref("widows")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/empty-cells/index.md | ---
title: empty-cells
slug: Web/CSS/empty-cells
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.empty-cells
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`empty-cells`** CSS property sets whether borders and backgrounds appear around {{htmlelement("table")}} cells that have no visible content.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/empty-cells.html")}}
This property has an effect only when the {{cssxref("border-collapse")}} property is `separate`.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
empty-cells: show;
empty-cells: hide;
/* Global values */
empty-cells: inherit;
empty-cells: initial;
empty-cells: revert;
empty-cells: revert-layer;
empty-cells: unset;
```
The `empty-cells` property is specified as one of the keyword values listed below.
### Values
- `show`
- : Borders and backgrounds are drawn like in normal cells.
- `hide`
- : No borders or backgrounds are drawn.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Showing and hiding empty table cells
#### HTML
```html
<table class="table_1">
<tr>
<td>Moe</td>
<td>Larry</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Curly</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<table class="table_2">
<tr>
<td>Moe</td>
<td>Larry</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Curly</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
```
#### CSS
```css
.table_1 {
empty-cells: show;
}
.table_2 {
empty-cells: hide;
}
td,
th {
border: 1px solid gray;
padding: 0.5rem;
}
```
#### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Showing_and_hiding_empty_table_cells', '100%', '200') }}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("border-collapse")}}
- [Styling tables](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/text-decoration-skip/index.md | ---
title: text-decoration-skip
slug: Web/CSS/text-decoration-skip
page-type: css-property
status:
- experimental
browser-compat: css.properties.text-decoration-skip
---
{{CSSRef}}{{SeeCompatTable}}
The **`text-decoration-skip`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets what parts of an element's content any text decoration affecting the element must skip over. It controls all text decoration lines drawn by the element and also any text decoration lines drawn by its ancestors.
> **Note:** Most other browsers are converging on supporting the simpler {{cssxref("text-decoration-skip-ink")}} property.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
text-decoration-skip: none;
text-decoration-skip: objects;
text-decoration-skip: spaces;
text-decoration-skip: edges;
text-decoration-skip: box-decoration;
/* Multiple keywords */
text-decoration-skip: objects spaces;
text-decoration-skip: leading-spaces trailing-spaces;
text-decoration-skip: objects edges box-decoration;
/* Global values */
text-decoration-skip: inherit;
text-decoration-skip: initial;
text-decoration-skip: revert;
text-decoration-skip: revert-layer;
text-decoration-skip: unset;
```
### Values
- `none`
- : Nothing is skipped. Thus, text decoration is drawn for all text content and across atomic inline-level boxes.
- `objects`
- : The entire margin box of the element is skipped if it is an atomic inline such as an image or inline-block.
- `spaces`
- : All spacing is skipped: all [Unicode white space characters](https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/#White_Space) and all word separators, plus any adjacent {{cssxref("letter-spacing")}} or {{cssxref("word-spacing")}}.
- `leading-spaces`
- : The same as `spaces`, except that only leading spaces are skipped.
- `trailing-spaces`
- : The same as `spaces`, except that only trailing spaces are skipped.
- `edges`
- : The start and end of the text decoration is inset slightly (e.g., by half of the line thickness) from the content edge of the decorating box. Thus, adjacent elements receive separate underlines. (This is important in Chinese, where underlining is a form of punctuation.)
- `box-decoration`
- : The text decoration is skipped over the box's margin, border, and padding areas. This only has an effect on decorations imposed by an ancestor; a _decorating box_ never draws over its own box decoration.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Skipping edges
#### HTML
```html
<p>Hey, grab a cup of <em>coffee!</em></p>
```
#### CSS
```css
p {
margin: 0;
font-size: 3em;
text-decoration: underline;
text-decoration-skip: edges;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Skipping_edges", "100%", 150)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [`text-decoration-skip-ink`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/text-decoration-skip-ink)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/direction/index.md | ---
title: direction
slug: Web/CSS/direction
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.direction
---
{{CSSRef}}
> **Warning:** Where possible, authors are encouraged to avoid using the `direction` CSS property and use the HTML [`dir`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes#dir) global attribute instead.
The **`direction`** CSS property sets the direction of text, table columns, and horizontal overflow. Use `rtl` for languages written from right to left (like Hebrew or Arabic), and `ltr` for those written from left to right (like English and most other languages).
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/direction.html")}}
Note that text direction is usually defined within a document (e.g., with [HTML's `dir` attribute](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/dir)) rather than through direct use of the `direction` property.
The property sets the base text direction of block-level elements and the direction of embeddings created by the {{Cssxref("unicode-bidi")}} property. It also sets the default alignment of text, block-level elements, and the direction that cells flow within a table row.
Unlike the `dir` attribute in HTML, the `direction` property is not inherited from table columns into table cells, since CSS inheritance follows the document tree, and table cells are inside of rows but not inside of columns.
The `direction` and {{cssxref("unicode-bidi")}} properties are the two only properties which are not affected by the {{cssxref("all")}} shorthand property.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
direction: ltr;
direction: rtl;
/* Global values */
direction: inherit;
direction: initial;
direction: revert;
direction: revert-layer;
direction: unset;
```
### Values
- `ltr`
- : Text and other elements go from left to right. This is the default value.
- `rtl`
- : Text and other elements go from right to left.
For the `direction` property to have any effect on inline-level elements, the {{Cssxref("unicode-bidi")}} property's value must be `embed` or `override`.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting right-to-left direction
In the example below are two strings of text, both which are displaying using `direction: rtl`. While the Arabic text is displayed correctly with this setting, the English text now has a full stop in an unusual location.
```css
blockquote {
direction: rtl;
width: 300px;
}
```
```html
<blockquote>
<p>This paragraph is in English but incorrectly goes right to left.</p>
<p></p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>هذه الفقرة باللغة العربية ، لذا يجب الانتقال من اليمين إلى اليسار.</p>
<p></p>
</blockquote>
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('Setting_right-to-left_direction', '100%', 200)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{Cssxref("unicode-bidi")}}
- {{Cssxref("writing-mode")}}
- The HTML [`dir`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes#dir) global attribute
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/initial-letter-align/index.md | ---
title: initial-letter-align
slug: Web/CSS/initial-letter-align
page-type: css-property
status:
- experimental
browser-compat: css.properties.initial-letter-align
---
{{CSSRef}}{{SeeCompatTable}}
The **`initial-letter-align`** CSS property specifies the alignment of initial letters within a paragraph.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
initial-letter-align: auto;
initial-letter-align: alphabetic;
initial-letter-align: hanging;
initial-letter-align: ideographic;
/* Global values */
initial-letter-align: inherit;
initial-letter-align: initial;
initial-letter-align: revert;
initial-letter-align: revert-layer;
initial-letter-align: unset;
```
One of the keyword values listed below.
### Values
- `auto`
- : The user agent selects the value which corresponds to the language of the text. Western languages would default to alphabetic, CJK languages to ideographic, and some Indic languages to hanging.
- `alphabetic`
- : As described above, the cap height of the initial letter aligns with the cap height of the first line of text. The baseline of the initial letter aligns with the baseline of the Nth text baseline.
- `hanging`
- : The hanging baseline of the initial letter aligns with the hanging baseline of the first line of text.
- `ideographic`
- : The initial letter is centered in the N-line area.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Aligning initial letter
#### HTML
```html
<p class="auto ">Initial letter - auto</p>
<p class="alphabetic">Initial letter - alphabetic</p>
<p class="hanging">Initial letter - hanging</p>
<p class="ideographic">Initial letter - ideographic</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
.auto::first-letter {
-webkit-initial-letter-align: auto;
initial-letter-align: auto;
}
.alphabetic::first-letter {
-webkit-initial-letter-align: alphabetic;
initial-letter-align: alphabetic;
}
.hanging::first-letter {
-webkit-initial-letter-align: hanging;
initial-letter-align: hanging;
}
.ideographic::first-letter {
-webkit-initial-letter-align: ideographic;
initial-letter-align: ideographic;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Aligning_initial_letter')}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("initial-letter")}}
- [Drop caps in CSS](https://www.oddbird.net/2017/01/03/initial-letter/)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/at-rule/index.md | ---
title: At-rules
slug: Web/CSS/At-rule
page-type: guide
spec-urls:
- https://drafts.csswg.org/css-conditional-3/
- https://compat.spec.whatwg.org/#css-at-rules
---
{{CSSRef}}
**At-rules** are [CSS statements](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Syntax#css_statements) that instruct CSS how to behave. They begin with an at sign, '`@`' (`U+0040 COMMERCIAL AT`), followed by an identifier and includes everything up to the next semicolon, '`;`' (`U+003B SEMICOLON`), or the next [CSS block](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Syntax#css_declarations_blocks), whichever comes first.
## Syntax
### Regular
```css
/* General structure */
@identifier (RULE);
/* Example: tells browser to use UTF-8 character set */
@charset "utf-8";
```
There are several regular at-rules, designated by their identifiers, each with a different syntax:
- {{cssxref("@charset")}} — Defines the character set used by the style sheet.
- {{cssxref("@import")}} — Tells the CSS engine to include an external style sheet.
- {{cssxref("@namespace")}} — Tells the CSS engine that all its content must be considered prefixed with an XML namespace.
### Nested
```css
@identifier (RULE) {
}
```
A subset of nested statements, which can be used as a statement of a style sheet as well as inside of conditional group rules.
- {{cssxref("@media")}} — A conditional group rule that will apply its content if the device meets the criteria of the condition defined using a _media query_.
- {{cssxref("@scope")}} - A conditional group rule that will apply its content if the device meets the criteria of the given condition.
- {{cssxref("@starting-style")}} - A conditional group rule that will apply starting transition if the browser meets the criteria of the given condition.
- {{cssxref("@supports")}} — A conditional group rule that will apply its content if the browser meets the criteria of the given condition.
- {{cssxref("@document")}} {{deprecated_inline}} — A conditional group rule that will apply its content if the document in which the style sheet is applied meets the criteria of the given condition.
- {{cssxref("@page")}} — Describes the aspect of layout changes that will be applied when printing the document.
- {{cssxref("@font-face")}} — Describes the aspect of an external font to be downloaded.
- {{cssxref("@keyframes")}} — Describes the aspect of intermediate steps in a CSS animation sequence.
- {{cssxref("@counter-style")}} — Defines specific counter styles that are not part of the predefined set of styles.
- {{cssxref("@font-feature-values")}} (plus `@swash`, `@ornaments`, `@annotation`, `@stylistic`, `@styleset` and `@character-variant`) — Define common names in {{cssxref("font-variant-alternates")}} for feature activated differently in OpenType.
- {{cssxref("@property")}} — Describes the aspect of custom properties and variables.
- {{cssxref("@layer")}} – Declares a cascade layer and defines the order of precedence in case of multiple cascade layers.
## Conditional group rules
Much like the values of properties, each at-rule has a different syntax. Nevertheless, several of them can be grouped into a special category named **conditional group rules**. These statements share a common syntax and each of them can include _nested statements_—either _rulesets_ or _nested at-rules_. Furthermore, they all convey a common semantic meaning—they all link some type of condition, which at any time evaluates to either **true** or **false**. If the condition evaluates to **true**, then all of the statements within the group will be applied.
Conditional group rules are:
- {{cssxref("@media")}},
- {{cssxref("@scope")}},
- {{cssxref("@starting-style")}},
- {{cssxref("@supports")}},
- {{cssxref("@document")}}. _(deferred to Level 4 of CSS Spec)_
Since each conditional group may also contain nested statements, there may be an unspecified amount of nesting.
## Nesting @layer with CSS nesting
[Cascade layers](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@layer) can be nested to [create nested layers](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@layer#nesting_layers). These are joined with a `.`(dot). This can also be achieved using [CSS nesting](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_nesting/Nesting_at-rules#nesting_cascade_layers_layer).
## Index
- {{cssxref("@charset")}}
- {{cssxref("@color-profile")}}
- {{cssxref("@container")}}
- {{cssxref("@counter-style")}}
- {{cssxref("@document")}} {{deprecated_inline}}
- {{cssxref("@font-face")}}
- {{cssxref("@font-feature-values")}}
- {{cssxref("@font-palette-values")}}
- {{cssxref("@import")}}
- {{cssxref("@keyframes")}}
- {{cssxref("@layer")}}
- {{cssxref("@media")}}
- {{cssxref("@namespace")}}
- {{cssxref("@page")}}
- {{cssxref("@property")}}
- {{cssxref("@scope")}}
- {{cssxref("@starting-style")}}
- {{cssxref("@supports")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## See also
- CSS key concepts:
- [CSS syntax](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Syntax)
- [Comments](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Comments)
- [Specificity](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Specificity)
- [Inheritance](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Inheritance)
- [Box model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model)
- [Layout modes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Layout_mode)
- [Visual formatting models](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Visual_formatting_model)
- [Margin collapsing](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Mastering_margin_collapsing)
- Values
- [Initial values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/initial_value)
- [Computed values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/computed_value)
- [Used values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/used_value)
- [Actual values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/actual_value)
- [Value definition syntax](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Value_definition_syntax)
- [Shorthand properties](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Shorthand_properties)
- [Replaced elements](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Replaced_element)
- [CSS nesting module](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_nesting)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_doublecolon_-webkit-progress-inner-element/index.md | ---
title: "::-webkit-progress-inner-element"
slug: Web/CSS/::-webkit-progress-inner-element
page-type: css-pseudo-element
status:
- non-standard
browser-compat: css.selectors.-webkit-progress-inner-element
---
{{CSSRef}}{{Non-standard_header}}
The **`::-webkit-progress-inner-element`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-element](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements) represents the outermost container of the {{HTMLElement("progress")}} element. It is the parent of the {{cssxref("::-webkit-progress-bar")}} pseudo-element.
> **Note:** In order to let `::-webkit-progress-value` take effect, {{cssxref("appearance")}} needs to be set to `none` on the `<progress>` element.
## Syntax
```css
::-webkit-progress-inner-element {
/* ... */
}
```
## Examples
These examples work only on Blink and WebKit.
### Adding a black border around the progress bar
In this example, a 2px black border is added around the progress bar.
#### HTML
```html
<progress value="10" max="50"></progress>
```
#### CSS
```css
progress {
-webkit-appearance: none;
}
::-webkit-progress-inner-element {
border: 2px solid black;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Adding_a_black_border_around_the_progress_bar", 200, 50)}}
#### Result screenshot
If you're not using a Blink or WebKit browser, the above code results in a progress bar looking like this:
## Specifications
Not part of any standard.
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The pseudo-elements used by WebKit/Blink to style other parts of a {{HTMLElement("progress")}} element:
- {{cssxref("::-webkit-progress-bar")}}
- {{cssxref("::-webkit-progress-value")}}
- {{cssxref("::-moz-progress-bar")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_doublecolon_-moz-focus-inner/index.md | ---
title: "::-moz-focus-inner"
slug: Web/CSS/::-moz-focus-inner
page-type: css-pseudo-element
status:
- experimental
browser-compat: css.selectors.-moz-focus-inner
---
{{CSSRef}}{{SeeCompatTable}}
The **`::-moz-focus-inner`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-element](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements) is a [Mozilla extension](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Mozilla_Extensions) that represents an inner focus ring of the {{HTMLElement("button")}} element as well as the {{HTMLElement("input/button","button")}}, {{HTMLElement("input/submit","submit")}}, {{HTMLElement("input/reset","reset")}}, and {{HTMLElement("input/color","color")}} types of the {{HTMLElement("input")}} element.
> **Note:** Using `::-moz-focus-inner` with anything than the buttons that support it doesn't match anything and has no effect.
## Syntax
```css
::-moz-focus-inner {
/* ... */
}
```
## Example
### HTML
```html
<input type="submit" value="Input" /> <button type="submit">Button</button>
```
### CSS
```css
button::-moz-focus-inner,
input[type="color"]::-moz-focus-inner,
input[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,
input[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,
input[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner {
padding-block-start: 0px;
padding-inline-end: 2px;
padding-block-end: 0px;
padding-inline-start: 2px;
border: 2px dotted red;
}
```
### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Example", 300, 50)}}
## Specifications
Not part of any standard.
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Mozilla CSS extensions](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Mozilla_Extensions)
- Related CSS properties:
- [`-moz-user-focus`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/-moz-user-focus)
- Related CSS selectors:
- [`:focus`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:focus)
- [`:focus-visible`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:focus-visible)
- [`:focus-within`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:focus-within)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/bottom/index.md | ---
title: bottom
slug: Web/CSS/bottom
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.bottom
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`bottom`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property participates in setting the vertical position of a [positioned element](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/position). It has no effect on non-positioned elements.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/bottom.html")}}
The effect of `bottom` depends on how the element is positioned (i.e., the value of the {{cssxref("position")}} property):
- When `position` is set to `absolute` or `fixed`, the `bottom` property specifies the distance between the outer edge of the element's [bottom margin](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model) and the outer edge of the containing block's bottom padding.
- When `position` is set to `relative`, the `bottom` property specifies the distance the element's bottom edge is moved above its normal position.
- When `position` is set to `sticky`, the `bottom` property is used to compute the sticky-constraint rectangle.
- When `position` is set to `static`, the `bottom` property has _no effect_.
When both {{cssxref("top")}} and `bottom` are specified, `position` is set to `absolute` or `fixed`, _and_ {{cssxref("height")}} is unspecified (either `auto` or `100%`) both the `top` and `bottom` distances are respected. In all other situations, if {{cssxref("height")}} is constrained in any way or `position` is set to `relative`, the `top` property takes precedence and the `bottom` property is ignored.
## Syntax
```css
/* <length> values */
bottom: 3px;
bottom: 2.4em;
/* <percentage>s of the height of the containing block */
bottom: 10%;
/* Keyword value */
bottom: auto;
/* Global values */
bottom: inherit;
bottom: initial;
bottom: revert;
bottom: revert-layer;
bottom: unset;
```
### Values
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : A negative, null, or positive {{cssxref("<length>")}} that represents:
- for _absolutely positioned elements_, the distance to the bottom edge of the containing block.
- for _relatively positioned elements_, the distance that the element is moved above its normal position.
- {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}
- : A {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} of the containing block's height.
- `auto`
- : Specifies that:
- for _absolutely positioned elements_, the position of the element is based on the {{Cssxref("top")}} property, while `height: auto` is treated as a height based on the content; or if `top` is also `auto`, the element is positioned where it should vertically be positioned if it were a static element.
- for _relatively positioned elements_, the distance of the element from its normal position is based on the {{Cssxref("top")}} property; or if `top` is also `auto`, the element is not moved vertically at all.
- `inherit`
- : Specifies that the value is the same as the computed value from its parent element (which might not be its containing block). This computed value is then handled as if it were a {{cssxref("<length>")}}, {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}, or the `auto` keyword.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Absolute and fixed positioning
This example demonstrates the difference in behavior of the `bottom` property, when {{cssxref("position")}} is `absolute` versus `fixed`.
#### HTML
```html
<p>
This<br />is<br />some<br />tall,<br />tall,<br />tall,<br />tall,<br />tall<br />content.
</p>
<div class="fixed"><p>Fixed</p></div>
<div class="absolute"><p>Absolute</p></div>
```
#### CSS
```css
p {
font-size: 30px;
line-height: 2em;
}
div {
width: 48%;
text-align: center;
background: rgb(55 55 55 / 20%);
border: 1px solid blue;
}
.absolute {
position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
}
.fixed {
position: fixed;
bottom: 0;
right: 0;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Absolute_and_fixed_positioning','500','250')}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("inset")}}, the shorthand for all related properties: {{cssxref("top")}}, {{cssxref("bottom")}}, {{cssxref("left")}}, and {{cssxref("right")}}
- The mapped logical properties: {{cssxref("inset-block-start")}}, {{cssxref("inset-block-end")}}, {{cssxref("inset-inline-start")}}, and {{cssxref("inset-inline-end")}} and the shorthands {{cssxref("inset-block")}} and {{cssxref("inset-inline")}}
- {{cssxref("position")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout/index.md | ---
title: CSS flow layout
slug: Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout
page-type: guide
---
{{CSSRef}}
_Normal Flow_, or Flow Layout, is the way that Block and Inline elements are displayed on a page before any changes are made to their layout. The flow is essentially a set of things that are all working together and know about each other in your layout. Once something is taken _out of flow_ it works independently.
In normal flow, **inline** elements display in the inline direction, that is in the direction words are displayed in a sentence according to the [Writing Mode](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_writing_modes) of the document. **Block** elements display one after the other, as paragraphs do in the Writing Mode of that document. In English therefore, inline elements display one after the other, starting on the left, and block elements start at the top and move down the page.
## Basic Example
The following example demonstrates Block and Inline Level boxes. The two paragraph elements with a green border are Block Level, displaying one under the other.
The first sentence also includes a span element with a blue background. This is inline level and therefore displays in place in the sentence.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/layout/normal-flow.html", '100%', 720)}}
## Guides
- [Block and Inline Layout in Normal Flow](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Block_and_inline_layout_in_normal_flow)
- [In Flow and Out of Flow](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/In_flow_and_out_of_flow)
- [Formatting Contexts Explained](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Introduction_to_formatting_contexts)
- [Flow Layout and Writing Modes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Flow_layout_and_writing_modes)
- [Flow Layout and Overflow](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Flow_layout_and_overflow)
## Reference
### Glossary Entries
- {{Glossary("Block/CSS", "Block (CSS)")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout/introduction_to_formatting_contexts/index.md | ---
title: Introduction to formatting contexts
slug: Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Introduction_to_formatting_contexts
page-type: guide
---
{{CSSRef}}
This article introduces the concept of formatting contexts, of which there are several types, including block formatting contexts, inline formatting contexts, and flex formatting contexts. The basics of how they behave and how you can make use of these behaviors are also introduced.
Everything on a page is part of a **formatting context**, or an area which has been defined to lay out content in a particular way. A **block formatting context** (BFC) will lay child elements out according to block layout rules, a **flex formatting context** will lay its children out as {{Glossary("flex item", "flex items")}}, etc. Each formatting context has specific rules about how layout behaves when in that context.
## Block formatting contexts
The outermost element in a document that uses block layout rules establishes the first, or **initial block formatting context**. This means that every element inside the `<html>` element's block is laid out according to normal flow following the rules for block and inline layout. Elements participating in a BFC use the rules outlined by the CSS Box Model, which defines how an element's margins, borders, and padding interact with other blocks in the same context.
### Creating a new block formatting context
The {{HTMLElement("html")}} element is not the only element capable of creating a block formatting context. Any block-level element can be made to create a BFC by the application of certain CSS properties.
A new BFC is created in the following situations:
- elements made to float using {{cssxref("float")}}
- [absolutely positioned](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/position#types_of_positioning) elements
- elements with {{cssxref("display", "display: inline-block", "#inline-block")}}
- table cells or elements with `display: table-cell`, including anonymous table cells created when using the `display: table-*` properties
- table captions or elements with `display: table-caption`
- block elements where `overflow` has a value other than `visible`
- elements with `display: flow-root` or `display: flow-root list-item`
- elements with {{cssxref("contain", "contain: layout", "#layout")}}, `content`, or `strict`
- {{Glossary("flex item", "flex items")}}
- grid items
- [multicol containers](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_multicol_layout/Basic_concepts)
- elements with {{cssxref("column-span")}} set to `all`
This is useful because a new BFC will behave much like the outermost document in that it becomes a mini-layout inside the main layout. A BFC contains everything inside it, {{cssxref("float")}} and {{cssxref("clear")}} only apply to items inside the same formatting context, and margins only collapse between elements in the same formatting context.
### BFC creation examples
Let's have a look at a couple of these in order to see the effect creating a new BFC.
In the example below, we have a floated element inside a `<div>` with a border applied. The content of that `<div>` has floated alongside the floated element. As the content of the float is taller than the content alongside it, the border of the `<div>` now runs through the float. As explained in the [guide to in-flow and out of flow elements](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/In_flow_and_out_of_flow), the float has been taken out of flow so the background and border of the div only contain the content and not the float.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/formatting-contexts/float.html", '100%', 720)}}
Creating a new BFC would contain the float. A typical way to do this in the past has been to set `overflow: auto` or set other values than the initial value of `overflow: visible`.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/formatting-contexts/bfc-overflow.html", '100%', 720)}}
Setting `overflow: auto` created a new BFC containing the float. Our `<div>` now becomes a mini-layout inside our layout. Any child element will be contained inside it.
The problem with using `overflow` to create a new BFC is that the `overflow` property is meant for telling the browser how you wish to deal with overflowing content. There are some occasions in which you will find you get unwanted scrollbars or clipped shadows when you use this property purely to create a BFC. In addition, it is potentially not very readable for a future developer, as it may not be obvious why you used `overflow` for this purpose. If you do this, it would be a good idea to comment the code to explain.
### Explicitly creating a BFC using display: flow-root
Using `display: flow-root` (or `display: flow-root list-item`) on the containing block will create a new BFC without any other potentially problematic side-effects.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/formatting-contexts/bfc-flow-root.html", '100%', 720)}}
With `display: flow-root` on the {{HTMLElement("div")}}, everything inside that container participates in the block formatting context of that container, and floats will not poke out of the bottom of the element.
The name of the `flow-root` keyword refers to the fact that you're creating something that serves, in essence, like a new root element (like {{HTMLElement("html")}} does), given how the new context is created and its flow layout functions.
## Inline formatting contexts
Inline formatting contexts exist inside other formatting contexts and can be thought of as the context of a paragraph. The paragraph creates an inline formatting context inside which such things as {{HTMLElement("strong")}}, {{HTMLElement("a")}}, or {{HTMLElement("span")}} elements are used on text.
The box model does not fully apply to items participating in an inline formatting context. In a horizontal writing mode line, horizontal padding, borders and margin will be applied to the element and push the text away left and right. However, margins above and below the element will not be applied. Vertical padding and borders will be applied but may overlap content above and below as, in the inline formatting context, the line boxes will not be pushed apart by padding and borders.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/formatting-contexts/inline.html", '100%', 720)}}
## Other formatting contexts
This guide covers flow layout and is therefore not referring to other possible formatting contexts. As such, it is useful to understand that creating any kind of formatting context will change the way elements inside that formatting context behave. This behavior is always described in the specification and also here on MDN.
## Summary
In this guide, we have looked in more detail at the block and Inline formatting contexts and the important subject of creating a block formatting context (BFC). In the next guide, we will find out [how normal flow interacts with different writing modes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Flow_layout_and_writing_modes).
## See also
- [Block formatting context](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_display/Block_formatting_context)
- [Visual Formatting Model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Visual_formatting_model)
- [CSS Box Model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model)
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout/flow_layout_and_writing_modes/index.md | ---
title: Flow layout and writing modes
slug: Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Flow_layout_and_writing_modes
page-type: guide
---
{{CSSRef}}
The CSS 2.1 specification, which details how normal flow behaves, assumes a horizontal writing mode. [Layout](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Block_and_inline_layout_in_normal_flow) properties should work in the same way in vertical writing modes. In this guide, we look at how flow layout behaves when used with different document writing modes.
This is not a comprehensive guide to the use of writing modes in CSS, the aim here is to document the areas where flow layout interacts with writing modes in possibly unanticipated ways. The [See also](#see_also) section provides links to more writing modes resources.
## Writing modes specification
The CSS Writing Modes Level 3 Specification defines the impact a change the document writing mode has on flow layout. In the writing modes introduction, [the specification says](https://drafts.csswg.org/css-writing-modes-3/#text-flow),
> "A writing mode in CSS is determined by the {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, and {{cssxref("text-orientation")}} properties. It is defined primarily in terms of its inline base direction and block flow direction."
The specification defines the _inline base direction_ as the direction in which content is ordered on a line. This defines the start and end of the inline direction. The start is where sentences start and the end is where a line of text ends before it would begin to wrap onto a new line.
The _block flow direction_ is the direction in which boxes, for example paragraphs, stack in that writing mode. The CSS writing-mode property controls the block flow direction. If you want to change your page, or part of your page, to `vertical-lr` then you can set `writing-mode: vertical-lr` on the element and this will change the direction of the blocks and therefore the inline direction as well.
While certain languages will use a particular writing mode or text direction, we can also use these properties for creative effect, such as running a heading vertically.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/writing-modes/creative-use.html", '100%', 720)}}
## Block flow direction
The {{cssxref("writing-mode")}} property accepts the values `horizontal-tb`, `vertical-rl` and `vertical-lr`. These values control the direction that blocks flow on the page. The initial value is `horizontal-tb,` which is a top to bottom block flow direction with a horizontal inline direction. Left to right languages, such as English, and Right to left languages, such as Arabic, are all `horizontal-tb`.
The following example shows blocks using `horizontal-tb`.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/writing-modes/horizontal-tb.html", '100%', 720)}}
The value `vertical-rl` gives you a right-to-left block flow direction with a vertical inline direction, as shown in the next example.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/writing-modes/vertical-rl.html", '100%', 720)}}
The final example demonstrates the third possible value for `writing-mode` — `vertical-lr`. This gives you a left-to-right block flow direction and a vertical inline direction.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/writing-modes/vertical-lr.html", '100%', 720)}}
## Nested writing modes
When a nested box is assigned a different writing mode to its parent, then an inline level box will display as if it has `display: inline-block`.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/writing-modes/inline-change-mode.html", '100%', 720)}}
A block-level box will establish a new block formatting context, meaning that if its inner display type would be `flow`, it will get a computed display type of `flow-root`. This is shown in the next example where the box which displays as `horizontal-tb` contains a float which is contained due to its parent establishing a new BFC.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/writing-modes/block-change-mode.html", '100%', 720)}}
## Replaced elements
Replaced elements such as images will not change their orientation based on the `writing-mode` property. However, replaced elements such as form controls which include text, should match the writing mode in use.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/writing-modes/replaced.html", '100%', 720)}}
## Logical properties and values
Once you are working in writing modes other than `horizontal-tb` many of the properties and values that are mapped to the physical dimensions of the screen seem strange. For example, if you give a box a width of 100px, in `horizontal-tb` that would control the size in the inline direction. In `vertical-lr` it controls the size in the block direction because it does not rotate with the text.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/writing-modes/width.html", '100%', 720)}}
Therefore, we have new properties of {{cssxref("block-size")}} and {{cssxref("inline-size")}}. If we give our block an `inline-size` of 100px, it doesn't matter whether we are in a horizontal or a vertical writing mode, `inline-size` will always mean the size in the inline direction.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/writing-modes/inline-size.html", '100%', 720)}}
The [CSS logical properties and values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_logical_properties_and_values) module includes logical versions of the properties that control margins, padding and borders as well as other mappings for things that we have typically used physical directions to specify.
## Summary
In most cases, flow layout works as you would expect it to when changing the writing mode of the document or parts of the document. This can be used to properly typeset vertical languages or for creative reasons. CSS is making this easier by way of introducing logical properties and values so that when working in a vertical writing mode sizing can be based on element's inline and block size. This will be useful when creating components which can work in different writing-modes.
## See also
- [Writing Modes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_writing_modes)
- [Writing modes and CSS layout](https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2019/08/writing-modes-layout/) on Smashing Magazine (2019)
- [CSS writing modes](https://24ways.org/2016/css-writing-modes/) on 24ways.org (2016)
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout/flow_layout_and_overflow/index.md | ---
title: Flow layout and overflow
slug: Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Flow_layout_and_overflow
page-type: guide
---
{{CSSRef}}
When there is more content than can fit into a container, an overflow situation occurs. Understanding how overflow behaves is important in dealing with any element with a constrained size in CSS. This guide explains how overflow works when working with normal flow.
## What is overflow?
Giving an element a fixed height and width, then adding significant content to the box, creates a basic overflow example:
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/overflow/overflow.html", '100%', 700)}}
The content goes into the box. Once it fills the box, it continues to overflow in a visible way, displaying content outside the box, potentially displaying under subsequent content. The property that controls how overflow behaves is the [`overflow`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow) property which has an initial value of `visible`. This is why we can see the overflow content.
