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the necessary permits. This coordinator would be responsible for moni - toring progress in the permit granting process and facilitating regional cooperation to ensure political backing for cross-border infrastructure from all relevant Member States. In parallel, the EU should develop the governance needed for a genuine Energy Union so that decisions and market functions of cross-border relevance are taken centrally . A stronger, more robust institutional framework would entail strengthening monitoring, investigation and decision-making powers at the EU level with the possi - bility of providing full regulatory oversight over all decisions and processes that have direct cross-border impact. A genuine Energy Union should ensure that central market functions of relevance for an integrated market are performed centrally and subject to proper regulatory oversight. While “hard-to-abate” industries will benefit from lower energy prices, the EU should take a pragmatic approach to decarbonisation to mitigate potential trade-offs [see the chapters on energy-intensive indus - tries, and transport] . For the EU to lead the decarbonisation of EIIs, a stronger focus is needed by both the EU and national governments to provide sufficient financial resources. The report recommends earmaking a larger share of ETS revenues to EIIs, with resources targeted towards innovating assets and processes and enhancing the skills needed for decarbonisation, for example by supporting the uptake of green hydrogen or carbon capture and storage solutions. ETS revenues should also be used to support the decarbonisation of the transport sector, helping reach the EU’s milestones for shifting more activity to sustainable modes of transport. Decarbonisation funding across the EU should be based on common, competitive and simple instruments, such as Carbon CfDs or competitive auctions by the European Hydrogen Bank. A basket of options should be in place to financially support transport decarbonisa - tion. These could include CfDs to de-risk investment in low carbon fuels, blending EU grants with support by EIB and National Promotional Banks, and Regulatory Asset Based models for investment in (high speed) railway infrastructure. At the same time, a global level playing field for EIIs and transport operators should be ensured during the transition. While CBAM is an important instrument for European companies to stay competitive against their international peers that face lower or no carbon prices, its success is still uncertain. The EU should closely monitor and improve the CBAM design during the transition phase and consider postponing the phase out of free ETS free
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[]
as clean tech and automotives, and industries that use energy intensively and are “hard-to-abate”. Third, Europe needs to increase security and reduce dependencies . Given its high trade openness and dependence on imports ranging from raw materials to advanced technology, the EU will need to develop a genuine “foreign economic policy” that coordinates preferential trade agreements and direct investment with resource-rich nations, the building up of stockpiles in selected critical areas, and the creation of industrial partnerships to secure the supply chain of key technologies. Europe will also need to develop a strong and independent defence industrial capacity that allows it to meet increasing demand for military assets and equipment and remain at the forefront of defence technology. BUILDING BLOCKS The EU’s new industrial strategy rests on a series of building blocks, the first of which is full implementation of the Single Market . The Single Market is critical for all aspects of the strategy: for enabling scale for young, inno - vative companies and large industrials that compete on global markets; for creating a deep and diversified common energy market, an integrated multimodal transport market and strong demand for decarbonisation solutions; for negotiating preferential trade deals and building more resilient supply chains; for mobilising greater volumes of private finance; and as a result, for unlocking higher domestic demand and investment. Remaining trade frictions in the EU mean that Europe is leaving around 10% of potential GDP on the table, according to one estimateix. Proposals to complete the Single Market for different sectors appear in many chapters of this report. However, as the Letta report has systematically analysed the key challenges facing the Single Market and provided recommendations, there is no chapter dedicated solely to the Single Market in this reportx. The next building blocks are industrial, competition and trade policies, which interact closely and must be aligned as part of an overall strategy . Evidence that industrial policies can be effective under certain circum - stances is growingxi. But to avoid the pitfalls of the past – such as defending incumbent companies or picking winners – these policies must be organised according to a set of key principles which embed best practice. Among others, the focus of such policies should be on sectors rather than companies; public support should be contin - uously evaluated, underpinned by a rigorous monitoring exercise; and market failures should be clearly specified and public
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Focus 9.2. Training for parents and caregivers can support early childhood development............................................................... | 179 | | CHAPTER 10. Technical, vocational, tertiary and adult education................................................................................................. | 182 | | Focus 10.1. Higher education leaders face major challenges....................................................................................................................... | 190 | | Focus 10.2. Women are under-represented in higher education leadership.......................................................................................... | 194 | | CHAPTER 11. Skills for work..................................................................................................................................................................... | 196 | | Focus 11.1. Can leadership be taught?................................................................................................................................................................. | 201 | | CHAPTER 12. Equity.................................................................................................................................................................................... | 206 | | Focus 12.1. Peers affect individual education outcomes............................................................................................................................... | 214 | | CHAPTER 13. Youth and adult literacy................................................................................................................................................... | 218 | | Focus 13.1. Family literacy programmes are as relevant as ever ...............................................................................................................223 | | | CHAPTER 14. Sustainable development and global citizenship .................................................................................................... | 228 | | Focus 14.1. Civic education can shape young citizens' political behaviour ..............................................................................................234 | | | CHAPTER 15. Education facilities and learning environments....................................................................................................... | 238 | | Focus 15.1. School infrastructure must adapt to climate change............................................................................................................... | 245 | | CHAPTER 16. Scholarships........................................................................................................................................................................ | 252 | | Focus 16.1. New funding sources of scholarships are emerging.................................................................................................................258 | | | CHAPTER 17. Teachers............................................................................................................................................................................... | 260 | | Focus 17.1. 'Teacher shortages' is used to describe different problems which require different policies | ....................................268 | | CHAPTER 18. Finance ................................................................................................................................................................................. | 273 | |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------| | Public expenditure...................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 275 | | Focus 18.1. Are school principals' salaries attractive? ................................................................................................................................... | 281 | | Aid expenditure ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................287 | | | Aid to education reached a record absolute level but continues to decline in relative terms ...........................................................287 | | | Focus 18.2. Tapping climate finance to mobilize resources in education ................................................................................................ | 292 | | Household expenditure.............................................................................................................................................................................................296 | | | Annex | | | Statistical tables ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 301 | | Aid tables.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................387 | | | Glossary.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................396 | | | Acronyms and abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................................................401 | | ## List of figures, ## tables and boxes ## FIGURES | Figure 1.1 | School leadership is at the centre of a framework of education quality ...................................................................................12 | | |--------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----| | Figure 2.1 | School principals have reported a decrease in their oversight of teaching activities in high-income countries .........27 | | | Figure 2.2 | Just over one in three principals reported having a significant responsibility for determining course content.......... | 28 | | Figure 2.3 | Principals have significant decision-making power in setting disciplinary policies but not teacher salaries.............. | 39 | |
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[]
a scenario where one single return or calculation is received per company. In addition, multiple returns or entries will need to be audited, including the verification of a correct apportionment of revenues and costs between mining licence areas. T ax authorities may need to audit several controlled domestic transactions between projects, as well as activities undertaken within the operational units of a single entity for transfer pricing purposes. It is important for countries to consider the benefits and risks of ring-fencing rules before deciding to adopt them, including whether the ring-fencing rules are the most effective instrument to achieve the country's objectives, or whether there are more effective and appropriate approaches by using other fiscal tools or design features for the mining taxation framework. Section 4 will explore the important preconditions that will inform when ring-fencing might be essential to secure ring-fencing benefits. 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 4.0 Designing Ring-Fencing Rules 24 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers4.1 When Ring-Fencing Is an Appropriate Policy Response Ring-fencing is a suitable policy option when certain conditions are in place. Section 3 outlined the risks of ring-fencing. For instance, ring-fencing could pose compliance and administrative costs and could deter investment. This means ring-fencing might only be the right policy choice under specific circumstances. This section outlines the important preconditions necessary for the benefits of ring-fencing to exceed its costs. TABLE 3. Overview of considerations for introduction or design of ring-fencing Circumstance Where ring-fencing is appropriate in this circumstance Where there is no differentiation of the tax rates or no special taxes for the mining sector. A ring-fencing regime may not be a suitable policy option where there is no special differentiation of mining activities in corporate income rules and there are no special taxes targeting the economic rents from the mining sector. This could be the case in countries that permit consolidation of the tax base at the taxpayer level or even the MNE group level operating in the jurisdiction. The economic rents can still be captured with carefully designed fiscal instruments, such as mining royalties. Where there is a tax rate differential between mining and non-mining activities, or special rent targeting taxes in the mining sector are in place.Mining has characteristics that
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[]
NACE three-digit data), innovation survey data will not be used in this report. Results on innovation activities at more highly ag- gregated levels are available from the World Bank Enterprise Survey37. Most recent WB Enterprise Survey data are available for 2018 for Azerbai- jan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine and for 2020 for Armenia. Here, we will analyse the industry aggregates using the firm-level data available to researchers from the Enterprise Survey data por- tal38. These results should be interpreted with care as sample sizes are relatively small (Table 2.27 shows the total weighted number of enterprises included39) and a further breakdown into two-digit NACE industries will lead to only a very small num- ber of enterprises in particular industries. As a cut- off point, results are only used when the weighted 37 Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org), The World Bank. 38 https://login.enterprisesurveys.org/content/sites/fi- nanceandprivatesector/en/signin.html 39 In the Enterprise Survey there are weights for each firm, which take into account how well the firm/industry repre- sents the economy. For example, if textiles accounts for 10% of the economy, but in a sample of 1 000 firms only 50 are from textiles, each textile firm receives a higher weight to compensate for the fact that the industry is un- derrepresented in the survey sample.number of enterprises, using the median weight as available in the firm-level databases, is at least 10. The following two questions from the Enterprise Survey have been used: ■H.1 During the last three years, has this estab- lishment introduced new or improved products or services? ■H.5 During the last three years, has this es- tablishment introduced any new or improved process? These include: • methods of manufacturing products or of- fering services, • logistics, delivery, or distribution methods for inputs, products, or services, • or supporting activities for processes. A new indicator has been constructed by combin- ing both questions to identify enterprises having introduced a product and/or process innovation. Results are shown in Table 2.28 for industries40 covered by the Enterprise Survey and where the weighted number of enterprises is at least 10. The average share of product innovators in the EaP countries is 35.1%, the average share of pro- cess innovators is 15.5% and the average share of product and/or process innovators is 41.1%. The share of enterprises that innovate is lowest in Azerbaijan. The corresponding degrees of specialisation are shown in Table 2.29, with industries where the degree of
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of girls and women in Guinea aged 15 to 49 had undergone female genital mutilation. Survivors of sexual violence continued to face dif ûculties accessing adequate medical and psychological care. 1. Wounded Youth: Care and Justice Urgently Needed for the Victims of Unlawful Use of Force in Guinea , 15 May ± 2. <Guinea: Trade Unionist Sékou Jamal Pendessa must b e released=, 23 January (French only) ± 3. <Guinea: Urgent investigation needed into enforced disappearance of two FNDC activists missing since 9 July=, 30 August ±ARBITRARY DETENTION ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCESINHUMANE DETENTION CONDITIONS RIGHT TO TRUTH, JUSTICE AND REPARATION WOMEN9S AND GIRLS9 RIGHTS 189Haiti 1894. Guinea: Ongoing Human Rights Violations: Submission to the 49th Session of the UPR Working Group, April-May 20 25, 10 December ± Republic of Haiti Food insecurity reached an alarming level, the health system was in a state of collapse and schools were forced to close because of violence. Hundreds of thousands of people üed their homes and were at risk as displaced people. Criminal gangs continued to perpetrate abuses, including against children. Sexual and gender-based violence increased. Impunity prevailed as the justice system struggled to function. The USA and the Dominican Republic failed to provide international protection to Haitians üeeing the country and continued forcibly returning them. Political instability and violence further weakened state institutions and aggravated deûciencies in basic services. Various spikes of violence occurred, including massacres, resulting in increased internal displacement and the temporary closure of the Port-au- Prince airport. Several armed gangs grew stronger and controlled important parts of the country, including strategic infrastructure such as ports and airports, exposing the population to generalized violence and human rights violations.1 In March, after intense pressure, Ariel Henry resigned as prime minister. In April, a Presidential Transitional Council was formed of different political forces. In November, the transitional council dismissed the prime minister appointed in June and appointed Alix Didier Fils-Aimé as the new prime minister. In June, the ûrst soldiers of the Kenyan police-led Multinational Security Support Mission, approved by the UN Security Council in 2023, arrived in Haiti. In September, the UN Security Council renewedthe mission for another year. By year9s end, there were more than 500 soldiers from the Bahamas, Belize, Jamaica and Kenya, based in Haiti. Almost half the population needed humanitarian assistance, with alarming levels of food insecurity and malnutrition. According to the UN's World Food Programme in September, 2
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[]
Computers and Internet Strange & Offbeat   SPACE & TIME Strange New Shapes May Rewrite the Laws of Physics Tiny Chip Could Unlock Gamma Ray Lasers, Cure Cancer, and Explore the Multiverse What If Dark Matter Came from a Mirror Universe? MATTER & ENERGY Scientists Found a New Way to Turn Sunlight Into Fuel Scientists Discover Crystal That Breathes Oxygen Like Lungs Gold Refuses to Melt at Temperatures Hotter Than the Sun’s Surface COMPUTERS & MATH Why Tiny Bee Brains Could Hold the Key to Smarter AI Why AI Emails Can Quietly Destroy Trust at Work Pain Relief Without Pills? VR Nature Scenes Trigger the Brain’s Healing Switch Toggle navigation Menu   S D S D Home Page Top Science News Latest News Home Home Page Top Science News Latest News Health View all the latest top news in the health sciences, or browse the topics below: Health & Medicine Allergy Cancer Cold and Flu Diabetes Heart Disease ... more topics Mind & Brain ADD and ADHD Alzheimer's Headaches Intelligence Psychology ... more topics Living Well Parenting Child Development Stress Nutrition Fitness ... more topics Tech View all the latest top news in the physical sciences & technology, or browse the topics below: Matter & Energy Chemistry Fossil Fuels Nanotechnology Physics Solar Energy ... more topics Space & Time Black Holes Dark Matter Extrasolar Planets Solar System Space Telescopes ... more topics Computers & Math Artificial Intelligence Mathematics Quantum Computers Robotics Virtual Reality ... more topics Enviro View all the latest top news in the environmental sciences, or browse the topics below: Plants & Animals Agriculture and Food Biology Biotechnology Extinction Microbes and More ... more topics Earth & Climate Climate Earthquakes Geology Global Warming Pollution ... more topics Fossils & Ruins Anthropology Archaeology Dinosaurs Evolution Paleontology ... more topics Society View all the latest top news in the social sciences & education, or browse the topics below: Science & Society Arts & Culture Economics Privacy Issues Public Health Sports ... more topics Business & Industry Computers & Internet Energy & Resources Engineering Medical Technology Transportation ... more topics Education & Learning Creativity Educational Psychology Infant & Preschool Learning Disorders STEM Education ... more topics Quirky Top News Human Quirks Odd Creatures Bizarre Things Weird World Keyword: Search Free Subscriptions Stay informed with ScienceDaily's free email newsletter, updated daily and weekly. Or view our many newsfeeds in your RSS reader: Email Newsletter
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engineering and heavy machinery (897 | 43.06%)Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery (443 | 50.98%)Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery (600 | 40.38%)Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery (16 351 | 30.08%)Electric and electronic technologies (102 | 28.41%) Electric and electronic technologies (6 515 | 11.98%) Electric and electronic technologies (175 | 11.78%)Electric and electronic technologies (7009 | 11.79%) Electric and electronic technologies (173 | 8.31%)Electric and electronic technologies (67 | 7.71%)Health and wellbeing (11 726 | 19.73%)Health and wellbeing (152 | 34.86%) Health and wellbeing (339 | 16.27%) Health and wellbeing (40 | 4.6%)Health and wellbeing (284 | 19.11%)Health and wellbeing (10 940 | 20.12%)Nanotechnology and materials (500 | 24.0%) Nanotechnology and materials (5 886 | 10.83%)Nanotechnology and materials (6 641 | 11.17%) Nanotechnology and materials (58 | 16.16%) Nanotechnology and materials (32 | 7.34%)Nanotechnology and materials (79 | 9.09%) Nanotechnology and materials (127 | 8.55%)Agrifood (177 | 20.37%) Agrifood (206 | 13.86%) Agrifood (5 353 | 9.85%)Agrifood (62 | 17.27%) Agrifood (151 | 7.25%)Agrifood (5 907 | 9.94%)Energy (65 | 14.91%) Energy (5 828 | 9.8%)Energy (5 647 | 10.39%)Biotechnology (112 | 25.69%) Biotechnology (5 837 | 9.82%)Chemistry and chemical engineering (110 | 12.66%) Chemistry and chemical engineering (312 | 14.98%) Chemistry and chemical engineering (43 | 9.86%) Chemistry and chemical engineering (35 | 9.75%)Fundamental physics and mathematics (58 | 16.16%)Environmental sciences and industries (103 | 11.85%)Biotechnology (190 | 12.79%) Biotechnology (5 517 | 10.15%)ICT and computer science (222 | 10.66%) ICT and computer science (77 | 5.18%)ICT and computer science (37 | 8.49%) ICT and computer science (29 | 8.08%) Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation171 172 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential Figure 3.22. Top identified domains in each EaP country in EC projects (number of identified EC projects in the domain | percentage of the total number of EC projects analysed in the country) EaP ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINE BELARUS Governance, culture, education and the economy (197 | 60.99%)Governance, culture, education and the economy (33 | 76.74%)Governance, culture, education and the economy (14 | 73.68%)Governance, culture, education and the economy (34 | 50.75%)Governance, culture, education and the economy (51 | 87.93%)Governance, culture, education and the economy (62 | 81.58%)Governance, culture, education and the economy (119 | 58.33%) Nanotechnology and materials (65 | 20.12%) Nanotechnology and materials (5 | 11.63%)Nanotechnology and materials (29 | 43.28%) Nanotechnology and materials (44
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"19.73%)Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "152", "|", "34.86", "%", ")", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "339", "|", "16.27", "%", ")", "\n", "Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "40", "|", "4.6%)Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "284", "|", "19.11%)Health", "and", "wellbeing", "\n", "(", "10", "940", "|", "20.12%)Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "500", "|", "24.0", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "5", "886", "|", "10.83%)Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "6", "641", "|", "11.17", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "58", "|", "16.16", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "32", "|", "7.34%)Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "79", "|", "9.09", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "127", "|", "8.55%)Agrifood", "\n", "(", "177", "|", "20.37", "%", ")", "\n", 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"materials", "\n", "(", "65", "|", "20.12", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "5", "|", "11.63%)Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "29", "|", "43.28", "%", ")", "\n", "Nanotechnology", "and", "\n", "materials", "\n", "(", "44" ]
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defined operating conditions corresponds to the data given by the selection software of the compressor m anufacturer. The operation of the high pressure con trol system, the transitions between heating, cooling an d simultaneous modes and the defrosting sequence we re validated experimentally and are presented in the s econd part of this article [1]. Keywords: heat pump, heating, cooling, thermosiphon, defrosting NOMENCLATURE AHX air heat exchanger C-mode cooling mode H-mode heating mode 2 HP high pressure (Pa) HPS heat pump for simultaneous heating and cooling LP low pressure (Pa) Q& heating or cooling capacity (W) r ratio (-) S-mode simultaneous mode T temperature (°C) Subscripts: aEv air evaporator c cooling CD condensation d demand EV evaporation exp experimental h heating mod modelled p production wEv water evaporator 1 Context and objectives Energy efficiency of buildings is continuously impr oving thanks to more and more stringent thermal reg ulations. Besides, comfort requirements demand more and more energy. The demand for cooling is rising to compens ate internal heat gains caused by more and more househo ld electrical equipment whilst domestic hot water ( DHW) demands continue to increase. A better thermal enve lope implies less energy for heating and more for c ooling. Therefore thermal needs of new buildings follow the trend of more balanced energy demands between heat ing and cooling. ECBCS Annex 48 of the International En ergy Agency deals with this issue [2]. An answer to a simultaneous energy demand in heating and cooling i s the heat pump, since it has simultaneously a heat ing capacity at the condenser and a cooling capacity at the evaporator. This study presents the design of a heat pump that can satisfy fluctuating needs, simultaneous or not, in heating and cooling. This heat pump with heat recovery is n amed HPS (Heat Pump for Simultaneous heating and cooling). It is suited to buildings such as hotels where DHW demands are high, small commercial units like 3 groceries and petrol stations or glass-fronted nort h-south oriented office buildings where simultaneou s needs in space heating and cooling are frequent. The first objective of the HPS is to produce, as of ten as possible, heating and cooling energies using the same electric energy input at the compressor. Chua et al . [3] evocate a significant reduction in carbon foo tprint using improved heat pumps for heating and cooling. Many a uthors work
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la parité du pouvoir d’achat (PPA) du PIB (en millions de dollars des États-Unis courants) extrait pour chaque pays et chaque année. La taille de la bulle est proportionnelle au rapport entre le nombre de chercheurs et le PIB pour chaque pays. Sources : Données tirées des questionnaires des éditions 2017 et 2020 du Rapport mondial sur les sciences océaniques (chercheurs) et du Rapport de suivi de la situation économique mondiale (PIB, en millions de dollars des États-Unis courants, correction des variations saisonnières), disponible dans la banque de données de la Banque mondiale.4 4 Voir https://databank.worldbank.org/home.aspx (page consultée le 12 février 2020). © Taeseo Park 8 / COI RAPPORT MONDIAL SUR LES SCIENCES OCÉANIQUES 2020RÉSUMÉ EXÉCUTIF ChIffRES ET DONNÉES fACTUELLES L ’égalité des genres est loin d’être acquise dans le domaine des sciences océaniques mais le défi à relever pour y parvenir est réaliste Dans le domaine des sciences océaniques, les femmes représentent entre environ 7 % (République démocratique du Congo) et 72 % (Irlande) de l’ensemble du personnel, incluant les chercheurs et le personnel de soutien technique dans les différents pays. La moyenne mondiale est de 37 %. Le pourcentage de femmes travaillant dans les sciences océaniques est égal ou supérieur à 50 dans des pays tels que l’ Angola, la Bulgarie, la Croatie, El Salvador, l’Irlande, la Pologne et la Turquie. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 % de femmes scientifiques /uni25CF % de femmes pour l'ensemble du personnel des sciences océaniques /uni25CF % de femmes pour l'ensemble des chercheurs en sciences océaniquesIrlande Croatie (2013) Bulgarie Turquie Pologne (ss-ensemble d'institutions) El Salvador Angola (2013) Canada (DFO) Portugal République dominicaine (2015) Allemagne (AWI) Espagne Finlande Norvège Maurice (MOI, UoM, MMS et CSMZAE) Italie (sous-ensemble d'institutions) Équateur Danemark (2017-2018 ; ss-ens. d'institutions) Iran, République islamique d' Pays-Bas (NIOZ, Deltares) Belgique (2018) Répub. de Corée (ss-ensemble d'institutions) Royaume-Uni Suriname (2014) États-Unis (2013) Pérou Chili (SHOA, UCSC, UV) Mozambique (ss-ens. d'inst. pour les cherch.) Afrique du Sud France (2016) Madagascar Bénin (2013) Colombie (ss-ensemble d'institutions) Mauritanie (IMROP) Kenya Oman Guinée République démocratique du Congo Brésil (2014) Japon (OSJ) Figure 4 (résumé). Proportion (% du DE total) des femmes dans les sciences océaniques et dans la recherche océanographique en 2017. En l’absence de données pour 2017, la dernière année disponible est indiquée entre parenthèses. Sources : Données tirées des questionnaires des éditions 2017 et 2020 du Rapport mondial sur les
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calculation . 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 _𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖,𝑗 =𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 _𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑛𝐸𝑈,2022 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 _𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖,𝑗 Where: • Correction_factor_ i,j: correction factor related to a specific country ( i) and specific year (j) ; • Plastic_production_EU,2022: quantity of plastic production for EU -27 in the 2022 ; • Plastic_production_i,j: quantity of country -specific ( i) plastic production in a specific year (j) . 11 2.4 Material Flow Analysis overview 2.4.1 Sectors -specific modelling The MFA model covered a comprehensive list of nine sectors : Packaging, Construction, Transport, Electronic , Agriculture , Textiles , Healthcare, Fishing, and ‘Other ’ sectors (including heterogeneous plastic s not accounted in the previously mentioned specific sectors) . Additional details related to the specific definition of each sector , are provided in the 2019 MFA rep ort (Section 2.3.1 of Amadei and Ardente, 2022 ) as the same sectors list is used . The MFA model was de veloped by firstly identifying its specific s ystem boundaries , detailing the various life cycle stages under scrutiny. Based on this, a set of a sector -specific Transfer Coefficient s (TCs) matrix es were established, based on stakeholder s’ inputs and literature data.
