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pubmed_241_12902
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A variety of genetic lesions, including chromosomal translocations, internal tandem duplications, and mutations, have been described in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Expression profiling has shown that chromosomal translocations, in particular, are associated with distinctive patterns of gene expression. AML exhibiting the translocation t(8;21), which fuses the AML1 and ETO genes, has such a characteristic expression profile. One gene whose expression is highly correlated with the presence of the AML1/ETO fusion is POU4F1, which encodes the POU homeodomain transcription factor BRN3A. Here we show using specific siRNA in t(8;21) cells and overexpression studies in progenitor cells that AML1/ETO promotes expression of POU4F1/BRN3A. This effect requires DNA-binding function of AML1/ETO, and accordingly, AML1/ETO is bound to the POU4F1 locus in t(8;21) cells. Functionally, whereas overexpression of Brn3a in murine hematopoietic progenitor cells induces terminal myeloid differentiation, coexpression of AML1/ETO or AML1/ETO9a blocks this effect. Furthermore, Brn3a reduction by shRNA impairs AML1/ETO-induced immortalization of murine progenitors. In summary, we identify POU4F1/BRN3A as a novel potential upregulated AML1/ETO target gene whose dramatically high expression may cooperate with AML1/ETO in t(8;21) cells.
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10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3604
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pubmed_1060_10648
|
It was shown previously [(1984) EMBO J. 3, 453-459] that after treatment of the human erythroleukemia cell line HEL with phorbol ester and dimethyl sulfoxide there was a marked increase in the amounts of megakaryocytic markers, especially of platelet alpha-granule proteins and platelet glycoproteins. In order to investigate this differentiation process further we have studied the expression of the mRNA encoding PDGF-A and PDGF-B (c-sis). Upon addition of the phorbol ester to the culture medium the expression of the c-sis transcript was enhanced about 7-fold over a period of 4 days. With dimethyl sulfoxide there was no significant stimulation of the expression. Addition of cycloheximide to HEL cells treated for a short period with phorbol ester superinduced the expression of the c-sis gene. The HEL cells did not express the A-chain mRNA even in the presence of phorbol ester or dimethyl sulfoxide. This leads us to propose that synthesis of the PDGF-A chain and PDGF-B chain is differentially regulated in the megakaryocytic-like HEL cell line.
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10.1016/0014-5793(87)81470-9
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pubmed_72_11322
|
INTRODUCTION
The present study aimed to assess the levels of salivary enzymes, protein and oxidant-antioxidant system in young college-going cell phone users.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The cell users (students) were categorized in to two groups - less mobile users and high mobile users, based on the duration and frequency of cell use. Unstimulated whole saliva samples of the volunteers were analysed for amylase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehdye (MDA) and glutathione (GSH).
RESULTS
High mobile users had significantly higher levels of amylase (p = 0.001), LDH (p = 0.002) and MDA (p = 0.002) in saliva, when compared to less mobile users. The marginal decrease in salivary total proteins, GSH and flow rate were statistically not significant (p >0.05).
CONCLUSION
Significant changes in salivary enzymes and MDA suggest adverse effect of high use of cell phones on cell health.
|
10.7860/JCDR/2015/10872.5580
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pubmed_624_6323
|
Nigeria has a population of 112 million with an annual growth rate of 3.2%. About 25% of adults throughout the country have the sickle cell trait, AS, while the Hb C trait is largely confined to the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria in whom it occurs in about 6%. Other variant hemoglobins including beta thalassemia are rare, but alpha thalassemia occurs in 39% (32% with 3 alpha-globin genes; 7% with 2 alpha-globin genes). Of a total of 5.4 million expected live births in 1988, about 90,000 will have SCD and 1.1 million the trait, AS. The clinical phenotype of sickle cell anemia is severe with manifestations occurring very early in childhood and mean Hb level 7.6 g/dl with HbF 5.9%. A very high infant mortality due to infections occurs especially in rural areas. Gallstones, leg ulcerations, and stroke appear less common than in American sicklers, and aplastic crises have not been described. Poor availability of resources to the public health and welfare sectors and economic inflation are severely curtailing access to appropriate medical and social services. This situation is frustrating to the families of a growing number of surviving patients in urban or middle to upper income groups. Efforts to create more awareness of SCD are paradoxically increasing frustration and stigmatization in the absence of a commensurate improvement of services. Any measures aimed at enhancing the sensitization of health professionals, policy makers, and resource allocators to the pertinent issues in the control of SCD would seem to be at this stage an important step in the right direction.
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10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24159.x
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pubmed_1082_4887
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Previous studies have shown that the septohippocampal projection develops in vitro. It remained unclear, however, whether this in vitro projection resulted from axonal regeneration of septal neurons transected by the culture preparation, or from a priori outgrowth of undamaged cells that had not yet sent an axonal process to the hippocampus at the time of tissue preparation. Here we have prepared slice cultures of identified septohippocampal projection neurons that were retrogradely labeled by hippocampal tracer injection prior to slice preparation. We demonstrate that these identified projection neurons survive axotomy caused by culture preparation, are able to regrow an axonal process in vitro, and innervate a co-cultured hippocampal slice.
|
10.1016/0306-4522(95)00174-h
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pubmed_1089_21173
|
INTRODUCTION
Biliary inflammatory pseudotumors (IPTs) represent an exceptional benign cause of obstructive jaundice. These lesions are often mistaken for cholangiocarcinomas and are treated with major resections, because their final diagnosis can be achieved only after formal pathological examination of the resected specimen. Consequently, biliary IPTs are usually managed with unnecessary major resections.
PRESENTATION OF CASE
A 71-year-old female patient underwent an extra-hepatic bile duct resection en-bloc with the gallbladder and regional lymph nodes for an obstructing intraluminal growing tumor of the mid common bile duct (CBD). Limited resection was decided intraoperatively because of negative for malignancy fast frozen sections analysis in addition to the benign macroscopic features of the lesion. Histologically the tumor proved an IPT, arising from the bile duct epithelium, composed of inflammatory cells and reactive mesenchymal tissues.
DISCUSSION
The present case underlines the value of intraoperative reassessment of patients undergoing surgical resection for histopathologically undiagnosed biliary occupying lesions, in order to optimize their surgical management.
CONCLUSION
The probability of benign lesions mimicking cholangiocarcinoma should always be considered to avoid unnecessary major surgical resections, especially in fragile and/or elderly patients.
|
pubmed_1089_21173
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pubmed_749_7573
|
An efficient and facile protocol for the synthesis of quinazolinone-fused tetracyclic compounds through an iodine-mediated one-pot cascade reaction of 2'-bromoacetophenones with 2-aminobenzohydrazides or 2-aminobenzamides is reported. With 2-aminobenzohydrazides as the substrates, the reaction gave 5H-quinazolino[3,2-b]cinnoline-7,13-diones in moderate to good yields under metal-catalyst-free conditions. With 2-aminobenzamides as the substrates and CuBr as the catalyst, on the other hand, it afforded tryptanthrin derivatives with good efficiency. Mechanistically, the formation of the tetracyclic systems is initiated by iodination and oxidation of 2'-bromoacetophenones followed by a cascade procedure consisting of cyclocondensation, aromatization and intramolecular cyclization of the in situ formed 2-bromoarylglyoxals with 2-aminobenzohydrazides or 2-aminobenzamides, respectively.
|
10.1039/c6ob02699k
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pubmed_229_9581
|
Autonomous activation of calcium-calmodulin kinase (CaMKII) has been proposed as a molecular mechanism for decoding Ca(2+) spike frequencies resulting from action potential firing, but this has not been investigated in intact neurons. This was studied in mouse DRG neurons in culture using confocal measurements of [Ca(2+)](i) and biochemical measurements of CaMKII autophosphorylation and autonomous activity. Using electrical stimulation at different frequencies, we find that CaMKII autonomous activity reached near maximal levels after approximately 45 impulses, regardless of firing frequency (1-10 Hz), and autonomous activity declined with prolonged stimulation. Frequency-dependent activation of CaMKII was limited to spike frequencies in the range of 0.1-1 Hz, despite marked increases in [Ca(2+)](i) at higher frequencies (1-30 Hz). The high levels of autonomous activity measured before stimulation and the relatively long duration of Ca(2+) spikes induced by action potentials ( approximately 300 msec) are consistent with the lower frequency range of action potential decoding by CaMKII. The high autonomous activity under basal conditions was associated with extracellular [Ca(2+)], independently from changes in [Ca(2+)](i), and unrelated to synaptic or spontaneous impulse activity. CaMKII autonomous activity in response to brief bursts of action potentials correlated better with the frequency of Ca(2+) transients than with the concentration of [Ca(2+)](i). In conclusion, CaMKII may decode frequency-modulated responses between 0.1 and 1 Hz in these neurons, but other mechanisms may be required to decode higher frequencies. Alternatively, CaMKII may mediate high-frequency responses in subcellular microdomains in which the enzyme is maintained at a low level of autonomous activity or the Ca(2+) transients have faster kinetics.
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pubmed_229_9581
|
pubmed_719_305
|
PURPOSE
Alongside the modern trend of delaying childbirth, the high incidence of breast cancer among young women is causing significant pregnancy-related problems in Korea. We estimated the incidence of childbirth for young Korean breast cancer survivors compared with women who did not have breast cancer using a nationally representative dataset.
METHODS
Using a database from the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea, we analyzed 109,680 women who were between 20 and 40 years old between 2007 and 2013. They were prospectively followed, and childbirth events were recorded until December 31, 2015. We compared childbirth rates and characteristics between the breast cancer survivors and the noncancer controls.
RESULTS
Compared to 10,164 childbirths among 91,400 women without breast cancer (incidence rate: 22.3/1000), 855 childbirths occurred among 18,280 breast cancer survivors (incidence rate: 9.4/1000); the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for childbirth was 0.41 (95% CI 0.38-0.44). Chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and target therapy were associated with the decreasing childbirths among survivors, with corresponding adjusted HRs of 0.61 (0.53-0.70), 0.44 (0.38-0.51), and 0.62 (0.45-0.86), respectively. Breast cancer survivors had a lower probability of full-term delivery and a higher frequency of preterm labor than controls, with corresponding adjusted ORs of 0.78 (0.68-0.90) and 1.33 (1.06-1.65), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
We showed that a history of breast cancer has a negative effect on childbirth among young premenopausal women in Korea. Breast cancer survivors should be aware that they have a higher risk for preterm labor and are less likely to have a full-term delivery than women without a history of breast cancer.
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10.1007/s10549-019-05244-6
|
pubmed_550_12884
|
Breast milk is a complex liquid with immune-competent cells and soluble proteins that provide immunity to the infant and affect the maturation of the infant's immune system. Exosomes are nanovesicles (30-100 nm) with an endosome-derived limiting membrane secreted by a diverse range of cell types. Because exosomes carry immunorelevant structures, they are suggested to participate in directing the immune response. We hypothesized that human breast milk contain exosomes, which may be important for the development of the infant's immune system. We isolated vesicles from the human colostrum and mature breast milk by ultracentrifugations and/or immuno-isolation on paramagnetic beads. We found that the vesicles displayed a typical exosome-like size and morphology as analyzed by electron microscopy. Furthermore, they floated at a density between 1.10 and 1.18 g/ml in a sucrose gradient, corresponding to the known density of exosomes. In addition, MHC classes I and II, CD63, CD81, and CD86 were detected on the vesicles by flow cytometry. Western blot and mass spectrometry further confirmed the presence of several exosome-associated molecules. Functional analysis revealed that the vesicle preparation inhibited anti-CD3-induced IL-2 and IFN-gamma production from allogeneic and autologous PBMC. In addition, an increased number of Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells were observed in PBMC incubated with milk vesicle preparations. We conclude that human breast milk contains exosomes with the capacity to influence immune responses.
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10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1969
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pubmed_21_20311
|
PURPOSE
We determined structural retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) changes in schizophrenia patients and established if the structural changes were related to the duration of the illness using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
METHODS
We recruited a total of 30 schizophrenic patients and 30 age-matched controls in the study. The schizophrenic patients were subdivided further to acute (n = 5), chronic (n = 13), and long-term chronic (n = 12) subgroups depending on their duration of illness. Using SD-OCT, the peripapillary RNFL thickness, macula thickness, and macula volume measurements of schizophrenic patients and the control subjects were measured and compared at each location.
RESULTS
Schizophrenic patients showed a statistically significant reduction in overall peripapillary RNFL thickness (cases, 94.70 ± 9.88 μm; controls, 103.53 ± 6.53 μm; P < 0.001), macula thickness (cases, 269.26 ± 12.59 μm; controls, 284.83 ± 9.76 μm; P < 0.001), and macula volume (cases, 9.61 ± 0.45 mm(3); controls, 10.17 ± 0.35 μm; P < 0.001). Chronic and long-term chronic schizophrenic patients were found to have significant peripapillary RNFL thinning, macula thinning, and reduction of macula volume when compared to controls (P < 0.001). There also was a statistically significant reverse correlation (P < 0.05) of peripapillary RNFL thickness (r = -0.36), macula thickness (r = -0.38), and macula volume reduction (r = -0.36) with the duration of schizophrenic illness.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that RNFL and macula thickness, as well as macula volume measurements are reduced in schizophrenic patients. The degree of thinning and reduction was more significant in the chronic phase of the disease and correlated with the duration of illness. These findings demonstrate that SD-OCT can be a useful tool for the diagnosis and monitoring the progression of this disease.
|
10.1167/iovs.13-12534
|
pubmed_738_7202
|
BACKGROUND/AIM
Elderly patients with a single brain metastasis likely benefit from personalized treatment protocols. To add to treatment personalization, a survival score was generated for these patients.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This retrospective study included 36 elderly patients, each with a single brain metastasis, who received surgery followed by whole-brain irradiation and a radiation boost. Six pre-treatment characteristics were evaluated regarding survival, namely age, gender, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), type of primary tumor, non-cerebral metastasis and interval from diagnosis of the neoplasm until surgery.
RESULTS
When applying the Cox regression model, KPS (p=0.005) and tumor type (p=0.018) were significant and incorporated in the score. Based on 12-month survival probabilities, three groups of 6-9 (n=5), 10-11 (n=15) and 14-19 points (n=16) were formed, with 12-month survival rates of 0%, 33% and 100%, respectively (p<0.0001).
CONCLUSION
A survival score was generated specifically for elderly patients with a single brain metastasis that can improve personalization of their treatment.