## Controlling overflow
There are other values that control how overflow content behaves. To hide overflowing content use a value of `hidden`. This may cause some of your content to not be visible.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/overflow/hidden.html", '100%', 700)}}
Using a value of `scroll` contains the content in its box and add scrollbars to enable viewing it. Scrollbars will be added even if the content fits in the box.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/overflow/scroll.html", '100%', 700)}}
Using a value of `auto` will display the content with no scrollbars if the content fits inside the box. If it doesn't fit then scrollbars will be added. Comparing the next example with the example for `overflow: scroll` you should see `overflow scroll` has horizontal and vertical scrollbars when it only needs vertical scrolling. The `auto` example below only adds the scrollbar in the direct we need to scroll.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/overflow/auto.html", '100%', 700)}}
As we have already learned, using any of these values, other than the default of `visible,` will create a new Block Formatting Context.
Note: In the [Working Draft of Overflow Level 3](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-overflow-3/), there is an additional value `overflow: clip`. This will act like `overflow: hidden` however it does not allow for programmatic scrolling, the box becomes non-scrollable. In addition it does not create a Block Formatting Context.
The overflow property is in reality a shorthand for the [`overflow-x`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow-x) and [`overflow-y`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow-y) properties. If you specify only one value for overflow, this value is used for both axes. However, you can specify both values in which case the first is used for `overflow-x` and therefore the horizontal direction, and the second for `overflow-y` and the vertical direction. In the below example, I have only specified `overflow-y: scroll` so we do not get the unwanted horizontal scrollbar.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/overflow/overflow-y.html", '100%', 700)}}
## Flow Relative Properties
In the guide to [Writing Modes and Flow Layout](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Flow_layout_and_writing_modes), we looked at the newer properties of `block-size` and `inline-size` which make more sense when working with different writing modes than tying our layout to the physical dimensions of the screen. The Level 3 Overflow Module also includes flow relative properties for overflow - [`overflow-block`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/overflow-block) and [`overflow-inline`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/overflow-inline). These correspond to `overflow-x` and `overflow-y` but the mapping depends on the writing mode of the document.
These properties currently do not have implementations in browsers, so you will need to use the physical properties at the present time and adjust for your writing mode.
## Indicating Overflow
In the Level 3 Overflow specification we have some properties which can help improve the way content looks in an overflow situation.
### Inline-Axis Overflow
The [`text-overflow`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/text-overflow) property deals with text overflowing in the inline direction. It takes one of two values `clip`, in which case content is clipped when it overflows, this is the initial value and therefore the default behavior. We also have `ellipsis` which renders an ellipsis, which may be replaced with a better character for the language or writing mode in use.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/overflow/text-overflow.html", '100%', 500)}}
### Block-Axis Overflow
There is also a proposal for a `block-overflow` property, although at the time of writing the name is still up for discussion. This proposal would enable the adding of an ellipsis when text overflows in the block dimension.
This is useful in the situation where you have a listing of articles, for example, and you display the listings in fixed height boxes which only take a limited amount of text. It may not be obvious to the reader that there is more content to click through to when clicking the box or the title. An ellipsis indicates clearly the fact there is more content. The specification would allow a string of content or a regular ellipsis to be inserted.
## Summary
Whether you are in continuous media on the web or in a Paged Media format such as print or EPUB, understanding how content overflows is useful when dealing with any layout method. By understanding how overflow works in normal flow, you should find it easier to understand the implications of overflow content in layout methods such as grid and flexbox.
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout/in_flow_and_out_of_flow/index.md | ---
title: In flow and out of flow
slug: Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/In_flow_and_out_of_flow
page-type: guide
---
{{CSSRef}}
The [previous guide](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Block_and_inline_layout_in_normal_flow) explained block and inline layout in normal flow. All elements that are in flow will be laid out using this method.
The following example contains a heading, paragraph, a list and a final paragraph which contains a `strong` element. The heading and paragraphs are block level, the `strong` element inline. The list is displayed using flexbox to arrange the items into a row, however it too is participating in block and inline layout - the container has an outside `display` type of `block`.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/in-flow/in-flow.html", '100%', 800)}}
All of the elements can be said to be in flow. Appearing on the page in the order that they are in the source.
## Taking an item out of flow
All elements are in-flow apart from:
- floated items
- items with `position: absolute` (including `position: fixed` which acts in the same way)
- the root element (`html`)
Out of flow items create a new Block Formatting Context (BFC) and therefore everything inside them can be seen as a mini layout, separate from the rest of the page. The root element therefore is out of flow, as the container for everything in our document, and establishes the Block Formatting Context for the document.
### Floated items
In this example, there is a `div` and then two paragraphs. A background color has been added to the paragraphs, and the `div` is floated left. The `div` is now out of flow.
As a float it is first laid out according to where it would be in normal flow, then taken out of flow and moved to the left as far as possible.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/in-flow/float.html", '100%', 800)}}
You can see the background color of the following paragraph running underneath, it is only the line boxes of that paragraph that have been shortened to cause the effect of wrapping content around the float. The box of our paragraph is still displaying according to the rules of normal flow. This is why, to make space around a floated item, you must add a margin to the item, in order to push the line boxes away from it. You cannot apply anything to the following in-flow content to achieve that.
### Absolute positioning
Giving an item `position: absolute` or `position: fixed` removes it from flow, and any space that it would have taken up is removed. In the next example I have three paragraph elements, the second element has `position: absolute`, with offset values of `top: 30px` and `right: 30px`. It has been removed from document flow.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/in-flow/abspos.html", '100%', 700)}}
Using `position: fixed` also removes the item from flow, however the offsets are based on the viewport rather than the containing block.
When taking an item out of flow with positioning, you will need to manage the possibility of content overlapping. Out of flow essentially means that the other elements on your page no longer know that element exists so will not respond to it.
### Relative positioning and flow
If you give an item relative positioning with `position: relative`, it remains in flow. However, you are then able to use the offset values to push it around. The space that it would have been placed in normal flow is reserved however, as you can see in the example below.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/in-flow/relative.html", '100%', 800)}}
When you do anything to remove or shift an item from where it would be placed in normal flow, you can expect to need to do some managing of the content and the content around it to prevent overlaps. Whether that involves clearing floats, or ensuring that an element with `position: absolute` does not sit on top of some other content. For this reason methods which remove elements from being in-flow should be used with understanding of the effect that they have.
## Summary
In this guide, we have covered the ways to take an element out of flow in order to achieve some very specific types of positioning. In the next guide we will look at a related issue, that of creating a [Block Formatting Context](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_display/Block_formatting_context), in [Formatting Contexts Explained](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Introduction_to_formatting_contexts).
## See also
- [Positioning](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning) in the CSS Layout learn area
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_flow_layout/block_and_inline_layout_in_normal_flow/index.md | ---
title: Block and inline layout in normal flow
slug: Web/CSS/CSS_flow_layout/Block_and_inline_layout_in_normal_flow
page-type: guide
---
{{CSSRef}}
In this guide, we will explore the basics of how Block and Inline elements behave when they are part of the normal flow.
Normal Flow is defined in the [CSS 2.1 specification](https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/visuren.html#normal-flow), which explains that any boxes in normal flow will be part of a _formatting context_. They can be either block or inline, but not both at once. We describe block-level boxes as participating in a _block formatting context_, and inline-level boxes as participating in an _inline formatting context_.
The behavior of elements which have a block or inline formatting context is also defined in this specification. For elements with a block formatting context, the spec says:
> "In a block formatting context, boxes are laid out one after the other, vertically, beginning at the top of a containing block. The vertical distance between two sibling boxes is determined by the 'margin' properties. Vertical margins between adjacent block-level boxes in a block formatting context collapse.\
> In a block formatting context, each box's left outer edge touches the left edge of the containing block (for right-to-left formatting, right edges touch)." - 9.4.1
For elements with an inline formatting context:
> "In an inline formatting context, boxes are laid out horizontally, one after the other, beginning at the top of a containing block. Horizontal margins, borders, and padding are respected between these boxes. The boxes may be aligned vertically in different ways: their bottoms or tops may be aligned, or the baselines of text within them may be aligned. The rectangular area that contains the boxes that form a line is called a line box." - 9.4.2
Note that the CSS 2.1 specification describes documents as being in a horizontal, top to bottom writing mode. For example, by describing vertical distance between block boxes. The behavior on block and inline elements is the same when working in a vertical writing mode, and we will explore this in a future guide on Flow Layout and Writing Modes.
## Elements participating in a block formatting context
Block elements in a horizontal writing mode such as English, lay out vertically, one below the other.
In a vertical writing mode then would lay out horizontally.
In this guide, we will be working in English and therefore a horizontal writing mode. However, everything described should work in the same way if your document is in a vertical writing mode.
As defined in the specification, the margins between two block boxes are what creates separation between the elements. We see this with a very simple layout of two paragraphs, to which I have added a border. The default browser stylesheet adds spacing between the paragraphs by way of adding a margin to the top and bottom.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/block-inline/normal-flow.html", '100%', 700)}}
If we set margins on the paragraph element to `0` then the borders will touch.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/block-inline/normal-flow-margin-zero.html", '100%', 700)}}
By default block elements will consume all of the space in the inline direction, so our paragraphs spread out and get as big as they can inside their containing block. If we give them a width, they will continue to lay out one below the other - even if there would be space for them to be side by side. Each will start against the start edge of the containing block, so the place at which sentences would begin in that writing mode.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/block-inline/normal-flow-width.html", '100%', 700)}}
### Margin collapsing
The spec explains that margins between block elements _collapse_. This means that if you have an element with a top margin immediately after an element with a bottom margin, rather than the total space being the sum of these two margins, the margin collapses, and so will essentially become as large as the larger of the two margins.
In the example below, the paragraphs have a top margin of `20px` and a bottom margin of `40px`. The size of the margin between the paragraphs is `40px` as the smaller top margin on the second paragraph has collapsed with the larger bottom margin of the first.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/block-inline/normal-flow-collapsing.html", '100%', 500)}}
You can read more about margin collapsing in our article [Mastering Margin Collapsing](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Mastering_margin_collapsing).
> **Note:** If you are not sure whether margins are collapsing, check the Box Model values in your browser DevTools. This will give you the actual size of the margin which can help you to identify what is happening.
>
> 
## Elements participating in an inline formatting context
Inline elements display one after the other in the direction that sentences run in that particular writing mode. While we don't tend to think of inline elements as having a box, as with everything in CSS they do. These inline boxes are arranged one after the other. If there is not enough space in the containing block for all of the boxes a box can break onto a new line. The lines created are known as line boxes.
In the following example, we have three inline boxes created by a paragraph with a {{HTMLElement("strong")}} element inside it.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/block-inline/inline.html", '100%', 500)}}
The boxes around the words before the `<strong>` element and after the `</strong>` element are referred to as anonymous boxes, boxes introduced to ensure that everything is wrapped in a box, but ones that we cannot target directly.
The line box size in the block direction (so the height when working in English) is defined by the tallest box inside it. In the next example, the `<strong>` element is 300%; since that content spans two lines, it now defines the height of the line boxes of those two lines.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/block-inline/line-box.html", '100%', 500)}}
Find out more about how Block and Inline Boxes behave in our Guide to the [Visual Formatting Model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Visual_formatting_model).
## The display property and flow layout
In addition to the rules existing in CSS2.1, new levels of CSS further describe the behavior of block and inline boxes. The {{cssxref("display")}} property defines how a box and any boxes inside it behave. In the CSS Display Model Level 3, we can learn more about how the `display` property changes the behavior of boxes and the boxes they generate.
The display type of an element defines the outer display type; this dictates how the box displays alongside other elements in the same formatting context. It also defines the inner display type, which dictates how boxes inside this element behave. We can see this very clearly when considering a flex layout. In the example below I have a {{HTMLElement("div")}}, which I have given `display: flex`. The flex container behaves like a block element: it displays on a new line and takes up all of the space it can in the inline direction. This is the outer display type of `block`.
The flex items however are participating in a flex formatting context, because their parent is the element with `display: flex`, which has an inner display type of `flex`, establishing the flex formatting context for the direct children.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/block-inline/flex.html", '100%', 500)}}
Therefore you can think of every box in CSS working in this way. The box itself has an outer display type, so it knows how to behave alongside other boxes. It then has an inner display type which changes the way its children behave. Those children then have an outer and inner display type too. The flex items in the previous example become flex level boxes, so their outer display type is dictated by way of them being part of the flex formatting context. They have an inner display type of _flow_ however, meaning that their children participate in normal flow. Items nested inside our flex item lay themselves out as block and inline elements unless something changes their display type.
This concept of the outer and inner display type is important as this tells us that a container using a layout method such as Flexbox (`display: flex`) and Grid Layout (`display: grid`) is still participating in block and inline layout, due to the outer display type of those methods being `block`.
### Changing the Formatting Context an element participates in
Browsers display items in block or inline formatting contexts based on what normally makes sense for that element. For example, a {{HTMLElement("strong")}} element is used to strongly emphasize a span of content and is displayed in bold in browsers by default. It would not generally make sense for that `<strong>` element to be displayed as a block-level element, breaking onto a new line. If you did want all `<strong>` elements to display as block boxes, you could do so by setting `strong { display: block; }`. The ability to style content with CSS means you can always use the most appropriate semantic HTML elements to mark up your content and then change how they are displayed with CSS.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/flow/block-inline/change-formatting.html", '100%', 500)}}
## Summary
In this guide, we have looked at how elements display in normal flow, as block and inline elements. Due to the default behavior of these elements, an HTML document with no CSS styling at all, will display in a readable way. By understanding how normal flow works you will find layout easier, as you understand the starting point for making changes to how elements are displayed.
## See also
- [CSS Basic Box Model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model)
- _[Normal Flow](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow)_ - Learn Layout
- [Inline-level elements](/en-US/docs/Glossary/Inline-level_content)
- [Block-level elements](/en-US/docs/Glossary/Block-level_content)
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/path/index.md | ---
title: path()
slug: Web/CSS/path
page-type: css-function
browser-compat: css.types.basic-shape.path
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`path()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions) accepts an SVG path string, and is used in [CSS Shapes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_shapes) and CSS Motion Path to enable a shape to be drawn.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/function-path.html")}}
## Syntax
When used in {{cssxref("offset-path")}} or {{SVGAttr("d")}}:
```css
path(<string>)
```
When used in {{cssxref("clip-path")}}:
```css
path([<'fill-rule'>,]?<string>)
```
### Parameters
- [`<fill-rule>`](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/fill-rule) {{optional_inline}}
- : An optional value of [`nonzero`](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/fill-rule#nonzero) (the default when omitted) or [`evenodd`](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/fill-rule#evenodd), which specifies the filling rule.
- {{cssxref("string")}}
- : A [data string](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/d) for defining an [SVG path](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Element/path). The syntax for the contents of this `<string>` is identical to SVG.
### Return value
Returns a {{cssxref("basic-shape")}} value.
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Examples of correct values for path()
```css
path("M 10 80 C 40 10, 65 10, 95 80 S 150 150, 180 80");
path(evenodd,"M 10 80 C 40 10, 65 10, 95 80 S 150 150, 180 80");
```
### Use as the value of offset-path
The `path()` function is used to create a path for the item to travel round. Changing any of the values will cause the path to not neatly run round the circle.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/path/offset-path.html", '100%', 960)}}
### Modify the value of the SVG path d attribute
The `path()` can be used to modify the value of the SVG [`d` attribute](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/d), which can also be set to `none` in your CSS.
The "V" symbol will flip vertically when you hover over it, if `d` is supported as a CSS property.
#### CSS
```css
html,
body,
svg {
height: 100%;
}
/* This path is displayed on hover*/
#svg_css_ex1:hover path {
d: path("M20,80 L50,20 L80,80");
}
```
#### HTML
```html
<svg id="svg_css_ex1" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path fill="none" stroke="red" d="M20,20 L50,80 L80,20" />
</svg>
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Modify the value of the SVG path d attribute', '100%', 200)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("<shape-outside>")}}
- [CSS Shapes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_shapes)
- [Overview of CSS Shapes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_shapes/Overview_of_shapes)
- [SVG Path Syntax Illustrated Guide](https://css-tricks.com/svg-path-syntax-illustrated-guide/)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_doublecolon_first-letter/index.md | ---
title: "::first-letter"
slug: Web/CSS/::first-letter
page-type: css-pseudo-element
browser-compat: css.selectors.first-letter
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`::first-letter`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-element](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements) applies styles to the first letter of the first line of a [block container](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Visual_formatting_model#block_containers), but only when not preceded by other content (such as images or inline tables).
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/tabbed/pseudo-element-first-letter.html", "tabbed-shorter")}}
The first letter of an element is not always trivial to identify:
- Punctuation that precedes or immediately follows the first letter is included in the match. Punctuation includes any Unicode character defined in the _open_ (Ps), _close_ (Pe), _initial quote_ (Pi), _final quote_ (Pf), and _other punctuation_ (Po) classes.
- Some languages have digraphs that are always capitalized together, like the `IJ` in Dutch. In these cases, both letters of the digraph should be matched by the `::first-letter` pseudo-element.
- A combination of the {{ cssxref("::before") }} pseudo-element and the {{ cssxref("content") }} property may inject some text at the beginning of the element. In that case, `::first-letter` will match the first letter of this generated content.
> **Note:** CSS introduced the `::first-letter` notation (with two colons) to distinguish [pseudo-classes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes) from [pseudo-elements](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements). For backward compatibility, browsers also accept `:first-letter`, introduced earlier.
>
> Browser support for digraphs such as `IJ` in Dutch is poor. Check the compatibility table below to see the current state of support.
## Allowable properties
Only a small subset of CSS properties can be used with the `::first-letter` pseudo-element:
- All font properties: {{ Cssxref("font") }}, {{ Cssxref("font-style") }}, {{cssxref("font-feature-settings")}}, {{cssxref("font-kerning")}}, {{cssxref("font-language-override")}}, {{cssxref("font-stretch")}}, {{cssxref("font-synthesis")}}, {{ Cssxref("font-variant") }}, {{cssxref("font-variant-alternates")}}, {{cssxref("font-variant-caps")}}, {{cssxref("font-variant-east-asian")}}, {{cssxref("font-variant-ligatures")}}, {{cssxref("font-variant-numeric")}}, {{cssxref("font-variant-position")}}, {{ Cssxref("font-weight") }}, {{ Cssxref("font-size") }}, {{cssxref("font-size-adjust")}}, {{ Cssxref("line-height") }} and {{ Cssxref("font-family") }}
- All background properties: {{ Cssxref("background") }}, {{ Cssxref("background-color") }}, {{ Cssxref("background-image") }}, {{cssxref("background-clip")}}, {{cssxref("background-origin")}}, {{ Cssxref("background-position") }}, {{ Cssxref("background-repeat") }}, {{ cssxref("background-size") }}, {{ Cssxref("background-attachment") }}, and {{cssxref("background-blend-mode")}}
- All margin properties: {{ Cssxref("margin") }}, {{ Cssxref("margin-top") }}, {{ Cssxref("margin-right") }}, {{ Cssxref("margin-bottom") }}, {{ Cssxref("margin-left") }}
- All padding properties: {{ Cssxref("padding") }}, {{ Cssxref("padding-top") }}, {{ Cssxref("padding-right") }}, {{ Cssxref("padding-bottom") }}, {{ Cssxref("padding-left") }}
- All border properties: the shorthands {{ Cssxref("border") }}, {{ Cssxref("border-style") }}, {{ Cssxref("border-color") }}, {{ cssxref("border-width") }}, {{ cssxref("border-radius") }}, {{cssxref("border-image")}}, and the longhands properties
- The {{ cssxref("color") }} property
- The {{ cssxref("text-decoration") }}, {{cssxref("text-shadow")}}, {{ cssxref("text-transform") }}, {{ cssxref("letter-spacing") }}, {{ cssxref("word-spacing") }} (when appropriate), {{ cssxref("line-height") }}, {{cssxref("text-decoration-color")}}, {{cssxref("text-decoration-line")}}, {{cssxref("text-decoration-style")}}, {{cssxref("box-shadow")}}, {{ cssxref("float") }}, {{ cssxref("vertical-align") }} (only if `float` is `none`) CSS properties
## Syntax
```css
::first-letter {
/* ... */
}
```
## Examples
### Simple drop cap
In this example we will use the `::first-letter` pseudo-element to create a simple drop cap effect on the first letter of the paragraph coming right after the `<h2>`.
#### HTML
```html
<h2>My heading</h2>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy
eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam
voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita
kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est.
</p>
<p>
Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie
consequat.
</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
p {
width: 500px;
line-height: 1.5;
}
h2 + p::first-letter {
color: white;
background-color: black;
border-radius: 2px;
box-shadow: 3px 3px 0 red;
font-size: 250%;
padding: 6px 3px;
margin-right: 6px;
float: left;
}
```
#### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Simple_drop_cap', '100%', 350) }}
### Effect on special punctuation and non-Latin characters
This example illustrates the effect of `::first-letter` on special punctuation and non-Latin characters.
#### HTML
```html
<p>
Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie
consequat.
</p>
<p>-The beginning of a special punctuation mark.</p>
<p>_The beginning of a special punctuation mark.</p>
<p>"The beginning of a special punctuation mark.</p>
<p>'The beginning of a special punctuation mark.</p>
<p>*The beginning of a special punctuation mark.</p>
<p>#The beginning of a special punctuation mark.</p>
<p>「特殊的汉字标点符号开头。</p>
<p>《特殊的汉字标点符号开头。</p>
<p>"特殊的汉字标点符号开头。</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
p::first-letter {
color: red;
font-size: 150%;
}
```
#### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Effect_on_special_punctuation_and_non-Latin_characters', '100%', 350) }}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("::first-line")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_pseudo-elements/index.md | ---
title: CSS pseudo-elements
slug: Web/CSS/CSS_pseudo-elements
page-type: css-module
spec-urls: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-pseudo/
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **CSS pseudo-element** module defines abstract elements that are not directly present in the document tree. These abstract elements, called pseudo-elements, represent portions of the render tree that can be selected and styled. Pseudo-elements are used to create abstractions about the document tree beyond those provided by the document tree.
Pseudo-elements are prefixed with a double colon (`::`). You add pseudo-elements to selectors (as in `p::first-line`) to target and style these faux elements.
Pseudo-elements enable targeting entities not included in HTML and sections of content that cannot be targeted otherwise without adding extra markup. Consider the placeholder of an {{HTMLelement("input")}} element. This is an abstract element and not a distinct node in the document tree. You can select this placeholder by using the {{CSSXref("::placeholder")}} pseudo-element. As another example, the {{CSSXref("::selection")}} pseudo-element matches the content currently highlighted by a user, allowing you to style what is matched as the user interacts with the content and changes the selection. Similarly, the {{CSSXref("::first-line")}} pseudo-element targets the first line of an element, updating automatically if the character count of the first line changes, without having to query the element's line length.
## Reference
### Selectors
- {{CSSXref("::after")}}
- {{CSSXref("::before")}}
- {{CSSXref("::file-selector-button")}}
- {{CSSXref("::first-letter")}}
- {{CSSXref("::first-line")}}
- {{CSSXref("::grammar-error")}}
- {{CSSXref("::marker")}}
- {{CSSXref("::placeholder")}}
- {{CSSXref("::selection")}}
- {{CSSXref("::spelling-error")}}
- {{CSSXref("::target-text")}}
### Interfaces
- {{DOMxRef("CSSPseudoElement")}} interface
- {{DOMxRef("CSSPseudoElement.element")}} property
- {{DOMxRef("CSSPseudoElement.type")}} property
### Terms
- {{Glossary("Pseudo-element")}} glossary term
## Guides
- [CSS pseudo-elements](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements)
- : Alphabetical list of pseudo-elements defined by all the CSS specifications and WebVTT.
- [Building blocks: Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements)
- : Part of CSS building blocks section on selectors. This article defines what a pseudo-element is and how it can be combined with pseudo-classes and be used for generating content with `::before` and `::after` pseudo-elements.
- [How to create fancy boxes using pseudo-elements](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto/Create_fancy_boxes#pseudo-elements)
- : Example of styling generated content using `::before` and `::after` pseudo-elements for visual effects.
## Related concepts
- {{cssxref("::backdrop")}}
- Web Video Text Tracks Format (WebVTT) cues:
- {{cssxref("::cue")}}
- {{cssxref("::cue", "::cue()")}}
- {{cssxref("::cue-region")}}
- [CSS scoping](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_scoping) module
- {{CSSXref(":host")}}
- {{CSSXref(":host_function", ":host()")}}
- {{CSSXref(":host-context", ":host-context()")}}
- {{CSSXref("::slotted", "::slotted()")}}
- [CSS shadow parts](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_shadow_parts) module
- {{CSSXref("::part")}}
- [CSS selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_selectors)
- [Attribute selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Attribute_selectors)
- [Combinators](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_selectors/Selectors_and_combinators#combinators)
- [Class selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Class_selectors)
- [ID selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/ID_selectors)
- [Type selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Type_selectors)
- [Pseudo-classes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes)
- [Universal selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Universal_selectors)
- [`placeholder`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input#placeholder) attribute of the `<input>` element
- [`:placeholder-shown`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:placeholder-shown) selector
- [CSS generated content](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_generated_content)
- {{cssxref("content")}} property
- {{cssxref("quotes")}} property
- [Text fragments](/en-US/docs/Web/Text_fragments)
- {{DOMXref("AnimationEvent.pseudoElement")}} property
- {{DOMXref("KeyframeEffect.pseudoElement")}} property
- {{DOMXref("TransitionEvent.pseudoElement")}} property
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## See also
- [Specificity](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Specificity)
- [CSS selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_selectors) module
- [CSS shadow-parts](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_shadow_parts) module
- [CSS generated content](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_generated_content) module
- [CSS positioned layout](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_positioned_layout) module
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/grid-auto-columns/index.md | ---
title: grid-auto-columns
slug: Web/CSS/grid-auto-columns
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.grid-auto-columns
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`grid-auto-columns`** CSS property specifies the size of an implicitly-created grid column {{glossary("grid tracks", "track")}} or pattern of tracks.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/grid-auto-columns.html")}}
If a grid item is positioned into a column that is not explicitly sized by {{cssxref("grid-template-columns")}}, implicit {{glossary("grid", "grid")}} tracks are created to hold it. This can happen either by explicitly positioning into a column that is out of range, or by the auto-placement algorithm creating additional columns.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
grid-auto-columns: min-content;
grid-auto-columns: max-content;
grid-auto-columns: auto;
/* <length> values */
grid-auto-columns: 100px;
grid-auto-columns: 20cm;
grid-auto-columns: 50vmax;
/* <percentage> values */
grid-auto-columns: 10%;
grid-auto-columns: 33.3%;
/* <flex> values */
grid-auto-columns: 0.5fr;
grid-auto-columns: 3fr;
/* minmax() values */
grid-auto-columns: minmax(100px, auto);
grid-auto-columns: minmax(max-content, 2fr);
grid-auto-columns: minmax(20%, 80vmax);
/* fit-content() values */
grid-auto-columns: fit-content(400px);
grid-auto-columns: fit-content(5cm);
grid-auto-columns: fit-content(20%);
/* multiple track-size values */
grid-auto-columns: min-content max-content auto;
grid-auto-columns: 100px 150px 390px;
grid-auto-columns: 10% 33.3%;
grid-auto-columns: 0.5fr 3fr 1fr;
grid-auto-columns: minmax(100px, auto) minmax(max-content, 2fr) minmax(20%, 80vmax);
grid-auto-columns: 100px minmax(100px, auto) 10% 0.5fr fit-content(400px);
/* Global values */
grid-auto-columns: inherit;
grid-auto-columns: initial;
grid-auto-columns: revert;
grid-auto-columns: revert-layer;
grid-auto-columns: unset;
```
### Values
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : Is a non-negative length.
- {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}
- : Is a non-negative {{cssxref("percentage", "<percentage>")}} value relative to the block size of the grid container. If the block size of the grid container is indefinite, the percentage value is treated like `auto`.
- {{cssxref("<flex>")}}
- : Is a non-negative dimension with the unit `fr` specifying the track's flex factor. Each `<flex>`-sized track takes a share of the remaining space in proportion to its flex factor.
When appearing outside a `minmax()` notation, it implies an automatic minimum (i.e. `minmax(auto, <flex>)`).
- {{cssxref("max-content")}}
- : Is a keyword representing the largest maximal content contribution of the grid items occupying the grid track.
- {{cssxref("min-content")}}
- : Is a keyword representing the largest minimal content contribution of the grid items occupying the grid track.
- {{cssxref("minmax", "minmax(min, max)")}}
- : Is a functional notation that defines a size range greater than or equal to _min_ and less than or equal to _max_. If _max_ is smaller than _min_, then _max_ is ignored and the function is treated as _min_. As a maximum, a `<flex>` value sets the track's flex factor. As a minimum, it is treated as zero (or minimal content, if the grid container is sized under a minimal content constraint).
- {{cssxref("fit-content_function", "fit-content( [ <length> | <percentage> ] )")}}
- : Represents the formula `min(max-content, max(auto, argument))`, which is calculated similar to `auto` (i.e. `minmax(auto, max-content)`), except that the track size is clamped at _argument_ if it is greater than the `auto` minimum.
- `auto`
- : As a maximum represents the largest {{cssxref("max-content")}} size of the items in that track.
As a minimum represents the largest minimum size of items in that track (specified by the {{cssxref("min-width")}}/{{cssxref("min-height")}} of the items). This is often, though not always, the {{cssxref("min-content")}} size.
If used outside of {{cssxref("minmax", "minmax()")}} notation, `auto` represents the range between the minimum and maximum described above. This behaves similarly to `minmax(min-content,max-content)` in most cases.
> **Note:** `auto` track sizes (and only `auto` track sizes) can be stretched by the {{cssxref("align-content")}} and {{cssxref("justify-content")}} properties. Therefore by default, an `auto` sized track will take up any remaining space in the grid container.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting grid column size
#### HTML
```html
<div id="grid">
<div id="item1"></div>
<div id="item2"></div>
<div id="item3"></div>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
#grid {
height: 100px;
display: grid;
grid-template-areas: "a a";
gap: 10px;
grid-auto-columns: 200px;
}
#grid > div {
background-color: lime;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Setting_grid_column_size", "410px", "100px")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- Related CSS properties: {{cssxref("grid-auto-rows")}}, {{cssxref("grid-auto-flow")}}, {{cssxref("grid")}}
- Grid Layout Guide: _[Auto-placement in grid layout - sizing rows in the implicit grid](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_grid_layout/Auto-placement_in_grid_layout#sizing_rows_in_the_implicit_grid)_
- Video tutorial: _[Introducing Grid auto-placement and order](https://gridbyexample.com/video/series-auto-placement-order/)_
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/mask-mode/index.md | ---
title: mask-mode
slug: Web/CSS/mask-mode
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.mask-mode
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`mask-mode`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets whether the mask reference defined by {{cssxref("mask-image")}} is treated as a luminance or alpha mask.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
mask-mode: alpha;
mask-mode: luminance;
mask-mode: match-source;
/* Multiple values */
mask-mode: alpha, match-source;
/* Global values */
mask-mode: inherit;
mask-mode: initial;
mask-mode: revert;
mask-mode: revert-layer;
mask-mode: unset;
```
The `mask-mode` property is specified as one or more of the keyword values listed below, separated by commas.
### Values
- `alpha`
- : This keyword indicates that the transparency (alpha channel) values of the mask layer image should be used as the mask values.
- `luminance`
- : This keyword indicates that the luminance values of the mask layer image should be used as the mask values.
- `match-source`
- : If the {{cssxref("mask-image")}} property is of type `<mask-source>`, the luminance values of the mask layer image should be used as the mask values.
If it is of type {{cssxref("<image>")}}, the alpha values of the mask layer image should be used as the mask values.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Using alpha mask mode
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/masking/mask-mode.html", '100%', 760)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Clipping and Masking in CSS](https://css-tricks.com/clipping-masking-css/)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_colon_fullscreen/index.md | ---
title: ":fullscreen"
slug: Web/CSS/:fullscreen
page-type: css-pseudo-class
browser-compat: css.selectors.fullscreen
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`:fullscreen`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-class](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes) matches every element that is currently in fullscreen mode. If multiple elements have been put into fullscreen mode, this selects them all.