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… | … | 0.99 ₋₁ | 97 ₋₄ ᵢ | IRL | IRL | | Ireland Italy | … | … | … | … | … | 250 | 13 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 0.98 ₋₁ | | | ₋₁ … | | | | | | | | | 128 ₋₁ | 10 ₋₁ | … | … | … | ₋₁ | 11 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 0.63 ₋₁ | 93 ₋₂ ᵢ | 478 ₋₁ | 10 ₋₁ … | … | … | 0.68 ₋₁ | 84 ₋₄ ᵢ | ITA | ITA | | Latvia | 8 ₋₁ 0.1 ₋₂ | 10 ₋₁ 7 ₋₂ | 100 ₋₂ … | … … | … | 10 ₋₁ | 12 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₂ | … | … | … | 95 ₋₂ ᵢ … | 13 ₋₁ 0.3 | 9 ₋₁ | 100 ₋₂ … … … | … … | … … | … … | LVA | LVA | | Liechtenstein Lithuania | 13 ₋₁ | 8 ₋₁ | 83 ₋₃ | 83 ₋₃ | … … | 0.3 ₋₂ 9 ₋₁ | 7 ₋₂ 14 ₋₁ | … 91 ₋₃ | … 91 ₋₃ | … … | … 1.10 ₋₁ | 87 ₋₂ ᵢ | ₋₂ 27 ₋₁ 9 | 10 ₋₂ ₋₁ 95 | ₋₃ 95 ₋₃ | … | 1.10 ₋₁ | 96 ₋₄ ᵢ | LIE LTU | LIE LTU | | Luxembourg | 3 ₋₁ | 7 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 6 ₋₁ | 7 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 1.21 ₋₁ | … | ₋₁ 8 | ₋₁ … | … | … | 1.30 ₋₁ | … | LUX | LUX | | Malta | 1 ₋₂ | … | 92 ₋₂ | … | … | 2 ₋₂ | … | 84 ₋₂ | … | … | … | 89 ₋₂ ᵢ | 6 5 ₋₂ | 68 | ₋₂ … | … | … | … | MLT | MLT | | Monaco | 0.1 | 16 | 82 | 92 | 15 | 0.2 | 11 | 77 | 78 | 3 | … | … | 0.4 | … 8 | 88 | 18 | … | … | MCO | MCO |
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[]
there, to be linked to the National Institute of Health in Prague. In the event, she was unable to escape the patriarchal structures of science in her home country, despite having distanced herself physically from it. Her ambition to establish an institute and herself as a researcher of tropical diseases failed to materialize. Although she shared her research on leishmaniasis with scientists from the State Institute of Health in Prague, as Macková points out, 'scientific cooperation with Czechoslovak scientists, which was to be the main focus of her future work in Iraq, failed'. When the gates of professional science were almost impenetrable, as was the case with Kálalová Di- Lotti, it is perhaps no surprise that many women researchers did not leave a substantial scientific output behind (in this case, a paper published in The Journal of Czech Physicians ). By contrast, Kálalová DiLotti's impact as a medical practitioner is more visible and somehow easier to document through her small clinic in Baghdad and her work as a physician who helped deliver babies and performed complicated surgical procedures, including hymenoplasties. As Macková points out, President Masaryk's financial and institutional support for Kálalová Di- Lotti's project must be seen in light of post- World War I Czech efforts to expand the country's influence in the Balkan Peninsula and the Middle East and secure new economic markets for its industrial products. The institute she wanted to establish was to function not only as a research centre on tropical diseases, but also as an outpost that advanced Czech cultural and commercial interests in the region. Although unsuccessful, Kálalová Di- Lotti's involvement in this project highlights the ways in which career opportunities for women were intertwined with the economic and geopolitical (quasi- imperial) agendas of the new states that emerged in East- Central Europe after World War I, seldom examined in previous scholarship. By contrast, Rees Koerner and Gooday's chapter on the International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists discusses a more visible type of scientific network which created opportunities for women to discuss technoscientific ideas and practices, as well as the challenges they encountered in their respective fields. The paper focuses on the first four meetings, held in the US, UK, Italy and Poland between 1964 and 1975, to show how participants challenged the dominant scientific agendas of the Cold War world, such as nuclear war race and Space Race, and how ICWES
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[]
| Learning Digital | Learning Digital | Learning Digital | Learning Digital | Learning Digital | Learning Digital | Learning Digital | Learning Digital | | | Teachers | Teachers | Teachers | Teachers | Teachers | Teachers | | | | | | | | | | | |--------------------|--------------------|--------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|-------------|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|---------------|-------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------| | Minimum | Minimum | Minimum | E proficiency level (%) | E proficiency level (%) | E proficiency level (%) | E proficiency level (%) | E proficiency level (%) | F access to pedagogical | F access to pedagogical | | G Trained teachers (%) | G Trained teachers (%) | G Trained teachers (%) | G Trained teachers (%) | G Trained teachers (%) | H expenditure | H expenditure | I expenditure spending (%) | I expenditure spending (%) | Government on education as a percentage of total | Government on education as a percentage of total | Government on education as a percentage of total | Government on education as a percentage of total | Government on education as a percentage of total | Government on education as a percentage of total | | | | End of primary | End of primary | End lower Mathematics Reading | End lower Mathematics Reading | End lower Mathematics Reading | of secondary Upper secondary Mathematics | of secondary Upper secondary Mathematics | schools with Internet for purposes (%) | | Primary | secondary | Lower | Upper | secondary | Government | on education percentage | | government | | | | | | | | 2015 | 2023 | 2015 | 2023 | 2015 | 2023 | 2015 | 2023 | 2015 | 2023 | 2015 | 2023 | 2015 | 2023 | 2015 | 2023 | 2015 | 2023 2015 | | 2023 | | | | | | | | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.1.1 4.a.1 | 4.c.1 | 4.c.1 | 4.c.1 | 4.c.1 | 4.c.1 | 4.c.1 | 1.a.2 | 1.a.2 | 1.a.2 | 1.a.2 | 1.a.2 | 1.a.2 | 1.a.2 | 1.a.2 | | … | … | … | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14.4 ₊₁ | | | |
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[]
raw materials] . In the short term, the EU needs to imple - ment the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) rapidly and fully. The report recommends complementing this Act with a comprehensive strategy covering all stages of the critical mineral supply chain, from extraction to processing to recycling. To strengthen Europe’s position at the procurement stage, it is proposed to create a dedicated EU Critical Raw Material Platform. The platform would leverage Europe’s market power by aggregating demand for the joint purchasing of critical materials (following the model used in South Korea and Japan) and coordinating the negotiation of joint purchases with producer countries. It would also help lower “insurance costs” for Member States by managing future strategic stockpiles at the EU level, going beyond the soft request for national stockpiles 57THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 4included in the CRMA. In parallel, it is recommended that the EU further develops its “resource diplomacy” for CRMs. Proposals include upgrading the Global Gateway – which promotes investment in third countries – to focus on the EU’s strategic needs and developing joint strategies with other buyers from strategically aligned countries, for example through a G7+ Critical Raw Materials Club (including Japan, South Korea and Australia). The EU should also carefully explore the potential of environmentally-sustainable deep sea mining: estimates suggest that the sea bed holds large multiples of the known land-based reserves for example for copper, titanium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and rare earth elementsvii. The EU must also harness the potential of domestic resources through mining, recycling and innovation in alternative materials . Unlike fossil fuels, the EU has deposits of some critical raw materials, such as lithium in Portugal. Accelerating the opening of domestic mines could enable the EU to meet its entire demand for some critical minerals. The CRMA already calls on Member States to implement shorter permitting timeframes for “Strategic Projects”: 27 months for extraction permits and 15 months for processing, compared with processes that take three to five times as long today. However, the report recommends additional actions to accelerate the pace of permitting, for example increasing administrative capacity by mandating pre-defined staff resources to be allocated to Strategic Projects. At the same time, materials found in retired EVs, windmills and other goods represent a further supply that could be tapped through recycling. The EU could potentially meet more than half to three quarters
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TFRE 0.01 NOEL POIN LECT p5 p6 p7 p8 TERM FICH ALIT TFRE 1.E-5 POIN LECT p5 p6 p7 p8 TERM FICH ALIC TFRE 1.E-3 CALC TINI 0 TEND 0.085 !fin *======================================================================= PLAY CAME 1 EYE 9.67981E+00 -1.55461E+01 1.19133E+01 ! Q 8.47889E-01 4.83787E-01 5.59730E-02 2.09526E-01 VIEW -2.97649E-01 7.96940E-01 -5.25635E-01 RIGH 9.05932E-01 4.09467E-01 1.07814E-01 UP -3.01151E-01 4.44099E-01 8.43851E-01 FOV 2.48819E+01 !NAVIGATION MODE: ROTATING CAMERA !CENTER : 3.50000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 !RSPHERE: 3.77492E+00 !RADIUS : 2.07620E+01 !ASPECT : 1.00000E+00 !NEAR : 1.69871E+01 !FAR : 2.83119E+01 SCEN GEOM NAVI FREE LIMA ON SLER CAM1 1 NFRA 1 FREQ 0 TFRE 1.E-3 TRAC OFFS FICH AVI NOCL NFTO 86 FPS 10 KFRE 10 COMP -1 OBJE LECT base cube TERM REND GOTR LOOP 84 OFFS FICH AVI CONT NOCL OBJE LECT base cube TERM REND GO TRAC OFFS FICH AVI CONT OBJE LECT base cube TERM REND ENDP *======================================================================= SUITE Post-treatment ECHO RESU ALIC TEMP GARD PSCR SORT GRAP AXTE 1. 't [s]' COUR 1 'dz_p5' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT p5 TERM COUR 2 'dz_p6' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT p6 TERM COUR 3 'dz_p7' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT p7 TERM COUR 4 'dz_p8' DEPL COMP 3 NOEU LECT p8 TERM COUR 5 'dx_p5' DEPL COMP 1 NOEU LECT p5 TERM COUR 6 'dx_p6' DEPL COMP 1 NOEU LECT p6 TERM COUR 7 'dx_p7' DEPL COMP 1 NOEU LECT p7 TERM COUR 8 'dx_p8' DEPL COMP 1 NOEU LECT p8 TERM TRAC 1 2 3 4 AXES 1. 'Z-DISP (m)' YZER TRAC 5 6 7 8 AXES 1. 'X-DISP (m)' YZER LIST 1 2 3 4 AXES 1. 'Z-DISP (m)' LIST 5 6 7 8 AXES 1. 'X-DISP (m)' RCOU 15 'dx_p5' FICH 'sc3d01.pun' RENA 'dx_p5_01' TRAC 5 15 AXES 1. 'X-DISP (m)' YZER COLO NOIR ROUG FIN 154 Tuesday 12thAugust, 2025 @ 13:38 sc3d231.dgibi opti echo 0; * 'DEBPROC' pxextr3d m*'MAILLAGE' x1*'FLOTTANT' x2*'FLOTTANT' y1*'FLOTTANT' y2*'FLOTTANT' z1*'FLOTTANT' z2*'FLOTTANT'; * *-------------------------------------------------- * Extracts from the 3D mesh m the elements whose nodes are * located in the box [x1-x2,y1-y2,z1-z2]. * * Input : * ----- * m : 3D mesh * x1, x2, y1, y2, z1, z2 : extremes of the box * Output : * ------ * box : mesh contained in the box *-------------------------------------------------- * x = coor 1 m; sx = x POIN COMP x1 x2; y = coor 2 sx; sy = y POIN COMP y1 y2; z = coor
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[]
ycle Assessment (LCA) to contribute significantly to these efforts. Therefore, this report provides an in -depth examination of these two approaches, as well as their combined application, to inform and support the development of effective strategies for th e EU value chain. This study aims at showing a mass flow model for the whole value chain of plastics in the EU -27 for the year 2022 , from pellets production to end -of-life plastic management (referred to in this report as ‘the 2022 MFA’) . The 2022 MFA aims at reviewing, consolidating and refining the existing JRC material flow model for the EU -27 2019 (Amadei and Ardente, 2022) ; referred to in this report as ‘the 2019 MFA’). The 2022 MFA model includes details for a total of 9 sectors2. Such refinements benefited from the insights collected through the support stakeholders , especially discussed during a stakeholders’ consultation (further described in Section 2.2). For these abovementioned sectors , detailed information is provided on 15 specific polymers, including 12 fossil -based polymers3 and 3 bio-based polymers4. Additionally, two general categories (i.e. ‘Other fossil -based polymers’ and ‘Other bio -based polymers’) are included in the analysis to map the remaining fossil and bio polymers not specifically detailed. While MFA allows for the quantification of all plastic flows in a system, providing information on whether a circular economy could help mitigating environmental impacts is also fundamental . The LCA methodology could provide impacts insights , especially allowing measures of benefits and burdens associated with a defined product life cycle system. Coupling MFA with LCA ensures a deeper understanding of the value chain impacts, especially those that might be neglected if only mass -related insights are explored. For instance, depending on the impact category under scrutiny, 2 Namely: P ackaging, Construction, Transport, Electronic , Agriculture, Textiles , Healthcare, Fishing and ‘Other’. 3 Namely: low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high -density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PUR), styrene - based polymers (acrylonitrile butad iene styrene (ABS), polyamides (PA) such as nylon6 or nylon66, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC) . 4 Namely: bio -polypropylene (bio -PP), bio -polyurethane (bio -PUR), cellulose acetate (CA). 7 LCA could unveil how less -relevant flows (mass -wise) could have instead a meaningful role in driving environmental impacts. On the other hand, LCA could reinforce the importance of certain life cycle stages
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the data having been collected through a household survey carried The draw of the city 21 out in Sanjay, Bhalswa and Ajit Vihar. The first considers how choosing one’s own neighbourhood compared to one to which you have been evicted affects your daily living. The second, how some form of legality around housing can determine loyalty and fellowship through collective care for the community. The third, we investigate any causal links between trust, social capital and neighbourhood cohe - sion. Finally, the observations of Jane Jacobs in the slums of great American cities are explored and extrapolated: When sufficient people begin to stay in a slum by choice, several other impor - tant things also begin to happen. The community itself gains competence and strength, partly from practice and growth of trust. (Jacobs, 1961, p. 295 ) Part 2: Collective action and polycentricity Chapter 3 , “Community action: Solving problems through polycentric systems”, investigates how and why communities come together to solve local problems. First, the types of projects are investigated. These include community saving groups, applications, sanitation and water. Second, we hear the voices of the resi - dents to provide a deeper understanding of the drivers and motivations around these community solutions. Finally, we construct, using Ostrom’s theories, a model to explore how community residents work together in a deliberative and collaborative manner with other stakeholders to maintain and generate assets and services to improve the neighbourhoods. As Elinor Ostrom says, “In my own effort to start developing an alternative ‘behavioural theory of collective action’, I posited that building trust among participants that the other participants are trustworthy and reciprocators is an essential core of future theories ” (Ostrom, 2009b , p. 211). Chapter 4 , “Leading the slums: Governance, politics and brokers”, investigates the perceived characteristics of a successful community leader/broker in each of the settlement types. We seek to explore and then dispel the myth that residents are helpless and illustrate that they are actively trying to improve their neighbourhood with the support of their brokers, who are passionate to help. There are two parts to the chapter. First, to fully assess the efficacy and distributive aspects, we listen to the voices of community members carrying out interviews to allow for an eth - nographically informed picture of who leads the slums. Second, through a conjoint experiment using the theoretical framework set out in Auerbach and Thachil ( 2018 , 2023 )
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sample size on the complexity of the model, specifi - cally the number of free parameters being estimated. A desirable goal for an excel - lent model is to have a ratio of 20:1 for the number of respondents to the number of parameters in the model. A good model should have a ratio of 10:1, and if the ratio is less than 5:1, the model is said to be poor ( Humble, 2020 ; Kline, 2016 ; Bollen, 1989 ). These guidelines help ensure that the model has enough data to produce stable estimates and to accurately reflect the relationships among variables. Structural equation modelling is carried out in Chapter 2 to show the interrelated causal effects between trust, community neighbourhood cohesion and social capi - tal. In Chapter 3 , SEM assists in creating a model of collective action derived from Ostrom’s IAD framework. Social capital and subjective well-being latent factors are also produced in Chapter 3 using confirmatory factor analysis. Conjoint analysis Historical background to conjoint analysis The vignette survey approach was an idea proposed by Paul Lazarsfeld and Peter Rossi in 1951 when exploring respondents’ views on household social status (Rossi and Nock, 1982 ). They developed a design that allowed the survey fac - tors to be orthogonal, enabling the analysis of individual aspects independently from one another. This approach supports greater complexity and makes it possible to explore conditions that reflect real human choices and judgements, while still allowing for the clear identification of the separate influences of multiple factors. This method became known as ‘vignette surveys’ or ‘factorial surveys’ ( Wallander, Appendix 181 2009 ). This statistical technique allows for decision-makers’ preferences to be ana - lysed over a range of circumstances. The technique requires respondents to choose or rate hypothetical profiles or contexts that are systematically changed to enable a researcher to estimate the relative influence of each attribute. From its initial use, which explored respondents’ views on household social status (Rossi and Nock, 1982 ), the technique has been extended in various fields. Notable examples include Simon (1957) on human behaviour in social arenas; Lancaster (1966) in consumer behaviour; Hoffman (1968) in medicine; Green and Rao (1971) marketing, devel - opment of product and consumer demand; Anderson et al., ( 1992 ) on effective consumer travel choice; Johnson and Orme (2007) in marketing and advertising; and Hainmueller et al. (2014) in
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- 36 S. Gonzalez- Perez, R. Mateos de Cabo and M. Sainz, 'Girls in STEM: Is it a female role- model thing?' Frontiers in Psychology , 11, Article 2204 (2020), 2, https:// doi.org/ 10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.02204. - 37 Gonzalez- Perez, Mateos de Cabo and Sainz, 'Girls in STEM', p. 15. - 38 Gonzalez- Perez, Mateos de Cabo and Sainz, 'Girls in STEM', p. 2. - 39 For example, we hosted a panel discussion on the film Picture a Scientist during Women's History Month 2022. See: www.pictur easc ient ist.com/ (accessed 31 May 2022). - 40 Elizabeth Novara discusses developing appraisal and collection development criteria for the papers of women politicians. Developing criteria for the selection and appraisal of women scientists' papers, especially to ensure that women from under- represented groups are documented, is also important. See E. Novara, 'Documenting Maryland women state legislators: The politics of collecting women's political papers', American Archivist , 76: 1 (2013), 196- 214, https:// doi.org/ 10.17723/ aarc.76.1.u57m6 3551 2311 v48. - 41 Gonzalez- Perez, Mateos de Cabo and Sainz, 'Girls in STEM', p. 2. - 42 Expanding Your Horizons Chicago, https:// eyh chic ago.wordpr ess.com/ (accessed 27 May 2024). - 43 For example, recently donated materials from women scientists include the papers of Donna J. Cox, faculty member and an innovator in scientific visualization, https:// arc hon.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ archi ves/ index.php?p= coll ecti ons/ cont rolc ard&amp;id= 13152; Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, alumna and Nobel Prizewinner in physics (1977), https:// arc hon.libr ary.illin ois.edu/ archi ves/ index. php?p= acc essi ons/ access ion&amp;id= 1010. - 44 T. Zanish- Belcher, 'Documenting the sometimes invisible: Working with women scientists', Humanities Collections , 1 (2001), 4. - 45 Zanish- Belcher, 'Documenting the sometimes invisible', pp. 4- 5. - 46 Zanish- Belcher, 'Documenting the sometimes invisible', pp. 10- 11. - 47 S. J. Halsey, L. R. Strickland, M. Scott- Richardson, T. Perrin- Stowe and L. Masenburg, 'Elevate, don't assimilate, to revolutionize the experience of scientists who are Black, Indigenous and people of colour', Nature Ecology and Evolution , 4 (October 2020), 1291- 93, www.nat ure.com/ artic les/ s41 559- 020- 01297- 9. - 48 The authors previously discussed the importance of proactively documenting women in science. See B. G. Anderson and K. A. Wilson, 'Remembering women scientists: The case for proactively documenting women in science', Collections , 18: 4 (2022), 453- 78, https:// doi.org/ 10.1177/ 155019 0622 1129 336. ##
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- the present invention relates to, for example, a memory device, a processor, and a semiconductor device. - the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a memory device, a processor, and a semiconductor device. - one embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor wafer, a module, and an electronic device. - one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field. - the technical field of one embodiment of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method. - Another one embodiment of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, manufacture, or a composition of matter. - a semiconductor device generally means a device that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics. - a display device, a light-emitting device, a lighting device, an electro-optical device, a memory device, a semiconductor circuit, and an electronic device include a semiconductor device in some cases. - a processor is an aggregation of semiconductor elements, which includes a semiconductor integrated circuit (at least a transistor and a memory) separated from a semiconductor wafer and an electrode serving as a connection terminal. - a semiconductor circuit (IC chip) of LSI, processors such as CPUs and GPUs, memories, and the like is mounted on a circuit board, for example, a printed wiring board, to be used as one of components of a variety of electronic devices such as computers. - a technique by which a transistor is formed using a semiconductor thin film formed over a substrate having an insulating surface has been attracting attention. - the transistor is widely applied to electronic devices such as an integrated circuit (IC) and an image display device (also simply referred to as a display device). - IC integrated circuit - image display device also simply referred to as a display device. - a silicon-based semiconductor material is widely known as a semiconductor thin film applicable to a transistor; in addition, an oxide semiconductor has been attracting attention as another material. - An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device that can be miniaturized or highly integrated. - An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device having a small memory cell size. - An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a
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project folders in order to make data easily accessible on demand. The data generated under the project will be discoverable, identifiable and locatable. The PI is responsible for the data produced, processed and published by the institution. Embargo period, when required, is respected. Will the data be accessible through a free and standardized access protocol? The data will be made accessible on request. If there are restrictions on use, how will access be provided to the data, both during and after the end of the project? No restrictions, unless patents are involved. In this case, the data will be made available after the patent has been filed. How will the identity of the person accessing the data be ascertained? No. Is there a need for a data access committee (e.g. to evaluate/approve access requests to personal/sensitive data)? No. ## Metadata: Will metadata be made openly available and licenced under a public domain dedication CC0, as per the Grant Agreement? If not, please clarify why. Will metadata contain information to enable the user to access the data? A machine-readable electronic copy of the scientific papers is deposited on an open access repository (as arxiv.org) as soon as possible and at the latest on publication. Moreover, in our 'Publication' sheet in the management .xls these publications and corresponding links are tracked together with descriptive metadata, e.g.: - ▪ Publication type (journal article, presentation, book, thesis…etc.). - ▪ Title, authors, affiliation. - ▪ Identifiers (DOI, ISSN, PubMed ID, URLs…etc.). How long will the data remain available and findable? Will metadata be guaranteed to remain available after data is no longer available? 10 years from the end of the project. Will documentation or reference about any software be needed to access or read the data be included? Will it be possible to include the relevant software (e.g. in open source code)? No software information required. ## 2.3. Making data interoperable What data and metadata vocabularies, standards, formats or methodologies will you follow to make your data interoperable to allow data exchange and re-use within and across disciplines? Will you follow community-endorsed interoperability best practices? Which ones? Not relevant to the technical datasets yielded within this project. In case it is unavoidable that you use uncommon or generate project specific ontologies or vocabularies, will you provide mappings to more commonly used ontologies? Will you openly publish the generated ontologies or vocabularies to allow reusing, refining
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to 77% in 2022 in high-income countries. „Effective principals ensure their schools are safe, healthy and inclusive. Preventing bullying and ensuring student safety are key objectives for school leaders. In the United States, principals adapted the curriculum to prioritize social and emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Malta, principals worked with communities to develop an inclusive school culture for migrants with language support. Effective leadership demands fair hiring practices, trust and growth opportunities. „Talent recruitment and retention requires open and competitive hiring processes. Limiting political discretion in appointing school principals improves school outcomes. Yet globally, only 63% of countries have open and competitive school principal recruitment processes in primary and secondary education. „The best teachers do not necessarily make the best principals. But while 76% of countries require principals to be fully qualified teachers, some 3 in 10 also specify management experience. „Autonomy can unlock leaders’ potential. Higher-performing education systems tend to grant greater autonomy to principals over decisions on human and financial resources. But in richer countries, less than half of principals are responsible for course content or establishing teacher salary levels. And almost 40% of countries do not recognize higher education institutions’ autonomy by law. „Professional leaders need preparation and training. School leadership standards can help guide training by outlining the required competencies, which almost all countries have set. However, almost half of principals in richer countries do not receive any training before appointment and only 31% of all countries have regulations for the induction of new principals. Practical skills like data use, financial management and digital literacy are also essential, yet a quarter of principals in richer countries lack adequate training in such areas. School leaders are expected to do too much with too little. „There are too many demands on school operations to leave enough time for principals to set a vision. Expectations of principals are often too high. Principals are key to effective implementation of reforms. In some countries, they are also under intense scrutiny due to new accountability mechanisms. Yet a survey of principals in 14 middle-income countries showed that 68% of their time is spent on routine management tasks. About one third of public school principals and one fifth of private school principals in OECD countries reported lacking sufficient time for instructional leadership. 2 KEY MESSAGES School leaders should not be heroes. Sharing leadership builds better schools. „Sharing leadership throughout the school
[ "to", "77", "%", "in", "2022", "in", "high", "-", "income", "countries", ".", "\n ", "„Effective", "principals", "ensure", "their", "schools", "are", "safe", ",", "healthy", "and", "inclusive", ".", "Preventing", "bullying", "and", "ensuring", "student", "safety", "are", "key", "objectives", "for", "school", "leaders", ".", "In", "the", "United", "States", ",", "principals", "adapted", "the", "curriculum", "to", "prioritize", "social", "and", "emotional", "well", "-", "being", "during", "the", "COVID-19", "pandemic", ".", "In", "Malta", ",", "principals", "worked", "with", "communities", "to", "develop", "an", "inclusive", "school", "culture", "for", "migrants", "with", "language", "support", ".", "\n", "Effective", "leadership", "demands", "fair", "hiring", "practices", ",", "trust", "and", "growth", "opportunities", ".", "\n ", "„Talent", "recruitment", "and", "retention", "requires", "open", "and", "competitive", "hiring", "processes", ".", "Limiting", "political", "discretion", "in", "appointing", "school", "principals", "improves", "school", "outcomes", ".", "Yet", "globally", ",", "only", "63", "%", "of", "countries", "have", "open", "and", "competitive", "school", "principal", "recruitment", "processes", "in", "primary", "and", "secondary", "education", ".", "\n ", "„The", "best", "teachers", "do", "not", "necessarily", "make", "the", "best", "principals", ".", "But", "while", "76", "%", "of", "countries", "require", "principals", "to", "be", "fully", "qualified", "teachers", ",", "some", "3", "in", "10", "also", "specify", "management", "experience", ".", "\n ", "„Autonomy", "can", "unlock", "leaders", "’", "potential", ".", " ", "Higher", "-", "performing", "education", "systems", "tend", "to", "grant", "greater", "autonomy", "to", "\n", "principals", "over", "decisions", "on", "human", "and", "financial", "resources", ".", "But", "in", "richer", "countries", ",", "less", "than", "half", "of", "principals", "are", "responsible", "for", "course", "content", "or", "establishing", "teacher", "salary", "levels", ".", "And", "almost", "40", "%", "of", "countries", "do", "not", "recognize", "higher", "education", "institutions", "’", "autonomy", "by", "law", ".", "\n ", "„Professional", "leaders", "need", "preparation", "and", "training", ".", " ", "School", "leadership", "standards", "can", "help", "guide", "training", "by", "outlining", "\n", "the", "required", "competencies", ",", "which", "almost", "all", "countries", "have", "set", ".", "However", ",", "almost", "half", "of", "principals", "in", "richer", "countries", "do", "not", "receive", "any", "training", "before", "appointment", "and", "only", "31", "%", "of", "all", "countries", "have", "regulations", "for", "the", "induction", "of", "new", "principals", ".", "Practical", "skills", "like", "data", "use", ",", "financial", "management", "and", "digital", "literacy", "are", "also", "essential", ",", "yet", "a", "quarter", "of", "principals", "in", "richer", "countries", "lack", "adequate", "training", "in", "such", "areas", ".", "\n", "School", "leaders", "are", "expected", "to", "do", "too", "much", "with", "too", "little", ".", "\n ", "„There", "are", "too", "many", "demands", "on", "school", "operations", "to", "leave", "enough", "time", "for", "principals", "to", "set", "a", "vision", ".", "Expectations", "of", "principals", "are", "often", "too", "high", ".", "Principals", "are", "key", "to", "effective", "implementation", "of", "reforms", ".", "In", "some", "countries", ",", "they", "are", "also", "under", "intense", "scrutiny", "due", "to", "new", "accountability", "mechanisms", ".", "Yet", "a", "survey", "of", "principals", "in", "14", "middle", "-", "income", "countries", "showed", "that", "68", "%", "of", "their", "time", "is", "spent", "on", "routine", "management", "tasks", ".", "About", "one", "third", "of", "public", "school", "principals", "and", "one", "fifth", "of", "private", "school", "principals", "in", "OECD", "countries", "reported", "lacking", "sufficient", "time", "for", "instructional", "leadership", ".", "\n", "2", "KEY", "MESSAGES", "\n", "School", "leaders", "should", "not", "be", "heroes", ".", "Sharing", "leadership", "builds", "better", "schools", ".", "\n ", "„Sharing", "leadership", "throughout", "the", "school" ]
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How to do science as a woman and laugh? Insights and lessons from Hungary ## Andrea Pető It is difficult to write the closing chapter to this multifaceted yet coherent volume. It is multifaceted because the examples and case studies are drawn from many countries around the world and coherent because very similar patterns emerge about the position of women in science, engineering and medicine in the twentieth century. The contributions analyse trends in women's participation in STEMM, complicating our understanding of what it meant to be in/ visible in these fields and documenting the challenges women encountered as well as the strategies they devised to overcome them. Many of these hurdles have changed little in character over the decades. In this final chapter, which also functions as an epilogue, I will add another case study to this impressive collection, that of Hungary, to illustrate continuities in the challenges women have faced and suggest ways forward, discussing and drawing inspiration from the strategies and tactics they have employed to overcome them. ## Dilemmas of women's participation in science I want to start with the photograph below (Figure 14.1), taken in a university lecture hall in Budapest, to argue that the frame within which we talk about women in science matters. When I first saw the image, I was struck by the year, 1929. There is much debate today about the Horthy era (1919- 44), with some portraying it as a static, stagnant neo- baroque world built on discrimination against individual citizens. Others, like illiberal politicians, idealize it, imagining it as a time of social peace and progress. 1 Drawing on an excellent recent book by Balázs Sipos and Barbara Papp, which examines the history of women graduates during this period, we can say that a decisive change in the acceptance of modern womanhood took place in those years. 2 Let us take the example of Margit Techert, Zoltán Magyaryné (1900- 45) who, as editor of Magyar Női Szemle (Hungarian Women's Review), played a decisive role in the widespread recognition of Figure 14.1 Geographer Jenő Cholnoky (1870- 1950) with his students in a classroom at Pázmány Péter University on Museum Boulevard, Budapest, 1929 (photograph donated by Tamás Cholnoky, Fortepan 29841, open access, https:// forte pan.hu/ hu/ pho tos/ ?id= 29841) <!-- image --> women as intellectuals and in paving the way for a change of the norm; and changing the norm