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10.21873/invivo.11923
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pubmed_596_3938
|
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe deliberating neurological disease caused by progressive degenerative death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of midbrain. While cell replacement strategy by transplantation of neural stem cells and inducement of dopaminergic neurons is recommended for the treatment of PD, understanding the differentiation mechanism and controlled proliferation of grafted stem cells remain major concerns in their clinical application. Here we review recent studies on molecular signaling pathways in regulation of dopaminergic differentiation and proliferation of stem cells, particularly Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in stimulating formation of the dopaminergic phenotype, Notch signaling in inhibiting stem cell differentiation, and Sonic hedgehog functioning in neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal cell production. Activation of oncogenes involved in uncontrolled proliferation or tumorigenicity of stem cells is also discussed. It is proposed that a selective molecular manipulation targeting strategy will greatly benefit cell replacement therapy for PD by effectively promoting dopaminergic neuronal cell generation and reducing risk of tumorigenicity of in vivo stem cell applications.
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10.2174/187152711795563912
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pubmed_924_22057
|
Single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs) were used as a novel and biocompatible matrix for fabricating biosensing devices. The direct immobilization of acid-stable and thermostable soybean peroxidase (SBP) on SWCNH modified electrode surface can realize the direct electrochemistry of enzyme. Cyclic voltammogram of the adsorbed SBP displays a pair of redox peaks with a formal potential of -0.24 V in pH 5 phosphate buffer solution. The formal potential has a linear relationship with pH from 3 to 9 with a slope of -48.7 mV/pH, close to the value of -55.7 mV/pH expected at 18 degrees C for the reversible transfer of one proton and one electron. Bioactivity of SBP remains good in SWCNH microenvironment, along with effective catalysis of the reduction of H(2)O(2). In the absence of a mediator, this H(2)O(2) biosensor exhibited a high sensitivity (16.625 microAL/mmol), a linear range from 0.02 to 1.2 mmolL(-1), and a detection limit of 5.0 x 10(-7) mmolL(-1), as well as acceptable preparation reproducibility and excellent stability.
|
10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.001
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pubmed_324_22851
|
The distributions of animal populations change and evolve through time. Migratory species exploit different habitats at different times of the year. Biotic and abiotic features that determine where a species lives vary due to natural and anthropogenic factors. This spatiotemporal variation needs to be accounted for in any modeling of species' distributions. In this paper we introduce a semiparametric model that provides a flexible framework for analyzing dynamic patterns of species occurrence and abundance from broad-scale survey data. The spatiotemporal exploratory model (STEM) adds essential spatiotemporal structure to existing techniques for developing species distribution models through a simple parametric structure without requiring a detailed understanding of the underlying dynamic processes. STEMs use a multi-scale strategy to differentiate between local and global-scale spatiotemporal structure. A user-specified species distribution model accounts for spatial and temporal patterning at the local level. These local patterns are then allowed to "scale up" via ensemble averaging to larger scales. This makes STEMs especially well suited for exploring distributional dynamics arising from a variety of processes. Using data from eBird, an online citizen science bird-monitoring project, we demonstrate that monthly changes in distribution of a migratory species, the Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), can be more accurately described with a STEM than a conventional bagged decision tree model in which spatiotemporal structure has not been imposed. We also demonstrate that there is no loss of model predictive power when a STEM is used to describe a spatiotemporal distribution with very little spatiotemporal variation; the distribution of a nonmigratory species, the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis).
|
10.1890/09-1340.1
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pubmed_316_583
|
The lysine reagent pyridoxal 5-phosphate was applied to the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) in order to elucidate topological and functional properties of the numerous lysines within the primary structure. To establish appropriate labeling conditions, the influence of pyridoxal-P on transport and inhibitor binding to the AAC was examined. The ADP/ATP transport is sensitive to low concentrations of pyridoxal-P with a Ki = 0.4 mM. Binding of [3H]carboxyatracylate and [3H]bongkrekate is largely inhibited by pyridoxal-P treatment with Ki approximately 1 mM. [3H]Carboxyatractylate is not and [3H]bongkrekate weakly removed by pyridoxal-P, whereas [3H]atractylate is displaced to a large extent. Under optimized conditions of pyridoxal-P concentration, of pH and of time exposure, the AAC was exposed to [3H]pyridoxal-P in mitochondria, in submitochondrial particles and in the detergent-solubilized carrier. The [3H]pyridoxal-P-labeled AAC was isolated from mitochondria and particles. After citraconylation thermolysinolytic peptides were prepared. The pyridoxyl-lysine-containing peptides were purified and the pyridoxal-P incorporation to specific lysines was determined by sequencing. The pyridoxal-P incorporation into the AAC in various states was evaluated with regard to structural and functional aspects. First, by comparing pyridoxal-P incorporation in mitochondria and sonic particles, the segments of the polypeptide chain exposed to the cytosolic and matrix side of the membrane are detected. Second, the additional lysine incorporation into the isolated as compared to the membrane-bound carrier is attributed to the protein collar facing the phospholipid headgroups. Third, the difference between lysine incorporation into the carboxyatractylate-AAC and bongkrekate-AAC complexes reflect either conformational changes or lysines involved in the translocation channel through the protein. Fourth, the additional lysine labeled in the atractylate-carrier complex as compared to the carboxyatractylate-carrier complex is attributed to a cationic site in the binding center. These results are incorporated into a transmembrane folding model of the carrier.
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10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb10485.x
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pubmed_1072_5881
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BACKGROUND
Commercially available 3D multi-echo Dixon (mDixon) sequences provide parametric maps of liver T2*, obviating manual curve fitting that is often required with conventional gradient recalled echo (GRE)-based multi-echo relaxometry, potentially simplifying clinical work flow.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of our study was to compare T2* values generated by a 3D mDixon sequence to values generated by GRE-based T2* relaxometry with manual curve fitting in a pediatric and young adult population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed clinical MRI exams performed at 1.5T for liver iron content estimation between February 2015 and June 2016 that included both mDixon and multi-echo GRE pulse sequences. We obtained mean T2* measurements based on each sequence by drawing regions of interest on each of four axial slices through the mid-liver. We compared mDixon-based and GRE-based T2* measurements using paired t-tests and assessed agreement using single-measure intra-class correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman difference plots.
RESULTS
One hundred nine patients met inclusion criteria (site 1=82; site 2=27). Mean age was 12.4±5.8 years, and 42 subjects (39%) were female. There was no statistically significant difference in mean T2* values for the two sequences (pooled means: 11.7±11.0 [GRE] vs. 11.7±10.9 ms [mDixon]; P=0.93). There was excellent absolute agreement between sequences (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.98 for patients at both sites, confidence interval [CI]: 0.97-0.98 with mean bias of 0.0 ms [-4.2 ms to +4.2 ms]).
CONCLUSION
3D mDixon is accurate for measuring liver T2* and can likely replace 2D GRE-based relaxometry.
|
10.1007/s00247-017-3990-y
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pubmed_791_25592
|
This paper presents a simple, compact and low-cost design method that allows one to obtain low-profile multi-band antennas for the overcrowded future generation networks, which are widely versatile and very heterogeneous in the K/Ka bands. The proposed antennas comprise n radiating monopoles, one for each of the desired operating frequencies, along with a frequency selective feeding network fed at a single point. This concept enables a single antenna to be shared with different radio-frequency (RF) frontends, potentially saving space. Typically, with n-band structures the biggest challenge is to make them highly efficient and here this is assured by multiplexing the frequency, and thus isolating each of the monopoles, allowing the design of scalable structures which fit the 5G applications. Based on the vision proposed here, a dual-band and a tri-band structures were built and characterized by their main parameters. Both prototypes achieved peak efficiencies around 80%, with adequate bandwidths and gains, as well as great compactness.
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10.3390/s20216366
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pubmed_73_1445
|
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed (1) to investigate the relationship between the presence of lymph node central necrosis, viewed on pre-operative computed tomography imaging, and the occurrence of histopathologically determined metastatic lymph node extracapsular spread and (2) to determine whether a larger scale study would be valuable.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pre-operative computed tomography scans, surgical records and post-operative histopathological analysis results were reviewed for 19 consecutive neck dissections performed in 17 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
RESULTS
A total of 20/26 (77 per cent) lymph nodes with central necrosis had extracapsular spread on histopathological analysis. Twenty of 21 (95 per cent) lymph nodes with extracapsular spread had central necrosis on pre-operative computed tomography. Thirty-four of 40 (85 per cent) lymph nodes without extracapsular spread had no evidence of central necrosis on computed tomography. Only three of 12 (25 per cent) patients with lymph node central necrosis identified on pre-operative computed tomography were found to have actual necrosis on final histopathological analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Lymph node central necrosis viewed on pre-operative computed tomography scans is a useful indicator of metastatic lymph node extracapsular spread, with a sensitivity of 95 per cent, a specificity of 85 per cent, a positive predictive value of 69 per cent and a negative predictive value of 98 per cent. Lymph node diameter is not a sensitive indicator of extracapsular spread.
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10.1017/S0022215110001453
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pubmed_409_550
|
A multicenter study was performed to assess the efficacy and the acceptability of indapamide in hypertensive patients previously untreated, or treated and unsatisfactorily controlled with either angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or beta-blocking therapy. Four centers participated in the study, which included patients whose supine diastolic blood pressure was between 95 and 115 mmHg with no treatment (group I, n = 40), those taking captopril (group II, n = 40) or those taking propranolol (group III, n = 40). After a 2-week single-blind placebo run-in period, patients received indapamide either alone (group I) or in combination with the previous therapy (groups II and III) for 4 months. Blood pressure, heart rate, weight, and clinical and biochemical acceptability were measured before and after 2 and 4 months of treatment. At the same time points, quality of life was determined using standardized questionnaires completed by the patient (20 items) and the physician (10 items) and a visual analog scale completed by the patient. In all groups, administration of indapamide induced a clinically and statistically significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the supine position after 2 months. Indapamide alone controlled blood pressure in 82% of the patients previously untreated, and indapamide in combined therapy controlled blood pressure, respectively, in 67 and 85% of patients previously uncontrolled with ACE inhibitors or beta blockers. In all groups, questionnaires on quality of life showed a progressive and significant improvement in general well-being. After 4 months of treatment, the percentage of improvement in the physician questionnaire was 77.1% in group I, 60.6% in group II and 71.4% in group III.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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10.1016/0002-9149(90)90346-3
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pubmed_69_16843
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A high-sensitivity optical time-domain reflectometry based on Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in polarization-maintaining fibers, where a single-end access to a fiber under test is applied with co-propagation of pump and probe pulses for the operation of BDG. Distributed measurements of the BDG spectra are presented with 80 cm spatial resolution in 935 m range, showing strain and temperature sensitivities of 1.37 MHz/με and -57.48 MHz/°C, respectively.
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10.1364/OE.20.027377
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pubmed_567_13119
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Morphological properties of the mitochondrial organelles in the asexual and sexual gametocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum have been analyzed and found to be markedly different. From in vitro cultures of both stages in human erythrocytes, it has been demonstrated that the asexual stages contained a defined double-membrane organelle having a few tubular-like cristae. The numbers of mitochondria in the gametocytes were found to be approximately 6 organelles per parasite, and they showed a greater density of the cristae than that of the asexual stage parasite. The organelles of the gametocytes were successfully purified by differential centrifugation following Percoll density gradient separation with the results of approximately 7% yields and approximately 5 folds. The gametocytic organelles contained much more activities of mitochondrial electron transporting enzymes (i.e., cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase) than the asexual stage organelles. Mitochondrial function as measured by oxygen consumption were found to be different between these two stages organelles. Their rates of oxygen consumption were relatively low, as compared to those of human leukocyte and mouse liver mitochondria. In contrast to the coupled mammalian mitochondria, the gametocytic organelles were in the uncoupling state between oxidation and phosphorylation reactions during their respiration. However, they were sensitive to inhibitors of the electron transport system, e.g., antimycin A, cyanide. Our results suggest that the mitochondria of the gametocytic stages are metabolically active and still underdeveloped, although their inner membranes are extensively folded. The biochemical significance of the unique structure of the mitochondria in these developing stages in host erythrocytes remains to be elucidated.
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10.1051/parasite/2000071019
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pubmed_298_18746
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BACKGROUND
A nurse's commitment is the most important factor that influences her performance and depends on other variables. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between length of service of the nurses with the amount of occupational commitment and organizational commitment.
METHODS
From Winter 2012 to Spring 2013, 266 nurses were chosen in selected hospitals of Social Security Organization (SSO). These nurses were randomly categorized into six different classes of service records including < 5, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, and 25-29 years. The length of service is related to the organizational, occupational, affective, continuance, and normative commitment. The data were collected and analyzed.
RESULTS
Generally 84% of the responders were women and the rest were men of which 95% had a bachelor's degree and the rest had higher academic degrees. The length of service in 81% of nurses was <15 years and 19% were higher than 15 years. Significant correlation were seen between continuance and occupational commitments and length of service (r=0.23, P=0.04 and r=-0.26, P=0.02, respectively). There were not any significant differences regarding organizational, affective and normative commitments (P=0.12, P=0.33, P=0.47, respectively).
CONCLUSION
The results show that the length of service was related to continuance and occupational commitment. So pre-retirement of the nurses after 20 years of work can result in an increase in average commitment of employees.
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pubmed_298_18746
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pubmed_820_17607
|
INTRODUCTION
Automated capillary electrophoresis single strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP), denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and direct sequencing were compared to investigate the benefits and sensitivity of each of the methods for detection of unknown TP53 mutations in human lung cancer.
METHODS
Twenty previously analyzed DNA samples from lung tumors were examined under dummy laboratory codes for occurrence of mutations of the TP53 gene.
RESULTS
Mutations were found in 17 samples; 15 (88%) of them were detected by DGGE, 16 (94%) by CE-SSCP and 12 (71%) by direct sequencing. One of the two mutations that remained undetected in DGGE was in fact outside the sequence area covered by DGGE screening, thus rendering DGGE and CE-SSCP equally efficient in mutation detection. Direct sequencing performed less well in finding mutations than the two other assays, as also shown previously.
CONCLUSION
The study showed that CE-SSCP is a fast and highly reproducible method, which is considerably less laborious compared to DGGE, for screening of unknown TP53 mutations.
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10.1016/j.cdp.2005.10.004
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pubmed_1061_12302
|
BACKGROUND
Fragmented QRS (fQRS) complex, with various morphology, has been recently described as a diagnostic criterion of several cardiac diseases. However, there are little data regarding the prognostic role of fQRS in peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) patients. We aimed to investigate the effect of fQRS on predicting left ventricular (LV) nonrecovery in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM).
METHODS
Ninety patients (mean age: 34.7 ± 6.5 years) with the diagnosis of PPCM were analyzed retrospectively. The median follow-up period of was 67.0 (12.0-192.0) months. Fragmented QRS was defined as the presence of various RSR' patterns (QRS duration < 120 ms) with or without Q wave, which include an additional R wave (R' prime) or notching of the R wave or S wave, or the presence of more than one R' (fragmentation) without typical bundle branch block. Recovery of LV function was defined as the presence of LV ejection fraction (EF) >45%.