## Syntax
```css
:fullscreen {
/* ... */
}
```
## Usage notes
The `:fullscreen` pseudo-class lets you configure your stylesheets to automatically adjust the size, style, or layout of content when elements switch back and forth between fullscreen and traditional presentations.
## Examples
### Styling a Fullscreen Element
This example applies a different background color to a {{htmlelement("div")}} element, depending on whether or not it is in fullscreen mode. It includes a {{htmlelement("button")}} to toggle fullscreen on and off.
```html
<div class="element">
<h1>MDN :fullscreen pseudo-class demo</h1>
<p>
This demo uses the <code>:fullscreen</code> pseudo-class to automatically
change the background color of the <code>.element</code> div.
</p>
<p>
Normally, the background is light yellow. In fullscreen mode, the background
is light pink.
</p>
<button class="toggle">Toggle Fullscreen</button>
</div>
```
The `:fullscreen` pseudo-class is used to override the [`background-color`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-color) of the `<div>` when it is in fullscreen mode.
```css
.element {
background-color: lightyellow;
}
.element:fullscreen {
background-color: lightpink;
}
```
The following JavaScript provides an event handler function that toggles fullscreen when the `<button>` is clicked.
```js
document.querySelector(".toggle").addEventListener("click", function (event) {
if (document.fullscreenElement) {
// If there is a fullscreen element, exit full screen.
document.exitFullscreen();
return;
}
// Make the .element div fullscreen.
document.querySelector(".element").requestFullscreen();
});
```
#### Demo
[See the example live](https://jsfiddle.net/yookoala/oLc1uws0/).
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Fullscreen API](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fullscreen_API)
- [Guide to the Fullscreen API](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fullscreen_API/Guide)
- {{cssxref("::backdrop")}}
- DOM API: {{ domxref("Element.requestFullscreen()") }}, {{ domxref("Document.exitFullscreen()") }}, {{ domxref("Document.fullscreenElement") }}
- [`allowfullscreen`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/iframe#allowfullscreen) attribute
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_doublecolon_-webkit-progress-bar/index.md | ---
title: "::-webkit-progress-bar"
slug: Web/CSS/::-webkit-progress-bar
page-type: css-pseudo-element
status:
- non-standard
browser-compat: css.selectors.-webkit-progress-bar
---
{{CSSRef}}{{Non-standard_header}}
The **`::-webkit-progress-bar`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-element](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements) represents the entire bar of a {{HTMLElement("progress")}} element. Normally it's only visible as the unfilled portion of the bar, since by default it's rendered below the {{ cssxref("::-webkit-progress-value") }} pseudo-element. It is a child of the {{cssxref("::-webkit-progress-inner-element")}} pseudo-element and the parent of the {{cssxref("::-webkit-progress-value")}} pseudo-element.
> **Note:** For `::-webkit-progress-value` to take effect, {{cssxref("appearance")}} needs to be set to `none` on the `<progress>` element.
## Syntax
```css
::-webkit-progress-bar {
/* ... */
}
```
## Examples
### CSS
```css
progress {
-webkit-appearance: none;
}
::-webkit-progress-bar {
background-color: orange;
}
```
### HTML
```html
<progress value="10" max="50"></progress>
```
### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Examples", 200, 50)}}
### Result screenshot
The code above results in a progress bar that looks like this when using a WebKit or Blink browser:
## Specifications
Not part of any standard.
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The pseudo-elements used by WebKit/Blink to style other parts of a {{HTMLElement("progress")}} element:
- {{ cssxref("::-webkit-progress-value") }}
- {{ cssxref("::-webkit-progress-inner-element") }}
- {{ cssxref("::-moz-progress-bar") }}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/math-shift/index.md | ---
title: math-shift
slug: Web/CSS/math-shift
page-type: css-property
status:
- experimental
browser-compat: css.properties.math-shift
---
{{CSSRef}}{{SeeCompatTable}}
The `math-shift` property indicates whether superscripts inside MathML formulas should be raised by a normal or compact shift.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
math-shift: normal;
math-shift: compact;
/* Global values */
math-shift: inherit;
math-shift: initial;
math-shift: revert;
math-shift: revert-layer;
math-shift: unset;
```
### Values
- `normal`
- : The initial value, indicates normal rendering. Superscripts in MathML formulas use the [superscriptShiftUp](https://w3c.github.io/mathml-core/#dfn-superscriptshiftup) parameter from the OpenType MATH table.
- `compact`
- : Indicates compact rendering. Superscripts in MathML formulas use the [superscriptShiftUpCramped](https://w3c.github.io/mathml-core/#dfn-superscriptshiftupcramped) parameter from the OpenType MATH table, which is generally smaller.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{CSSSyntax}}
## Examples
### CSS
```css
math {
math-shift: compact;
}
```
### MathML
The following MathML displays two versions of "x squared" using a font with an OpenType MATH table. Browser implementing the `math-shift` property should raise the superscripts using slightly different shifts.
```html
<math style="font-size: 64pt;">
<msup style="math-shift: normal">
<mi>x</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
<msup style="math-shift: compact">
<mi>x</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</math>
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("math-shift-example", 700, 200, "", "")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("math-depth")}}
- {{cssxref("font-size")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/mix-blend-mode/index.md | ---
title: mix-blend-mode
slug: Web/CSS/mix-blend-mode
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.mix-blend-mode
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`mix-blend-mode`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets how an element's content should blend with the content of the element's parent and the element's background.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/mix-blend-mode.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
mix-blend-mode: normal;
mix-blend-mode: multiply;
mix-blend-mode: screen;
mix-blend-mode: overlay;
mix-blend-mode: darken;
mix-blend-mode: lighten;
mix-blend-mode: color-dodge;
mix-blend-mode: color-burn;
mix-blend-mode: hard-light;
mix-blend-mode: soft-light;
mix-blend-mode: difference;
mix-blend-mode: exclusion;
mix-blend-mode: hue;
mix-blend-mode: saturation;
mix-blend-mode: color;
mix-blend-mode: luminosity;
mix-blend-mode: plus-darker;
mix-blend-mode: plus-lighter;
/* Global values */
mix-blend-mode: inherit;
mix-blend-mode: initial;
mix-blend-mode: revert;
mix-blend-mode: revert-layer;
mix-blend-mode: unset;
```
### Values
- {{cssxref("<blend-mode>")}}
- : The blending mode that should be applied.
- `plus-darker`
- : Blending using the [_plus-darker_ compositing operator](https://drafts.fxtf.org/compositing/#porterduffcompositingoperators_plus_darker).
- `plus-lighter`
- : Blending using the [_plus-lighter_ compositing operator](https://drafts.fxtf.org/compositing/#porterduffcompositingoperators_plus_lighter). Useful for cross-fade effects (prevents unwanted blinking when two overlaying elements animate their opacity in opposite directions).
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Effect of different mix-blend-mode values
```html hidden
<div class="grid">
<div class="col">
<div class="note">
Blending in isolation (no blending with the background)
</div>
<div class="row isolate">
<div class="cell">
normal
<div class="container normal">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<defs>
<linearGradient id="red">
<stop offset="0" stop-color="hsl(0 100% 50%)" />
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="hsl(0 0% 100%)" />
</linearGradient>
<linearGradient id="green">
<stop offset="0" stop-color="hsl(120 100% 50%)" />
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="hsl(120 0% 100%)" />
</linearGradient>
<linearGradient id="blue">
<stop offset="0" stop-color="hsl(240 100% 50%)" />
<stop offset="100%" stop-color="hsl(240 0% 100%)" />
</linearGradient>
</defs>
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
multiply
<div class="container multiply">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
darken
<div class="container darken">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
screen
<div class="container screen">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
lighten
<div class="container lighten">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
overlay
<div class="container overlay">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
color-dodge
<div class="container color-dodge">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
color-burn
<div class="container color-burn">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
hard-light
<div class="container hard-light">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
soft-light
<div class="container soft-light">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
difference
<div class="container difference">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
exclusion
<div class="container exclusion">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
hue
<div class="container hue">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
saturation
<div class="container saturation">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
color
<div class="container color">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
luminosity
<div class="container luminosity">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
plus-darker
<div class="container plus-darker">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
plus-lighter
<div class="container plus-lighter">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="note">Blending globally (blend with the background)</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="cell">
normal
<div class="container normal">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
multiply
<div class="container multiply">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
darken
<div class="container darken">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
screen
<div class="container screen">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
lighten
<div class="container lighten">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
overlay
<div class="container overlay">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
color-dodge
<div class="container color-dodge">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
color-burn
<div class="container color-burn">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
hard-light
<div class="container hard-light">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
soft-light
<div class="container soft-light">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
difference
<div class="container difference">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
exclusion
<div class="container exclusion">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
hue
<div class="container hue">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
saturation
<div class="container saturation">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
color
<div class="container color">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
luminosity
<div class="container luminosity">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
plus-darker
<div class="container plus-darker">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cell">
plus-lighter
<div class="container plus-lighter">
<div class="group">
<div class="item firefox"></div>
<svg class="item" viewBox="0 0 150 150">
<ellipse class="item R" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item G" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
<ellipse class="item B" cx="75" cy="75" rx="25" ry="70"></ellipse>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
```
```css hidden
html,
body {
height: 100%;
box-sizing: border-box;
background: #eee;
}
.grid {
width: 100%;
display: flex;
font: 1em monospace;
}
.row {
display: flex;
flex: 1 auto;
flex-direction: row;
flex-wrap: wrap;
height: auto;
}
.col {
display: flex;
flex: 1 auto;
flex-direction: column;
height: auto;
}
.cell {
margin: 0.5em;
padding: 0.5em;
background-color: #fff;
overflow: hidden;
text-align: center;
}
.note {
background: #fff3d4;
padding: 1em;
margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0;
font: 0.8em sans-serif;
text-align: left;
white-space: nowrap;
}
.note + .row .cell {
margin-top: 0;
}
.container {
position: relative;
background: linear-gradient(to right, #000 0%, transparent 50%, #fff 100%),
linear-gradient(to bottom, #ff0 0%, #f0f 50%, #0ff 100%);
width: 150px;
height: 150px;
margin: 0 auto;
}
.R {
transform-origin: center;
transform: rotate(-30deg);
fill: url(#red);
}
.G {
transform-origin: center;
transform: rotate(90deg);
fill: url(#green);
}
.B {
transform-origin: center;
transform: rotate(210deg);
fill: url(#blue);
}
.isolate .group {
isolation: isolate;
}
.normal .item {
mix-blend-mode: normal;
}
.multiply .item {
mix-blend-mode: multiply;
}
.screen .item {
mix-blend-mode: screen;
}
.overlay .item {
mix-blend-mode: overlay;
}
.darken .item {
mix-blend-mode: darken;
}
.lighten .item {
mix-blend-mode: lighten;
}
.color-dodge .item {
mix-blend-mode: color-dodge;
}
.color-burn .item {
mix-blend-mode: color-burn;
}
.hard-light .item {
mix-blend-mode: hard-light;
}
.soft-light .item {
mix-blend-mode: soft-light;
}
.difference .item {
mix-blend-mode: difference;
}
.exclusion .item {
mix-blend-mode: exclusion;
}
.hue .item {
mix-blend-mode: hue;
}
.saturation .item {
mix-blend-mode: saturation;
}
.color .item {
mix-blend-mode: color;
}
.luminosity .item {
mix-blend-mode: luminosity;
}
.plus-darker .item {
mix-blend-mode: plus-darker;
}
.plus-lighter .item {
mix-blend-mode: plus-lighter;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Effect_of_different_mix-blend-mode_values", "100%", "1600px")}}
### Using mix-blend-mode with HTML
#### HTML
```html
<div class="isolate">
<div class="circle circle-1"></div>
<div class="circle circle-2"></div>
<div class="circle circle-3"></div>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
.circle {
width: 80px;
height: 80px;
border-radius: 50%;
mix-blend-mode: screen;
position: absolute;
}
.circle-1 {
background: red;
}
.circle-2 {
background: lightgreen;
left: 40px;
}
.circle-3 {
background: blue;
left: 20px;
top: 40px;
}
.isolate {
isolation: isolate; /* Without isolation, the background color will be taken into account */
position: relative;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Using_mix-blend-mode_with_HTML", "100%", "180")}}
### Using mix-blend-mode with SVG
#### SVG
```html
<svg>
<g class="isolate">
<circle cx="40" cy="40" r="40" fill="red" />
<circle cx="80" cy="40" r="40" fill="lightgreen" />
<circle cx="60" cy="80" r="40" fill="blue" />
</g>
</svg>
```
#### CSS
```css
circle {
mix-blend-mode: screen;
}
.isolate {
isolation: isolate;
} /* Without isolation, the background color will be taken into account */
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Using_mix-blend-mode_with_SVG", "100%", "180")}}
### Using mix-blend-mode with text
This example uses `mix-blend-mode` to blend text color with the background color of its parent element.
#### HTML
```html
<div class="container">
<p>Mostly Harmless</p>
<p class="multiply">Mostly Harmless</p>
<p class="screen">Mostly Harmless</p>
<p class="hard-light">Mostly Harmless</p>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
@import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Rubik+Moonrocks&display=swap");
.container {
background-color: blue;
}
p {
font:
4rem "Rubik Moonrocks",
cursive;
font-weight: bold;
color: orange;
padding: 0.5rem;
margin: 0;
}
.multiply {
mix-blend-mode: multiply;
}
.screen {
mix-blend-mode: screen;
}
.hard-light {
mix-blend-mode: hard-light;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Using mix-blend-mode with text", "", "420")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("<blend-mode>")}}
- {{cssxref("background-blend-mode")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/image-resolution/index.md | ---
title: image-resolution
slug: Web/CSS/image-resolution
page-type: css-property
status:
- experimental
spec-urls: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-images-4/#the-image-resolution
---
{{CSSRef}}{{SeeCompatTable}}
The **`image-resolution`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property specifies the intrinsic resolution of all raster images used in or on the element. It affects content images such as replaced elements and generated content, and decorative images such as `background-image` images.
The image resolution is defined as the number of image pixels per unit length, e.g., pixels per inch. By default, CSS assumes a resolution of one image pixel per CSS px unit; however, the `image-resolution` property allows a different resolution to be specified.
## Syntax
```css
image-resolution: from-image;
image-resolution: 300dpi;
image-resolution: from-image 300dpi;
image-resolution: 300dpi snap;
/* Global values */
image-resolution: inherit;
image-resolution: initial;
image-resolution: revert;
image-resolution: revert-layer;
image-resolution: unset;
```
### Values
- `{{cssxref("<resolution>")}}`
- : Specifies the intrinsic resolution explicitly.
- `from-image`
- : Uses the intrinsic resolution as specified by the image format. If the image does not specify its own resolution, the explicitly specified resolution is used (if given), else it defaults to `1dppx` (1 image pixel per CSS px unit).
- `snap`
- : If the `snap` keyword is provided, the computed resolution is the specified resolution rounded to the nearest value that would map one image pixel to an integer number of device pixels. If the resolution is taken from the image, then the used intrinsic resolution is the image's native resolution similarly adjusted.
> **Note:** As vector formats such as SVG do not have an intrinsic resolution, this property has no effect on vector images.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting a high dpi for print
When printing the document, use a higher resolution.
```css
@media print {
.myimage {
image-resolution: 300dpi;
}
}
```
### Use image resolution with fallback
Uses the resolution from the image. If the image does not have a resolution, use 300dpi rather than the default 1dppx.
```css
.myimage {
image-resolution: from-image 300dpi;
}
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
No browser currently supports this property.
## See also
- Other image-related CSS properties: {{cssxref("object-fit")}}, {{cssxref("object-position")}}, {{cssxref("image-orientation")}}, {{cssxref("image-rendering")}}.
- [Chromium bug: 1086473](https://crbug.com/1086473).
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/--_star_/index.md | ---
title: "Custom properties (--*): CSS variables"
slug: Web/CSS/--*
page-type: guide
browser-compat: css.properties.custom-property
---
{{CSSRef}}
Property names that are prefixed with `--`, like `--example-name`, represent _custom properties_ that contain a value that can be used in other declarations using the {{cssxref("var", "var()")}} function.
Custom properties are scoped to the element(s) they are declared on, and participate in the cascade: the value of such a custom property is that from the declaration decided by the cascading algorithm.
{{CSSInfo}}
## Syntax
```css
--somekeyword: left;
--somecolor: #0000ff;
--somecomplexvalue: 3px 6px rgb(20 32 54);
```
- `<declaration-value>`
- : This value matches any sequence of one or more tokens, so long as the sequence does not contain any disallowed token. It represents the entirety of what a valid declaration can have as its value.
> **Note:** Custom property names are case sensitive — `--my-color` will be treated as a separate custom property to `--My-color`.
## Example
### HTML
```html
<p id="firstParagraph">
This paragraph should have a blue background and yellow text.
</p>
<p id="secondParagraph">
This paragraph should have a yellow background and blue text.
</p>
<div id="container">
<p id="thirdParagraph">
This paragraph should have a green background and yellow text.
</p>
</div>
```
### CSS
```css
:root {
--first-color: #16f;
--second-color: #ff7;
}
#firstParagraph {
background-color: var(--first-color);
color: var(--second-color);
}
#secondParagraph {
background-color: var(--second-color);
color: var(--first-color);
}
#container {
--first-color: #290;
}
#thirdParagraph {
background-color: var(--first-color);
color: var(--second-color);
}
```
### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Example', 500, 130)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The {{cssxref("var", "var()")}} function
- {{cssxref("@property")}} at-rule
- [Using CSS custom properties (variables)](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Using_CSS_custom_properties) guide
- [CSS custom properties for cascading variables](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_cascading_variables) module
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/@color-profile/index.md | ---
title: "@color-profile"
slug: Web/CSS/@color-profile
page-type: css-at-rule
browser-compat: css.at-rules.color-profile
spec-urls: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-5/#at-profile
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`@color-profile`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [at-rule](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/At-rule) defines and names a color profile which can later be used in the {{cssxref("color_value/color", "color()")}} function to specify a color.
## Syntax
```css
@color-profile --swop5c {
src: url("https://example.org/SWOP2006_Coated5v2.icc");
}
```
### Descriptors
- `src`
- : Specifies the URL to retrieve the color-profile information from.
- `rendering-intent`
- : If the color profile contains more than one rendering intent, this descriptor allows one to be selected as the one to use to define how to map the color to smaller {{glossary("gamut")}}s than this profile is defined over.
If used, it must be one of the following keywords:
- `relative-colorimetric`
- : Media-relative colorimetric is required to leave source colors that fall inside the destination medium {{glossary("gamut")}} unchanged relative to the respective media white points. Source colors that are out of the destination medium gamut are mapped to colors on the gamut boundary using a variety of different methods.
- `absolute-colorimetric`
- : ICC-absolute colorimetric is required to leave source colors that fall inside the destination medium {{glossary("gamut")}} unchanged relative to the adopted white (a perfect reflecting diffuser). Source colors that are out of the destination medium gamut are mapped to colors on the gamut boundary using a variety of different methods.
- `perceptual`
- : This method is often the preferred choice for images, especially when there are substantial differences between the source and destination (such as a screen display image reproduced on a reflection print). It takes the colors of the source image and re-optimizes the appearance for the destination medium using proprietary methods.
- `saturation`
- : This option was created to preserve the relative saturation (chroma) of the original, and to keep solid colors pure. However, it experienced interoperability problems like the perceptual intent.
## Examples
This example is from the specification and demonstrates using offset printing to ISO 12647-2:2004 using the CGATS/SWOP TR005 2007 characterization data on grade 5 paper with an ink limit of 300% Total Area Coverage, and medium gray component replacement (GCR).
The `src` descriptor specifies the URL to retrieve the color-profile information from.
```css
@color-profile --swop5c {
src: url("https://example.org/SWOP2006_Coated5v2.icc");
}
.header {
background-color: color(--swop5c 0% 70% 20% 0%);
}
```
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
There is no browser implementing this feature.
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/percentage/index.md | ---
title: <percentage>
slug: Web/CSS/percentage
page-type: css-type
browser-compat: css.types.percentage
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`<percentage>`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [data type](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Types) represents a percentage value. It is often used to define a size as relative to an element's parent object. Numerous properties can use percentages, such as {{CSSxRef("width")}}, {{CSSxRef("height")}}, {{CSSxRef("margin")}}, {{CSSxRef("padding")}}, and {{CSSxRef("font-size")}}.
> **Note:** Only calculated values can be inherited. Thus, even if a percentage value is used on the parent property, a real value (such as a width in pixels for a {{CSSxRef("<length>")}} value) will be accessible on the inherited property, not the percentage value.
## Syntax
The `<percentage>` data type consists of a {{CSSxRef("<number>")}} followed by the percentage sign (`%`). Optionally, it may be preceded by a single `+` or `-` sign, although negative values are not valid for all properties. As with all CSS dimensions, there is no space between the symbol and the number.
## Interpolation
When animated, values of the `<percentage>` data type are {{Glossary("interpolation", "interpolated")}} as real, floating-point numbers. The speed of the interpolation is determined by the [easing function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/easing-function) associated with the animation.
## Examples
### Width and margin-left
```html
<div style="background-color:navy;">
<div style="width:50%; margin-left:20%; background-color:chartreuse;">
Width: 50%, Left margin: 20%
</div>
<div style="width:30%; margin-left:60%; background-color:pink;">
Width: 30%, Left margin: 60%
</div>
</div>
```
The above HTML will output:
{{EmbedLiveSample('Width_and_margin-left', '600', 140)}}
### Font-size
```html
<div style="font-size:18px;">
<p>Full-size text (18px)</p>
<p><span style="font-size:50%;">50% (9px)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:200%;">200% (36px)</span></p>
</div>
```
The above HTML will output:
{{EmbedLiveSample('Font-size', 'auto', 160)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("<length-percentage>")}}
- [CSS Values and Units](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Values_and_Units)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/right/index.md | ---
title: right
slug: Web/CSS/right
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.right
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`right`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property participates in specifying the horizontal position of a [positioned element](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/position). It has no effect on non-positioned elements.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/right.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* <length> values */
right: 3px;
right: 2.4em;
/* <percentage>s of the width of the containing block */
right: 10%;
/* Keyword value */
right: auto;
/* Global values */
right: inherit;
right: initial;
right: revert;
right: revert-layer;
right: unset;
```
### Values
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : A negative, null, or positive {{cssxref("<length>")}} that represents:
- for _absolutely positioned elements_, the distance to the right edge of the containing block.
- for _relatively positioned elements_, the distance that the element is moved to the left of its normal position.
- {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}
- : A {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} of the containing block's width.
- `auto`
- : Specifies that:
- for _absolutely positioned elements_, the position of the element is based on the {{Cssxref("left")}} property, while `width: auto` is treated as a width based on the content; or if `left` is also `auto`, the element is positioned where it should horizontally be positioned if it were a static element.
- for _relatively positioned elements_, the distance of the element from its normal position is based on the {{Cssxref("left")}} property; or if `left` is also `auto`, the element is not moved horizontally at all.
- `inherit`
- : Specifies that the value is the same as the computed value from its parent element (which might not be its containing block). This computed value is then handled as if it were a {{cssxref("<length>")}}, {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}, or the `auto` keyword.
## Description
The effect of `right` depends on how the element is positioned (i.e., the value of the {{cssxref("position")}} property):
- When `position` is set to `absolute` or `fixed`, the `right` property specifies the distance between the element's outer margin of right edge and the inner border of the right edge of its containing block.
- When `position` is set to `relative`, the `right` property specifies the distance the element's right edge is moved to the left from its normal position.
- When `position` is set to `sticky`, the `right` property is used to compute the sticky-constraint rectangle.
- When `position` is set to `static`, the `right` property has _no effect_.
When both {{cssxref("left")}} and `right` are defined, if not prevented from doing so by other properties, the element will stretch to satisfy both. If the element cannot stretch to satisfy both — for example, if a `width` is declared — the position of the element is _over-constrained_. When this is the case, the `left` value has precedence when the container is left-to-right; the `right` value has precedence when the container is right-to-left.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Absolute and relative positioning using right
#### HTML
```html
<div id="relative">Relatively positioned</div>
<div id="absolute">Absolutely positioned</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
#relative {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: #ffc7e4;
position: relative;
top: 20px;
left: 20px;
}
#absolute {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: #ffd7c2;
position: absolute;
bottom: 10px;
right: 20px;
}
```
#### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Absolute_and_relative_positioning_using_right', 500, 220) }}
### Declaring both left and right
When both `left` and `right` are declared, the element will stretch to meet both, unless other constraints prevent it from doing so. If the element will not stretch or shrink to meet both. When the position of the element is _overspecified_, the precedence is based on the container's direction: The `left` will take precedence if the container's direction is left-to-right. The `right` will take precedence if the container's direction is right-to-left.
#### HTML
```html
<div id="parent">
Parent
<div id="noWidth">No width</div>
<div id="width">width: 100px</div>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
div {
outline: 1px solid #cccccc;
}
#parent {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
background-color: #ffc7e4;
position: relative;
}
/* declare both a left and a right */
#width,
#noWidth {
background-color: #c2ffd7;
position: absolute;
left: 0;
right: 0;
}
/* declare a width */
#width {
width: 100px;
top: 60px;
}
```
#### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Declaring_both_left_and_right', 500, 220) }}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("inset")}}, the shorthand for all related properties: {{cssxref("top")}}, {{cssxref("bottom")}}, {{cssxref("left")}}, and {{cssxref("right")}}
- The mapped logical properties: {{cssxref("inset-block-start")}}, {{cssxref("inset-block-end")}}, {{cssxref("inset-inline-start")}}, and {{cssxref("inset-inline-end")}} and the shorthands {{cssxref("inset-block")}} and {{cssxref("inset-inline")}}
- {{cssxref("position")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/hanging-punctuation/index.md | ---
title: hanging-punctuation
slug: Web/CSS/hanging-punctuation
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.hanging-punctuation
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`hanging-punctuation`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property specifies whether a punctuation mark should hang at the start or end of a line of text. Hanging punctuation may be placed outside the line box.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
hanging-punctuation: none;
hanging-punctuation: first;
hanging-punctuation: last;
hanging-punctuation: force-end;
hanging-punctuation: allow-end;
/* Two keywords */
hanging-punctuation: first force-end;
hanging-punctuation: first allow-end;
hanging-punctuation: first last;
hanging-punctuation: last force-end;
hanging-punctuation: last allow-end;
/* Three keywords */
hanging-punctuation: first force-end last;
hanging-punctuation: first allow-end last;
/* Global values */
hanging-punctuation: inherit;
hanging-punctuation: initial;
hanging-punctuation: revert;
hanging-punctuation: revert-layer;
hanging-punctuation: unset;
```
The `hanging-punctuation` property may be specified with one, two, or three space-separated values.
- **One-value** syntax uses any one of the keyword values in the list below.
- **Two-value** syntax uses one of the following:
- `first` together with any one of `last`, `allow-end`, or `force-end`
- `last` together with any one of `first`, `allow-end`, or `force-end`
- **Three-value** syntax uses one of the following:
- `first`, `allow-end`, and `last`
- `first`, `force-end`, and `last`
### Values
- `none`
- : No character hangs.
- `first`
- : An opening bracket or quote at the start of the first formatted line of an element hangs. This applies to:
- all characters in the Unicode categories [Ps](https://unicodeplus.com/category/Ps), [Pf](https://unicodeplus.com/category/Pf), [Pi](https://unicodeplus.com/category/Pi)
- the quote marks `U+0027` APOSTROPHE (`'`) and `U+0022` QUOTATION MARK (`"`).
- `last`
- : A closing bracket or quote at the end of the last formatted line of an element hangs. This applies to:
- all characters in the Unicode categories [Pe](https://unicodeplus.com/category/Pe), [Pf](https://unicodeplus.com/category/Pf), [Pi](https://unicodeplus.com/category/Pi)
- the quote marks `U+0027` APOSTROPHE (`'`) and `U+0022` QUOTATION MARK (`"`).
- `force-end`
- : A stop or comma at the end of a line hangs.
- `allow-end`
- : A stop or comma at the end of a line hangs if it does not otherwise fit prior to justification.
Stops and commas that are allowed to hang include:
- `U+002C`, COMMA
- `U+002E`, FULL STOP
- `U+060C`, ARABIC COMMA
- `U+06D4`, ARABIC FULL STOP
- `U+3001`, IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
- `U+3002`, IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
- `U+FF0C`, FULLWIDTH COMMA
- `U+FF0E`, FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
- `U+FE50`, SMALL COMMA
- `U+FE51`, SMALL IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
- `U+FE52`, SMALL FULL STOP
- `U+FF61`, HALFWIDTH IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
- `U+FF64`, HALFWIDTH IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
User agents may include additional characters.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting opening and closing quotes to hang
#### HTML
```html
<p>
«For a moment, nothing happened. Then, after a second or so, nothing continued
to happen.»
</p>
<p class="hanging">
«For a moment, nothing happened. Then, after a second or so, nothing continued
to happen.»
</p>
<p class="hanging right">
«For a moment, nothing happened. Then, after a second or so, nothing continued
to happen.»
</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
p {
width: 15em;
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
font-size: 2rem;
font-style: italic;
margin: 1em;
}
p.hanging {
hanging-punctuation: first last;
}
p.right {
text-align: right;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Setting_opening_and_closing_quotes_to_hang", "", 500)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref('text-indent')}}
- [CSS Tricks: Hanging punctuation](https://css-tricks.com/almanac/properties/h/hanging-punctuation/)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/background-size/index.md | ---
title: background-size
slug: Web/CSS/background-size
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.background-size
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`background-size`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets the size of the element's background image.
The image can be left to its natural size, stretched, or constrained to fit the available space.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/background-size.html")}}
Spaces not covered by a background image are filled with the {{cssxref("background-color")}} property, and the background color will be visible behind background images that have transparency/translucency.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
background-size: cover;
background-size: contain;
/* One-value syntax */
/* the width of the image (height becomes 'auto') */
background-size: 50%;
background-size: 3.2em;
background-size: 12px;
background-size: auto;
/* Two-value syntax */
/* first value: width of the image, second value: height */
background-size: 50% auto;
background-size: 3em 25%;
background-size: auto 6px;
background-size: auto auto;
/* Multiple backgrounds */
background-size: auto, auto; /* Not to be confused with `auto auto` */
background-size: 50%, 25%, 25%;
background-size: 6px, auto, contain;
/* Global values */
background-size: inherit;
background-size: initial;
background-size: revert;
background-size: revert-layer;
background-size: unset;
```
The `background-size` property is specified in one of the following ways:
- Using the keyword values `contain` or `cover`.
- Using a width value only, in which case the height defaults to `auto`.
- Using both a width and a height value, in which case the first sets the width and the second sets the height.
Each value can be a {{cssxref("<length>")}}, a {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}, or `auto`.
To specify the size of multiple background images, separate the value for each one with a comma.
### Values
- `contain`
- : Scales the image as large as possible within its container without cropping or stretching the image.
If the container is larger than the image, this will result in image tiling, unless the {{cssxref("background-repeat")}} property is set to `no-repeat`.
- `cover`
- : Scales the image (while preserving its ratio) to the smallest possible size to fill the container (that is: both its height and width completely _cover_ the container), leaving no empty space.
If the proportions of the background differ from the element, the image is cropped either vertically or horizontally.
- `auto`
- : Scales the background image in the corresponding direction such that its intrinsic proportions are maintained.
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : Stretches the image in the corresponding dimension to the specified length. Negative values are not allowed.
- {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}
- : Stretches the image in the corresponding dimension to the specified percentage of the _background positioning area_.
The background positioning area is determined by the value of {{cssxref("background-origin")}} (by default, the padding box).
However, if the background's {{cssxref("background-attachment")}} value is `fixed`, the positioning area is instead the entire {{glossary("viewport")}}.
