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A flow battery includes a cell that has first and second flow fields spaced apart from each other and an electrolyte separator layer. A supply/storage system is external of the cell and includes first and second vessels fluidly connected with the first and second flow fields, and first and second pumps configured to selectively move first and second fluid electrolytes between the vessels and the first and second flow fields. The flow fields each have an electrochemically active zone that is configured to receive flow of the fluid electrolytes. The electrochemically active zone has a total open volume that is a function of at least one of a power parameter of the flow battery, a time parameter of the pumps and a concentration parameter of the fluid electrolytes.
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1. A flow battery comprising:
at least one cell having first and second flow fields spaced apart from each other, and an electrolyte separator layer arranged there between; and a supply/storage system external of the at least one cell, the supply/storage system including first and second vessels fluidly connected with the respective first and second flow fields, and first and second pumps configured to selectively move first and second fluid electrolytes between the first and second vessels and the first and second flow fields, wherein the first and second flow fields each have an electrochemically active zone configured to receive flow of the respective first and second fluid electrolytes, the electrochemically active zone having a total open volume that is a function of at least one of a power parameter of the flow battery, a time parameter of the respective first and second pumps and a concentration parameter of the respective first and second fluid electrolytes. 2. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the power parameter, and the power parameter is a maximum rated power of the flow battery. 3. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the time parameter of the respective first and second pumps, and the time parameter is the time in seconds for the first and second pumps to achieve full flow of the first and second fluid electrolytes from a low-flow state. 4. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the concentration parameter, and the concentration parameter is a concentration of at least one electrochemically active species in the first and second fluid electrolytes. 5. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of the power parameter, the time parameter and the concentration parameter. 6. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is according to Equation I:
V=(S×P×t pump)/(E×F×C), Equation I:
wherein V is the total open volume in Liters, S is the moles of active species reacted per electron, P is a rated maximum output power of the flow battery in Watts, tpump is a time in seconds for the respective first and second pumps to achieve full flow of the fluid electrolytes from a low-flow state, E is a minimum allowable voltage in Volts, F is Faraday's constant and C is a concentration of at least one electrochemically active species in the fluid electrolytes in moles per Liter. 7. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a total open volume in channels of the respective first and second flow fields and open volume in respective first and second porous electrodes adjacent the electrolyte separator layer. 8. A flow battery comprising at least one cell having a flow field adjacent an electrolyte separator layer, with a supply/storage system external of the at least one cell, the supply/storage system including a vessel fluidly connected with the flow field and a pump configured to selectively move a fluid electrolyte between the vessel and the flow field, the flow field having an electrochemically active zone configured to receive flow of the fluid electrolyte, the electrochemically active zone having a total open volume according to Equation I:
V=(S×P×t pump)/(E×F×C), Equation I:
wherein V is the total open volume in Liters, S is the moles of active species reacted per electron, P is a rated maximum output power of the flow battery in Watts, tpump is a time in seconds for the pump to achieve full flow of the fluid electrolyte from a low-flow state, E is a minimum allowable voltage in Volts, F is Faraday's constant and C is a concentration of at least one electrochemically active species in the fluid electrolyte in moles per Liter. 9. The flow battery as recited in claim 8, wherein the total open volume is a total open volume in channels of the flow field and open volume in a porous electrode adjacent the electrolyte separator layer. 10. A method of managing flow battery response time to a change in power demand, the method comprising:
providing a flow battery having at least one cell including a flow field adjacent an electrolyte separator layer, with a supply/storage system external of the at least one cell, the supply/storage system including a vessel fluidly connected with the flow field and a pump configured to selectively move a fluid electrolyte between the vessel and the flow field, the pump being operable between a first, low-flow state and a second, full-flow state with respect to flow of the fluid electrolyte through the flow field; and in response to a change in a power demand on the flow battery, ramping the pump from the first, low-flow state to the second, full-flow state over a time period and, prior to the pump achieving the full-flow state, providing a required electrical load corresponding to the change in the power demand. 11. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein the flow field has an electrochemically active zone configured to receive flow of the fluid electrolyte, and the providing includes establishing the electrochemically active zone to have a total open volume that is a function of at least one of a power parameter of the flow battery, a time parameter of the pump and a concentration parameter of the fluid electrolyte. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the power parameter, and power parameter is a maximum rated power of the flow battery. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the time parameter, and the time parameter is the time in seconds for the pump to achieve full flow of the fluid electrolyte from a low-flow state. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the concentration parameter, and the concentration parameter is a concentration of at least one of the electrochemically active species in the fluid electrolyte. 15. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the total open volume is a function of the power parameter, the time parameter and the concentration parameter. 16. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein the total open volume is according to Equation I:
Equation I: V=(S×P×tpump)/(E×F×C), wherein V is the total open volume in Liters, S is the moles of active species reacted per electron, P is a rated maximum output power of the flow battery in Watts, tpump is a time in seconds for the pump to achieve full flow of the fluid electrolyte from a low-flow state, E is a minimum allowable voltage in Volts, F is Faraday's constant and C is a concentration of an electrochemically active species in the fluid electrolyte in moles per Liter. 17. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising:
limiting a maximum charging rate of the flow battery to limit exposure of non-oxidized carbon surfaces to high voltage potentials. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, including limiting the voltage ramp rate to a maximum voltage during charging of the flow battery.
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A flow battery includes a cell that has first and second flow fields spaced apart from each other and an electrolyte separator layer. A supply/storage system is external of the cell and includes first and second vessels fluidly connected with the first and second flow fields, and first and second pumps configured to selectively move first and second fluid electrolytes between the vessels and the first and second flow fields. The flow fields each have an electrochemically active zone that is configured to receive flow of the fluid electrolytes. The electrochemically active zone has a total open volume that is a function of at least one of a power parameter of the flow battery, a time parameter of the pumps and a concentration parameter of the fluid electrolytes.1. A flow battery comprising:
at least one cell having first and second flow fields spaced apart from each other, and an electrolyte separator layer arranged there between; and a supply/storage system external of the at least one cell, the supply/storage system including first and second vessels fluidly connected with the respective first and second flow fields, and first and second pumps configured to selectively move first and second fluid electrolytes between the first and second vessels and the first and second flow fields, wherein the first and second flow fields each have an electrochemically active zone configured to receive flow of the respective first and second fluid electrolytes, the electrochemically active zone having a total open volume that is a function of at least one of a power parameter of the flow battery, a time parameter of the respective first and second pumps and a concentration parameter of the respective first and second fluid electrolytes. 2. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the power parameter, and the power parameter is a maximum rated power of the flow battery. 3. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the time parameter of the respective first and second pumps, and the time parameter is the time in seconds for the first and second pumps to achieve full flow of the first and second fluid electrolytes from a low-flow state. 4. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the concentration parameter, and the concentration parameter is a concentration of at least one electrochemically active species in the first and second fluid electrolytes. 5. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of the power parameter, the time parameter and the concentration parameter. 6. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is according to Equation I:
V=(S×P×t pump)/(E×F×C), Equation I:
wherein V is the total open volume in Liters, S is the moles of active species reacted per electron, P is a rated maximum output power of the flow battery in Watts, tpump is a time in seconds for the respective first and second pumps to achieve full flow of the fluid electrolytes from a low-flow state, E is a minimum allowable voltage in Volts, F is Faraday's constant and C is a concentration of at least one electrochemically active species in the fluid electrolytes in moles per Liter. 7. The flow battery as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a total open volume in channels of the respective first and second flow fields and open volume in respective first and second porous electrodes adjacent the electrolyte separator layer. 8. A flow battery comprising at least one cell having a flow field adjacent an electrolyte separator layer, with a supply/storage system external of the at least one cell, the supply/storage system including a vessel fluidly connected with the flow field and a pump configured to selectively move a fluid electrolyte between the vessel and the flow field, the flow field having an electrochemically active zone configured to receive flow of the fluid electrolyte, the electrochemically active zone having a total open volume according to Equation I:
V=(S×P×t pump)/(E×F×C), Equation I:
wherein V is the total open volume in Liters, S is the moles of active species reacted per electron, P is a rated maximum output power of the flow battery in Watts, tpump is a time in seconds for the pump to achieve full flow of the fluid electrolyte from a low-flow state, E is a minimum allowable voltage in Volts, F is Faraday's constant and C is a concentration of at least one electrochemically active species in the fluid electrolyte in moles per Liter. 9. The flow battery as recited in claim 8, wherein the total open volume is a total open volume in channels of the flow field and open volume in a porous electrode adjacent the electrolyte separator layer. 10. A method of managing flow battery response time to a change in power demand, the method comprising:
providing a flow battery having at least one cell including a flow field adjacent an electrolyte separator layer, with a supply/storage system external of the at least one cell, the supply/storage system including a vessel fluidly connected with the flow field and a pump configured to selectively move a fluid electrolyte between the vessel and the flow field, the pump being operable between a first, low-flow state and a second, full-flow state with respect to flow of the fluid electrolyte through the flow field; and in response to a change in a power demand on the flow battery, ramping the pump from the first, low-flow state to the second, full-flow state over a time period and, prior to the pump achieving the full-flow state, providing a required electrical load corresponding to the change in the power demand. 11. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein the flow field has an electrochemically active zone configured to receive flow of the fluid electrolyte, and the providing includes establishing the electrochemically active zone to have a total open volume that is a function of at least one of a power parameter of the flow battery, a time parameter of the pump and a concentration parameter of the fluid electrolyte. 12. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the power parameter, and power parameter is a maximum rated power of the flow battery. 13. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the time parameter, and the time parameter is the time in seconds for the pump to achieve full flow of the fluid electrolyte from a low-flow state. 14. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the total open volume is a function of at least the concentration parameter, and the concentration parameter is a concentration of at least one of the electrochemically active species in the fluid electrolyte. 15. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein the total open volume is a function of the power parameter, the time parameter and the concentration parameter. 16. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein the total open volume is according to Equation I:
Equation I: V=(S×P×tpump)/(E×F×C), wherein V is the total open volume in Liters, S is the moles of active species reacted per electron, P is a rated maximum output power of the flow battery in Watts, tpump is a time in seconds for the pump to achieve full flow of the fluid electrolyte from a low-flow state, E is a minimum allowable voltage in Volts, F is Faraday's constant and C is a concentration of an electrochemically active species in the fluid electrolyte in moles per Liter. 17. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising:
limiting a maximum charging rate of the flow battery to limit exposure of non-oxidized carbon surfaces to high voltage potentials. 18. The method as recited in claim 17, including limiting the voltage ramp rate to a maximum voltage during charging of the flow battery.
| 1,700 |
3,301 | 14,262,872 | 1,774 |
A torque sensing device capable of measuring the force exerted by a torque arm on a lever is positioned between the torque arm and the lever. The torque arm is connected to the pinion of a planetary gearbox for rotating the bowl and screw conveyer of a decanter centrifuge at different speeds. The torque sensing device measures the torque between the pinion gear and the planetary gearbox. The sensor can be connected to a controller which can reduce the flow of the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge thereby/reducing the torque and avoiding substantial damage to the planetary gearbox.
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1. A torque sensor for measuring the torque applied to a pinion gear of a planetary gearbox for a decanter centrifuge comprising:
a body having a first stem portion having a first cross-sectional area and a head portion having a second cross-sectional area larger than that of the stem portion; and a force sensor embedded in the body and having a pair of electrical contacts. 2. A torque sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein the force sensor comprises a thin flexible printed circuit. 3. A torque sensor as claimed in claim 2 wherein the force sensor includes a piezoelectric component whose resistance is inversely proportional to an applied force on the body. 4. A torque sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein the head portion has an upper generally planar surface and the force sensor is embedded within the head portion and lies in a plane parallel to the upper generally planar surface of the head. 5. A method of controlling the liquid/solid mixture flow rate to a decanter centrifuge, the decanter centrifuge including a planetary gearbox having a central pinion gear, a torque arm fixed to the pinion gear and a pivoted lever arm connected at one end to an over center spring mechanism and engaging the torque arm at a second portion comprising:
positioning a torque sensor between the torque arm fixed to the pinion gear and the second portion of the lever arm; measuring the torque force applied to the lever arm; and varying the flow rate of the liquid solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge in response to the force applied to the lever arm. 6. The method of claim 5 including varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture by varying the speed of a variable speed pump which pumps the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge. 7. The method of claim 5 including varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture by controlling an adjustable valve. 8. The method of claim 5 including the terminating the flow of the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge, at a predetermined maximum torque load. 9. The method of claim 5 including the step of establishing a range of acceptable torque force levels applied to the lever arm and varying the flow rate of the solid/liquid mixture so that the torque force level is maintained within the predetermined range. 10. The method of claim 5 further comprising the step of providing a remote monitor including a display device for displaying the measured torque force and varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture in response to force measurements displayed on the monitor. 11. A method of controlling the liquid/solid mixture flow rate to a decanter centrifuge, the decanter centrifuge including a planetary gearbox having a central pinion gear, a torque arm fixed to the pinion gear and a pivoted lever arm connected at one end to a support and engaging the torque arm at a second portion comprising:
positioning a torque sensor between the torque arm fixed to the pinion gear and the second portion of the lever arm; measuring the torque force applied to the lever arm; and varying the flow rate of the liquid solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge in response to the force applied to the lever arm. 12. The method of claim 11 including varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture by varying the speed of a variable speed pump which pumps the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge. 13. The method of claim 11 including varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture by controlling an adjustable valve. 14. The method of claim 11 including the terminating the flow of the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge. 15. The method of claim 11 including the step of establishing a range of acceptable torque force levels applied to the lever arm and varying the flow rate of the solid/liquid mixture so that the torque force level is maintained within the predetermined range.