RESULTS
Of the patients, 54 (60%) did not recover LV function at the last follow-up visit (nonrecovery group), while 36 of the patients (40%) exhibited LV recovery (recovery group). LV ejection fraction (EF) and fQRS were identified as independent predictors of LV nonrecovery in patients with PPCM (odds ratio OR: 5.546, 95% confidence interval CI: 0.792-0.979, p = .019 and OR: 5.986, 95% CI: 1.313-11.787, p = .014, respectively).
CONCLUSION
Our data firstly indicated that presence of fQRS was a significant predictor of LV nonrecovery in patients with PPCM. The fQRS might assist in identifying high-risk patients.
|
10.1111/anec.12708
|
pubmed_41_23072
|
Hypertension is a systemic disorder that affects numerous physiological processes throughout the body. Improper sodium transport is a common comorbidity of hypertension, and sodium transport is also critical for maintaining the secretion of submandibular glands, whether the function of submandibular glands is affected by hypertension remains unclear. To determine whether hypertension induces changes in the protein expression of submandibular glands, we compared the proteome of submandibular glands from 14-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using LC-MS/MS. The results revealed that 95 proteins displayed different levels of expression between the submandibular glands from the SHRs and WKYs. Among these, 35 proteins were more abundant, and 60 proteins were less abundant in the SHR compared with the WKY rats. Specifically, aquaporin 5 and parvalbumin, which are correlated with water transport and intracellular Ca2+ signal transduction, were verified to exhibit differences in protein abundance. Impaired Ca2+ response to carbachol was confirmed in the acinar cells from SHRs, and hyposecretion by the submandibular glands was further confirmed by in vivo saliva collection. In conclusion, the proteomic analysis of the submandibular glands of SHRs revealed novel changes in protein abundance that provides possible mechanisms connecting hypertension and hyposecretion in submandibular glands.
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10.1038/s41598-017-15211-0
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pubmed_800_110
|
System design and initial results are presented from a new unilateral MR-guided breast lesion localization and core biopsy system. Over 150 imaging studies, an accuracy study on phantoms with 50 localization wire deployments and 33 core biopsy trials, and 19 clinical procedures are reported. The mean spatial accuracy from the lesion center for a 20-gauge (G) needle (N = 13) was within 1.2 +/- 1.4 mm (SD) and for a 14G biopsy (N = 4) 0.8 +/- 1.1 mm. For sampling using a 16G core through a 14G needle, the mean accuracy was 5.6 mm (N = 2). The needle guide geometry imposed a small, calculable targeting error. For phantom measurements using the 20G device, the mean geometry-induced error was 0.73 +/- 0.43 mm. However, this contribution was, on average, 42% of the mean measured 2.35 +/- 1.65 mm offset. The new device design provided an accurate and simple guidance method for localization or core biopsy of MR-visible breast lesions.
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10.1002/jmri.1180
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pubmed_633_1451
|
The dopaminergic mesolimbic system plays a key role in mediating the reinforcing properties of ethanol and other drugs of abuse. Ethanol reinforcement and high alcohol drinking behaviour have been suggested to involve the ethanol-induced activation of endogenous opioid systems. Ethanol may alter opioidergic transmission at different levels, including opioid peptide biosynthesis and release, as well as binding to opioid receptors. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of different ethanol doses on methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk) release from the rat nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Ethanol effects were also studied on Met-enk content in the NAcc, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and caudate-putamen (CP). Met-enk release was studied by microdialysis in Wistar anesthetized rats and peptide concentrations were quantitated by radioimmunoassay. Ethanol was administered by intraperitoneal injection after a 2-h basal release period. Ethanol doses of 0.5, 1 and 2.5 g/kg induced a 2.7-, 4.9- and 3.4-fold increase in Met-enk release from the NAcc. However, ethanol responses followed different kinetics, with earliest effects observed with the highest ethanol dose. In comparison, a 2.5-fold increase in peptide release was produced by 100 mM KCl. Ethanol, at a dose of 2.5 g/kg, induced a significant 66.7% decrease in Met-enk content in the NAcc, as well as a 76.4% reduction in peptide levels in the CP. Lower ethanol doses did not alter Met-enk content in these regions. On the other hand, an ethanol dose of 0.5 g/kg produced a non-significant decrease in Met-enk levels in the PFC. Our results suggest that ethanol-induced changes in enkephalin expression and release in regions of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways could be involved in ethanol central effects. Released enkephalins by ethanol may modulate the dopaminergic activity of mesolimbic neurons and play a critical role in ethanol reinforcement mechanisms.
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10.1016/j.npep.2010.05.001
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pubmed_521_21393
|
In perfused rat mesenteric arteries without endothelium, pyrogallol (Pyr) or methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue, Met) produced a concentration-dependent relaxation. Superoxide dismutase abolished inhibition by Pyr, but not Met, of vasoconstrictor responses to transmural nerve stimulation (TNS). Neither catalase nor deferoxamine had any effect on vasodilator responses to Pyr or Met. Vasodilator responses to Pyr were unaltered by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), indomethacin, or capsaicin. Similarly, the relaxing effect of Met was unaffected by indomethacin or capsaicin. These findings suggest that vasodilator responses to Pyr may be due to endothelial-independent generation of superoxide anion. In contrast the relaxation produced by Met appears to be due to a direct action on vascular smooth muscle independent of superoxide anion generation.
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pubmed_521_21393
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pubmed_142_23066
|
BACKGROUND
Elevated serum triglyceride (TG) and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are common in drinkers. The fast-metabolizing alcohol dehydrogenase-1B encoded by the ADH1B*2 allele (vs. ADH1B*1/*1 genotype) and inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 encoded by the ALDH2*2 allele (vs. ALDH2*1/*1 genotype) modify ethanol metabolism and are prevalent (≈90% and ≈40%, respectively) in East Asians. We attempted to evaluate the associations between the ADH1B and ALDH2 genotypes and lipid levels in alcoholics.
METHODS
The population consisted of 1806 Japanese alcoholic men (≥40 years) who had undergone ADH1B and ALDH2 genotyping and whose serum TG, total cholesterol, and HDL-C levels in the fasting state had been measured within 3 days after admission.
RESULTS
High serum levels of TG (≥150 mg/dl), HDL-C (>80 mg/dl), and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C calculated by the Friedewald formula ≥140 mg/dl) were observed in 24.3%, 16.8%, and 15.6%, respectively, of the subjects. Diabetes, cirrhosis, smoking, and body mass index (BMI) affected the serum lipid levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of the ADH1B*2 allele and the active ALDH2*1/*1 genotype increased the odds ratio (OR; 95% confidence interval) for a high TG level (2.22 [1.67-2.94] and 1.39 [0.99-1.96], respectively), and decreased the OR for a high HDL-C level (0.37 [0.28-0.49] and 0.51 [0.37-0.69], respectively). The presence of the ADH1B*2 allele decreased the OR for a high LDL-C level (0.60 [0.45-0.80]). The ADH1B*2 plus ALDH2*1/*1 combination yielded the highest ORs for high TG levels and lowest OR for a high HDL-C level. The genotype effects were more prominent in relation to the higher levels of TG (≥220 mg/dl) and HDL-C (≥100 mg/dl).
CONCLUSIONS
The fast-metabolizing ADH1B and active ALDH2, and especially a combination of the two were strongly associated with higher serum TG levels and lower serum HDL-C levels of alcoholics. The fast-metabolizing ADH1B was associated with lower serum LDL-C levels.
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10.1371/journal.pone.0133460
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pubmed_871_6075
|
A previously healthy 76-year-old woman presented with an acute onset of shortness of breath due to acute pulmonary oedema. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed a large mobile mass attached to the inter-atrial septum occupying the whole of the left atrium. She was totally asymptomatic prior to this presentation. She was transferred to a tertiary cardiothoracic unit and had it surgically removed. Histology confirmed a benign atrial myxoma. Her symptoms resolved spontaneously without the need for further medication. This highlights the importance of echocardiography for patients of any age who present to hospital with a first episode of pulmonary oedema. This report also emphasises the fact that all patients, including the elderly, should be immediately referred for surgery because of its good prognosis.
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10.1016/s0953-6205(02)00019-5
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pubmed_139_5785
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Physiotherapeutic and other methods were employed for the treatment of patients with chronic nonobstructive bronchitis (CNB), chronic bronchitis with transient obstruction of the small bronchi of inflammatory genesis, chronic asthmatic bronchitis (CAB) and chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB). The level of secretory IgA and relative E-RFC number in the bronchial wash off, lysozyme concentration, the level of IgA and titer of heterophilic normal antibodies in the saliva were assessed. The content of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood was studied. The results were assessed with a method of discrete-dynamic analysis. It was established that the incorporation of inductothermia with ethonium-electrophoresis and the magnetic field effect on the thyroid in CAB and inductothermia with ethonium-electrophoresis in COB in the complex of therapeutic measures produced a positive effect. In CNB (inactive phase) and COB patients inductothermia resulted in restoration of some interrelationships in the immune system whereas in CAB patients in their dysbalance. Different changes in the levels of interrelationships of certain parameters of the immune system were observed in the incorporation of sinusoidal modulated currents in the therapeutic complexes.
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pubmed_139_5785
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pubmed_569_20820
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Revision of metal-on-metal (MoM) total hip arthroplasty (THA) or hip resurfacing is associated with high complication rates. The authors propose dual-mobility components as a surgical option and present short- to mid-term results of MoM hips revised with dual-mobility components. Eighteen consecutive hips that underwent revision of MoM THA or hip resurfacing using dual-mobility components were identified. At final follow-up (mean, 17.5 months), the visual analog scale, modified Harris Hip Score, and SF-12 scores had all improved (P<.05, P<.01, and P<.05, respectively). There were no dislocations or other complications. Revision of failed MoM THA or hip resurfacing using a dual-mobility device is an effective strategy.
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10.3928/01477447-20150603-04
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pubmed_621_7197
|
Levamisole is an immunomodulatory agent that was used to treat various cancers before being withdrawn from the United States market in 2000 because of adverse effects. Levamisole is currently approved as an antihelminthic agent in veterinary medicine, but is also being used illicitly as a cocaine adulterant. Potential complications associated with use of levamisole-laced cocaine include neutropenia, agranulocytosis, arthralgias, retiform purpura, and skin necrosis. Treatment is primarily supportive, and skin lesions typically resolve with cessation of cocaine use. The incidence of hospitalizations related to use of levamisole-contaminated cocaine continues to increase and clinicians should be aware of the more common clinical manifestations.
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10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.03.010
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pubmed_63_17491
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The classic assumption that a large fraction of blood creatinine remains sequestered within erythrocytes when blood is dialyzed has been challenged by recent observations where approximately 60% of erythrocyte water appeared accessible to diffusive creatinine transport during a dialyzer transit. This discrepancy provided the motivation to revisit and reanalyze the equilibration of creatinine across the erythrocyte membrane in a series of in vitro studies with normal human blood under erythrocyte loading and unloading conditions at 37 degrees C. The time course of plasma creatinine concentrations measured by a kinetic picric acid assay was analyzed using a 2-compartment model. In 7 experiments, the equilibration constant was 0.052 +/- 0.013/min, corresponding to a mean half-life of 13.8 +/- 2.8 minutes, and comparable for erythrocyte loading and unloading. With these values and with mean dialyzer transit times in the range of 20 seconds the fraction of erythrocyte water accessible to diffusive clearance is in the range of 2%. These results are comparable to what has been measured with radiolabeled markers almost half a century ago. Therefore, when dialyzer outlet concentrations are sampled without equilibration the effective diffusion volume flow rate for creatinine is close to plasma water flow and does not include sizeable fractions of erythrocyte water flow.
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10.1111/j.1542-4758.2009.00351.x
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pubmed_565_5949
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The Quebec population contains about six-million French Canadians, descended from the French settlers who colonized "Nouvelle-France" between 1608 and 1765. Although the relative genetic contribution of each of these founders is highly variable, altogether they account for the major part of the contemporary French-Canadian gene pool. This study was designed to analyze the role of this founder effect in the introduction and diffusion of the BRCA1 recurrent R1443X mutant allele. A highly conserved haplotype, observed in 18 French-Canadian families and generated using 17 microsatellite markers surrounding the BRCA1 locus, supports the fact that the R1443X mutation is a founder mutation in the Quebec population. We also performed haplotyping analysis of R1443X carriers on 19 other families from seven different nationalities; although the same alleles are shared for three markers surrounding the BRCA1 gene, distinct haplotypes were obtained in four families, suggesting multiple origins for the R1443X mutation. Ascending genealogies of the 18 French Canadian families and of controls were reconstructed on an average depth of 10 generations. We identified the founder couple with the highest probability of having introduced the mutation in the population. Based on the descending genealogy of this couple, we detected the presence of geographical concentration in the diffusion pattern of the mutation. This study demonstrates how molecular genetics and demogenetic analyses can complement each other to provide findings that could have an impact on public health. Moreover, this approach is certainly not unique to breast cancer genetics and could be used to understand other complex traits.
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10.1007/s00439-005-1297-9
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pubmed_1020_9718
|
INTRODUCTION
COVID-19 clinical course, effective therapeutic regimen, and poor prognosis risk factors in pediatric cases are still under investigation and no approved vaccinehas been introduced for them.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study evaluated different aspect of COVID-19 infection in hospitalized COVID-19 positive children (≺18 years oldwith laboratory confirmed COVID-19 infection, using the national COVID-19 registry for all admitted COVID-19 positive cases from February 19 until November 13,2020, in Iran.
RESULTS
We evaluated 6610 hospitalized children. Fifty-four percent (3268) were male and one third of them were infants younger than 1 year. Mortality rate in total hospitalized children was 5.3% and in children with underlying co-morbidities (14.4%) was significantly higher (OR: 3.6 [2.7-4.7]). Chronic kidney disease (OR: 3.42 [1.75-6.67]), Cardiovascular diseases (OR: 3.2 [2.09-5.11]), chronic pulmonary diseases (OR: 3.21 [1.59-6.47]), and diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.5 [1.38-4.55]), resulted in higher mortality rates in hospitalized COVID-19 children. Fever (41%), cough (36%), and dyspnea (27%) were the most frequent symptoms in hospitalized children and dyspnea was associated with near three times higher mortality rate among children with COVID-19 infection (OR: 2.65 [2.13-3.29]).
CONCLUSION
Iran has relatively high COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized children. Pediatricians should consider children presenting with dyspnea, infants≺ 1 year and children with underlying co-morbidities, as high-risk groups for hospitalization, ICU admission, and death.