Negative values are not allowed.
### Intrinsic dimensions and proportions
The computation of values depends on the image's intrinsic dimensions (width and height) and intrinsic proportions (width-to-height ratio).
These attributes are as follows:
- A bitmap image (such as JPG) always has intrinsic dimensions and proportions.
- A vector image (such as SVG) does not necessarily have intrinsic dimensions.
If it has both horizontal and vertical intrinsic dimensions, it also has intrinsic proportions.
If it has no dimensions or only one dimension, it may or may not have proportions.
- CSS {{cssxref("<gradient>")}}s have no intrinsic dimensions or intrinsic proportions.
- Background images created with the {{cssxref("element", "element()")}} function use the intrinsic dimensions and proportions of the generating element.
> **Note:** In Gecko, background images created using the [`element()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/element) function are currently treated as images with the dimensions of the element, or of the background positioning area if the element is SVG, with the corresponding intrinsic proportion. This is non-standard behavior.
Based on the intrinsic dimensions and proportions, the rendered size of the background image is computed as follows:
- **If both components of `background-size` are specified and are not `auto`:** The background image is rendered at the specified size.
- **If the `background-size` is `contain` or `cover`:** While preserving its intrinsic proportions, the image is rendered at the largest size contained within, or covering, the background positioning area.
If the image has no intrinsic proportions, then it's rendered at the size of the background positioning area.
- **If the `background-size` is `auto` or `auto auto`:**
- If the image has both horizontal and vertical intrinsic dimensions, it's rendered at that size.
- If the image has no intrinsic dimensions and has no intrinsic proportions, it's rendered at the size of the background positioning area.
- If the image has no intrinsic dimensions but has intrinsic proportions, it's rendered as if `contain` had been specified instead.
- If the image has only one intrinsic dimension and has intrinsic proportions, it's rendered at the size corresponding to that one dimension.
The other dimension is computed using the specified dimension and the intrinsic proportions.
- If the image has only one intrinsic dimension but has no intrinsic proportions, it's rendered using the specified dimension and the other dimension of the background positioning area.
> **Note:** SVG images have a [`preserveAspectRatio`](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/preserveAspectRatio) attribute that defaults to the equivalent of `contain`; an explicit `background-size` causes `preserveAspectRatio` to be ignored.
- **If the `background-size` has one `auto` component and one non-`auto` component:**
- If the image has intrinsic proportions, it's stretched to the specified dimension.
The unspecified dimension is computed using the specified dimension and the intrinsic proportions.
- If the image has no intrinsic proportions, it's stretched to the specified dimension.
The unspecified dimension is computed using the image's corresponding intrinsic dimension, if there is one.
If there is no such intrinsic dimension, it becomes the corresponding dimension of the background positioning area.
> **Note:** Background sizing for vector images that lack intrinsic dimensions or proportions is not yet fully implemented in all browsers.
> Be careful about relying on the behavior described above, and test in multiple browsers to be sure the results are acceptable.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Tiling a large image
Let's consider a large image, a 2982x2808 Firefox logo image. We want to tile four copies of this image into a 300x300-pixel element.
To do this, we can use a fixed `background-size` value of 150 pixels.
#### HTML
```html
<div class="tiledBackground"></div>
```
#### CSS
```css
.tiledBackground {
background-image: url(https://www.mozilla.org/media/img/logos/firefox/logo-quantum.9c5e96634f92.png);
background-size: 150px;
width: 300px;
height: 300px;
border: 2px solid;
color: pink;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Tiling_a_large_image", 340, 340)}}
See [Resizing background images](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_backgrounds_and_borders/Resizing_background_images) for more examples.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Resizing background images](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_backgrounds_and_borders/Resizing_background_images)
- [Scaling of SVG backgrounds](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Scaling_of_SVG_backgrounds)
- {{cssxref("object-fit")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/border-inline-start/index.md | ---
title: border-inline-start
slug: Web/CSS/border-inline-start
page-type: css-shorthand-property
browser-compat: css.properties.border-inline-start
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`border-inline-start`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property is a [shorthand property](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Shorthand_properties) for setting the individual logical inline-start border property values in a single place in the style sheet.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/border-inline-start.html")}}
## Constituent properties
This property is a shorthand for the following CSS properties:
- [`border-inline-start-color`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-inline-start-color)
- [`border-inline-start-style`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-inline-start-style)
- [`border-inline-start-width`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-inline-start-width)
## Syntax
```css
border-inline-start: 1px;
border-inline-start: 2px dotted;
border-inline-start: medium dashed green;
/* Global values */
border-inline-start: inherit;
border-inline-start: initial;
border-inline-start: revert;
border-inline-start: revert-layer;
border-inline-start: unset;
```
The physical border to which `border-inline-start` maps depends on the element's writing mode, directionality, and text orientation. It corresponds to the {{cssxref("border-top")}}, {{cssxref("border-right")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom")}}, or {{cssxref("border-left")}} property depending on the values defined for {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, and {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}.
Related properties are {{cssxref("border-block-start")}}, {{cssxref("border-block-end")}}, and {{cssxref("border-inline-end")}}, which define the other borders of the element.
### Values
The `border-inline-start` is specified with one or more of the following, in any order:
- `<'border-width'>`
- : The width of the border. See {{cssxref("border-width")}}.
- `<'border-style'>`
- : The line style of the border. See {{cssxref("border-style")}}.
- {{CSSXref("<color>")}}
- : The color of the border.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### HTML
```html
<div>
<p class="exampleText">Example text</p>
</div>
```
### CSS
```css
div {
background-color: yellow;
width: 120px;
height: 120px;
}
.exampleText {
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
border-inline-start: 5px dashed blue;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Examples", 140, 140)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [CSS Logical Properties and Values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_logical_properties_and_values)
- This property maps to one of the physical border properties: {{cssxref("border-top")}}, {{cssxref("border-right")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom")}}, or {{cssxref("border-left")}}.
- {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/selector_list/index.md | ---
title: Selector list
slug: Web/CSS/Selector_list
page-type: css-combinator
browser-compat: css.selectors.list
---
{{CSSRef}}
The CSS **selector list** (`,`) selects all the matching nodes. A selector list is a comma-separated list of selectors.
## Description
When multiple selectors share the same declarations, they can be grouped together into a comma-separated list. Selector lists can also be passed as parameters to some functional CSS pseudo-classes. White space may appear before and/or after the comma.
The following three declarations are equivalent:
```css
span {
border: red 2px solid;
}
div {
border: red 2px solid;
}
```
```css
span,
div {
border: red 2px solid;
}
```
```css
:is(span, div) {
border: red 2px solid;
}
```
## Examples
When applying the same styles to elements matching different criteria, grouping the selectors in a comma-separated list can improve consistency while reducing the size of style sheets.
### Single line grouping
This example shows grouping selectors in a single line using a comma-separated list.
```css-nolint
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
font-family: helvetica;
}
```
### Multi line grouping
This example shows grouping selectors in multiple lines using a comma-separated list.
```css
#main,
.content,
article,
h1 + p {
font-size: 1.1em;
}
```
## Valid and invalid selector lists
An invalid selector represents, and therefore matches, nothing. When a selector list contains an invalid selector, the entire style block is ignored, except for the {{CSSxRef(":is", ":is()")}} and {{CSSxRef(":where", ":where()")}} pseudo-classes that accept [forgiving selector lists](#forgiving_selector_list).
### Invalid selector list
A downside to using a selector list is that a single unsupported selector in the selector list invalidates the entire rule.
Consider the following two CSS rule sets:
```css
h1 {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
h2:invalid-pseudo {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
h3 {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
```
```css
h1,
h2:invalid-pseudo,
h3 {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
```
They are not equivalent. In the first rule set, styles will be applied on the `h1` and `h3` elements, but the `h2:invalid-pseudo` rule will not be parsed. In the second rule set, because one selector in the list is invalid, the entire rule will not be parsed. Because of this, no style will be applied to the `h1` and `h3` elements as when any selector in a list of selectors in invalid, the entire style block will be ignored.
### Forgiving selector list
A way to remedy the [invalid selector list](#invalid_selector_list) problem is to use the {{CSSxRef(":is", ":is()")}} or the {{CSSxRef(":where", ":where()")}} pseudo-class, which accept a forgiving selector list. Each selector in a forgiving selector list is parsed individually. So any invalid selectors in the list are ignored and the valid ones are used.
Carrying on from the previous example, the following two CSS rule sets are now equivalent:
```css
h1 {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
h2:maybe-unsupported {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
h3 {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
```
```css
:is(h1, h2:maybe-unsupported, h3) {
font-family: sans-serif;
}
```
The difference between the two is that the specificity of `:is()` is its most specific argument, whereas the `:where()` selector and the forgiving selector list parameter do not add any specificity weight.
### Relative selector list
A relative selector list is a comma-separated selector list parsed as [relative selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_selectors/Selector_structure#relative_selector), which begin with an explicit or implied combinator.
```css
h2:has(+ p, + ul.red) {
font-style: italic;
}
```
In the above example, the italic style will be applied to any `h2` heading that is immediately followed by `<p>` or `<ul class="red">`. Note that pseudo-elements and the `:has()` selector are not valid within the [`:has()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:has) relative selector list.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The [`:is()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:is) and [`:where()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:where) pseudo-classes accept forgiving selector lists.
- The [`:not()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:not) pseudo-class accepts a regular selector list
- The [`:has()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:has) pseudo-class accepts a relative selector list.
- [CSS selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_selectors)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/image/index.md | ---
title: <image>
slug: Web/CSS/image
page-type: css-type
browser-compat: css.types.image
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`<image>`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [data type](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Types) represents a two-dimensional image.
## Syntax
The `<image>` data type can be represented with any of the following:
- An image denoted by the {{CSSxRef("url", "url()")}} data type
- A {{CSSxRef("<gradient>")}} data type
- A part of the webpage, defined by the {{CSSxRef("element","element()")}} function
- An image, image fragment or solid patch of color, defined by the {{CSSxRef("image/image","image()")}} function
- A blending of two or more images defined by the {{CSSxRef("cross-fade","cross-fade()")}} function.
- A selection of images chosen based on resolution defined by the {{CSSxRef("image/image-set","image-set()")}} function.
## Description
CSS can handle the following kinds of images:
- Images with _intrinsic dimensions_ (a natural size), like a JPEG, PNG, or other [raster format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics).
- Images with _multiple intrinsic dimensions_, existing in multiple versions inside a single file, like some .ico formats. (In this case, the intrinsic dimensions will be those of the image largest in area and the aspect ratio most similar to the containing box.)
- Images with no intrinsic dimensions but with _an intrinsic aspect ratio_ between its width and height, like an SVG or other [vector format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics).
- Images with _neither intrinsic dimensions, nor an intrinsic aspect ratio_, like a CSS gradient.
CSS determines an object's _concrete size_ using (1) its _intrinsic dimensions_; (2) its _specified size_, defined by CSS properties like {{CSSxRef("width")}}, {{CSSxRef("height")}}, or {{CSSxRef("background-size")}}; and (3) its _default size_, determined by the kind of property the image is used with:
| Kind of Object (CSS Property) | Default object size |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| {{CSSxRef("background-image")}} | The size of the element's background positioning area |
| {{CSSxRef("list-style-image")}} | The size of a `1em` character |
| {{CSSxRef("border-image-source")}} | The size of the element's border image area |
| {{CSSxRef("cursor")}} | The browser-defined size matching the usual cursor size on the client's system |
| {{CSSxRef("mask-image")}} | ? |
| {{CSSxRef("shape-outside")}} | ? |
| {{CSSxRef("mask-border-source")}} | ? |
| {{CSSxRef("symbols", "symbols()")}} for @counter-style | At risk feature. If supported, the browser-defined size matching the usual cursor size on the client's system |
| {{CSSxRef("content")}} for a pseudo-element ({{CSSxRef("::after")}}/{{CSSxRef("::before")}}) | A 300px × 150px rectangle |
The concrete object size is calculated using the following algorithm:
- If the specified size defines _both the width and the height_, these values are used as the concrete object size.
- If the specified size defines _only the width or only the height_, the missing value is determined using the intrinsic ratio, if there is any, the intrinsic dimensions if the specified value matches, or the default object size for that missing value.
- If the specified size defines _neither the width nor the height_, the concrete object size is calculated so that it matches the intrinsic aspect ratio of the image but without exceeding the default object size in any dimension. If the image has no intrinsic aspect ratio, the intrinsic aspect ratio of the object it applies to is used; if this object has none, the missing width or height are taken from the default object size.
> **Note:** Not all browsers support every type of image on every property. See the [browser compatibility section](#browser_compatibility) for details.
## Accessibility concerns
Browsers do not provide any special information on background images to assistive technology. This is important primarily for screen readers, as a screen reader will not announce its presence and therefore convey nothing to its users. If the image contains information critical to understanding the page's overall purpose, it is better to describe it semantically in the document.
- [MDN Understanding WCAG, Guideline 1.1 explanations](/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/Understanding_WCAG/Perceivable#guideline_1.1_—_providing_text_alternatives_for_non-text_content)
- [Understanding Success Criterion 1.1.1 | W3C Understanding WCAG 2.0](https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/NOTE-UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20-20161007/text-equiv-all.html)
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Valid images
```css example-good
url(test.jpg) /* A <url>, as long as test.jpg is an actual image */
linear-gradient(blue, red) /* A <gradient> */
element(#realid) /* A part of the webpage, referenced with the element() function,
if "realid" is an existing ID on the page */
image(ltr 'arrow.png#xywh=0,0,16,16', red)
/* A section 16x16 section of <url>, starting from the top, left of the original
image as long as arrow.png is a supported image, otherwise a solid
red swatch. If language is rtl, the image will be horizontally flipped. */
cross-fade(20% url(twenty.png), url(eighty.png))
/* cross faded images, with twenty being 20% opaque
and eighty being 80% opaque. */
image-set('test.jpg' 1x, 'test-2x.jpg' 2x)
/* a selection of images with varying resolutions */
```
### Invalid images
```css example-bad
nourl.jpg /* An image file must be defined using the url() function. */
url(report.pdf) /* A file pointed to by the url() function must be an image. */
element(#fakeid) /* An element ID must be an existing ID on the page. */
image(z.jpg#xy=0,0) /* The spatial fragment must be written in the format of xywh=#,#,#,# */
image-set('cat.jpg' 1x, 'dog.jpg' 1x) /* every image in an image set must have a different resolutions */
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{CSSxRef("<gradient>")}}
- {{CSSxRef("element","element()")}} {{Experimental_Inline}}
- {{CSSxRef("image/image", "image()")}}
- {{CSSxRef("image/image-set","image-set()")}}
- {{CSSxRef("cross-fade","cross-fade()")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/image | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/image/paint/index.md | ---
title: paint()
slug: Web/CSS/image/paint
page-type: css-function
browser-compat: css.types.image.paint
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`paint()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions) defines an {{cssxref("<image>")}} value generated with a PaintWorklet.
## Syntax
```css
paint(workletName, ...parameters)
```
where:
- _workletName_
- : The name of the registered worklet.
- _parameters_
- : Optional additional parameters to pass to the paintWorklet
## Examples
### Basic usage example
In JavaScript, we register the [paint worklet](/en-US/docs/Web/API/PaintWorkletGlobalScope):
```js
CSS.paintWorklet.addModule("boxbg.js");
```
...then, in the CSS, we define the `background-image` as a `paint()` type with the worklet name, `boxbg`, along with any variables (ex. `--boxColor` and `--widthSubtractor`) the worklet will use:
```css
li {
background-image: paint(boxbg);
--boxColor: hsl(55 90% 60% / 100%);
}
li:nth-of-type(3n) {
--boxColor: hsl(155 90% 60% / 100%);
--widthSubtractor: 20;
}
li:nth-of-type(3n + 1) {
--boxColor: hsl(255 90% 60% / 100%);
--widthSubtractor: 40;
}
```
The result will be the following:
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/houdini/css_painting_api/example-boxbg.html", '100%', 400)}}
### With additional parameters
You can pass additional arguments via the CSS paint() function. In this example, we passed two arguments: whether the background-image on a group of list items is filled or just has a stroke outline, and the width of that outline:
```html hidden
<ul>
<li>item 1</li>
<li>item 2</li>
<li>item 3</li>
<li>item 4</li>
<li>item 5</li>
<li>item 6</li>
<li>item 7</li>
<li>item 8</li>
<li>item 9</li>
<li>item 10</li>
<li>item 11</li>
<li>item 12</li>
<li>item 13</li>
<li>item 14</li>
<li>item 15</li>
<li>item 16</li>
<li>item 17</li>
<li>item 18</li>
<li>item 19</li>
<li>item 20</li>
</ul>
```
```js hidden
CSS.paintWorklet.addModule(
"https://mdn.github.io/houdini-examples/cssPaint/intro/worklets/hilite.js",
);
```
```css
li {
--boxColor: hsl(55 90% 60% / 100%);
background-image: paint(hollowHighlights, stroke, 2px);
}
li:nth-of-type(3n) {
--boxColor: hsl(155 90% 60% / 100%);
background-image: paint(hollowHighlights, filled, 3px);
}
li:nth-of-type(3n + 1) {
--boxColor: hsl(255 90% 60% / 100%);
background-image: paint(hollowHighlights, stroke, 1px);
}
```
We've included a custom property in the selector block defining a boxColor. Custom properties are accessible to the PaintWorklet.
{{EmbedLiveSample("With additional parameters", 300, 300)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{domxref('PaintWorkletGlobalScope')}}
- [CSS Painting API](/en-US/docs/Web/API/CSS_Painting_API)
- [Using the CSS Painting API](/en-US/docs/Web/API/CSS_Painting_API/Guide)
- {{cssxref("<image>")}}
- [Canvas API](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Canvas_API)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/image | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/image/image/index.md | ---
title: image()
slug: Web/CSS/image/image
page-type: css-function
browser-compat: css.types.image.image
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`image()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions) defines an {{CSSxRef("<image>")}} in a similar fashion to the {{CSSxRef("url", "url()")}} function, but with added functionality including specifying the image's directionality, displaying just a part of that image defined by a media fragment, and specifying a solid color as a fallback in case none of the specified images are able to be rendered.
> **Note:** The CSS `image()` function should not confused with {{DOMxRef("HTMLImageElement/Image", '<code>Image()</code>, the <code>HTMLImageElement</code> constructor', '', 1)}}.
## Syntax
{{CSSSyntax}}
where:
- `image-tags` {{optional_inline}}
- : The directionality of the image, either `ltr` for left-to-right or `rtl` for right-to-left.
- `image-src` {{Optional_Inline}}
- : Zero or more {{CSSxRef("url", "url()")}}s or {{CSSxRef("<string>")}}s specifying the image sources, with optional image fragment identifiers.
- `color` {{optional_inline}}
- : A color, specifying a solid background color to use as a fallback if no `image-src` is found, supported, or declared.
### Bi-directional awareness
The first, optional parameter of the `image()` notation is the directionality of the image. If included, and the image is used on an element with opposite directionality, the image will be flipped horizontally in horizontal writing modes. If the directionality is omitted, the image won't be flipped if the language direction is changed.
### Image fragments
One key difference between `url()` and `image()` is the ability to add a media fragment identifier — a starting point along the x and y axis, along with a width and height — onto the image source to display only a section of the source image. The section of the image defined in the parameter becomes a standalone image. The syntax looks like so:
```css
background-image: image("myimage.webp#xywh=0,20,40,60");
```
The background image of the element will be the portion of the image _myImage.webp_ that starts at the coordinate 0px, 20px (the top left-hand corner) and is 40px wide and 60px tall.
The `#xywh=#,#,#,#` media fragment syntax takes four comma separated numeric values. The first two represent the X and Y coordinates for the starting point of the box that will be created. The third value is the width of the box, and the last value is the height. By default, these are pixel values. The [spacial dimension definition in the media specification](https://www.w3.org/TR/media-frags/#naming-space) indicates that percentages will be supported as well:
```css
xywh=160,120,320,240 /* results in a 320x240 image at x=160 and y=120 */
xywh=pixel:160,120,320,240 /* results in a 320x240 image at x=160 and y=120 */
xywh=percent:25,25,50,50 /* results in a 50%x50% image at x=25% and y=25% */
```
The image fragments can be used in `url()` notation as well. The `#xywh=#,#,#,#` media fragment syntax is 'backwards compatible' in that a media fragment will be ignored if not understood, and won't break the source call when used with `url()`. If the browser doesn't understand the media fragments notation, it ignores the fragment, displaying the entire image.
Browsers that understand `image()` also understand the fragment notation. Therefore, if the fragment is not understood within `image()`, the image will be considered invalid.
### Color fallback
If a color is specified in `image()` along with your image sources, it acts as a fallback if the images are invalid and do not appear. In such cases, the `image()` function renders as if no image were included, generating a solid-color image. As a use case, consider a dark image being used as a background for some white text. A dark background color may be needed for foreground text to be legible, if the image does not render.
Omitting image sources while including a color is valid and creates a color swatch. Unlike declaring a {{CSSxRef("background-color")}}, which is placed under or behind all the background images, this can be used to put (generally semi-transparent) colors over other images.
The size of the color swatch can be set with the {{CSSxRef("background-size")}} property. This is different from the `background-color`, which sets a color to cover the entire element. Both `image(color)` and `background-color` placements are impacted by the {{CSSxRef("background-clip")}} and {{CSSxRef("background-origin")}} properties.
## Accessibility concerns
Browsers do not provide any special information on background images to assistive technology. This is important primarily for screen readers, as a screen reader will not announce its presence and therefore convey nothing to its users. If the image contains information critical to understanding the page's overall purpose, it is better to describe it semantically in the document.
- [MDN Understanding WCAG, Guideline 1.1 explanations](/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/Understanding_WCAG/Perceivable#guideline_1.1_—_providing_text_alternatives_for_non-text_content)
- [Understanding Success Criterion 1.1.1 | W3C Understanding WCAG 2.0](https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/NOTE-UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20-20161007/text-equiv-all.html)
This feature can help improve accessibility by providing a fallback color when an image fails to load. While this can and should be done by including a background-color on every background image, the CSS `image()` function allows adding allows only including background colors should an image fail to load, which means you can add a fall back color should a transparent PNG/GIF/WebP not load.
## Examples
### Directionally-sensitive images
```html
<ul>
<li dir="ltr">Bullet is a right facing arrow on the left</li>
<li dir="rtl">Bullet is the same arrow, flipped to point left.</li>
</ul>
```
```css
ul {
list-style-image: image(ltr "rightarrow.png");
}
```
In the left-to-right list items — those with `dir="ltr"` set on the element itself or inheriting the directionality from an ancestor or default value for the page — the image will be used as-is. List items with `dir="rtl"` set on the `<li>` or inheriting the right-to-left directionality from an ancestor, such as documents set to Arabic or Hebrew, will have the bullet display on the right, horizontally flipped, as if `transform: scaleX(-1)` had been set. The text will also be displayed left-to-right.
{{EmbedLiveSample("Directionally-sensitive_images", "100%", 200)}}
### Displaying a section of the background image
```html
<div class="box">Hover over me. What cursor do you see?</div>
```
```css
.box:hover {
cursor: image("sprite.png#xywh=32,64,16,16");
}
```
When the user hovers over the box, the cursor will change to display the 16x16 px section of the sprite image, starting at x=32 and y=64.
{{EmbedLiveSample("Displaying_a_section_of_the_background_image", "100%", 100)}}
### Putting color on top of a background image
```css hidden
.quarterlogo {
height: 200px;
width: 200px;
border: 1px solid;
}
```
```css
.quarterlogo {
background-image: image(rgb(0 0 0 / 25%)), url("firefox.png");
background-size: 25%;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
```
```html
<div class="quarterlogo">
If supported, a quarter of this div has a darkened logo
</div>
```
The above will put a semi-transparent black mask over the Firefox logo background image. Had we used the {{cssxref("background-color")}} property instead, the color would have appeared behind the logo image instead of on top of it. Additionally, the entire container would have had the same background color. Because we used `image()` along with the {{CSSxRef("background-size")}} property (and prevented the image from repeating with the {{CSSxRef("background-repeat")}} property, the color swatch will only cover a quarter of the container.
{{EmbedLiveSample("Putting_color_on_top_of_a_background_image", "100%", 220)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{CSSxRef("<image>")}}
- {{CSSxRef("element", "element()")}}
- {{CSSxRef("url", "url()")}}
- {{CSSxRef("clip-path")}}
- {{CSSxRef("<gradient>")}}
- {{CSSxRef("image/image-set", "image-set()")}}
- {{CSSxRef("cross-fade", "cross-fade()")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/image | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/image/image-set/index.md | ---
title: image-set()
slug: Web/CSS/image/image-set
page-type: css-function
browser-compat: css.types.image.image-set
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`image-set()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [functional](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions) notation is a method of letting the browser pick the most appropriate CSS image from a given set, primarily for high pixel density screens.
Resolution and bandwidth differ by device and network access. The `image-set()` function delivers the most appropriate image resolution for a user's device, providing a set of image options — each with an associated resolution declaration — from which the browser picks the most appropriate for the device and settings. Resolution can be used as a proxy for filesize — a user agent on a slow mobile connection with a high-resolution screen may prefer to receive lower-resolution images rather than waiting for a higher resolution image to load.
`image-set()` allows the author to provide options rather than determining what each individual user needs.
## Syntax
```css-nolint
/* Select image based on resolution */
image-set(
"image1.jpg" 1x,
"image2.jpg" 2x
);
image-set(
url("image1.jpg") 1x,
url("image2.jpg") 2x
);
/* Select gradient based on resolution */
image-set(
linear-gradient(blue, white) 1x,
linear-gradient(blue, green) 2x
);
/* Select image based on supported formats */
image-set(
url("image1.avif") type("image/avif"),
url("image2.jpg") type("image/jpeg")
);
```
### Values
- `<image>`
- : The [`<image>`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/image) can be any image type except for an image set. The `image-set()` function may not be nested inside another `image-set()` function.
- `<string>`
- : A URL to an image.
- `<resolution>` {{optional_inline}}
- : [`<resolution>`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/resolution) units include `x` or `dppx`, for dots per pixel unit, `dpi`, for dots per inch, and `dpcm` for dots per centimeter. Every image within an `image-set()` must have a unique resolution.
- `type(<string>)` {{optional_inline}}
- : A valid MIME type string, for example "image/jpeg".
### Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Using image-set() to provide alternative background-image options
This example shows how to use [`image-set()`](https://drafts.csswg.org/css-images-4/#funcdef-image-set) to provide two alternative {{cssxref("background-image")}} options, chosen depending on the resolution needed: a normal version and a high-resolution version.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/images/image-set.html", '100%', 600)}}
> **Note:** In the above example, the `-webkit` prefixed version is also used to support Chrome and Safari. In Firefox 90, support was added for `-webkit-image-set()` as an alias to `image-set()` (in order to provide compat where developers had not added the standard property).
### Using image-set() to provide alternative image formats
In the next example the `type()` function is used to serve the image in AVIF and JPEG formats. If the browser supports avif, it will choose that version. Otherwise it will use the jpeg version.
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/images/image-set-type.html", '100%', 600)}}
#### Providing a fallback
There is no inbuilt fallback for `image-set()`; therefore to include a {{cssxref("background-image")}} for those browsers that do not support the function, a separate declaration is required before the line using `image-set()`.
```css
.box {
background-image: url("large-balloons.jpg");
background-image: image-set(
"large-balloons.avif" type("image/avif"),
"large-balloons.jpg" type("image/jpeg")
);
}
```
## Accessibility concerns
Browsers do not provide any special information on background images to assistive technology. This is important primarily for screen readers, as a screen reader will not announce its presence and therefore convey nothing to its users. If the image contains information critical to understanding the page's overall purpose, it is better to describe it semantically in the document.
- [MDN Understanding WCAG, Guideline 1.1 explanations](/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/Understanding_WCAG/Perceivable#guideline_1.1_—_providing_text_alternatives_for_non-text_content)
- [Understanding Success Criterion 1.1.1 | W3C Understanding WCAG 2.0](https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/NOTE-UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20-20161007/text-equiv-all.html)
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("image")}}
- {{cssxref("image/image", "image()")}}
- {{cssxref("element", "element()")}}
- {{cssxref("url", "url()")}}
- {{cssxref("<gradient>")}}
- {{cssxref("cross-fade", "cross-fade()")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/line-style/index.md | ---
title: <line-style>
slug: Web/CSS/line-style
page-type: css-type
browser-compat: css.types.line-style
spec-urls: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-backgrounds/#typedef-line-style
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`<line-style>`** {{glossary("enumerated")}} value type represents keyword values that define the style of a line, or the lack of a line. The `<line-style>` keyword values are used in the following longhand and shorthand [border](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_backgrounds_and_borders) and [column](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_multicol_layout) properties:
- {{cssxref("border")}}, {{cssxref("border-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-block")}}, {{cssxref("border-block-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-block-end")}}, {{cssxref("border-block-end-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-block-start")}}, {{cssxref("border-block-start-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-bottom")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-inline")}}, {{cssxref("border-inline-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-inline-end")}}, {{cssxref("border-inline-end-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-inline-start")}}, {{cssxref("border-inline-start-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-left")}}, {{cssxref("border-left-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-right")}}, {{cssxref("border-right-style")}}
- {{cssxref("border-top")}}, {{cssxref("border-top-style")}}
- {{cssxref("column-rule")}}, {{cssxref("column-rule-style")}}
## Syntax
```css
<line-style> = none | hidden | dotted | dashed | solid | double | groove | ridge | inset | outset
```
### Values
The `<line-style>` enumerated type is specified using one of the values listed below:
- `none`
- : Displays no line. The computed value of the line width is `0` even if a width value is specified. In the case of table cell and border collapsing, the `none` value has the _lowest_ priority. If any other conflicting border is set, it will be displayed. The `none` value is similar to `hidden`.
- `hidden`
- : Displays no line. The computed width of the line is `0` even if a width value is specified. In the case of table cell and border collapsing, the `hidden` value has the _highest_ priority. If any other conflicting border is set, it won't be displayed. The `hidden` value is similar to `none`, but `hidden` is not a valid value for outline styles.
- `dotted`
- : Displays a series of round dots. The radius of the dots is half the computed value of the line's width. The spacing of the dots is not defined by the specification and is implementation-specific.
- `dashed`
- : Displays a series of short square-ended dashes or line segments. The exact size and length of the segments are not defined by the specification and are implementation-specific.
- `solid`
- : Displays a single, straight solid line.
- `double`
- : Displays two straight lines with some space between them. The length of the lines adds up to the pixel size defined by the line's width.
- `groove`
- : Displays a border with a carved appearance. This value is the opposite of `ridge`.
- `ridge`
- : Displays a border with an extruded appearance. This value is the opposite of `groove`.
- `inset`
- : Displays a border that makes the element appear embedded. This value is the opposite of `outset`. When applied to a table cell border and {{cssxref("border-collapse")}} is set to `collapsed`, this value behaves like `groove`.
- `outset`
- : Displays a border that makes the element appear embossed. This value is the opposite of `inset`. When applied to a table cell with {{cssxref("border-collapse")}} set to `collapsed`, this value behaves like `ridge`.
> **Note:** When `<outline-style>` is used as the value type for {{cssxref("outline")}} and {{cssxref("outline-style")}} properties, it is similar to `<line-style>`, but does not support `hidden` and includes the `auto` value. When `auto` is set, the user-agent defined `<line-style>` value is used.
## Examples
The first example demonstrates all the `<line-style>` keyword values. The second example demonstrates how some line style colors may display in unexpected ways.
### Defining line styles
This example shows all the `<line-style>` values as values for the CSS {{cssxref("border-style")}} and {{cssxref("column-rule-style")}} properties.
#### HTML
This example uses multiple {{HTMLElement( "div" )}} elements, each with a class representing the `<line-style>` value that is being demonstrated.