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A torque sensing device capable of measuring the force exerted by a torque arm on a lever is positioned between the torque arm and the lever. The torque arm is connected to the pinion of a planetary gearbox for rotating the bowl and screw conveyer of a decanter centrifuge at different speeds. The torque sensing device measures the torque between the pinion gear and the planetary gearbox. The sensor can be connected to a controller which can reduce the flow of the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge thereby/reducing the torque and avoiding substantial damage to the planetary gearbox.1. A torque sensor for measuring the torque applied to a pinion gear of a planetary gearbox for a decanter centrifuge comprising:
a body having a first stem portion having a first cross-sectional area and a head portion having a second cross-sectional area larger than that of the stem portion; and a force sensor embedded in the body and having a pair of electrical contacts. 2. A torque sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein the force sensor comprises a thin flexible printed circuit. 3. A torque sensor as claimed in claim 2 wherein the force sensor includes a piezoelectric component whose resistance is inversely proportional to an applied force on the body. 4. A torque sensor as claimed in claim 1 wherein the head portion has an upper generally planar surface and the force sensor is embedded within the head portion and lies in a plane parallel to the upper generally planar surface of the head. 5. A method of controlling the liquid/solid mixture flow rate to a decanter centrifuge, the decanter centrifuge including a planetary gearbox having a central pinion gear, a torque arm fixed to the pinion gear and a pivoted lever arm connected at one end to an over center spring mechanism and engaging the torque arm at a second portion comprising:
positioning a torque sensor between the torque arm fixed to the pinion gear and the second portion of the lever arm; measuring the torque force applied to the lever arm; and varying the flow rate of the liquid solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge in response to the force applied to the lever arm. 6. The method of claim 5 including varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture by varying the speed of a variable speed pump which pumps the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge. 7. The method of claim 5 including varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture by controlling an adjustable valve. 8. The method of claim 5 including the terminating the flow of the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge, at a predetermined maximum torque load. 9. The method of claim 5 including the step of establishing a range of acceptable torque force levels applied to the lever arm and varying the flow rate of the solid/liquid mixture so that the torque force level is maintained within the predetermined range. 10. The method of claim 5 further comprising the step of providing a remote monitor including a display device for displaying the measured torque force and varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture in response to force measurements displayed on the monitor. 11. A method of controlling the liquid/solid mixture flow rate to a decanter centrifuge, the decanter centrifuge including a planetary gearbox having a central pinion gear, a torque arm fixed to the pinion gear and a pivoted lever arm connected at one end to a support and engaging the torque arm at a second portion comprising:
positioning a torque sensor between the torque arm fixed to the pinion gear and the second portion of the lever arm; measuring the torque force applied to the lever arm; and varying the flow rate of the liquid solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge in response to the force applied to the lever arm. 12. The method of claim 11 including varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture by varying the speed of a variable speed pump which pumps the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge. 13. The method of claim 11 including varying the flow rate of the liquid/solid mixture by controlling an adjustable valve. 14. The method of claim 11 including the terminating the flow of the liquid/solid mixture to the decanter centrifuge. 15. The method of claim 11 including the step of establishing a range of acceptable torque force levels applied to the lever arm and varying the flow rate of the solid/liquid mixture so that the torque force level is maintained within the predetermined range.
| 1,700 |
3,302 | 15,138,286 | 1,784 |
Provided is a nickel-based coating composition containing cobalt, chromium, aluminum, tantalum, and nickel. The coating composition has a three phase γ, γ′, β microstructure wherein at least 5 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. Also provided are coating systems containing the coating composition, articles having the coating composition or coating system, and methods for protecting nickel-based superalloy substrates using the coating composition or coating system.
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1. A coating system on a substrate comprising:
a nickel-based superalloy substrate; and a nickel-based coating composition disposed on the substrate, the coating composition comprising:
2-12 wt % cobalt;
4-8 wt % chromium;
8-25 wt % aluminum;
5-10 wt % tantalum; and
35-81 wt % nickel,
said coating composition comprising a three phase γ, γ′, β microstructure wherein at least 5 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase and a remainder is present in the γ and γ′ phases. 2. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition does not comprise a platinum group metal. 3. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition does not comprise platinum. 4. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the nickel-based superalloy substrate comprises:
3-20 wt % cobalt; 2-22 wt % chromium; 0-4 wt % molybdenum; 0-10 wt % tungsten; 0-6 wt % rhenium; 2-8 wt % aluminum; 0-10 wt % tantalum; 0-2 wt % hafnium; 0-5 wt % niobium; 0-4 wt % titanium; 0-5 wt % ruthenium; and a remainder of nickel. 5. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 4, wherein the nickel-based superalloy substrate comprises:
3-17 wt % cobalt; 2-14 wt % chromium; 0-3 wt % molybdenum; 3-10 wt % tungsten; 0-6 wt % rhenium; 4-8 wt % aluminum; 3-10 wt % tantalum; 0-2 wt % hafnium; 0-1 wt % niobium; 0-4 wt % titanium; 0-5 wt % ruthenium; and a remainder of nickel. 6. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the nickel-based superalloy substrate comprises:
7-8 wt % cobalt; 6. 5-7.5 wt % chromium; 1-2 wt % molybdenum; 4.5-5.5 wt % tungsten; 2.5-3.5 wt % rhenium; 6-7 wt % aluminum; 6-7 wt % tantalum; 0.1-0.6 wt % hafnium; and a remainder of nickel. 7. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein:
5-35 volume % of the coating composition is present in the 65 phase; 25-70 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ′ phase; and 5-60 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. 8. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 7, wherein:
5-30 volume % of the coating composition is present in the y phase; 30-50 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ′ phase; and 20-45 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. 9. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises 0.01 to 2 wt % of hafnium, silicon, zirconium, yttrium, or a combination thereof. 10. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises 0.1 to 15 wt % platinum. 11. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises:
9-11 wt % cobalt; 5-7 wt % chromium; 9-16 wt % aluminum; 5-8 wt % tantalum; and 54-72 wt % nickel. 12. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 11, wherein:
5-35 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ phase; 25-70 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ′ phase; and 5-60 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. 13. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 11, wherein the coating composition does not comprise platinum. 14. An article comprising the coating system on a substrate according to claim 1. 15. The article according to claim 14, wherein said article is a gas turbine engine component. 16. A nickel-based coating composition comprising:
2-12 wt % cobalt; 4-8 wt % chromium; 8-25 wt % aluminum; 5-10 wt % tantalum; and 35-81 wt % nickel,
said coating composition comprising a three phase γ, γ′, β microstructure wherein at least 5 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase, and a remainder is present in the γ and γ′ phases. 17. The nickel-based coating composition according to claim 16, wherein the coating composition comprises:
9-11 wt % cobalt; 5-7 wt % chromium; 9-13 wt % aluminum; 5.5-8 wt % tantalum; and 54-72 wt % nickel,
and wherein:
5-35 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ phase;
25-70 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ′ phase; and
5-60 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. 18. The nickel-based coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the coating composition does not comprise a platinum group metal. 19. An article comprising the nickel-based coating composition according to claim 18. 20. A method for improving the cyclic oxidation life or TBC spallation performance of an article comprising a nickel-based superalloy substrate, the method comprising coating at least a portion of the substrate with a nickel-based coating composition comprising:
2-12 wt % cobalt; 4-8 wt % chromium; 8-25 wt % aluminum; 5-10 wt % tantalum; and 35-81 wt % nickel,
said coating composition comprising a three phase γ, γ′, β microstructure wherein at least 5 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase and a remainder is present in the γ and γ′ phases.
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Provided is a nickel-based coating composition containing cobalt, chromium, aluminum, tantalum, and nickel. The coating composition has a three phase γ, γ′, β microstructure wherein at least 5 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. Also provided are coating systems containing the coating composition, articles having the coating composition or coating system, and methods for protecting nickel-based superalloy substrates using the coating composition or coating system.1. A coating system on a substrate comprising:
a nickel-based superalloy substrate; and a nickel-based coating composition disposed on the substrate, the coating composition comprising:
2-12 wt % cobalt;
4-8 wt % chromium;
8-25 wt % aluminum;
5-10 wt % tantalum; and
35-81 wt % nickel,
said coating composition comprising a three phase γ, γ′, β microstructure wherein at least 5 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase and a remainder is present in the γ and γ′ phases. 2. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition does not comprise a platinum group metal. 3. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition does not comprise platinum. 4. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the nickel-based superalloy substrate comprises:
3-20 wt % cobalt; 2-22 wt % chromium; 0-4 wt % molybdenum; 0-10 wt % tungsten; 0-6 wt % rhenium; 2-8 wt % aluminum; 0-10 wt % tantalum; 0-2 wt % hafnium; 0-5 wt % niobium; 0-4 wt % titanium; 0-5 wt % ruthenium; and a remainder of nickel. 5. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 4, wherein the nickel-based superalloy substrate comprises:
3-17 wt % cobalt; 2-14 wt % chromium; 0-3 wt % molybdenum; 3-10 wt % tungsten; 0-6 wt % rhenium; 4-8 wt % aluminum; 3-10 wt % tantalum; 0-2 wt % hafnium; 0-1 wt % niobium; 0-4 wt % titanium; 0-5 wt % ruthenium; and a remainder of nickel. 6. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the nickel-based superalloy substrate comprises:
7-8 wt % cobalt; 6. 5-7.5 wt % chromium; 1-2 wt % molybdenum; 4.5-5.5 wt % tungsten; 2.5-3.5 wt % rhenium; 6-7 wt % aluminum; 6-7 wt % tantalum; 0.1-0.6 wt % hafnium; and a remainder of nickel. 7. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein:
5-35 volume % of the coating composition is present in the 65 phase; 25-70 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ′ phase; and 5-60 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. 8. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 7, wherein:
5-30 volume % of the coating composition is present in the y phase; 30-50 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ′ phase; and 20-45 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. 9. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises 0.01 to 2 wt % of hafnium, silicon, zirconium, yttrium, or a combination thereof. 10. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises 0.1 to 15 wt % platinum. 11. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 1, wherein the coating composition comprises:
9-11 wt % cobalt; 5-7 wt % chromium; 9-16 wt % aluminum; 5-8 wt % tantalum; and 54-72 wt % nickel. 12. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 11, wherein:
5-35 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ phase; 25-70 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ′ phase; and 5-60 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. 13. The coating system on a substrate according to claim 11, wherein the coating composition does not comprise platinum. 14. An article comprising the coating system on a substrate according to claim 1. 15. The article according to claim 14, wherein said article is a gas turbine engine component. 16. A nickel-based coating composition comprising:
2-12 wt % cobalt; 4-8 wt % chromium; 8-25 wt % aluminum; 5-10 wt % tantalum; and 35-81 wt % nickel,
said coating composition comprising a three phase γ, γ′, β microstructure wherein at least 5 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase, and a remainder is present in the γ and γ′ phases. 17. The nickel-based coating composition according to claim 16, wherein the coating composition comprises:
9-11 wt % cobalt; 5-7 wt % chromium; 9-13 wt % aluminum; 5.5-8 wt % tantalum; and 54-72 wt % nickel,
and wherein:
5-35 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ phase;
25-70 volume % of the coating composition is present in the γ′ phase; and
5-60 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase. 18. The nickel-based coating composition according to claim 17, wherein the coating composition does not comprise a platinum group metal. 19. An article comprising the nickel-based coating composition according to claim 18. 20. A method for improving the cyclic oxidation life or TBC spallation performance of an article comprising a nickel-based superalloy substrate, the method comprising coating at least a portion of the substrate with a nickel-based coating composition comprising:
2-12 wt % cobalt; 4-8 wt % chromium; 8-25 wt % aluminum; 5-10 wt % tantalum; and 35-81 wt % nickel,
said coating composition comprising a three phase γ, γ′, β microstructure wherein at least 5 volume % of the coating composition is present in the β phase and a remainder is present in the γ and γ′ phases.
| 1,700 |
3,303 | 15,011,969 | 1,782 |
An additively manufactured component with an internal passage; and a multiple of ultrasonic horns additively manufactured within the internal passage. A method of removing conglomerated powder from an internal passage of an additively manufacturing a component, including ultrasonically exciting at least one of a multiple of the ultrasonic horns within an internal passage of an additively manufactured component
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1. A component, comprising:
an additively manufactured component with an internal passage; and a multiple of ultrasonic horns additively manufactured within the internal passage. 2. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein the additively manufactured component include a first flange, a second flange, and a conduit with the internal passage there between. 3. The component as recited in claim 2, wherein the conduit includes multiple bends. 4. The component as recited in claim 2, wherein the internal passage is non line of sight. 5. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns includes an input section and an output section, the output section smaller than the input section. 6. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns includes an input section and an output section, the output section smaller extends at least partially within the input section. 7. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns includes an input section and an output section, a frustroconcial section between the output section the input section. 8. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns are designed to a particular known natural frequency. 9. The component as recited in claim 8, wherein the particular known natural frequency is different than the natural frequencies of the component. 10. A method of additively manufacturing a component, comprising:
additively manufacturing a component with an internal passage; and additively manufacturing a multiple of ultrasonic horns within the internal passage concurrent with additively manufacturing the component. 11. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising additively manufacturing each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns to a particular known natural frequency. 12. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising additively manufacturing each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns to a particular known natural frequency, wherein the particular known natural frequency is different than the natural frequencies of the component. 13. A method of removing conglomerated powder from an internal passage of an additively manufacturing a component, comprising:
ultrasonically exciting at least one of a multiple of ultrasonic horns within an internal passage of an additively manufactured component. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising ultrasonically exciting each of a multiple of ultrasonic horns. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising ultrasonically exciting each of a multiple of ultrasonic horns in series. 16. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising arranging each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns in sequence to at least partially overlap. 17. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising arranging each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns such that each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns at least partially overlaps a subsequent one of the multiple of ultrasonic horns. 18. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising arranging each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns within the internal passage. 19. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising selectively removing each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns within the internal passage.