[ "How", "to", "do", "science", "as", "a", "woman", "and", "laugh", "?", "Insights", "and", "lessons", "from", "Hungary", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Andrea", "Pető", "\n\n", "It", "is", "difficult", "to", "write", "the", "closing", "chapter", "to", "this", "multifaceted", "yet", "coherent", "volume", ".", "It", "is", "multifaceted", "because", "the", "examples", "and", "case", "studies", "are", "drawn", "from", "many", "countries", "around", "the", "world", "and", "coherent", "because", "very", "similar", "patterns", "emerge", "about", "the", "position", "of", "women", "in", "science", ",", "engineering", "and", "medicine", "in", "the", "twentieth", "century", ".", "The", "contributions", "analyse", "trends", "in", "women", "'s", "participation", "in", "STEMM", ",", "complicating", "our", "understanding", "of", "what", "it", "meant", "to", "be", "in/", " ", "visible", "in", "these", "fields", "and", "documenting", "the", "challenges", "women", "encountered", "as", "well", "as", "the", "strategies", "they", "devised", "to", "overcome", "them", ".", "Many", "of", "these", "hurdles", "have", "changed", "little", "in", "character", "over", "the", "decades", ".", "In", "this", "final", "chapter", ",", "which", "also", "functions", "as", "an", "epilogue", ",", "I", "will", "add", "another", "case", "study", "to", "this", "impressive", "collection", ",", "that", "of", "Hungary", ",", "to", "illustrate", "continuities", "in", "the", "challenges", "women", "have", "faced", "and", "suggest", "ways", "forward", ",", "discussing", "and", "drawing", "inspiration", "from", "the", "strategies", "and", "tactics", "they", "have", "employed", "to", "overcome", "them", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Dilemmas", "of", "women", "'s", "participation", "in", "science", "\n\n", "I", " ", "want", "to", "start", "with", "the", "photograph", "below", "(", "Figure", "14.1", ")", ",", "taken", "in", "a", "university", "lecture", "hall", "in", "Budapest", ",", "to", "argue", "that", "the", "frame", "within", "which", "we", "talk", " ", "about", "women", "in", "science", "matters", ".", "When", "I", "first", "saw", "the", "image", ",", "I", "was", "struck", "by", "the", "year", ",", "1929", ".", "There", "is", "much", "debate", "today", "about", "the", "Horthy", "era", "(", "1919-", " ", "44", ")", ",", "with", "some", "portraying", "it", "as", "a", "static", ",", "stagnant", "neo-", " ", "baroque", "world", "built", " ", "on", " ", "discrimination", " ", "against", " ", "individual", " ", "citizens", ".", " ", "Others", ",", " ", "like", " ", "illiberal", "politicians", ",", "idealize", "it", ",", "imagining", "it", "as", "a", "time", "of", "social", "peace", "and", "progress", ".", "1", "Drawing", "on", "an", "excellent", "recent", "book", "by", "Balázs", "Sipos", "and", "Barbara", "Papp", ",", "which", "examines", "the", "history", "of", "women", "graduates", "during", "this", "period", ",", "we", "can", "say", "that", "a", "decisive", "change", "in", "the", "acceptance", "of", "modern", "womanhood", "took", "place", "in", "those", "years", ".", "2", " ", "Let", "us", "take", "the", "example", "of", "Margit", "Techert", ",", "Zoltán", "Magyaryné", "(", "1900-", " ", "45", ")", "who", ",", "as", "editor", "of", "Magyar", "Női", "Szemle", "(", "Hungarian", "Women", "'s", "Review", ")", ",", "played", "a", "decisive", "role", "in", "the", "widespread", "recognition", "of", "\n\n", "Figure", "14.1", "Geographer", "Jenő", "Cholnoky", "(", "1870-", " ", "1950", ")", "with", "his", "students", "in", "a", "classroom", "at", "Pázmány", "Péter", "University", "on", "Museum", "Boulevard", ",", "Budapest", ",", "1929", "(", "photograph", "donated", "by", "Tamás", "Cholnoky", ",", "Fortepan", "29841", ",", "open", "access", ",", "https://", " ", "forte", " ", "pan.hu/", " ", "hu/", " ", "pho", " ", "tos/", " ", "?", "id=", " ", "29841", ")", "\n\n", "<", "!", "--", "image", "--", ">", "\n\n", "women", "as", "intellectuals", "and", "in", "paving", "the", "way", "for", "a", "change", "of", "the", "norm", ";", "and", "changing", "the", "norm" ]
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to allow this cohort of talented students to take up their places at UK universities as soon as possible.” Now is not the time to look away It’s the Guardian’s job to keep a close focus on events in the Middle East for our global audience.  With reporters sharing live updates around the clock, including from inside Gaza, we’re well-placed to provide comprehensive, fact-checked reporting to show the world what is happening in the region. But we can’t do it without your support. We rely on the generosity of our readers, whose support helps to keep our correspondents on the ground and our reporting free from commercial or political influence.  We appreciate that not everyone can afford to pay for news, but if you can, can we count on your support? Here are three good reasons to make the choice to fund us today: 1. Our quality, investigative journalism is a scrutinising force. 2. We are independent and have no billionaire owner dictating what we do – your money directly powers our reporting. 3. It doesn’t cost much, and takes less time than it took to read this message. Choosing to back us on a monthly basis makes the most impact, meaning we can continue to cover the story from every angle: the conflict, the plight of those affected and what it all means for the future of the region – and the world. Support €4/monthly Recommended Support €12/monthly Unlock All-access digital benefits: Far fewer asks for support Ad-free reading on all your devices Unlimited access to the premium Guardian app Exclusive newsletter for supporters, sent every week from the Guardian newsroom Unlimited access to our new Guardian Feast App Support with another amount Continue Remind me in October Explore more on these topics Gaza International students Universities Students Higher education Israel Foreign policy news Share Reuse this content Most viewed CDC erupts in chaos after ousted chief Susan Monarez refuses to resign Ostapenko and Townsend confront each other after US Open match: ‘She said I had no education’ Glorious Grimsby humiliate Manchester United with shootout victory The Burning Man Orgy Dome: welcome to the latest festival disaster How hard will Trump’s 50% tariff hit India, and what is Delhi doing about it? Related stories Related stories UK to evacuate nine Gaza students with university scholarships 20 Aug 2025 Ministers urged to help students trapped in Gaza with places at
[ "to", "allow", "this", "cohort", "of", "talented", "students", "to", "take", "up", "their", "places", "at", "UK", "universities", "as", "soon", "as", "possible", ".", "”", "\n", "Now", "is", "not", "the", "time", "to", "look", "away", "\n", "It", "’s", "the", "Guardian", "’s", "job", "to", "keep", "a", "close", "focus", "on", "events", "in", "the", "Middle", "East", "for", "our", "global", "audience", ".", " \n", "With", "reporters", "sharing", "live", "updates", "around", "the", "clock", ",", "including", "from", "inside", "Gaza", ",", "we", "’re", "well", "-", "placed", "to", "provide", "comprehensive", ",", "fact", "-", "checked", "reporting", "to", "show", "the", "world", "what", "is", "happening", "in", "the", "region", ".", "But", "we", "ca", "n’t", "do", "it", "without", "your", "support", ".", "\n", "We", "rely", "on", "the", "generosity", "of", "our", "readers", ",", "whose", "support", "helps", "to", "keep", "our", "correspondents", "on", "the", "ground", "and", "our", "reporting", "free", "from", "commercial", "or", "political", "influence", ".", " \n", "We", "appreciate", "that", "not", "everyone", "can", "afford", "to", "pay", "for", "news", ",", "but", "if", "you", "can", ",", "\n", "can", "we", "count", "on", "your", "support", "?", "\n ", "Here", "are", "three", "good", "reasons", "to", "make", "the", "choice", "to", "fund", "us", "today", ":", "\n", "1", ".", "\n ", "Our", "quality", ",", "investigative", "journalism", "is", "a", "scrutinising", "force", ".", "\n", "2", ".", "\n ", "We", "are", "independent", "and", "have", "no", "billionaire", "owner", "dictating", "what", "we", "do", "–", "your", "money", "directly", "powers", "our", "reporting", ".", "\n", "3", ".", "\n ", "It", "does", "n’t", "cost", "much", ",", "and", "takes", "less", "time", "than", "it", "took", "to", "read", "this", "message", ".", "\n \n", "Choosing", "to", "back", "us", "on", "a", "monthly", "basis", "makes", "the", "most", "impact", ",", "meaning", "we", "can", "continue", "to", "cover", "the", "story", "from", "every", "angle", ":", "the", "conflict", ",", "the", "plight", "of", "those", "affected", "and", "what", "it", "all", "means", "for", "the", "future", "of", "the", "region", "–", "and", "the", "world", ".", "\n", "Support", "€", "4", "/", "monthly", "\n", "Recommended", "\n", "Support", "€", "12", "/", "monthly", "\n", "Unlock", "\n", "All", "-", "access", "digital", "\n ", "benefits", ":", "\n", "Far", "fewer", "asks", "for", "support", "\n", "Ad", "-", "free", "reading", "on", "all", "your", "devices", "\n", "Unlimited", "access", "to", "the", "premium", "Guardian", "app", "\n", "Exclusive", "newsletter", "for", "supporters", ",", "sent", "every", "week", "from", "the", "Guardian", "newsroom", "\n", "Unlimited", "access", "to", "our", "new", "Guardian", "Feast", "App", "\n", "Support", "with", "another", "amount", "\n", "Continue", "\n", "Remind", "me", "in", "October", "\n", "Explore", "more", "on", "these", "topics", "\n", "Gaza", "\n", "International", "students", "\n", "Universities", "\n", "Students", "\n", "Higher", "education", "\n", "Israel", "\n", "Foreign", "policy", "\n", "news", "\n", "Share", "\n", "Reuse", "this", "content", "\n", "Most", "viewed", "\n", "CDC", "erupts", "in", "chaos", "after", "ousted", "chief", "Susan", "Monarez", "refuses", "to", "resign", "\n", "Ostapenko", "and", "Townsend", "confront", "each", "other", "after", "US", "Open", "match", ":", "‘", "She", "said", "I", "had", "no", "education", "’", "\n", "Glorious", "Grimsby", "humiliate", "Manchester", "United", "with", "shootout", "victory", "\n", "The", "Burning", "Man", "Orgy", "Dome", ":", "welcome", "to", "the", "latest", "festival", "disaster", "\n", "How", "hard", "will", "Trump", "’s", "50", "%", "tariff", "hit", "India", ",", "and", "what", "is", "Delhi", "doing", "about", "it", "?", "\n", "Related", "stories", "\n", "Related", "stories", "\n", "UK", "to", "evacuate", "nine", "Gaza", "students", "with", "university", "scholarships", "\n", "20", "Aug", "2025", "\n", "Ministers", "urged", "to", "help", "students", "trapped", "in", "Gaza", "with", "places", "at" ]
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represent a further supply that could be tapped through recycling. The EU could potentially meet more than half to three quarters of its metal requirements for clean technologies in 2050 through local recycling viii . It is therefore recommended to establish a true Single Market for waste and circularity. Achieving this goal will require strengthening the secondary market for critical raw materials waste, eff.ligaectively enforcing existing legislation on waste collection and shipment to allow the build-up of scale, and coordinating EU export controls on waste. Finally, boosting R&amp;I for alternative materials or processes will be crucial to substitute critical raw materials. For example, US tech companies have recently combined federal research labs to use AI to develop a new material that could reduce the lithium content in batteries by 70% ix . For strategic industries, the EU should pursue a coordinated EU strategy to bolster domestic production capacity and to protect key network infrastructures [see the chapter on digital and advanced technologies]. While EU ownership of large foundries may be unrealistic at this stage owing to the required investment levels, Europe should maximise its joint eff.ligaorts to strengthen innovation in semiconductors and its presence in the most advanced chips segments. The report recommends launching a common strategy based around four elements. First, funding for innovation and the establishment of testing labs near existing centres of excellence. Second, providing grants or R&amp;D tax incentives for 'fabless' companies active in chips design and foundries in selected strategic segments. Third, supporting the innovation potential of mainstream chips. Fourth, coordinating EU eff.ligaorts in back-end 3D advanced packaging, advanced materials and finishing processes. Total investments in industrial deployment of around EUR 100 billion have been announced in the EU since the proposal for a European Chips Act, mostly supported by Member States under State aid control. However, there is a risk that a fragmented approach leads to weak coordination of priorities and demand requirements, lack of scale for domestic producers, and in turn less ability to invest in more innovative semiconductor segments. It is therefore proposed to create a centralised EU budgetary allocation dedicated to semiconductors supported by a new 'fast-track' IPCEI. Use of this tool would entail co-financing from the EU budget and shorter approval times for semiconductor projects. For telecoms, it is recommended to strengthen security considerations in technology sourcing by favouring the use of EU trusted vendors for spectrum assignment in all
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4 - the conductor 260 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of three or more layers. - the conductor 260 a is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, a nitrogen atom, a nitrogen molecule, a nitrogen oxide molecule (e.g., N 2 O, NO, and NO 2 ), and a copper atom, like the first conductor of the conductor 205 . - a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen e.g., at least one of oxygen atoms, oxygen molecules, and the like). - the conductivity of the conductor 260 b can be prevented from being lowered because of oxidization due to oxygen contained in the insulator 250 . - a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, or ruthenium oxide is preferably used. - the conductor 260 b is preferably formed using a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component. - the conductor 260 also functions as a wiring and thus is preferably formed using a conductor having high conductivity. - a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component can be used. - the conductor 260 b may have a stacked-layer structure, for example, a stacked-layer structure of any of the above conductive materials and titanium or titanium nitride. - the insulator 270 functioning as the etching stopper is preferably provided over the conductor 260 , the insulator 272 , the insulator 250 , and the oxide 230 c , to be in contact with the side surface of the insulator 273 . - a metal oxide containing one kind or two or more kinds selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, magnesium, and the like can be used for the insulator 270 . - a nitride of silicon such as silicon nitride or silicon nitride oxide, can be used. - hafnium aluminate it is particularly preferable to use an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, for example, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate). - hafnium aluminate has higher heat resistance than a hafnium oxide film. Therefore, hafnium aluminate is preferable since it is less likely to be crystallized by a
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[]
Pető, A. 'The illiberal memory politics in Hungary.' Journal of Genocide Research , 24: 2 (2022), 241- 49. Philips, A. A., C. R. Walsh, K. A. Grayson, C. E. Penney, F. Husain and the Women Doing Science Team 'Diversifying representations of female scientists on social media: A case study from the Women Doing Science Instagram.' Social Media and Society , 8: 3 (2022), 1- 17. Pickles, K. 'Colonial counterparts: The first academic women in Anglo- Canada, New Zealand and Australia.' Women's History Review, 10: 2 (2001), 273- 97. Pietz, D. The Yellow River: The Problem of Water in Modern China . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. Porter, G. 'Seeing through solidity: A feminist perspective on museums.' Sociological Review , 43: 1 (1995), 105- 26. Prakash, G. Another Reason: Science and Imagination of Modern India . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Pu, F. Zhongyi dui jizhong funubing de zhiliao fa [ Chinese Medicine Treatment Methods for Several Women's Illnesses ]. Beijing: Popular Science Press, 1958. Puaca, L. M. 'Cold War women: Professional guidance, national defense, and the Society of Women of Engineers, 1950- 60.' In A. M. Knupfer and C. Wayshner (eds), The Educational Work of Women's Organizations, 1890- 1960 , pp. 57- 77. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Puaca, L. M. Searching for Scientific Womanpower: Technocratic Feminism and the Politics of National Security, 1940- 1980 . Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press, 2014. Pycior, H. M., N. G. Slack and P. G. Abir- Am, eds. Creative Couples in the Sciences. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996. Rai, S. K. 'Gendering late colonial Ayurvedic discourse: United Provinces, c.18901937.' History and Sociology of South Asia , 10: 1 (2016), 21- 34. Rai, S. K. 'Gazing at the woman's body: Historicising lust and lechery in a patriarchal society.' Social Scientist , 47: 1- 2 (2019), 49- 62. Rai, S. K. 'Invoking 'Hindu' Ayurveda: Communalisation of the late colonial Ayurvedic discourse.' Indian Economic and Social History Review , 56: 3 (2019), 411- 26. Rai, S. K. 'Brahmanizing Ayurveda: Caste and class dimensions of late colonial Ayurvedic movement in Upper India.' Summerhill: IIAS Review , 25: 2 (2019): 4- 9. Rai, S. K. 'In search of indigenous medicine: Medical pluralism and the Ayurvedic movement in colonial India.' Occasional Paper, History and Society (New Series) 104 , Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 2020. Ram, K. 'Anthropology as 'Ananthropology': L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer (18611937), colonial anthropology, and the 'native anthropologist' as pioneer.' In P. Uberoi, N. Sundar and S. Deshpande (eds), Anthropology in the East: Founders of Indian Sociology and Anthropology , pp. 64- 105. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
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more granular, second-level NABS – further effort was devoted to remove redundant NACE sectors Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation235 associated with a given Scopus field. As a con- crete example of this issue, the Scopus subject field ‘Food Science’ was mapped to NABS 6.41 ‘Manufacture of food products’, part of the broad- er NABS06 ‘Industrial production and technology’. The concordance table, however, maps the entire NABS 06 to the entire Manufacturing NACE sector, so that by merely applying the concordance, NABS 6.41 ‘Manufacture of food products’ (and, in turn, the ‘Food Science’ science field) is mapped to any NACE Manufacturing sector, even outside the Food industry. Therefore, the final refinement effort was, in practice, focused on removing redundant and undesired NACE sectors from the mapping. As per the case of patents, publications can also be classified into more than one single taxon and, similar to that observed for patents, broad taxons can sometimes outnumber specific classifications when grouping per S&T domain. For this reason, to express S&T domains in terms of Scopus ASJC fields, it was decided to focus again on the rel- ative most frequent ASJC subject fields per S&T domain, rather than absolute numbers, to identify distinctive taxonomic areas to carry out mappings from S&T domains to NACE sectors. The final tables mapping Scopus subject fields to NACE for each EaP country are presented in Annex 4. These mappings are complementary to those obtained via the patent classification, as both pro- vide relevant linkages between S&T domains and economic sectors. On expert assessment, the results of this mapping exercise as expressed by pairs of S&T domains and three-digit NACE codes seems satisfactory. The specificity and granularity of the subject field regarding NABS to NACE code concordances offers a highly compelling and descriptive list of NACE codes for each S&T domain. 3. Results of the mapping ex- ercise The result of the current exercise provides a se- ries of economic clusters for every EaP country, each characterised by the respective E&I domains (identified in Part 2 via NACE) and S&T domains (identified in Part 3). The names of the clusters are inspired by the report Methodology and Findings Report for a Cluster Mapping of Related Sectors73. The clusters are defined based on groups of NACE sectors, while the presence of a given S&T domain in a specific cluster is produced by
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Minerals Council of Australia. (2023). Future critical: Meeting the minerals investment challenge . Future-Critical_Meeting-the-minerals-investment-challenge_2023.pdf Leger, J. & Nicol, M. (1992). South Africa’s gold mining crisis: Challenges for restructuring. Transformation Journal, 20 . https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf& doi=60087bd1c3dbc34c321d0d8aff59e914b435e282 Nakhle, C. (2010). Petroleum fiscal regimes: Evolution and challenges. In P. Daniel, M. Keen, & C. McPherson (Eds.), The taxation of petroleum and minerals: Principles, problems and practice . Routledge. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2008). Report on the attribution of profits to permanent establishments . https://www.oecd.org/tax/transfer- pricing/41031455.pdf Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2015). Limiting base erosion involving interest deductions and other financial payments , Action 4 - 2015 final report. https://www.oecd.org/tax/limiting-base-erosion-involving-interest-deductions-and- other-financial-payments-action-4-2015-final-report-9789264241176-en.htm Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development & Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development. (2018). T ax incentives in mining: Minimising risks to revenue [Practice note]. OECD Centre for T ax Policy and Administration & IGF. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/about/programmes/beps-in-mining/ tax-incentives-in-mining-minimising-risks-to-revenue.pdf Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Guiding principles for durable extractive contracts (OECD Development Policy T ools). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/55c19888-en Otto, J. M. (2000). Report on the mining taxation in developing countries. https://congomines. org/system/attachments/assets/000/000/649/original/Otto-UNCTAD-paper-2000- Mining- T axation-in-Developing-Countries.pdf?1430929506 74 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersRam, C. (2019, July 9). Why ring-fencing matters and why it does not . Stabroek News. https://www.stabroeknews.com/2019/07/05/features/the-road-to-first-oil/why-ring- fencing-matters-and-why-it-does-not/ Readhead, A., T arus, V., Lassourd, T., Madzivanyika, E., & Schlenther, B. (2023, June 23). The future of resource taxation: 10 policy ideas to mobilize mining revenues. International Institute for Sustainable Development & African T ax Administration Forum. https://www. iisd.org/publications/guide/future-of-resource-taxation Swistak, A., & Vernon-Lin, N. (2023). Value added tax in the extractive industries . International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2023/10/27/Value-Added- T ax-in-the-Extractive-Industries-540826 Wilcox, S. (2013). Audit of the mining industry. In Inter-American Center of T ax Administrations, Prevention and control of tax evasion: Proceedings of CIAT T echnical Conference.
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assessed  following  the procedure  in standard  IEC 61951- 2, clause 7.10. Prior to testing, the NiMH batteries are stored for 8 months in their original  package in a temperature  chamber  at 21 °C ± 2 °C before doing the following  test:  1. The batteries are discharged  at a 0.2 C rate until they reach a cut-off voltage of 1 V.  2. The batteries are then charged for 16 h at a 0.1 C rate.  Figure 8. Cont .Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 12 of 20 Batteries 2025, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW   13 of 21      Figure 8. NiMH charge (capacity)  retention  analysis according  to IEC 61951-2 with the pre-charged   test for (a) AAA Duracell,  (b) AA Agfaphoto,  (c) C Ansmann,  (d) D Ansmann,  and (e) 9V Energizer   batteries.  5. Charge (Capacity)  Recovery  of Portable  NiMH Batteries  The charge recovery  test is assessed  following  the procedure  in standard  IEC 61951- 2, clause 7.10. Prior to testing, the NiMH batteries are stored for 8 months in their original  package in a temperature  chamber  at 21 °C ± 2 °C before doing the following  test:  1. The batteries are discharged  at a 0.2 C rate until they reach a cut-off voltage of 1 V.  2. The batteries are then charged for 16 h at a 0.1 C rate.  Figure 8. NiMH charge (capacity) retention analysis according to IEC 61951-2 with the pre-charged test for ( a) AAA Duracell, ( b) AA Agfaphoto, ( c) C Ansmann, ( d) D Ansmann, and ( e) 9V Ener- gizer batteries. 5. Charge (Capacity) Recovery of Portable NiMH Batteries The charge recovery test is assessed following the procedure in standard IEC 61951-2, clause 7.10. Prior to testing, the NiMH batteries are stored for 8 months in their original package in a temperature chamber at 21◦C±2◦C before doing the following test: 1. The batteries are discharged at a 0.2 C rate until they reach a cut-off voltage of 1 V . 2. The batteries are then charged for 16 h at a 0.1 C rate. 3. Finally, the batteries are discharged again at a 0.2 C rate, and the duration of this discharge was measured. A battery is considered to pass the test if the discharge is longer than 4 h before reaching the cut-off voltage, i.e., if they have at least 80% of their initial capacity left after storage. Figure 9a,b show the discharge profiles of AAA and
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China and Japan. The first volume contains one entry each for Romania and Bulgaria and ten for Hungary, which also points to significant regional differences in representation. A similar trend can be observed in The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Science since 1660 , which includes one chapter each on Japan and India (out of twenty- nine) and no contributions on Central and Eastern Europe. International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950 features short biographies of more than 350 women in science, a field defined broadly to include artis - tic endeavours connected to science. All except eight of the scientists hail 6 Negotiating in/visibility from the US and Western Europe, while the Japanese and Chinese scientists included were educated or worked there. Magdolna Hargittai’s collection of portraits of women scientists makes for an interesting contrast, aiming as it does for a more global approach, albeit one heavily dominated by the Global North (about three- quarters of the case studies), with separate sections dedicated to scientists from Russia, Turkey and India. Japanese chemist Reiko Kuroda and Chinese American physicist Chien-Shiung Wu are also included.12 Since the collection is based primarily on interviews, recollections and photographs from Hargittai and her husband Istvan’s personal archives, we can assume it reflects the scien - tific networks forged by this academic couple over the years. At the same time, their collection underscores the significance of international collabo - rations to the making and memorialization of science and of the different importance attached to the act of orienting oneself towards the wider world by scientists based in academic establishments in the ‘Western’ world and those outside of it. While for scientists in Eastern and Central Europe, the ‘West’ has been an important point of reference – more so after the collapse of the communist regimes in the region – the opposite has not necessarily been the case (the former Soviet Union represents perhaps an interesting exception, as some of the chapters in this volume also discuss). Research on women, gender and science in Japan and South Korea docu - ments a similar scenario in which comparisons with the US and Western Europe feature prominently in a scholarly agenda intimately connected to efforts to shape government policies around the dismal representation of women in science.13 However, as Jaehwan Hyun points out, in the 1980s, female scientists in South Korea also drew on Eastern European
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In the post-Taliban time Afghanistan was added to these three states as a rightful 'member of the basin'. So, the water problems acquire international dimension turning into a serious factor of international policy in the region and alikely a cause of disputes among these countries. In this context the most vital are the following issues: - -assessment of the condition of agriculture and water resources on the basis of aerial and space photographs of the territory of Afghanistan; - -plans for development of irrigation and water resources use in the country; - -plans for regulation of water resources and division of Amudarya water among the basin countries; - -to arrange a water use system in the Amudarya Basin to develop relevant inter state legal and regulatory acts; - -sequence of restoration and reconstruction of the existing water intake structures and irrigation systems; - -identification of priority actions in relation to water resources use for attraction of financial support from international organizations and donor countries.
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diff.ligaerent national legal frameworks - for interconnectors deemed to be Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEIs). This regime should shorten the length of national procedures and integrate them into a single process, avoiding the possibility of projects being blocked by individual national interests. Some very large renewable energy projects, such as large off.ligashore wind in the North Sea, could also apply via this procedure, bypassing permitting delays at the local level. Second, the next Multiannual Financial Framework should reinforce the EU instrument dedicated to financing interconnectors (the Connecting Europe Facility). Third, a permanent European coordinator should be created in charge of assisting in obtaining the necessary permits. This coordinator would be responsible for monitoring progress in the permit granting process and facilitating regional cooperation to ensure political backing for cross-border infrastructure from all relevant Member States. In parallel, the EU should develop the governance needed for a genuine Energy Union so that decisions and market functions of cross-border relevance are taken centrally . A stronger, more robust institutional framework would entail strengthening monitoring, investigation and decision-making powers at the EU level with the possibility of providing full regulatory oversight over all decisions and processes that have direct cross-border impact. A genuine Energy Union should ensure that central market functions of relevance for an integrated market are performed centrally and subject to proper regulatory oversight. While 'hard-to-abate' industries will benefit from lower energy prices, the EU should take a pragmatic approach to decarbonisation to mitigate potential trade-off.ligas [see the chapters on energy-intensive industries, and transport]. For the EU to lead the decarbonisation of EIIs, a stronger focus is needed by both the EU and national governments to provide suffi.ligacient financial resources. The report recommends earmaking a larger share of ETS revenues to EIIs, with resources targeted towards innovating assets and processes and enhancing the skills needed for decarbonisation, for example by supporting the uptake of green hydrogen or carbon capture and storage solutions. ETS revenues should also be used to support the decarbonisation of the transport sector, helping reach the EU's milestones for shifting more activity to sustainable modes of transport. Decarbonisation funding across the EU should be based on common, competitive and simple instruments, such as Carbon CfDs or competitive auctions by the European Hydrogen Bank. A basket of options should be in place to financially support transport decarbonisation. These could include CfDs to de-risk investment in low carbon
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[]
hinder their ability to establish authority and gain staff acceptance. Structured mentoring, emotional support, ongoing training in real-world challenges and forums for sharing experiences are potential types of support (Cohen and Schechter, 2019). Two case studies from Hong Kong, China, indicate effective preparation of Deputy, vice, assistant or co-principals' roles are shaped largely by principals’ discretionSchool personnel can lead if given opportunities and support ......................................... 79 Students can exercise leadership through formal channels and informally ................. 87 Engaged parents and community members can steer schools towards their goals ........................................................................................................................ 90 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 94 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT4 79 CHAPTER 4 • SHARED SCHOOL LEADERSHIP assistant principals for future leadership. Principals who mentored their assistants by delegating key responsibilities, such as strategy development, resource management and curriculum design; guiding them through management tasks; involving them in long-term planning; evaluating school priorities; and engaging them in decision making significantly improved their leadership readiness and satisfaction. Clear job specifications, regular discussions to develop a shared vision and rotating administrative duties also ultimately strengthened their leadership potential (Kwan, 2009; Wong, 2009).