```html
<div class="<line-style>">
<p><line-style></p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
```
```html hidden
<div class="none">
<p>none</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
<div class="hidden">
<p>hidden</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
<div class="dotted">
<p>dotted</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
<div class="dashed">
<p>dashed</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
<div class="solid">
<p>solid</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
<div class="double">
<p>double</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
<div class="groove">
<p>groove</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
<div class="ridge">
<p>ridge</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
<div class="inset">
<p>inset</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
<div class="outset">
<p>outset</p>
<p>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</p>
</div>
```
#### CSS
In the CSS for this example, the border and the column-rule for all the `<p>` elements is defined to have a width of `7px` and the style value of `double`. For each paragraph, the `double` value is then overridden by specifying a different `<line-style>` value for the `border-style` and `column-rule-style` properties.
```css hidden
div {
display: flex;
gap: 1em;
list-style: none;
align-items: center;
}
div:first-of-type {
display: none;
}
p:first-of-type {
text-align: center;
line-height: 5em;
}
p {
width: 10em;
height: 5em;
background-color: palegoldenrod;
}
```
```css
p {
padding: 5px;
border: double 7px #bada55;
}
p + p {
columns: 3;
column-gap: 20px;
column-rule: double 7px;
border-color: #000000;
}
.none p {
border-style: none;
column-rule-style: none;
}
.hidden p {
border-style: hidden;
column-rule-style: hidden;
}
.dotted p {
border-style: dotted;
column-rule-style: dotted;
}
.dashed p {
border-style: dashed;
column-rule-style: dashed;
}
.solid p {
border-style: solid;
column-rule-style: solid;
}
.double p {
border-style: double;
column-rule-style: double;
}
.groove p {
border-style: groove;
column-rule-style: groove;
}
.ridge p {
border-style: ridge;
column-rule-style: ridge;
}
.inset p {
border-style: inset;
column-rule-style: inset;
}
.outset p {
border-style: outset;
column-rule-style: outset;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Defining_line_styles", "500", "800")}}
Notice that the black border is not always black.
### Defining line styles and colors
This example demonstrates line-style and color choice. With some `<line-style>` keyword values, the color of the line may not be what you expect. To create the required "3D" effect of `groove,` `ridge`, `inset`, and `outset` styles when displaying these values in black or white, user agents use different color calculations than any other color-line combinations.
#### HTML
This example uses multiple {{HTMLElement( "div" )}} elements, each with a different `border-color` set as an inline [`style`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/style).
```html-nolint hidden
<section>
```
```html
<div style="border-color: #000000"></div>
```
```html hidden
<div style="border-color: #000001"></div>
<div style="border-color: #ffffff"></div>
<div style="border-color: #ff00ff"></div>
<div style="border-color: #ffff00"></div>
<div style="border-color: #00ffff"></div>
<div style="border-color: #cc33cc"></div>
<div style="border-color: #cccc33"></div>
<div style="border-color: #33cccc"></div>
<div style="border-color: #ff0000"></div>
<div style="border-color: #00ff00"></div>
<div style="border-color: #0000ff"></div>
<div style="border-color: #cc3333"></div>
<div style="border-color: #33cc33"></div>
<div style="border-color: #3333cc"></div>
<div style="border-color: #993333"></div>
<div style="border-color: #339933"></div>
<div style="border-color: #333399"></div>
</section>
```
#### CSS
The four sides of each `<div>` have a different `<line-style>` value, and each list item has a different {{cssxref("color_value", "<color>")}} value. We use [generated content](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/content) to display the CSS declared inline.
```css hidden
section {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
gap: 1em;
text-transform: uppercase;
font-family: monospace;
}
```
```css
div {
border-width: 10px;
border-style: inset groove ridge outset;
padding: 5px;
}
div::before {
content: attr(style);
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Line_style_colors", "500", "400")}}
Notice that the almost-black color of `#000001` may be different from the actual black, and the contrast between the dark and light edges is more noticeable when using lighter colors.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [CSS backgrounds and borders](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_backgrounds_and_borders) module
- [CSS basic user interface](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_basic_user_interface) module
- [CSS multi-column layout](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_multicol_layout) module
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_colon_read-only/index.md | ---
title: ":read-only"
slug: Web/CSS/:read-only
page-type: css-pseudo-class
browser-compat: css.selectors.read-only
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`:read-only`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-class](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes) represents an element (such as `input` or `textarea`) that is not editable by the user.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/tabbed/pseudo-class-read-only.html", "tabbed-shorter")}}
## Syntax
```css
:read-only {
/* ... */
}
```
## Examples
### Confirming form information in read-only/read-write controls
One use of `readonly` form controls is to allow the user to check and verify information that they may have entered in an earlier form (for example, shipping details), while still being able to submit the information along with the rest of the form. We do just this in the example below.
The `:read-only` pseudo-class is used to remove all the styling that makes the inputs look like clickable fields, making them look more like read-only paragraphs. The `:read-write` pseudo-class on the other hand is used to provide some nicer styling to the editable `<textarea>`.
```css
input:read-only,
textarea:read-only {
border: 0;
box-shadow: none;
background-color: white;
}
textarea:read-write {
box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 3px #ccc;
border-radius: 5px;
}
```
You can find the full source code at [readonly-confirmation.html](https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/html/forms/pseudo-classes/readonly-confirmation.html); this renders like so:
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("learning-area/html/forms/pseudo-classes/readonly-confirmation.html", '100%', 660)}}
### Styling read-only non-form controls
This selector doesn't just select {{htmlElement("input")}}/{{htmlElement("textarea")}} elements — it will select _any_ element that cannot be edited by the user.
```html
<p contenteditable>This paragraph is editable; it is read-write.</p>
<p>This paragraph is not editable; it is read-only.</p>
```
```css
p {
font-size: 150%;
padding: 5px;
border-radius: 5px;
}
p:read-only {
background-color: red;
color: white;
}
p:read-write {
background-color: lime;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('Styling_read-only_non-form_controls', '100%', 400)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref(":read-write")}}
- HTML [`contenteditable`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes#contenteditable) attribute
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/border-block-end-color/index.md | ---
title: border-block-end-color
slug: Web/CSS/border-block-end-color
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.border-block-end-color
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`border-block-end-color`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property defines the color of the logical block-end border of an element, which maps to a physical border color depending on the element's writing mode, directionality, and text orientation. It corresponds to the {{cssxref("border-top-color")}}, {{cssxref("border-right-color")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom-color")}}, or {{cssxref("border-left-color")}} property depending on the values defined for {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, and {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/border-block-end-color.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
border-block-end-color: yellow;
border-block-end-color: #f5f6f7;
/* Global values */
border-block-end-color: inherit;
border-block-end-color: initial;
border-block-end-color: revert;
border-block-end-color: revert-layer;
border-block-end-color: unset;
```
Related properties are {{cssxref("border-block-start-color")}}, {{cssxref("border-inline-start-color")}}, and {{cssxref("border-inline-end-color")}}, which define the other border colors of the element.
### Values
- {{CSSXref("<color>")}}
- : The color of the border.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Border color with vertical text
#### HTML
```html
<div>
<p class="exampleText">Example text</p>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
div {
background-color: yellow;
width: 120px;
height: 120px;
}
.exampleText {
writing-mode: vertical-lr;
border: 10px solid blue;
border-block-end-color: red;
}
```
#### Results
{{EmbedLiveSample("Border_color_with_vertical_text", 140, 140)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [CSS Logical Properties and Values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_logical_properties_and_values)
- This property maps to one of the physical border properties: {{cssxref("border-top-color")}}, {{cssxref("border-right-color")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom-color")}}, or {{cssxref("border-left-color")}}.
- {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/border-right-style/index.md | ---
title: border-right-style
slug: Web/CSS/border-right-style
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.border-right-style
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`border-right-style`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets the line style of an element's right {{cssxref("border")}}.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/border-right-style.html")}}
> **Note:** The specification doesn't define how borders of different styles connect in the corners.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
border-right-style: none;
border-right-style: hidden;
border-right-style: dotted;
border-right-style: dashed;
border-right-style: solid;
border-right-style: double;
border-right-style: groove;
border-right-style: ridge;
border-right-style: inset;
border-right-style: outset;
/* Global values */
border-right-style: inherit;
border-right-style: initial;
border-right-style: revert;
border-right-style: revert-layer;
border-right-style: unset;
```
The `border-right-style` property is specified as a single {{cssxref("line-style")}} keyword value.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Border styles
#### HTML
```html
<table>
<tr>
<td class="b1">none</td>
<td class="b2">hidden</td>
<td class="b3">dotted</td>
<td class="b4">dashed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="b5">solid</td>
<td class="b6">double</td>
<td class="b7">groove</td>
<td class="b8">ridge</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="b9">inset</td>
<td class="b10">outset</td>
</tr>
</table>
```
#### CSS
```css
/* Define look of the table */
table {
border-width: 2px;
background-color: #52e385;
}
tr,
td {
padding: 3px;
}
/* border-right-style example classes */
.b1 {
border-right-style: none;
}
.b2 {
border-right-style: hidden;
}
.b3 {
border-right-style: dotted;
}
.b4 {
border-right-style: dashed;
}
.b5 {
border-right-style: solid;
}
.b6 {
border-right-style: double;
}
.b7 {
border-right-style: groove;
}
.b8 {
border-right-style: ridge;
}
.b9 {
border-right-style: inset;
}
.b10 {
border-right-style: outset;
}
```
#### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Border_styles') }}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The other style-related border properties: {{Cssxref("border-bottom-style")}}, {{Cssxref("border-left-style")}}, {{Cssxref("border-top-style")}}, and {{Cssxref("border-style")}}.
- The other right-border-related properties: {{Cssxref("border-right")}}, {{Cssxref("border-right-color")}}, and {{Cssxref("border-right-width")}}.
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/inline-size/index.md | ---
title: inline-size
slug: Web/CSS/inline-size
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.inline-size
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`inline-size`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property defines the horizontal or vertical size of an element's block, depending on its writing mode. It corresponds to either the {{cssxref("width")}} or the {{cssxref("height")}} property, depending on the value of {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}.
If the writing mode is vertically oriented, the value of `inline-size` relates to the height of the element; otherwise, it relates to the width of the element. A related property is {{cssxref("block-size")}}, which defines the other dimension of the element.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/inline-size.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* <length> values */
inline-size: 300px;
inline-size: 25em;
/* <percentage> values */
inline-size: 75%;
/* Keyword values */
inline-size: max-content;
inline-size: min-content;
inline-size: fit-content;
inline-size: fit-content(20em);
inline-size: auto;
/* Global values */
inline-size: inherit;
inline-size: initial;
inline-size: revert;
inline-size: revert-layer;
inline-size: unset;
```
### Values
The `inline-size` property takes the same values as the {{cssxref("width")}} and {{cssxref("height")}} properties.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting inline size in pixels
#### HTML
```html
<p class="exampleText">Example text</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
.exampleText {
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
background-color: yellow;
inline-size: 110px;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Setting_inline_size_in_pixels")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The mapped physical properties: {{cssxref("width")}} and {{cssxref("height")}}
- {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/font-size/index.md | ---
title: font-size
slug: Web/CSS/font-size
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.font-size
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`font-size`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets the size of the font. Changing the font size also updates the sizes of the font size-relative {{cssxref("<length>")}} units, such as `em`, `ex`, and so forth.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/font-size.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* <absolute-size> values */
font-size: xx-small;
font-size: x-small;
font-size: small;
font-size: medium;
font-size: large;
font-size: x-large;
font-size: xx-large;
font-size: xxx-large;
/* <relative-size> values */
font-size: smaller;
font-size: larger;
/* <length> values */
font-size: 12px;
font-size: 0.8em;
/* <percentage> values */
font-size: 80%;
/* math value */
font-size: math;
/* Global values */
font-size: inherit;
font-size: initial;
font-size: revert;
font-size: revert-layer;
font-size: unset;
```
The `font-size` property is specified in one of the following ways:
- As one of the absolute-size, relative-size or `math` keywords
- As a `<length>` or a `<percentage>`, relative to the element's font size.
### Values
- `xx-small`, `x-small`, `small`, `medium`, `large`, `x-large`, `xx-large`, `xxx-large`
- : Absolute-size keywords, based on the user's default font size (which is `medium`).
- `larger`, `smaller`
- : Relative-size keywords. The font will be larger or smaller relative to the parent element's font size, roughly by the ratio used to separate the absolute-size keywords above.
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : A positive {{cssxref("<length>")}} value. For most font-relative units (such as `em` and `ex`), the font size is relative to the parent element's font size.
For font-relative units that are root-based (such as `rem`), the font size is relative to the size of the font used by the {{HTMLElement("html")}} (root) element.
- {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}
- : A positive {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} value, relative to the parent element's font size.
> **Note:** To maximize accessibility, it is generally best to use values that are relative to the user's default font size.
- `math`
- : [Scaling rules](https://w3c.github.io/mathml-core/#the-math-script-level-property) are applied when determining the computed value of the `font-size` property for math elements relative to the `font-size` of the containing parent.
See the [math-depth](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/math-depth) property for more information.
## Description
There are several ways to specify the font size, including keywords or numerical values for pixels or ems. Choose the appropriate method based on the needs of the particular web page.
### Keywords
Keywords are a good way to set the size of fonts on the web. By setting a keyword font size on the {{HTMLElement("body")}} element, you can set relative font-sizing everywhere else on the page, giving you the ability to easily scale the font up or down on the entire page accordingly.
### Pixels
Setting the font size in pixel values (`px`) is a good choice when you need pixel accuracy. A px value is static. This is an OS-independent and cross-browser way of literally telling the browsers to render the letters at exactly the number of pixels in height that you specified. The results may vary slightly across browsers, as they may use different algorithms to achieve a similar effect.
Font sizing settings can also be used in combination. For example, if a parent element is set to `16px` and its child element is set to `larger`, the child element displays larger than the parent element on the page.
> **Note:** Defining font sizes in `px` is _[not accessible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_accessibility)_, because the user cannot change the font size in some browsers. For example, users with limited vision may wish to set the font size much larger than the size chosen by a web designer. Avoid using them for font sizes if you wish to create an inclusive design.
### Ems
Using an `em` value creates a dynamic or computed font size (historically the `em` unit was derived from the width of a capital "M" in a given typeface.). The numeric value acts as a multiplier of the `font-size` property of the element on which it is used. Consider this example:
```css
p {
font-size: 2em;
}
```
In this case, the font size of `<p>` elements will be double the computed `font-size` inherited by `<p>` elements. By extension, a `font-size` of `1em` equals the computed `font-size` of the element on which it is used.
If a `font-size` has not been set on any of the `<p>`'s ancestors, then `1em` will equal the default browser `font-size`, which is usually `16px`. So, by default `1em` is equivalent to `16px`, and `2em` is equivalent to `32px`. If you were to set a `font-size` of 20px on the `<body>` element say, then `1em` on the `<p>` elements would instead be equivalent to `20px`, and `2em` would be equivalent to `40px`.
In order to calculate the `em` equivalent for any pixel value required, you can use this formula:
```plain
em = desired element pixel value / parent element font-size in pixels
```
For example, suppose the `font-size` of the `<body>` of the page is set to `16px`. If the font-size you want is `12px`, then you should specify `0.75em` (because 12/16 = 0.75). Similarly, if you want a font size of `10px`, then specify `0.625em` (10/16 = 0.625); for `22px`, specify `1.375em` (22/16).
The `em` is a very useful unit in CSS since it automatically adapts its length relative to the font that the reader chooses to use.
One important fact to keep in mind: em values compound. Take the following HTML and CSS:
```css
html {
font-size: 100%;
}
span {
font-size: 1.6em;
}
```
```html
<div>
<span>Outer <span>inner</span> outer</span>
</div>
```
The result is:
{{EmbedLiveSample("Ems", 400, 100)}}
Assuming that the browser's default `font-size` is 16px, the words "outer" would be rendered at 25.6px, but the word "inner" would be rendered at 40.96px. This is because the inner {{HTMLElement("span")}}'s `font-size` is 1.6em which is relative to its parent's `font-size`, which is in turn relative to its parent's `font-size`. This is often called **compounding**.
### Rems
`rem` values were invented in order to sidestep the compounding problem. `rem` values are relative to the root `html` element, not the parent element. In other words, it lets you specify a font size in a relative fashion without being affected by the size of the parent, thereby eliminating compounding.
The CSS below is nearly identical to the previous example. The only exception is that the unit has been changed to `rem`.
```css
html {
font-size: 100%;
}
span {
font-size: 1.6rem;
}
```
Then we apply this CSS to the same HTML, which looks like this:
```html
<span>Outer <span>inner</span> outer</span>
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Rems", 400, 100)}}
In this example, the words "outer inner outer" are all displayed at 25.6px (assuming that the browser's `font-size` has been left at the default value of 16px).
### Ex
Like the `em` unit, an element's `font-size` set using the `ex` unit is computed or dynamic. It behaves in exactly the same way, except that when setting the `font-size` property using `ex` units, the `font-size` equals the x-height of the [first available font](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-fonts-3/#first-available-font) used on the page. The number value multiplies the element's inherited `font-size` and the `font-size` compounds relatively.
See the W3C Editor's Draft for a more detailed description of [font-relative length units](https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/#font-relative-length) such as `ex`.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting font sizes
#### CSS
```css
.small {
font-size: xx-small;
}
.larger {
font-size: larger;
}
.point {
font-size: 24pt;
}
.percent {
font-size: 200%;
}
```
#### HTML
```html
<h1 class="small">Small H1</h1>
<h1 class="larger">Larger H1</h1>
<h1 class="point">24 point H1</h1>
<h1 class="percent">200% H1</h1>
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Setting_font_sizes', 600, 250)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("font-size-adjust")}}
- {{cssxref("font-style")}}
- {{cssxref("font-weight")}}
- {{cssxref("math-depth")}}
- {{cssxref("math-style")}}
- [Fundamental text and font styling](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals)
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/transition-behavior/index.md | ---
title: transition-behavior
slug: Web/CSS/transition-behavior
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.transition-behavior
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`transition-behavior`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property specifies whether transitions will be started for properties whose animation behavior is [discrete](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_animated_properties#discrete).
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
transition-behavior: allow-discrete;
transition-behavior: normal;
/* Global values */
transition-behavior: inherit;
transition-behavior: initial;
transition-behavior: revert;
transition-behavior: revert-layer;
transition-behavior: unset;
```
### Values
- `allow-discrete`
- : Transitions will be started on the element for discrete animated properties.
- `normal`
- : Transitions will _not_ be started on the element for discrete animated properties.
## Description
The `transition-behavior` property is only relevant when used in conjunction with other transition properties, notably {{cssxref("transition-property")}} and {{cssxref("transition-duration")}}, as no transition occurs if no properties are animated over a non-zero duration of time.
```css
.card {
transition-property: opacity, display;
transition-duration: 0.25s;
transition-behavior: allow-discrete;
}
.card.fade-out {
opacity: 0;
display: none;
}
```
The `transition-behavior` value can be included as part of a shorthand {{cssxref("transition")}} declaration. When included in the shorthand, when using or defaulting to all properties, the `allow-discrete` value has no impact on regular animatable properties. The following CSS is equivalent to the longhand declarations above:
```css
.card {
transition: all 0.25s;
transition: all 0.25s allow-discrete;
}
.card.fade-out {
opacity: 0;
display: none;
}
```
In the above snippet we include the `transition` property twice. The first instance does not include the `allow-discrete` value — this provides cross-browser support, ensuring the card's other properties still transition in browsers that don't support `transition-behavior.`
### Discrete animation behavior
Discrete-animated properties generally flip between two values 50% through animating between the two.
There is an exception, however, which is when animating to or from `display: none` or `content-visibility: hidden`. In this case, the browser will flip between the two values so that the transitioned content is shown for the entire animation duration.
So for example:
- When animating `display` from `none` to `block` (or another visible `display` value), the value will flip to `block` at `0%` of the animation duration so it is visible throughout.
- When animating `display` from `block` (or another visible `display` value) to `none`, the value will flip to `none` at `100%` of the animation duration so it is visible throughout.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{CSSSyntax}}
## Examples
### Transitioning a popover
In this example, a [popover](/en-US/docs/Web/API/Popover_API) is animated as it [transitions](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_transitions) from hidden to shown and back again.
#### HTML
The HTML contains a {{htmlelement("div")}} element declared as a popover using the [popover](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/popover) attribute, and a {{htmlelement("button")}} element designated as the popover's display control using its [popovertarget](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button#popovertarget) attribute.
```html
<button popovertarget="mypopover">Show the popover</button>
<div popover="auto" id="mypopover">I'm a Popover! I should animate.</div>
```
#### CSS
```css hidden
html {
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
}
[popover] {
font-size: 1.2rem;
padding: 10px;
}
```
```css
[popover]:popover-open {
opacity: 1;
transform: scaleX(1);
}
[popover] {
/* Final state of the exit animation */
opacity: 0;
transform: scaleX(0);
transition-property: opacity, transform, overlay, display;
transition-duration: 0.7s;
transition-behavior: allow-discrete;
/* Using the shorthand transition property, we could write:
transition:
opacity 0.7s,
transform 0.7s,
overlay 0.7s allow-discrete,
display 0.7s allow-discrete;
or even:
transition: all 0.7s allow-discrete;
*/
}
/* Needs to be included after the previous [popover]:popover-open
rule to take effect, as the specificity is the same */
@starting-style {
[popover]:popover-open {
opacity: 0;
transform: scaleX(0);
}
}
```
The two properties we want to animate are [`opacity`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/opacity) and [`transform`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform): we want the popover to fade in and out while growing and shrinking in the horizontal direction. We set a starting state for these properties on the default hidden state of the popover element (selected via `[popover]`), and an end state on the open state of the popover (selected via the [`:popover-open`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:popover-open) pseudo-class). We then set a [`transition`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transition) property to animate between the two.
Because the animated element is being promoted to the [top layer](/en-US/docs/Glossary/Top_layer) when shown and removed from the top layer when hidden — which also means that its hidden state has [`display: none`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/display) set on it — the following properties are added to the list of transitioned elements to get the animation working in both directions. In both cases, `transition-behavior: allow-discrete` is set in the shorthand to enable discrete animation.
- `display`: Required so that the animated element is visible (set to `display: block`) throughout both the entry and exit animation. Without this, the exit animation would not be visible; in effect, the popover would just disappear.
- [`overlay`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overlay): Required to make sure that the removal of the element from the top layer is deferred until the animation has been completed. This doesn't make a huge difference for simple animations such as this one, but in more complex cases not doing this can result in the element being removed from the overlay too quickly, meaning the animation is not smooth or effective.
In addition, a starting state for the animation is set inside the [`@starting-style`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@starting-style) at-rule. This is needed to avoid unexpected behavior. By default transitions are not triggered on elements' first style updates, or when the `display` type changes from `none` to another type. `@starting-style` allows you to override that default in a specific controlled fashion. Without this, the entry animation would not occur and the popover would just appear.
#### Result
The code renders as follows:
{{ EmbedLiveSample("Transitioning a popover", "100%", "200") }}
> **Note:** Because popovers change from `display: none` to `display: block` each time they are shown, the popover transitions from its `@starting-style` styles to its `[popover]:popover-open` styles every time the entry transition occurs. When the popover closes, it transitions from its `[popover]:popover-open` state to the default `[popover]` state.
>
> It is possible for the style transition on entry and exit to be different in such cases. See our [Demonstration of when starting styles are used](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@starting-style#demonstration_of_when_starting_styles_are_used) example for a proof of this.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [`overlay`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overlay)
- [`@starting-style`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@starting-style)
- [CSS transitions](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_transitions) module
- [Four new CSS features for smooth entry and exit animations](https://developer.chrome.com/blog/entry-exit-animations/) on developer.chrome.com (2023)
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/scroll-snap-align/index.md | ---
title: scroll-snap-align
slug: Web/CSS/scroll-snap-align
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.scroll-snap-align
---
{{CSSRef}}
The `scroll-snap-align` property specifies the box's snap position as an alignment of its snap area (as the alignment subject) within its snap container's snapport (as the alignment container). The two values specify the snapping alignment in the block axis and inline axis, respectively. If only one value is specified, the second value defaults to the same value.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/scroll-snap-align.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
scroll-snap-align: none;
scroll-snap-align: start end; /* when two values set first is block, second inline */
scroll-snap-align: center;
/* Global values */
scroll-snap-align: inherit;
scroll-snap-align: initial;
scroll-snap-align: revert;
scroll-snap-align: revert-layer;
scroll-snap-align: unset;
```
### Values
- `none`
- : The box does not define a snap position in that axis.
- `start`
- : The start alignment of this box's scroll snap area, within the scroll container's snapport is a snap position in this axis.
- `end`
- : The end alignment of this box's scroll snap area, within the scroll container's snapport is a snap position in this axis.
- `center`
- : The center alignment of this box's scroll snap area, within the scroll container's snapport is a snap position in this axis.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [CSS scroll snap](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_scroll_snap)
- [Well-controlled scrolling with CSS scroll snap](https://web.dev/articles/css-scroll-snap)
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/inset-inline-end/index.md | ---
title: inset-inline-end
slug: Web/CSS/inset-inline-end
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.inset-inline-end
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`inset-inline-end`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property defines the logical inline end inset of an element, which maps to a physical offset depending on the element's writing mode, directionality, and text orientation. It corresponds to the {{cssxref("top")}}, {{cssxref("right")}}, {{cssxref("bottom")}}, or {{cssxref("left")}} property depending on the values defined for {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, and {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/inset-inline-end.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* <length> values */
inset-inline-end: 3px;
inset-inline-end: 2.4em;
/* <percentage>s of the width or height of the containing block */
inset-inline-end: 10%;
/* Keyword value */
inset-inline-end: auto;
/* Global values */
inset-inline-end: inherit;
inset-inline-end: initial;
inset-inline-end: revert;
inset-inline-end: revert-layer;
inset-inline-end: unset;
```
The shorthand for {{cssxref("inset-inline-start")}} and `inset-inline-end` is {{cssxref("inset-inline")}}.
### Values
The `inset-inline-end` property takes the same values as the {{cssxref("left")}} property.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting inline end offset
#### HTML
```html
<div>
<p class="exampleText">Example text</p>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
div {
background-color: yellow;
width: 120px;
height: 120px;
}
.exampleText {
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
position: relative;
inset-inline-end: 20px;
background-color: #c8c800;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Setting_inline_end_offset", 140, 140)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The properties which defines other insets: {{cssxref("inset-block-start")}}, {{cssxref("inset-block-end")}}, and {{cssxref("inset-inline-start")}}
- The mapped physical properties: {{cssxref("top")}}, {{cssxref("right")}}, {{cssxref("bottom")}}, and {{cssxref("left")}}
- {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/overflow_value/index.md | ---
title: <overflow>
slug: Web/CSS/overflow_value
page-type: css-type
browser-compat: css.types.overflow
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`<overflow>`** {{glossary("enumerated")}} value type represents the keyword values for the {{cssxref("overflow-block")}}, {{cssxref("overflow-inline")}}, {{cssxref("overflow-x")}}, and {{cssxref("overflow-y")}} longhand properties and the {{cssxref("overflow")}} shorthand property. These properties apply to block containers, flex containers, and grid containers.
## Syntax
```plain
<overflow> = visible | hidden | clip | scroll | auto
```
## Values
The `<overflow>` enumerated value type is specified using one of the values listed below.
- `visible`
- : Overflow content is not clipped and may be visible outside the element's padding box. The element box is not a {{glossary("scroll container")}}. This is the default value for all the properties that have the `<overflow>` enumerated value type.
- `hidden`
- : Overflow content is clipped at the element's padding box. There are no scroll bars, and the clipped content is not visible (i.e., clipped content is hidden), but the content still exists. User agents do not add scrollbars and also do not allow users to view the content outside the clipped region by actions such as dragging on a touch screen or using the scroll wheel on a mouse. The content _can_ be scrolled programmatically (for example, by setting the value of the {{domxref("Element.scrollLeft", "scrollLeft")}} property or the {{domxref("Element.scrollTo", "scrollTo()")}} method). The content can also be scrolled via keyboard interaction; arrows enable scrolling through the content and tabbing to a focusable element within the hidden content enables scrolling the focused element into view. The element box on which this value is set is a scroll container.
- `clip`
- : Overflow content is clipped at the element's _overflow clip edge_ that is defined using the [`overflow-clip-margin`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow-clip-margin) property. As a result, content overflows the element's padding box by the {{cssxref("<length>")}} value of `overflow-clip-margin` or by `0px` if not set. Overflow content outside the clipped region is not visible, user agents do not add a scrollbar, and programmatic scrolling is also not supported. No new [formatting context](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_display/Block_formatting_context) is created.
- `scroll`
- : Overflow content is clipped at the element's padding box, and overflow content can be scrolled into view using scrollbars. User agents display scrollbars in both horizontal and vertical directions if only one value is set, whether or not any content is overflowing or clipped. The use of this keyword value, therefore, can prevent scrollbars from appearing and disappearing as content changes. Printers may still print overflowing content. The element box on which this value is set is a scroll container.
- `auto`
- : Overflow content is clipped at the element's padding box, and overflow content can be scrolled into view. Unlike `scroll`, user agents display scrollbars _only if_ the content is overflowing and hide scrollbars by default. If content fits inside the element's padding box, it looks the same as with `visible` but still establishes a new formatting context. The element box on which this value is set is a scroll container.
> **Note:** The keyword value `overlay` is a legacy value alias for `auto`. With `overlay`, the scroll bars are drawn on top of the content instead of taking up space.
## Examples
This example demos all the `<overflow>` enumerated values for the {{cssxref("overflow")}} property.
### HTML
The HTML in this example contains some lyrics within the {{HTMLELement("pre")}} element. The HTML also contains a link text to enable testing the effects of keyboard focus on overflow and scroll behaviors. The same HTML code is repeated multiple times to show the effect of each `<overflow>` enumerated value.
```html
<pre>
Oh, Rubber Duckie, you're the one
You make bath time lots of fun
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
Rubber Duckie, joy of joys
When I squeeze you, you make noise
Rubber Duckie, you're my very best friend, it's true
Oh, every day when I make my way to the tubby
I find a little fella who's cute and yellow and chubby
Rub-a-dub-dubby
<a href="#">Rubber Duckie</a>, you're so fine
And I'm lucky that you're mine
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
</pre>
```
```html hidden
<pre>
Oh, Rubber Duckie, you're the one
You make bath time lots of fun
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
Rubber Duckie, joy of joys
When I squeeze you, you make noise
Rubber Duckie, you're my very best friend, it's true
Oh, every day when I make my way to the tubby
I find a little fella who's cute and yellow and chubby
Rub-a-dub-dubby
<a href="#">Rubber Duckie</a>, you're so fine
And I'm lucky that you're mine
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
</pre>
<pre>
Oh, Rubber Duckie, you're the one
You make bath time lots of fun
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
Rubber Duckie, joy of joys
When I squeeze you, you make noise
Rubber Duckie, you're my very best friend, it's true
Oh, every day when I make my way to the tubby
I find a little fella who's cute and yellow and chubby
Rub-a-dub-dubby
<a href="#">Rubber Duckie</a>, you're so fine
And I'm lucky that you're mine
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
</pre>
<pre>
Oh, Rubber Duckie, you're the one
You make bath time lots of fun
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
Rubber Duckie, joy of joys
When I squeeze you, you make noise
Rubber Duckie, you're my very best friend, it's true
Oh, every day when I make my way to the tubby
I find a little fella who's cute and yellow and chubby
Rub-a-dub-dubby
<a href="#">Rubber Duckie</a>, you're so fine
And I'm lucky that you're mine
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
</pre>
<pre>
Oh, Rubber Duckie, you're the one
You make bath time lots of fun
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
Rubber Duckie, joy of joys
When I squeeze you, you make noise
Rubber Duckie, you're my very best friend, it's true
Oh, every day when I make my way to the tubby
I find a little fella who's cute and yellow and chubby
Rub-a-dub-dubby
<a href="#">Rubber Duckie</a>, you're so fine
And I'm lucky that you're mine
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
</pre>
<pre>
Oh, Rubber Duckie, you're the one
You make bath time lots of fun
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
Rubber Duckie, joy of joys
When I squeeze you, you make noise
Rubber Duckie, you're my very best friend, it's true
Oh, every day when I make my way to the tubby
I find a little fella who's cute and yellow and chubby
Rub-a-dub-dubby
<a href="#">Rubber Duckie</a>, you're so fine
And I'm lucky that you're mine
Rubber Duckie, I'm awfully fond of you
</pre>
```
### CSS
For the purpose of demonstration, the size of the `<pre>` element box has been defined to ensure that the content overflows its container in both the inline and block directions. A different `<overflow>` value is set for each of the repeating `<pre>` elements. For the `clip` value demonstration, a {{CSSXref("overflow-clip-margin")}} has been added.