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An additively manufactured component with an internal passage; and a multiple of ultrasonic horns additively manufactured within the internal passage. A method of removing conglomerated powder from an internal passage of an additively manufacturing a component, including ultrasonically exciting at least one of a multiple of the ultrasonic horns within an internal passage of an additively manufactured component1. A component, comprising:
an additively manufactured component with an internal passage; and a multiple of ultrasonic horns additively manufactured within the internal passage. 2. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein the additively manufactured component include a first flange, a second flange, and a conduit with the internal passage there between. 3. The component as recited in claim 2, wherein the conduit includes multiple bends. 4. The component as recited in claim 2, wherein the internal passage is non line of sight. 5. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns includes an input section and an output section, the output section smaller than the input section. 6. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns includes an input section and an output section, the output section smaller extends at least partially within the input section. 7. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns includes an input section and an output section, a frustroconcial section between the output section the input section. 8. The component as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns are designed to a particular known natural frequency. 9. The component as recited in claim 8, wherein the particular known natural frequency is different than the natural frequencies of the component. 10. A method of additively manufacturing a component, comprising:
additively manufacturing a component with an internal passage; and additively manufacturing a multiple of ultrasonic horns within the internal passage concurrent with additively manufacturing the component. 11. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising additively manufacturing each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns to a particular known natural frequency. 12. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising additively manufacturing each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns to a particular known natural frequency, wherein the particular known natural frequency is different than the natural frequencies of the component. 13. A method of removing conglomerated powder from an internal passage of an additively manufacturing a component, comprising:
ultrasonically exciting at least one of a multiple of ultrasonic horns within an internal passage of an additively manufactured component. 14. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising ultrasonically exciting each of a multiple of ultrasonic horns. 15. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising ultrasonically exciting each of a multiple of ultrasonic horns in series. 16. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising arranging each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns in sequence to at least partially overlap. 17. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising arranging each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns such that each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns at least partially overlaps a subsequent one of the multiple of ultrasonic horns. 18. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising arranging each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns within the internal passage. 19. The method as recited in claim 13, further comprising selectively removing each of the multiple of ultrasonic horns within the internal passage.
| 1,700 |
3,304 | 13,989,661 | 1,747 |
A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod ( 2 ) of a tobacco smoke filtering material; and an elongate member ( 3 ) including one or more frangible receptacles ( 5 ) integrally formed therein, the or each receptacle (s) including a fluid and being sealed by a capping member ( 7 ).
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1. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod of a tobacco smoke filtering material; and an elongate member including at least one frangible receptacle integrally formed therein, each at least one receptacle including a fluid and being sealed by a capping member. 2. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the at least one receptacle is hermetically sealed by the capping member. 3. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member is substantially completely covered with the capping member applied in register with the elongate member to thereby cap the at least one receptacle. 4. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member and the at least one receptacle formed therein extend longitudinally of the tobacco smoke filter or filter element. 5. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the fluid includes a smoke enhancing additive. 6. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the fluid includes a surfactant. 7. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member comprises a plastics material. 8. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member comprises one or more of cellulose acetate, polyethylene (PET), polypropylene, polylactide (PLA) and a collagen. 9. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the capping member comprises a plastics material. 10. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the capping member comprises one or more of cellulose acetate, polyethylene (PET), polypropylene, polylactide (PLA) and a collagen. 11. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the filtering material is of natural or synthetic filamentary tow, natural or synthetic staple fibres, cotton wool, web material, synthetic non-woven material or extruded material. 12. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 over wrapped with a wrapper. 13. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member and/or the capping member further comprises a pigment. 14. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 13 wherein the pigment is of a contrasting colour to the tobacco smoke filtering material. 15. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the at least one receptacle which includes fluid has a crush strength of 4 to 30 N. 16. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member and the at least one receptacle formed therein extends longitudinally of the filter or filter element along a central or substantially central longitudinal axis of the rod, or extends longitudinally of the filter or filter element at a periphery of the rod. 17. (canceled) 18. A filter cigarette comprising: a wrapped tobacco rod; and a filter or filter element according to claim 1; wherein the filter is joined to a wrapped tobacco rod with one end towards the tobacco rod. 19. A multiple length filter rod comprising a plurality of filters or filter elements according to claim 1 joined end to end. 20. A first member including at least one frangible receptacle integrally formed therein, each at least one frangible receptacle including a fluid and being sealed by a capping member. 21. A first member according to claim 20 wherein the at least one frangible receptacle which includes fluid has a crush strength of 4 to 30 N. 22. A first member according to claim 20 wherein the at least one frangible receptacle is hermetically sealed by the capping member. 23. A first member according to claim 20 wherein the first member is substantially completely covered with the capping member applied in register with the first member to thereby cap the at least one frangible receptacle. 24. A member according to claim 20 for use in a tobacco smoke filter or filter element. 25. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 5 wherein the smoke enhancing additive comprises a flavoring agent.
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A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod ( 2 ) of a tobacco smoke filtering material; and an elongate member ( 3 ) including one or more frangible receptacles ( 5 ) integrally formed therein, the or each receptacle (s) including a fluid and being sealed by a capping member ( 7 ).1. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element comprising: a rod of a tobacco smoke filtering material; and an elongate member including at least one frangible receptacle integrally formed therein, each at least one receptacle including a fluid and being sealed by a capping member. 2. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the at least one receptacle is hermetically sealed by the capping member. 3. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member is substantially completely covered with the capping member applied in register with the elongate member to thereby cap the at least one receptacle. 4. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member and the at least one receptacle formed therein extend longitudinally of the tobacco smoke filter or filter element. 5. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the fluid includes a smoke enhancing additive. 6. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the fluid includes a surfactant. 7. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member comprises a plastics material. 8. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member comprises one or more of cellulose acetate, polyethylene (PET), polypropylene, polylactide (PLA) and a collagen. 9. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the capping member comprises a plastics material. 10. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the capping member comprises one or more of cellulose acetate, polyethylene (PET), polypropylene, polylactide (PLA) and a collagen. 11. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the filtering material is of natural or synthetic filamentary tow, natural or synthetic staple fibres, cotton wool, web material, synthetic non-woven material or extruded material. 12. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 over wrapped with a wrapper. 13. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member and/or the capping member further comprises a pigment. 14. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 13 wherein the pigment is of a contrasting colour to the tobacco smoke filtering material. 15. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the at least one receptacle which includes fluid has a crush strength of 4 to 30 N. 16. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 1 wherein the elongate member and the at least one receptacle formed therein extends longitudinally of the filter or filter element along a central or substantially central longitudinal axis of the rod, or extends longitudinally of the filter or filter element at a periphery of the rod. 17. (canceled) 18. A filter cigarette comprising: a wrapped tobacco rod; and a filter or filter element according to claim 1; wherein the filter is joined to a wrapped tobacco rod with one end towards the tobacco rod. 19. A multiple length filter rod comprising a plurality of filters or filter elements according to claim 1 joined end to end. 20. A first member including at least one frangible receptacle integrally formed therein, each at least one frangible receptacle including a fluid and being sealed by a capping member. 21. A first member according to claim 20 wherein the at least one frangible receptacle which includes fluid has a crush strength of 4 to 30 N. 22. A first member according to claim 20 wherein the at least one frangible receptacle is hermetically sealed by the capping member. 23. A first member according to claim 20 wherein the first member is substantially completely covered with the capping member applied in register with the first member to thereby cap the at least one frangible receptacle. 24. A member according to claim 20 for use in a tobacco smoke filter or filter element. 25. A tobacco smoke filter or filter element according to claim 5 wherein the smoke enhancing additive comprises a flavoring agent.
| 1,700 |
3,305 | 14,695,670 | 1,726 |
A solar cell has a plurality of texture elements adjacent to each other, wherein the texture elements include a first texture element having a vertex, the curvature radius of which is larger than the curvature radius of the valley between adjacent texture elements.
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1. A solar cell comprising a plurality of texture elements adjacent to each other,
wherein the plurality of texture elements comprise a first texture element having a curvature radius of a vertex thereof larger than a curvature radius of a valley thereof between adjacent texture elements. 2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the first texture element bends so that a slope thereof decreases from the valley toward the vertex. 3. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the number of vertexes of the first texture elements is 50% or more of the total number of vertexes of the plurality of texture elements. 4. The solar cell according to claim 1, comprising:
a semiconductor substrate comprising a texture element; an amorphous silicon layer formed on a surface of the semiconductor substrate; and a transparent conductive layer formed on the amorphous silicon layer.
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A solar cell has a plurality of texture elements adjacent to each other, wherein the texture elements include a first texture element having a vertex, the curvature radius of which is larger than the curvature radius of the valley between adjacent texture elements.1. A solar cell comprising a plurality of texture elements adjacent to each other,
wherein the plurality of texture elements comprise a first texture element having a curvature radius of a vertex thereof larger than a curvature radius of a valley thereof between adjacent texture elements. 2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the first texture element bends so that a slope thereof decreases from the valley toward the vertex. 3. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the number of vertexes of the first texture elements is 50% or more of the total number of vertexes of the plurality of texture elements. 4. The solar cell according to claim 1, comprising:
a semiconductor substrate comprising a texture element; an amorphous silicon layer formed on a surface of the semiconductor substrate; and a transparent conductive layer formed on the amorphous silicon layer.
| 1,700 |
3,306 | 14,900,622 | 1,765 |
The present invention is directed to a polymerization process for the production of polyethylene by polymerization of ethylene in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising a porous silicon oxide support material carrying a chromium compound and a transition metal containing compound or metal halide transition metal compound. The silicon oxide support material has an average particle size between 20 um and 40 um, a pore volume between 1.8 and 2.2 ml/g and a surface area between 400 and 600 m 2 /g.
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1. A polymerization process for the production of polyethylene by polymerization of ethylene in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising a porous silicon oxide support material carrying a chromium compound and a transition metal containing compound or metal halide transition metal compound wherein the silicon oxide support material has an average particle size between 20 μm and 40 μm, a pore volume between 1.8 and 2.2 ml/g and a surface area between 400 and 600 m2/g. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the average particle size ranges between 25 μand 35 μm. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the surface area ranges between 480 and 545 m2/g. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal compound is a titanium compound. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the chromium compound is selected from chromium acetate, chromium acetyl acetonate, chromium acetate hydroxide and chromium trioxide. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of chromium in the catalyst is less than 0.5% by weight. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal content of the catalyst ranges between 3.0 and 4.0% by weight. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the polymerisation takes place via a gas phase polymerisation process. 9. High density polyethylene obtainable by the process according to claim 1. 10. An article prepared using the products obtained with the process according to claim 1. 11. The article of claim 10, wherein the article is a blow molded article. 12. The article of claim 10, wherein the article is a house industrial container. 13. The article of claim 10, wherein the article is a milk bottle. 14. The process according to claim 1,
wherein the average particle size ranges between 25 μm and 35 μm; wherein the metal compound is a titanium compound; and wherein the chromium compound is selected from chromium acetate, chromium acetyl acetonate, chromium acetate hydroxide and chromium trioxide. 15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the amount of chromium in the catalyst is less than 0.5% by weight. 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the metal content of the catalyst ranges between 3.0 and 4.0% by weight. 17. A process according to claim 14, wherein the surface area ranges between 480 and 545 m2/g. 18. The process according to claim 1,
wherein the average particle size ranges between 25 μm and 35 μm; wherein the chromium compound is selected from chromium acetate, chromium acetyl acetonate, chromium acetate hydroxide and chromium trioxide; wherein the amount of chromium in the catalyst is less than 0.5% by weight; and wherein the metal content of the catalyst ranges between 3.0 and 4.0% by weight. 19. A process according to claim 18, wherein the surface area ranges between 480 and 545 m2/g.
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The present invention is directed to a polymerization process for the production of polyethylene by polymerization of ethylene in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising a porous silicon oxide support material carrying a chromium compound and a transition metal containing compound or metal halide transition metal compound. The silicon oxide support material has an average particle size between 20 um and 40 um, a pore volume between 1.8 and 2.2 ml/g and a surface area between 400 and 600 m 2 /g.1. A polymerization process for the production of polyethylene by polymerization of ethylene in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising a porous silicon oxide support material carrying a chromium compound and a transition metal containing compound or metal halide transition metal compound wherein the silicon oxide support material has an average particle size between 20 μm and 40 μm, a pore volume between 1.8 and 2.2 ml/g and a surface area between 400 and 600 m2/g. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the average particle size ranges between 25 μand 35 μm. 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the surface area ranges between 480 and 545 m2/g. 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal compound is a titanium compound. 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein the chromium compound is selected from chromium acetate, chromium acetyl acetonate, chromium acetate hydroxide and chromium trioxide. 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of chromium in the catalyst is less than 0.5% by weight. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the metal content of the catalyst ranges between 3.0 and 4.0% by weight. 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein the polymerisation takes place via a gas phase polymerisation process. 9. High density polyethylene obtainable by the process according to claim 1. 10. An article prepared using the products obtained with the process according to claim 1. 11. The article of claim 10, wherein the article is a blow molded article. 12. The article of claim 10, wherein the article is a house industrial container. 13. The article of claim 10, wherein the article is a milk bottle. 14. The process according to claim 1,
wherein the average particle size ranges between 25 μm and 35 μm; wherein the metal compound is a titanium compound; and wherein the chromium compound is selected from chromium acetate, chromium acetyl acetonate, chromium acetate hydroxide and chromium trioxide. 15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the amount of chromium in the catalyst is less than 0.5% by weight. 16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the metal content of the catalyst ranges between 3.0 and 4.0% by weight. 17. A process according to claim 14, wherein the surface area ranges between 480 and 545 m2/g. 18. The process according to claim 1,
wherein the average particle size ranges between 25 μm and 35 μm; wherein the chromium compound is selected from chromium acetate, chromium acetyl acetonate, chromium acetate hydroxide and chromium trioxide; wherein the amount of chromium in the catalyst is less than 0.5% by weight; and wherein the metal content of the catalyst ranges between 3.0 and 4.0% by weight. 19. A process according to claim 18, wherein the surface area ranges between 480 and 545 m2/g.
| 1,700 |
3,307 | 14,174,252 | 1,743 |
An apparatus for forming a container generally comprises a first mold part having an injection mold portion and a blow mold portion and a second mold part having a core pin. The core pin is configured to cooperate with the injection mold portion in a first position to define an injection mold cavity for forming a preform and an integral cap. The core pin is also configured to cooperate with the blow mold portion in a second position to define a blow mold cavity for forming a receptacle from the preform. The cap may be closed at the blow mold portion to seal the receptacle. One or more threads may be formed on a neck of the container.