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present for irrigation water supply is evaluated at 9.9 cu. km, including Kowkchen - 6.2 cu. km and Konduz - 3.7 cu. km. The Panj River, having the ice-snow recharge, is running along the southern border of Tajikistan for 921 km and is formed from confluence of the Vakhandarya and Pamir Rivers. Its waters can be used both by Tajikistan and Afghanistan. A watershed area of these rivers is 107 thou sq. km, the total surface inflow from the mountain part of the basin is equal to 1100 cu. m/s (56% of the Amudarya flow at the site of Kerki City). Its annual flow without Kowkchen makes up 28.5 cu. km. If for irrigation development Afghanistan uses completely water resources of its own rivers Kowkchen and Konduz, then its claims to the Panj flow will be 3.3 cu. km a year or only 11.6% of the annual flow of this river, which can be considered not excessive. Irrigation development on the territory of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in the middle and lower reaches of the Amudarya will face certain difficulties, if Afghanistan arranges damless water intake, i.e., uncontrolled water intake. It is possible to avoid such situation if water is taken from the upstream face of waterworks in accordance with the respective agreement, and water releases in the required amounts are guaranteed to main water intakes on the territories of the mentioned countries. After normalization of the situation in Afghanistan and its transfer to peaceful development it may become possible to withdraw water in the amount of 10 cu. km from the Amudarya for agricultural needs on a lawful basis (pursuant to the norms of the international basin law. As a result, the fresh water supply in Uzbekistan, that now satisfies only 70 to 80% of the actual needs, will sustain a nearly two-fold reduction. A similar tendency is observed in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. By rough estimates, still in 1975 it was determined that the area of irrigated lands in Northern Afghanistan can be increased to 1.5 mln ha, then water intake for agricultural needs will be 15.0 cu. km a year, and adding here the needs of industrial and urban development the water consumption will be as large as 16.5 cu. km a year. If by 2020 all lands suitable for irrigation in the river basins of Afghanistan are put to agricultural use, then their total area will reach 2.2
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for space research and innovation should be supported by increased coordination, funding and the pooling of resources for the development of new large EU joint programmes. Finally, as for the defence sector, the growth of innovative EU space SMEs, start-ups and scale-ups should be enabled by improved access to finance and the introduction of targeted European preference rules. 61THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 4ENDNOTESi Baba, C., Lan, T., Mineshima, A., Misch, F., Pinat, M., Shahmoradi, A., Yao, J., & van Elkan, R., ‘ Geoeconomic Fragmentation: What’s at Stake for the EU ’, IMF Working Paper No. 2023/245, 2023. ii ECB, op cit., 2023. iii Caldara, D., & Iacoviello, M., ‘ Measuring Geopolitical Risk ’, American Economic Review, 112(4), 2022, p. 1194-1225. iv European Commission, ‘ A new method to help policymakers defend democracy against hybrid threats ’, 2023. v IEA, Critical Minerals Market Review 2023 , p.5, 2023. vi European Commission, Report on the state of the Digital Decade 2023 , September 27 2023.vii Hein, J. R., Mizell, K., Koschinsky, A., & Conrad, T. A., Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources , Ore Geology Reviews, Volume 51, 2013, pages 1-14, viii Eurométaux, Grégoir, L., van Acker, K., op. cit., 2022. ix Microsoft, Unlocking a new era for scientific discovery with AI: How Microsoft’s AI screened over 32 million candidates to find a better battery , 2024. x European Defence Agency. xi Moretti et al., ‘The Intellectual Spoils of War? Defense R&D, Productivity and International Spillovers’, NBER Working Paper No. 26483, 2021. 62THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 45. Financing investments The financing needs required for the EU to meet its objectives are massive, but productive investment is weak despite ample private savings [see the chapter on investment] . To meet the objectives laid out in this report, a minimum annual additional investment of EUR 750 to 800 billion is needed, based on the latest Commission esti - mates, corresponding to 4.4-4.7% of EU GDP in 2023. For comparison, investment under the Marshall Plan between 1948-51 was equivalent to 1-2% of EU GDP. Delivering this increase would require the EU’s investment share to jump from around 22% of GDP today to around 27%, reversing a multi-decade decline across most large EU economies. However, productive investment in the EU is not
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(Fraser et al., 2024). In Chile, the appraisal system does not offer clear opportunities for professional growth (Weinstein and Hernandez, 2015). Principals sign a five-year performance-based contract and are responsible for achieving specific results related to enrolment, attendance and achievement. Performance agreements are directly tied to sanctions, including early termination of the contract if the municipality considers the principal’s performance unsatisfactory. This may result in intensified control over principals’ practice and makes their role significantly more demanding, with reports of significant stress and principals leaving their posts before the end of their appointment period due to the multiple pressures and political conflicts with district authorities (Aravena and Felipe, 2021; Montecinos et al., 2015). Laws and policies mandate the assessment of school principals in 78% of countries 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 73 CHAPTER 3 • SCHOOL LEADERSHIP : SELECTION , TRAINING AND CONDITIONS 3 The use of performance-based contracts for school leaders is rising. While such contracts allow for constant evaluation, their uncertainty can cause stress and make leadership roles less appealing (McKay and Wilkinson, 2022; OECD, 2019). In Uganda, the permanence of a principal’s position is contingent upon job performance. In Zambia, principals have temporary contracts whose renewal depends on performance assessment. In Solomon Islands, while qualified teachers have permanent appointments, principals’ contracts are renewed based on appraisal and performance evaluation. In the United States, under performance-oriented federal policies, such as Race to the Top (2009–14) and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, to enhance accountability, principals’ activities were tied to student learning improvement (Donaldson et al., 2021). Principal evaluation is mandated, but states vary significantly in the level of guidance they provide on how these evaluations should be conducted (Nielsen and Lavigne, 2020). Between 2009 and 2018, nearly all states revised their principal evaluation policies, with 84% giving school districts power to create their own system to evaluate principals and 61% evaluating principals annually. There were differences in evaluation components, processes and consequences. In 90% of states, districts are required to include a student outcome component, although few specified how much this should count for in the appraisal. In 55% of states, it was recommended and in 27%, it was required to have principal performance surveys from teachers, parents and students. Ratings may lead to remedial action, intensive intervention or dismissal for continued poor performance: in 59% of states, consequences are recommended when principal ratings are low
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- 24 See, e.g., a recent volume on women in Earth sciences in India, a field long neglected by historians of science: V. Rai, Leading Ladies in the Earth Sciences in India (Lucknow: Book Rivers, 2022). - 25 E.g., Jordanova, 'Gender and the historiography of science'; Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex? ; Sur, Dispersed Radiance ; A. Shteir and B. Lightman (eds), Figuring It Out: Science, Gender and Visual Culture (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2006). - 26 Devika, En- gendering Individuals , p. 14. E.g., a recent volume reflects on the position of trailblazing Hungarian women in fields like astronomy, botany, mineralogy, mathematics, medicine and biochemistry, but ends up reinforcing gender stereotypes instead of critically interrogating them: 'As Margaret Alic writes, the cultivation of science takes intelligence, creativity, proper upbringing and dedication. These four prerequisites certainly apply to astronomy, - particularly if augmented by endurance, vigilance, outstanding mathematical skills (obviously) and proficiency in the use of various devices and techniques. Although a survey of the career of women engaged in astronomy through history cannot pretend to account for the role of women across the board in the civilization of a given era, it can clearly supply important details for a better understanding of that role.' R. M. Cristian and A. Kérchy (eds), Pioneering Hungarian Women in Science and Education (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2022), p. 50. - 27 Devika, En- gendering Individuals , p. 14; Pető, 'From visibility to analysis', p. 3. - 28 National differences can be observed here. While Romania had no grassroots feminist movement, women's organizations with transnational connections emerged in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia during the Cold War. ̋ - 29 E.g., Jinga, Gen și reprezentare ; K. Ghodsee, Second World, Second Sex: Socialist Women's Activism and Global Solidarity During the Cold War (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019); S. Penn and J. Massino (eds), Gender Politics and Everyday Life in State Socialist Eastern and Central Europe (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009); C. Donert and C. Moll- Murata (eds), 'Women's rights and global socialism', special issue, International Review of Social History , 67, 30 (2022): 1- 262; Z. Lóránd, The Feminist Challenge to the Socialist State in Yugoslavia (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018); A. Peto, 'A history of the Hungarian Women's Movement and feminism', Feminizmas, visuomenė, kultūra (January 2001), 151- 60; C. Bonfiglioli and S. Žerić, 'Working class women's activism in socialist Yugoslavia: An exploration of archives from Varaždin, Croatia', Comparative Southeast European Studies , 70: 1 (2022), 80- 102;
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universities are a chilling reminder of this, 32 although overall the push against gender studies has been less successful politically in Romania than in Hungary or Poland. The move is ironic, considering that neither gender studies nor women's history have garnered much scholarly attention to date, certainly not in relation to women's participation in science. As in other parts of the world, much of the writing on women and science in Eastern and Central Europe has originated with women who have themselves juggled careers as professional scientists. This further illustrates how the 'location' or position from which one speaks comes to circumscribe the 'locution', or what one can afford to say. 33 In her paper on women in technological higher education in twentieth- century Hungary, Mária Palasik hints at such dilemmas when she asks readers not to construe her research as an attack on the patriarchal structures responsible for the marginalization of women in technoscience: The aim of this paper is … not to attack the male scientific community for its closed and exclusive structure, but rather to present women's achievements in selected areas, achievements that may have contributed to the destruction of overly narrow disciplinary boundaries. My primary purpose is therefore to provide a realistic picture of the Hungarian scientific community in the area of technology. 34 Notwithstanding the reluctance to challenge openly gender- based structural inequalities and offend the powers that be, the above passage does suggest a way forward: women's engagement with science is best examined across multiple sites of activity and 'narrow disciplinary boundaries'. Grażyna Kubica's research on Polish female anthropologists who worked in the shadow of the famous Bronisław Malinoswki is a relevant example which documents the intersections of gender and the politics of knowledge production at the beginning of the twentieth century. In particular, her biography of Maria Czaplicka, which has been translated into English, examines Czaplicka's literary and anthropological output on gender, shamanism and race and moves beyond the study of a single individual towards a documentation of an 'anthropological collective' well anchored in the intellectual and political milieus of its time. 35 Documenting communities of science- making, as some of the essays in this volume also attempt to do, adds crucial context to the history of women and gender in science, enabling us to move away from the traditional heroine model of history- writing, with its emphasis on individual, elite, 'star' scientists.
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teachers. I mean, I saw them as authority figures who were to boss me around and give me homework. I remember thinking, who are they to tell me what to do? I felt like they didn't really understand me or my life and that they were just trying to make my life more difficult. I was a bit intimidated by them, but, to be honest, I mean they seemed so smart and confident, and I felt like I was just a clueless freshman who didn't know anything. But at the same time, I was also a bit rebellious. Yeah. I liked to challenge my teachers and push their buttons just to see how far I could go. I'd often talk back to them or make jokes in class just to get a rise out of them. Looking back, I realized my attitude towards my teachers was pretty immature. But I was just trying to navigate the new world of high school, and I didn't really know how to handle myself. ## How do you feel about teachers now? Well, now, I have a completely different perspective on teachers. As I look back on my high school experience, I realize that my teachers were some of the most influential people in my life. I remember there were a few teachers who saw something in me that I didn't see in myself. They took the time to talk to me, to encourage me, and to push me to be my best self. They helped me to see that I was capable of more than I thought and that I had a purpose and a passion that was worth pursuing. Now, I have so much respect and gratitude for my teachers. I realized that they were not just authority figures but also mentors, role models, and friends. They helped shape me into the person I am today, and I'll always be grateful for that. In fact, I think that's one of the reasons I'm so passionate about education. Now, I want to be able to make a difference in the lives of students. The way that my teachers made a difference in mine. I want to be able to inspire and motivate them to reach their full potential, just like my teachers did for me. ## 3. How did you feel about yourself academically? Well, I'd say I didn't have a lot of
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[]
library management, with a focus on the children’s section. These training courses, aimed primarily at network coordinators, are also open to staff from community libraries. Moreover, practical workshops on writing and publishing techniques are regularly incorporated into events such as FILO, which includes training activities for authors and publishers. 73 Part 4 • National mappingsPROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS The professional associations stand out for their constant advocacy for the development of the book and publishing sector in Burkina Faso. Among the key stakeholders, ASSEDIF, which has around ten members, plays a central role in defending the interests of publishers and raising awareness among the authorities of the importance of books in national culture and education. Mots d’Elles, an association of women writers in Burkina Faso, was founded in November 2021 to promote high-quality national literature and defend women’s rights. It organizes sales exhibitions, such as Dewtere, and takes part in literary events such as FILO, showcasing the works of Burkinabè authors. There is also the Collective Network Group of Book Stakeholders (Groupe de Réseau Associatif des Acteurs du Livre – GRAAL), identified by the cultural authorities as a unifying force. This network brings together diverse stakeholders across the book supply chain, such as publishers, booksellers, librarians and even writers, with the aim of promoting collaboration, training and the defence of the rights of professionals in the sector.NOTES 1. Le livre en Afrique de l’Ouest francophone : production et structures de distribution – Persée. 2. Loi no 049-2019/AN. 3. Décret no2024-0456/PRES-TRANS/PM/MCCAT/ MEFP/MESRI/MENAPLN/MDICAPME/MTDPCE portant conditions d’exercice des activités d’opérateur du livre. 4. AZ AIB. ‘Burkina : Les activités d’opérateur du livre désormais encadrées.’ 2024. https://www.aib.media/burkina-les-activites-doperateur-du-livre-desormais-encadrees/. 5. Rapport d’Analyse Comparative – Études diagnostiques sur le livre jeunesse au service des apprentissages, 6 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne (2020-2021), Institut Français. 6. Interview with Mr Yelwouiere Hermann Somé, President of the Publishers’ Association. March 2025. 7. The Global Publishing Industry in 2022, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).8. Strategies for the development of national language publishing in the Sahel | ADEA Clearinghouse, 21 January 2011. Accessed 10 November 2024. 9. Association Internationale des Libraires Francophones. ‘Libraires d'Afrique.’ https://www.librairesfrancophones.org/afrique-libraires/. Accessed 10 November 2024.. 10. Read about: Armand Joseph Kabore, Book publishing in Burkina Faso. 2007. L ’Harmattan. 78 pp. 11. Compaoré, Erwan. ‘Burkina : L ’association des éditeurs dénonce une piraterie à ciel ouvert des manuels scolaires.’ 2024. https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article134149, article dated 14 November 2024. Accessed 20 November 2024. 12. Diabate, Abdoul Hadi. ‘Lutte contre la piraterie des oeuvres artistiques et littéraires: les forces de sécurité se forment.’ 2011. https://burkina24.com/201 1/1 1/14/lutte-contre-la-piraterie-des-oeuvres-artistiques-et-litteraires-les-forces-de-securite-se-forment/, article dated 14 November 2011. Accessed 11 November 2024.
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this volume. 27 The SJWS sent eight members to Cambridge, whose reports on the ICWES were published in SJWS Newsletter , No. 12 (1968).newgenprepdf Introduction: In/ visible women, science, engineering and medicine in the twentieth century Amelia Bonea and Irina Nastasă- Matei Genesis of the volume This is a book about women and their experiences in science, engineering and medicine in the twentieth century. Some, like the American evolution - ary biologist Lynn Margulis, were fairly visible actors in the academic and public arenas of professional science. Others, like the doctors working in secondary schools in interwar Romania or those who struggled to allevi - ate ‘women’s illnesses’ in famine- stricken rural areas during China’s Great Leap Forward have been largely invisible – as medical practitioners, crea - tors of knowledge, educators and subjects of historical inquiry. This volume probes the nature and extent of women’s in/ visibility in the making, peda - gogy, institutionalization and communication of science, broadly conceived, in the twentieth century, seeking to document the factors that circumscribed it and understand how women navigated their circumstances. The project grew out of our own experiences of and scholarly preoccupa - tions with gender inequality in academia and beyond. As fellow Romanians, we have long wondered why women should be so conspicuously absent from history (text)books and institutions of education whose narratives of science continue to be dominated by the achievements of a handful of white male scientists. The alienation we experienced as students in such institu - tions – indeed, that many students continue to experience – is fresh in our minds. This is a paradoxical situation, if we consider that the communist regimes in Eastern and Central Europe actively encouraged the participa - tion of women in science. As a result of that legacy, countries in the for - mer communist bloc like Romania continue to have a higher proportion of female scientists than counterparts with stronger economic indicators, such as Germany or Japan.1 Of course, numbers only tell an incomplete story of what it means to be a woman in STEMM, not only because reliable statistics are notoriously difficult to come by, but also because communist regimes produced their own forms of gender inequality.2 2 Negotiating in/visibility The process of recognizing and naming such absences for what they are – instances of gender- based discrimination, rooted in a long history of structural inequality and marginalization
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be pragmatic on how the rules are applied in their jurisdictions, including tax and mining laws. Where governments define a mining project as an integrated project with mineral extraction and a separate processing facility, it might prefer to ring-fence per mining project which, in turn, includes the processing facility. Source: Author's elaboration. As noted in the above considerations, ring-fencing will not always be the most appropriate policy response and fiscal tool. The potential need to use ring-fencing rules will also depend on how the capital allowances regime is designed. Where the capital allowance regime operates on the basis of “matching” of income and expenses, meaning capital allowance deductions are claimed for depreciating assets in line with the useful economic life of such assets, this typically corresponds with the timeline of how the corresponding income is generated. If such deductions are claimed as income is generated, the need for ring-fencing is less likely to arise, as there is no large upfront deduction of the project cost claimed before the mine becomes operational (noting there will still likely be some deductions claimed in cases of failed exploration expenditure, and there may be some OpEx costs). The capital allowance regime will not achieve the intended matching effect if government policy allows for the accelerated or immediate expensing of CapEx costs. The features of the design of the capital allowance regime will thus play a significant role in the consideration of whether to use and how to design the ring-fencing rules.3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 27 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makers4.2 Designing Ring-Fencing Rules This section provides guidance to governments on how to design ring-fencing rules for mining, considering the various policy objectives and challenges outlined in Section 3. It covers five main design aspects: • What should be ring-fenced (i.e., mine area, mining activities, etc.)? • What taxes should be ring-fenced (i.e., profit-based taxes, royalties, etc.)? • Who should ring-fencing rules apply to (i.e., licence holders, subcontractors, etc.)? • Is it reasonable to consider some exceptions to ring-fencing rules? • How to deal with permanent losses? Countries have taken different approaches to the design of ring-fencing rules, as shown in T able 4. The advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed below. TABLE
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[]
# Scientists just created spacetime crystals made of knotted light FULL STORY Concept of a 3D space-time hopfion crystal. Credit: Y. Shen et al. <!-- image --> An internationally joint research group between Singapore and Japan has unveiled a blueprint for arranging exotic, knot-like patterns of light into repeatable crystals that extend across both space and time. The work lays out how to build and control "hopfion" lattices using structured beams at two different colors, pointing to future systems for dense, robust information processing in photonics. Hopfions are three-dimensional topological textures whose internal "spin" patterns weave into closed, interlinked loops. They have been observed or theorized in magnets and light fields, but previously they were mainly produced as isolated objects. The authors show how to assemble them into ordered arrays that repeat periodically, much like atoms in a crystal, only here the pattern repeats in time as well as in space. <!-- image --> <!-- image --> Report Ad The key is a two-color, or bichromatic, light field whose electric vector traces a changing polarization state over time. By carefully superimposing beams with different spatial modes and opposite circular polarizations, the team defines a "pseudospin" that evolves in a controlled rhythm. When the two colors are set to a simple ratio, the field beats with a fixed period, creating a chain of hopfions that recur every cycle. Starting from this one-dimensional chain, the researchers then describe how to sculpt higher-order versions whose topological strength can be dialed up or down. In their scheme, one can tune an integer that counts how many times the internal loops wind and even flip its sign by swapping the two wavelengths. In simulations, the resulting fields show near-ideal topological quality when integrated over a full period. Beyond time-only repetition, the paper outlines a route to true three-dimensional hopfion crystals: a far-field lattice formed by an array of tiny emitters with tailored phase and polarization, all driven at two close colors. The lattice naturally divides into subcells with opposite local topology, yet preserves a clean, alternating pattern across the whole structure. The authors sketch practical layouts using dipole arrays, grating couplers, or microwave antennas to realize the source arrangement. Unlike earlier optical hopfions that relied on beam diffraction along the propagation axis, this design works in the joint spacetime domain at a fixed plane, with periodic beating doing the heavy lifting. The team also discusses
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poliovirus vaccine (IPV1) steadily increased from 70% in 2016 to 91% in 2019 and the PCV3 vaccine increased from 78% to 91%. The coverage rate for MCV2 remains low despite increasing from 32% in 2016 to 49% in 2019, while the concomitant rates for Rotavirus vaccines completed dose were 74% and 91%. Immunisation coverage rates for the most part remained high in 2020, with only marginal declines in a few cases (WHO/UNICEF, 2022[8]). Altogether, the immunisation coverage in Kenya shows a positive trend, suggesting optimistic prospects for future public health outcomes in the years ahead. Although the Third Medium Term Plan (MTP III, 2018-2022 1 ) pledged equal opportunity, gender disparities persist in Kenya . 2 As part of Kenya's Vision 2030, the MTP III promoted equal access to economic opportunities, the prevention of gender-based violence (GBV), the eradication of female genital mutilation (FGM), and gender mainstreaming (Kenya, 2018[9]). However, GBV and child marriage are among the persistent forms of gender inequalities in Kenya. Approximately 23% of women aged 20-24 years old were married or in a union before age 18, and as of 2018, 22.8% of women aged 15-49 years reported being subject to intimate partner violence (UN Women, 2023[10]). In 2019, the female labour force participation rate in Kenya was 62.9%, which, although notable, was still lower than the male of 73% (ILO, 2023[11]). Recent evidence from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics shows that the prevalence of poverty in Kenya is gendered. The Kenya Poverty Report (KNBS, 2021[12]) shows that the national poverty rate among men is 32.7%, while women face a higher rate at 38.8%. On average, the report finds that femaleheaded households experience a poverty gap of 10.5% compared to 7.8% for male-headed households. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, 30% of female-headed households lived below the monetary poverty line compared to 26% of male-headed households (Forum, 2021[13]). This evidence suggests that households headed by women were disproportionately affected by the economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, persistent gender gaps remain evident in the prevalence of food insecurity and limited access to finance, with women being more adversely affected than men. ## 1.2. The health impacts of the COVID 19 pandemic - The first case of COVID-19 in Kenya was confirmed in March 2020. This was four months after the announcement of the virus outbreak in Wuhan, in the People's Republic of China (hereafter China), in
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| 100 | … | … | … | … | … | … | | Lao PDR | 56 | 90 | 10 | 7 | 19 | 30 | 46 | 49 | 62 | 68 | 45 | 50 | 27 | 31 | -1.3 | 3.4 | | Macao, China | 99 ᵢ | 84 ᵢ | 9 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 7 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | | Malaysia | 88 ₊₁ | 86 | 3 | 1 | 11 | 4 | 39 | 39 | 99 | 100 | 96 | 98 | 50 | 61 | 12.9 | 19.0 | | Mongolia | 83 | 90 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 29 | 99 | 100 | 95 | 99 | 78 | 92 | 11.2 | 6.7 | | Myanmar | … | … | 8 | 10 | 31 | 14 | 55 | 21 | 76 | 87 | 48 | 56 | 20 | 23 | 5.6 | 8.3 | | Philippines | 81 | 72 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 20 | 19 | 90 | 96 | 71 | 81 | 69 | 72 | 15.0 | 16.0 | | Republic of Korea | 93 ᵢ | 97 ₋₁ ᵢ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | -0.1 | -0.1 | | Singapore | … | 99 ₋₁ ᵢ | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | | Thailand | … | 97 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 15 | 13 | 98 | 100 | 86 | 90 | 58 | 68 | 14.4 | 15.3 | | Timor-Leste | 74 | 60 ₋₃ | 7 | 7 | 13 | 6 | 28 | 17 | 71 | 80 | 56 | 65 | 50 | 55 | 2.7 | 9.1 | | Viet Nam | 97 ₋₁ ᵢ | 97 ₋₁ | 1 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 35 | 25
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[]
but they also help to reduce the implicit stereotype that science is masculine in the culture- at- large'. 44 Another possible explanation is that Maasdorp may have felt more of an 'outsider' than her peers. Pickles suggests that international students like Maasdorp, who had come to the Cavendish from other countries such as South Africa, were considered 'outsiders' on account of 'their sex and the patriarchal attitudes of the time'. 45 The fact that Maasdorp was the only woman postgraduate student during her first year may have contributed to her outsider status. Research students at the Cavendish would often spend their afternoon break in the library with tea and buns provided. Maasdorp records that for the first few weeks, 'I stood in one corner and for ages no one addressed a single remark to me shyness I was told later, but it was rather lonely.' 46 This ostracism, whether deliberate or not, may have contributed to Maasdorp finding other groups with which to collaborate. In 1937, Maasdorp married fellow Cavendish postgraduate student John Fremlin. After World War II, Fremlin began working with Mark Oliphant on constructing the world's first proton synchrotron at Birmingham University. The Birmingham machine was completed in 1953. Maasdorp performed mathematical calculations as a human computer for the Birmingham machine. Once, while in hospital, she completed calculations surrounded by 'formulae, paper, pencils and a book of log tables … performing … calculations and tabulating results'. 47 This was another typical position relegated to women before the widespread advent of electronic computers. Whether paid or unpaid, women computers have been mostly invisible in the history of technology, such as in the case of the construction of the Birmingham synchrotron. 48 Universityeducated women made up the majority of human computers. Ruth Howes argues that women computers 'played a major part' in the development of the atomic bomb. At Los Alamos, Hanford, Columbia and Berkeley, the many wives of scientists employed on the Manhattan Project worked as computers performing a 'vast number' of calculations, often unpaid and largely forgotten in historical records. 49 After World War II, in the United States, a job classification of 'engineering computer' was created for women undertaking computing tasks to distinguish them from male positions such as 'junior engineer'. 50 In one example of recovering women's history, Harvard University's Project Phaedra initiative aims to uncover not only data from 2,500 astronomical logbooks and notebooks, but
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(Covrig, Catalin Felix; Diego F Quintero Pulido; Matthias BRUCHHAUSEN (2024): On the performance of portable NiMH batteries of general use. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID: http://data.europa.eu/89h/838a8875-7634 -408b-b8ff-8a892cad4cb4) (accessed on 1 December 2024). Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Lucia Hegedusova for the X-ray tomography pictures, Andreas Pfrang and Marc Steen for the corrections of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1. Official Journal of the European Union Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 Concerning Batteries and Waste Batteries, Amending Directive 2008/98/EC and Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 and Repealing Directive 2006/66/EC. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32023R1542 (accessed on 1 January 2023). 2. Tenergy AA NiCd Rechargeable Battery for Solar/Garden Lights. Available online: https://power.tenergy.com/combo-48 -tenergy-aa-nicd-rechargeable-battery-for-solar-garden-lights/ (accessed on 30 October 2023). 3. Ansmann AG NiZN Akku Mignon AA 2500mWh 4er. Available online: https://shop.ansmann.de/de/nizn-aa-2500-4 (accessed on 30 October 2023). 4. EnerSys Cyclon Battery. Available online: https://www.enersys.com/en-gb/products/batteries/cyclon/cyclon/ (accessed on 30 October 2023). 5. IEC 61951-2:2017 ; Secondary Cells and Batteries Containing Alkaline or Other Non-Acid Electrolytes—Secondary Sealed Cells and Batteries for Portable Applications—Part 2: Nickel-Metal Hydride 2017. IEC: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. 6. IEC 61951-2:2017+AMD1:2022 ; Secondary Cells and Batteries Containing Alkaline or Other Non-Acid Electrolytes—Secondary Sealed Cells and Batteries for Portable Applications—Part 2: Nickel-Metal Hydride 2022. IEC: Geneva, Switzerland, 2022. 7. Salehi, H.; Maroufi, S.; Mofarah, S.S.; Nekouei, R.K.; Sahajwalla, V . Recovery of Rare Earth Metals from Ni-MH Batteries: A Comprehensive Review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2023 ,178, 113248. [CrossRef] 8. Kritzer, P . Separators for Nickel Metal Hydride and Nickel Cadmium Batteries Designed to Reduce Self-Discharge Rates. J. Power Sources 2004 ,137, 317–321. [CrossRef]Batteries 2025 ,11, 30 19 of 20 9. Shen, Y.; Noréus, D.; Starborg, S. Increasing NiMH Battery Cycle Life with Oxygen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2018 ,43, 18626–18631. [CrossRef] 10. Zhao, Y.; Pohl, O.; Bhatt, A.I.; Collis, G.E.; Mahon, P .J.; Rüther, T.; Hollenkamp, A.F. A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling. Sustain. Chem. 2021 ,2, 167–205. [CrossRef] 11. Constantine, J.; Lie, J.; Liu, J.-C. Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Spent NiMH Batteries Using Subcritical Water Extraction with Citric Acid. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2022 ,10, 108000. [CrossRef] 12. Petranikova, M.; Ebin, B.; Tunsu, C. Selective Recovery of Cobalt from the Secondary Streams after NiMH Batteries Processing Using Cyanex 301. Waste Manag. 2019 ,83, 194–201. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 13. Innocenzi, V .; Ippolito, N.M.; De Michelis, I.; Prisciandaro, M.; Medici, F.; Vegli ò, F. A Review of the Processes and Lab-Scale Techniques for the Treatment of Spent Rechargeable NiMH Batteries. J. Power Sources 2017 ,362, 202–218.