```css hidden
pre {
border: 2px dashed red;
margin-bottom: 3em;
}
::before {
font-weight: bold;
color: white;
background: crimson;
display: inline-block;
width: 100%;
padding: 3px 5px;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
```
```css
pre {
block-size: 100px;
inline-size: 295px;
}
pre:nth-of-type(1) {
overflow: hidden;
}
pre:nth-of-type(1)::before {
content: "hidden: ";
}
pre:nth-of-type(2) {
overflow: clip;
overflow-clip-margin: 1em;
}
pre:nth-of-type(2)::before {
content: "clip: ";
}
pre:nth-of-type(3) {
overflow: scroll;
}
pre:nth-of-type(3)::before {
content: "scroll: ";
}
pre:nth-of-type(4) {
overflow: auto;
}
pre:nth-of-type(4)::before {
content: "auto: ";
}
pre:nth-of-type(5) {
overflow: clip;
overflow: overlay;
overflow-clip-margin: 3em;
}
pre:nth-of-type(5)::before {
content: "overlay (or clip if not supported): ";
}
pre:nth-of-type(6) {
overflow: visible;
}
pre:nth-of-type(6)::before {
content: "visible: ";
}
```
### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Examples", "500", "800")}}
To see the effect of keyboard focus on overflow and scroll behaviors, try tabbing through all the links in the example. Notice that the `clip` box does not create a scroll container, and the link does not come into view when the link is focused. The `visible` value, which has the link always in view, is also not a scroll container.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- Properties that use this data type: {{cssxref("overflow-x")}}, {{cssxref("overflow-y")}}, {{cssxref("overflow-inline")}}, {{cssxref("overflow-block")}} and {{cssxref("overflow")}}
- [CSS overflow module](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_overflow)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/border-inline-width/index.md | ---
title: border-inline-width
slug: Web/CSS/border-inline-width
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.border-inline-width
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`border-inline-width`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property defines the width of the logical inline borders of an element, which maps to a physical border width depending on the element's writing mode, directionality, and text orientation. It corresponds to the {{cssxref("border-top-width")}} and {{cssxref("border-bottom-width")}}, or {{cssxref("border-left-width")}}, and {{cssxref("border-right-width")}} property depending on the values defined for {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, and {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/border-inline-width.html")}}
The border width in the other dimension can be set with {{cssxref("border-block-width")}}, which sets {{cssxref("border-block-start-width")}}, and {{cssxref("border-block-end-width")}}.
## Syntax
```css
/* <'border-width'> values */
border-inline-width: 5px 10px;
border-inline-width: 5px;
border-inline-width: thick;
/* Global values */
border-inline-width: inherit;
border-inline-width: initial;
border-inline-width: revert;
border-inline-width: revert-layer;
border-inline-width: unset;
```
### Values
- `<'border-width'>`
- : The width of the border. See {{ cssxref("border-width") }}.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### HTML
```html
<div>
<p class="exampleText">Example text</p>
</div>
```
### CSS
```css
div {
background-color: yellow;
width: 120px;
height: 120px;
}
.exampleText {
writing-mode: vertical-lr;
border: 1px solid blue;
border-inline-width: 5px 10px;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Examples", 140, 140)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [CSS Logical Properties and Values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_logical_properties_and_values)
- This property maps to one of the physical border properties: {{cssxref("border-top-width")}}, {{cssxref("border-right-width")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom-width")}}, and {{cssxref("border-left-width")}}
- {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/font-synthesis-position/index.md | ---
title: font-synthesis-position
slug: Web/CSS/font-synthesis-position
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.font-synthesis-position
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`font-synthesis-position`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property lets you specify whether or not a browser may synthesize the subscript and superscript "position" typefaces when they are missing in a font family, while using {{cssxref("font-variant-position")}} to set the positions.
The **`font-synthesis-position`** property has no effect when using the {{htmlelement("sup")}} and {{htmlelement("sub")}} elements.
It is often convenient to use the shorthand property {{cssxref("font-synthesis")}} to control all typeface synthesis values.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
font-synthesis-position: auto;
font-synthesis-position: none;
/* Global values */
font-synthesis-position: inherit;
font-synthesis-position: initial;
font-synthesis-position: revert;
font-synthesis-position: revert-layer;
font-synthesis-position: unset;
```
### Values
- `auto`
- : Indicates that a missing position typeface may be synthesized by the browser if needed.
- `none`
- : Indicates that the synthesis of a missing position typeface by the browser is not allowed.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Disabling synthesis of position typeface
This example shows turning off synthesis of the superscript and subscript typefaces by the browser in the `Montserrat` font.
#### HTML
```html
<p>
These are the default position <span class="super">superscript</span>,
position <span class="sub">subscript</span>, <strong>bold</strong> and
<em>oblique</em> typefaces.
</p>
<p class="no-syn">
The positions <span class="super">superscript</span> and
<span class="sub">subscript</span> typeface is turned off here but not the
<strong>bold</strong> and <em>oblique</em> typefaces (on browsers that support
<code>font-synthesis-position</code>).
</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
@import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Montserrat&display=swap");
* {
font-family: "Montserrat", sans-serif;
}
.super {
font-variant-position: super;
}
.sub {
font-variant-position: sub;
}
.no-syn {
font-synthesis-position: none;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Disabling synthesis of position typeface', '', '100')}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("font-synthesis")}} shorthand, {{cssxref("font-synthesis-style")}}, {{cssxref("font-synthesis-weight")}}
- {{cssxref("font-style")}}, {{cssxref("font-variant")}}, {{cssxref("font-variant-position")}}, {{cssxref("font-weight")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/animation-composition/index.md | ---
title: animation-composition
slug: Web/CSS/animation-composition
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.animation-composition
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`animation-composition`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property specifies the {{Glossary("composite operation")}} to use when multiple animations affect the same property simultaneously.
## Syntax
```css
/* Single animation */
animation-composition: replace;
animation-composition: add;
animation-composition: accumulate;
/* Multiple animations */
animation-composition: replace, add;
animation-composition: add, accumulate;
animation-composition: replace, add, accumulate;
/* Global values */
animation-composition: inherit;
animation-composition: initial;
animation-composition: revert;
animation-composition: revert-layer;
animation-composition: unset;
```
> **Note:** When you specify multiple comma-separated values on an `animation-*` property, they will be applied to the animations in the order in which the {{cssxref("animation-name")}}s appear. If the number of animations and compositions differ, the values listed in the `animation-composition` property will cycle from the first to the last `animation-name`, looping until all the animations have an assigned `animation-composition` value. For more information, see [Setting multiple animation property values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_animations/Using_CSS_animations#setting_multiple_animation_property_values).
### Values
- `replace`
- : The effect value overrides the underlying value of the property. This is the default value.
- `add`
- : The effect value builds on the underlying value of the property. This operation produces an additive effect. For animation types where the addition operation is not commutative, the order of the operands is the underlying value followed by the effect value.
- `accumulate`
- : The effect and underlying values are combined. For animation types where the addition operation is not commutative, the order of the operands is the underlying value followed by the effect value.
## Description
Each property that is targeted by the [@keyframes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@keyframes) at-rule is associated with an effect stack. The value of the effect stack is calculated by combining the _underlying value_ of a property in a CSS style rule with the _effect value_ of that property in the keyframe. The `animation-composition` property helps to specify how to combine the underlying value with the effect value.
For example, in the CSS below, `blur(5px)` is the underlying value, and `blur(10px)` is the effect value. The `animation-composition` property specifies the operation to perform to produce the final effect value after compositing the effect of the underlying value and the effect value.
```css
.icon:hover {
filter: blur(5px);
animation: 3s infinite pulse;
animation-composition: add;
}
@keyframes pulse {
0% {
filter: blur(10px);
}
100% {
filter: blur(20px);
}
}
```
Consider different values for the `animation-composition` property in the above example. The final effect value in each of those cases will be calculated as explained below:
- With `replace`, `blur(10px)` will replace `blur(5px)` in the `0%` keyframe. This is the default behavior of the property.
- With `add`, the composite effect value in the `0%` keyframe will be `blur(5px) blur(10px)`.
- With `accumulate`, the composite effect value in `0%` keyframe will be `blur(15px)`.
> **Note:** A composite operation can also be specified in a keyframe. In that case, the specified composite operation is used for each property first within that keyframe and then on each property in the next keyframe.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Understanding the animation-composition values
The example below shows the effect of different `animation-composition` values side-by-side.
#### HTML
```html
<div class="container">
replace
<div id="replace" class="target"></div>
</div>
<div class="container">
add
<div id="add" class="target"></div>
</div>
<div class="container">
accumulate
<div id="accumulate" class="target"></div>
</div>
```
#### CSS
Here the underlying value is `translateX(50px) rotate(45deg)`.
```css hidden
.container {
width: 230px;
height: 200px;
background: cyan;
display: inline-block;
text-align: center;
}
.target {
width: 20px;
height: 50px;
background: green;
border-radius: 10px;
margin: 20px 0;
}
```
```css
@keyframes slide {
20%,
40% {
transform: translateX(100px);
background: yellow;
}
80%,
100% {
transform: translateX(150px);
background: orange;
}
}
.target {
transform: translateX(30px) rotate(45deg);
animation: slide 5s linear infinite;
}
.target:hover {
animation-play-state: paused;
}
#replace {
animation-composition: replace;
}
#add {
animation-composition: add;
}
#accumulate {
animation-composition: accumulate;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Reversing the animation direction","100%","250")}}
- With `replace`, the final effect value for the `transform` property in the `0%, 20%` keyframe is `translateX(100px)` (completely replacing the underlying value `translateX(30px) rotate(45deg)`). In this case, the element rotates from 45deg to 0deg as it animates from the default value set on the element itself to the non-rotated value set at the 0% mark. This is the default behavior.
- With `add`, the final effect value for the `transform` property in the `0%, 20%` keyframe is `translateX(30px) rotate(45deg)` followed by `translateX(100px)`. So the element is moved `30px` to the right, rotated `45deg`, then translated `100px` more along the redirected X axis.
- With `accumulate`, the final effect value in the `0%, 20%` keyframe is `translateX(130px) rotate(45deg)`. This means that the two X-axis translation values of `30px` and `100px` are combined or "accumulated".
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Using CSS animations](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_animations/Using_CSS_animations)
- [Composite property of KeyFrameEffect](/en-US/docs/Web/API/KeyframeEffect/composite)
- Other related animation properties: {{cssxref("animation")}}, {{cssxref("animation-delay")}}, {{cssxref("animation-direction")}}, {{cssxref("animation-duration")}}, {{cssxref("animation-fill-mode")}}, {{cssxref("animation-iteration-count")}}, {{cssxref("animation-name")}}, {{cssxref("animation-play-state")}}, {{cssxref("animation-timeline")}}, {{cssxref("animation-timing-function")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/specificity/index.md | ---
title: Specificity
slug: Web/CSS/Specificity
page-type: guide
spec-urls: https://drafts.csswg.org/selectors/#specificity-rules
---
{{CSSRef}}
**Specificity** is the algorithm used by browsers to determine the [CSS declaration](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS#css_syntax) that is the most relevant to an element, which in turn, determines the property value to apply to the element. The specificity algorithm calculates the weight of a [CSS selector](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference#selectors) to determine which rule from competing CSS declarations gets applied to an element.
> **Note:** Browsers consider specificity **after** determining [cascade origin and importance](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Cascade). In other words, for competing property declarations, specificity is relevant and compared only between selectors from the one [cascade origin and layer](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@layer) that has precedence for the property. [Scoping proximity](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@scope#how_scope_conflicts_are_resolved) and order of appearance become relevant when the selector specificities of the competing declarations in the cascade layer with precedence are equal.
## How is specificity calculated?
Specificity is an algorithm that calculates the weight that is applied to a given CSS declaration. The weight is determined by the number of [selectors of each weight category](#selector_weight_categories) in the selector matching the element (or pseudo-element). If there are two or more declarations providing different property values for the same element, the declaration value in the style block having the matching selector with the greatest algorithmic weight gets applied.
The specificity algorithm is basically a three-column value of three categories or weights - ID, CLASS, and TYPE - corresponding to the three types of selectors. The value represents the count of selector components in each weight category and is written as _ID - CLASS - TYPE_. The three columns are created by counting the number of selector components for each selector weight category in the selectors that match the element.
### Selector weight categories
The selector weight categories are listed here in the order of decreasing specificity:
- ID column
- : Includes only [ID selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/ID_selectors), such as `#example`. For each ID in a matching selector, add 1-0-0 to the weight value.
- CLASS column
- : Includes [class selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Class_selectors), such as `.myClass`, attribute selectors like `[type="radio"]` and `[lang|="fr"]`, and pseudo-classes, such as `:hover`, `:nth-of-type(3n)`, and `:required`. For each class, attribute selector, or pseudo-class in a matching selector, add 0-1-0 to the weight value.
- TYPE column
- : Includes [type selectors](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Type_selectors), such as `p`, `h1`, and `td`, and pseudo-elements like `::before`, `::placeholder`, and all other selectors with double-colon notation. For each type or pseudo-element in a matching selector, add 0-0-1 to the weight value.
- No value
- : The universal selector ({{CSSxRef("Universal_selectors", "*")}}) and the pseudo-class {{CSSxRef(":where", ":where()")}} and its parameters aren't counted when calculating the weight so their value is 0-0-0, but they do match elements. These selectors do not impact the specificity weight value.
Combinators, such as {{CSSxRef("Next-sibling_combinator", "+")}}, {{CSSxRef("Child_combinator", ">")}}, {{CSSxRef("Subsequent-sibling_combinator", "~")}}, [" "](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Descendant_combinator), and {{CSSxRef("Column_combinator", "||")}}, may make a selector more specific in what is selected but they don't add any value to the specificity weight.
The `&` nesting combinator doesn't add specificity weight, but nested rules do. In terms of specificity, and functionality, nesting is very similar to the {{CSSxRef(":is", ":is()")}} pseudo-class.
Like nesting, the {{CSSxRef(":is", ":is()")}}, {{CSSxRef(":has", ":has()")}}, and negation ({{CSSxRef(":not", ":not()")}}) pseudo-classes themselves add no weight. The parameters in these selectors, however, do. The specificity weight of each comes from the selector parameter in the list of selectors with the highest specificity. Similarly, with nested selectors, the specificity weight added by the nested selector component is the selector in the comma-separated list of nested selectors with the highest specificity.
The [`:not()`, `:is()`, `:has()` and CSS nesting exceptions](#the_is_not_has_and_css_nesting_exceptions) are discussed below.
#### Matching selector
The specificity weight comes from the matching selector. Take this CSS selector with three comma-separated selectors as an example:
```css
[type="password"],
input:focus,
:root #myApp input:required {
color: blue;
}
```
The `[type="password"]` selector in the above selector list, with a specificity weight of `0-1-0`, applies the `color: blue` declaration to all password input types.
All inputs, no matter the type, when receiving focus, match the second selector in the list, `input:focus`, with a specificity weight of `0-1-1`; this weight is made up of the `:focus` pseudo-class (0-1-0) and the `input` type (0-0-1). If the password input has focus, it will match `input:focus`, and the specificity weight for the `color: blue` style declaration will be `0-1-1`. When that password doesn't have focus, the specificity weight remains at `0-1-0`.
The specificity for a required input nested in an element with attribute `id="myApp"` is `1-2-1`, based on one ID, two pseudo-classes, and one element type.
If the password input type with `required` is nested in an element with `id="myApp"` set, the specificity weight will be `1-2-1`, based on one ID, two pseudo-classes, and one element type, whether or not it has focus. Why is the specificity weight `1-2-1` rather than `0-1-1` or `0-1-0` in this case? Because the specificity weight comes from the matching selector with the greatest specificity weight. The weight is determined by comparing the values in the three columns, from left to right.
```css
[type="password"] /* 0-1-0 */
input:focus /* 0-1-1 */
:root #myApp input:required /* 1-2-1 */
```
### Three-column comparison
Once the specificity values of the relevant selectors are determined, the number of selector components in each column are compared, from left to right.
```css
#myElement {
color: green; /* 1-0-0 - WINS!! */
}
.bodyClass .sectionClass .parentClass [id="myElement"] {
color: yellow; /* 0-4-0 */
}
```
The first column is the value of the _ID_ component, which is the number of IDs in each selector. The numbers in the _ID_ columns of competing selectors are compared. The selector with the greater value in the _ID_ column wins no matter what the values are in the other columns. In the above example, even though the yellow selector has more components in total, only the value of the first column matters.
If the number in the _ID_ columns of competing selectors is the same, then the next column, _CLASS_, is compared, as shown below.
```css
#myElement {
color: yellow; /* 1-0-0 */
}
#myApp [id="myElement"] {
color: green; /* 1-1-0 - WINS!! */
}
```
The _CLASS_ column is the count of class names, attribute selectors, and pseudo-classes in the selector. When the _ID_ column value is the same, the selector with the greater value in the _CLASS_ column wins, no matter the value in the _TYPE_ column. This is shown in the example below.
```css
:root input {
color: green; /* 0-1-1 - WINS because CLASS column is greater */
}
html body main input {
color: yellow; /* 0-0-4 */
}
```
If the numbers in the _CLASS_ and _ID_ columns in competing selectors are the same, the _TYPE_ column becomes relevant. The _TYPE_ column is the number of element types and pseudo-elements in the selector. When the first two columns have the same value, the selector with the greater number in the _TYPE_ column wins.
If the competing selectors have the same values in all the three columns, the proximity rule comes into play, wherein the last declared style gets precedence.
```css
input.myClass {
color: yellow; /* 0-1-1 */
}
:root input {
color: green; /* 0-1-1 WINS because it comes later */
}
```
### The `:is()`, `:not()`, `:has()` and CSS nesting exceptions
The matches-any pseudo-class {{CSSxRef(":is", ":is()")}}, the relational pseudo-class {{CSSxRef(":has", ":has()")}}, and the negation pseudo-class {{CSSxRef(":not", ":not()")}} are _not_ considered as pseudo-classes in the specificity weight calculation. They themselves don't add any weight to the specificity equation. However, the selector parameters passed into the pseudo-class parenthesis are part of the specificity algorithm; the weight of the matches-any and negation pseudo-class in the specificity value calculation is the weight of the parameter's [weight](#selector_weight_categories).
```css
p {
/* 0-0-1 */
}
:is(p) {
/* 0-0-1 */
}
h2:nth-last-of-type(n + 2) {
/* 0-1-1 */
}
h2:has(~ h2) {
/* 0-0-2 */
}
div.outer p {
/* 0-1-2 */
}
div:not(.inner) p {
/* 0-1-2 */
}
```
Note that in the above CSS pairing, the specificity weight provided by the `:is()`, `:has()` and `:not()` pseudo-classes is the value of the selector parameter, not of the pseudo-class.
All three of these pseudo-classes accept complex selector lists, a list of comma-separated selectors, as a parameter. This feature can be used to increase a selector's specificity:
```css
:is(p, #fakeId) {
/* 1-0-0 */
}
h1:has(+ h2, > #fakeId) {
/* 1-0-1 */
}
p:not(#fakeId) {
/* 1-0-1 */
}
div:not(.inner, #fakeId) p {
/* 1-0-2 */
}
```
In the above CSS code block, we have included `#fakeId` in the selectors. This `#fakeId` adds `1-0-0` to the specificity weight of each paragraph.
When creating complex selector lists with [CSS nesting]() this behaves in exactly the same way as the `:is()` pseudo-class.
```css
p,
#fakeId {
span {
/* 1-0-1 */
}
}
```
In the above code block the complex selector `p, #fakeId` the specificity is taken from `#fakeId` and also the `span`, so this create a specificity of `1-0-1` for both `p span` and `#fakeId span`. This is the equivalent specificity as the `:is(p, #fakeId) span` selector.
Generally, you want to keep specificity down to a minimum, but if you need to increase an element's specificity for a particular reason, these three pseudo-classes can help.
```css
a:not(#fakeId#fakeId#fakeID) {
color: blue; /* 3-0-1 */
}
```
In this example, all links will be blue, unless overridden by a link declaration with 3 or more IDs, a color value matching an `a` includes the [`!important` flag](#the_!important_exception), or if the link has an [inline style](#inline_styles) color declaration. If you use such a technique, add a comment to explain why the hack was needed.
### Inline styles
Inline styles added to an element (e.g., `style="font-weight: bold;"`) always overwrite any normal styles in author stylesheets, and therefore, can be thought of as having the highest specificity. Think of inline styles as having a specificity weight of `1-0-0-0`.
The only way to override inline styles is by using `!important`.
Many JavaScript frameworks and libraries add inline styles. Using `!important` with a very targeted selector, such as an attribute selector using the inline style, is one way to override these inline styles.
```html
<p style="color: purple">…</p>
```
```css
p[style*="purple"] {
color: rebeccapurple !important;
}
```
Make sure to include a comment with every inclusion of the important flag so code maintainers understand why a CSS anti-pattern was used.
### The `!important` exception
CSS declarations marked as important override any other declarations within the same cascade layer and origin. Although technically, [`!important`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/important) has nothing to do with specificity, it interacts directly with specificity and the cascade. It reverses the [cascade](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Cascade) order of stylesheets.
If declarations from the same origin and cascade layer conflict and one property value has the `!important` flag set, the important declaration is applied no matter the specificity. When conflicting declarations from the same origin and cascade layer with the `!important` flag are applied to the same element, the declaration with a greater specificity is applied.
Using `!important` to override specificity is considered a **bad practice** and should be avoided for this purpose. Understanding and effectively using specificity and the cascade can remove any need for the `!important` flag.
Instead of using `!important` to override foreign CSS (from external libraries, like Bootstrap or normalize.css), import the third-party scripts directly into [cascade layers](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@layer). If you must use `!important` in your CSS, comment your usage so future code maintainers know why the declaration was marked important and know not to override it. But definitely, don't use `!important` when writing plugins or frameworks that other developers will need to incorporate without being able to control.
### The `:where()` exception
The specificity-adjustment pseudo-class {{CSSxRef(":where", ":where()")}} always has its specificity replaced with zero, `0-0-0`. It enables making CSS selectors very specific in what element is targeted without any increase to specificity.
In creating third-party CSS to be used by developers who don't have access to edit your CSS, it's considered a good practice to create CSS with the lowest possible specificity. For example, if your theme includes the following CSS:
```css
:where(#defaultTheme) a {
/* 0-0-1 */
color: red;
}
```
Then the developer implementing the widget can easily override the link color using only type selectors.
```css
footer a {
/* 0-0-2 */
color: blue;
}
```
### How `@scope` blocks affect specificity
Including a ruleset inside a `@scope` block does not affect the specificity of its selector, regardless of the selectors used inside the scope root and limit. For example:
```css
@scope (.article-body) {
/* img has a specificity of 0-0-1, as expected */
img { ... }
}
```
However, if you decide to explicitly prepend the `:scope` pseudo-class to your scoped selectors, you'll need to factor it in when calculating their specificity. `:scope`, like all regular pseudo-classes, has a specificity of 0-1-0. For example:
```css
@scope (.article-body) {
/* :scope img has a specificity of 0-1-0 + 0-0-1 = 0-1-1 */
:scope img { ... }
}
```
When using the `&` selector inside a `@scope` block, `&` represents the scope root selector; it is internally rewritten to that selector wrapped inside an {{cssxref(":is", ":is()")}} selector. So for example, in:
```css
@scope (figure, #primary) {
& img { ... }
}
```
`& img` is equivalent to `:is(figure, #primary) img`.
Since `:is()` takes the specificity of its most specific argument (`#primary`, in this case), the specificity of the scoped `& img` selector is therefore 1-0-0 + 0-0-1 = 1-0-1.
## Tips for handling specificity headaches
Instead of using `!important`, consider using cascade layers and using low weight specificity throughout your CSS so that styles are easily overridden with slightly more specific rules. Using semantic HTML helps provide anchors from which to apply styling.
### Making selectors specific with and without adding specificity
By indicating the section of the document you're styling before the element you're selecting, the rule becomes more specific. Depending on how you add it, you can add some, a lot, or no specificity, as shown below:
```html
<main id="myContent">
<h1>Text</h1>
</main>
```
```css
#myContent h1 {
color: green; /* 1-0-1 */
}
[id="myContent"] h1 {
color: yellow; /* 0-1-1 */
}
:where(#myContent) h1 {
color: blue; /* 0-0-1 */
}
```
No matter the order, the heading will be green because that rule is the most specific.
#### Reducing ID specificity
Specificity is based on the form of a selector. Including the `id` of an element as an attribute selector rather than an id selector is a good way to make an element more specific without adding an overabundance of specificity. In the previous example, the selector `[id="myContent"]` counts as an attribute selector for the purpose of determining the selector's specificity, even though it selects an ID.
You can also include the `id` or any part of a selector as a parameter in the `:where()` specificity-adjustment pseudo class if you need to make a selector more specific but don't want to add any specificity at all.
### Increasing specificity by duplicating selector
As a special case for increasing specificity, you can duplicate weights from the _CLASS_ or _ID_ columns. Duplicating id, class, pseudo-class or attribute selectors within a compound selector will increase specificity when overriding very specific selectors over which you have no control.
```css
#myId#myId#myId span {
/* 3-0-1 */
}
.myClass.myClass.myClass span {
/* 0-3-1 */
}
```
Use this sparingly, if at all. If using selector duplication, always comment your CSS.
By using `:is()` and `:not()` (and also `:has()`), you can increase specificity even if you can't add an `id` to a parent element:
```css
:not(#fakeID#fakeId#fakeID) span {
/* 3-0-1 */
}
:is(#fakeID#fakeId#fakeID, span) {
/* 3-0-0 */
}
```
### Precedence over third-party CSS
Leveraging cascade layers is the standard way of enabling one set of styles to take precedence over another set of styles; cascade layers enable this without using specificity! Normal (not important) author styles imported into cascade layers have lower precedence than unlayered author styles.
If styles are coming from a stylesheet you can't edit or don't understand and you need to override styles, a strategy is to import the styles you don't control into a cascade layer. Styles in subsequently declared layers take precedence, with unlayered styles having precedence over all layered styles from the same origin.
When two selectors from different layers match the same element, origin and importance take precedence; the specificity of the selector in the losing stylesheet is irrelevant.
```html
<style>
@import TW.css layer();
p,
p * {
font-size: 1rem;
}
</style>
```
In the above example, all paragraph text, including the nested content, will be `1rem` no matter how many class names the paragraphs have that match the TW stylesheet.
### Avoiding and overriding `!important`
The best approach is to not use `!important`. The above explanations on specificity should be helpful in avoiding using the flag and removing it altogether when encountered.
To remove the perceived need for `!important`, you can do one of the following:
- Increase the specificity of the selector of the formerly `!important` declaration so that it is greater than other declarations
- Give it the same specificity and put it after the declaration it is meant to override
- Reduce the specificity of the selector you are trying to override.
All these methods are covered in preceding sections.
If you're unable to remove `!important` flags from an authors style sheet, the only solution to overriding the important styles is by using `!important`. Creating a [cascade layer](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@layer) of important declaration overrides is an excellent solution. Two ways of doing this include:
#### Method 1
1. Create a separate, short style sheet containing only important declarations specifically overriding any important declarations you were unable to remove.
2. Import this stylesheet as the first import in your CSS using `layer()`, including the `@import` statement, before linking to other stylesheets. This is to ensure that the important overrides is imported as the first layer.
```html
<style>
@import importantOverrides.css layer();
</style>
```
#### Method 2
1. At the beginning of your stylesheet declarations, create a named cascade layer, like so:
```css
@layer importantOverrides;
```
2. Each time you need to override an important declaration, declare it within the named layer. Only declare important rules within the layer.
```css
[id="myElement"] p {
/* normal styles here */
}
@layer importantOverrides {
[id="myElement"] p {
/* important style here */
}
}
```
The specificity of the selector of the important style within the layer can be low, as long as it matches the element you are trying to override. Normal layers should be declared outside the layer because layered styles have lower precedence than unlayered styles.
### Tree proximity ignorance
The proximity of an element to other elements that are referenced in a given selector has no impact on specificity.
```css
body h1 {
color: green;
}
html h1 {
color: purple;
}
```
The `<h1>` elements will be purple because when declarations have the same specificity, the last declared selector has precedence.
### Directly targeted elements vs. inherited styles
Styles for a directly targeted element will always take precedence over inherited styles, regardless of the specificity of the inherited rule. Given the following CSS and HTML:
```css
#parent {
color: green;
}
h1 {
color: purple;
}
```
```html
<html lang="en">
<body id="parent">
<h1>Here is a title!</h1>
</body>
</html>
```
The `h1` will be purple because the `h1` selector targets the element specifically, while the green is inherited from the `#parent` declarations.
## Examples
In the following CSS, we have three selectors targeting {{HTMLElement('input')}} elements to set a color. For a given input, the specificity weight of the color declaration having precedence is the matching selector with the greatest weight:
```css
#myElement input.myClass {
color: red;
} /* 1-1-1 */
input[type="password"]:required {
color: blue;
} /* 0-2-1 */
html body main input {
color: green;
} /* 0-0-4 */
```
If the above selectors all target the same input, the input will be red, as the first declaration has the highest value in the _ID_ column.
The last selector has four _TYPE_ components. While it has the highest integer value, no matter how many elements and pseudo-elements are included, even if there were 150, TYPE components never have precedence over _CLASS_ components. The column values are compared starting from left to right when column values are equal.
Had we converted the id selector in the example code above to an attribute selector, the first two selectors would have the same specificity, as shown below:
```css
[id="myElement"] input.myClass {
color: red;
} /* 0-2-1 */
input[type="password"]:required {
color: blue;
} /* 0-2-1 */
```
When multiple declarations have equal specificity, the last declaration found in the CSS is applied to the element. If both selectors match the same {{HTMLElement('input')}}, the color will be blue.
## Additional notes
A few things to remember about specificity:
1. Specificity only applies when the same element is targeted by multiple declarations in the same cascade layer or origin. Specificity only matters for declarations of the same importance and same origin and [cascade layer](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@layer). If matching selectors are in different origins, the [cascade](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Cascade) determines which declaration takes precedence.
2. When two selectors in the same cascade layer and origin have the same specificity, scoping proximity is then calculated; the ruleset with the lowest scoping proximity wins. See [How `@scope` conflicts are resolved](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@scope#how_scope_conflicts_are_resolved) for more details and an example.
3. If scope proximity is also the same for both selectors, source order then comes into play. When all else is equal, the last selector wins.
4. As per CSS rules, [directly targeted elements](#directly_targeted_elements_vs._inherited_styles) will always take precedence over rules which an element inherits from its ancestor.