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1. A container, comprising:
a receptacle having a body portion defining an internal cavity and a neck portion defining an opening to the internal cavity, the body portion having a first cross-section dimension and the neck portion having a second cross-section dimension less than the first cross-section dimension, the neck portion further including an outer surface having threads positioned thereon; and a cap integrally formed with the receptacle and configured to seal the opening to the internal cavity. 2. The bottle of claim 1, the receptacle further comprising a pocket formed in the body portion and configured to retain the cap in an open position. 3. The bottle of claim 2, the cap further including a protrusion shaped to cooperate with the pocket on the receptacle to form an interference fit therebetween.
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An apparatus for forming a container generally comprises a first mold part having an injection mold portion and a blow mold portion and a second mold part having a core pin. The core pin is configured to cooperate with the injection mold portion in a first position to define an injection mold cavity for forming a preform and an integral cap. The core pin is also configured to cooperate with the blow mold portion in a second position to define a blow mold cavity for forming a receptacle from the preform. The cap may be closed at the blow mold portion to seal the receptacle. One or more threads may be formed on a neck of the container.1. A container, comprising:
a receptacle having a body portion defining an internal cavity and a neck portion defining an opening to the internal cavity, the body portion having a first cross-section dimension and the neck portion having a second cross-section dimension less than the first cross-section dimension, the neck portion further including an outer surface having threads positioned thereon; and a cap integrally formed with the receptacle and configured to seal the opening to the internal cavity. 2. The bottle of claim 1, the receptacle further comprising a pocket formed in the body portion and configured to retain the cap in an open position. 3. The bottle of claim 2, the cap further including a protrusion shaped to cooperate with the pocket on the receptacle to form an interference fit therebetween.
| 1,700 |
3,308 | 14,730,414 | 1,795 |
A gas sensor includes a blocking portion 65 including an inner blocking layer 66 and outer blocking layer 67. The inner blocking layer 66 covers at least part of an exposed portion where solid-electrolyte layers are exposed as inner surfaces of a third internal cavity 61. The outer blocking layer 67 covers at least part of a nearest portion 6 a that is at the shortest distance from the third internal cavity 61 among portions of outer surfaces of a multilayer structure where the solid-electrolyte layers are exposed. The inner blocking layer 66 and the outer blocking layer 67 do not each conduct one or more kinds of substances that contain oxygen.
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1. A sensor element comprising:
a multilayer structure including a plurality of oxygen-ion-conductive solid-electrolyte layers that are stacked one on top of another, and a measurement-object-gas-flowing portion provided in the multilayer structure and from one end of which a measurement-object gas is introduced into the multilayer structure; a measuring electrode exposed in a space in which the measuring-electrode is set and which is part of the measurement-object-gas-flowing portion; an outer electrode provided on an outer surface of the multilayer structure; and a blocking portion including at least one of an inner blocking layer and an outer blocking layer, the inner blocking layer covering at least part of an exposed portion where the solid-electrolyte layers are exposed as inner surfaces of the space in which the measuring-electrode is set, the inner blocking layer not conducting one or more kinds of substances that contain oxygen, the outer blocking layer covering at least part of a nearest portion that is at a shortest distance from the space in which the measuring-electrode is set among portions of outer surfaces of the multilayer structure where the solid-electrolyte layers are exposed, the outer blocking layer not conducting one or more kinds of substances that contain oxygen. 2. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the outer blocking layer, and the outer blocking layer covers the entirety of the nearest portion. 3. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein an area ratio A/B of a covered area A by which the blocking portion covers the solid-electrolyte layers to an exposed area B by which the solid-electrolyte layers are exposed as the inner surfaces of the space in which the measuring-electrode is set is 0.3 or greater. 4. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion has a porosity of 5% or lower. 5. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the inner blocking layer. 6. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the inner blocking layer, and the inner blocking layer has a thickness of 1 μm to 30 μm. 7. The sensor element according to a claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the outer blocking layer, and the outer blocking layer has a thickness of 1 μm to 30 μm. 8. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the inner blocking layer, and the inner blocking layer covers at least part of the inner surfaces of the space in which the measuring-electrode is set, the part being opposite the nearest portion. 9. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the inner blocking layer and the outer blocking layer. 10. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the multilayer structure is a rectangular parallelepiped, wherein the blocking portion includes the outer blocking layer, and the outer blocking layer is provided on each of a plurality of outer surfaces of the multilayer structure, and wherein the outer blocking layer covers the entirety of a projection area defined as a projection of the space in which the measuring-electrode is set and which is projected perpendicularly onto each of the plurality of outer surfaces each having the outer blocking layer. 11. A gas sensor comprising the sensor element according to claim 1. 12. The gas sensor according to claim 11,
wherein a first internal cavity and a second internal cavity are provided in that order in a region of the measurement-object-gas-flowing portion from an inlet for the measurement-object gas to the space in which the measuring-electrode is set, wherein the gas sensor includes
a reference electrode provided in the multilayer structure and into which a reference gas with reference to which a concentration of a specific gas in the measurement-object gas is detected is introduced;
detecting device that detects the concentration of the specific gas in the measurement-object gas on the basis of a current carried when the measurement-object gas is introduced into the space in which the measuring-electrode is set and when oxygen is pumped out or pumped in via the measuring electrode and the outer electrode;
a main-pump cell that applies a control voltage between an outer main-pump electrode and an inner main-pump electrode on the basis of an electromotive force generated between the inner main-pump electrode and the reference electrode, the inner main-pump electrode being provided on a portion of solid electrolyte layers that faces the first internal cavity, the outer main-pump electrode being provided on an outer surface of the multilayer structure, the main-pump cell pumping out or pumping in oxygen via the inner main-pump electrode and the outer main-pump electrode such that the concentration of oxygen in the first internal cavity becomes a predetermined main-pump target concentration; and
an auxiliary-pump cell that applies a control voltage between an outer auxiliary-pump electrode and an inner auxiliary-pump electrode on the basis of an electromotive force generated between the inner auxiliary-pump electrode and the reference electrode, the inner auxiliary-pump electrode being provided on a portion of the solid-electrolyte layers that faces the second internal cavity, the outer auxiliary-pump electrode being provided on an outer surface of the multilayer structure, the auxiliary-pump cell pumping out or pumping in oxygen via the inner auxiliary-pump electrode and the outer auxiliary-pump electrode such that the concentration of oxygen in the second internal cavity becomes a predetermined auxiliary-pump target concentration.
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A gas sensor includes a blocking portion 65 including an inner blocking layer 66 and outer blocking layer 67. The inner blocking layer 66 covers at least part of an exposed portion where solid-electrolyte layers are exposed as inner surfaces of a third internal cavity 61. The outer blocking layer 67 covers at least part of a nearest portion 6 a that is at the shortest distance from the third internal cavity 61 among portions of outer surfaces of a multilayer structure where the solid-electrolyte layers are exposed. The inner blocking layer 66 and the outer blocking layer 67 do not each conduct one or more kinds of substances that contain oxygen.1. A sensor element comprising:
a multilayer structure including a plurality of oxygen-ion-conductive solid-electrolyte layers that are stacked one on top of another, and a measurement-object-gas-flowing portion provided in the multilayer structure and from one end of which a measurement-object gas is introduced into the multilayer structure; a measuring electrode exposed in a space in which the measuring-electrode is set and which is part of the measurement-object-gas-flowing portion; an outer electrode provided on an outer surface of the multilayer structure; and a blocking portion including at least one of an inner blocking layer and an outer blocking layer, the inner blocking layer covering at least part of an exposed portion where the solid-electrolyte layers are exposed as inner surfaces of the space in which the measuring-electrode is set, the inner blocking layer not conducting one or more kinds of substances that contain oxygen, the outer blocking layer covering at least part of a nearest portion that is at a shortest distance from the space in which the measuring-electrode is set among portions of outer surfaces of the multilayer structure where the solid-electrolyte layers are exposed, the outer blocking layer not conducting one or more kinds of substances that contain oxygen. 2. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the outer blocking layer, and the outer blocking layer covers the entirety of the nearest portion. 3. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein an area ratio A/B of a covered area A by which the blocking portion covers the solid-electrolyte layers to an exposed area B by which the solid-electrolyte layers are exposed as the inner surfaces of the space in which the measuring-electrode is set is 0.3 or greater. 4. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion has a porosity of 5% or lower. 5. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the inner blocking layer. 6. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the inner blocking layer, and the inner blocking layer has a thickness of 1 μm to 30 μm. 7. The sensor element according to a claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the outer blocking layer, and the outer blocking layer has a thickness of 1 μm to 30 μm. 8. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the inner blocking layer, and the inner blocking layer covers at least part of the inner surfaces of the space in which the measuring-electrode is set, the part being opposite the nearest portion. 9. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the blocking portion includes the inner blocking layer and the outer blocking layer. 10. The sensor element according to claim 1,
wherein the multilayer structure is a rectangular parallelepiped, wherein the blocking portion includes the outer blocking layer, and the outer blocking layer is provided on each of a plurality of outer surfaces of the multilayer structure, and wherein the outer blocking layer covers the entirety of a projection area defined as a projection of the space in which the measuring-electrode is set and which is projected perpendicularly onto each of the plurality of outer surfaces each having the outer blocking layer. 11. A gas sensor comprising the sensor element according to claim 1. 12. The gas sensor according to claim 11,
wherein a first internal cavity and a second internal cavity are provided in that order in a region of the measurement-object-gas-flowing portion from an inlet for the measurement-object gas to the space in which the measuring-electrode is set, wherein the gas sensor includes
a reference electrode provided in the multilayer structure and into which a reference gas with reference to which a concentration of a specific gas in the measurement-object gas is detected is introduced;
detecting device that detects the concentration of the specific gas in the measurement-object gas on the basis of a current carried when the measurement-object gas is introduced into the space in which the measuring-electrode is set and when oxygen is pumped out or pumped in via the measuring electrode and the outer electrode;
a main-pump cell that applies a control voltage between an outer main-pump electrode and an inner main-pump electrode on the basis of an electromotive force generated between the inner main-pump electrode and the reference electrode, the inner main-pump electrode being provided on a portion of solid electrolyte layers that faces the first internal cavity, the outer main-pump electrode being provided on an outer surface of the multilayer structure, the main-pump cell pumping out or pumping in oxygen via the inner main-pump electrode and the outer main-pump electrode such that the concentration of oxygen in the first internal cavity becomes a predetermined main-pump target concentration; and
an auxiliary-pump cell that applies a control voltage between an outer auxiliary-pump electrode and an inner auxiliary-pump electrode on the basis of an electromotive force generated between the inner auxiliary-pump electrode and the reference electrode, the inner auxiliary-pump electrode being provided on a portion of the solid-electrolyte layers that faces the second internal cavity, the outer auxiliary-pump electrode being provided on an outer surface of the multilayer structure, the auxiliary-pump cell pumping out or pumping in oxygen via the inner auxiliary-pump electrode and the outer auxiliary-pump electrode such that the concentration of oxygen in the second internal cavity becomes a predetermined auxiliary-pump target concentration.
| 1,700 |
3,309 | 13,627,677 | 1,791 |
This invention relates to a process for manufacture of a dry enzyme containing mixer granulation granule comprising the step of adding a particulate component to the mixer granulation process, wherein the particulate component constitutes less than 75 parts of the finished granule and the particles of the particulate component have an mean size of more than 40 μm in its longest dimension. Also claimed is granules of the process, granules containing more than two particles of the particulate component and composition and methods of using the granules.
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1. A feed composition comprising at least one granule comprising a particulate component comprising one or more particles, wherein the particulate component constitutes less than 75 of 100 parts by weight of the granule and the particles have an mean size of more than 40 μm in its longest dimension. 2. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein 80% w/w of particles of the particulate component have a mean size within plus or minus 40% of the mean size of the particles. 3. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein particles of the particulate component have a SPAN value of less than about 2.5. 4. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component is an inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of salt, mineral, clay and mixtures thereof. 5. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component is organic flour. 6. The feed composition of claim 5, wherein the organic flour is characterized as steam treated. 7. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component is vegetable flour. 8. The feed composition of claim 7, wherein the vegetable flour is characterized as steam treated. 9. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the granule comprises one or more granulating agents selected from the group consisting of fiber material, binder, filler, liquid agent, enzyme stabilizer, suspension agent, crosslinking agent, mediator and solvent. 10. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the granule comprises one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, and ligase. 11. The feed composition of claim 10, wherein the enzyme is a phytase. 12. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the granule further comprises a coat. 13. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the granule comprises an enzyme and at least three particles of a particulate component which have a mean size of more than 40 μm in its longest dimension. 14. The feed composition of claim 13, wherein the mean size of the particulate component in its longest dimension is less than half the mean size of the granule in its longest diameter. 15. The feed composition of claim 13, comprising particles in the amount of 3 to 15. 16. THe feed composition of claim 1 comprising at least one granule comprising a particulate component comprising three or more particles, wherein the particulate component comprises less than 75 of 100 parts by weight of a particulate component having a mean size of more than 100 μm in the longest dimension and more than 25 of 100 parts by weight of an enzyme or an enzyme and granulating agent, wherein the particulate component comprises a cereal grain flour, and wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 2.5. 17. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 2.0. 18. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 1.5. 19. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 1.0. 20. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 2.5. 21. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the granule contains more than 4 particles of the particulate component. 22. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the granule contains more than 5 particles of the particulate component. 23. feed composition of claim 16, wherein the granule contains more than 6 particles of the particulate component. 24. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the granule contains 3 to 15 particles of the particulate component. 25. A feed composition comprising at least one granule comprising a mixture of less than 75 of 100 parts by weight of a particulate component having a mean size of less than 100 μm in the longest dimension and more than 25 of 100 parts by weight of an enzyme or an enzyme and granulating agent, wherein the particulate component comprises a cereal grain flour, and wherein the granule comprises at least three particles of the particulate component, and wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 2.5. 26. The feed composition of claim 25, wherein the particulate component comprises pre-gelatinized wheat flour. 27. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component comprises at least two or more particles. 28. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component comprises at least three or more particles. 29. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component comprises three particles.