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inflict such harm. Resilience makes it possible for people to prevent and transcend spiritual harm even when they are being systematically dehumanized. Resilience is the cause without the effects. This diagnosis has important implications for healing practices. In many cases, African and Indigenous communities have been able to survive centuries of systemic dehumanization because of their religious and spiritual traditions. Such traditions have enabled communities to separate how others treat us from how we treat ourselves. That the first dehumanizes doesn t mean that the second ' need follow suit. People who are being dehumanized acquire resilience from their spiritual practices, which allow them to maintain their connection to the sacred and to their dignity. In this way, these traditions may enable them to transcend the systematic instrumentalization of society. This indicates that collective healing practices should include spaces for communities to maintain and strengthen this aspect of their cultures, even when contemporary society tends to undermine it.¹³ Indeed, Indigenous and other marginalized communities can learn from each other in this regard. Eventually, such learning can help transform mainstream societies in which the value-inversions predominate. ## Conclusion In conclusion, contemporary accounts of the damage of slavery and colonization seldom explicitly capture the spiritual dimensions of harm. I have tried to remedy this defect. The four-fold framework for well-being indicates that harm is multidimensional, and it includes instrumentalization at each level. Such a framework resists reducing harm to the quantitative and financial. It recognizes the various qualitative dimensions of harm, and this enables the development of a more 13 Guerrand-Hermès Foundation for Peace Research Institute (2020). Healing the Wounds of Slave Trade and Slavery. Approaches and Practices: A Desk Review. holistic approach to healing. This non-reductive approach is necessary for understanding spiritual harm. Insofar as we recognize the spiritual aspects of harm, we understand that the harms from enslavement and colonization are not merely individualistic or group phenomena; they are also structural. Recovery from the horrific history of slavery, of colonialization and of their genocides must consist in healing the wounding of systemic dehumanization. ## References Gandhi M.K. (1993). An Autobiography or the story of my experiments with truth , Beacon Press Gill, S., &amp; Thomson G. (2012). Rethinking Secondary Education: Towards a Human Centered Approach , Pearson Education - Gill, S., &amp; Thomson G. (2019). Understanding Peace Holistically: From the Spiritual to the Political. Peter Lang. - Gill, S., &amp; Thomson, G. (2021). Collective Healing to Address Legacies of Transatlantic Slavery: Opportunities and Challenges. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal , 15 (3). Guerrand-Hermès Foundation for Peace Research Institute. (2020). Healing the Wounds of Slave Trade and Slavery. Approaches and Practices: A Desk Review.
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seven, indicating its complexity. In second/foreign language learning, the tendency to devoice final voiced stops by German speakers is retained when pronouncing voiced English fricatives word finally (Allan James, personal contact). Moskowitz (1970) reports that her child Erica does the same with respect to the fricative in question. Also, though our beginning learners are aware of the fact that the target sound is [+continuant], in that their substitute is actually characterized as such (i.e., [f]), they failed to come up with the fricative in question, because of what is known as the 'inter-lingual identification' (Odlin, 1989). That is, the learners seem to have established an equivalence relation between their native /f/ and the target /v/. Therefore, they did not make the required effort in its production.
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[bib][paper][preprint][event] 3. P. Przybyła, E. McGill, H. Saggion, “Know Thine Enemy: Adaptive Attacks on Misinformation Detection Using Reinforcement Learning,” in Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment, &amp; Social Media Analysis, Bangkok, Thailand, 2024. [bib][paper][code] 4. P. Przybyła, B. Wu, A. Shvets, Y. Mu, K. C. Sheang, X. Song, H. Saggion, “Overview of the CLEF-2024 CheckThat! Lab Task 6 on Robustness of Credibility Assessment with Adversarial Examples (InCrediblAE),” in Working Notes of CLEF 2024 - Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, Grenoble, France, 2024. [bib][paper][event][code] 5. A. Barrón-Cedeño, F. Alam, T. Chakraborty, T. Elsayed, P. Nakov, P. Przybyła, J. M. Struß, F. Haouari, M. Hasanain, F. Ruggeri, X. Song, R. Suwaileh, “The CLEF-2024 CheckThat! Lab: Check-Worthiness, Subjectivity, Persuasion, Roles, Authorities, and Adversarial Robustness,” in Proceedings of the 46th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR 2024), Glasgow, UK, 2024. [bib][paper][preprint][event] 6. P. Przybyła, K. Kaczyński, “Where Does It End? Long Named Entity Recognition for Propaganda Detection and Beyond,” in Proceedings of the Workshop on NLP applied to Misinformation co-located with 39th International Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2023), Jaén, Spain, 2023. [bib][paper][code] 7. P. Przybyła, H. Saggion, “ERINIA: Evaluating the Robustness of Non-Credible Text Identification by Anticipating Adversarial Actions,” in Proceedings of the Workshop on NLP applied to Misinformation co-located with 39th International Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2023), Jaén, Spain, 2023. [bib][paper] P. Przybyła, P. Borkowski, K. Kaczyński, “Countering Disinformation by Finding Reliable Sources: a Citation-Based Approach,” in Proceedings of the 2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Padua, Italy, 2022. [bib][paper][preprint][data][corpus][code] P. Przybyła, A. J. Soto, “When classification accuracy is not enough: Explaining news credibility assessment,” Information Processing &amp; Management, vol. 58, issue 5, 2021.[bib][paper][data,code] K. Kaczyński, P. Przybyła, “HOMADOS at SemEval-2021 Task 6: Multi-Task Learning for Propaganda Detection,” in Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2021), Bangkok, Thailand, 2021. [bib][paper] P. Przybyła, “Capturing the Style of Fake News,” in Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-20), New York, USA, 2020. [bib][paper][corpus][code] J. Gąsior and P. Przybyła, “The IPIPAN Team Participation in the Check-Worthiness Task of the CLEF2019 CheckThat! Lab,” in Working Notes of CLEF 2019 - Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, Lugano, Switzerland, 2019.[bib][paper] ### NLP meta-research 1. M. Shardlow, A. Williams, C. Roadhouse, F. Ventirozos, P. Przybyła, “Exploring Supervised Approaches to the Detection of Anthropomorphic Language in the Reporting of NLP Venues,” in Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025, Vienna, Austria, 2025.
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Greene, S. B., Murray, C., and Lynch, H. (2016). The Roving Caregivers Program: A Caribbean model. In L. Roggman and N. Cardia (Eds.), Home Visitation Programs: Preventing Violence and Promoting Healthy Early Child Development (pp. 209-224). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17984-1\_12 Halttunen, L. and Waniganayake, M. (2021). Views from the inside: Roles of deputy directors in early childhood education in Finland. Education Sciences , 11 (11), 751. Heckman, J. J. (2018). ABC/CARE: Elements of Quality Early Childhood Programs That Produce Quality Outcomes . The Heckman Equation. https://heckmanequation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/F\_Heckman\_ABC\_CARE\_ Quality\_110117.pdf . PhD thesis. University of Tampere. Heikka, J. (2014). Distributed Pedagogical Leadership in Early Childhood Education https://trepo.tuni.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/95016/978-951-44-9381-2.pdf Howley-Rouse, A. (2023). Kaupapa Māori and leadership in early childhood education. The Education Hub. https://theeducationhub.org.nz/kaupapa-maori-and-leadership-in-early-childhood-education Hujala, E., Eskelinen, M., Keskinen, S., Chen, C., Inoue, C., Matsumoto, M., and Kawase, M. (2016). Leadership tasks in early childhood education in Finland, Japan, and Singapore. Journal of Research in Childhood Education , 30 (3), 406-421. - Iwo, R., Ruiz-Casares, M., and Nazif-Muñoz, J. I. (2023). The increasing prevalence of children home alone in Ghana: The importance of considering regional inequalities. Child Indicators Research , 16 (5), 2013-2032. Janssens, W. and Rosemberg, C. (2014). The impact of a Caribbean home-visiting child development program on cognitive skills. Economics of Education Review , 39 , 22-37. - Jeong, J., Franchett, E. E., Ramos de Oliveira, C. V., Rehmani, K., and Yousafzai, A. K. (2021). Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine , 18 (5). - Jeong, J., Pitchik, H. O., and Yousafzai, A. K. (2018). Stimulation interventions and parenting in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics , 141 (4), e20173510. - Light for the World. (2020). Burkina Faso: Leave No Child Behind: Invest in the Early Years. https://www.licht-fuer-die-welt.at/ app/uploads/sites/8/2021/09/leave\_no\_child\_behind\_country\_case\_study\_burkina\_faso\_english.pdf - Luoto, J. E., Garcia, I. L., Aboud, F. E., Singla, D. R., Fernald, L. C. H., Pitchik, H. O., Saya, U. Y., Otieno, R., and Alu, E. (2021). Group-based parenting interventions to promote child development in rural Kenya: A multi-arm, cluster-randomised community effectiveness trial. The Lancet Global Health , 9 (3), e309-e319. - McCuaig, K., Akbari, E., and Correia, A. (2022). Canada's Children Need a Professional Early Childhood Education Workforce . Atkinson Centre for Society and Child Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. https://ecereport.ca/media/uploads/wr-downloads/canadas\_children\_need\_a\_professional\_early\_ childhood\_education\_workforce.pdf Meloy, B., Gardner, M., and Darling-Hammond, L. (2019). Untangling the Evidence on Preschool Effectiveness . Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/media/315/download?inlineandfile=Untangling\_Evidence\_ Preschool\_Effectiveness\_REPORT.pdf
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including the verification of a correct apportionment of revenues and costs between mining licence areas. Tax authorities may need to audit several controlled domestic transactions between projects, as well as activities undertaken within the operational units of a single entity for transfer pricing purposes. It is important for countries to consider the benefits and risks of ring-fencing rules before deciding to adopt them, including whether the ring-fencing rules are the most effective instrument to achieve the country's objectives, or whether there are more effective and appropriate approaches by using other fiscal tools or design features for the mining taxation framework. Section 4 will explore the important preconditions that will inform when ring-fencing might be essential to secure ring-fencing benefits. ## 4.0 Designing Ring-Fencing Rules ## 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING-FENCING 3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING-FENCING ## 4.0 DESIGNING RING-FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING-FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION ## 4.1 When Ring-Fencing Is an Appropriate Policy Response Ring-fencing is a suitable policy option when certain conditions are in place. Section 3 outlined the risks of ring-fencing. For instance, ring-fencing could pose compliance and administrative costs and could deter investment. This means ring-fencing might only be the right policy choice under specific circumstances. This section outlines the important preconditions necessary for the benefits of ring-fencing to exceed its costs. ## TABLE 3. Overview of considerations for introduction or design of ring-fencing | Circumstance | Where ring-fencing is appropriate in this circumstance | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Where there is no differentiation of the tax rates or no special | A ring-fencing regime may not be a suitable policy option where there is no special differentiation of mining activities in corporate income rules and there are no special taxes targeting the economic rents from the mining sector. | | taxes for the mining sector. | This could be the case in countries that permit consolidation of the tax base at the taxpayer level or even the MNE group level operating in the jurisdiction. The economic rents can still be captured with carefully designed fiscal instruments, such as mining royalties. | | Where there is a tax rate differential between mining and non-mining activities, or special rent targeting taxes in the mining sector are in place. | Mining has characteristics that distinguish it from other sectors of the economy, which have led to the use of dedicated fiscal regimes. Some countries
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[]
estimated at USD 1.3 trillion but education gets a tiny fraction ........................................................... 293 Figure 18.16 Households in lower-middle-income countries spend at least twice as high a share of their budget on education as households in high-income countries ....................................................................................... 296 Figure 18.17 Household education spending tends to be stable ....................................................................................................................... 297 xviii 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT TABLES Table 1.1 There are diverse leadership roles in education ............................................................................................................................... 11 Table 1.2 Four school leadership dimensions describe principals’ core practices .................................................................................... 13 Table 5.1 System leaders’ roles, functions and practices ............................................................................................................................. 100 Table 6.1 Average tenure of education ministers, by country and individual characteristics, 2010–23 ........................................ 122 Table 6.2 Education, health and finance ministers, by background characteristics, 1990–2021 ................................................... 124 BOXES Box 1.1 Autonomy and accountability reforms in some countries have shaped perceptions of education leadership roles globally ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Box 1.2 Four regional editions accompany the 2024/5 Global Education Monitoring Report cycle on leadership ......................... 17 Box 2.1 Various terms are used to designate school principals in national regulations ..................................................................... 26 Box 2.2 Principals focused on reducing stress related to COVID-19 ......................................................................................................... 34 Box 2.3 Indian and South African teachers recognize school principals as key supporters .............................................................. 36 Box 3.1 The degree of decentralization influences recruitment and selection ...................................................................................... 48 Box 3.2 African countries are strengthening their selection systems for principals, but challenges remain ............................. 50 Box 3.3 Some countries regulate private school principals’ selection ....................................................................................................... 51 Box 3.4 In Brazil, political appointment is a formal method for principal selection ............................................................................. 52 Box 3.5 Induction processes involving coaches and mentors are essential for novice principals .................................................. 59 Box 3.6 Practice in realistic situations is essential for developing leadership skills ............................................................................. 61 Box 3.7 In the United States, research has helped improve training content ........................................................................................ 63 Box 3.8 School leaders in the Pacific express job satisfaction despite stress and pressure ............................................................ 70 Box 4.1 The Bamboo School in Thailand involves students in all its operations ................................................................................... 89 Box 5.1 Local officials with strong autonomy have more space to be leaders .................................................................................... 101 Box 5.2 Responsibility for reforms is often withheld from those who are supposed to carry them out .................................... 103 Box 5.3 Latvia aims to strengthen its education system’s institutional capacity .............................................................................. 104 Box 5.4 Political influence on staffing challenges effective system leadership ................................................................................. 109 Box 6.1 Ministers have to lead coalitions and change the public’s opinion to achieve their
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[]
## Acquisition of the Labio-Dental Fricative /v/ in English L2 and Jamaican Creole: A Comparative Study Ahmed Ibrahim Mousa 1 1 Department of European Languages and Literature , King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Correspondence: Ahmed Ibrahim Mousa, Department of European Languages and Literature, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: September 30, 2013 Accepted: November 21, 2013 Online Published: January 23, 2014 doi:10.5539/ijel.v4n1p60 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v4n1p60 ## Abstract This research attempts to investigate to what extent the claim that the strategies resorted to by second/foreign language learners are, more or less, the same as those used by speakers of pidgin/creole languages. To this end, the speech of two speakers of the well-known Broad Jamaican Creole is compared with the performance of Saudi learners of English, with respect to the pronunciation of the voiced labio-dental fricative /v/. It is found that the above claim is valid, in that before the fricative in question is acquired the speakers make use of another fricative as a transitory step. This behaviour is found to corroborate that of the child, which is recorded as external evidence that adds to existent literature of the logical problem of language learning. Furthermore, this strategy goes hand in hand with the norms of historical change, in that the substitute sounds are not marked. That is, although the pronunciation of [b] instead of /v/ is characteristic of the Broad Jamaican Creole, our Jamaican speakers prefer to use the bilabial fricative [ β ], which is exactly used by the child. Likewise, our Arab learners make use of voiceless [f] for the voiced /v/ which is more marked. Keywords: labio-dental fricative, Saudi learners, English as a second/foreign language, creole ## 1. Introduction The ultimate goal of linguists is to decipher the mystery of the logical problem of language learning. That is, how a normal five-year-old human child acquires mother tongue (Brown, 1973). Another important aim of modern linguistic theory is to come up with language universals, the principles according to which all human beings speak a language (see Greenberg, 1966). Though it is important in the linguistic behaviour, the domain of phonology in second/foreign language learning and pidgin and creole languages has received little attention compared to the other aspects of language. Research has shown that child language, second/foreign language learning and pidgin and creole languages are more or less related in terms of processes. Many phenomena in these
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| … | … | … | 0.74 ₋₁ | 53 ₋₂ ᵢ | 53 ₋₁ | 10 ₋₁ … | … | … | 0.75 ₋₁ | … | DNK | DNK | | Estonia | … | … | … | … | … | 8 ₋₁ | 11 ₋₁ | … | … | … | … | … 9 | ₋₂ | … … | … | … | … | … | EST | EST | | Finland France | 22 ₋₁ … | 9 ₋₁ … | … | … | … | 29 ₋₁ | 13 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 0.76 ₋₁ | 46 ₋₂ ᵢ | 42 ₋₁ 13 | ₋₁ … | … … | … … | 0.81 ₋₁ 0.69 ₋₁ | 71 ₋₄ ᵢ 87 ₋₄ ᵢ | FRA | FRA | | Germany | 351 ₋₁ | 7 ₋₁ | … … | … … | … | … 265 ₋₁ | … 12 ₋₁ | … … | … … | … … | 0.64 ₋₁ 0.96 ₋₁ | 64 ₋₂ ᵢ 66 ₋₂ ᵢ | 458 ₋₄ 601 ₋₁ 11 | … … ₋₁ … | … | … | 1.04 ₋₁ | 98 ₋₁ ᵢ | DEU | DEU | | Greece | 20 ₋₁ | 9 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 75 ₋₁ | 8 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 0.72 ₋₁ | … | 9 | … | … | … | 0.72 ₋₁ | … | GRC | GRC | | | | 12 | | | … | | | | | | | | 81 ₋₁ 81 | ₋₁ 10 ₋₁ | … | … | 0.40 ₋₁ | 64 ₋₄ ᵢ | HUN | HUN | | Hungary | 26 ₋₁ | ₋₁ | … | … | … | 38 ₋₁ | 10 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 0.40 ₋₁ | 58 ₋₄ ᵢ | ₋₁ | … … | … | … | … | … | ISL | ISL | | Iceland | 3 ₋₁ | 4 ₋₁ | … | … | … | 4 ₋₁ 41 ₋₁ | 9 ₋₁ | … | … | … | … | … 76 ₋₄ ᵢ | … 32 ₋₁ | … 14 |
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[]
industry - the processor circuitry 1201 is also coupled with memory circuitry 1203 and storage circuitry 1204 , and is configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various apps, OSs, or other software elements to run on the platform 1200 . - the processor circuitry 1201 is configured to operate app software (e.g., instructions 1201 x , 1203 x , 1204 x ) to provide one or more services to a user of the compute node 1200 and/or user(s) of remote systems/devices. - the processor circuitry 1201 can be embodied as, or otherwise include one or multiple central processing units (CPUs), application processors, graphics processing units (GPUs), RISC processors, Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors, complex instruction set computer (CISC) processors, DSPs, FPGAs, programmable logic devices (PLDs), ASICs, baseband processors, radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs), microprocessors or controllers, multi-core processors, multithreaded processors, ultra-low voltage processors, embedded processors, a specialized x-processing units (xPUs) or a data processing unit (DPUs) (e.g., Infrastructure Processing Unit (IPU), network processing unit (NPU), and the like), and/or any other processing devices or elements, or any combination thereof. - CPUs central processing units - IPU Infrastructure Processing Unit - NPU network processing unit - the processor circuitry 1201 is embodied as one or more special-purpose processor(s)/controller(s) configured (or configurable) to operate according to the various implementations and other aspects discussed herein. Additionally or alternatively, the processor circuitry 1201 includes one or more hardware accelerators (e.g., same or similar to acceleration circuitry 1208 ), which can include microprocessors, programmable processing devices (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs, PLDs, DSPs. and/or the like), and/or the like. - hardware accelerators e.g., same or similar to acceleration circuitry 1208 , which can include microprocessors, programmable processing devices (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs, PLDs, DSPs. and/or the like), and/or the like. - the compute node 1200 also includes non-transitory or transitory machine-readable media 1202 (also referred to as “computer readable medium 1202 ” or “CRM 1202 ”), which may be embodied as, or otherwise include system memory 1203 , storage 1204 , and/or memory devices/elements of the processor 1201 . Additionally or alternatively, the CRM 1202 can be embodied as any of the devices/technologies described for the memory 1203 and/or storage 1204 . - the system memory 1203 (also referred to as “memory circuitry 1203 ”) includes one or more hardware elements/devices for storing data and/or instructions 1203 x (and/or instructions 1201 x , 1204 x
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[]
86 177 26 111 21 67 10 7 2 Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory225 18 0 17 3 58 1 0 1 0 5 3 Agricultural University of Georgia 2 95 61 8 12 1 1 43 48 32 0 1 Georgian National Academy of Sciences 35 31 15 24 22 23 5 6 20 3 7 0 Shota Rustaveli State University 37 30 27 12 40 2 10 3 14 2 3 0 National Center for Disease Control and Public Health1 5 119 0 13 0 1 0 11 0 0 0 International Black Sea University 38 31 3 0 20 0 44 1 2 0 1 0 LEPL Scientific-Research Center of Agriculture0 4 2 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 15Figure 3.42. Top actors in Georgia by number of records (all types), across all domains 202 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential GEORGIA Top 10 actors classified as ‘Public sector (excluding higher education and research institutions)’ NameNo of recordsMain S&T domains National Center for Disease Control and Public Health143Health and wellbeing; Governance, culture, education and the economy; Agrifood Georgian National Museum 94Governance, culture, education and the economy; Environmental sciences and industries; Agrifood National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease59 Health and wellbeing; Agrifood; Electric and electronic technologies Chapidze Emergency Cardiology Center21Health and wellbeing; Governance, culture, education and the economy National Environmental Agency 20Environmental sciences and industries; Agrifood; Governance, culture, education and the economy Kipshidze Central University Hospital 19Health and wellbeing; Governance, culture, education and the economy; Biotechnology A. Tsulukidze National Centre of Urology18Health and wellbeing; Governance, culture, education and the economy; ICT and computer science Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture18Health and wellbeing; Environmental sciences and industries; Governance, culture, education and the economy Center of Allergy and Immunology 11Health and wellbeing; Biotechnology; Environmental sciences and industries Center for Mental Health and Prevention of Addiction10Health and wellbeing; Governance, culture, education and the economy; AgrifoodTable 3.23. Top public actors in Georgia by number of records, across all domains GEORGIA Top actors classified as ‘Private company, for-profit’ NameNo of recordsMain S&T domains Electromagnetic Consulting and Software47Optics and photonics; Electric and electronic technologies; Mechanical engineering and heavy mach. MR CFD LLC 16Fundamental physics and mathematics; Nanotechnology and materials SHPS LAVERSI-RATSIONALI 14Fundamental physics and mathematics; Agrifood; Chemistry and chemical engineering Medical Center 'Mrcheveli' 8 Health and wellbeing High Medical Technology Center University Clinic8Health and wellbeing; Governance, culture, education and the
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creates a collaborative learning environment. It empowers teachers to lead within their classrooms, students to be active leaders with their peers, and parents and community members to be involved. Yet collaboration is the most underemphasized of the four leadership dimensions in training programmes. „School leadership is too often hierarchical. Assistant principals and teachers can help achieve school goals when enabled with clear roles, training and incentives. But only half of countries explicitly emphasize teacher collaboration in their leadership standards and barely one third of leadership training programmes focus on it. Some 81% of countries require school boards to include teachers and 83% to include parents, 62% community members and 57% students. System leaders do not receive sufficient attention in leadership plans. „Education officials at the central and local levels are potential leaders. They can drive system-wide improvement and alignment in education reform and policy. Countries increasingly recognize that these officials can have greater influence if they are given greater autonomy. „System leaders are effective when they work with other actors. In the Mexican state of Puebla, the success of the education reform was the result of coordinated system-wide efforts that included the leadership of education officials. Education ministers work in complex political environments and are stymied by short tenures. „Ministers balance multiple demands during short tenures and often do not have a background in teaching. A new global database shows that half of education ministers since 2010 leave office within two years after their appointment; only 23% have prior experience of teaching in schools. „Political leaders need to be astute in political compromise and outreach to make reform happen. Coalition and relationship building can make up for a lack of time and good data and in the face of conflicting opinions. „Short tenures make it hard to deliver reform. Analysis of World Bank education projects between 2000 and 2017 in 114 countries found a substantive negative correlation between ministerial turnover and project performance. More women in leadership can have positive outcomes in education. „Female political leaders have prioritized education more than their male peers. Female parliamentarians have helped increase primary education spending globally. Yet, the percentage of female ministers has increased only from 23% in 2010–13 to 30% in 2020–23. „Some studies suggest that women achieve better learning outcomes than men as principals. In francophone Africa, students in primary schools led by female principals outperformed those in schools led by
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[]
To determine the preference score for the inhibition-paired object, we computed the object preference index, based on interaction time (s) as follows: (object i - object)/(object i + object) *100, where object i corresponds to the randomly assigned object for paired closed-loop inhibition. The chamber and enclosures were cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. ## Open field place preference Similar to the real-time object place preference test, the experiment was divided into two 5 min bins, and the laser was allowed to turn on only during the last 5 min of the test in one randomly assigned quadrant (25 3 25cm) of the open field arena (50 3 50 3 30cm). Measurements during this test phase included time in each quadrant, general locomotion and locomotion in the inhibition-paired quadrant. The arena was cleaned before and between subjects with 70% ethanol. ## Fear conditioning and retrieval The same behavioral protocol as described above for deep-brain Ca 2+ imaging was used with minor modifications. Light stimulation wasdelivered to ArchT- or GFP-injected mice during fear conditioning on day 1, for 4.5 s during the entire presentation of the 2 s US + stimulus (starting 500 msec before US onset) and extending for additional 2 s. On day 2, during the retrieval phase, mice were also tethered to the optic fibers, but underwent testing without optogenetic modulation. Mice were tracked using contour tracking and center of mass (ANY-maze). Freezing episodes were processed offline by trained experimenters using frame-by-frame analysis. ## Histology ## Quantification of VIP + INs Immunocytochemistry experiments were carried out according to previously published procedures with minor modifications (Sreepathi, 2012). Free-floating sections were incubated in primary antibody solution [rabbit antibody against VIP (cat. no. 20077, Immunostar), diluted 1:4,000] containing 2% normal goat serum (NGS), 0.3% Triton X-100 (TX) in Tris-buffered saline (TBS-T; pH 7.4) for two days at 6 C and then in secondary antibody [biotinylated goat anti-rabbit (cat. no. BA-1000, Vector laboratories), diluted 1:500] /C14 overnight. After extensive washing, sections were incubated in an ABC complex solution (1:100, Vectastain ABC kit; Vector Laboratories) made up in TBS, followed by diaminobenzidine (DAB) as a chromogen (0.5 mg/mL in TB) and 0.003% H2O2, as the electron donor, for 5 min. The sections were mounted onto gelatin-coated slides, dehydrated in an ascending ethanol series followed by an incubation in butylacetate and coverslipped with Eukitt (Christine Gro ¨ pl, Tulln, Austria). Sections immunolabeled