5. [Proximity of elements](#tree_proximity_ignorance) in the document tree has no effect on the specificity.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## See also
- ["Specificity" in "Cascade and inheritance"](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance#specificity_2)
- [SpeciFISHity](https://specifishity.com)
- [Specificity Calculator](https://specificity.keegan.st/): An interactive website to test and understand your own CSS rules
- [_ID-CLASS-TYPE_ exercise](https://estelle.github.io/CSS/selectors/exercises/specificity.html) a specificity quiz
- CSS key concepts:
- [CSS syntax](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Syntax)
- [At-rules](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/At-rule)
- [Comments](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Comments)
- [Inheritance](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Inheritance)
- [Box model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model)
- [Layout modes](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Layout_mode)
- [Visual formatting models](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Visual_formatting_model)
- [Margin collapsing](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Mastering_margin_collapsing)
- Values
- [Initial values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/initial_value)
- [Computed values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/computed_value)
- [Used values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/used_value)
- [Actual values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/actual_value)
- [Value definition syntax](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Value_definition_syntax)
- [Shorthand properties](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Shorthand_properties)
- [Replaced elements](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Replaced_element)
- [CSS nesting module](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_nesting)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/grid-auto-flow/index.md | ---
title: grid-auto-flow
slug: Web/CSS/grid-auto-flow
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.grid-auto-flow
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`grid-auto-flow`** CSS property controls how the auto-placement algorithm works, specifying exactly how auto-placed items get flowed into the grid.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/grid-auto-flow.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
grid-auto-flow: row;
grid-auto-flow: column;
grid-auto-flow: dense;
grid-auto-flow: row dense;
grid-auto-flow: column dense;
/* Global values */
grid-auto-flow: inherit;
grid-auto-flow: initial;
grid-auto-flow: revert;
grid-auto-flow: revert-layer;
grid-auto-flow: unset;
```
This property may take one of two forms:
- a single keyword: one of `row`, `column`, or `dense`.
- two keywords: `row dense` or `column dense`.
### Values
- `row`
- : Items are placed by filling each row in turn, adding new rows as necessary. If neither `row` nor `column` is provided, `row` is assumed.
- `column`
- : Items are placed by filling each column in turn, adding new columns as necessary.
- `dense`
- : "dense" packing algorithm attempts to fill in holes earlier in the grid, if smaller items come up later. This may cause items to appear out-of-order, when doing so would fill in holes left by larger items.
If it is omitted, a "sparse" algorithm is used, where the placement algorithm only ever moves "forward" in the grid when placing items, never backtracking to fill holes. This ensures that all of the auto-placed items appear "in order", even if this leaves holes that could have been filled by later items.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting grid auto-placement
#### HTML
```html
<div id="grid">
<div id="item1"></div>
<div id="item2"></div>
<div id="item3"></div>
<div id="item4"></div>
<div id="item5"></div>
</div>
<select id="direction">
<option value="column">column</option>
<option value="row">row</option>
</select>
<input id="dense" type="checkbox" />
<label for="dense">dense</label>
```
#### CSS
```css
#grid {
height: 200px;
width: 200px;
display: grid;
gap: 10px;
grid-template: repeat(4, 1fr) / repeat(2, 1fr);
grid-auto-flow: column; /* or 'row', 'row dense', 'column dense' */
}
#item1 {
background-color: lime;
grid-row-start: 3;
}
#item2 {
background-color: yellow;
}
#item3 {
background-color: blue;
}
#item4 {
grid-column-start: 2;
background-color: red;
}
#item5 {
background-color: aqua;
}
```
```js hidden
function changeGridAutoFlow() {
const grid = document.getElementById("grid");
const direction = document.getElementById("direction");
const dense = document.getElementById("dense");
let gridAutoFlow = direction.value === "row" ? "row" : "column";
if (dense.checked) {
gridAutoFlow += " dense";
}
grid.style.gridAutoFlow = gridAutoFlow;
}
const selectElem = document.querySelector("select");
const inputElem = document.querySelector("input");
selectElem.addEventListener("change", changeGridAutoFlow);
inputElem.addEventListener("change", changeGridAutoFlow);
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Setting_grid_auto-placement", "200px", "260px")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- Related CSS properties: {{cssxref("grid-auto-rows")}}, {{cssxref("grid-auto-columns")}}, {{cssxref("grid")}}
- Grid Layout Guide: _[Auto-placement in grid layout](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_grid_layout/Auto-placement_in_grid_layout)_
- Video tutorial: _[Introducing Grid auto-placement and order](https://gridbyexample.com/video/series-auto-placement-order/)_
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/grid-auto-rows/index.md | ---
title: grid-auto-rows
slug: Web/CSS/grid-auto-rows
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.grid-auto-rows
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`grid-auto-rows`** CSS property specifies the size of an implicitly-created grid row {{glossary("grid tracks", "track")}} or pattern of tracks.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/grid-auto-rows.html")}}
If a grid item is positioned into a row that is not explicitly sized by {{cssxref("grid-template-rows")}}, implicit {{glossary("grid", "grid")}} tracks are created to hold it. This can happen either by explicitly positioning into a row that is out of range, or by the auto-placement algorithm creating additional rows.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
grid-auto-rows: min-content;
grid-auto-rows: max-content;
grid-auto-rows: auto;
/* <length> values */
grid-auto-rows: 100px;
grid-auto-rows: 20cm;
grid-auto-rows: 50vmax;
/* <percentage> values */
grid-auto-rows: 10%;
grid-auto-rows: 33.3%;
/* <flex> values */
grid-auto-rows: 0.5fr;
grid-auto-rows: 3fr;
/* minmax() values */
grid-auto-rows: minmax(100px, auto);
grid-auto-rows: minmax(max-content, 2fr);
grid-auto-rows: minmax(20%, 80vmax);
/* fit-content() values */
grid-auto-rows: fit-content(400px);
grid-auto-rows: fit-content(5cm);
grid-auto-rows: fit-content(20%);
/* multiple track-size values */
grid-auto-rows: min-content max-content auto;
grid-auto-rows: 100px 150px 390px;
grid-auto-rows: 10% 33.3%;
grid-auto-rows: 0.5fr 3fr 1fr;
grid-auto-rows: minmax(100px, auto) minmax(max-content, 2fr) minmax(20%, 80vmax);
grid-auto-rows: 100px minmax(100px, auto) 10% 0.5fr fit-content(400px);
/* Global values */
grid-auto-rows: inherit;
grid-auto-rows: initial;
grid-auto-rows: revert;
grid-auto-rows: revert-layer;
grid-auto-rows: unset;
```
### Values
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : Is a non-negative length.
- {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}
- : Is a non-negative {{cssxref("percentage", "<percentage>")}} value relative to the block size of the grid container. If the block size of the grid container is indefinite, the percentage value is treated like `auto`.
- {{cssxref("<flex>")}}
- : Is a non-negative dimension with the unit `fr` specifying the track's flex factor. Each `<flex>`-sized track takes a share of the remaining space in proportion to its flex factor.
When appearing outside a `minmax()` notation, it implies an automatic minimum (i.e. `minmax(auto, <flex>)`).
- {{cssxref("max-content")}}
- : Is a keyword representing the largest maximal content contribution of the grid items occupying the grid track.
- {{cssxref("min-content")}}
- : Is a keyword representing the largest minimal content contribution of the grid items occupying the grid track.
- {{cssxref("minmax", "minmax(min, max)")}}
- : Is a functional notation that defines a size range greater than or equal to _min_ and less than or equal to _max_. If _max_ is smaller than _min_, then _max_ is ignored and the function is treated as _min_. As a maximum, a `<flex>` value sets the track's flex factor. As a minimum, it is treated as zero (or minimal content, if the grid container is sized under a minimal content constraint).
- {{cssxref("fit-content_function", "fit-content( [ <length> | <percentage> ] )")}}
- : Represents the formula `min(max-content, max(auto, argument))`, which is calculated similar to `auto` (i.e. `minmax(auto, max-content)`), except that the track size is clamped at _argument_ if it is greater than the `auto` minimum.
- `auto`
- : As a maximum represents the largest {{cssxref("max-content")}} size of the items in that track.
As a minimum represents the largest minimum size of items in that track (specified by the {{cssxref("min-width")}}/{{cssxref("min-height")}} of the items). This is often, though not always, the {{cssxref("min-content")}} size.
If used outside of {{cssxref("minmax", "minmax()")}} notation, `auto` represents the range between the minimum and maximum described above. This behaves similarly to `minmax(min-content,max-content)` in most cases.
> **Note:** `auto` track sizes (and only `auto` track sizes) can be stretched by the {{cssxref("align-content")}} and {{cssxref("justify-content")}} properties. Therefore by default, an `auto` sized track will take up any remaining space in the grid container.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting grid row size
#### HTML
```html
<div id="grid">
<div id="item1"></div>
<div id="item2"></div>
<div id="item3"></div>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
#grid {
width: 200px;
display: grid;
grid-template-areas: "a a";
gap: 10px;
grid-auto-rows: 100px;
}
#grid > div {
background-color: lime;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Setting_grid_row_size", "210px", "210px")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- Related CSS properties: {{cssxref("grid-auto-columns")}}, {{cssxref("grid-auto-flow")}}, {{cssxref("grid")}}
- Grid Layout Guide: _[Auto-placement in grid layout - sizing rows in the implicit grid](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_grid_layout/Auto-placement_in_grid_layout#sizing_rows_in_the_implicit_grid)_
- Video tutorial: _[Introducing Grid auto-placement and order](https://gridbyexample.com/video/series-auto-placement-order/)_
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/border-inline-end/index.md | ---
title: border-inline-end
slug: Web/CSS/border-inline-end
page-type: css-shorthand-property
browser-compat: css.properties.border-inline-end
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`border-inline-end`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property is a [shorthand property](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Shorthand_properties) for setting the individual logical inline-end border property values in a single place in the style sheet.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/border-inline-end.html")}}
## Constituent properties
This property is a shorthand for the following CSS properties:
- [`border-inline-end-color`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-inline-end-color)
- [`border-inline-end-style`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-inline-end-style)
- [`border-inline-end-width`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border-inline-end-width)
## Syntax
```css
border-inline-end: 1px;
border-inline-end: 2px dashed;
border-inline-end: medium dashed blue;
/* Global values */
border-inline-end: inherit;
border-inline-end: initial;
border-inline-end: revert;
border-inline-end: revert-layer;
border-inline-end: unset;
```
The physical border to which `border-inline-end` maps depends on the element's writing mode, directionality, and text orientation. It corresponds to the {{cssxref("border-top")}}, {{cssxref("border-right")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom")}}, or {{cssxref("border-left")}} property depending on the values defined for {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, and {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}.
Related properties are {{cssxref("border-block-start")}}, {{cssxref("border-block-end")}}, and {{cssxref("border-inline-start")}}, which define the other borders of the element.
### Values
The `border-inline-end` is specified with one or more of the following, in any order:
- `<'border-width'>`
- : The width of the border. See {{cssxref("border-width")}}.
- `<'border-style'>`
- : The line style of the border. See {{cssxref("border-style")}}.
- {{CSSXref("<color>")}}
- : The color of the border.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### HTML
```html
<div>
<p class="exampleText">Example text</p>
</div>
```
### CSS
```css
div {
background-color: yellow;
width: 120px;
height: 120px;
}
.exampleText {
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
border-inline-end: 5px dashed blue;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Examples", 140, 140)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [CSS Logical Properties and Values](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_logical_properties_and_values)
- This property maps to one of the physical border properties: {{cssxref("border-top")}}, {{cssxref("border-right")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom")}}, or {{cssxref("border-left")}}.
- {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}, {{cssxref("direction")}}, {{cssxref("text-orientation")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_filter_effects/index.md | ---
title: CSS filter effects
slug: Web/CSS/CSS_filter_effects
page-type: css-module
spec-urls:
- https://drafts.fxtf.org/filter-effects-2/
- https://drafts.fxtf.org/filter-effects-1/
---
{{CSSRef}}
The properties in the **CSS filter effects** module let you define a way of processing an element's rendering before the element is displayed in the document. Examples of such effects include blurring and changing the intensity of the color of an element.
### Filter effects in action
Play with the various sliders to apply filter effects to the image below:
{{EmbedGHLiveSample("css-examples/modules/filters.html", '100%', 420)}}
To see the code for this filter effects sample, [view the source on GitHub](https://github.com/mdn/css-examples/blob/main/modules/filters.html).
### Properties
- {{cssxref("backdrop-filter")}}
- {{cssxref("filter")}}
### Functions
- {{cssxref("filter-function/blur", "blur()")}}
- {{cssxref("filter-function/brightness", "brightness()")}}
- {{cssxref("filter-function/contrast", "contrast()")}}
- {{cssxref("filter-function/drop-shadow", "drop-shadow()")}}
- {{cssxref("filter-function/grayscale", "grayscale()")}}
- {{cssxref("filter-function/hue-rotate", "hue-rotate()")}}
- {{cssxref("filter-function/invert", "invert()")}}
- {{cssxref("filter-function/opacity", "opacity()")}}
- {{cssxref("filter-function/saturate", "saturate()")}}
- {{cssxref("filter-function/sepia", "sepia()")}}
## Guides
- [Using CSS filter effects](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_filter_effects/Using_filter_effects)
- : Overview of the concepts surrounding CSS filter effects, including properties, filter functions, and SVG filters, with an explanation of filter values, source order, and value interactions.
## Related concepts
- {{CSSxRef("<image>")}} data type
- {{cssxref("<filter-function>")}} data type
- {{cssxref("background-image")}} CSS property
- {{cssxref("background-blend-mode")}} CSS property
- {{cssxref("mix-blend-mode")}} CSS property
- {{glossary("interpolation")}} glossary term
- [`color-interpolation-filters`](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/color-interpolation-filters) SVG property
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## See also
- Properties in the [CSS compositing and blending](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_compositing_and_blending) module enable blending an element's background layers together and blending an element with its container
- The SVG {{SVGElement("filter")}} element and the SVG filter primitives: {{SVGElement("feSpotLight")}}, {{SVGElement("feBlend")}}, {{SVGElement("feColorMatrix")}}, {{SVGElement("feComponentTransfer")}}, {{SVGElement("feComposite")}}, {{SVGElement("feConvolveMatrix")}}, {{SVGElement("feDiffuseLighting")}}, {{SVGElement("feDisplacementMap")}}, {{SVGElement("feDropShadow")}}, {{SVGElement("feFlood")}}, {{SVGElement("feGaussianBlur")}}, {{SVGElement("feImage")}}, {{SVGElement("feMerge")}}, {{SVGElement("feMorphology")}}, {{SVGElement("feOffset")}}, {{SVGElement("feSpecularLighting")}}, {{SVGElement("feTile")}}, {{SVGElement("feTurbulence")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_filter_effects | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_filter_effects/using_filter_effects/index.md | ---
title: Using filter effects
slug: Web/CSS/CSS_filter_effects/Using_filter_effects
page-type: guide
---
{{CSSRef}}
Have you ever hovered over a black-and-white or sepia image and the full-color image came into view instantly? Have you ever encountered a background image with a small blurred-out section that makes the text on top more legible? In the past, these manipulations required image editing software, time, and additional HTTP requests.
## Advantages of using CSS filter effects
The [Filter effects](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_filter_effects) module in CSS provides properties and functions that let you apply the visual effects described above without using Photoshop or sending extra HTTP requests. The only software required is the user's browser. Moreover, unlike pre-set image effects, CSS filter effects are responsive and animatable.
The CSS filter effects module provides the {{cssxref("filter")}} and {{cssxref("backdrop-filter")}} properties that you can use to impact the rendering of text, images, backgrounds, and borders, or any element on which you apply these properties. This module also defines the {{cssxref("<filter-function>")}} data type that lets you add graphical effects such as blurring or color shifting. Using the filter functions, you can not only alter the appearance of an element but also reference an SVG filter using a filter that you create.
## Filter effect properties
The following two filter properties of the CSS filter effects module enable you to apply zero, one, or more graphical effects to an element:
- Using the {{cssxref("filter")}} property, you can apply filter effects such as blur, drop-shadow, and sepia to an element before the element is rendered. The filters effects are applied directly on the element, including the element's contents, borders, and padding.
- Using the {{cssxref("backdrop-filter")}} property, you can apply graphical effects to the area behind an element (the element's "backdrop"). The `backdrop-filter` property is often used to make the foreground content more legible, especially when the larger area on which the content is placed otherwise does not provide enough contrast for the content. The filter effects are applied only to the background of the element and not to the element's content.
The `filter` and `backdrop-filter` properties accept a space-separated list of filters, which are applied in the order declared.
## Filter functions
The CSS filter effects module provides 10 [`<filter-function>`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter#functions) functions, as well as the ability to define an almost endless array of effects using SVG filters applied via a `url()` reference.
The following table lists the 10 filter functions, along with their value types, the minimum valid value if applicable, the largest value that creates an effect, and the initial value used for [interpolation](/en-US/docs/Glossary/Interpolation).
| Filter function | Parameter type | Min value | Max effect | Interpolation value | Default value (no effect) |
| ----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------- | ---------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/blur", "blur()")}} | {{cssxref("<length>")}} | `0` | | `0` | `blur(0)` |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/brightness", "brightness()")}} | {{cssxref("<number>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} | `0` | | `1` | `brightness(1)` or `brightness(100%)` |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/contrast", "contrast()")}} | {{cssxref("<length>")}} | `0` | | `1` | `contrast(1)` or `contrast(100%)` |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/drop-shadow", "drop-shadow()")}} | `<shadow>` | | | `0 0 0 currentcolor` | `drop-shadow(0 0 0 currentcolor)` |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/grayscale", "grayscale()")}} | {{cssxref("<number>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} | `0` | `100%` | `0` | `grayscale(0)` or `grayscale(0%)` |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/hue-rotate", "hue-rotate()")}} | {{cssxref("<angle>")}} | | | `0` | `hue-rotate(0deg)` |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/invert", "invert()")}} | {{cssxref("<number>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} | `0` | `100%` | `0` | `invert(0)` or `invert(0%)` |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/opacity", "opacity()")}} | {{cssxref("<number>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} | `0` | `100%` | `1` | `opacity(1)` or `opacity(100%)` |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/saturate", "saturate()")}} | {{cssxref("<number>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} | `0` | `100%` | `1` | `saturate(100%)` |
| {{cssxref("filter-function/sepia", "sepia()")}} | {{cssxref("<number>")}} or {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} | `0` | `100%` | `0` | `sepia(0%)` |
The minimum value allowed is included for filter functions that have a minimum value. Including a value less than the minimum value for any filter function invalidates the entire property declaration, not just the offending filter function in the comma-separated list.
The maximum effect value can be exceeded. Including a value greater than the listed maximum value is valid, but it does not increase the effect over the listed maximum value. In other words, the effect on the element will look the same as when the maximum effect value is set. For example, setting `sepia(400%)` in the [sepia example](#applying_sepia_filter_effect) will produce the same effect as `sepia(100%)`, the maximum value.
The default value is a value that creates no effect. While these values create no effect, they provide the initial interpolation values and offer an example of how the value can be set. These default values provide a gauge between the minimum value allowed and the maximum effect value.
## Applying filter effects
The `filter` and `backdrop-filter` properties accept a filter function list, which may contain one or more `<filter-function>`s, the default keyword `none`, or an [SVG filter](#using_svg_filters) as a `url()` value.
### Applying sepia filter effect
If you hover over the sepia image below, you'll see the full-color image come into view instantly.
The image is set to be sepia by specifying the value of the `filter` property as the [`sepia()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter-function/sepia) filter function. The filter is removed on [`:hover`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:hover) and [`:focus`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:focus) by setting `filter: none`.
```html
<img tabindex="0" alt="Four trans-people, circa 1912" src="activists.jpg" />
```
```css
img {
filter: sepia(100%);
}
img:hover,
img:focus {
filter: none;
}
```
In the {{HTMLElement("img")}} element, [`tabindex`](/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/tabindex) is set to `0` to enable focus without altering the tabbing order for keyboard users because `<img>` is not an interactive element.
```css hidden
img {
max-width: 100%;
height: 100%;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Applying_sepia_filter_effect", 600, 300)}}
### Applying filter effects to other elements
While generally applied to images, the `filter` and `backdrop-filter` properties can be applied to any element or pseudo-element.
In this example, a glow effect is added using a [`drop-shadow()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter-function/drop-shadow) filter with a `3px` blur and `0` offset.
```css
h1 {
color: midnightblue;
filter: drop-shadow(0 0 3px magenta);
}
```
```css hidden
h1 {
font-family: sans-serif;
font-size: 2rem;
}
```
```html hidden
<h1>Glow created with CSS filter</h1>
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('Applying_filter_effects_to_other_elements','100%','80')}}
### Applying multiple filters
While the sepia `filter` example included only a single filter function, you can set multiple filters. The `filter` and `backdrop-filter` properties accept a space-separated list of filters, which are applied in the order declared.
This example applies two filters — [`hue-rotate()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter-function/hue-rotate) and [`blur()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter-function/blur) — via the `backdrop-filter` property. The backdrop, the area behind the {{HTMLElement("p")}} element, has a color shift and a blur applied.
```css
.container {
background: url(image.jpg) no-repeat left / contain goldenrod;
}
p {
backdrop-filter: hue-rotate(240deg) blur(5px);
background-color: rgb(255 255 255 / 10%);
text-shadow: 2px 2px black;
}
```
```css hidden
.container {
padding: 3rem;
width: 30rem;
}
p {
padding: 0.5rem;
color: #ffffff;
font-size: 2rem;
font-family: sans-serif;
}
```
```html hidden
<div
class="container"
style="background-image: url(listen_to_black_women.jpg);">
<p>
Text on images can be illegible and inaccessible even with a drop shadow.
</p>
</div>
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('Applying_multiple_filters','100%','280')}}
### Applying repeated filters
As filters are applied in sequential order, you can use filter functions more than once. In this example, the [`drop-shadow()`](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter-function/drop-shadow) filter has been used four times, each time with a different `<shadow>` value.
```html
<img src="mandala.svg" alt="Colorful mandala" role="img" />
<img src="mandala.svg" alt="Plain mandala" role="img" />
```
```css hidden
img {
width: 49%;
}
```
```css nolint
img {
filter: drop-shadow(2px 2px 0 hsl(300deg 100% 50%)) drop-shadow(
-2px -2px 0 hsl(210deg 100% 50%)
)
drop-shadow(2px 2px 0 hsl(120deg 100% 50%)) drop-shadow(
-2px -2px 0 hsl(30deg 100% 50%)
);
}
img + img {
filter: none;
}
```
In the first Mandala example, four drop shadows are applied to a line-drawn SVG. The same SVG, with the filter removed with `filter: none`, is included for comparison.
{{EmbedLiveSample("Applying_repeated_filters", 600, 400)}}
### Specifying filter function order
When creating filter effects, the `filter` or `backdrop-filter` property is provided a space-separated list of filters. These filter effects are applied in the order in which they appear.
In this example, both `magenta` drop shadow and `180deg` hue rotation are applied on the level-one heading. The example shows the effect when these filters are applied in different orders.
```css
h1 {
color: midnightblue;
}
#hueFirst {
filter: hue-rotate(180deg) drop-shadow(3px 3px magenta);
}
#shadowFirst {
filter: drop-shadow(3px 3px magenta) hue-rotate(180deg);
}
```
```css hidden
h1 {
font-family: sans-serif;
font-size: 2rem;
}
```
```html hidden
<h1 id="hueFirst">Hue change happens before drop shadow.</h1>
<h1 id="shadowFirst">Drop shadow applied before hue change.</h1>
<h1>No filter effects applied.</h1>
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('Applying_a_filter_to_an_element','100%','280')}}
The same filters are applied to both the lines of text but in a different order. In the first line, the hue of the text is altered before the shadow is applied, so the shadow is `magenta`. In the second line, the drop shadow is added to the dark blue text, and then the hue of both the text and the shadow are altered.
No filter effect is applied to the third line to show the original effect as a comparison. So the third line stays as `midnightblue` or `#191970`. The `hue-rotate(180deg)` filter changes the text in the first two lines to `#252500`.
> **Note:** The hexadecimal rgb color `#191970` is equal to `hsl(240deg 63.5% 26.9%)`, while `#252500` is `hsl(60deg 100% 7.3%)`. The [color rotation takes place in the sRGB color space](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value#interpolation), which is why the hue has been changed as expected while not maintaining the same values for saturation and lightness.
## Using SVG filters
In addition to the 10 defined {{cssxref("filter-function")}}s, the CSS filter effects support `url()`, with the parameter being an [SVG filter](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Element/filter), which may be embedded in an internal or external SVG file.
A single SVG can be used to define several filters, each with an `id`:
```html
<svg role="none">
<defs>
<filter id="blur1">
<feGaussianBlur stdDeviation="1" edgeMode="duplicate" />
</filter>
<filter id="blur3">
<feGaussianBlur stdDeviation="3" edgeMode="duplicate" />
</filter>
<filter id="hue-rotate90">
<feColorMatrix type="hueRotate" values="90" />
</filter>
</defs>
</svg>
```
The filter's `id` is referenced in the `url()` for both inline and external SVGs:
```css
filter: url(#blur3);
filter: url("https://example.com/svg/filters.svg#blur3");
```
### Blurring an image
Just like the {{cssxref("filter-function/blur", "blur()")}} filter function applies a Gaussian blur to the elements on which it is applied, the SVG {{SVGElement("feGaussianBlur")}} filter element can also be used to blur content.
In both the cases, the blur radius value, specified as a {{cssxref("<length>")}} in CSS and as a pixel equivalent {{cssxref("<number>")}} in SVG, defines the value of the standard deviation to the Gaussian function. In other words, it defines the number of pixels on the screen that blend into each other; a larger value creates more blur.
The [`<filter>`](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Element/filter)'s {{SVGAttr("stdDeviation")}} attribute accepts up to two values enabling creating more complex blur values. To create an equivalent blur, we include one value for `stdDeviation`:
```html hidden
<table cellpadding="5">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>CSS example</th>
<th>SVG example</th>
<th>Original image</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<img class="filter" src="flag.jpg" alt="Pride flag" />
</td>
<td>
<img src="flag.jpg" alt="Pride flag" class="svgFilter" />
</td>
<td>
<img src="flag.jpg" alt="Pride flag" />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
```
```html
<svg role="img" aria-label="Flag">
<filter id="blur">
<feGaussianBlur stdDeviation="3.5" edgeMode="duplicate" />
</filter>
<image xlink:href="asset/flag.jpg" filter="url(#blur)" />
</svg>
```
The SVG `url()` filter value can be included as the value of the SVG [`<image>`](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Element/image) element's [`filter`](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Attribute/filter) attribute or as part of the value of the CSS `filter` and `backdrop-filter` properties.
```css
.filter {
filter: blur(3.5px);
}
.svgFilter {
filter: url(#blur);
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample('blur_example','100%','280')}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("mask")}}
- {{cssxref("background-blend-mode")}}, {{cssxref("mix-blend-mode")}}
- [CSS filter effects](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_filter_effects)
- SVG {{SVGElement("filter")}} element, SVG {{SVGAttr("filter")}} attribute in [SVG](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG)
- [Applying SVG effects to HTML content](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Applying_SVG_effects_to_HTML_content)
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_filter_effects | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/css_filter_effects/using_filter_effects/mandala.svg | <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" viewBox="0 0 400 400">
<title>Mandala</title>
<path d="M212.3 389.5c-1.2-1.6-5.3-6-11.5-12-5.2-5.4-11-11.3-12.7-13.3l-3.1-3.6-1 1.5a34.9 34.9 0 0 1-7.4 7.5 43.5 43.5 0 0 1-15.2 6 50.7 50.7 0 0 0-20.7 8.6c-.6 0-1.2-1.3-1.6-3.6-1.1-5.2-2.3-8-7.2-16.4l-4.3-8a26.5 26.5 0 0 1-3.1-10.6c-.6-.3-.2-8.1.5-9.7.1-.4-.1-.5-1.6-.7-1 0-1.9 0-2.2.2a375 375 0 0 1-33.4.3c0 .2-1.2.5-3 .8-2.7.4-3 .3-3.5-.2-.5-.4-.6-.7-.5-1.8.2-.6.4-1.3.7-1.5.2-.2.3-.4.2-.5-.1-.1-.2-8.1-.1-17.8a92.3 92.3 0 0 1 .6-18.9c-.1 0-.3-1-.3-2 0-1.8 0-1.9-.8-1.8a35.8 35.8 0 0 1-11 .2c-.2-.2-.5-.3-.6-.2-.5.5-6.2-2-10.7-4.5-8.2-4.8-10-5.8-12-6.8a36 36 0 0 0-9.2-3.1c-2.2-.5-3.4-1.1-3.4-1.8a43.3 43.3 0 0 0 7.6-18.3 51 51 0 0 1 6.6-17.7c1.6-2.4 5-6 7.4-7.6l1.9-1.4-2.5-2.2L41.4 215a162.3 162.3 0 0 0-13.1-12.5c-1.8-1-1.9-1.2-1.9-2.4 0-1.1.1-1.3 1.3-2 .7-.5 6.9-6.5 13.7-13.4 6.8-6.9 13.2-13.2 14.2-14l1.8-1.5-1.2-.7c-2-1.3-5.1-4.2-6.7-6.2a43 43 0 0 1-6.2-13.9l-1.1-4.4a98.8 98.8 0 0 0-2.7-9 43 43 0 0 0-5.3-10.6c0-.6 1-1.6 1.6-1.5h.8c.2-.2 1.4-.5 2.6-.8 1.2-.2 3.2-.8 4.3-1.3 2.5-1 7.2-3.5 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</svg> | 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/padding-left/index.md | ---
title: padding-left
slug: Web/CSS/padding-left
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.padding-left
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`padding-left`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets the width of the [padding area](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model#padding_area) to the left of an element.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/padding-left.html")}}
An element's padding area is the space between its content and its border.
> **Note:** The {{cssxref("padding")}} property can be used to set paddings on all four sides of an element with a single declaration.
## Syntax
```css
/* <length> values */
padding-left: 0.5em;
padding-left: 0;
padding-left: 2cm;
/* <percentage> value */
padding-left: 10%;
/* Global values */
padding-left: inherit;
padding-left: initial;
padding-left: revert;
padding-left: revert-layer;
padding-left: unset;
```
The `padding-left` property is specified as a single value chosen from the list below. Unlike margins, negative values are not allowed for padding.
### Values
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : The size of the padding as a fixed value. Must be nonnegative.
- {{cssxref("<percentage>")}}
- : The size of the padding as a percentage, relative to the inline size (_width_ in a horizontal language, defined by {{cssxref("writing-mode")}}) of the [containing block](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Containing_block). Must be nonnegative.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting left padding using pixels and percentages
```css
.content {
padding-left: 5%;
}
.sidebox {
padding-left: 10px;
}
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Introduction to the CSS basic box model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model)
- {{cssxref("padding-top")}}, {{cssxref("padding-right")}}, {{cssxref("padding-bottom")}} and the {{cssxref("padding")}} shorthand
- The mapped logical properties: {{cssxref("padding-block-start")}}, {{cssxref("padding-block-end")}}, {{cssxref("padding-inline-start")}}, and {{cssxref("padding-inline-end")}} and the shorthands {{cssxref("padding-block")}} and {{cssxref("padding-inline")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_colon_future/index.md | ---
title: ":future"
slug: Web/CSS/:future
page-type: css-pseudo-class
browser-compat: css.selectors.future
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`:future`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-class](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes) selector is a time-dimensional pseudo-class that will match for any element which appears entirely after an element that matches {{cssxref(":current")}}. For example in a video with captions which are being displayed by [WebVTT](/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebVTT_API).