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10.1186/s12887-021-03030-2
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pubmed_807_19152
|
OBJECTIVE
In the UK approximately 3% of over 50 years olds and 8% of over 70 year olds have severe (794-94 dBHL) to deafness. As deafness increased, hearing aids become increasingly ineffective. Cochelear implants can provide an alternative treatment.
OBJECTIVE OF REVIEW
To bring together the research evidence through the robustness of a systematic review of the effectiveness of unilateral cochlear implants for adults. We also sought to systematically review the published literature on cost-effectiveness. TYPES OF REVIEW: Systematic review.
SEARCH STRATEGY
This examined 16 electronic databases, plus bibliographies and references for published and unpublished studies from inception to june 2009.
EVALUATION METHOD
Abstracts were independently assessed against inclusion criteria by two researchers were compared and disagreements resolved. Included papers were then retrieved and further independently assessed in a similar way. Remaining studies had their data independently extracted by one of five reviewers and checked by another reviewer.
RESULTS
From 1,580 titles and abstracts nine studies were included. These were of variable quality; some study's results should be viewed with caution. The studies were too hetrogeneous to pool the data. However, overall the results firmly supported the use of unilateral cochler implants for severe to profoundly deaf adults. Additionally, four UK based economic evaluations found unilateral cochlear implants to be cost-effectivene in adults at UK implants centres.
CONCLUSION
The methodologically weak but universally positive body of effectiveness evidence supports the use of unilateral cochlear implants in adults. Previous economic evaluations indicate that such implants are likely to be cost-effective.
|
10.1111/j.1749-4486.2010.02098.x
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pubmed_1027_7480
|
OBJECTIVE
To know and compare the beliefs, attitudes and motivations of donors and non-donors in relation with blood donation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Transversal study by questionnaires administered to 197 blood donors and 303 non-donors. The questionnaires gathered: sociodemographic data, beliefs and attitudes (using a Likert scale), and motivations and demotivations (using upon questions). The responses were analysed using different descriptive analyses and bivariant tests, and factorial analysis and discriminant analysis were performed as multivariant analyses.
RESULTS
The donor group had a mean age of 37.8 years, were 58.4 female and 41.6% male, and had made 6.02 donations. The non-donor group had a mean age of 39.8 years and were 53.8% female and 46.2 male. Regarding attitudes and beliefs, the donor group showed more confidence in the good conditions in which donations are performed, had less fears about the possibility that donation can affect health, their attitudes were generally less egotistical, and they had less fears about possible commercialisation of the blood. Both groups believed that blood banks and society itself give inadequate compensation to donors, but this belief was significantly greater among non-donors. Regarding the motivations of donors, the highest proportion were related with a sense of solidarity or duty (26.4%), followed by issues related with information or pressure (23.4%), and the possible personal or family benefits that donation might bring (21.8%). The initial motivations of most donors (75.9%) had not varied with the passage of time, and the factors found to be most demotivating for donation had to do with problems of access and comfort (74.6%). We would highlight that most non-donors denied any worries about blood donation (70.9%) and did not agree that those who need blood should be those who pay for it (92.8%). For non-donors, lack of information (43.6%) and different fears (32.3%) were the principal factors discouraging them from donating. Finally, discriminant analysis selected 11 of the items as providing 75.6% of correct discrimination between the one population and the other.
CONCLUSIONS
Donors and non-donors reveal very different beliefs, attitudes and motivations towards blood donation, and the questionnaire employed in this study permits a high degree of discrimination between the two groups. The attitudes of non-donors towards donation are generally less favourable, but allow us to think that a high percentage of these could be changed with the right conditions.
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pubmed_1027_7480
|
pubmed_741_3518
|
The marital status of patients with continuously progressive paranoid schizophrenia in favourable and unfavourable variants of its course was studied. Both the presence of a psychic disease and the nature of its course were shown to have a significant impact on the marital status of patients and the stability of their marriages. The proportion of infertile women with both variants of the disease course was found to be considerably higher than in the general population. Furthermore, both groups under study exhibited a shift of the age at the first birth toward a younger age as well as a significant decrease in the number of repeated births as compared to the population.
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pubmed_741_3518
|
pubmed_203_8216
|
Cataract is one of the most significant vision-impairing complications of diabetes. The present study examined the feasibility of inhibiting cataract formation by treatment with pyruvate, a metabolite known to effectively scavenge reactive species of oxygen and inhibit protein glycation, both known to be involved in the genesis of diabetic cataracts. In addition, pyruvate stimulates tissue metabolism, which is depressed with the onset of cataract formation. The objective of our experiments was to determine if this compound could be effective in offsetting the progress of cataract, specifically if administered after the diabetes-induced lens changes have begun, as opposed to the previous reports wherein it has been reported to delay cataract formation if administered prophylactically with the immediate onset of diabetes. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin to mice. Lens transparency was assessed by slit lamp examination and its photography. ATP was determined enzymatically by reacting it with luciferin-luciferase mixture and measuring the fluorescence intensity. The findings described herein are in accordance with this possibility. The incidence of cataract in the group of diabetic animals, where treatment with pyruvate was initiated after the initial lens changes set in, was significantly lower at all times of observation in comparison to the untreated diabetic group. In addition, the severity of opacities in the pyruvate-treated group, when present, was much minor, the transparency of these cases being close to that in the control animals. The ophthalmic findings are supported biochemically by ATP levels, which were significantly higher in the pyruvate group in comparison to the untreated group. The present findings emphasize the clinical usefulness of initiating treatment with anti-oxidants and metabolic agonists even when the lens changes are detected at the time of the diabetes diagnosis. The latter usually comes much later than the onset of visual aberrations. Prophylaxis is not an absolute requirement.
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10.1159/000086117
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pubmed_733_1359
|
The specific status of the head and body lice of humans has been debated for more than 200 yr. To clarify the specific status of head and body lice, we sequenced 524 base pairs (bp) of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of 28 head and 28 body lice from nine countries. Ten haplotypes that differed by 1-5 bp at 11 nucleotide positions were identified. A phylogeny of these sequences indicates that these head and body lice are not from reciprocally monophyletic lineages. Indeed, head and body lice share three of the 10 haplotypes we found. F(ST) values and exact tests of haplotype frequencies showed significant differences between head and body lice. However, the same tests also showed significant differences among lice from different countries. Indeed, more of the variation in haplotype frequencies was explained by differences among lice from different countries than by differences between head and body lice. Our results indicate the following: (1) head and body lice do not represent reciprocally monophyletic lineages and are conspecific; (2) gene flow among populations of lice from different countries is limited; and (3) frequencies of COI haplotypes can be used to study maternal gene flow among populations of head and body lice and thus transmission of lice among their human hosts.
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10.1603/0022-2585-39.4.662
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pubmed_1135_23197
|
In this theoretical study, we investigate recent observation of enhancement of hydrogen evolution efficiency of Rh-doped SrTiO3 due to codoping with La at the Sr lattice site. Using hybrid density functional theory, we have systematically studied the electronic structure of (Rh, La)-codoped SrTiO3 and compared with that of Rh-doped SrTiO3, La-doped SrTiO3, and undoped SrTiO3. The aim of the present study has been to explore the role of different factors toward the observed enhanced photoactivity of (Rh, La)-codoped SrTiO3. Doping with only Rh significantly reduces the photoabsorption energy by introducing localized acceptor states between the valence band and conduction band. Unfortunately, these states act as efficient sources for charge carrier trapping. Besides, the oxygen vacancy found to be present in the Rh-doped SrTiO3 as a charge compensating defect also accelerates the electron-hole recombination rate. We have shown that codoping with La and Rh leads to the formation of clean band structure without encountering any midgap states. Introduction of La into the Rh-doped SrTiO3 not only reduces the quantity of Rh(4+) species but also suppresses the oxygen vacancy due to formation of a charge-compensated system. The presence of La favors Rh doping into the crystal structure of SrTiO3 by reducing the formation energy. Moreover, the conduction band minima are found to be shifted in the upward direction significantly due to codoping with Rh and La, thereby increasing the reducing behavior at the conduction band. This leads to enhancement of hydrogen evolution activity of SrTiO3 during photocatalytic water splitting under visible light.
|
10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02906
|
pubmed_763_10897
|
BACKGROUND
Broadly disseminating and implementing evidence-based psychotherapies with high fidelity, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), has proved challenging for many health-care systems, including the Department of Veterans Affairs, especially in primary care settings such as small or remote clinics. A computer-based tool (based on the coordinated anxiety learning and management (CALM) program) was designed to support primary care-based mental health providers in delivering CBT. The objectives of this study are to modify the CALM tool to meet the needs of mental health clinicians in veterans affairs (VA) community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) and rural "veterans", use external facilitation to implement CBT and determine the effect of the CALM tool versus a manualized version of CALM to improve fidelity to the CBT treatment model, and conduct a needs assessment to understand how best to support future implementation of the CALM tool in routine care.
METHODS/DESIGN
Focus groups will inform the redesign of the CALM tool. Mental health providers at regional VA CBOCs; CBT experts; VA experts in implementation of evidence-based mental health practices; and veterans with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, "with or without" depression will be recruited. A hybrid type III design will be used to examine the effect of receiving CBT training plus either the CALM tool or a manual version of CALM on treatment fidelity. External facilitation will be used as the overarching strategy to implement both CBT delivery methods. Data will also be collected on symptoms of the targeted disorders. To help prepare for the future implementation of the CALM tool in VA CBOCs, we will perform an implementation need assessment with mental health providers participating in the clinical trial and their CBOC directors.
DISCUSSION
This project will help inform strategies for delivering CBT with high fidelity in VA CBOCs to veterans with anxiety disorders and PTSD with or without depression. If successful, results of this study could be used to inform a national rollout of the CALM tool in VA CBOCs including providing recommendations for optimizing the adoption and sustained use of the computerized CALM tool among mental health providers in this setting.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02488551.
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10.1186/s13012-016-0432-4
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pubmed_306_23964
|
Proteinuria/albuminuria and renal insufficiency are major components of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and are strongly associated with end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events and premature death. To clarify the prevalence of these renal disorders and the association between renal disorders and mortality in the Japanese population, we conducted a community-based longitudinal study. This study included 3,445 registered Japanese subjects, with a 7-year follow-up. Proteinuria/albuminuria was evaluated using dipstick strips and the urinary protein/albumin creatinine ratio (PCR/ACR). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the equation for Japanese subjects. The prevalence of dipstick proteinuria, proteinuria (PCR > or = 0.15 g/gCr), albuminuria(ACR > or =30 mg/gCr) and renal insufficiency(estimated GFR< 60 ml/min/1.73m2) were 5%, 8%, 15% and 7%, respectively. The overlap between urinary abnormality and renal insufficiency was small. The prevalence of proteinuria/albuminuria increased along with the increase of blood pressure, 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, HbAlc and the number of components of metabolic syndrome. Kaplan Meier analysis showed that all-cause mortality was significantly increased along with the increase in urinary albumin excretion and the subjects with albuminuria showed a significantly higher mortality rate than those without albuminuria. Cox proportional hazard analysis after adjusting for possible confounders showed that albuminuria was an independent risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In conclusion, proteinuria/albuminuria and renal insufficiency are prevalent and were independently associated with mortality in the Japanese general population. The detection of renal disorders at the earliest opportunity is important to prevent premature death.
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pubmed_306_23964
|
pubmed_182_6609
|
BACKGROUND
Acute stroke codes may be activated for anisocoria, but how often these codes lead to a final stroke diagnosis or alteplase treatment is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of anisocoria in stroke codes that ultimately resulted in alteplase administration.
METHODS
We retrospectively assessed consecutive alteplase-treated patients from a prospectively-collected stroke registry between February 2015 and July 2018. Based on the stroke code exam, patients were categorized as having isolated anisocoria [A+(only)], anisocoria with other findings [A+(other)], or no anisocoria [A-]. Baseline demographics, stroke severity, alteplase time metrics, and outcomes were also collected.
RESULTS
Ninety-six patients received alteplase during the study period. Of the 94 who met inclusion criteria, there were 0 cases of A+(only). There were 9 cases of A+(other) (9.6%). A+(other) exhibited higher baseline National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stroke Scale scores compared to A- (17 versus 7; P = .0003), and no additional differences in demographics or alteplase time metrics. Final stroke diagnosis and other outcome measures were no different between A+(other) and A-. Of the A+ patients without pre-existing anisocoria, 5 of 6 (83%) had posterior circulation events or diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage.
CONCLUSIONS
In this exploratory analysis, zero patients with isolated anisocoria received alteplase treatment. Anisocoria as a part of the neurologic presentation occurred in 10% of alteplase patients, and was strongly associated with a posterior circulation event. Therefore, we conclude that anisocoria has a higher likelihood of leading to alteplase treatment when identified in the presence of other neurologic deficits.
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10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.09.029
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pubmed_909_19345
|
BACKGROUND
To verify if in lean polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients, the smok- ing habitude might increase the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this prospective observational study, eighty-one women were divided into the following three groups: group I with 27 non-smokers, group II with 26 light-smokers (1-10 cigarettes/day), and group III with 28 heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes/ day). They were submitted to fasting blood sampling; blood measurement of nitrites/ni- trates (NO2-/ NO3), biochemical and hormonal parameters; ovarian ultrasonographic (US) analysis; doppler evaluation of uterine and ophthalmic arteries; brachial artery flow-medi- ated vasodilatation; 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; and oral glucose toler- ance test (OGTT).
RESULTS
Doppler analysis revealed higher uterine and ophthalmic arteries pulsatility in- dex (PI) and ophthalmic artery back pressure in group III compared with group I. The brachial artery diameter and PI, at baseline, was similar among all groups. After the re- active hyperemia, a more intense vasodilatation was observed in group I in comparison with group III. The 24-hour blood pressure demonstrated that, in group III patients, the 24-hour, day- and night-time diastolic blood pressure (DBP), was higher in comparison with non-smokers. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was higher in heavy smokers than in non-smokers. The leukocytes and homocysteine (HCY) values were increased in group III. The NO2-/ NO3- plasma levels were reduced in heavy smokers in compari- son with non-smokers. The insulin, glucose and C-peptide plasma values were higher in group III than in other groups. In heavy smokers, the estimates of insulin sensitivity (ISI) and pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA-B) were higher compared to the other groups.
CONCLUSION
Smoking habitude in lean PCOS patients may increase the soft markers of CV risk.