[ "To", "determine", "the", "preference", "score", "for", "the", "inhibition", "-", "paired", "object", ",", "we", "computed", "the", "object", "preference", "index", ",", "based", "on", "interaction", "time", "(", "s", ")", "as", "follows", ":", "(", "object", "i", "-", "object)/(object", "i", "+", "object", ")", "*", "100", ",", "where", "object", "i", "corresponds", "to", "the", "randomly", "assigned", "object", "for", "paired", "closed", "-", "loop", "inhibition", ".", "The", "chamber", "and", "enclosures", "were", "cleaned", "before", "and", "between", "subjects", "with", "70", "%", "ethanol", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Open", "field", "place", "preference", "\n\n", "Similar", "to", "the", "real", "-", "time", "object", "place", "preference", "test", ",", "the", "experiment", "was", "divided", "into", "two", "5", "min", "bins", ",", "and", "the", "laser", "was", "allowed", "to", "turn", "on", "only", "during", "the", "last", "5", "min", "of", "the", "test", "in", "one", "randomly", "assigned", "quadrant", "(", "25", "3", "25", "cm", ")", "of", "the", "open", "field", "arena", "(", "50", "3", "50", "3", "30", "cm", ")", ".", "Measurements", "during", "this", "test", "phase", "included", "time", "in", "each", "quadrant", ",", "general", "locomotion", "and", "locomotion", "in", "the", "inhibition", "-", "paired", "quadrant", ".", "The", "arena", "was", "cleaned", "before", "and", "between", "subjects", "with", "70", "%", "ethanol", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Fear", "conditioning", "and", "retrieval", "\n\n", "The", "same", "behavioral", "protocol", "as", "described", "above", "for", "deep", "-", "brain", "Ca", "2", "+", "imaging", "was", "used", "with", "minor", "modifications", ".", "Light", "stimulation", "wasdelivered", "to", "ArchT-", "or", "GFP", "-", "injected", "mice", "during", "fear", "conditioning", "on", "day", "1", ",", "for", "4.5", "s", "during", "the", "entire", "presentation", "of", "the", "2", "s", "US", "+", "stimulus", "(", "starting", "500", "msec", "before", "US", "onset", ")", "and", "extending", "for", "additional", "2", "s.", "On", "day", "2", ",", "during", "the", "retrieval", "phase", ",", "mice", "were", "also", "tethered", "to", "the", "optic", "fibers", ",", "but", "underwent", "testing", "without", "optogenetic", "modulation", ".", "Mice", "were", "tracked", "using", "contour", "tracking", "and", "center", "of", "mass", "(", "ANY", "-", "maze", ")", ".", "Freezing", "episodes", "were", "processed", "offline", "by", "trained", "experimenters", "using", "frame", "-", "by", "-", "frame", "analysis", ".", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Histology", "\n\n", "#", "#", "Quantification", "of", "VIP", "+", "INs", "\n\n", "Immunocytochemistry", "experiments", "were", "carried", "out", "according", "to", "previously", "published", "procedures", "with", "minor", "modifications", "(", "Sreepathi", ",", "2012", ")", ".", "Free", "-", "floating", "sections", "were", "incubated", "in", "primary", "antibody", "solution", "[", "rabbit", "antibody", "against", "VIP", "(", "cat", ".", "no", ".", "20077", ",", "Immunostar", ")", ",", "diluted", "1:4,000", "]", "containing", "2", "%", "normal", "goat", "serum", "(", "NGS", ")", ",", "0.3", "%", "Triton", "X-100", "(", "TX", ")", "in", "Tris", "-", "buffered", "saline", "(", "TBS", "-", "T", ";", "pH", "7.4", ")", "for", "two", "days", "at", "6", "C", "and", "then", "in", "secondary", "antibody", "[", "biotinylated", "goat", "anti", "-", "rabbit", "(", "cat", ".", "no", ".", "BA-1000", ",", "Vector", "laboratories", ")", ",", "diluted", "1:500", "]", "/C14", "overnight", ".", "After", "extensive", "washing", ",", "sections", "were", "incubated", "in", "an", "ABC", "complex", "solution", "(", "1:100", ",", "Vectastain", "ABC", "kit", ";", "Vector", "Laboratories", ")", "made", "up", "in", "TBS", ",", "followed", "by", "diaminobenzidine", "(", "DAB", ")", "as", "a", "chromogen", "(", "0.5", "mg", "/", "mL", "in", "TB", ")", "and", "0.003", "%", "H2O2", ",", "as", "the", "electron", "donor", ",", "for", "5", "min", ".", "The", "sections", "were", "mounted", "onto", "gelatin", "-", "coated", "slides", ",", "dehydrated", "in", "an", "ascending", "ethanol", "series", "followed", "by", "an", "incubation", "in", "butylacetate", "and", "coverslipped", "with", "Eukitt", "(", "Christine", "Gro", "¨", "pl", ",", "Tulln", ",", "Austria", ")", ".", "\n\n", "Sections", "immunolabeled" ]
[]
Also at this station, the long-term trend over the period of record 1932 –2007, namely −0.0489 mm a −1, is quite pronounced and different from zero at the 0.05 significance level. This amounts to a total loss of 3.72 mm of water over 76 years, which according to Eq. 6would be equivalent with an average water table drop of approximately 0.22 m if, again for the sake of illustration, the typical large-scale drainable porosity value of 0.017 were adopted.Water resources region Investigated area (km2) 1940 –2007 1951 –2000 1988 –2007 01 New England 19,947 −0.0206 −0.0835 −0.1730 02 Mid Atlantic 41,794 0.0324 0.0726 −0.0058 03 South Atlantic-Gulf 77,361 −0.0680 −0.0525 −0.1246 04 Great Lakes 13,310 0.0178 0.0420 −0.1774 05 Ohio 182,956 0.0935 0.1016 0.053406 Tennessee 3,816 0.0124 0.0423 −0.0815 07 Upper Mississippi 71,063 0.0740 0.1075 −0.0078 08 Lower Mississippi 19,868 0.0184 0.0380 −0.1045 09 Souris-Red-Rainy 10,329 0.0022 0.0208 0.010210 Missouri 101,736 0.0130 0.0290 −0.0338 11 Arkansas-White-Red 10,772 0.0200 0.0708 −0.1887Table 2 Average groundwater storage trends (in millimetersper year), derived by area-weighting the values shown in Table 1 1928-1947 00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20101942-1967 1967-1987 1988-2007 1903-1927 y L7 Fig. 3 Evolution of the annual lowest 7-day flows yL7=QL7/Ain millimeters per day of the Cedar River at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in theUpper Mississippi Region. The long straight line represents the regression over the period of record 1903 –2007, and indicates a significantly ( p=0.006) positive trend dy L7/dt=+0.00121 mm d−1a−1. Theshort straight line segments are the regressions over the indicated periods. The upstream drainage area at this gaging station is A= 16,854 km2100 W. Brutsaert 5 Discussion The trends observed here for groundwater storage are consistent with those observed over the past half century in previous studies of overall water availability and of other measured components of the hydrologic cycle. Thus, the major terms in the hydrologic budget are demonstrated to have generally increased over large portions of the UnitedStates east of the Rocky Mountains, except in the coastal southeast and perhaps in a small area in the northeast as well. This was certainly the case of precipitation andsurface runoff, for which most previous data analyses also appear to indicate that the observed increases were largest over the Upper Mississippi basin and in regions adjacent tothe Great Lakes, and that they were most pronounced for fall precipitation and for the annual low flows
[ "Also", "at", "this", "station", ",", "the", "long", "-", "term", "trend", "over", "the", "\n", "period", "of", "record", "1932", "–", "2007", ",", "namely", "−0.0489", "mm", "a", "\n", "−1", ",", "is", "quite", "\n", "pronounced", "and", "different", "from", "zero", "at", "the", "0.05", "significance", "\n", "level", ".", "This", "amounts", "to", "a", "total", "loss", "of", "3.72", "mm", "of", "water", "over", "\n", "76", "years", ",", "which", "according", "to", "Eq", ".", "6would", "be", "equivalent", "with", "\n", "an", "average", "water", "table", "drop", "of", "approximately", "0.22", "m", "if", ",", "again", "\n", "for", "the", "sake", "of", "illustration", ",", "the", "typical", "large", "-", "scale", "drainable", "\n", "porosity", "value", "of", "0.017", "were", "adopted", ".", "Water", "resources", "region", "Investigated", "area", "(", "km2", ")", "1940", "–", "2007", "1951", "–", "2000", "1988", "–", "2007", "\n", "01", "New", "England", "19,947", "−0.0206", "−0.0835", "−0.1730", "\n", "02", "Mid", "Atlantic", "41,794", "0.0324", "0.0726", "−0.0058", "\n", "03", "South", "Atlantic", "-", "Gulf", "77,361", "−0.0680", "−0.0525", "−0.1246", "\n", "04", "Great", "Lakes", "13,310", "0.0178", "0.0420", "−0.1774", "\n", "05", "Ohio", "182,956", "0.0935", "0.1016", "0.053406", "Tennessee", "3,816", "0.0124", "0.0423", "−0.0815", "\n", "07", "Upper", "Mississippi", "71,063", "0.0740", "0.1075", "−0.0078", "\n", "08", "Lower", "Mississippi", "19,868", "0.0184", "0.0380", "−0.1045", "\n", "09", "Souris", "-", "Red", "-", "Rainy", "10,329", "0.0022", "0.0208", "0.010210", "Missouri", "101,736", "0.0130", "0.0290", "−0.0338", "\n", "11", "Arkansas", "-", "White", "-", "Red", "10,772", "0.0200", "0.0708", "−0.1887Table", "2", "Average", "groundwater", "\n", "storage", "trends", "(", "in", "millimetersper", "year", ")", ",", "derived", "by", "area", "-", "weighting", "the", "values", "shown", "in", "\n", "Table", "1", "\n", "1928", "-", "1947", "\n", "00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8", "\n", "1900", "1910", "1920", "1930", "1940", "1950", "1960", "1970", "1980", "1990", "2000", "20101942", "-", "1967", "1967", "-", "1987", "1988", "-", "2007", "\n", "1903", "-", "1927", "y", "\n", "L7", "\n", "Fig", ".", "3", "Evolution", "of", "the", "annual", "lowest", "7", "-", "day", "flows", "yL7", "=", "QL7", "/", "Ain", "\n", "millimeters", "per", "day", "of", "the", "Cedar", "River", "at", "Cedar", "Rapids", ",", "Iowa", ",", "in", "theUpper", "Mississippi", "Region", ".", "The", "long", "straight", "line", "represents", "the", "\n", "regression", "over", "the", "period", "of", "record", "1903", "–", "2007", ",", "and", "indicates", "a", "\n", "significantly", "(", "p=0.006", ")", "positive", "trend", "dy", "\n", "L7", "/", "dt=+0.00121", "mm", "d−1a−1", ".", "\n", "Theshort", "straight", "line", "segments", "are", "the", "regressions", "over", "the", "indicated", "\n", "periods", ".", "The", "upstream", "drainage", "area", "at", "this", "gaging", "station", "is", "A=", "\n", "16,854", "km2100", "W.", "Brutsaert", "\n", "5", "Discussion", "\n", "The", "trends", "observed", "here", "for", "groundwater", "storage", "are", "\n", "consistent", "with", "those", "observed", "over", "the", "past", "half", "century", "\n", "in", "previous", "studies", "of", "overall", "water", "availability", "and", "of", "other", "\n", "measured", "components", "of", "the", "hydrologic", "cycle", ".", "Thus", ",", "the", "\n", "major", "terms", "in", "the", "hydrologic", "budget", "are", "demonstrated", "to", "\n", "have", "generally", "increased", "over", "large", "portions", "of", "the", "UnitedStates", "east", "of", "the", "Rocky", "Mountains", ",", "except", "in", "the", "coastal", "\n", "southeast", "and", "perhaps", "in", "a", "small", "area", "in", "the", "northeast", "as", "\n", "well", ".", "This", "was", "certainly", "the", "case", "of", "precipitation", "andsurface", "runoff", ",", "for", "which", "most", "previous", "data", "analyses", "also", "\n", "appear", "to", "indicate", "that", "the", "observed", "increases", "were", "largest", "\n", "over", "the", "Upper", "Mississippi", "basin", "and", "in", "regions", "adjacent", "tothe", "Great", "Lakes", ",", "and", "that", "they", "were", "most", "pronounced", "for", "\n", "fall", "precipitation", "and", "for", "the", "annual", "low", "flows" ]
[]
doctor was being dismissed solely on the ground that it was preferable to leave students without any medical assistance than to have a woman examine and teach them, given the fact she was the only profes - sional who knew the language. In fact, the lengthy correspondence between the Ministry and local author - ities could have been easily avoided by collaborating with the Ministry of Health to compile updated statistics of doctors, their education and place of residence. What central authorities must have regarded as a way to give local institutions the ability to decide for themselves was in fact a mere mis - conception: although they could appoint someone as school doctor, such institutions still needed the Ministry’s consent. Language turned out to be one of the most important criteria when set - tling a dispute between two female doctors aiming for the same position, when only one of them benefited from the support of the school’s prin - cipal.51 However, research conducted on documents from the Ministry of Instruction suggests that comments referring to the unsatisfactory degree of mastering the Romanian language constituted a common accusation among teaching staff and local school authorities. Its purpose was that of delegiti - mizing the opponent as a professional, since without the ability to speak Romanian the transfer of knowledge would have been impossible. Despite these cases which reveal the numerous tensions generated by the mandatory gender segregation of medical staff working in secondary schools, not all substitutions were as difficult. On the contrary, in many schools, appointing a female doctor was the easiest decision the principal had to make; the board of the Girls’ High School in Turnu Măgurele, which received two applications for the school doctor and hygiene teacher posi - tion, the first from a male doctor and the second from a female, chose the latter without any hesitation.52 Even more intriguing turned out to be the substitution of the male doc - tor working as a physician and hygiene teacher at the girls’ school in the small town of Turda, Cluj County. In his resignation letter addressed to the Ministry of Instruction, he specifically mentioned the low monthly allow - ance paid by the School Committee.53 He also recommended a female doc - tor as a replacement. Such attitudes show that not all men, be they doctors, principals, inspectors or revisers, feared and manifested hostility towards
[ "doctor", "was", "being", "dismissed", "solely", "on", "the", "ground", "that", "it", "was", "\n", "preferable", "to", "leave", "students", "without", "any", "medical", "assistance", "than", "to", "have", "a", "\n", "woman", "examine", "and", "teach", "them", ",", "given", "the", "fact", "she", "was", "the", "only", "profes", "-", "\n", "sional", "who", "knew", "the", "language", ".", "\n", "In", "fact", ",", "the", "lengthy", "correspondence", "between", "the", "Ministry", "and", "local", "author", "-", "\n", "ities", "could", "have", "been", "easily", "avoided", "by", "collaborating", "with", "the", "Ministry", "of", "\n", "Health", "to", "compile", "updated", "statistics", "of", "doctors", ",", "their", "education", "and", "place", "\n", "of", "residence", ".", "What", "central", "authorities", "must", "have", "regarded", "as", "a", "way", "to", "give", "\n", "local", "institutions", "the", "ability", "to", "decide", "for", "themselves", "was", "in", "fact", "a", "mere", "mis", "-", "\n", "conception", ":", "although", "they", "could", "appoint", "someone", "as", "school", "doctor", ",", "such", "\n", "institutions", "still", "needed", "the", "Ministry", "’s", "consent", ".", "\n", "Language", "turned", "out", "to", "be", "one", "of", "the", "most", "important", "criteria", "when", "set", "-", "\n", "tling", "a", "dispute", "between", "two", "female", "doctors", "aiming", "for", "the", "same", "position", ",", "\n", "when", "only", "one", "of", "them", "benefited", "from", "the", "support", "of", "the", "school", "’s", "prin", "-", "\n", "cipal.51", "However", ",", "research", "conducted", "on", "documents", "from", "the", "Ministry", "of", "\n", "Instruction", "suggests", "that", "comments", "referring", "to", "the", "unsatisfactory", "degree", "of", "\n", "mastering", "the", "Romanian", "language", "constituted", "a", "common", "accusation", "among", "\n", "teaching", "staff", "and", "local", "school", "authorities", ".", "Its", "purpose", "was", "that", "of", "delegiti", "-", "\n", "mizing", "the", "opponent", "as", "a", "professional", ",", "since", "without", "the", "ability", "to", "speak", "\n", "Romanian", "the", "transfer", "of", "knowledge", "would", "have", "been", "impossible", ".", "\n", "Despite", "these", "cases", "which", "reveal", "the", "numerous", "tensions", "generated", "by", "\n", "the", "mandatory", "gender", "segregation", "of", "medical", "staff", "working", "in", "secondary", "\n", "schools", ",", "not", "all", "substitutions", "were", "as", "difficult", ".", "On", "the", "contrary", ",", "in", "many", "\n", "schools", ",", "appointing", "a", "female", "doctor", "was", "the", "easiest", "decision", "the", "principal", "\n", "had", "to", "make", ";", "the", "board", "of", "the", "Girls", "’", "High", "School", "in", "Turnu", "Măgurele", ",", "which", "\n", "received", "two", "applications", "for", "the", "school", "doctor", "and", "hygiene", "teacher", "posi", "-", "\n", "tion", ",", "the", "first", "from", "a", "male", "doctor", "and", "the", "second", "from", "a", "female", ",", "chose", "the", "\n", "latter", "without", "any", "hesitation.52", "\n", "Even", "more", "intriguing", "turned", "out", "to", "be", "the", "substitution", "of", "the", "male", "doc", "-", "\n", "tor", "working", "as", "a", "physician", "and", "hygiene", "teacher", "at", "the", "girls", "’", "school", "in", "the", "\n", "small", "town", "of", "Turda", ",", "Cluj", "County", ".", "In", "his", "resignation", "letter", "addressed", "to", "the", "\n", "Ministry", "of", "Instruction", ",", "he", "specifically", "mentioned", "the", "low", "monthly", "allow", "-", "\n", "ance", "paid", "by", "the", "School", "Committee.53", "He", "also", "recommended", "a", "female", "doc", "-", "\n", "tor", "as", "a", "replacement", ".", "Such", "attitudes", "show", "that", "not", "all", "men", ",", "be", "they", "doctors", ",", "\n", "principals", ",", "inspectors", "or", "revisers", ",", "feared", "and", "manifested", "hostility", "towards", "\n" ]
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each other if we wish to leave the discussion open, as they are implicitly in dialogue with each other. The question then arises as to whether it is relevant to address them separately. Through the experience of the weekend, and more specifically the indepth formal exploration of pillar one that took place on the first day, and with regard to research in critical race theory, postcolonial and gender theory, it seems that the proposal of theoretical tools is highly useful for better understanding and articulating one s personal experience in the light of structural ' dynamics. The sharing of intimate histories and experiences between participants also provides a mirror effect, enabling participants to read their own experiences in a different light and step back from the traumas and structural injustices they have experienced. It is through this process that critical consciousness (can be achieved, enabling individuals to free themselves from structures of oppression. It therefore seemed appropriate to maintain a theoretical distinction between these different pillars in the first instance, and then to address them in an organic and circular way in the discussion, adapting the focus according to the needs of the group and the collective dynamic. ## CHC Methodology within Common Ground as a Whole Overall, what emerges from this experience of the CHC weekend is that the four pillars were deployed in a non-linear fashion. The participants in the CHC weekend followed a circular process, moving back and forth between the four pillars and weaving links between them, finding anchor points in the first phase of the Common Ground residency. It appears that the principles of the Collective Healing Circle were organically entwined with the Common Ground program structure as a whole, going beyond the weekend centred on the CHC methodology. The discussions unfolded during the CHC weekend had a profound effect on the collective, and the reflection around these pillars continued in various ways after the weekend, in phases two and three. Indeed, one of the key aspects of the Common Ground residency was to offer participants a space to express their experiences of CHC through artistic means. For example, one participating artist led a workshop offering a poetry writing session, which was later transformed into a performance at the opening of the exhibition. In this way, she captured the collective process of healing and sharing: So we think we have processed our traumas, and we
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[]
in the settlement lend you the money? (SC2) | 0.017 (0.025) | | In your opinion, would your neighbours in the settlement give time or money to improve the development of the settlement? (SC3) | 0.104 *** (0.022) | | If there were a big problem in the settlement, like no water or electricity for several days, would people in this settlement unite to solve the problem? (SC4) | 0.336 *** (0.031) | | When people here are free, do they mostly socialise and spend time with their own social group or do they mix with other social groups? (SC5) | 0.067 *** (0.018) | | People in this settlement only really care about their own household and don't care about the welfare of the settlement as a whole. (R) (SC6) | 0.172 *** (0.018) | | Generally speaking, how much do you (mainly) trust people in this settlement? (SC7) | 0.054 ** (0.019) | | Constant | -0.502 *** (0.030) | | Constant | P[ χ 2 (7, 676)=270.27] <0.001 | | Constant | R 2 =0.736 | Note: Analysis includes 676 observations. Coefficient estimates of the average marginal component effects with standard errors in parenthesis. ***p &lt;0.001, **p&lt;0.01, *p&lt;0.05. their time or money to improve the development of the settlement than those residents of Sanjay colony. They are also 17.2 pp (p&lt;0.001, SC6) more likely 'to care about the welfare of the settlement as a whole' and are 6.7 pp (p&lt;0.001, SC5) more likely to mix with other social groups than in Sanjay. Finally, in Ajit Vihar, they are 5.4 pp (p&lt;0.001, SC7) more likely to trust others in the community. These factors contribute to our hypothesis of being able to observe differences through residents' preferences related to social capital. ## Neighbourhood Cohesion Index comparing Ajit Vihar to Sanjay colony We turn our focus to the Neighbourhood Cohesion Index and compare residents' responses in Ajit Vihar with Sanjay colony. Illustrated in Figure 2.4 are comparisons between residents' responses in Ajit Vihar with Sanjay colony as a base case. We see eight significant differences, three of these in 'SOC', four in 'NEI' and one in 'ATTR'. Residents in Ajit Vihar are 15.0pp more likely to agree with neighbours about what is important in life (p&lt;0.001, NCI 8). They are also significantly more likely to feel a sense of loyalty (11.1pp, p&lt;0.01, NCI 10) and fellowship (9.8pp, p&lt;0.01, <!-- image
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[]
Financial services X Industrial manufacturing and processes 7.2 Information services X High technologies NACE Economic – Manufacturing C E 8 Royalties and license fees X 102 Processing/preserving of fish, etc. X 9 Other business services X 13 Manufacture of textiles X 10 Personal, cultural, and recreational services X 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel X 11 Government services X X 15Manufacture of leather and related productsX 20Manufacture of chemicals and chemical productsX 31 Furniture X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation135 136 Part 2 Analysis of economic and innovation potential Table S.5. Summary table of mapping results for Ukraine NACE Economic – All industries C E 51.1 Passenger air transport X EBOPS Services exports 1.1 Growing of non-perennial crops X 52.1 Warehousing and storage X 1.1 Sea transport 1.6Support activities to agriculture and post-harvest crop act. X 56.1 Restaurants and mobile food service activities X 1.2 Air transport 2.1Silviculture and other forestry activities X 59.1Motion picture, video and television programme activities X 1.3 Other transport 5.1 Mining of hard coal X 64.1 Monetary intermediation X 3.1 Postal and courier services 6.1 Extraction of crude petroleum X 64.9Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding X 3.2 Telecommunications services 6.2 Extraction of natural gas X 70.1 Activities of head offices X 4 Construction services 7.1 Mining of iron ores X 72.1Research and development on natural sciences and engineeringX 6 Financial services 7.2 Mining of non-ferrous metal ores X 73.1 Advertising X 7.1 Computer services 10.4Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fatsX 77.3Rental and leasing of other machinery, equipment and tangible goods X 7.2 Information services 10.9Manufacture of prepared animal feedsX 81.1 Combined facilities support activities X 8 Royalties and license fees 16.1 Sawmilling and planing of wood X 9 Other business services 19.1 Manufacture of coke oven products X NACE Economic – Manufacturing C E 19.2Manufacture of refined petroleum productsX 101 Processing/preserving of meat X NACE Innovation – Enterprise Survey 20.1Manufacture of basic chemicals, fertilisers etc.X 104 Vegetable and animal oils and fats X 13 Textiles 20.4Manufacture of soap and detergents, etc. X 106 Grain mill products, starches and starch products X 45 Services of motor vehicles 23.5Manufacture of cement, lime and plaster X 15 Manufacture of leather and related products X 23.6Manufacture of articles of concrete, cement and plaster X 16Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, etc. X
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Test Lets You “See” Stress With a Smartphone Camera How B Vitamins Could Slow Cognitive Decline and Protect Against Dementia ## Breaking this hour - Rare Glimpse of a World Still Forming - Worm Turns Ocean Poison Into Golden Crystals - Ancient Oxygen Flood Changed Life Forever - Bumble Bees Balance Their Diets With Precision - Spacetime Crystals Made of Knotted Light - Tiny Hologram for Ultraprecise Light Control - High-Performance Iron Catalyst for Fuel Cells - Sharks’ Teeth Are Crumbling in Acid Seas - “Molten Rock Raindrops” Reveal ... - Capturing Sunshine in a Molecule for Clean Fuel ## Trending Topics this week <!-- image --> <!-- image --> Report Ad ## Strange &amp; Offbeat <!-- image --> <!-- image --> Report Ad - SD - Home Page - Top Science News - Latest News - Home /dropdown-menu - Home Page - Top Science News - Latest News - Health /dropdown-menu - View all the latest top news in the health sciences, or browse the topics below: Health &amp; Medicine /menu-topics /col-xs-4 Mind &amp; Brain /menu-topics /col-xs-4 Living Well /menu-topics /col-xs-4 /row /yamm-content - View all the latest in the health sciences, or browse the topics below: - Allergy - Cancer - Cold and Flu - Diabetes - Heart Disease - ... more topics - ADD and ADHD - Alzheimer's - Headaches - Intelligence - Psychology - ... more topics - Parenting - Child Development - Stress - Nutrition - Fitness - ... more topics - Tech /dropdown-menu - View all the latest top news in the physical sciences &amp; technology, or browse the topics below: Matter &amp; Energy /menu-topics /col-xs-4 Space &amp; Time /menu-topics /col-xs-4 Computers &amp; Math /menu-topics /col-xs-4 /row /yamm-content - View all the latest in the physical sciences &amp; technology, or browse the topics below: - Chemistry - Fossil Fuels - Nanotechnology - Physics - Solar Energy - ... more topics - Black Holes - Dark Matter - Extrasolar Planets - Solar System - Space Telescopes - ... more topics - Artificial Intelligence - Mathematics - Quantum Computers - Robotics - Virtual Reality - ... more topics - Enviro /dropdown-menu - View all the latest top news in the environmental sciences, or browse the topics below: Plants &amp; Animals /menu-topics /col-xs-4 Earth &amp; Climate /menu-topics /col-xs-4 Fossils &amp; Ruins /menu-topics /col-xs-4 /row /yamm-content - View all the latest in the environmental sciences, or browse the
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[]
'x_4' FICH 'repm02.pun' RENA 'x_4_02' RCOU 111 'rx_3' FICH 'repm02.pun' RENA 'rx_3_02' RCOU 112 'rx_4' FICH 'repm02.pun' RENA 'rx_4_02' TRAC 1 2 101 102 AXES 1.0 'X-COOR [m]' COLO NOIR NOIR ROUG ROUG TRAC 11 12 111 112 AXES 1.0 'X-FLIA [N]' COLO NOIR NOIR ROUG ROUG LIST 1 2 AXES 1.0 'X-COOR [m]' LIST 11 12 AXES 1.0 'X-FLIA [N]' QUAL COUR 1 REFE -5.24945E-03 TOLE 1.E-2 COUR 2 REFE 5.24945E-03 TOLE 1.E-2 COUR 11 REFE 0.00000E+00 TOLE 1.E-2 COUR 12 REFE 0.00000E+00 TOLE 1.E-2 FIN rpen01.epx RPEN01 ECHO CONV WIN LAGR CPLA GEOM LIBR POIN 8 Q42L 2 TERM 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 4 3 5 6 8 7 COMP GROU 2 'base' LECT 1 TERM 'cube' LECT 2 TERM EPAI 1.0 LECT base cube TERM COUL VERT LECT base TERM TURQ LECT cube TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000.0 YOUN 2.0E12 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.0E10 TRAC 2 2.0E10 0.01 2.0E10 1.0 LECT base cube TERM OPTI PINS STAT DUMP ! ASN LNKS STAT DUMP LINK COUP SPLT NONE PINB BODY MLEV 0 ! RPEN LECT base TERM BODY MLEV 0 ! RPEN LECT cube TERM OPTI NOTE CSTA 0.5 LOG 1 PINS GRID DPIN 1.0001 ECRI COOR DEPL VITE ACCE FLIA TFRE 0.01 FICH ALIC FREQ 1 CALC TINI 0 TEND 0.1 NMAX 5 FIN rpen02.epx RPEN02 ECHO CONV WIN LAGR CPLA GEOM LIBR POIN 8 Q42L 2 TERM 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 4 3 5 6 8 7 COMP GROU 2 'base' LECT 1 TERM 'cube' LECT 2 TERM EPAI 1.0 LECT base cube TERM COUL VERT LECT base TERM TURQ LECT cube TERM MATE VM23 RO 8000.0 YOUN 2.0E12 NU 0.3 ELAS 2.0E10 TRAC 2 2.0E10 0.01 2.0E10 1.0 LECT base cube TERM OPTI PINS STAT DUMP ! ASN LNKS STAT DUMP LINK COUP SPLT NONE PINB BODY MLEV 0 RPENLECT base TERM BODY MLEV 0 RPEN LECT cube TERM OPTI NOTE CSTA 0.5 LOG 1 PINS GRID DPIN 1.0001 ECRI COOR DEPL VITE ACCE FLIA TFRE 0.01 FICH ALIC FREQ 1 CALC TINI 0 TEND 0.1 NMAX 5 FIN rpen03.epx RPEN03 ECHO CONV WIN LAGR CPLA GEOM LIBR POIN 8 Q42L 2 TERM 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2
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the establishment of a National Library Service Board, which, according to the national authority, is currently not functional. Board membership comprises practitioners from civil society organizations, predominantly from the book and publishing industry. The Board plays an advisory role to the Minister on matters regarding library services, undertakes administrative functions, and promotes efficient library services in collaboration with library and bibliographical organizations in the country. 70 THE AFRICAN BOOK INDUSTRY • Trends, Challenges and Opportunities for GrowthBURKINA FASO This mapping was carried out on the basis of documentary research and data collected during a consultation with government representatives and interviews with various stakeholders. Source: World Bank. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Among the first authors from Burkina Faso, we can highlight Dim-Dolobsom Ouedrago whose work L’Empire du Mogho Naba was published in 1932. Two years after the country’s independence, Nazi Boni published Crépuscule des temps anciens in 1962. In addition, the book and publishing sector in Burkina Faso has been marked by committed figures and players who have contributed to its development and visibility. Among them, Joseph Ki-Zerbo, a renowned historian and writer, remains an emblematic figure thanks to his major works, such as Histoire de l’Afrique Noire. Authors such as Monique Ilboudo, author of Le Mal de peau, and Pierre Claver Ilboudo have enriched the literary landscape. ABC Éditions, the first local publishing house, was not established until 1988. 1 Before then, the country depended on the technical skills of other countries, notably France, for publications. Publishers such as Éditions Sankofa & Gurli and Le Figuier play a key role in promoting national authors. Stakeholders such as the Burkina Faso Editors Association (Association des Éditeurs du Burkina Faso – ASSEDIF) and events such as the International Book Fair of Ouagadougou (Foire Internationale du Livre de Ouagadougou – FILO) play a major role in promoting books. Burkina Faso’s publishing landscape has undergone a recent transformation thanks to the adoption of a law in 2019 that redefined the protection of artistic works and the structuring of the literary sector. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK Burkina Faso’s Ministry of Communication, Culture, Arts and Tourism is responsible for coordinating policies to promote the book and publishing sector and for implementing them through the Directorate General for Culture and the Arts (DGCA). The Directorate of Books and Public Reading (DLLP) and the National Library of Burkina Faso (created in 1996) are the two technical directorates within the DGCA
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[]
Fundamental physics and mathematics1 Governance, culture, education and the economy3 Health and wellbeing 4 ICT and computer science 1 Mechanical engineering and heavy machinery3 Nanotechnology and materials 3 Optics and photonics 2 Transportation 3 *NCI = Normalised citation impact *EC projects = EU-funded R&I projectsTable 3.33. Selected S&T specialisation domains in Ukraine6.6 Ukraine – Summary of the strengths of the S&T specialisations Ukraine presents a very diversified S&T panorama. It is not evident to highlight specialisation domains, in part due to the disparate size of the country’s S&T activity in relation to the EaP aggregate. The following S&T domains have been highlighted: ■Health and wellbeing presents a notable critical mass in publications and patents, as well as a specialisation in patents and a rele- vant number of EC projects. Its research is ori- ented towards Cardiology and cardiovascular medicine, as well as Ophthalmology; ■Energy presents a notable specialisation (in publications and patents) and a high citation impact in publications, as well as a relevant number of EC projects. In this country, the do- main correlates highly with Electric and elec- tronic technologies and Fundamental physics. Scientific activity is related to Fuel technology and Process chemistry and technology, and technological development in the production of electricity; ■Biotechnology, highly co-occurrent with Chemistry and chemical engineering, presents a high critical mass in patents, as well as a specialisation in publications and patents. Its research and technological development is oriented towards organic chemistry and drug discovery; ■Transportation, highly co-occurrent with ICT and computer science (in areas such as auto- matic control and UAVs) as well as Mechanical engineering, presents the highest specialisa- tion index in publications and patents, and a high scientific citation impact. Its research is geared towards road, rail, sea and air trans- port, while patents cluster in Vehicles in gen- eral, Combustion engines and Ships; 228 Part 3 Analysis of scientific and technological potential ■Mechanical engineering presents a high critical mass in patents and specialisation and citation impact in publications. It co-occurs with a large number of domains, particularly Transportation, Energy and Electric and elec- tronic technologies; ■Nanotechnology and materials presents a high critical mass in patents and publications, and a relevant number of EC projects. This fairly transversal domain frequently co-occurs with a large number of domains in the hard and applied sciences, particularly Biotechnol- ogy, Fundamental physics and mathematics and Mechanical engineering and heavy ma- chinery. The following clouds
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Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis . Springer-Verlag.