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This invention relates to a process for manufacture of a dry enzyme containing mixer granulation granule comprising the step of adding a particulate component to the mixer granulation process, wherein the particulate component constitutes less than 75 parts of the finished granule and the particles of the particulate component have an mean size of more than 40 μm in its longest dimension. Also claimed is granules of the process, granules containing more than two particles of the particulate component and composition and methods of using the granules.1. A feed composition comprising at least one granule comprising a particulate component comprising one or more particles, wherein the particulate component constitutes less than 75 of 100 parts by weight of the granule and the particles have an mean size of more than 40 μm in its longest dimension. 2. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein 80% w/w of particles of the particulate component have a mean size within plus or minus 40% of the mean size of the particles. 3. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein particles of the particulate component have a SPAN value of less than about 2.5. 4. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component is an inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of salt, mineral, clay and mixtures thereof. 5. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component is organic flour. 6. The feed composition of claim 5, wherein the organic flour is characterized as steam treated. 7. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component is vegetable flour. 8. The feed composition of claim 7, wherein the vegetable flour is characterized as steam treated. 9. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the granule comprises one or more granulating agents selected from the group consisting of fiber material, binder, filler, liquid agent, enzyme stabilizer, suspension agent, crosslinking agent, mediator and solvent. 10. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the granule comprises one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, and ligase. 11. The feed composition of claim 10, wherein the enzyme is a phytase. 12. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the granule further comprises a coat. 13. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the granule comprises an enzyme and at least three particles of a particulate component which have a mean size of more than 40 μm in its longest dimension. 14. The feed composition of claim 13, wherein the mean size of the particulate component in its longest dimension is less than half the mean size of the granule in its longest diameter. 15. The feed composition of claim 13, comprising particles in the amount of 3 to 15. 16. THe feed composition of claim 1 comprising at least one granule comprising a particulate component comprising three or more particles, wherein the particulate component comprises less than 75 of 100 parts by weight of a particulate component having a mean size of more than 100 μm in the longest dimension and more than 25 of 100 parts by weight of an enzyme or an enzyme and granulating agent, wherein the particulate component comprises a cereal grain flour, and wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 2.5. 17. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 2.0. 18. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 1.5. 19. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 1.0. 20. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 2.5. 21. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the granule contains more than 4 particles of the particulate component. 22. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the granule contains more than 5 particles of the particulate component. 23. feed composition of claim 16, wherein the granule contains more than 6 particles of the particulate component. 24. The feed composition of claim 16, wherein the granule contains 3 to 15 particles of the particulate component. 25. A feed composition comprising at least one granule comprising a mixture of less than 75 of 100 parts by weight of a particulate component having a mean size of less than 100 μm in the longest dimension and more than 25 of 100 parts by weight of an enzyme or an enzyme and granulating agent, wherein the particulate component comprises a cereal grain flour, and wherein the granule comprises at least three particles of the particulate component, and wherein the particles of the particulate component have a span value of less than 2.5. 26. The feed composition of claim 25, wherein the particulate component comprises pre-gelatinized wheat flour. 27. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component comprises at least two or more particles. 28. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component comprises at least three or more particles. 29. The feed composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate component comprises three particles.
| 1,700 |
3,310 | 14,911,597 | 1,733 |
To provide an R-T-B based sintered magnet having high B r and high H cJ while suppressing the content of Dy. Disclosed is an R-T-B based sintered magnet represented by the formula: uRwBxGayCuzAlqM(balance)T, where R is composed of light rare-earth element(s) RL and heavy rare-earth element(s) RH, RL is Nd and/or Pr, RH is Dy and/or Tb, T is Fe, and 10% by mass or less of Fe is capable of being replaced with Co, M is Nb and/or Zr, inevitable impurities being included, and u, w, x, y, z and q are expressed in terms of % by mass; RH accounts for 5% by mass or less of the R-T-B based sintered magnet, 0.4≦x≦1.0, 0.07≦y≦1.0, 0.05≦z≦0.5, 0≦q≦0.1, and 0.100≦y/(x+y)≦0.340; v=u−(6α+10β+8γ), where the amount of oxygen (% by mass) is α, the amount of nitrogen (% by mass) is β, and the amount of carbon (% by mass) is γ; and v and w satisfy the following inequality expressions: v≦32.0, 0.84≦w≦0.93, and −12.5w+38.75≦v≦−62.5w+86.125.
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1.-5. (canceled) 6. An R-T-B based sintered magnet represented by the following formula (1):
uRwBxGayCuzAlqM(100-u-w-x-y-z-q)T (1)
wherein R is composed of light rare-earth element(s) RL and heavy rare-earth element(s) RH, RL is Nd and/or Pr, RH is Dy and/or Tb, T as balance is Fe, and 10% by mass or less of Fe is capable of being replaced with Co, M is Nb and/or Zr, and u, w, x, y, z, q and 100-u-w-x-y-z-q are expressed in terms of % by mass; said RH accounts for 5% by mass or less of the R-T-B based sintered magnet, the following inequality expressions (2) to (6) being satisfied:
0.4≦x≦1.0 (2)
0.07≦y≦1.0 (3)
0.05≦z≦0.5 (4)
0≦q≦0.1 (5)
0.100≦y/(x+y)≦0.340 (6)
v=u−(6α+10β+8γ), wherein the amount of oxygen (% by mass) of the R-T-B based sintered magnet is α, the amount of nitrogen (% by mass) is β, and the amount of carbon (% by mass) is γ; and v and w satisfy the following inequality expressions (7) to (9):
v≦32.0 (7)
0.84≦w≦0.93 (8)
−12.5w+38.75≦v≦−62.5w+86.125 (9). 7. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 6, satisfying the following inequality expressions (10) and (11):
0.4≦x≦0.7 (10)
0.1≦y≦0.7 (11). 8. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 6, satisfying the following inequality expression (12):
0.4≦x≦0.6 (12). 9. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 6, satisfying the following inequality expression (13):
v≦28.5 (13). 10. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 6, satisfying the following inequality expression (14):
0.90≦w≦0.93 (14).
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To provide an R-T-B based sintered magnet having high B r and high H cJ while suppressing the content of Dy. Disclosed is an R-T-B based sintered magnet represented by the formula: uRwBxGayCuzAlqM(balance)T, where R is composed of light rare-earth element(s) RL and heavy rare-earth element(s) RH, RL is Nd and/or Pr, RH is Dy and/or Tb, T is Fe, and 10% by mass or less of Fe is capable of being replaced with Co, M is Nb and/or Zr, inevitable impurities being included, and u, w, x, y, z and q are expressed in terms of % by mass; RH accounts for 5% by mass or less of the R-T-B based sintered magnet, 0.4≦x≦1.0, 0.07≦y≦1.0, 0.05≦z≦0.5, 0≦q≦0.1, and 0.100≦y/(x+y)≦0.340; v=u−(6α+10β+8γ), where the amount of oxygen (% by mass) is α, the amount of nitrogen (% by mass) is β, and the amount of carbon (% by mass) is γ; and v and w satisfy the following inequality expressions: v≦32.0, 0.84≦w≦0.93, and −12.5w+38.75≦v≦−62.5w+86.125.1.-5. (canceled) 6. An R-T-B based sintered magnet represented by the following formula (1):
uRwBxGayCuzAlqM(100-u-w-x-y-z-q)T (1)
wherein R is composed of light rare-earth element(s) RL and heavy rare-earth element(s) RH, RL is Nd and/or Pr, RH is Dy and/or Tb, T as balance is Fe, and 10% by mass or less of Fe is capable of being replaced with Co, M is Nb and/or Zr, and u, w, x, y, z, q and 100-u-w-x-y-z-q are expressed in terms of % by mass; said RH accounts for 5% by mass or less of the R-T-B based sintered magnet, the following inequality expressions (2) to (6) being satisfied:
0.4≦x≦1.0 (2)
0.07≦y≦1.0 (3)
0.05≦z≦0.5 (4)
0≦q≦0.1 (5)
0.100≦y/(x+y)≦0.340 (6)
v=u−(6α+10β+8γ), wherein the amount of oxygen (% by mass) of the R-T-B based sintered magnet is α, the amount of nitrogen (% by mass) is β, and the amount of carbon (% by mass) is γ; and v and w satisfy the following inequality expressions (7) to (9):
v≦32.0 (7)
0.84≦w≦0.93 (8)
−12.5w+38.75≦v≦−62.5w+86.125 (9). 7. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 6, satisfying the following inequality expressions (10) and (11):
0.4≦x≦0.7 (10)
0.1≦y≦0.7 (11). 8. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 6, satisfying the following inequality expression (12):
0.4≦x≦0.6 (12). 9. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 6, satisfying the following inequality expression (13):
v≦28.5 (13). 10. The R-T-B based sintered magnet according to claim 6, satisfying the following inequality expression (14):
0.90≦w≦0.93 (14).
| 1,700 |
3,311 | 15,429,038 | 1,797 |
Embodiments of the disclosure generally relate to a system, apparatus and method for testing a coating over a semiconductor chamber component. In one embodiment, a test station comprises a hollow tube, a sensor coupled to a top end of the tube and a processing system communicatively coupled to the sensor. The hollow tube has an open bottom end configured for sealingly engaging a coating layer of the semiconductor chamber component. The sensor is configured to detect the presence of a gaseous byproduct of a reaction between a reagent disposed in the hollow tube and a base layer disposed under the coating layer. The processing system is configured to determine exposure of the base layer through the coating layer in response to information about the presence of the gaseous byproduct. In another embodiment, the processing system is communicatively coupled to each sensor of a plurality of test stations.
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1. A test station for testing a coating comprising:
a hollow tube having an open bottom end configured for sealingly engaging a coating layer of a semiconductor chamber component; a sensor configured to generate an analog output signal, the sensor coupled to a top end of the hollow tube, the sensor configured to detect the presence of a gaseous byproduct of a reaction between a reagent disposed in the hollow tube and a base layer of the semiconductor chamber component disposed under the coating layer through a change in the analog output signal of the sensor; a sensor holder isolating and protecting the sensor coupled to the top end of the hollow tube from the reagent disposed in the hollow tube; and a processing system communicatively coupled to the sensor, the processing system configured to determine exposure of the base layer through the coating in response to information about the presence of the gaseous byproduct obtained by the sensor. 2. The test station of claim 1 further comprising:
a clamping mechanism configured to urge the bottom end of the hollow tube against the coating layer. 3. The test station of claim 1, wherein the sensor holder is configured to couple the sensor to the top end of the hollow tube. 4. The test station of claim 1 further comprising:
a seal disposed at the bottom end of the hollow tube and configured to seal the hollow tube with the coating layer. 5. The test station of claim 1 further comprising:
a power source configured to electrically power the sensor. 6. The test station of claim 1, wherein the processing system further comprises:
an analog to digital converter (ADC) coupled to the sensor and configured to convert the analog output signal from analog to digital form. 7. A system for testing a coating comprising:
a plurality of test stations, each test station comprising:
a hollow tube having an open bottom end configured for sealingly engaging a coating layer of a semiconductor chamber component;
a sensor configured to generate an analog output signal, the sensor coupled to a top end of the hollow tube, the sensor configured to detect the presence of a gaseous byproduct of a reaction between a reagent disposed in the hollow tube and a base layer of the semiconductor chamber component disposed under the coating layer through a change in the analog output signal of the sensor; and
a sensor holder isolating and protecting the sensor coupled to the top end of the hollow tube from the reagent disposed in the hollow tube; and
a processing system communicatively coupled to each sensor of the plurality of test stations, the processing system configured to determine exposure of the base layer through the coating in response to information about the presence of the gaseous byproduct obtained by each sensor. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the processing system is communicatively coupled to each sensor of the plurality of test stations by at least one lead-wire. 9. The system of claim 8 further comprising:
a lead-wire storage device configured to store an excess length of the at least one lead-wire extending between the processing system and the sensor in each of the plurality of test stations. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein each test station further comprises:
a clamping mechanism configured to hold the bottom end of the hollow tube against the coating layer of the semiconductor chamber component disposed in the test station. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the sensor holder is configured to couple the sensor to the top end of the hollow tube. 12. The system of claim 7, wherein each test station further comprises:
a seal disposed at the bottom end of the hollow tube and configured to seal the hollow tube against the coating layer of the semiconductor chamber component disposed in the test station. 13. The system of claim 7 further comprising:
a power source configured to electrically power the sensors in each of the plurality of test stations. 14. The system of claim 7, wherein the processing system further comprises:
at least one analog to digital converter (ADC) coupled to the sensor in each of the plurality of test stations. 15-20. (canceled)
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Embodiments of the disclosure generally relate to a system, apparatus and method for testing a coating over a semiconductor chamber component. In one embodiment, a test station comprises a hollow tube, a sensor coupled to a top end of the tube and a processing system communicatively coupled to the sensor. The hollow tube has an open bottom end configured for sealingly engaging a coating layer of the semiconductor chamber component. The sensor is configured to detect the presence of a gaseous byproduct of a reaction between a reagent disposed in the hollow tube and a base layer disposed under the coating layer. The processing system is configured to determine exposure of the base layer through the coating layer in response to information about the presence of the gaseous byproduct. In another embodiment, the processing system is communicatively coupled to each sensor of a plurality of test stations.1. A test station for testing a coating comprising:
a hollow tube having an open bottom end configured for sealingly engaging a coating layer of a semiconductor chamber component; a sensor configured to generate an analog output signal, the sensor coupled to a top end of the hollow tube, the sensor configured to detect the presence of a gaseous byproduct of a reaction between a reagent disposed in the hollow tube and a base layer of the semiconductor chamber component disposed under the coating layer through a change in the analog output signal of the sensor; a sensor holder isolating and protecting the sensor coupled to the top end of the hollow tube from the reagent disposed in the hollow tube; and a processing system communicatively coupled to the sensor, the processing system configured to determine exposure of the base layer through the coating in response to information about the presence of the gaseous byproduct obtained by the sensor. 2. The test station of claim 1 further comprising:
a clamping mechanism configured to urge the bottom end of the hollow tube against the coating layer. 3. The test station of claim 1, wherein the sensor holder is configured to couple the sensor to the top end of the hollow tube. 4. The test station of claim 1 further comprising:
a seal disposed at the bottom end of the hollow tube and configured to seal the hollow tube with the coating layer. 5. The test station of claim 1 further comprising:
a power source configured to electrically power the sensor. 6. The test station of claim 1, wherein the processing system further comprises:
an analog to digital converter (ADC) coupled to the sensor and configured to convert the analog output signal from analog to digital form. 7. A system for testing a coating comprising:
a plurality of test stations, each test station comprising:
a hollow tube having an open bottom end configured for sealingly engaging a coating layer of a semiconductor chamber component;
a sensor configured to generate an analog output signal, the sensor coupled to a top end of the hollow tube, the sensor configured to detect the presence of a gaseous byproduct of a reaction between a reagent disposed in the hollow tube and a base layer of the semiconductor chamber component disposed under the coating layer through a change in the analog output signal of the sensor; and
a sensor holder isolating and protecting the sensor coupled to the top end of the hollow tube from the reagent disposed in the hollow tube; and
a processing system communicatively coupled to each sensor of the plurality of test stations, the processing system configured to determine exposure of the base layer through the coating in response to information about the presence of the gaseous byproduct obtained by each sensor. 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the processing system is communicatively coupled to each sensor of the plurality of test stations by at least one lead-wire. 9. The system of claim 8 further comprising:
a lead-wire storage device configured to store an excess length of the at least one lead-wire extending between the processing system and the sensor in each of the plurality of test stations. 10. The system of claim 7, wherein each test station further comprises:
a clamping mechanism configured to hold the bottom end of the hollow tube against the coating layer of the semiconductor chamber component disposed in the test station. 11. The system of claim 7, wherein the sensor holder is configured to couple the sensor to the top end of the hollow tube. 12. The system of claim 7, wherein each test station further comprises:
a seal disposed at the bottom end of the hollow tube and configured to seal the hollow tube against the coating layer of the semiconductor chamber component disposed in the test station. 13. The system of claim 7 further comprising:
a power source configured to electrically power the sensors in each of the plurality of test stations. 14. The system of claim 7, wherein the processing system further comprises:
at least one analog to digital converter (ADC) coupled to the sensor in each of the plurality of test stations. 15-20. (canceled)
| 1,700 |
3,312 | 12,625,143 | 1,723 |
Systems and methods for monitoring and responding to forces influencing batteries of electronic devices are provided. One or more sensors may be provided at various positions within a battery assembly including one or more battery cells within an enclosure. In some embodiments, a sensor may be provided between a battery cell and a portion of the enclosure. In other embodiments, a sensor may be positioned between two adjacent cells in a stack. Each sensor may detect a force influencing a battery cell of the assembly. In some embodiments, the sensor may be a force sensing material having a conductance configured to vary based on the influencing force. In other embodiments, the sensor may be a contact sensor that detects when the influencing force moves two elements together.