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pubmed_909_19345
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pubmed_484_17226
|
Researchers using lateralized stimuli have suggested that the left hemisphere is sensitive to sentence-level context, whereas the right hemisphere (RH) primarily processes word-level meaning. The authors investigated this message-blind RH model by measuring associative priming with event-related brain potentials (ERPs). For word pairs in isolation, associated words elicited more positive ERPs than unassociated words with similar magnitudes and onset latencies in both visual fields. Embedded in sentences, these same pairs showed large sentential context effects in both fields. Small effects of association were observed, confined to incongruous sentences after right visual hemifield presentation but present for both congruous and incongruous sentences after left visual hemifield presentation. Results do not support the message-blind RH model but do suggest hemispheric asymmetries in the use of word and sentence context during real-time processing.
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10.1037/0278-7393.31.1.129
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pubmed_257_14629
|
In reviewing the Federal Court of Appeals's (BGH) decision of Oct. 27, 1988--Blutalkohol 26, 61-63 (1989)--the author considers the court's reasoning--according to which "Führen eines Fahrzeugs" (taking part in traffic with a vehicle) and "Fahren eines Fahrzeugs" (driving a vehicle) are identical terms--not to be convincing. In order to avoid a setback of preventive police work, he stipulates that the lawmaker should penalize the attempt of a person to drive a vehicle in a state of alcoholic intoxication.
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pubmed_257_14629
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pubmed_494_1864
|
Osteoporosis is being increasingly recognised in paediatric practice as a consequence of several factors. These include the increasing complexity of chronic conditions and the associated treatments managed by paediatricians. In addition, the improved care provided to children with chronic illness has led to many of them living long enough to develop osteoporosis. The availability of methods to assess bone density in children as a surrogate marker of bone strength and the possibility of medical treatment to increase bone density have also resulted in an increased awareness of groups of children who may be at risk of osteoporosis. This article reviews the current definition of osteoporosis in children, aetiological factors and the evidence for effective treatment.
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10.1530/EJE-08-0282
|
pubmed_405_9669
|
A low loading of a quinine-derived squaramide efficiently catalyzes the triple-domino Michael/aza-Henry/cyclization reaction between 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, β-nitroolefins, and aldimines to provide tetrahydropyridines bearing three contiguous stereogenic centers in good yields, excellent enantiomeric excesses, and up to high diastereomeric ratios.
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10.1021/ol503024d
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pubmed_829_22604
|
AIM
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of ankle-brachial index (ABI) as a marker of microvascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
METHODS
This study included 126 type 2 diabetic patients (64 male and 62 female) with an age of 66.6+/-5.3 years (mean+/-SD) and diabetes duration of 13.2+/-4.1 years. ABI was measured with a Doppler device. The exclusion criterion was the medial arterial calcification. Patients were also examined for microalbuminuria, retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy.
RESULTS
ABI was significantly lower in patients with microalbuminuria than in those without microalbuminuria (0.91+/-0.17 vs 1.05+/-0.13, P=0.004), in patients with retinopathy than in those without retinopathy (0.91+/-0.18 vs 1.06+/-0.1, P=0.005), as well as in patients with neuropathy than in those without neuropathy (0.94+/-0.17 vs 1.06+/-0.11, P=0.001). Sensitivity and specificity of ABI <0.9 were 48.8% and 87.9% respectively for microalbuminuria, 39.1% and 93% respectively for retinopathy and 47% and 90.7% respectively for neuropathy. In multiple regression analysis, significant predictor of microalbuminuria was diabetes duration (P=0.0014), significant predictor of retinopathy was diabetes duration (P=0.001), while significant predictors of neuropathy were diabetes duration (P=0.001), male sex (P=0.001) and presence of retinopathy (P=0.047).
CONCLUSION
ABI is significantly lower in patients with than in those without microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes. An ABI <0.9 has a low to modest sensitivity, but a high specificity for the diagnosis of these complications. Our results suggest a potential role for ABI as a surrogate marker of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients.
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pubmed_829_22604
|
pubmed_179_15636
|
BACKGROUND
Portion size is known to be a key driver of food intake. As consumed portions are often pre-planned, 'ideal portion size'-an individual's preferred meal size selected prior to eating-has been identified as a strong predictor of actual consumption. However, assessments of ideal portion size have predominantly relied on laboratory-based computer tasks, limiting use online. Therefore, this cross-sectional study sought to pilot test the validity of a web-based tool to measure ideal portion size.
METHODS
In an online study (N = 48), participants responded to images of a range of foods. Each food was photographed in a series of different portions and loaded into an 'image carousel' that would allow participants to change the size of the displayed portion by moving a slider left-to-right. Using this image carousel, participants selected their ideal portion size. They also completed measures of expected satiety and expected satiation and self-reported their age and body mass index (BMI). A non-parametric correlation matrix was used to explore associations between ideal portion size and identified predictors of food intake.
RESULTS
Supporting convergent validity of this measure, ideal portion size was significantly correlated with expected satiety (rs = .480) and expected satiation (rs = -.310) after controlling for effects of baseline hunger and fullness, consistent with past research. Similarly, supporting divergent validity of this measure, ideal portion size was not significantly correlated with age (rs = -.032) or BMI (rs = -.111,).
CONCLUSIONS
Pilot results support the validity of this web-based portion size selection tool used to measure ideal portion size, though further research is needed to validate use with comparisons to actual food intake.
|
10.1186/s40814-021-00908-x
|
pubmed_731_20504
|
Haemoptysis is concerning for both patient and healthcare provider and points to the presence of severe underlying lung disease warranting investigation. Approximately 8% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) infection will experience haemoptysis at some point during their life [1;2]. The aetiology of haemoptysis in the setting of PTB is diverse and may occur during active or following prior PTB infection due to pulmonary complications. We describe the case of a 33-year-old female who presented with massive haemoptysis on two separate occasions within a five-month period. Her background history included PTB 6 years prior and subsequent post-TB bronchiectasis with a destroyed left lung, and the development of apical mycetoma's. Despite numerous pre-existing aetiologies that could account for haemoptysis in this patient, on this admission, a newly identified ruptured Rasmussen's aneurysm was identified by angiography and successfully treated with arterial embolization. This report serves to highlight the multitude of reasons for haemoptysis in a patient with post PTB lung destruction and the associated diagnostic challenges that may be present. In particular, we highlight the Rasmussen's aneurysm, a rare entity, as a hidden cause of haemoptysis, where despite extensive parenchymal lung disease identified on chest radiography, specialised imaging is needed to confirm the diagnosis.
|
10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.07.006
|
pubmed_508_17802
|
BACKGROUND
About 50% - 70% of patients with Chiari malformation I (CMI) presented with syringomyelia (SM), which is supposed to be related to abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow around the foramen magnum. The aim of this study was to investigate the cerebrospinal fluid dynamics at levels of the aqueduct and upper cervical spine in patients with CMI associated with SM, and to discuss the possible mechanism of formation of SM.
METHODS
From January to April 2004, we examined 10 adult patients with symptomatic CMI associated with SM and 10 healthy volunteers by phase-contrast MRI. CSF flow patterns were evaluated at seven regions of interest (ROI): the aqueduct and ventral and dorsal subarachnoid spaces of the spine at levels of the cerebellar tonsil, C2 - 3, and C5 - 6. The CSF flow waveforms were analyzed by measuring CSF circulation time, durations and maximum velocities of cranial- and caudal-directed flows, and the ratio between the two maximum velocities. Data were analyzed by t test using SPSS 11.5.
RESULTS
We found no definite communication between the fourth ventricle and syringomyelia by MRI in the 10 patients. In both the groups, we observed cranial-directed flow of CSF in the early cardiac systolic phase, which changed the direction from cranial to caudal from the middle systolic phase to the early diastolic phase, and then turned back in cranial direction in the late diastolic phase. The CSF flow disappeared at the dorsal ROI at the level of C2 - 3 in 3 patients and 1 volunteer, and at the level of C5 - 6 in 6 patients and 3 volunteers. The durations of CSF circulation at all the ROIs were significantly shorter in the patients than those in the healthy volunteers (P = 0.014 at the midbrain aqueduct, P = 0.019 at the inferior margin of the cerebellar tonsil, P = 0.014 at the level of C2 - 3, and P = 0.022 at the level of C5 - 6). No significant difference existed between the two groups in the initial point and duration of the caudal-directed CSF flow during a cardiac cycle at all the ROIs. The maximum velocities of both cranial- and caudal-directed CSF flows were significantly higher in the patients than those in the volunteers at the aqueduct (P = 0.018 and P = 0.007) and ventral ROI at the inferior margin of the cerebellar tonsil (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002), as so did the maximum velocities of the caudal-directed flow in the ventral and dorsal ROIs at the level of C2 - 3 (P = 0.004; P = 0.007).
CONCLUSIONS
The direction of CSF flow changes in accordance with cardiac cycle. The syringomyelia in patients with CMI may be due to the decreased circulation time and abnormal dynamics of the CSF in the upper cervical segment. The decompression of the foramen magnum with dural plasty is an alternative for patients with CMI associated with SM.
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pubmed_508_17802
|
pubmed_82_11318
|
OBJECTIVE
To assess an automated algorithm, developed for the classification of normal and cancerous colonic mucosa, using geometric analysis of features and texture analysis.
STUDY DESIGN
Twenty-one images were analyzed, 10 from normal and 11 from cancerous mucosa. The classification was based on a regularity index dependent on shape, object orientation for establishing parallelism and five texture features derived using the co-occurrence image analysis method.
RESULTS
Geometric analysis yielded an overall classification accuracy of 80%. The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 94% and 64%, respectively. Using texture analysis, the overall classification accuracy was 90%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 100%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
This initial study demonstrated that geometric and texture analysis techniques show promise for automated analysis of colon cancer.
|
pubmed_82_11318
|
pubmed_1138_1978
|
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) was quantified and typed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. During the acute phase, HSV-DNA was detected in the CSF of 13 patients with HSE, including 5 neonates. A restriction profile of the PCR products cleaved with the restriction enzymes XhoI and BglII showed that 2 neonatal samples were HSV-2, and the remainder were HSV-1. The amount of HSV-DNA in the initial CSF ranged from 10(2)-10(5) copies/ml. A significantly greater number of HSV-DNA copies was detected in neonates than in older children (mean 3.9 vs. 2.5, log 10 copies/ml p < .05). Except for one patient, the amount of HSV-DNA decreased gradually with acyclovir therapy. These results show that a quantitative PCR assay is applicable not only to the diagnosis of HSE but also for monitoring the response to antiviral drugs.
|
10.1002/jmv.1890410214
|
pubmed_147_15102
|
The first mouse mutation associated with a heritable defect in embryonic mammary gland development was Extratoes. It represents a functional null-mutation of the gene encoding Gli3, which is best known as a transcription factor mediating canonical Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Here we review the roles of Hh and Gli proteins in murine embryonic mammary development. We propose that an off-state for Hh signaling, mediated by Gli3-repressor, is determinant for induction of a mammary instead of hair follicle fate in the trunk surface ectoderm.
|
10.1007/s10911-013-9291-7
|
pubmed_409_1367
|
This review attempts to highlight some new developments in the study of atherosclerosis with respect to lipoprotein and cellular elements of the aortic wall. The studies reviewed have shown that in addition to LDL (low density lipoprotein), atherogenic lipoproteins comprise also beta-VLDL (very low density lipoprotein), Lp (a) (lipoprotein (a)), peroxidatively modified LDL and remnant lipoproteins. The latter two were shown to interact preferentially with macrophages, the main cellular elements of fatty streaks. New information has also accrued with regard to improved identification of macrophage and smooth muscle derived foam cells and the presence of T-lymphocytes in the atheroma has been firmly established. The interaction of the various lipoproteins with the cellular elements and the role of lymphokines and growth factors in the formation of the atheroma are reviewed.
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pubmed_409_1367
|
pubmed_803_7215
|
The effects of lesions of the medial or the lateral entorhinal cortex in mice were examined on acquisition, retention and extinction of an operant-conditioning task in a Skinner box. Compared with the control animals, lesions in the medial entorhinal had no behavioral effects whereas lesions in the lateral entorhinal enhanced retention and increased resistance to extinction but did not change acquisition of this task. These results suggest a functional dissociation between the two parts of the entorhinal cortex.
|
10.1016/0166-4328(83)90017-7
|
pubmed_1142_21766
|
The intimate relationship between the mandibular canal (MC) and the first mandibular molar tooth presents challenges when performing dentoalveolar surgical procedures due to the probability of causing iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle. Superimposition between the MC and the first molar (M1) tooth roots is often observed on intraoral dental radiographs in small breed dogs. However, due to the radiograph's bidimensional nature, it is impossible to determine the buccal or lingual localization of the first molar roots with respect to the MC. Thus, this study's objective was to determine the localization of the first molar tooth's roots in relation to the position of the MC and their overlapping percentage with the canal in small-bodyweight dogs (<15 kg) using tomographic diagnostic images. For this, cone-beam computed tomography and high-definition computed tomography exams from 103 small breed dogs (under 15 kg) were retrospectively assessed to determine the lingual or buccal localization of the first molar tooth's roots with respect to the MC and the degree of overlap of the roots with the canal. In conclusion, most of the roots of M1 of dogs under 15 kg were located at the MC's lingual aspect (82.7%) with an overall superimposition median with the MC of 100 and 90% for the mesial and distal roots, respectively. Straddle tooth roots were not a common anatomical presentation in the dogs of this study.
|
10.3389/fvets.2021.684763
|
pubmed_877_20604
|
In feed drive systems, particularly machine tools, a contour error is more significant than the individual axial tracking errors from the view point of enhancing precision in manufacturing and production systems. The contour error must be within the permissible tolerance of given products. In machining complex or sharp-corner products, large contour errors occur mainly owing to discontinuous trajectories and the existence of nonlinear uncertainties. Therefore, it is indispensable to design robust controllers that can enhance the tracking ability of feed drive systems. In this study, an iterative learning contouring controller consisting of a classical Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller and disturbance observer is proposed. The proposed controller was evaluated experimentally by using a typical sharp-corner trajectory, and its performance was compared with that of conventional controllers. The results revealed that the maximum contour error can be reduced by about 37% on average.