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almost 14 million Euro - peans. Given Europe’s strong position in clean tech innovation, it could also lose the possibility to benefit from the future productivity gains this sector will bring. Without some foothold in EIIs, Europe’s economic security could be undermined, for example via lower food security (lack of fertilisers and pesticides) and less autonomy for the defence sector. Most importantly, the “European Green Deal” was premised on the creation of new green jobs, so its political sustainability could be endangered if decarbonisation leads instead to de-industrialisation in Europe – including of industries that can support the green transition. Europe will need to deploy a mixed strategy that combines different policy tools and approaches for different industries . Four different broad cases can be distinguished. First, there are some industries where Europe’s cost disadvantage is too large to be a serious competitor. Even if the EU has lost ground owing to foreign subsidies, it makes economic sense to import necessary technology and allow foreign taxpayers to bear the costs, while diver - sifying suppliers to the extent possible to limit dependencies. The second broad case is industries where the EU is concerned about where production takes place – to protect jobs from unfair competition – but is agnostic about where the underlying technology originates from. In this case, an effective policy mix would be to encourage inward FDI while deploying trade measures to offset the cost advantage gained by foreign subsidies. With the combination of recent tariff increases and FDI announcements in some Member States, this approach is currently being de facto applied in the automotive sector. The third case is industries where the EU has a strategic interest in ensuring that European companies retain relevant know-how and manufacturing capacity, allowing production to be ramped up in the event of geopolitical tensions. Here the EU should aim to increase the long-term “bankability” of new investments in Europe, for instance by applying local-content requirements, and to ensure a minimum level of technological sovereignty. The latter can be achieved by requiring foreign companies that want to produce in Europe to enter into joint ventures with local companies. Security considerations may lead to changes over time in the classification of industries of strategic interest. The fourth case is “infant industries” where the EU has an innovative edge and sees high future growth potential. In this case, there is a well-established playbook of
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[]
| | Experimental models: Organisms/strains | | | | VIP-ires-cre mice | Jackson Laboratory | RRID:IMSR_JAX:010908 | | Ai9-tdTomato mice | Jackson Laboratory | RRID:IMSR_JAX:007909 | | Software and algorithms | | | | MATLAB | MathWorks | https://www.mathworks.com/products/ matlab | | Ca 2+ imaging processing pipeline | GitHub | https://github.com/bahanonu/ calciumImagingAnalysis | | ANY-maze | ANY-maze | https://www.anymaze.co.uk | | GraphPad | GraphPad Prism | https://www.graphpad.com | | Python | Python Software Foundation | https://www.python.org | | Boris | BORIS | http://www.boris.unito.it/ | | Original code | This Publication | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6477827 | ## RESOURCE AVAILABILITY ## Lead contact Further information and requests for resources and reagents should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the Lead Contact, Francesco Ferraguti ([email protected]). ## Materials availability This study did not generate new unique reagents. ## Data and code availability - d The data reported in this paper will be shared from the lead contact upon request. - d All original codes have been deposited at Zenodo and is publicly available as of the date of publication. The DOI is listed in the key resources table. - d Any additional information required to reanalyze the data reported in this paper is available from the lead contact upon request. ## EXPERIMENTAL MODEL AND SUBJECT DETAILS All animal procedures were performed according to institutional guidelines and were approved by the Austrian Animal Experimentation Ethics Board (animal license numbers 2020-0.602.380, BMWFW-66.011/0123-WF/V/3b/2017) and in compliance with the <!-- image --> <!-- image --> <!-- image --> European convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, Animal Experiments Act 2012 (TVG 2012) and the EU Directive 2010/63/EU. Every effort was taken to minimize animal suffering and the number of animals used. Male heterozygous VIP-ires-cre mice (STOCK Viptm1(cre)Zjh/J; The Jackson Laboratory; RRID: IMSR\_JAX:010908) were used for all experiments. For VIP co-localization studies only, VIP-ires-cre homozygous mice were crossed with Ai9-tdTomato mice (B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA) 26Sortm9(CAG-tdTomato)Hze /J; The Jackson Laboratory; RRID:IMSR\_JAX: 007909) to generate VIP-cre::Ai9 double heterozygous mice. For behavioral and tracing experiments, only VIP-ires-cre adult male mice (aged 2-4 months at the time of injection) were used. Mice were individually housed for at least 3 weeks before starting behavioral experiments. All optogenetic experiments were performed by an experimenter blind to the treatment group, and littermates of the same sex were randomly assigned to the experimental groups. Animals were kept in a temperature-controlled room with
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[]
(SITC 6). Azerbaijan’s exports are extremely specialised, with more than 80% of exports in only one cate- gory, putting the country at risk of negative mar- ket developments in this goods category. SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share of exportsEmerging strength% share of exports 3 88.0% 8 90.8% 0 Food and live animals 054Vegetables, fresh, chilled, frozen or simply preserved (including dried leguminous vegetables); roots, tubers and other edible vegetable products, n.e.s., fresh or dried X 0.7% 057 Fruit and nuts (not including oil nuts), fresh or dried X 1.3% 1 Beverages and tobacco 2 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 3 Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 333Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crudeX 82.1% X 82.1% 335 Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., and related materials X 0.2% 343 Natural gas, whether or not liquefied X 5.6% X 5.6% 351 Electric current X 0.2% 4 Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 5 Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 571 Polymers of ethylene, in primary forms X 0.4% 6 Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material 679Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, and tube or pipe fittings, of iron or steel X 0.2% 684 Aluminium X 0.5% 7 Machinery and transport equipment 8 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 9Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC Table 2.17. Goods export specialisation for Azerbaijan Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation69 Mapping of goods export specialisations – results for Georgia Results of the export mapping for Georgia are shown in Table 2.18. The 18 goods categories with current strength represent almost 61% of the total exports for 2012-2019. Specialised ex- ports in Beverages and tobacco (SITC 1) account for more than 13% of the total exports, those in Crude materials, inedible, except fuels (SITC 2) for almost 13%, those in Manufactured goods clas- sified chiefly by material (SITC 6) for more than 10% and those in Machinery and transport equip- ment (SITC 7) for almost 16%.The 26 goods categories with emerging strength represent almost 48% of the total exports. Export specialisations are primarily increasing in Bever- ages and tobacco (SITC 1); Crude materials, inedi- ble, except fuels (SITC 2); and Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (SITC 6). Georgia has a diversified export specialisation, suggesting that the country should be better able to deal with economic downturns and to benefit from booming product markets. SITC Goods nameCurrent strength% share
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[]
first electrode is provided in a bottom portion and a side surface of the opening, an insulator functioning as a dielectric is provided on the inner side of the first electrode, and a second electrode is provided on the inner side of the insulator. - the transistor 200 A includes a conductor 260 A functioning as a first gate and a conductor 205 A functioning as a second gate. - the transistor 200 B includes a conductor 260 B functioning as a first gate and a conductor 205 B functioning as a second gate. - An insulator 275 functioning as an etching stopper is provided on at least side surfaces and top surfaces of the conductor 260 A and the conductor 260 B. The insulator 275 functions as an etching stopper at the time of forming the opening in which the conductor 240 is to be provided. - the insulator 275 may be formed using an insulator that protects the side surfaces of the conductor 260 A and the conductor 260 B (sometimes referred to as a sidewall) and an insulator that protects the top surfaces of the conductor 260 A and the conductor 260 B.
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[]
in specific domains by looking at scientific publications, research and innovation projects and patents. The mapping of scientific and technological poten- tial is obtained by harvesting data from the fol- lowing sources: ■Scopus25 by Elsevier, for scientific publica- tions produced by the EaP countries. Publica- tions are classified according to the All Science Journal Classification Codes (ASJC) taxonomy; 24 https://www.clustercollaboration.eu/cluster-mapping 25 http://scopus.com/ ■the Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS)26, for research and innovation projects funded by the Euro- pean Commission through the FP7 and H2020 framework programmes; ■the DOCDB database of the European Patent Office, for patents whose applicant and/or in- ventors were based in an EaP country, with no restriction of the issuing patent office. In this case, the textual data of each single record was used, while only aggregate data was an- alysed for the E&I potential. 2.6 Detailed step-by-step method- ology The overall work is carried out in a sequential methodology, which makes it possible to progres- sively tackle the above research questions and to link E&I data and data from different S&T sources, as follows: 26 https://cordis.europa.eu/home_en.html Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation31 Figure 1.1. Summary scheme of the methodological steps leading to the selection and definition of a list of specialisation domains for each country and the potential cooperation areas for the whole region and with international partners Economic and Innovation (E&I) specialisations EIST specialisation domains E&I preliminary prioritiesEIST preliminary prioritiesS&T preliminary prioritiesSTEP 1 STEP 3STEP 2 Science and Technology (S&T) specialisations As a result of Steps 1 and 2, a series of economic and innovation (E&I) specialisation domains and, in parallel, a series of scientific and technologi- cal (S&T) specialisation domains are identified for each EaP country. Step 3 then aims at finding con- cordances between these two specialisation di- mensions, leading to the identification of a subset of combined EIST specialisation domains. Step 1. Analysis of economic and inno- vation (E&I) potential This step focuses on the identification of statisti- cal data of economic and innovation activities, the calculation of degrees of specialisation and the definition of specialisation niches, in terms of the NACE taxonomy27, for each EaP country. The lists 27 NACE is a four-digit classification providing the frame- work for collecting and presenting a large range of sta- tistical data according to economic activity in the fields of NACE codes with positive indicators
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[]
types is statistically significantly different at the 5% level (Blanca et al., 2017). This is clearly illustrated in Table 3 .4 by a post hoc Scheffe Test that demonstrates the significant subsets of mean scores for the individual settlements (p&lt;0.05). This shows that the scores for each of the well-being measures are always significantly higher in Ajit Vihar and Sanjay colony than those in Bhalswa. As with the social capital scale, we can use these data around subjective wellbeing to create a latent factor through confirmatory factor analysis. Interpreting the model, a one standard deviation increase in the subjective well-being latent factor is associated with a 0.8 standardised score increase in the observed variable Satisfaction 'Overall, how satisfied are you with life as a whole these days?'. This factor loading can be interpreted as a correlation between the latent factor and the item. Similarly, for the other observed variables, a one standard deviation increase in the subjective well-being latent factor is associated with the standardised score increase in the observed variable (Freedom, 0.68; Happiness, 0.75; Purpose, 0.69). It can be seen from Figure 3.4 that factor loadings ranging from 0.68 to 0.80 show that they relate meaningfully to the latent factor Subjective Well-Being (Outcomes). In the next section, we use the social capital (attributes of the community) and subjective well-being (outcomes) latent factors, along with the collective activi -ties (public and private interactions) undertaken by the communities and the part -ners (action situations) to create our adapted IAD model. This will explore how community residents come together through polycentric systems to develop and Figure 3.4 Confirmatory factor analysis for subjective well-being items <!-- image --> undertake collective action solutions to overcome issues and problems in their own community. ## A model of collective action through polycentricity in Delhi neighbourhoods We are now able to build our model from the data that have been manipulated to provide workable factors. Within our model, we have ten variables - · Two latent factors - social capital and subjective well-being that were con -structed through the process set out above. - · Two themes constructed from the household data around community activities: theme 1 (private benefit) and theme 2 (public benefits). - · Five variables that represent the different partners within the polycentric sys -tem - Government Officials, Brokers/Community Leaders, RWA (Resident Welfare Associations), Family and Neighbours. - · The partner's latent variable in
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serving the women their lunch at a price of Rs. 20. He serves the food from his bike. He has set it up on a stand on the back wheel. That’s where the curry is located in a large silver vat. On the handlebars is a tin box full of bread and buttered toasted buns. He serves the women with both hands. Scarf around his neck, jacket, trainers, sporting a smart moustache and slick hair gives him an air of sophistica - tion and confidence. He’s not the only lunch cycle seller and food vendor. He has competition. A man in an orange shirt, black hair with dyed red tips, is piling rice high into bowls, serving some of Yameen’s supervisors who have been monitoring the sorting process. We stick with Narendra and choose the chickpea curry, and it’s totally delicious. Sitting watching, perched on top of a pile of sorted textiles, is Yameen. Swinging his feet in his brown leather sandals, arms across his knees, he’s watching the process with a keen eye. Yameen runs one of the main recycling dealerships in the community.
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[]
and equipment specialized for particular industries; parts thereof, n.e.s. X X Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation315 316 Annexes ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN BELARUS GEORGIA MOLDOVA UKRAINE SITC Goods name Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging Current Emerging 19 12 3 8 65 64 18 26 41 23 51 52 731 Machine tools working by removing metal or other material 733 Machine tools for working metal, sintered metal carbides or cermets, without removing material 735Parts, n.e.s., and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the machines falling within groups 731 and 733 (including work or tool holders, self-opening die-heads, dividing heads and other special attachments for machine tools); tool holders for any type of tool for working in the hand 737 Metalworking machinery (other than machine tools) and parts thereof, n.e.s. X X 741 Heating and cooling equipment and parts thereof, n.e.s. X X 742Pumps for liquids, whether or not fitted with a measuring device; liquid elevators; parts for such pumps and liquid elevators X X X 743Pumps (other than pumps for liquids), air or other gas compressors and fans; ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating a fan, whether or not fitted with filters; centrifuges; filtering or purifying apparatus; parts thereof 744 Mechanical handling equipment and parts thereof, n.e.s. X X X 745 Non-electrical machinery, tools and mechanical apparatus and parts thereof, n.e.s. X 746 Ball- or roller bearings X X X 747Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves X X X 748Transmission shafts (including camshafts and crankshafts) and cranks; bearing housings and plain shaft bearings; gears and gearing; ball or roller screws; gearboxes and other speed changers (including torque converters); flywheels and pulleys (including pulley blocks); clutches and shaft couplings (including universal joints); articulated link chain; parts thereof X X 749 Non-electric parts and accessories of machinery, n.e.s. 751 Office machines 752Automatic data-processing machines and units thereof; magnetic or optical readers, machines for transcribing data onto data media in coded form and machines for processing such data, n.e.s. 759Parts and accessories (other than covers, carrying cases and the like) suitable for use solely or principally with machines falling withing groups 751 and 752 761Monitors and projectors, not incorporating television reception apparatus; reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video
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[]
and communication technologies, Industrial manufacturing and processes, Green energy and environmental services, Medicine and health, Bi- otechnology, Pharmaceuticals and Food and ag- riculture. 6 As presented previously, other niches were also identified for more than one country (financial services, information technology, lending and investments, travel and tourism), but these are already directly covered by the preceding analysis based on full economic and innovation mapping – NACE codes.2. Scientific and technologi- cal (S&T) potential in the Eastern Partnership countries Part 3 of this report presents the analysis of the scientific and technological (S&T) specialisations in the Eastern Partnership countries. This exercise is carried out by extracting and further analys- ing the textual content of scientific publications, research projects funded by the European Com- mission and patents (as indexed by the Europe- an Patent Office) produced by each of the six EaP countries. The analyses are performed by means of topic modelling, an algorithmic approach that automatically extracts groups of co-occurring key- words (the topics) from large textual corpora, and which allows emerging thematic specialisations across data sources to be identified in a transver- sal fashion. The objectives of these analyses are the follow- ing: to identify a set of scientific and technological (S&T) specialisation domains in terms of emerg- ing topics; to further characterise these domains for each EaP country and for the EaP as a whole; and to identify key local and international actors involved in these domains and their collaboration networks. Identification and characterisation of S&T specialisation domains across the EaP Table I presents the 14 labelled topic groups ob- tained from the topic modelling process, described in detail in Part 3. These initial ‘topic groups’ are the S&T specialisation domains, which are char- acterised and further defined throughout the analysis. Overall, the EaP science and technology system is most active in experimental and fundamen- tal sciences (physics, mathematics, chemistry) and their technical applications (materials, me- chanical engineering, ICT and computer science, biotechnology, chemical engineering), including emerging areas such as nanotechnology and op- tics and photonics. Smart Specialisation in the Eastern Partnership countries - Potential for knowledge-based economic cooperation13 In any case, fundamental and applied fields do have direct and indirect impacts on the techno- logical development and innovativeness of sec- tors, as is further explored in Part 4 of this report. Furthermore, the identified S&T domains are not hermetic: since S&T records are analysed and classified individually, some
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an annual turnover of EUR 135 billion in 2022 and strong export volumes. Some EU products and technologies are superior or at least equivalent in quality to those produced by the US, such as main battle tanks, conventional submarines, naval shipyard technology and transport aircraft. However, the EU defence industry is suffering from a capacity gap on two fronts. First, overall demand is lower: aggregate defence spending in the EU is about one-third as high as in the US. Second, EU spending is less focused on innovation. Defence is a highly technological industry characterised by disruptive innovation, meaning that massive R&D investments are required to maintain strategic parity. The US has prioritised R&D spending over all other military spending categories since 2014. In the 2023, it allocated EUR 130 billion (USD 140 billion) for Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, amounting to around 16% of total defence spending. This category also saw the largest relative percentage increase in the defence budget. In Europe, total funding for defence R&D was EUR 10.7 billion in 2022, amounting to just 4.5% of total spending.
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[]
terrestrial applications with high quality information based on space data combined with other sources of in situ and other ancillary data. It addresses the data and information needs of a wide range of policies such as environment including biodiversity, climate change, agriculture and forestry, regional and urban planning, as well as water management, transport, energy or neighbourhood policy, at global, European, national and local level. The CLMS foc uses on the EU policy priorities and responds therefor e to the needs of multiple policy DGs, i.e. thematic directorates -general of the EC and furthermore serves the needs of the EU Member States. 4.1 Copernicus Global Land Cover and Tropical Forest Mapping and Monitoring The Copernicus Global Land Cover and Tropical Forest Mapping and Monitoring service (LCFM), part of the global component of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service, aims to continue the time series of the existing 100 m Copernicus Global Land Co ver layers (available for 2015 -2029) but also to enhance the existing service by providing a high resolution (10 m), dynamic global land cover service. LCFM will generate frequent, sub -annual land surface features and categories and consolidate these into global annual land cover maps and tropical forest monitoring products at 10/100 m resolution for the years 2020 -2026. 4.2 Comparison of GISCO countries to land area processed for Global Component of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service We compare d GISCO coun try boundaries to land areas mapped by the global component of the CLMS . Specifically , this analysis focuses on processing blocks that include “land” for the production of the forthcoming LCFM (COM 2024, VITO 2024). This is a vector file containing the outlines of all the processing blocks used during the production of the ESA WorldCover product ( Zanaga et al., 2021 ). Sentinel -2 (S2) data is organized into MGRS tiles in JPEG 2000 format (10,980 x 10,980 pixels at 10 m reso lution). Each MGRS tile also contains 121 internal blocks of 1,024 x 1,024 pixels. In the block grid, overlapping blocks (from neighbouring S2 tiles and UTM zones) and blocks that are fully covered by water (e.g., blocks consisting entirely of ocean or inl and water) were removed. We compared the block grid against the following GISCO country boundaries products in projection EPSG :4326 (WGS 84 datum) : — GISCO 2020 at 1:1,000,000 : CNTR_RG_01M_2020_4326.shp downloaded from Countries - GISCO - Eurostat
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that remain unmet, and this is unjust because they deserve that those right-claims are met. Such statements are the obverse side of a retributive theory of justice, which maintains that it is intrinsically right that people who commit seriously wrong actions are punished because they deserve such punishment. Conceiving social justice primarily in terms of rights commits one to this kind of retributivist conception of justice as receiving what one deserves. Such discourses are typically about who should receive the material harms and benefits of the system: who should be punished or penalized and who should be compensated or rewarded. Although the discourse regarding social justice as competing right claims is important and necessary, it has limitations. Its primary focus is on material benefits, and this may constitute a failure to recognise the underlying deeper harms. Such a failure tends to lock us into ways of thinking that identify selfinterest with well-being. Such an identification fails to see that the distinction between the instrumentally and non-instrumentally valuable is one of kind. My wallet is not my self. In this way, the relevant discourses about justice implicitly accept the value-inversions that are a necessary characteristic of spiritual harm. In short, our economic system tends to understand all human issues in terms of money and social power. This is a reductive tendency that permits the spiritual aspects of harm to be ignored or set aside. This failure is pernicious in a number of ways. For example, public efforts to address the legacies of slavery and colonization are usually directed primarily towards material compensation. While economic justice is very important, this material approach is limited insofar as it ignores the human and spiritual aspects of these legacies. It is highly important that many people and whole societies were treated as less than persons for several centuries, and that they still are. Material compensation cannot make up for that. This is a matter concerning the living essence of people s lives ' and their relations. Thus, what needs to be addressed and redressed is also on a quite different level from financial compensation. Sincere public apologies may help, and material compensation can express the sincerity of those apologies. Changes to public policy and expenditure that reduce racism can also help to redress the economic injustices. Additionally, we need spaces for public discourse and healing across racial divides.¹² The overall point is that the social-wide
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[]
stocks, and some have even been delivered in diff.ligaerent variants, creating serious logistical diffi.ligaculties for Ukraine's armed forces. In terms of other products, for example, EU Member States operate twelve types of battle tanks, whereas the US produces only one . x FIGURE 4 Comparison of major European and US players Defence revenues, EUR million, 2023 <!-- image --> Source: Elaboration on Defence News Top 100. European players include European non-EU companies
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[]
Leone's 2023 Education Act distinguishes 'head teacher' for primary schools from 'principal' for secondary schools (Sierra Leone Government, 2023). South Sudan's 2012 Act defines a head teacher as the 'senior teacher responsible for the administration of a school' and a principal as the 'chief administrator' (South Sudan Ministry of General Education and Instruction, 2017). Zambia's 2011 Education Act defines 'head of institution' to include both, with head teachers leading schools and principals leading colleges (Zambia Government, 2011). The term 'director' is common in many countries that do not have English as their official language. In Chile, the 2023 Education Law designates school directors as leaders of the institutional educational project and continuous improvement (Chile Ministry of Education, 2023). In Denmark, the principal is called inspektor (supervisor), and in Sweden, they are rektor, a term used since the 13th century for church school leaders (Pont et al., 2008). Terms like 'school administrators' or 'school managers' denote school heads in some countries. Thailand's regulations describe them as professionals managing educational institutions at various levels (Thailand Government, 2003; Thailand Office of the National Education Commission, 1999). In Namibia, managers may be principals, deputies or department heads (Namibia Ministry of Education, 2006). ## PRINCIPALS ARE EXPECTED TO A SET A VISION FOR THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY School principals' vision, values, philosophy, passion and knowledge determine their leadership practices and give their work meaning, enabling them to fully explore the potential of their roles. Principals are expected to develop and communicate a shared school vision and to set performance expectations, especially on student learning. In their regulations, Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia emphasize the need for principals to have visionary and strategic planning skills to contribute to organizational excellence (Brunei Darussalam Ministry of Education, 2015; Malaysia Ministry of Education, 2020). In Quebec, Canada, under a result-based management framework, principals play a crucial role in setting and adjusting high performance expectations in schools. They focus on establishing ambitious academic goals linked to past performance, using feedback to motivate teachers, and promoting participative leadership to maintain collaborative goal-setting and accountability (April and Bouchamma, 2017). In Namibia, principals are mandated to have a clear vision, effective communication skills and a commitment to school improvement (Namibia Ministry of Education, 2016). They are also tasked with shaping a vision of academic success and developing a school development plan to foster high levels of achievement (Namibia Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture and UNICEF, 2018).