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1. A battery assembly comprising:
an enclosure; a first battery cell positioned within the enclosure; and a first sensor positioned within the enclosure for detecting at least one force influencing the first battery cell. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1 further comprising an adhesive layer positioned between the first battery cell and the enclosure, wherein the first sensor is positioned between the first battery cell and the enclosure. 3. The battery assembly of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the adhesive layer is positioned adjacent at least a portion the first sensor in a plane between the first battery cell and the enclosure. 4. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the adhesive layer extends around at least a portion of the first sensor in the plane. 5. The battery assembly of claim 2, wherein a portion of the first sensor extends through a gap in the adhesive layer towards an edge of the first battery cell. 6. The battery assembly of claim 2, wherein a portion of the adhesive layer is positioned between the first sensor and one of the first battery cell and the enclosure. 7. The battery assembly of claim 1 further comprising a deformable element positioned between the first battery cell and the enclosure, wherein the first sensor is positioned between the first battery cell and the enclosure. 8. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein:
the enclosure comprises an enclosure portion of protective film; and the first sensor is positioned between first battery cell and the enclosure portion. 9. The battery assembly of claim 8, wherein the protective film is a polyester film. 10. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein:
the enclosure comprises a plastic case portion; and the first sensor is positioned between first battery cell and the plastic case portion. 11. The battery assembly of claim 1 further comprising a second battery cell stacked on top of the first battery cell, wherein the first sensor is positioned between the first battery cell and the second battery cell. 12. The battery assembly of claim 11 further comprising an adhesive layer between the first battery cell and the second battery cell. 13. The battery assembly of claim 12, wherein at least a portion of the adhesive layer is positioned adjacent at least a portion the first sensor in a plane between the first battery cell and the second battery cell. 14. The battery assembly of claim 13, wherein the adhesive layer extends around at least a portion of the first sensor in the plane. 15. The battery assembly of claim 12, wherein a portion of the first sensor extends through a gap in the adhesive layer towards an edge of the first battery cell. 16. The battery assembly of claim 12, wherein a portion of the adhesive layer is positioned between the first sensor and one of the first battery cell and the second battery cell. 17. The battery assembly of claim 1 further comprising:
a second battery cell stacked on top of the first battery cell, wherein the first sensor is positioned between the first battery cell and the second battery cell; a third battery cell stacked on top of the second battery cell; and a second sensor positioned between the third battery cell and the second battery cell for detecting at least one force influencing the third battery cell. 18. The battery assembly of claim 17 further comprising a processor configured to:
receive a first sensor output signal from the first sensor; receive a second sensor output signal from the second sensor; conduct an evaluation based at least on the received output signals; and generate at least one processor output signal based on the evaluation. 19. The battery assembly of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to alter an operation of the third battery cell independently from an operation of the first battery cell based on the at least one processor output signal. 20. The battery assembly of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to turn off the third battery cell and to maintain operation of the first battery cell based on the at least one processor output signal. 21. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first sensor comprises:
force sensing material having a conductance that is configured to vary based on the at least one force influencing the first battery cell; and force sensing circuitry coupled to the force sensing material, wherein the force sensing circuitry is configured to produce a force output signal based on the conductance of the force sensing material. 22. The battery assembly of claim 21, wherein the force sensing material comprises at least one variable electrical conductor. 23. The battery assembly of claim 22, wherein the at least one variable electrical conductor has a first level of electrical conductance when the at least one variable electrical conductor is quiescent, and wherein the at least one variable electrical conductor has a second level of conductance when a mechanical stress is applied to the at least one variable electrical conductor. 24. The battery assembly of claim 22, wherein the at least one variable electrical conductor is a quantum tunneling composite. 25. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first sensor comprises a contact sensor. 26. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first sensor comprises a pressure sensitive ink. 27. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first sensor comprises at least one of a polymer membrane binary switch and a discrete dome switch. 28. A method for monitoring a battery comprising a first cell and a second cell stacked within an enclosure, the method comprising:
positioning a first sensor material between the first cell and one of the second cell and the enclosure; varying the conductance of the first material based on at least one force influencing the first cell; and producing a first force output signal based on the conductance of the first material. 29. The method of claim 28 further comprising controlling a facility of the first cell based on the force output signal. 30. The method of claim 28 further comprising:
receiving a battery status signal, wherein the battery status signal is responsive to at least one of a voltage, a current, and a temperature of the first cell; evaluating the first force output signal and the battery status signal; and generating at least one evaluated output signal based on the evaluation of the first force output signal and the battery status signal.
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Systems and methods for monitoring and responding to forces influencing batteries of electronic devices are provided. One or more sensors may be provided at various positions within a battery assembly including one or more battery cells within an enclosure. In some embodiments, a sensor may be provided between a battery cell and a portion of the enclosure. In other embodiments, a sensor may be positioned between two adjacent cells in a stack. Each sensor may detect a force influencing a battery cell of the assembly. In some embodiments, the sensor may be a force sensing material having a conductance configured to vary based on the influencing force. In other embodiments, the sensor may be a contact sensor that detects when the influencing force moves two elements together.1. A battery assembly comprising:
an enclosure; a first battery cell positioned within the enclosure; and a first sensor positioned within the enclosure for detecting at least one force influencing the first battery cell. 2. The battery assembly of claim 1 further comprising an adhesive layer positioned between the first battery cell and the enclosure, wherein the first sensor is positioned between the first battery cell and the enclosure. 3. The battery assembly of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the adhesive layer is positioned adjacent at least a portion the first sensor in a plane between the first battery cell and the enclosure. 4. The battery assembly of claim 3, wherein the adhesive layer extends around at least a portion of the first sensor in the plane. 5. The battery assembly of claim 2, wherein a portion of the first sensor extends through a gap in the adhesive layer towards an edge of the first battery cell. 6. The battery assembly of claim 2, wherein a portion of the adhesive layer is positioned between the first sensor and one of the first battery cell and the enclosure. 7. The battery assembly of claim 1 further comprising a deformable element positioned between the first battery cell and the enclosure, wherein the first sensor is positioned between the first battery cell and the enclosure. 8. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein:
the enclosure comprises an enclosure portion of protective film; and the first sensor is positioned between first battery cell and the enclosure portion. 9. The battery assembly of claim 8, wherein the protective film is a polyester film. 10. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein:
the enclosure comprises a plastic case portion; and the first sensor is positioned between first battery cell and the plastic case portion. 11. The battery assembly of claim 1 further comprising a second battery cell stacked on top of the first battery cell, wherein the first sensor is positioned between the first battery cell and the second battery cell. 12. The battery assembly of claim 11 further comprising an adhesive layer between the first battery cell and the second battery cell. 13. The battery assembly of claim 12, wherein at least a portion of the adhesive layer is positioned adjacent at least a portion the first sensor in a plane between the first battery cell and the second battery cell. 14. The battery assembly of claim 13, wherein the adhesive layer extends around at least a portion of the first sensor in the plane. 15. The battery assembly of claim 12, wherein a portion of the first sensor extends through a gap in the adhesive layer towards an edge of the first battery cell. 16. The battery assembly of claim 12, wherein a portion of the adhesive layer is positioned between the first sensor and one of the first battery cell and the second battery cell. 17. The battery assembly of claim 1 further comprising:
a second battery cell stacked on top of the first battery cell, wherein the first sensor is positioned between the first battery cell and the second battery cell; a third battery cell stacked on top of the second battery cell; and a second sensor positioned between the third battery cell and the second battery cell for detecting at least one force influencing the third battery cell. 18. The battery assembly of claim 17 further comprising a processor configured to:
receive a first sensor output signal from the first sensor; receive a second sensor output signal from the second sensor; conduct an evaluation based at least on the received output signals; and generate at least one processor output signal based on the evaluation. 19. The battery assembly of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to alter an operation of the third battery cell independently from an operation of the first battery cell based on the at least one processor output signal. 20. The battery assembly of claim 18, wherein the processor is further configured to turn off the third battery cell and to maintain operation of the first battery cell based on the at least one processor output signal. 21. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first sensor comprises:
force sensing material having a conductance that is configured to vary based on the at least one force influencing the first battery cell; and force sensing circuitry coupled to the force sensing material, wherein the force sensing circuitry is configured to produce a force output signal based on the conductance of the force sensing material. 22. The battery assembly of claim 21, wherein the force sensing material comprises at least one variable electrical conductor. 23. The battery assembly of claim 22, wherein the at least one variable electrical conductor has a first level of electrical conductance when the at least one variable electrical conductor is quiescent, and wherein the at least one variable electrical conductor has a second level of conductance when a mechanical stress is applied to the at least one variable electrical conductor. 24. The battery assembly of claim 22, wherein the at least one variable electrical conductor is a quantum tunneling composite. 25. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first sensor comprises a contact sensor. 26. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first sensor comprises a pressure sensitive ink. 27. The battery assembly of claim 1, wherein the first sensor comprises at least one of a polymer membrane binary switch and a discrete dome switch. 28. A method for monitoring a battery comprising a first cell and a second cell stacked within an enclosure, the method comprising:
positioning a first sensor material between the first cell and one of the second cell and the enclosure; varying the conductance of the first material based on at least one force influencing the first cell; and producing a first force output signal based on the conductance of the first material. 29. The method of claim 28 further comprising controlling a facility of the first cell based on the force output signal. 30. The method of claim 28 further comprising:
receiving a battery status signal, wherein the battery status signal is responsive to at least one of a voltage, a current, and a temperature of the first cell; evaluating the first force output signal and the battery status signal; and generating at least one evaluated output signal based on the evaluation of the first force output signal and the battery status signal.
| 1,700 |
3,313 | 14,906,419 | 1,778 |
A method and an apparatus for treating water containing boron that enable boron to be removed from water containing boron with efficiency by using an RO device and an ion-exchange device in the acidic to neutral pH range in which an RO film has high resistance to degradation are provided. A method for treating water containing boron, comprising: a step in which water containing boron is passed through a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device; and a step in which the water passed through the device is subsequently treated by an ion-exchange device. An apparatus for treating water containing boron comprising: a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device into which water containing boron is fed; and an ion-exchange device through which water that permeated through the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device is passed.