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10.1016/j.isatra.2018.02.011
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pubmed_583_20863
|
Transcription regulation in eukaryotes involves rapid recruitment and proper assembly of transcription factors at gene promoters. To determine the dynamics of the transcription machinery on DNA, we used a differential chromatin immunoprecipitation procedure coupled to whole-genome microarray detection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that TATA-binding protein (TBP) turnover is low at RNA polymerase I (Pol I) promoters. Whereas RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters represent an intermediate case, TBP turnover is high at RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoters. Within these promoters, the highest turnover correlates with binding of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase complex (SAGA) coactivator, Mot1p dependence and presence of a canonical TATA box. In contrast, slow turnover Pol II promoters depend on TFIID and on the gene-specific factor, Rap1p. Together this shows that TBP turnover is regulated by protein factors rather than DNA sequence and argues that TBP turnover is an important determinant in regulating gene expression.
|
10.1038/nsmb.1674
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pubmed_819_16505
|
GTD occurs in fewer than 1 in 1200 pregnancies in the United States, but it is much more common in Asia and Latin America, where its incidence may be as high as 1 in 200 pregnancies. Risk factors for GTD include advanced or young maternal age, low socioeconomic status, and prior hydatidiform mole. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are key to a favorable outcome, and thus recognition of the signs and symptoms of the disease is important for all physicians. Because these diseases have low incidences and occur after reproductive events, screening for them in the general population is not worthwhile. No chemopreventive agents have yet been studied in women at risk for GTD, but the oral contraceptive is a good candidate.
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pubmed_819_16505
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pubmed_976_4351
|
Evoked play narratives have been demonstrated to provide a novel window towards internal emotion regulation and mental representations. The present study evaluates covariations between emotion themes and mother-child interaction, as well as child behavior problems. An exploratory study in non-referred children in the 3-6 age span utilizing the MacArthur-method was conducted by taking emotional, conflictive and moral themes as indices of emotion-regulatory processes. Emotion themes were linked to external measures of dyadic Emotional Availability, interparental relationship quality, and behavior problems employing the 4/18 version of the Child Behavior Checklist. Mental representations were aggregated using the Person Representation Coding System. Of a principal components analysis with subsequent varimax-rotation for narrative content codes resulted four emotion theme composites: social conflicting, a prosocial aggregate, an antisocial aggregate, and a composite conflict solving/-understanding. The 4-factor solution displayed meaningful correlation patterns with the mental representations of self and parents, as well as with most of the external measures. Although subsequent studies ought to be methodologically improved both in design and sample size, the results of the present investigation give rise to the assumption that future efforts of validating emotion-regulatory processes with more established outside measures are likely to be successful.
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pubmed_976_4351
|
pubmed_764_8636
|
UNLABELLED
Cationic liposomes are used to deliver genes into cells in vitro and in vivo. The present study is aimed to characterize the electrostatic parameters of cationic, large unilamellar vesicles, 110 +/- 20 nm in size, composed of DOTAP/DOPE (mole ratio 1/1), DOTAP/DOPC (mole ratio 1/1), 100% DOTAP, DMRIE/DOPE 1/1, or DC-CHOL/DOPE (mole ratio 1/1). {
ABBREVIATIONS
DOTAP, N-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride; DOPE, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine; DOPC, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine; DMRIE, 1,2-dimyristyloxypropyl-3-dimethyl-hydroxyethylammonium bromide; DC-CHOL, 3beta[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl]cholesterol}. The cationic liposomes had a large positive surface potential and a high pH at the liposomal surface in 20 mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.4) as monitored by the pH-sensitive fluorophore 4-heptadecyl-7-hydroxycoumarin. In contrast to DOTAP and DMRIE which were 100% charged, DC-CHOL in DC-CHOL/DOPE (1/1) liposomes was only about 50% charged in 20 mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.4). This might result in an easier dissociation of bilayers containing DC-CHOL from the plasmid DNA (which is necessary to enable transcription), in a decrease of the charge on the external surfaces of the liposomes or DNA-lipid complexes, and in an increase in release of the DNA-lipid complex into the cytosol from the endosomes. Other electrostatic characteristics found were that the primary amine group of DOPE in cationic liposomes dissociated at high (> 7.9) pHbulk and that a salt bridge was likely between the quaternary amine of DOTAP or DMRIE and the phosphate group of DOPE or DOPC, but not between the tertiary amine of DC-CHOL and the phosphate group of DOPE. The liposomes containing DOTAP were unstable upon dilution, probably due to the high critical aggregation concentration of DOTAP, 7 X 10(-5) M. This might also be a mechanism of the dissociation of bilayers containing DOTAP from the plasmid DNA.
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10.1016/s0005-2736(97)00110-7
|
pubmed_708_23323
|
Safety by design for any kind of drug requires it to act selectively on the cells which mediate the desired effect, and affect other cellular functions as little as possible. To illustrate this, the treatment of bronchial asthma was much improved during the past 20 years by the development of inhalation treatment based on drugs such as salbutamol (albuterol), a selective beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulant, and beclomethasone dipropionate, a topical anti-inflammatory steroid, from their parent physiological mediators epinephrine (adrenaline) and hydrocortisone (cortisol). Their development and that of H1- and H2-antagonists from histamine are described. From these and other sources the general conditions for safe, selective drug action and the range of drug effects that may be attained by modifying physiological mediators are deduced. This involves the identification and definition of type 1 and type 2 agonism. This analysis led to the discovery of salmaterol (salmeterol), a new uniquely long acting beta 2-adrenergic bronchodilator, by modification of salbutamol. The development, by modification of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), of ondansetron, a new antiemetic for use in cancer chemotherapy, and sumatriptan, a new type of drug for treating migraine, are also described. All these new drugs are more efficacious and safer than their predecessors.
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10.2165/00002018-199000051-00004
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pubmed_908_5553
|
Trials were designed to test the efficacy of freshwater treatments for amoebic gill disease (AGD) of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and the effect they had on the acquisition of resistance to reinfection with AGD. The first trial involved fish being given an industry-simulated freshwater bath of 2-3 h duration which simulated treatments given on farms. These fish did not display appreciable resistance to reinfection. The second trial involved four groups of fish which had been infected with and treated for AGD in a number of different ways. Once again the fish that had been infected for the first time and given a single 2-3 h freshwater bath and then re-exposed did not exhibit appreciable resistance to reinfection. In contrast, those fish that had been given a second 2-3 h freshwater bath and those that had been maintained in freshwater for 4 weeks displayed high levels of resistance. There is preliminary evidence to suggest that this resistance could be related to stimulation of the non-specific immune system.
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10.1046/j.1365-2761.1998.00086.x
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pubmed_275_7623
|
Biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and/or polyethylene glycol (PEG) were combined as pharmaceutical excipient to fabricate microparticles containing sparingly soluble drug paclitaxel by spray-drying technique with successful achievement. The effect of formulation variety on particle morphology, surface composition, thermal property, drug entrapped capability, and drug release profile was investigated. The result indicated that the use of the appropriate mixtures of PLGA, TPGS and/or PEG produced paclitaxel-loaded microparticles characterised by acceptable pharmaceutical properties. Atomic force microcopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the produced microparticles were spherical in shape with dimples or pores. The particle size ranged from 0.88 to 2.44 microm with narrow distribution. The combination of TPGS and PEG in the formulation resulted in a narrow particle size distribution in general although the influence of the formulation on the particle size was not significant. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study implied that all those components in consideration were compatible well in the blend formulation systems. The paclitaxel entrapped in the particles existed in an amorphous or disordered-crystalline status in the matrices and was independent of the PLGA/TPGS/PEG ratio. X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) analysis revealed that after incorporation the particle's surface was dominated with PLGA due to its hydrophobic property. The formulation variety had an important impact on the drug release that was reduced with the presence of large fraction of TPGS resulting from a strong hydrophobic interaction between various matrix materials and the drug inside the particle. A zero order release could be yielded by optimising the ratio of PLGA/TPGS/PEG. The combination of PLGA/TPGS/PEG as safe pharmaceutical excipient to formulate particulate delivery system is beneficial in improving the pharmaceutical properties for further powder dosage application.
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10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.12.023
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pubmed_402_10309
|
A continuous system for the recovery and purification of the penicillin acylase from crude extracts by recycling phenyl-Sepharose gel through three agitated vessels with disc filters of stainless steel is presented. The penicillin acylase present in the crude extract was absorbed into the phenyl-Sepharose gel under pseudo-affinity conditions (16% w/v of ammonium sulphate). After gel washing under the same conditions in the second vessel, enzyme desorption was performed using the same salt but at a lower concentration (6% w/v) in the third vessel. The preliminary studies reported here occurred without experimental difficulties, even at a gel concentration as high as 40% (v/v). The recovery of the penicillin acylase was achieved with high yield (74%), but a low purification factor of 2.4 was obtained owing to the use of a crude extract with low specific activity.
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-1352(199812)11:1/6<252::AID-JMR434>3.0.CO;2-T
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pubmed_115_20383
|
Anesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) almost always is induced with intravenous agents, typically barbiturates, etomidate, or propofol. There are, however, circumstances in which an inhalational agent would be preferable for induction of general anesthesia. These uncommon clinical scenarios include severe needle stick phobia, agitation preventing insertion of an intravenous catheter, and poor tolerance of intravenous induction agents. Among the inhalational agents available, sevoflurane has several properties that make it the most desirable. In this case series, we describe several patients in our ECT practice in whom inhalational induction of general anesthesia with sevoflurane was deemed appropriate. In all patients, this method was well tolerated and offered distinct advantages compared with an intravenous induction agent. We conclude that ECT practitioners should keep this option in mind for select patients.
|
10.1097/01.yct.0000180469.30712.90
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pubmed_126_20273
|
This self-contained, concise and analytical publication is the third in a series of annual reports. It provides an assessment of world health status and needs, and recommends relevant priorities for international health action to meet those needs, as well as reporting on WHO's contribution towards improving the world health situation. The world health report 1997 focuses on chronic diseases and gives an overview of WHO's work during 1996 (1).
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pubmed_126_20273
|
pubmed_988_13941
|
In a series of 52 biopsy specimens (31 endometrial carcinomas, 10 atypical endometrial hyperplasias, and 11 cases of normal endometrium), DNA ploidy and S-phase cell fraction were estimated in paraffin-embedded material. DNA aneuploidy was detected in 2 of the 10 atypical endometrial hyperplasias and 7 of the 31 endometrial carcinomas. The majority of aneuploidy was found to be connected with the loss of tumor differentiation. No ploidy disturbances were found in normal endometrium. The S-phase cell fraction value of normal endometrium was significantly lower when compared with that of endometrial carcinoma. The broad variation in S-phase cell fraction values of the endometrial carcinomas and atypical endometrial hyperplasias was in contrast with the low variability of S-phase cell values of normal endometrium. Very low incidence of aneuploidy in the group of well differentiated endometrial carcinomas (Grade I) enables the suggestion that the presence of aneuploidy predicts a more aggressive disease and that the detection of an aneuploid stemline in atypical endometrial hyperplasia may already indicate the neoplastic transformation.
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pubmed_988_13941
|
pubmed_18_5676
|
BACKGROUND
Hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) is characterized by poor response to chemotherapy and high mortality, particularly among African American men when compared to other racial/ethnic groups. It is generally accepted that docetaxel, the standard of care for chemotherapy of HRPC, primarily exerts tumor cell death by inducing mitotic catastrophe and caspase-dependent apoptosis following inhibition of microtubule depolymerization. However, there is a gap in our knowledge of mechanistic events underlying docetaxel-induced caspase-independent cell death, and the genes that antagonize this process. This knowledge is important for circumventing HRPC chemoresistance and reducing disparities in prostate cancer mortality.
RESULTS
We investigated mechanistic events associated with docetaxel-induced death in HRPC cell lines using various approaches that distinguish caspase-dependent from caspase-independent cell death. Docetaxel induced both mitotic catastrophe and caspase-dependent apoptosis at various concentrations. However, caspase activity was not essential for docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity since cell death associated with lysosomal membrane permeabilization still occurred in the presence of caspase inhibitors. Partial inhibition of docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity was observed after inhibition of cathepsin B, but not inhibition of cathepsins D and L, suggesting that docetaxel induces caspase-independent, lysosomal cell death. Simultaneous inhibition of caspases and cathepsin B dramatically reduced docetaxel-induced cell death. Ectopic expression of lens epithelium-derived growth factor p75 (LEDGF/p75), a stress survival autoantigen and transcription co-activator, attenuated docetaxel-induced lysosomal destabilization and cell death. Interestingly, LEDGF/p75 overexpression did not protect cells against DTX-induced mitotic catastrophe, and against apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), suggesting selectivity in its pro-survival activity.
CONCLUSION
These results underscore the ability of docetaxel to induce concomitantly caspase-dependent and independent death pathways in prostate cancer cells. The results also point to LEDGF/p75 as a potential contributor to cellular resistance to docetaxel-induced lysosomal destabilization and cell death, and an attractive candidate for molecular targeting in HRPC.
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10.1186/1476-4598-8-68
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pubmed_711_12508
|
Ninety percent of cases of metrorrhagia during puberty are of functional origin and related to short, monophasic cycles. Emergency care may sometimes necessitate rapid administration of estrogens. Treatment of the underlying condition involves the administration of progestogens 10 days per cycle or, less frequently, artificial cycles. Spaniomenorrhea during puberty may, less commonly, be due to ovarian dystrophy. Functional forms should be treated only if they are accompanied by mastopathy.
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pubmed_711_12508
|
pubmed_725_744
|
The vitamin status of the cosmonauts after short-term (4 to 13 days) flights showed different variations. Vitamin consumption was basically adequate to the requirements in space flights. Some vitamins were occasionally in deficiency, thus indicating their enhanced metabolization.
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pubmed_725_744
|
pubmed_131_6079
|
A study has been made of the morphogenetic properties of anterior and posterior skin from the lower forelimb of the axolotl. The basic experiment consisted of a graft of a half cuff of skin from a donor to a host limb followed by a 2-week healing period, amputation through the graft, and a study of the resulting regenerate. Limbs with double posterior skin formed double posterior regenerates and, in contrast, limbs with double anterior skin formed normal or slightly hypomorphic regenerates. Posterior skin from post-metamorphic animals had a similar but weaker effect to that from ordinary axolotls. Immunological rejection of allografts could be completely avoided if the donor limb was transplanted to the flank of the host when both were at the stage of tail-bud embryos, and the skin graft was later carried out between the supernumerary limb and one of the host limbs. This technique was used to show that immunological rejection does not affect the formation of duplicates from the limbs with double posterior skin, and to facilitate the studies of the cellular provenance of the regenerate. The cellular composition of duplicate regenerates was studied by using both triploid donors and triploid hosts. It was shown that the posterior side of the duplications consisted wholly of host tissue and the anterior side consisted of mixed donor and host tissue. Formation of the duplicated regenerate therefore seems to involve positional reprogramming of both donor and host tissues together with metaplasia of the donor tissue. It was not possible to inhibit the duplication-inducing property of posterior skin by treatment with a variety of enzymes. A model based on the serial threshold theory of regeneration is advanced to explain the results. This model successfully accounts for the observed non-equivalence of anterior and posterior skin, and also explains the different regeneration behaviour of anterior and posterior half limbs, the limited regeneration of double anterior limbs, and the pattern expansion and contraction shown by regenerates from double posterior limbs.