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physics at the University of California. Three years later, she won the Nobel Prize. Even Nobel Prize- winning women suffered from the campaign against nepotism. The second generation of Nobel Prize women pursued their own research in different fields from those of their husbands. Universities may have found it easier to hire couples specializing in different fields. In conclusion, the twentieth century was a challenging time for academic couples. The circumstances and position of married women in the history of science have been deeply related to their education. Higher education prom - ised women researchers more opportunities for activities either as a spouse in an equal relationship or as an independent researcher, but in practice there were many difficulties to overcome. In fact, although universities have recently begun to actively support academic couples, finding jobs in proxim - ity to each other remains notoriously difficult to achieve.23 International exchanges encourage women scientists The empowerment of female researchers in STEMM fields developed along - side the international cooperation that would unite them. The Medical Women’s International Association (MWIA) founded in 1919 was one of the earliest organizations that connected women in the medical field.24 In Japan, Sonoko Maeda, the thirteenth female doctor to receive a Japanese national medical licence, established the Japan Medical Women’s Association (JMWA) in 1902 to promote research and collaboration and elevate their social position. The MWIA created a female medical doctors’ international network, which remains active to this day. As Graeme Gooday and Emily Rees Koerner also discuss in this volume, in 1964, almost twenty years after World War II, the first International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists (ICWES) was held in xxxi xxxi Foreword New York. The Society of Japanese Women Scientists (Nihon josei kagaku - sha no kai, hereafter SJWS), established six years earlier, planned to send a delegation to ICWES.25 Notwithstanding the difficult circumstances of the Cold War, the rise of international exchanges among female researchers had a significant impact on the world academic community, including the Japanese one.26 Leading members of the SJWS participated in the ICWES in New York, which proved to be an eye- opening experience. Maria Goeppert- Mayer, Nobel laureate physicist, Grace Hopper, American computer scientist, and Dorothy Hodgkin, Nobel laureate chemist, visited Japan in 1965, becoming a source of inspiration for many Japanese women scientists. Since the second ICWES, held in Cambridge in 1967,27 international exchanges among women
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as 4 5 comedy skits by staff members and students. By her third year, there were two other women postgraduate research students and the rule was relaxed. There was still some hostility, and Maasdorp recalled that upon seeing females at the dinner, an eminent guest remarked: 'Good God! Women!' 28 In her history of women at Cambridge, McWilliams Tullberg states that when the women heads of Girton and Newnham and the women staff of these colleges attended university functions, ceremonials and social gatherings, it was by courtesy only, and they were counted as honorary 'wives'. 29 Despite being a member of the Cavendish faculty, this would have been the status of Ann Davies attending the annual dinner and other university functions. Women students found ingenious ways to work around the impediments imposed upon them. Two undergraduate physics students at the Cavendish in 1932, Marie Sparshott and Helen McGaw, outraged that the Cavendish 'kindergarten' training course in machine tool technology was out of bounds to them, got around this by enrolling in a short course offered at the local Cambridge technical college instead. 30 Maasdorp began working with her supervisor, the Australian physicist Mark Oliphant. A grant of £250,000 made possible the construction of a High- Tension Laboratory designed by Oliphant. 31 He organized his students into a team; Maasdorp worked with two other postgraduate students, Kempton and Browne, using an old Cockroft- and- Walton particle accelerator. Maasdorp recalled that 'the apparatus itself was a bit temperamental, [the experimenters] always seemed to be repairing something, [or] replacing filaments which meant taking everything down, [and] making it vacuumtight, all very time- consuming'. This type of early work in experimental physics was also dangerous. Maasdorp remembered two occasions when she received electric shocks. Once, when working on equipment for the HighTension Laboratory, she was 'up on a ladder trying to adjust part of the circuit … 50,000 volts travelled through [her] coming out just above [her] knee which was supporting [her] against a shelf. [The current] drilled a neat little hole' into her leg. On another occasion, she came into contact with two pieces of wire connected to the terminals of a large battery of accumulators. The resulting flash, Maasdorp reported in her memoir, 'burned and copperplated the backs of my fingers, painful for some days afterwards'. 32 In one incident, Maasdorp records a degree of sexist behaviour where her fellow male students
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| 175 | | Figura 9.5 | Los niños y niñas que asisten a centros de educación preprimaria o preescolar tienen másprobabilidades de estar bien encaminados en su desarrollo............................................................................................................................................................................................. | 176 | | Figura 9.6 | La supervisión inadecuada se asocia a una menor prevalencia de entornos domésticos positivos y estimulantes........................ | 177 | | Figura 9.7 | Los responsables de la atención y educación de la primera infancia dedican mástiempo a la administración que a la pedagogía................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 178 | | Figura 10.1 | Las tasas de participación de los adultos en la educación formal y no formal superan el 10 % en muypocos países.....................184 | | | Figura 10.2 | Másdela mitad de los países han registrado un descenso de las tasas de participación en la educación formal y no formal en los últimos 10 años ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 186 | | Figura 10.3 | Existe una gran disparidad de género en la participación en la educación y formación de adultos......................................................... | 188 | | Figura 10.4 | Las tasas de participación en la formación profesional solo han experimentado un crecimiento marginal en los últimos 10 años.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 189 | | Figura 10.5 | La disparidad de género en la matriculación en la educación terciaria sigue sin disminuir......................................................................... | 191 | | Figura 10.6 | Las brechas de género favorecen a las mujeres en la educación terciaria, pero a los hombres en la EFTP......................................... | 191 | | Figura 11.1 | En los países de altos ingresos, los adultos tienen niveles mucho másaltos de competencias en TIC que en los países de ingresos medios......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 198 | | Figura 11.2 | Apenas 1 de cada 20 jóvenes y adultos de Bangladesh, Irán y Viet Nampueden verificar la fiabilidad de la información en línea .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... | 199 | | Figura 11.3 | Los hombres tienen aún másprobabilidades que las mujeres de tener competencias de TIC a medida que aumenta el nivel de cualificación...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................200 | | | Figura 11.4 | Las competencias de las y los profesores de educación secundaria en el uso de dispositivos aumentaron rápidamente durante la COVID-19................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 202 | | Figura 11.5 | El porcentaje de población con al menos estudios de educación secundaria aumentó 5 puntos porcentuales en 10 | años.........203 | | Figura 11.6 | Los alumnos desfavorecidos son menos asertivos que sus compañeros másprivilegiados....................................................................204 | | | Figura 12.1 | A nivel mundial, la
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[]
. .123 mepe06.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 mepe07.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 mepe08.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 mepe09.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 mepe11.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 mepe12.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 mepe15.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 mepe17.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 mepe21.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 mepe22.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 mepe25.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 mepe27.epx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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[]
their companies adopt technology, or into good jobs in new sectors. The EU will also have to ensure that its cohesion policy remains consistent with a push towards increasing innovation and completing the Single Market . Accelerating innovation and integrating the Single Market may have different effects on intra-EU convergence than in the past. Traditionally, increasing intra-EU trade in goods has acted as a “convergence engine”, spreading prosperity to poorer regions as supply chains relocate where produc - tion factors are cheaperxvii. However, much of the future growth in intra-EU trade will be in services, which tend to cluster in large and rich cities. Innovation and its benefits also tend to agglomerate in a few metropolitan areas. In the US, for example, a small set of superstar cities has been thriving in recent years and pulling away from the rest of the country. In 1980, average earnings in the top three US cities were 8% higher than average earnings in the rest of the top 10 cities. By 2016, average earnings in the same top three cities were 25% higherxviii. While the EU has a longstanding tradition of programmes that foster convergence across regions, these programmes should be updated to reflect the changing dynamics of trade and innovation. The EU must ensure that more cities and regions can participate in the sectors that will drive future growth, building on existing initiatives such as Innovation Valleys Net, Zero Acceleration Valleys and Hydrogen Valleys. This will require new types of investments in cohesion and reforms at the subnational level in many Member States. Specifically, cohesion policies will need to be re-focused on areas such as education, transport, housing, digital connectivity and planning which can increase the attractiveness of a range of different cities and regions. Europe should learn from the mistakes that were made in the phase of “hyper-globalisation” and prepare for a fast-changing future . Globalisation brought many benefits for the European economy as well as lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty around the world. But policymakers were arguably too insensitive to its perceived social consequences, especially its apparent effect on labour income. In G7 economies, total exports and imports of goods as a share of GDP increased by around 9 percentage points from the early 1980s to the great financial crisis, while the labour share of income dropped around 6 percentage points in that time – the steepest drop
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containing by weight 70% or more of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations; waste oils | | | X | 0.6% | | 351 | Electric current | | | X | 0.8% | <!-- image --> | SITC | Goods name | Current strength | %share of exports | Emerging strength | %share of exports | |--------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|---------------------|---------------------|---------------------| | | | 18 | 60.9% | 26 | 47.9% | | 4 | Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes | | | | | | 411 | Animal oils and fats | X | 0.2% | | | | 5 | Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. | | | | | | 522 | Inorganic chemical elements, oxides and halogen salts | X | 0.3% | X | 0.3% | | 523 | Salts and peroxysalts, of inorganic acids and metals | X | 0.6% | | | | 541 | Medicinal and pharmaceutical products, other than medicaments of group 542 | X | 0.4% | | | | 542 | Medicaments (including veterinary medicaments) | X | 4.1% | X | 4.1% | | 553 | Perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations (excluding soaps) | X | 0.6% | X | 0.6% | | 6 | Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material | | | | | | 625 | Rubber tyres, interchangeable tyre treads, tyre flaps and inner tubes for wheels of all kinds | X | 0.8% | X | 0.8% | | 671 | Pig-iron, spiegeleisen, sponge iron, iron or steel granules and powders and ferro-alloys | X | 9.5% | X | 9.5% | | 672 | Ingots and other primary forms, of iron or steel; semi- finished products of iron or steel | | | X | 1.0% | | 679 | Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, and tube or pipe fittings, of iron or steel | | | X | 0.4% | | 684 | Aluminium | | | X | 0.3% | | 699 | Manufactures of base metal, n.e.s. | | | X | 0.2% | | 7 | Machinery and transport equipment | | | | | | 723 | Civil engineering and contractors' plant and equipment; parts thereof | X | 0.3% | X | 0.3% | | 778 | Electrical machinery and apparatus, n.e.s. | | |
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[]
of the same in the mining law. The sector regulator is better placed than the tax authorities to determine an appropriate treatment. South Africa (Section 1 of the Income T ax Act) defines mining as “every method or process by which any mineral is won from the soil or from any substance or constituent thereof.” There should also be a clear distinction between the process of beneficiating a mineral and manufacturing it into a final product. This distinction may be less critical when the two activities are subject to the same level of taxation, but the need for clear delineation grows as the tax differential increases, as this gives rise to tax arbitrage and, thus, motivation to shift profits or losses between the activities. The activities worth emphasizing as non-mining activities would be activities that have different natures and characters and could also be more likely used to generate unpredictable losses, such as engaging in financial investment activities or speculative trade with derivatives and/or even hedging activities (see the Zambia example in Box 13). Other countries list specific non-mining revenues: for example, the 2012 Zambian tax reform separates hedging income from other mining income (see Box 13). This means that losses from hedging could no longer be used to offset taxable profits from mining operations. While in some cases, hedging activities could represent a reasonable risk-mitigation practice, countries that choose to separate mining income from hedging income and expenses have typically faced tax avoidance practices and also the difficulties of dealing with such challenges, as it requires significant sophistication of tax administration to scrutinize such transactions. Separating the hedging and derivative instruments into a separate ring-fence is a preferred approach of some governments with limited administrative capacities. Where the hedging and the transactions with derivative instruments are a legitimate business operation, they will result not only in losses but also in profits and can thus be mutually offset, even if ring-fenced from the main mining activity. Such legitimate costs and expenses should not be thus lost as deductions for tax purposes; instead, they should be recovered and offset as deductions from future hedging and derivative gains.3.0 THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF RING -FENCING 4.0 DESIGNING RING -FENCING RULES 5.0 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RING -FENCING RULES 6.0 CONCLUSION 2.0 THE FUNDAMENTALS OF RING -FENCING 1.0 INTRODUCTION 39 Ring-Fencing Mining Income: A toolkit for tax administrators and policy-makersBOX 13. ZAMBIA: AN EXAMPLE
[ "of", "the", "same", "in", "the", "mining", "law", ".", "The", "sector", "regulator", "\n", "is", "better", "placed", "than", "the", "tax", "authorities", "to", "determine", "an", "appropriate", "\n", "treatment", ".", "\n", "South", "Africa", "(", "Section", "1", "of", "the", "Income", "T", "ax", "Act", ")", "defines", "mining", "as", "“", "every", "method", "\n", "or", "process", "by", "which", "any", "mineral", "is", "won", "from", "the", "soil", "or", "from", "any", "substance", "\n", "or", "constituent", "thereof", ".", "”", "There", "should", "also", "be", "a", "clear", "distinction", "between", "the", "\n", "process", "of", "beneficiating", "a", "mineral", "and", "manufacturing", "it", "into", "a", "final", "product", ".", "\n", "This", "distinction", "may", "be", "less", "critical", "when", "the", "two", "activities", "are", "subject", "to", "the", "\n", "same", "level", "of", "taxation", ",", "but", "the", "need", "for", "clear", "delineation", "grows", "as", "the", "tax", "\n", "differential", "increases", ",", "as", "this", "gives", "rise", "to", "tax", "arbitrage", "and", ",", "thus", ",", "motivation", "to", "\n", "shift", "profits", "or", "losses", "between", "the", "activities", ".", "The", "activities", "worth", "emphasizing", "\n", "as", "non", "-", "mining", "activities", "would", "be", "activities", "that", "have", "different", "natures", "and", "\n", "characters", "and", "could", "also", "be", "more", "likely", "used", "to", "generate", "unpredictable", "losses", ",", "\n", "such", "as", "engaging", "in", "financial", "investment", "activities", "or", "speculative", "trade", "with", "\n", "derivatives", "and/or", "even", "hedging", "activities", "(", "see", "the", "Zambia", "example", "in", "Box", "13", ")", ".", "\n", "Other", "countries", "list", "specific", "non", "-", "mining", "revenues", ":", "for", "example", ",", "the", "2012", "\n", "Zambian", "tax", "reform", "separates", "hedging", "income", "from", "other", "mining", "income", "\n", "(", "see", "Box", "13", ")", ".", "This", "means", "that", "losses", "from", "hedging", "could", "no", "longer", "be", "used", "to", "\n", "offset", "taxable", "profits", "from", "mining", "operations", ".", "While", "in", "some", "cases", ",", "hedging", "\n", "activities", "could", "represent", "a", "reasonable", "risk", "-", "mitigation", "practice", ",", "countries", "\n", "that", "choose", "to", "separate", "mining", "income", "from", "hedging", "income", "and", "expenses", "\n", "have", "typically", "faced", "tax", "avoidance", "practices", "and", "also", "the", "difficulties", "of", "\n", "dealing", "with", "such", "challenges", ",", "as", "it", "requires", "significant", "sophistication", "of", "tax", "\n", "administration", "to", "scrutinize", "such", "transactions", ".", "Separating", "the", "hedging", "and", "\n", "derivative", "instruments", "into", "a", "separate", "ring", "-", "fence", "is", "a", "preferred", "approach", "of", "\n", "some", "governments", "with", "limited", "administrative", "capacities", ".", "Where", "the", "hedging", "\n", "and", "the", "transactions", "with", "derivative", "instruments", "are", "a", "legitimate", "business", "\n", "operation", ",", "they", "will", "result", "not", "only", "in", "losses", "but", "also", "in", "profits", "and", "can", "thus", "\n", "be", "mutually", "offset", ",", "even", "if", "ring", "-", "fenced", "from", "the", "main", "mining", "activity", ".", "Such", "\n", "legitimate", "costs", "and", "expenses", "should", "not", "be", "thus", "lost", "as", "deductions", "for", "tax", "\n", "purposes", ";", "instead", ",", "they", "should", "be", "recovered", "and", "offset", "as", "deductions", "from", "\n", "future", "hedging", "and", "derivative", "gains.3.0", "THE", "BENEFITS", "\n", "AND", "RISKS", "OF", " \n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "4.0", "DESIGNING", "\n", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "5.0", "THE", "\n", "IMPLEMENTATION", "\n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "\n", "RULES", "\n", "6.0", "CONCLUSION", "2.0", "THE", "\n", "FUNDAMENTALS", " \n", "OF", "RING", "-FENCING", "1.0", "INTRODUCTION", "\n", "39", "\n", "Ring", "-", "Fencing", "Mining", "Income", ":", "A", "toolkit", "for", "tax", "administrators", "and", "policy", "-", "makersBOX", "13", ".", "ZAMBIA", ":", "AN", "EXAMPLE" ]
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water cannonwhile covering a demonstration in Athens in 2021. In November, an Athens court handed an eight-month suspended prison sentence to a police of ûcer found guilty of causing bodily injury by negligence to Orestis Panagiotou. Greece had yet to introduce an effective legislative framework to tackle strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs). In September an Athens Court heard the appeal of journalist Stavroula Poulimeni and media cooperative Alterthess against a ruling that partially accepted a 2021 lawsuit following their reporting on a case relating to environmental damage. The 2021 lawsuit was considered to bear the hallmarks of a SLAPP. In October an Athens court dismissed a 2022 defamation lawsuit by Grigoris Dimitriadis, the prime minister9s former chief of staff, against three journalists including Thanasis Koukakis and the media outlets Newspaper of Editors and Reporters United, in relation to an investigative article on Greece9s surveillance scandal. Press freedom NGOs characterized the lawsuit as a SLAPP. In January the European Court of Human Rights found that Greece had breached the right to a private life after authorities in 2012 disclosed identities and medical data of women diagnosed with HIV. In July, serious concerns were expressed by opposition parties, civil society and lawyers representing victims of unlawful surveillance after an investigation by the Prosecutor9s Of ûce of the Supreme Court concluded that there were no links between the unlawful use of Predator spyware and state ministries or agencies. In April, Kyriaki Griva was murdered by her former partner outside an Athens police station where she had gone to seek protection. The handling of her complaint by police caused an outcry and led to theHUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLYFREEDOM OF EXPRESSION RIGHT TO PRIVACY VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS 185Guatemala 185investigation of four police of ûcers for the offence of <exposing a person9s life to risk=. In November the UN Human Rights Committee urged Greece to consider amending the 2021 legislation on joint custody to ensure the protection of all victims of domestic violence, and to speci ûcally criminalize femicide. In February, parliament legalized same-sex marriage although a failure to address some further gaps in the legal framework left LGBTI persons, including transgender persons and their children, at ongoing risk of discrimination. According to the Greek Transgender Support Association, transgender people faced multiple barriers in their lives as the health system was still using a medical classi ûcation list that refers
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a first insulator and a second insulator, the first insulator cover the first transistor, the second insulator be in contact with a side surface of the second gate, and the second insulator have a different composition from the first insulator. - the semiconductor device further include a third insulator and a fourth insulator, the third insulator cover the second transistor, the fourth insulator be in contact with a side surface of the third gate, and the fourth insulator have a different composition from the third insulator. - a semiconductor device that can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided. - a semiconductor device having a small memory cell size can be provided. - a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics can be provided. - a semiconductor device having favorable frequency characteristics can be provided. - a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided. - a semiconductor device with high productivity can be provided. - a semiconductor device capable of retaining data for a long time can be provided. - a semiconductor device capable of high-speed data writing can be provided. - a semiconductor device with high design flexibility can be provided. - a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided. - a novel semiconductor device can be provided. - FIG. 2 A circuit diagram of a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. - FIG. 4 A cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. - FIG. 8 A cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. - FIG. 9 A cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. - FIG. 10 A block diagram illustrating a structure example of a memory device of one embodiment of the present invention. - FIGS. 11 A to 11 E Circuit diagrams illustrating structure examples of a memory device of one embodiment of the present invention. - FIG. 12 A circuit diagram illustrating a structure example of a memory device of one embodiment of the present invention. - FIG. 13 A block diagram illustrating a structure example of an AI system of one embodiment of the present invention. - FIGS. 14 A and 14 B Block diagrams illustrating application examples of an AI system of one embodiment of the present invention. - FIG. 15 A schematic perspective view illustrating a structure example of
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- The Boston Consulting Group EU Strategy Forward Global Rud Pedersen Public Affairs 04 THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | ACKNOWLEDGMENTForeword Europe has been worrying about slowing growth since the start of this century. Various strategies to raise growth rates have come and gone, but the trend has remained unchanged. Across different metrics, a wide gap in GDP has opened up between the EU and the US, driven mainly by a more pronounced slowdown in productivity growth in Europe. Europe’s households have paid the price in foregone living standards. On a per capita basis, real disposable income has grown almost twice as much in the US as in the EU since 2000. For most of this period, slowing growth has been seen as an inconvenience but not a calamity. Europe’s exporters managed to capture market shares in faster growing parts of the world, especially Asia. Many more women entered the workforce, lifting the labour contribution to growth. And, after the crises of 2008 to 2012, unemployment steadily fell across Europe, helping to reduce inequality and maintain social welfare. The EU also benefitted from a favourable global environment. World trade burgeoned under multilateral rules. The safety of the US security umbrella freed up defence budgets to spend on other priorities. In a world of stable geopol - itics, we had no reason to be concerned about rising dependencies on countries we expected to remain our friends. But the foundations on which we built are now being shaken. The previous global paradigm is fading. The era of rapid world trade growth looks to have passed, with EU companies facing both greater competition from abroad and lower access to overseas markets. Europe has abruptly lost its most important supplier of energy, Russia. All the while, geopolitical stability is waning, and our dependencies have turned out to be vulnerabilities. Technological change is accelerating rapidly. Europe largely missed out on the digital revolution led by the internet and the productivity gains it brought: in fact, the productivity gap between the EU and the US is largely explained by the tech sector. The EU is weak in the emerging technologies that will drive future growth. Only four of the world’s top 50 tech companies are European. Yet, Europe’s need for growth is rising. The EU is entering the first period in its recent history in which growth will not be supported by rising
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[]
perception – to which this report even sometimes contributes inadvertently given its mandate to report on comparable education indicators – that learning objectives can be narrowed down to a set of measurable outcomes in subjects such as reading, mathematics and science. However, education has a much broader set of learning objectives, not only the transmission of knowledge and the acquisition of skills that lead to qualifications but also the empowerment of students to think and act responsibly and their socialization into shared practices and traditions (Biesta, 2017). Defining the purpose must be the starting point in any discussion of leadership in education. Second, how do education leaders try to achieve these goals? It is the growth of schools and other education institutions into large organizations and the evolution of simple education bureaucracies into complex systems in industrialized countries that has generated interest in education administration and management as a field. The role of education leaders was subsumed in The need for good school, system and political leaders is acute to help drive education in the right directionExpectations of leaders at the school and system level have been changing ............. 10 Guide to the report ......................................................................................................................... 13 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 17 2024/5 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT1 7 CHAPTER 1 • INTRODUCTION these analyses, with researchers initially analysing the achievements of leaders as the work of great men. Gradually, a more systematic scientific approach was adopted, which started seeing leadership as a potentially distinct element of education management. Researchers believed they could identify individual practices and organizational arrangements relating to leadership, which led to the critique that these two factors cannot be seen separately, as individuals make up organizations. More recently, the exercise of leadership has been recognized as determined by the social relations within these education institutions and systems (Bates, 2010; Bush, 2020). Those working in education depend on each other and leadership functions therefore need to be to be shared to achieve education goals. Third, what may get in education leaders’ way? Those in education leadership roles need to have the capacity to exercise the functions expected of them. But context matters too. Formal and informal social, economic, political and cultural rules and norms expand or limit individual education leaders’ initiative and scope for action. Their freedom to make decisions is the result of governance and accountability rules, which vary greatly between countries, often reflecting cultural norms ( Box 1.1)
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beyond large tech companies, SMEs on both sides of the Atlantic should benefit from the same easing of regulatory burdens for small companies that is proposed above. 34THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS — PART A | CHAPTER 2Facilitating consolidation in the telecoms sector is needed to deliver higher rates of investment in connec - tivity [see the chapters on digitalisation and advanced technologies, and competition policy] . The cornerstone initiative is modifying the EU’s stance towards scale and consolidation of telecoms operators to deliver a true Single Market, without sacrificing consumer welfare and quality of service. To encourage consolidation, the report recom - mends defining telecoms markets at the EU level – as opposed to the Member State level – and increasing the weight of innovation and investment commitments in the EU’s rules for clearing mergers. Country-level ex ante regulation should be reduced in favour of ex post competition enforcement in cases of abuse of dominant position. It is also proposed to harmonise EU-wide spectrum licensing rules and processes and to orchestrate EU-wide auction design features to help create scale. To ensure that EU players remain at the forefront of new technological developments, it is recommended to establish an EU-level body with public-private participation to develop homog - enous technical standards for the deployment of network APIs and edge computing, as was the case for roaming in the 1990s. To increase the capacity of EU operators to invest in these technologies, it is recommended to support commercial investment sharing between network owners and Very Large Online Platforms that use EU data networks to a massive extent but do not contribute to financing them. Sustaining and expanding R&I will also be crucial for key manufacturing sectors such as pharma [see the chapter on pharma] . Opening up the secondary use of health data for research purposes has significant poten - tial to anchor pharma R&I activities within the EU. The report therefore recommends accelerating the digitisation of health systems and the European Health Data Space (EHDS), achieved through EU-level support for national investments which facilitate access to and sharing of electronic health records. In addition, it is proposed to further scale up genome sequencing capacities in the EU and to present a strategic blueprint beyond 2026, building on the European 1+ Million Genomes initiative. To maximise the opportunities of the EHDS, it will be important to provide clear and timely guidance
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an NF service (e.g., to invoke service operations) of an NF service producer or for notifications to an NF service consumer. - the term “port” in the context of computer networks, at least in some examples refers to a communication endpoint, a virtual data connection between two or more entities, and/or a virtual point where network connections start and end. Additionally or alternatively, a “port” at least in some examples is associated with a specific process or service. - application at least in some examples refers to a computer program designed to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer itself. Additionally or alternatively, term “application” at least in some examples refers to a complete and deployable package, environment to achieve a certain function in an operational environment. - process at least in some examples refers to an instance of a computer program that is being executed by one or more threads. In some implementations, a process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that execute instructions concurrently. - algorithm at least in some examples refers to an unambiguous specification of how to solve a problem or a class of problems by performing calculations, input/output operations, data processing, automated reasoning tasks, and/or the like. - analytics at least in some examples refers to the discovery, interpretation, and communication of meaningful patterns in data. - API application programming interface - API refers to a set of subroutine definitions, communication protocols, and tools for building software. Additionally or alternatively, the term “application programming interface” or “API” at least in some examples refers to a set of clearly defined methods of communication among various components. In some examples, an API may be defined or otherwise used for a web-based system, operating system, database system, computer hardware, software library, and/or the like. - data processing or “processing” at least in some examples refers to any operation or set of operations which is performed on data or on sets of data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, writing, organization, structuring, storing, adaptation, alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure and/or destruction. - data pipeline or “pipeline” at least in some examples refers to a set of data processing elements (or data processors) connected in series and/or in parallel, where the output of
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[]
| Figure 8.4 | The gaps between timely and ultimate completion rates have remained persistently high in sub-Saharan Africa .................................................................................................................................................................... | 158 | |--------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------| | Figure 8.5 | In Yemen, conflict has compromised the education opportunities of an entire generation............................................ | 159 | | Figure 8.6 | Completion rates in Yemen show significant regional variation............................................................................................... | 159 | | Figure 8.7 | Adolescents' learning outcome levels fell in reading and especially mathematics between 2018 and 2022...........160 | | | Figure 8.8 | Since 2012, the percentage of students achieving minimum proficiency has fallen by 12 percentage points in reading and 6 percentage points in mathematics........................................................................................................ | 162 | | Figure 8.9 | Those who drop out of school or do not attend school regularly are highly unlikely to achieve minimum proficiency levels................................................................................................................................................................... | 163 | | Figure 8.10 | By the end of primary school, only about 1 in 10 children read with comprehension in poorer African countries....................................................................................................................................................................................... | 165 | | Figure 8.11 | Students' mathematics anxiety levels have risen ......................................................................................................................... | 166 | | Figure 9.1 | Education participation has increased for younger but not for older children..................................................................... | 172 | | Figure 9.2 | Many children are enrolled in primary education one year before the official entry age ................................................. | 173 | | Figure 9.3 | Countries show different patterns in early entry to primary education ................................................................................ | 174 | | Figure 9.4 | Increased education participation of children one year before primary entry age can be due to an increase in pre-primary or in primary enrolment........................................................................................................................... | 175 | | Figure 9.5 | Children attending pre-primary education are more likely to be developmentally on track ........................................... | 176 | | Figure 9.6 | Inadequate supervision is associated with a lower prevalence of positive and stimulating home environments................................................................................................................................................................................. | 177 | | Figure 9.7 | Early childhood care and education leaders devote more time to administration than pedagogy............................... | 178 | | Figure 10.1 | Adult formal and non-formal education participation rates exceed 10% in very few countries.....................................184 | | | Figure 10.2 | More than half of countries have seen a decline in formal and non-formal education participation rates in the last 10 years........................................................................................................................................................................186 | | | Figure 10.3 | There is a large gender disparity in adult education and training participation...................................................................188 | | | Figure 10.4 | Vocational education participation rates have seen only marginal
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[]
to a lack of an industrial strategy equivalent to other major regions . EU manufacturers are suffering primarily from a lack of stability of demand and from produc - tion cost gaps, reinforced by an unlevel playing field with other major economies providing significant subsidies and erecting trade barriers. The European Commission estimates that Chinese subsidies for clean tech manufacturing have long been twice as high as those in the EU as a share of GDP, while the country has protected its home market for solar PV, wind power-generation equipment and EV batteries. The US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) is estimated to provide USD 40 billion to USD 250 billion in support for manufacturing of clean tech and is projected to help to bridge the US cost gap vis-à-vis producers in China. These policies have left the EU with a significant cost disad - vantage: for example, solar PV manufacturing costs in China are around 35%-65% lower than in Europe and costs for manufacturing battery cells are 20%-35% lowerx. The EU announced a comprehensive response in 2023 with the Net Zero Industry Act (NZIA). However, EU financial support remains fragmented among different programmes, characterised by higher complexity and lead times, and generally excludes operating costs where cost gaps are greatest. Overall, financing for manufacturing at the EU level is five to ten times less generous than under the IRA. Finally, while the NZIA specifies EU manufacturing targets, they are not backed by explicit minimum quotas for local products and components – quotas which other regions regularly apply – meaning EU demand is not predictably channelled towards EU clean tech output. The EU’s improving outlook for its battery industry demonstrates that a focused policy effort can succeed, even if non-EU players may benefit most . Although the EU’s market share in lithium-ion batteries globally stands at just 6.5%, battery manufacturing output reached around 65 GWh in 2023 in the EU, growing by around 20% over the previous year. For comparison, the US recorded 80 GWh of production and similar growth, while the figures in China were 670 GWh and 50%, respectively. Public support for battery development has been key to strength - ening Europe’s position. Public R&I spending on battery technology has risen by 18% per year on average over the past decade, and Europe ranks only behind Japan and South Korea as a location for patent applications for battery storage
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