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1. A method for treating water containing boron, comprising:
a step in which water containing boron is passed through a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device; and a step in which the water passed through the device is subsequently treated by an ion-exchange device. 2. The method for treating water containing boron according to claim 1, wherein the ion-exchange device includes any one of regenerative ion-exchange devices described in a) to e) below,
a) a single-bed, single-tower regenerative ion-exchange device packed with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin, b) a two-bed, two-tower regenerative ion-exchange device including a cation-exchange resin tower packed with a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and an anion-exchange resin tower packed with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin, the cation-exchange resin tower and the anion-exchange resin tower being connected to each other in series, c) a two-bed, one-tower regenerative ion-exchange device including one ion-exchange resin tower in which a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and a strongly basic anion-exchange resin are arranged to form independent layers, d) a mixed-bed regenerative ion-exchange device including one tower packed with a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and a strongly basic anion-exchange resin that are uniformly mixed together, and e) a regenerative ion-exchange device including one or more electric regenerative deionizing apparatus connected to one another in series. 3. The method for treating water containing boron according to claim 1, wherein the water containing boron is subjected to a coagulation treatment and a filtration treatment prior to being fed to the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device. 4. The method for treating water containing boron according to claim 1, wherein water fed to the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device has a pH of 5 to 8. 5. An apparatus for treating water containing boron comprising:
a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device into which water containing boron is fed; and an ion-exchange device through which water that permeated through the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device is passed. 6. The apparatus for treating water containing boron according to claim 5, wherein the ion-exchange device includes any one of regenerative ion-exchange devices described in a) to e) below,
a) a single-bed, single-tower regenerative ion-exchange device packed with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin, b) a two-bed, two-tower regenerative ion-exchange device including a cation-exchange resin tower packed with a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and an anion-exchange resin tower packed with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin, the cation-exchange resin tower and the anion-exchange resin tower being connected to each other in series, c) a two-bed, one-tower regenerative ion-exchange device including one ion-exchange resin tower in which a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and a strongly basic anion-exchange resin are arranged to form independent layers, d) a mixed-bed regenerative ion-exchange device including one tower packed with a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and a strongly basic anion-exchange resin that are uniformly mixed together, and e) a regenerative ion-exchange device including one or more electric regenerative deionizing apparatus connected to one another in series. 7. The apparatus for treating water containing boron according to claim 5, the apparatus comprising a coagulation treatment device and a filtration device disposed upstream of the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device.
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A method and an apparatus for treating water containing boron that enable boron to be removed from water containing boron with efficiency by using an RO device and an ion-exchange device in the acidic to neutral pH range in which an RO film has high resistance to degradation are provided. A method for treating water containing boron, comprising: a step in which water containing boron is passed through a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device; and a step in which the water passed through the device is subsequently treated by an ion-exchange device. An apparatus for treating water containing boron comprising: a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device into which water containing boron is fed; and an ion-exchange device through which water that permeated through the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device is passed.1. A method for treating water containing boron, comprising:
a step in which water containing boron is passed through a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device; and a step in which the water passed through the device is subsequently treated by an ion-exchange device. 2. The method for treating water containing boron according to claim 1, wherein the ion-exchange device includes any one of regenerative ion-exchange devices described in a) to e) below,
a) a single-bed, single-tower regenerative ion-exchange device packed with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin, b) a two-bed, two-tower regenerative ion-exchange device including a cation-exchange resin tower packed with a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and an anion-exchange resin tower packed with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin, the cation-exchange resin tower and the anion-exchange resin tower being connected to each other in series, c) a two-bed, one-tower regenerative ion-exchange device including one ion-exchange resin tower in which a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and a strongly basic anion-exchange resin are arranged to form independent layers, d) a mixed-bed regenerative ion-exchange device including one tower packed with a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and a strongly basic anion-exchange resin that are uniformly mixed together, and e) a regenerative ion-exchange device including one or more electric regenerative deionizing apparatus connected to one another in series. 3. The method for treating water containing boron according to claim 1, wherein the water containing boron is subjected to a coagulation treatment and a filtration treatment prior to being fed to the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device. 4. The method for treating water containing boron according to claim 1, wherein water fed to the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device has a pH of 5 to 8. 5. An apparatus for treating water containing boron comprising:
a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device into which water containing boron is fed; and an ion-exchange device through which water that permeated through the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device is passed. 6. The apparatus for treating water containing boron according to claim 5, wherein the ion-exchange device includes any one of regenerative ion-exchange devices described in a) to e) below,
a) a single-bed, single-tower regenerative ion-exchange device packed with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin, b) a two-bed, two-tower regenerative ion-exchange device including a cation-exchange resin tower packed with a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and an anion-exchange resin tower packed with a strongly basic anion-exchange resin, the cation-exchange resin tower and the anion-exchange resin tower being connected to each other in series, c) a two-bed, one-tower regenerative ion-exchange device including one ion-exchange resin tower in which a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and a strongly basic anion-exchange resin are arranged to form independent layers, d) a mixed-bed regenerative ion-exchange device including one tower packed with a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin and a strongly basic anion-exchange resin that are uniformly mixed together, and e) a regenerative ion-exchange device including one or more electric regenerative deionizing apparatus connected to one another in series. 7. The apparatus for treating water containing boron according to claim 5, the apparatus comprising a coagulation treatment device and a filtration device disposed upstream of the high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane device.
| 1,700 |
3,314 | 14,820,160 | 1,716 |
Provided herein is an apparatus comprising a deposition chamber with a cathode, and a means for creating an asymmetric field about the cathode.
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1. An apparatus comprising:
a deposition chamber; a cathode in the deposition chamber,
wherein the cathode comprises a filament;
a magnet adjacent to a deposition chamber; a magnet holder connected to the magnet; and a motor configured to create an asymmetric field about the filament through movement of the magnet. 2. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the magnet holder comprises a sleeve. 3. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the magnet holder comprises a first plate. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
an enclosure surrounding the magnet. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising:
a second plate adjacent to the enclosure. 6. The apparatus of claim 5,
wherein the magnet holder and the second plate are configured for relative rotation. 7. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the filament is asymmetrical relative to a centerline axis. 8. An apparatus comprising:
a deposition chamber including a cathode; and a means for creating an asymmetric field about the cathode. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising:
a magnet array adjacent to the deposition chamber comprising a magnet,
wherein the means for creating an asymmetric field about the cathode includes a motor configured to move the magnet. 10. The apparatus of claim 8,
wherein the means for creating the asymmetric field about the cathode includes multiple magnet arrays. 11. The apparatus of claim 8,
wherein the means for creating the asymmetric field about the cathode includes multiple magnets and non-magnetic weights. 12. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the magnet is stationary relative to a plate during movement of the magnet array. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising:
a non-magnetic weight positioned to counter balance the magnet. 14. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the magnet is positioned outside a feed-through diameter. 15. A method comprising:
positioning a magnet in a first position relative to a deposition chamber; and moving the magnet to a second position relative to the first position,
wherein the moving the magnet to the second position creates an asymmetric magnetic field about a filament in the deposition chamber. 16. The method of claim 15,
wherein moving the magnet to the second position comprises rotating the magnet. 17. The method of claim 15,
wherein moving the magnet to the second position comprises rotating a plate adjacent to the magnet. 18. The method of claim 15,
wherein moving the magnet to the second position affects an asymmetric plasma distribution. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
operating a motor adjacent to the magnet. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
positioning a non-magnetic weight adjacent to the magnet.
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Provided herein is an apparatus comprising a deposition chamber with a cathode, and a means for creating an asymmetric field about the cathode.1. An apparatus comprising:
a deposition chamber; a cathode in the deposition chamber,
wherein the cathode comprises a filament;
a magnet adjacent to a deposition chamber; a magnet holder connected to the magnet; and a motor configured to create an asymmetric field about the filament through movement of the magnet. 2. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the magnet holder comprises a sleeve. 3. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the magnet holder comprises a first plate. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:
an enclosure surrounding the magnet. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising:
a second plate adjacent to the enclosure. 6. The apparatus of claim 5,
wherein the magnet holder and the second plate are configured for relative rotation. 7. The apparatus of claim 1,
wherein the filament is asymmetrical relative to a centerline axis. 8. An apparatus comprising:
a deposition chamber including a cathode; and a means for creating an asymmetric field about the cathode. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising:
a magnet array adjacent to the deposition chamber comprising a magnet,
wherein the means for creating an asymmetric field about the cathode includes a motor configured to move the magnet. 10. The apparatus of claim 8,
wherein the means for creating the asymmetric field about the cathode includes multiple magnet arrays. 11. The apparatus of claim 8,
wherein the means for creating the asymmetric field about the cathode includes multiple magnets and non-magnetic weights. 12. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the magnet is stationary relative to a plate during movement of the magnet array. 13. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising:
a non-magnetic weight positioned to counter balance the magnet. 14. The apparatus of claim 9,
wherein the magnet is positioned outside a feed-through diameter. 15. A method comprising:
positioning a magnet in a first position relative to a deposition chamber; and moving the magnet to a second position relative to the first position,
wherein the moving the magnet to the second position creates an asymmetric magnetic field about a filament in the deposition chamber. 16. The method of claim 15,
wherein moving the magnet to the second position comprises rotating the magnet. 17. The method of claim 15,
wherein moving the magnet to the second position comprises rotating a plate adjacent to the magnet. 18. The method of claim 15,
wherein moving the magnet to the second position affects an asymmetric plasma distribution. 19. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
operating a motor adjacent to the magnet. 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising:
positioning a non-magnetic weight adjacent to the magnet.
| 1,700 |
3,315 | 13,799,242 | 1,714 |
The present invention relates to the acidic cleaning in the beer industry, and more particularly an improved process for acidic cleaning of the various elements and vessels that are used in the preparation of beer and other and other related fermented beverages, said cleaning being carried out by using a formulation comprising at least one alkane sulphonic acid.
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1. Process for the cleaning of an installation used in the preparation of beer or other related fermented beverages, comprising the steps of:
a) optional pre-washing of the installation; b) washing of the installation by circulation in said installation of an effective quantity of a formulation comprising at least one alkane sulphonic acid; and c) rinsing of said installation by circulation of a rinsing solution. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the installation comprises one or more elements chosen from among tanks, vessels, barrels, fermentors, drains, valves, bottles or beer cans. 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein the pre-washing step is carried out with an aqueous solution of sodium hudroxide or potassium hydroxide. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the said at least one alkane sulphonic acid is chosen from among methane sulphonic acid, ethane sulphonic acid, n-propane sulphonic acid, iso-propane sulphonic acid, n-butane sulphonic acid, iso-butane sulphonic acid, sec-butane sulphonic acid, tert-butane sulphonic acid, or mixtures thereof. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation comprises at least methane sulphonic acid. 6. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation comprises from 0.1 to 100 weight % of alkane sulphonic acid. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation comprises from 0.5 to 90 weight of alkane sulphonic acid. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation comprises from from 0.5 to 5 weight % of alkane sulphonic acid. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation further comprises an additive chosen from rheological additives, solvents, biocides and other texture agents, co-solvents, organic or inorganic acids, thickening agents, surface-active agents, foaming agents, anti-foaming agents or mixtures thereof. 10. Process according to claim 9, wherein said organic or inorganic acids is selected from sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulphamic acid or citric acid. 11. Process according to claim 1, wherein the washing of the installation by circulation is carried out at a temperature ranging between 0° C. and 100° C. in a fermentor 12. Process according to claim 1, wherein the washing of the installation by circulation is carried out at a temperature ranging between 5° C. and 40° C. in a fermentor. 13. Process according to claim 1, wherein the washing of the installation by circulation is carried out at a temperature ranging between 5° C. and 20° C. in the fermentor. 14. Process according to claim 1, wherein the washing of the installation by circulation is carried out at a temperature ranging between 60° C. and 80° C. in barrels, bottles or cans. 15. Process for cleaning an installation used for the preparation of beer, comprising the steps of:
a) optional pre-washing of said installation using a dilute alkaline solution; b) washing of said installation by circulating in said installation of a formulation comprising at least methane sulphonic acid; and c) rinsing said installation by circulating water. 16. Process for elimination of organic and inorganic stains and residues in containers used for the preparation of fermented beverages comprising washing with at least one alkane sulphonic acid. 17. Process according to claim 16 wherein said at least one alkane sulfonic acids comprises at least one methane sulfonic acid. 18. Process according to claim 16, wherein said organic and inorganic stains and residues comprise beer stones and yeast rings.
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The present invention relates to the acidic cleaning in the beer industry, and more particularly an improved process for acidic cleaning of the various elements and vessels that are used in the preparation of beer and other and other related fermented beverages, said cleaning being carried out by using a formulation comprising at least one alkane sulphonic acid.1. Process for the cleaning of an installation used in the preparation of beer or other related fermented beverages, comprising the steps of:
a) optional pre-washing of the installation; b) washing of the installation by circulation in said installation of an effective quantity of a formulation comprising at least one alkane sulphonic acid; and c) rinsing of said installation by circulation of a rinsing solution. 2. Process according to claim 1, wherein the installation comprises one or more elements chosen from among tanks, vessels, barrels, fermentors, drains, valves, bottles or beer cans. 3. Process according to claim 1, wherein the pre-washing step is carried out with an aqueous solution of sodium hudroxide or potassium hydroxide. 4. Process according to claim 1, wherein the said at least one alkane sulphonic acid is chosen from among methane sulphonic acid, ethane sulphonic acid, n-propane sulphonic acid, iso-propane sulphonic acid, n-butane sulphonic acid, iso-butane sulphonic acid, sec-butane sulphonic acid, tert-butane sulphonic acid, or mixtures thereof. 5. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation comprises at least methane sulphonic acid. 6. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation comprises from 0.1 to 100 weight % of alkane sulphonic acid. 7. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation comprises from 0.5 to 90 weight of alkane sulphonic acid. 8. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation comprises from from 0.5 to 5 weight % of alkane sulphonic acid. 9. Process according to claim 1, wherein the cleaning formulation further comprises an additive chosen from rheological additives, solvents, biocides and other texture agents, co-solvents, organic or inorganic acids, thickening agents, surface-active agents, foaming agents, anti-foaming agents or mixtures thereof. 10. Process according to claim 9, wherein said organic or inorganic acids is selected from sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulphamic acid or citric acid. 11. Process according to claim 1, wherein the washing of the installation by circulation is carried out at a temperature ranging between 0° C. and 100° C. in a fermentor 12. Process according to claim 1, wherein the washing of the installation by circulation is carried out at a temperature ranging between 5° C. and 40° C. in a fermentor. 13. Process according to claim 1, wherein the washing of the installation by circulation is carried out at a temperature ranging between 5° C. and 20° C. in the fermentor. 14. Process according to claim 1, wherein the washing of the installation by circulation is carried out at a temperature ranging between 60° C. and 80° C. in barrels, bottles or cans. 15. Process for cleaning an installation used for the preparation of beer, comprising the steps of:
a) optional pre-washing of said installation using a dilute alkaline solution; b) washing of said installation by circulating in said installation of a formulation comprising at least methane sulphonic acid; and c) rinsing said installation by circulating water. 16. Process for elimination of organic and inorganic stains and residues in containers used for the preparation of fermented beverages comprising washing with at least one alkane sulphonic acid. 17. Process according to claim 16 wherein said at least one alkane sulfonic acids comprises at least one methane sulfonic acid. 18. Process according to claim 16, wherein said organic and inorganic stains and residues comprise beer stones and yeast rings.
| 1,700 |
3,316 | 11,374,369 | 1,771 |
Methods and systems for mixing a catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock preparatory to hydroprocessing the heavy oil feedstock in a reactor to form an upgraded feedstock. Achieving very good dispersion of the catalyst precursor facilitates and maximizes the advantages of the colloidal or molecular hydroprocessing catalyst. A catalyst precursor and a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor are provided. The catalyst precursor is pre-mixed with a hydrocarbon oil diluent, forming a diluted catalyst precursor. The diluted precursor is then mixed with at least a portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture. Finally, the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture is mixed with any remainder of the heavy oil feedstock, resulting in the catalyst precursor being homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level within the heavy oil feedstock.