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pubmed_131_6079
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pubmed_100_8562
|
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is an intractable childhood-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Seizure freedom is rare in LGS. One of the hallmarks of LGS is medical intractability, with generally poor response to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Nevertheless, several treatment options are available that can mitigate the severity of seizures and curtail their frequency. New AEDs have been validated in randomized, controlled trials for the treatment of seizures in LGS. In some cases, nonpharmacologic options may be effective, although more data are needed to confirm efficacy outcomes. Comprehensive patient assessments are critical to achieve an optimal AED treatment regimen and minimize the potential for adverse effects.
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10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03178.x
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pubmed_1142_16827
|
Macrophages play the key role in the regulation of neuroregeneration. For evaluation of the neuroregenerative potential of M2 macrophages, we studied the effect of macrophages polarized with IL-4 (M2a (IL-4)) and by efferocytosis under conditions of serum deprivation (LS, Low Serum; M2(LS)) on proliferative activity and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells under conditions of deficiency of growth/serum factors. Conditioned media of both M2(LS) and M2a(IL-4) stimulated proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, soluble factors of M2(LS) and M2a(IL-4) reduced the degree of early apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells and the protective effect of M2(LS) was observed at earlier terms of culturing. Our findings suggest that M2 macrophages have high neuroregenerative potential that is mediated through soluble factors and manifests itself both in stimulation of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells.
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10.1007/s10517-021-05169-5
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pubmed_143_16949
|
OBJECTIVES
To explore the Barriers and Priorities accorded to neo-natal hearing screening at government health policy level.
METHODS
This exploratory descriptive study design employed qualitative parameters with purposive sampling and was conducted at Capital Administration & Development Division (CADD) and Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations & Coordination (MoNHSR&C) from June 2015 to January 2017 over a period of 18 months. Sample included stakeholders concerned with healthcare planning and policy making in Pakistan. Research included in depth interviews using a self-structured interview guide from three policy makers' fulfilling the selection criteria. Data recorded was transcribed and thematic analyses drawn manually and verified using two separate coders.
RESULTS
Outcomes from thematic analysis drawn were Planning, Funding, Governance, Awareness, Medical and technical capacity building, Policy development, Evaluation and Sustainability. Lack of financial resources allocation due to policies and legislation top the list of barriers. The lack of research and reliable data as to the number of persons suffering from hearing loss (HL) from birth and its economic cost to the state and individual remains a policy barrier.
CONCLUSION
The barriers to NHS are lack of financial resource allocation by the federal government, and lack of research and reliable statistics about Hearing Impairment (HI) and its economic cost.
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10.12669/pjms.35.6.703
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pubmed_205_3784
|
PURPOSE
TNP-470 is a strong inhibitor of angiogenesis. The present study was designed to determine whether the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 inhibits metastasis of mouse neuroblastoma cells to the liver and thus increases survival.
METHODS
A murine neuroblastoma cell line, C1300, and A/J mice were used in this study. First, to demonstrate the inhibitory effects of TNP-470 on angiogenesis, we quantified the area of angiogenesis on images made with SP-500 image analyzer (Olympus) 7 days after implanting a millipore chamber and compared the areas for the TNP-470-treated mice and control mice. Next, to determine the inhibitory effect of TNP-470 on metastasis of neuroblastoma cells to the liver, we made a murine hepatic metastasis model by implanting C1300 cells (1 x 10(6)) in the spleen of the mice and compared histologic findings, sizes, and weights of the livers of treated mice and control mice 14 days after the beginning of a 7-day infusion of TNP-470 (60 mg/kg). We also compared survival rates using the Kaplan-Meier method.
RESULTS
When the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP-470 was infused into mice that received tumor cells, the area of angiogenesis in the TNP-470-treated mice was smaller than that in the control mice (52.5 +/- 6.3 SD vs 94.1 +/- 27.6 mm(2), P < 0.001). After the same treatment in other mice, no histologic evidence of metastasis was found, whereas control mice had countless tumor cell masses. Similarly, the weight of the liver was less in TNP-470-treated mice (0.8 +/- 0.1 g vs 4.5 +/- 0.3 g, P < 0.001). Survival was longer in the TNP-470-treated mice than in controls (80% of treated mice were alive more than 60 days after treatment, whereas all control mice died by Day 20).
CONCLUSION
TNP-470 inhibits metastasis of mouse C1300 neuroblastoma cells to the liver, and thus increases survival. TNP-470 inhibits metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis.
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10.1006/jsre.2000.5956
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pubmed_198_9263
|
In 1985, a follow-up investigation was performed of all patients with acromegaly (n = 166, 89 women and 77 men) seen over a 30-year period (1955-1984) at our Endocrine Unit, referral centre for the western region of Sweden (population 1.5 million). At the end of 1984, the prevalence of the disease was 6.9 per 10(5) inhabitants, the average incidence per year was 3.3 per million people. Mean age at diagnosis was 46.3 years and at death (n = 62) 64.1 years. About one-third of the patients (50/153), in whom it had been possible to estimate the total duration of the disease, had survived for more than 25 years. Mortality was, however, increased compared to the normal population. The observed number of deaths from vascular and malignant disorders was 32 and 15, respectively, compared to the expected numbers 9.0 (p less than 0.001) and 5.6 (p less than 0.01).
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10.1111/j.0954-6820.1988.tb15881.x
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pubmed_1066_14935
|
BACKGROUND
Doctors are often been judged negatively as a consequence of high expectation and demand from their job and face violence at workplace. Continuous worry of facing aggression at workplace may seriously affect job satisfaction and intention to job turnover. However, the association between workplace safety and job satisfaction had not been studied earlier in India.
METHODS
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among doctors from November 2019 to April 2020 using a pre-tested, semi-structured, anonymous "Google forms" based questionnaire among doctors working in private and/or public healthcare settings across India. Perception of safety was assessed by scoring in a scale. Cronbach's coefficient of the scale was calculated to be 0.88. Job satisfaction was assessed using the 5-item Brayfield and Rothe measure of job satisfaction. Cronbach's coefficient of the scale was 0.76. The data was coded and analyzed with the help of STATA-12.
RESULTS
617 doctors practicing modern medicine participated in this study from all over India. 262 (42.5%) doctors were found to be satisfied at their job. Perception of safety at workplace was found to have 2.5 times greater influence on job satisfaction of doctors. 23.2% of the doctors expressed job turnover intention which was positively correlated with job satisfaction and perception of safety.
CONCLUSION
Perception of safety from workplace violence was found to have significant effect on job satisfaction and turnover intention than actual violence. Appropriate strategy may be undertaken to address this apprehension at workplace.
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10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2416_20
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pubmed_826_19643
|
INTRODUCTION
Urban populations are growing and to accommodate these numbers, cities are becoming more involved in urban renewal programs to improve the physical, social and economic conditions in different areas. This paper explores some of the complexities surrounding the link between urban renewal, health and health inequalities using a theory-driven approach.
METHODS
We focus on an urban renewal initiative implemented in Barcelona, the Neighbourhoods Law, targeting Barcelona's (Spain) most deprived neighbourhoods. We present evidence from two studies on the health evaluation of the Neighbourhoods Law, while drawing from recent urban renewal literature, to follow a four-step process to develop a program theory. We then use two specific urban renewal interventions, the construction of a large central plaza and the repair of streets and sidewalks, to further examine this link.
DISCUSSION
In order for urban renewal programs to affect health and health inequality, neighbours must use and adapt to the changes produced by the intervention. However, there exist barriers that can result in negative outcomes including factors such as accessibility, safety and security.
CONCLUSION
This paper provides a different perspective to the field that is largely dominated by traditional quantitative studies that are not always able to address the complexities such interventions provide. Furthermore, the framework and discussions serve as a guide for future research, policy development and evaluation.
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pubmed_826_19643
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pubmed_218_1128
|
Introduction. A description is given of the principle followed in the experimental determination of the ionisation of egg albumin, its capacity to combine with acids and bases. Egg albumin is regarded as an ampholyte, and in accordance with J. N. Brønsted's definition of acids and bases, ampholytes are considered as substances capable of both taking up and giving off hydrogen ions. The theoretical treatment of the capacity of ampholytes to combine with acids (and bases) has been carried out on this basis. Section A. Several experimental series are noted, comprising the determination of the activity coefficient of the hydrogen ion (fH) in ammonium chloride solutions of different concentration. Section B. The general method of experimental determination of the ionisation (capacity to combine with adds and bases) of egg albumin in ammonium chloride and potassium chloride solutions is briefly described, and the results of the experiments are compared. Section C. 1). In a brief theoretical survey we have suggested that distinction should be made between isoelectric and isoionic reaction of an ampholyte, the former defined as the hydrogen ion activity (value of paH) at which the mean valency of the ampholyte is 0, the latter as the hydrogen ion activity at which the quantity of acid or base combined with the ampholyte is 0; or, as we prefer to express it, the hydrogen ion activity at which the specific hydrogen ionisation of the ampholyte is 0. If the ampholyte does not combine with other ions than the hydrogen ion, then isoelectric and isoionic reaction coincide. Isoionic reaction is determined by acid-combining experiments. The principle of this determination is briefly described. A theoretical investigation of the alteration with salt concentration of both isoelectric (isoionic) reaction and the shape and direction of the ionisation curves is made, with regard to ampholytes capable only of combining with hydrogen ions, on the basis of the Debye-Hückel formulae and Linderstrøm-Lang's theory for the ionisation of polyvalent ampholytes of simple type. It is shown that the salt effect, in accordance with the theory, and in qualitative agreement with the experiments, consists in a turning of the ionisation curves, indicating the relation between the quantity of combined acid (specific hydrogen ionisation) and paH, and the turning of the curves, which leaves the isoelectric reaction unaltered, tends in such a direction that the quantity of combined acid at constant ampholyte concentration and constant pan increases with increasing salt concentration. The possibility of chemical combining of other ions than the hydrogen ion is discussed. 2). Following on 1), a brief survey of the experimental results is given. 3). The isoionic reaction is found from the experimental material and proved to be independent of the ammonium chloride concentration. As the mean of all determinations we have pa(H) (0) = 4.898 (isoionic reaction). The difference between this value and that formerly found for ammonium sulphate solutions (4.844) is discussed. 4). Finally, on the basis of the theory in Section 1), some simple calculations of the ionisation curves for egg albumin are made, and it appears that the theory can reproduce the experimental results in a rough quantitative way when we assume that the egg albumin has a radius of 2.21.10(-7) cm. (answering to a molecular weight of 35,000 in aqueous solution), and contains 30 acid and base groups.
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10.1085/jgp.8.6.543
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pubmed_346_13213
|
The ability of activated monocytes/macrophages to exert cytotoxic effects in vitro which are preferentially manifest on target cells displaying a transformed phenotype has elicited intense efforts aimed at a molecular characterization of the underlying mechanism. This multistep reaction is typified by an apparently stringent requirement for conjugation between the effector and target to facilitate cytotoxicity, which has therefore long caused bias against the role of soluble effector molecules in mediating target cell damage. However, several laboratories have recently demonstrated a compelling role for at least one such mediator, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in cell-mediated cytotoxicity exerted against certain target cells; these studies indicated that specific anti-TNF antibodies could block direct monocyte/macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity of TNF-sensitive targets. More recently we have shown that some targets which are completely resistant to soluble or fluid-phase TNF are effectively lysed by a TNF-dependent mechanism upon coculture with activated macrophages under conditions in which conjugation is facilitated. Furthermore, macrophage-mediated cytolysis of both TNF-sensitive and TNF-resistant targets occurs independently of the action of secreted TNF via this mechanism. The purpose of this review is to consider the implications of distinct modes of effector cell delivery of TNF to the target for molecular characterization of the target injury phase of macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity.
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pubmed_346_13213
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pubmed_533_5658
|
BACKGROUND
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. Women with gestational diabetes are more likely to experience adverse health outcomes such as pre-eclampsia or polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid). Their babies are also more likely to have health complications such as macrosomia (birthweight > 4000 g) and being large-for-gestational age (birthweight above the 90th percentile for gestational age). Current clinical guidelines support elective birth, at or near term in women with gestational diabetes to minimise perinatal complications, especially those related to macrosomia.This review replaces a review previously published in 2001 that included "diabetic pregnant women", which has now been split into two reviews. This current review focuses on pregnant women with gestational diabetes and a sister review focuses on women with pre-existing diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2).
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effect of planned birth (either by induction of labour or caesarean birth), at or near term (37 to 40 weeks' gestation) compared with an expectant approach for improving health outcomes for women with gestational diabetes and their infants. The primary outcomes relate to maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (15 August 2017), and reference lists of retrieved studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised trials comparing planned birth, at or near term (37 to 40 weeks' gestation), with an expectant approach, for women with gestational diabetes. Cluster-randomised and non-randomised trials (e.g. quasi-randomised trials using alternate allocation) were also eligible for inclusion but none were identified.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two of the review authors independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included study. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.
MAIN RESULTS
The findings of this review are based on a single trial involving 425 women with gestational diabetes. The trial compared induction of labour with expectant management (waiting for the spontaneous onset of labour in the absence of any maternal or fetal issues that may necessitate birth) in pregnant women with gestational diabetes at term. We assessed the overall risk of bias as being low for most domains, apart from performance, detection and attrition bias (for outcome perineum intact), which we assessed as being at high risk. It was an open-label trial, and women and healthcare professionals were not blinded.There were no clear differences between women randomised to induction of labour and women randomised to expectant management for maternal mortality or serious maternal morbidity (risk ratio (RR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 8.76, one trial, 425 women); caesarean section (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.77, one trial, 425 women); or instrumental vaginal birth (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.46, one trial, 425 women). For the primary outcome of maternal mortality or serious maternal morbidity, there were no deaths in either group and serious maternal morbidity related to admissions to intensive care unit. The quality of the evidence contributing to these outcomes was assessed as very low, mainly due to the study having high risk of bias for some domains and because of the imprecision of effect estimates.In relation to primary neonatal outcomes, there were no perinatal deaths in either group. The quality of evidence for this outcome was judged as very low, mainly due to high risk of bias and imprecision of effect estimates. There were no clear differences in infant outcomes between women randomised to induction of labour and women randomised to expectant management: shoulder dystocia (RR 2.96, 95% CI 0.31 to 28.21, one trial, 425 infants, very low-quality evidence); large-for-gestational age (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.02, one trial, 425 infants, low-quality evidence).There were no clear differences between women randomised to induction of labour and women randomised to expectant management for postpartum haemorrhage (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.54, one trial, 425 women); admission to intensive care unit (RR 1.48, 95% CI 0.25 to 8.76, one trial, 425 women); and intact perineum (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.43, one trial, 425 women). No infant experienced a birth trauma, therefore, we could not draw conclusions about the effect of the intervention on the outcomes of brachial plexus injury and bone fracture at birth. Infants of women in the induction-of-labour group had higher incidences of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (jaundice) when compared to infants of women in the expectant-management group (RR 2.46, 95% CI 1.11 to 5.46, one trial, 425 women).We found no data on the following prespecified outcomes of this review: postnatal depression, maternal satisfaction, length of postnatal stay (mother), acidaemia, intracranial haemorrhage, hypoxia ischaemic encephalopathy, small-for-gestational age, length of postnatal stay (baby) and cost.The authors of this trial acknowledge that it is underpowered for their primary outcome of caesarean section. The authors of the trial and of this review note that the CIs demonstrate a wide range, therefore making it inappropriate to draw definite conclusions.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is limited evidence to inform implications for practice. The available data are not of high quality and lack power to detect possible important differences in either benefit or harm. There is an urgent need for high-quality trials evaluating the effectiveness of planned birth at or near term gestation for women with gestational diabetes compared with an expectant approach.