```css
:future(p, span) {
display: none;
}
```
## Syntax
```css
:future {
/* ... */
}
```
## Examples
### CSS
```css
:future(p, span) {
display: none;
}
```
### HTML
```html
<video controls preload="metadata">
<source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
<source src="video.webm" type="video/webm" />
<track
label="English"
kind="subtitles"
srclang="en"
src="subtitles.vtt"
default />
</video>
```
### WebVTT
```plain
WEBVTT FILE
1
00:00:03.500 --> 00:00:05.000
This is the first caption
2
00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:09.000
This is the second caption
3
00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:19.000
This is the third caption
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Web Video Text Tracks Format (WebVTT)](/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebVTT_API)
- {{cssxref(":current")}}
- {{cssxref(":past")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/border-right-width/index.md | ---
title: border-right-width
slug: Web/CSS/border-right-width
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.border-right-width
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`border-right-width`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets the width of the right border of an element.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/border-right-width.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword values */
border-right-width: thin;
border-right-width: medium;
border-right-width: thick;
/* <length> values */
border-right-width: 10em;
border-right-width: 3vmax;
border-right-width: 6px;
/* Global keywords */
border-right-width: inherit;
border-right-width: initial;
border-right-width: revert;
border-right-width: revert-layer;
border-right-width: unset;
```
### Values
- `<line-width>`
- : Defines the width of the border, either as an explicit nonnegative {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a keyword. If it's a keyword, it must be one of the following values:
- `thin`
- `medium`
- `thick`
> **Note:** Because the specification doesn't define the exact thickness denoted by each keyword, the precise result when using one of them is implementation-specific. Nevertheless, they always follow the pattern `thin ≤ medium ≤ thick`, and the values are constant within a single document.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Comparing border widths
#### HTML
```html
<div>Element 1</div>
<div>Element 2</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
div {
border: 1px solid red;
margin: 1em 0;
}
div:nth-child(1) {
border-right-width: thick;
}
div:nth-child(2) {
border-right-width: 2em;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Comparing_border_widths', '100%')}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- The other border-width-related CSS properties: {{Cssxref("border-bottom-width")}}, {{Cssxref("border-left-width")}}, {{Cssxref("border-top-width")}}, and {{Cssxref("border-width")}}.
- The other border-right-related CSS properties: {{Cssxref("border")}}, {{Cssxref("border-right")}}, {{Cssxref("border-right-style")}}, and {{Cssxref("border-right-color")}}.
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/grid-column-start/index.md | ---
title: grid-column-start
slug: Web/CSS/grid-column-start
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.grid-column-start
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`grid-column-start`** CSS property specifies a grid item's start position within the grid column by contributing a line, a span, or nothing (automatic) to its grid placement. This start position defines the block-start edge of the {{glossary("grid areas", "grid area")}}.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/grid-column-start.html")}}
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword value */
grid-column-start: auto;
/* <custom-ident> value */
grid-column-start: somegridarea;
/* <integer> + <custom-ident> values */
grid-column-start: 2;
grid-column-start: somegridarea 4;
/* span + <integer> + <custom-ident> values */
grid-column-start: span 3;
grid-column-start: span somegridarea;
grid-column-start: span somegridarea 5;
/* Global values */
grid-column-start: inherit;
grid-column-start: initial;
grid-column-start: revert;
grid-column-start: revert-layer;
grid-column-start: unset;
```
This property is specified as a single `<grid-line>` value. A `<grid-line>` value can be specified as:
- either the `auto` keyword
- or a `<custom-ident>` value
- or an `<integer>` value
- or both `<custom-ident>` and `<integer>`, separated by a space
- or the keyword `span` together with either a `<custom-ident>` or an `<integer>` or both.
### Values
- `auto`
- : A keyword indicating that the property contributes nothing to the grid item's placement, indicating auto-placement, an automatic span, or a default span of `1`.
- `<custom-ident>`
- : If there is a named line with the name `<custom-ident>-start`, it contributes the first such line to the grid item's placement.
> **Note:** Named grid areas automatically generate implicit named lines of this form, so specifying `grid-column-start: foo;` will choose the start edge of that named grid area (unless another line named `foo-start` was explicitly specified before it).
Otherwise, this is treated as if the integer `1` had been specified along with the `<custom-ident>`.
- `<integer> && <custom-ident>?`
- : Contributes the nth grid line to the grid item's placement. If a negative integer is given, it counts in reverse, starting from the end edge of the explicit grid.
If a name is given as a `<custom-ident>`, only lines with that name are counted. If not enough lines with that name exist, all implicit grid lines are assumed to have that name for the purpose of finding this position.
An {{cssxref("integer")}} value of `0` is invalid.
- `span && [ <integer> || <custom-ident> ]`
- : Contributes a grid span to the grid item's placement, such that the column start edge of the grid item's grid area is n lines from the end edge.
If a name is given as a `<custom-ident>`, only lines with that name are counted. If not enough lines with that name exist, all implicit grid lines on the side of the explicit grid corresponding to the search direction are assumed to have that name for the purpose of counting this span.
If the \<integer> is omitted, it defaults to `1`. Negative integers and `0` are invalid.
The `<custom-ident>` cannot take the `span` value.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting column start for a grid item
#### HTML
```html
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="box1">One</div>
<div class="box2">Two</div>
<div class="box3">Three</div>
<div class="box4">Four</div>
<div class="box5">Five</div>
</div>
```
#### CSS
```css
.wrapper {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
grid-auto-rows: 100px;
}
.box1 {
grid-column-start: 1;
grid-column-end: 4;
grid-row-start: 1;
grid-row-end: 3;
}
.box2 {
grid-column-start: 1;
grid-row-start: 3;
grid-row-end: 5;
}
```
```css hidden
* {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.wrapper {
border: 2px solid #f76707;
border-radius: 5px;
background-color: #fff4e6;
}
.wrapper > div {
border: 2px solid #ffa94d;
border-radius: 5px;
background-color: #ffd8a8;
padding: 1em;
color: #d9480f;
}
.nested {
border: 2px solid #ffec99;
border-radius: 5px;
background-color: #fff9db;
padding: 1em;
}
```
#### Result
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Setting_column_start_for_a_grid_item', '230', '420') }}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- Related CSS properties: {{cssxref("grid-column-end")}}, {{cssxref("grid-column")}}, {{cssxref("grid-row-start")}}, {{cssxref("grid-row-end")}}, {{cssxref("grid-row")}}
- Grid Layout Guide: _[Line-based placement with CSS Grid](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_grid_layout/Grid_layout_using_line-based_placement)_
- Video tutorial: _[Line-based placement](https://gridbyexample.com/video/series-line-based-placement/)_
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/box-edge/index.md | ---
title: <box-edge>
slug: Web/CSS/box-edge
page-type: css-type
spec-urls: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-box-4/#keywords
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`<box-edge>`** value types represent a [box edge](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model/Introduction_to_the_CSS_box_model) keyword, such as [`content-box`](#content-box) and [`border-box`](#border-box). The box-edge keywords are used to define different aspects of an element's box model and how elements are positioned and rendered on screen.
The box-edge keywords are the components of, but not limited to, the data types `<visual-box>`, `<layout-box>`, `<paint-box>`, `<coord-box>`, and `<geometry-box>`. These types are applied to properties such as {{cssxref("transform-box")}} and {{cssxref("background-clip")}}.
## Syntax
```plain
<visual-box> = content-box | padding-box | border-box /* the three <box> values */
<layout-box> = <box> | margin-box /* the <shape-box> values */
<paint-box> = <box> | fill-box | stroke-box
<coord-box> = <box> | fill-box | stroke-box | view-box
<geometry-box> = <shape-box> | fill-box | stroke-box | view-box
```
### Values
A `<box-edge>` can be of the type `<visual-box>`, `<layout-box>`, `<paint-box>`, `<coord-box>`, or `<geometry-box>`.
- `<visual-box>`
- : Refers to the rectangular box generated for an element as seen by a user on a web page. It includes the element's content, padding, and border. Also referred to as `<box>`, this value excludes the margin area. This value type is used for the {{cssxref("background-clip")}} and {{cssxref("overflow-clip-margin")}} properties.
- `<layout-box>`
- : Refers to the space occupied by an element, including its content, padding, border, and margin. This value type is used for layout and positioning purposes. Also referred to as `<shape-box>`, this value type is used for the {{cssxref("shape-outside")}} property.
- `<paint-box>`
- : Refers to the area within the layout box that is used to visually render the content. This includes the area where the element's background and borders are painted. As an element's paintable area does not include its margins, this value excludes `margin-box`.
- `<coord-box>`
- : Refers to the coordinate box used for positioning and sizing an element within its parent container. It is used to control how content flows around the edges of the box. It excludes the margin area. This value type is used for the {{cssxref("offset-path")}} property.
- `<geometry-box>`
- : Defines the reference box for a [basic shape](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/basic-shape), or if specified by itself, causes the edges of the specified box, including any corner shaping (such as a {{cssxref("border-radius")}}), to be the clipping path. This value type is used for the {{cssxref("clip-path")}}, {{cssxref("mask-clip")}}, and {{cssxref("mask-origin")}} properties and the SVG {{SVGAttr("clip-path")}} attribute.
### Keywords
The `<box-edge>` keywords are defined as follows:
- `content-box`
- : Refers to the outer edge of the box's content area. . The content box is the innermost box. The content area contains the actual content, such as text, images, or other HTML elements. In SVG, this value is treated as `fill-box`.
- `padding-box`
- : Refers to the outer edge of the padding of the box. If there is no padding on a side, then the value is the same as `content-box`. In SVG, `padding-box` is treated as `fill-box`. The padding area surrounds the content area, starting at the outer edge of the content box.
- `border-box`
- : Refers to the outer edge of the border of the box. If there is no border on a side, then the value is the same as `padding-box`. In SVG, `border-box` is treated as `stroke-box`. The border area surrounds the padding area, starting at the outer edge of the padding box.
- `margin-box`
- : Refers to the outer edge of the margin of the box. If there is no margin on a side, then the value is the same as `border-box`. In SVG, `margin-box` is treated as `stroke-box`.
- `fill-box`
- : Refers to the object bounding box in SVG. In CSS, `fill-box` is treated as `content-box`. It is used to wrap the content around the edges defined by the `coord-box` values.
- `stroke-box`
- : Refers to the stroke bounding box in SVG. In CSS, `stroke-box` is treated as `border-box`. It is used to define the shape of the element when strokes are applied.
- `view-box`
- : Refers to the nearest SVG viewport element's origin box. The origin box is a rectangle with the width and height of the initial SVG user coordinate system established by the {{svgattr("viewBox")}} attribute for that element. The origin box is positioned such that its top left corner is anchored at the [coordinate system](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSSOM_view/Coordinate_systems) origin. In CSS, `view-box` is treated as `border-box`.
> **Note:** When the SVG viewport is not anchored at the origin, the origin box does not correspond to the SVG viewport.
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## See also
- [CSS box model](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_box_model) module
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/url/index.md | ---
title: url()
slug: Web/CSS/url
page-type: css-function
browser-compat: css.types.url
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`url()`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [function](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Functions) is used to include a file. The parameter is an absolute URL, a relative URL, a blob URL, or a data URL. The **`url()`** function can be passed as a parameter of another CSS functions, like the {{cssxref("attr")}} function. Depending on the property for which it is a value, the resource sought can be an image, font, or a stylesheet. The `url()` functional notation is the value for the `<url>` data type.
> **Note:** There is a difference between a {{Glossary("URI")}} and a {{Glossary("URL")}}. A URI identifies a resource. A URL is a type of URI, and describes the _location_ of a resource. A URI can be either a URL or a name ({{Glossary("URN")}}) of a resource.
>
> In CSS Level 1, the `url()` functional notation described only true URLs. In CSS Level 2, the definition of `url()` was extended to describe any URI, whether a URL or a URN. Confusingly, this meant that `url()` could be used to create a `<uri>` CSS data type. This change was not only awkward but, debatably, unnecessary, since URNs are almost never used in actual CSS. To alleviate the confusion, CSS Level 3 returned to the narrower, initial definition. Now, `url()` denotes only true `<url>`s.
```css
/* Simple usage */
url(https://example.com/images/myImg.jpg);
url(data:image/png;base64,iRxVB0…);
url(myFont.woff);
url(#IDofSVGpath);
/* associated properties */
background-image: url("star.gif");
list-style-image: url('../images/bullet.jpg');
content: url("pdficon.jpg");
cursor: url(mycursor.cur);
border-image-source: url(/media/diamonds.png);
src: url('fantasticfont.woff');
offset-path: url(#path);
mask-image: url("masks.svg#mask1");
/* Properties with fallbacks */
cursor: url(pointer.cur), pointer;
/* Associated short-hand properties */
background: url('star.gif') bottom right repeat-x blue;
border-image: url("/media/diamonds.png") 30 fill / 30px / 30px space;
/* As a parameter in another CSS function */
background-image: cross-fade(20% url(first.png), url(second.png));
mask-image: image(url(mask.png), skyblue, linear-gradient(rgb(0 0 0 / 100%), transparent));
/* as part of a non-shorthand multiple value */
content: url(star.svg) url(star.svg) url(star.svg) url(star.svg) url(star.svg);
/* at-rules */
@document url("https://www.example.com/") { /* … */ } {{Experimental_Inline}}
@import url("https://www.example.com/style.css");
@namespace url(http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml);
```
Relative URLs, if used, are relative to the URL of the stylesheet (not to the URL of the web page).
The **`url()`** function can be included as a value for
{{cssxref('background')}}, {{cssxref('background-image')}}, {{cssxref('border')}}, {{cssxref('border-image')}}, {{cssxref('border-image-source')}}, {{cssxref('content')}}, {{cssxref('cursor')}}, {{cssxref('filter')}}, {{cssxref('list-style')}}, {{cssxref('list-style-image')}}, {{cssxref('mask')}}, {{cssxref('mask-image')}}, {{cssxref('offset-path')}}, {{cssxref('clip-path')}},
[src](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face/src) as part of a [@font-face](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face) block, and [@counter-style/symbol](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@counter-style/symbols)
## Syntax
### Values
- `<string>`
- : A string which may specify a URL or the ID of an SVG shape.
- \<url>
- : A URL, which is a relative or absolute address, or pointer, to the web resource to be included, or a data URL, optionally in single or double quotes. Quotes are required if the URL includes parentheses, whitespace, or quotes, unless these characters are escaped, or if the address includes control characters above 0x7e. Double quotes cannot occur inside double quotes and single quotes cannot occur inside single quotes unless escaped. The following are all valid and equivalent:
```css
<css_property>: url("https://example.com/image.png")
<css_property>: url('https://example.com/image.png')
<css_property>: url(https://example.com/image.png)
```
If you choose to write the URL without quotes, use a backslash (`\`) before any parentheses, whitespace characters, single quotes (`'`) and double quotes (`"`) that are part of the URL.
- path
- : References the ID of an [SVG shape](/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Tutorial/Basic_Shapes) — `circle`, `ellipse`, `line`, `path`, `polygon`, `polyline`, or `rect` — using the shape's geometry as the path.
- `<url-modifier>` {{Experimental_Inline}}
- : In the future, the `url()` function may support specifying a modifier, an identifier or a functional notation, which alters the meaning of the URL string. This is not supported and not fully defined in the specification.
### Formal syntax
```css
url( <string> <url-modifier>* )
```
## Examples
### A url used in the background property
```css
.topbanner {
background: url("topbanner.png") #00d no-repeat fixed;
}
```
### A url loading an image as a list bullet
```css
ul {
list-style: square url(http://www.example.com/redball.png);
}
```
### Usage in the content property
#### HTML
```html
<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
</ul>
```
#### CSS
```css
li::after {
content: " - " url(star.gif);
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample("Usage_in_the_content_property", "100%", 110)}}
### Using a data URL
#### HTML
```html
<div class="background"></div>
```
#### CSS
```css hidden
.background {
height: 100vh;
}
```
```css
.background {
background: yellow;
background: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='90' height='45'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 10h60' stroke='%2300F' stroke-width='5'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10 20h60' stroke='%230F0' stroke-width='5'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10 30h60' stroke='red' stroke-width='5'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Using_a_data_URL", "100%", 50)}}
### Usage in filters
When a URL is used as a path for a filter, the URL must be one of the following:
1. The path to an SVG file with the ID of the filter appended.
2. the ID of the filter, if the SVG already exists on the page.
```css
.blur {
filter: url(my-file.svg#svg-blur); /* the URL of an SVG file used as a filter */
}
.inline-blur {
filter: url(#svg-blur); /* the ID of an SVG that is embedded in the HTML page */
}
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("<gradient>")}}
- {{cssxref("element", "element()")}}
- {{cssxref("image/image", "image()")}}
- {{cssxref("image/image-set", "image-set()")}}
- {{cssxref("cross-fade", "cross-fade()")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/border-bottom-right-radius/index.md | ---
title: border-bottom-right-radius
slug: Web/CSS/border-bottom-right-radius
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.border-bottom-right-radius
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`border-bottom-right-radius`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property rounds the bottom-right corner of an element by specifying the radius (or the radius of the semi-major and semi-minor axes) of the ellipse defining the curvature of the corner.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/border-bottom-right-radius.html")}}
The rounding can be a circle or an ellipse, or if one of the value is `0` no rounding is done and the corner is square.
A background, being an image or a color, is clipped at the border, even a rounded one; the exact location of the clipping is defined by the value of the {{cssxref("background-clip")}} property.
> **Note:** If the value of this property is not set in a {{cssxref("border-radius")}} shorthand property that is applied to the element after the `border-bottom-right-radius` CSS property, the value of this property is then reset to its initial value by the [shorthand property](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Shorthand_properties).
## Syntax
```css
/* The corner is a circle */
/* border-bottom-right-radius: radius */
border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;
/* Percentage values */
border-bottom-right-radius: 20%; /* corner of a circle if box is a square or else corner of a rectangle */
border-bottom-right-radius: 20% 20%; /* same as above */ /* 20% of horizontal(width) and vertical(height) */
border-bottom-right-radius: 20% 10%; /* 20% of horizontal(width) and 10% of vertical(height) */
/*The corner is an ellipse */
/* border-bottom-right-radius: horizontal vertical */
border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em 1em;
/* Global values */
border-bottom-right-radius: inherit;
border-bottom-right-radius: initial;
border-bottom-right-radius: revert;
border-bottom-right-radius: revert-layer;
border-bottom-right-radius: unset;
```
With one value:
- the value is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting the radius of the circle to use for the border in that corner.
With two values:
- the first value is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting the horizontal semi-major axis of the ellipse to use for the border in that corner.
- the second value is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} or a {{cssxref("<percentage>")}} denoting the vertical semi-major axis of the ellipse to use for the border in that corner.
### Values
- `<length-percentage>`
- : Denotes the size of the circle radius or the semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse. As absolute length it can be expressed in any unit allowed by the CSS {{cssxref("<length>")}} data type. Percentages for the horizontal axis refer to the width of the box, percentages for the vertical axis refer to the height of the box. Negative values are invalid.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Arc of a circle
A single `<length>` value produces an arc of a circle.
```html hidden
<div></div>
```
```css
div {
border-bottom-right-radius: 40px;
background-color: lightgreen;
border: solid 1px black;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Arc_of_a_circle")}}
### Arc of an ellipse
Two different `<length>` values produce an arc of an ellipse.
```html hidden
<div></div>
```
```css
div {
border-bottom-right-radius: 40px 20px;
background-color: lightgreen;
border: solid 1px black;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Arc_of_an_ellipse")}}
### Square element with percentage radius
A square element with a single `<percentage>` value produces an arc of a circle.
```html hidden
<div></div>
```
```css
div {
border-bottom-right-radius: 40%;
background-color: lightgreen;
border: solid 1px black;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Square_element_with_percentage_radius")}}
### Non-square element with percentage radius
A non-square element with a single `<percentage>` value produces an arc of an ellipse.
```html hidden
<div></div>
```
```css
div {
border-bottom-right-radius: 40%;
background-color: lightgreen;
border: solid 1px black;
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
}
```
{{EmbedLiveSample("Non-square_element_with_percentage_radius")}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("border-radius")}} shorthand property
- {{cssxref("border-top-right-radius")}}, {{cssxref("border-bottom-left-radius")}}, and {{cssxref("border-top-left-radius")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/_colon_root/index.md | ---
title: ":root"
slug: Web/CSS/:root
page-type: css-pseudo-class
browser-compat: css.selectors.root
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`:root`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) [pseudo-class](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-classes) matches the root element of a tree representing the document. In HTML, `:root` represents the {{HTMLElement("html")}} element and is identical to the selector `html`, except that its [specificity](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Specificity) is higher.
```css
/* Selects the root element of the document:
<html> in the case of HTML */
:root {
background: yellow;
}
```
## Syntax
```css
:root {
/* ... */
}
```
## Examples
### Declaring global CSS variables
`:root` can be useful for declaring global [CSS variables](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Using_CSS_custom_properties):
```css
:root {
--main-color: hotpink;
--pane-padding: 5px 42px;
}
```
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{HTMLElement("html")}}
- {{domxref("Document.rootElement")}}
- {{domxref("Node.getRootNode()")}}
- {{domxref("Element.shadowRoot")}}
- {{domxref("ShadowRoot")}}
| 0 |
data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/font/index.md | ---
title: font
slug: Web/CSS/font
page-type: css-shorthand-property
browser-compat: css.properties.font
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`font`** CSS [shorthand property](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Shorthand_properties) sets all the different properties of an element's font. Alternatively, it sets an element's font to a system font.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/font.html")}}
As with any shorthand property, any individual value that is not specified is set to its corresponding initial value (possibly overriding values previously set using non-shorthand properties). Though not directly settable by `font`, the longhands {{cssxref("font-size-adjust")}} and {{cssxref("font-kerning")}} are also reset to their initial values.
## Constituent properties
This property is a shorthand for the following CSS properties:
- {{cssxref("font-family")}}
- {{cssxref("font-size")}}
- {{cssxref("font-stretch")}}
- {{cssxref("font-style")}}
- {{cssxref("font-variant")}}
- {{cssxref("font-weight")}}
- {{cssxref("line-height")}}
## Syntax
```css-nolint
/* font-size font-family */
font: 1.2em "Fira Sans", sans-serif;
/* font-size/line height font-family */
font: 1.2em/2 "Fira Sans", sans-serif;
/* font-style font-weight font-size font-family */
font: italic bold 1.2em "Fira Sans", sans-serif;
/* font-stretch font-variant font-size font-family */
font: ultra-condensed small-caps 1.2em "Fira Sans", sans-serif;
/* system font */
font: caption;
```
The `font` property may be specified as either a single keyword, which will select a system font, or as a shorthand for various font-related properties.
If `font` is specified as a system keyword, it must be one of: `caption`, `icon`, `menu`, `message-box`, `small-caption`, `status-bar`.
If `font` is specified as a shorthand for several font-related properties, then:
- it must include values for:
- {{cssxref("<font-size>")}}
- {{cssxref("<font-family>")}}
- it may optionally include values for:
- {{cssxref("<font-style>")}}
- {{cssxref("<font-variant>")}}
- {{cssxref("<font-weight>")}}
- {{cssxref("<font-stretch>")}}
- {{cssxref("<line-height>")}}
- `font-style`, `font-variant` and `font-weight` must precede `font-size`
- `font-variant` may only specify the values defined in CSS 2.1, that is `normal` and `small-caps`
- `font-stretch` may only be a single keyword value.
- `line-height` must immediately follow `font-size`, preceded by "/", like this: "`16px/3`"
- `font-family` must be the last value specified.
### Values
- `<'font-style'>`
- : See the {{cssxref("font-style")}} CSS property.
- `<'font-variant'>`
- : See the {{cssxref("font-variant")}} CSS property.
- `<'font-weight'>`
- : See the {{cssxref("font-weight")}} CSS property.
- `<'font-stretch'>`
- : See the {{cssxref("font-stretch")}} CSS property.
- `<'font-size'>`
- : See the {{cssxref("font-size")}} CSS property.
- `<'line-height'>`
- : See the {{cssxref("line-height")}} CSS property.
- `<'font-family'>`
- : See the {{cssxref("font-family")}} CSS property.
#### System font values
- `caption`
- : The system font used for captioned controls (e.g., buttons, drop-downs, etc.).
- `icon`
- : The system font used to label icons.
- `menu`
- : The system font used in menus (e.g., dropdown menus and menu lists).
- `message-box`
- : The system font used in dialog boxes.
- `small-caption`
- : The system font used for labeling small controls.
- `status-bar`
- : The system font used in window status bars.
- Prefixed system font keywords
- : Browsers often implement several more, prefixed, keywords: Gecko implements `-moz-window`, `-moz-document`, `-moz-desktop`, `-moz-info`, `-moz-dialog`, `-moz-button`, `-moz-pull-down-menu`, `-moz-list`, and `-moz-field`.
## Formal definition
{{CSSInfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{CSSSyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting font properties
```css
/* Set the font size to 12px and the line height to 14px.
Set the font family to sans-serif */
p {
font: 12px/14px sans-serif;
}
/* Set the font size to 80% of the parent element
or default value (if no parent element present).
Set the font family to sans-serif */
p {
font: 80% sans-serif;
}
/* Set the font weight to bold,
the font-style to italic,
the font size to large,
and the font family to serif. */
p {
font: bold italic large serif;
}
/* Use the same font as the status bar of the window */
p {
font: status-bar;
}
```
### Live sample
```html hidden
<p>
Change the radio buttons below to see the generated shorthand and its effect.
</p>
<form action="createShortHand()">
<div class="cf">
<div class="setPropCont">
font-style<br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-style-none"
name="font_style"
checked=""
value=""
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-style-none">none</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-style-normal"
name="font_style"
value="normal"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-style-normal">normal</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-style-italic"
name="font_style"
value="italic"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-style-italic">italic</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-style-oblique"
name="font_style"
value="oblique"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-style-oblique">oblique</label>
</div>
<div class="setPropCont">
font-variant<br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-variant-none"
name="font_variant"
checked=""
value=" "
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-variant-none">none</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-variant-normal"
name="font_variant"
value="normal"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-variant-normal">normal</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-variant-small-caps"
name="font_variant"
value="small-caps"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-variant-small-caps">small-caps</label>
</div>
<div class="setPropCont">
font-weight<br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-weight-none"
name="font_weight"
value=""
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-weight-none">none</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-weight-normal"
checked=""
name="font_weight"
value="400"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-weight-normal">normal</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-weight-bold"
name="font_weight"
value="700"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-weight-bold">bold</label>
</div>
<div class="setPropCont">
font-size<br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-size-12px"
name="font_size"
value="12px"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-size-12px">12px</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-size-16px"
name="font_size"
value="16px"
checked=""
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-size-16px">16px</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-size-24px"
name="font_size"
value="24px"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-size-24px">24px</label>
</div>
<div class="setPropCont">
line-height<br />
<input
type="radio"
id="line-height-none"
name="line_height"
checked=""
value=""
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="line-height-none">none</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="line-height-1.2"
name="line_height"
value="/1.2"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="line-height-1.2">1.2</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="line-height-3"
name="line_height"
value="/3"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="line-height-3">3</label>
</div>
<br />
<div class="setPropCont fontfamily">
font-family<br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-family-courier"
name="font_family"
checked=""
value="courier"
onchange="setCss(5,'courier')" />
<label for="font-family-courier">courier</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-family-serif"
name="font_family"
value="serif"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-family-serif">serif</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-family-sans-serif"
name="font_family"
value="sans-serif"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-family-sans-serif">sans-serif</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-family-arial"
name="font_family"
value="arial"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-family-arial">Arial</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-family-monospace"
name="font_family"
value="monospace"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-family-monospace">monospace</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-family-cursive"
name="font_family"
value="cursive"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-family-cursive">cursive</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-family-fantasy"
name="font_family"
value="fantasy"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-family-fantasy">fantasy</label><br />
<input
type="radio"
id="font-family-system-ui"
name="font_family"
value="system-ui"
onchange="setCss()" />
<label for="font-family-system-ui">system-ui</label><br />
</div>
</div>
<div class="cf propInputs">
<div class="propInputCont tar">font :</div>
<div class="propInputCont">
<input type="text" class="curCss" id="input_font_style" /><br />
font-style <br />
optional
</div>
<div class="propInputCont">
<input type="text" class="curCss" id="input_font_variant" /> <br />
font-variant <br />
optional
</div>
<div class="propInputCont">
<input type="text" class="curCss" id="input_font_weight" /> <br />
font-weight <br />
optional
</div>
<div class="propInputCont">
<input type="text" class="curCss mandatory" id="input_font_size" /> <br />
font-size <br />
mandatory
</div>
<div class="propInputCont">
<input type="text" class="curCss" id="input_line_height" /> <br />
line-height <br />
optional
</div>
<div class="propInputCont">
<input type="text" class="curCss mandatory" id="input_font_family" />
<br />
font-family <br />
mandatory
</div>
</div>
</form>
<div class="fontShortHand">This is some sample text.</div>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
```
```css hidden
body,
input {
font: 14px arial;
overflow: hidden;
}
.propInputCont {
float: left;
text-align: center;
margin-right: 5px;
width: 80px;
}
.setPropCont {
float: left;
margin-right: 5px;
width: 120px;
}
.propInputs,
.setPropCont {
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
.curCss {
border: none;
border-bottom: 1px solid black;
text-align: center;
width: 80px;
}
.mandatory {
border-bottom-color: red;
}
.cf::before,
.cf::after {
content: " ";
display: table;
}
.cf::after {
clear: both;
}
.tar {
width: 40px;
text-align: right;
}
.fontfamily {
display: inline-block;
}
```
```js hidden
const textAreas = document.getElementsByClassName("curCss");
function getProperties() {
return (
`${getCheckedValue("font_style")} ` +
`${getCheckedValue("font_variant")} ` +
`${getCheckedValue("font_weight")} ` +
`${getCheckedValue("font_size")}` +
`${getCheckedValue("line_height")} ` +
`${getCheckedValue("font_family")}`
);
}
function getCheckedValue(radioName) {
const radios = document.forms[0].elements[radioName];
for (let i = 0; i < radios.length; i++) {
if (radios[i].checked) {
const curElemName = `input_${radioName}`;
const curElem = document.getElementById(curElemName);
curElem.value = radios[i].value;
return radios[i].value;
}
}
}
function setCss() {
injectCss(getProperties());
}
function injectCss(cssFragment) {
const old = document.body.getElementsByTagName("style");
if (old.length > 1) {
old[1].parentElement.removeChild(old[1]);
}
css = document.createElement("style");
css.textContent = `.fontShortHand{font: ${cssFragment}}`;
document.body.appendChild(css);
}
setCss();
```
{{ EmbedLiveSample('Live_sample','100%', '440px')}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- {{cssxref("font-style")}}
- {{cssxref("font-weight")}}
- [Fundamental text and font styling](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals)
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data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css | data/mdn-content/files/en-us/web/css/column-width/index.md | ---
title: column-width
slug: Web/CSS/column-width
page-type: css-property
browser-compat: css.properties.column-width
---
{{CSSRef}}
The **`column-width`** [CSS](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS) property sets the ideal column width in a multi-column layout. The container will have as many columns as can fit without any of them having a width less than the `column-width` value. If the width of the container is narrower than the specified value, the single column's width will be smaller than the declared column width.
{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/column-width.html")}}
This property can help you create responsive designs that fit different screen sizes. Especially in the presence of the {{cssxref("column-count")}} property (which has precedence), you must specify all related length values to achieve an exact column width. In horizontal text these are {{cssxref('width')}}, {{cssxref('column-width')}}, {{cssxref('column-gap')}}, and {{cssxref('column-rule-width')}}.
## Syntax
```css
/* Keyword value */
column-width: auto;
/* <length> values */
column-width: 60px;
column-width: 15.5em;
column-width: 3.3vw;
/* Global values */
column-width: inherit;
column-width: initial;
column-width: revert;
column-width: revert-layer;
column-width: unset;
```
The `column-width` property is specified as one of the values listed below.
### Values
- {{cssxref("<length>")}}
- : Indicates the optimal column width. The actual column width may differ from the specified value: it may be wider when necessary to fill available space, and narrower when the available space is too small. The value must be strictly positive or the declaration is invalid. Percentage values are also invalid.
- `auto`
- : The width of the column is determined by other CSS properties, such as {{cssxref("column-count")}}.
## Formal definition
{{cssinfo}}
## Formal syntax
{{csssyntax}}
## Examples
### Setting column width in pixels
#### HTML
```html
<p class="content-box">
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy
nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi
enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis
nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
</p>
```
#### CSS
```css
.content-box {
column-width: 100px;
}
```
#### Result
{{EmbedLiveSample('Setting_column_width_in_pixels', 'auto', 160)}}
## Specifications
{{Specifications}}
## Browser compatibility
{{Compat}}
## See also
- [Multiple-column Layout](/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout) (Learn Layout)
- [Basic Concepts of Multicol](/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_multicol_layout/Basic_concepts)
| 0 |
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