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10.1002/14651858.CD012910
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pubmed_922_4942
|
Uncontrolled release of encapsulated drugs and contrast agents from biodegradable polymer nanoparticles (NPs) is a central problem in drug delivery and bioimaging. In particular, it concerns polymeric NPs prepared by nanoprecipitation, where this release (so-called burst release) can be very significant, leading to side effects and/or bioimaging artifacts. Here, we systematically studied the effect of the chemical structure of cargo molecules, BODIPY dye derivatives, on their capacity to be loaded into ∼50 nm PLGA NPs without leakage in biological media. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that all the dyes, except the most polar BODIPY derivative, formed blended structures with polymer NPs. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of dye-loaded NPs in the presence of serum proteins revealed that only the most hydrophobic BODIPY dyes, bearing one octadecyl chain or two octyl chains, remain inside the NPs, while all other derivatives are released into the serum medium. The time-lapse absorption and fluorescence studies confirmed this result, suggesting the release kinetics for the leaky NPs on the time scale of hours. Fluorescence microscopy of living cells incubated with BODIPY-loaded NPs showed that most of them exhibit strong dye leakage observed as a homogeneous distribution of fluorescence all over the cytoplasm. Importantly, NPs loaded with the most hydrophobic dyes exhibited high stability showing a dotted pattern in the perinuclear region, typical for endosomes and lysosomes. Our results highlight the significance of the cargo hydrophobicity for efficient encapsulation inside polymeric NPs prepared by nanoprecipitation, which enables designing stable cargo-loaded nanomaterials for bioimaging and drug delivery.
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10.1039/c8tb02781a
|
pubmed_284_7612
|
The effects of mepyramine (H1-antagonist) and burimamide (H2-antagonist) were studied on histamine, 2-methylhistamine (a selective H1-agonist), 4-methylhistamine (a selective H2-agonist) and acetylcholine-induced changes in systemic arterial and central venous pressure and respiration in anaesthetized chickens. The result of this study suggested a predominance of H1 and some H2 histamine receptors in the cardiovascular system of domestic fowl where both are mediating systemic hypotension. There also appears to be predominance of H1 receptors mediating venous hypertension and respiratory apnoea to large doses of histamine and 2-methylhistamine. In addition, a possible involvement of H2-receptors in the cardiovascular system of chicken is suggested by the finding that burimamide always blocked mepyramine potentiated secondary pressor response to histamine and its analogues.
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pubmed_284_7612
|
pubmed_704_15892
|
OBJECTIVES
Head impact exposure (HIE) in youth football is a public health concern. The objective of this study was to determine if one season of HIE in youth football was related to cognitive changes.
METHOD
Over 200 participants (ages 9-13) wore instrumented helmets for practices and games to measure the amount of HIE sustained over one season. Pre- and post-season neuropsychological tests were completed. Test score changes were calculated adjusting for practice effects and regression to the mean and used as the dependent variables. Regression models were calculated with HIE variables predicting neuropsychological test score changes.
RESULTS
For the full sample, a small effect was found with season average rotational values predicting changes in list-learning such that HIE was related to negative score change: standardized beta (β) = -.147, t(205) = -2.12, and p = .035. When analyzed by age clusters (9-10, 11-13) and adding participant weight to models, the R2 values increased. Splitting groups by weight (median split), found heavier members of the 9-10 cohort with significantly greater change than lighter members. Additionaly, significantly more participants had clinically meaningful negative changes: X2 = 10.343, p = .001.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that in the 9-10 age cluster, the average seasonal level of HIE had inverse, negative relationships with cognitive change over one season that was not found in the older group. The mediation effects of age and weight have not been explored previously and appear to contribute to the effects of HIE on cognition in youth football players.
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10.1017/S1355617720000685
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pubmed_795_20013
|
To compare the efficacy and tolerability of moclobemide versus paroxetine for the treatment of depression with comorbid anxiety disorders. Outpatients fulfilling DSM-III-R criteria for major depression or dysthymia and for a co-occurring comorbid anxiety disorder (panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder) after a 1-week run-in phase were randomly assigned to open-label moclobemide (300-600 mg/day) or paroxetine (20-40 mg/day) for 4 months. Primary criterion for response was a 50% score reduction from baseline on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores. Mean changes in Clinical Global Impressions Severity of Illness and Improvement Scales (CGI-I) were also used to evaluate treatment response. Of the 123 patients included in the study, 65 were randomly assigned to moclobemide and 58 to paroxetine. At study end, the two treatment groups did not differ significantly in terms of proportion of responders. Treatment group differences emerged when comorbid anxiety diagnoses were considered. In patients with comorbid panic disorder, paroxetine was superior to moclobemide in improving both anxiety and depression (five patients out of 18 in the moclobemide group and nine out of 14 in the paroxetine group were rated as responders according to CGI-I, P = 0.04). Neither medication was superior in treating comorbid generalized anxiety disorder. These findings indicate that both moclobemide and paroxetine are effective for treatment of depression with comorbid anxiety disorders. However, in the subgroup with comorbid panic disorder, paroxetine is more effective than moclobemide in reducing both depressive and anxiety symptoms.
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10.1097/00004850-200301000-00003
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pubmed_987_11000
|
Microalgae, due to its rapid growth, low nutritional requirements, and versatility of adaptation to different environmental conditions, has aroused the biotechnological interest, synthesizing novel molecules with antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial activities. In this sense, we carried out the bioprospection of Chaetoceros muelleri, a marine diatom employed in aquaculture, as a candidate to the development of new drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections. The chemical profile of extracts in different solvents (hexane, chloroform, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetone) were analyzed by 1 H-NMR. The hexane extract was the most active against all bacteria species tested, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 100 μg/ml. Contrarily, the methanol extract was inactive against all tested microorganisms and, in addition, was the only one with IC50 >800 μg/mL, showing no cytotoxicity in VERO cell lines. All other extracts showed antibacterial potential and IC50 values varying between 267.58 and 142.47 μg/ml. The fact that C. muelleri is a microalga easily grown on bioreactors on a large scale may promote its biotechnological use, especially as scaffolds for the development of new compounds against bacterial species of clinical and public health interest.
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10.1002/cbdv.202100846
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pubmed_98_7719
|
Eight new compounds (1-8), along with three known related compounds (9-11) were isolated from the leaves of Sauropus spatulifolius Beille. Their structures and configurations were elucidated by means of spectrometric and the modified Mosher's method. Among the new compounds, compounds 1 and 2 were identified as ethyl 3, 6-anhydro-2-deoxy-β-D-arabino-hexofuranoside (1) and ethyl 3, 6-anhydro-2-deoxy- hexofuranoside (2). Compounds 3-5 were the 2-acetylpyrrole derivatives and identified as 2-(2-acetyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-4-hydroxybutyric acid (3), methyl 4-(2-acetyl-lH-pyrrol- 1-yl) butanoate (4) and 1, 4-bis (2-acetyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) butane (5), respectively. Compound 6 was elucidated as 7-megastigmane-3, 8, 9-triol. Compounds 7, 8 were identified as kaempferol-3-O-2-deoxy-β-D-glucoside (7) and kaempferol-3-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucoside (8). In addition, the cytotoxic activities of all the compounds were also evaluated, where compounds 3, 5, 7, 9\10 and 11 exhibited the magnificent inhibition activity on lung fibroblast differentiation induced by TGF-β1with low toxicity against the RLE-6TN cell.
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10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105100
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pubmed_827_18814
|
The zinc-finger transcription factor Krüppel-like factor-2 plays an important role in pulmonary development, inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, and maintaining quiescence in single-positive T cells. KLF2 levels rapidly decrease during adipogenesis and activation of T cells, but the pathways involved remain unclear. Previously, we identified WWP1, a HECT-domain E3-ubiquitin ligase, as an interacting partner of KLF2. This led us to speculate that KLF2 may be targeted for ubiquitination. Here, we demonstrate that WWP1 interacts with KLF2 in vivo and mediates both poly-ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of KLF2. Deleting the inhibitory domain of KLF2 abrogated KLF2-WWP1 interactions and abolished WWP1-mediated poly-ubiquitination and down-regulation of KLF2. Furthermore, lysine-121 in the inhibitory domain of KLF2 is critical for ubiquitin-conjugation. Finally, the catalytic cysteine of WWP1 is not required for KLF2-ubiquitination. Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that WWP1 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of KLF2 and is not involved in the ubiquitin-transfer reaction.
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10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.033
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pubmed_975_14165
|
Based on organ bath experiments illustrating nitric oxide (NO) or an NO-releasing substance as mediator of the nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) nerve-induced relaxations in the canine ileocolonic junction and rat gastric fundus, a bioassay superfusion technique was developed to detect and characterize the inhibitory NANC neurotransmitter. Evidence is provided that NANC nerve stimulation results in the release of a vasorelaxant factor with pharmacological properties similar to NO: its release is blocked by inhibition of the NO biosynthesis and tetrodotoxin, but enhanced by L-arginine. Its half-life is comparable to that of NO, and its biological activity is enhanced by superoxide dismutase, but abolished by hemoglobin. In addition, the nitrergic transferable factor is similarly affected as authentic NO by pyrogallol, hydroquione, hydroxocobalamin and L-cysteine. Nitrosothiols, like S-nitroso-L-cysteine, S-nitrosoglutathione and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L- penicillamine, on the other hand, have a different pharmacological profile compared to NO and the nitrergic factor, indicating that NO, and not a nitrosothiol, is released from inhibitory NANC nerves in the canine ileocolonic junction. This nerve-induced release is Ca(2+)-dependent and prejunctionally regulated by K+ channels and alpha 2-adrenoceptors: blockade of K+ channels enhances the release, whereas alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation reduces the release of the nitrergic factor, possibly by activating K+ channels.
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pubmed_975_14165
|
pubmed_121_15735
|
Management of right atrial appendage (RAA) thrombus is a clinical dilemma. We describe a case of incidentally found RAA thrombus in a patient with a left atrial appendage closure device (WATCHMAN). Options for the management of RAA thrombus include observation, anticoagulation, thrombolytics, or surgical extraction. Size, mobility, site of attachment of the thrombi, patient factors (e.g., bleeding risk), and other indications for anticoagulation may be used to guide management.
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10.1080/08998280.2022.2065104
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pubmed_215_2553
|
Patients with a perforation of the gastrointestinal tract need fast confirmation of diagnosis and early treatment to improve outcome. Plain abdominal x-ray does not always prove the perforation particularly at early stage. We report about a 62 year-old woman complaining of consistent abdominal pain with sudden onset. Ultrasound was taken as first diagnostic measure, revealing a perforation. The leakage was located in the stomach. Radiography confirmed the pneumoperitoneum without indicating the perforated location. During operation the perforated gastric ulcer was found and sutured. This case report points out the reliability of ultrasound in diagnosing a pneumoperitoneum. Additionally it provides a summary of ultrasound signs seen in perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers and a review of literature.
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10.1055/s-2002-35261
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pubmed_147_10307
|
A clickable pyrrolopyrrole cyanine (PPCy) dye was synthesized by incorporating an alkyne moiety, followed by click reaction with azide-functionalized molecules of different polarities. The clickable dyes are readily amenable to labelling diverse molecules and exhibit an exceptionally high photostability and an impressive fluorescence quantum yield.
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10.1039/C3RA40441B
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pubmed_99_5679
|
Two lines of Japanese quail were divergently selected for high and low antibody responses after being twice injected at 4 and 6 weeks of age with inactivated Newcastle disease virus antigen. After seven generations of selection, the serum antibody level in the high line was 24% greater than the level in the unselected control lines, whereas the low line antibody level was approximately 37% less than that in the control line. The estimated heritability (H2S + D) was approximately .12 +/- .50. The realized h2, calculated from coefficient of regression formula on seven generations (G3 to G9 ), was .07.
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10.3382/ps.0630595
|
pubmed_326_16237
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A high activity lysophospholipase A (lysoPLA) was purified from the soluble fraction of bovine brain. The separation included sequential DEAE-Sephacel, phenyl-Sepharose FF, heparin-Sepharose CL-6B, and Q-Sepharose FF column chromatography. Mono Q, Sephacryl S300HR, and hydroxylapatite column chromatography in the presence of the detergent CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate) and glycerol further purified the activity to 17,000-fold. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using nondenaturing conditions. The pure enzyme migrated as a single polypeptide of 95 kDa mass by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and deacylated arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (ara-lysoPC) at rate of 70 micromol/(min mg). The enzyme showed selectivity for arachidonoyl-substituted lysoPC, since palmitoyl-lysoPC was deacylated at a much lower rate (7 micromol/(min mg)). LysoPLA activity was maximal at pH 7.4-8.0 and was increased 1.3-fold by MgCl2 (5 mM). By including MgCl2, however, the range of optimal activity was expanded to pH values up to 9.0. The 95-kDa protein also deacylated arachidonoyl groups from 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonoyl-PC (PLA2 activity) at a rate of 15 micromol/(min mg). Moreover, the deacylation of arachidonoyl groups from diacylPC was greatly increased by including purified bovine brain PLA1 in the reaction mixture. Thus, the same 95-kDa polypeptide catalyzed both lysoPLA and PLA2 activities, but the rate of arachidonoyl group deacylation was increased by prior sn-1 deacylation. Finally, the 95-kDa polypeptide cross-reacted with antibodies raised against a human recombinant cPLA2, implying that the 95-kDa protein is structurally similar to cPLA2. Additionally, these data suggest that the combined actions of PLA1 and the 95-kDa protein generate significant amounts of free arachidonic acid in the brain.
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10.1074/jbc.271.30.18114
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