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1. A method for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor having a relatively low viscosity into a heavy oil feedstock having a relatively high viscosity, comprising:
pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor, the diluent having a boiling point of at least about 150° C.; mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 2. A method as in claim 1, wherein the diluent comprises one or more of vacuum gas oil, decant oil, cycle oil, start up diesel, or light gas oil. 3. A method as in claim 1, wherein the diluent comprises a portion of the heavy oil feedstock. 4. A method as in claim 1, wherein the catalyst precursor is mixed with the diluent in a static low shear in-line mixer so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor. 5. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:500 and about 1:1. 6. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:150 and about 1:2. 7. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:100 and about 1:5. 8. A method as in claim 1, wherein the step of mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with at least a portion of the heavy oil feedstock in a static low shear in-line mixer. 9. A method as in claim 8, wherein the step of mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock further comprises mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with at least a portion of the heavy oil in a high shear mixer subsequent to mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with at least a portion of the heavy oil feedstock in static low shear in-line mixer. 10. A method as in claim 1, wherein the diluted catalyst precursor is initially mixed with only a portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a blended feedstock composition, and wherein the method further comprises thoroughly mixing the blended feedstock composition with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 11. A method as in claim 10, wherein the step of mixing the blended feedstock composition with the remainder of the heavy oil feedstock comprises introducing the blended feedstock composition with the remainder of the heavy oil feedstock into a surge tank and allowing the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 12. A method as in claim 11, wherein the step of mixing the blended feedstock composition with the remainder of the heavy oil feedstock further comprises pumping the contents of the surge tank to a hydroprocessing reactor by means of one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps. 13. A method as in claim 10, wherein the diluted catalyst precursor is initially mixed with a portion of the heavy oil feedstock comprising between about 10 percent and about 95 percent of the heavy oil feedstock. 14. A method as in claim 10, wherein the diluted catalyst precursor is initially mixed with a portion of the heavy oil feedstock comprising between about 40 percent and about 80 percent of the heavy oil feedstock. 15. A method as in claim 10, wherein the diluted catalyst precursor is initially mixed with a portion of the heavy oil feedstock comprising between about 65 percent and about 75 percent of the heavy oil feedstock. 16. A method as in claim 1, wherein pre-mixing and mixing occurs at a temperature between about 25° C. and about 300° C. 17. A method as in claim 1, wherein pre-mixing and mixing occurs at a temperature between about 50° C. and about 200° C. 18. A method as in claim 1, wherein pre-mixing and mixing occurs at a temperature between about 75° C. and about 150° C. 19. A method for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor having a relatively low viscosity into a heavy oil feedstock having a relatively high viscosity, comprising:
pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; dividing a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor into at least a first stream and a second stream; mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the first stream of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a blended oil feedstock composition; and thoroughly mixing the blended oil feedstock composition with the second stream of the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 20. A method for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor having a relatively low viscosity into a heavy oil feedstock having a relatively high viscosity, comprising:
pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; and mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock; wherein the step of pre-mixing the catalyst precursor with the diluent and/or the step of mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock is performed in a mixing apparatus for introducing turbulence, the mixing apparatus comprising at least one static in-line mixer, at least one dynamic high shear mixer, or any combination thereof so as to introduce turbulence to pre-mix the catalyst precursor with the diluent and/or to mix the catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock. 21. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
means for pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor, the diluent having a boiling point of at least about 150° C.; means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture wherein the catalyst precursor is homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 22. A system as in claim 21, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor with a diluent comprises a static low shear in-line mixer. 23. A system as in claim 22, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 2 and about 20 mixing stages. 24. A system as in claim 22, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 7 and about 15 mixing stages. 25. A system as in claim 22, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 8 and about 12 mixing stages. 26. A system as in claim 21, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises a static low shear in-line mixer. 27. A system as in claim 26, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 2 and about 20 mixing stages. 28. A system as in claim 26, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 7 and about 15 mixing stages. 29. A system as in claim 26, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 8 and about 12 mixing stages. 30. A system as in claim 26, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock further comprises a dynamic high shear mixer. 31. A system as recited in claim 30, wherein the high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.001 second and about 20 minutes. 32. A system as recited in claim 30, wherein the high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.005 second and about 20 seconds. 33. A system as recited in claim 30, wherein the high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.01 second and about 3 seconds. 34. A system as in claim 21, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a portion of the heavy oil feedstock, further comprising means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 35. A system as in claim 34, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock comprises a surge tank having a residence time so as to allow the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock so as to result in the catalyst precursor being substantially homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level within the heavy oil feedstock. 36. A system as in claim 35, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 5 minutes and about 60 minutes. 37. A system as in claim 35, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 10 minutes and about 50 minutes. 38. A system as in claim 35, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 20 minutes and about 40 minutes. 39. A system as in claim 35, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock further comprises one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps. 40. A system as in claim 39, wherein at least one of the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises at least about 10 compression stages. 41. A system as in claim 39, wherein the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises two or more pumps arranged in parallel. 42. A system as in claim 39, wherein the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises two or more pumps arranged in series. 43. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, the heavy oil feedstock being divided into a first portion and a remainder portion, comprising:
means for mixing the catalyst precursor with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the first portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture; and means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with the remainder portion of the heavy oil feedstock. 44. A system-for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
a first static low shear in-line mixer for mixing the catalyst precursor having a first viscosity with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; and at least one second static low shear in-line mixer, at least one dynamic high shear mixer, or any combination thereof for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture. 45. A system as in claim 44, further comprising a surge tank providing a residence time so as to allow the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 46. A system as in claim 44, further comprising one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps for pumping the contents of the surge tank to a hydroprocessing reactor.
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Methods and systems for mixing a catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock preparatory to hydroprocessing the heavy oil feedstock in a reactor to form an upgraded feedstock. Achieving very good dispersion of the catalyst precursor facilitates and maximizes the advantages of the colloidal or molecular hydroprocessing catalyst. A catalyst precursor and a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor are provided. The catalyst precursor is pre-mixed with a hydrocarbon oil diluent, forming a diluted catalyst precursor. The diluted precursor is then mixed with at least a portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture. Finally, the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture is mixed with any remainder of the heavy oil feedstock, resulting in the catalyst precursor being homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level within the heavy oil feedstock.1. A method for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor having a relatively low viscosity into a heavy oil feedstock having a relatively high viscosity, comprising:
pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor, the diluent having a boiling point of at least about 150° C.; mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 2. A method as in claim 1, wherein the diluent comprises one or more of vacuum gas oil, decant oil, cycle oil, start up diesel, or light gas oil. 3. A method as in claim 1, wherein the diluent comprises a portion of the heavy oil feedstock. 4. A method as in claim 1, wherein the catalyst precursor is mixed with the diluent in a static low shear in-line mixer so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor. 5. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:500 and about 1:1. 6. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:150 and about 1:2. 7. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of catalyst precursor to diluent is between about 1:100 and about 1:5. 8. A method as in claim 1, wherein the step of mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with at least a portion of the heavy oil feedstock in a static low shear in-line mixer. 9. A method as in claim 8, wherein the step of mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock further comprises mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with at least a portion of the heavy oil in a high shear mixer subsequent to mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with at least a portion of the heavy oil feedstock in static low shear in-line mixer. 10. A method as in claim 1, wherein the diluted catalyst precursor is initially mixed with only a portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a blended feedstock composition, and wherein the method further comprises thoroughly mixing the blended feedstock composition with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 11. A method as in claim 10, wherein the step of mixing the blended feedstock composition with the remainder of the heavy oil feedstock comprises introducing the blended feedstock composition with the remainder of the heavy oil feedstock into a surge tank and allowing the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 12. A method as in claim 11, wherein the step of mixing the blended feedstock composition with the remainder of the heavy oil feedstock further comprises pumping the contents of the surge tank to a hydroprocessing reactor by means of one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps. 13. A method as in claim 10, wherein the diluted catalyst precursor is initially mixed with a portion of the heavy oil feedstock comprising between about 10 percent and about 95 percent of the heavy oil feedstock. 14. A method as in claim 10, wherein the diluted catalyst precursor is initially mixed with a portion of the heavy oil feedstock comprising between about 40 percent and about 80 percent of the heavy oil feedstock. 15. A method as in claim 10, wherein the diluted catalyst precursor is initially mixed with a portion of the heavy oil feedstock comprising between about 65 percent and about 75 percent of the heavy oil feedstock. 16. A method as in claim 1, wherein pre-mixing and mixing occurs at a temperature between about 25° C. and about 300° C. 17. A method as in claim 1, wherein pre-mixing and mixing occurs at a temperature between about 50° C. and about 200° C. 18. A method as in claim 1, wherein pre-mixing and mixing occurs at a temperature between about 75° C. and about 150° C. 19. A method for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor having a relatively low viscosity into a heavy oil feedstock having a relatively high viscosity, comprising:
pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; dividing a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor into at least a first stream and a second stream; mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the first stream of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a blended oil feedstock composition; and thoroughly mixing the blended oil feedstock composition with the second stream of the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 20. A method for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor having a relatively low viscosity into a heavy oil feedstock having a relatively high viscosity, comprising:
pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; and mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the heavy oil feedstock; wherein the step of pre-mixing the catalyst precursor with the diluent and/or the step of mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock is performed in a mixing apparatus for introducing turbulence, the mixing apparatus comprising at least one static in-line mixer, at least one dynamic high shear mixer, or any combination thereof so as to introduce turbulence to pre-mix the catalyst precursor with the diluent and/or to mix the catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock. 21. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
means for pre-mixing a catalyst precursor with a diluent so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed throughout the diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor, the diluent having a boiling point of at least about 150° C.; means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture wherein the catalyst precursor is homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 22. A system as in claim 21, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor with a diluent comprises a static low shear in-line mixer. 23. A system as in claim 22, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 2 and about 20 mixing stages. 24. A system as in claim 22, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 7 and about 15 mixing stages. 25. A system as in claim 22, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 8 and about 12 mixing stages. 26. A system as in claim 21, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises a static low shear in-line mixer. 27. A system as in claim 26, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 2 and about 20 mixing stages. 28. A system as in claim 26, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 7 and about 15 mixing stages. 29. A system as in claim 26, wherein the static low shear in-line mixer is characterized as including between about 8 and about 12 mixing stages. 30. A system as in claim 26, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock further comprises a dynamic high shear mixer. 31. A system as recited in claim 30, wherein the high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.001 second and about 20 minutes. 32. A system as recited in claim 30, wherein the high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.005 second and about 20 seconds. 33. A system as recited in claim 30, wherein the high shear mixer provides a residence time between about 0.01 second and about 3 seconds. 34. A system as in claim 21, wherein the means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock comprises means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with a portion of the heavy oil feedstock, further comprising means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock so that the catalyst precursor is substantially homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 35. A system as in claim 34, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock comprises a surge tank having a residence time so as to allow the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock so as to result in the catalyst precursor being substantially homogeneously dispersed on a colloidal and/or molecular level within the heavy oil feedstock. 36. A system as in claim 35, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 5 minutes and about 60 minutes. 37. A system as in claim 35, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 10 minutes and about 50 minutes. 38. A system as in claim 35, wherein the surge tank provides a residence time between about 20 minutes and about 40 minutes. 39. A system as in claim 35, wherein the means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with a remainder of the heavy oil feedstock further comprises one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps. 40. A system as in claim 39, wherein at least one of the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises at least about 10 compression stages. 41. A system as in claim 39, wherein the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises two or more pumps arranged in parallel. 42. A system as in claim 39, wherein the one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps comprises two or more pumps arranged in series. 43. A system for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, the heavy oil feedstock being divided into a first portion and a remainder portion, comprising:
means for mixing the catalyst precursor with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; means for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the first portion of the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture; and means for mixing the catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture with the remainder portion of the heavy oil feedstock. 44. A system-for homogeneously mixing a catalyst precursor into a heavy oil feedstock having a viscosity greater than the viscosity of the catalyst precursor, comprising:
a first static low shear in-line mixer for mixing the catalyst precursor having a first viscosity with a diluent so as to form a diluted catalyst precursor; and at least one second static low shear in-line mixer, at least one dynamic high shear mixer, or any combination thereof for mixing the diluted catalyst precursor with the heavy oil feedstock so as to form a catalyst precursor-heavy oil feedstock mixture. 45. A system as in claim 44, further comprising a surge tank providing a residence time so as to allow the catalyst precursor to diffuse throughout the heavy oil feedstock. 46. A system as in claim 44, further comprising one or more multi-stage high pressure pumps for pumping the contents of the surge tank to a hydroprocessing reactor.
| 1,700 |
3,317 | 12,586,198 | 1,771 |
Bi- or multiphasic, clear or translucent silicone-containing lubricant compositions, condom products including such compositions and methods of making such compositions and condom products are disclosed. The refractive index of each immiscible phase of the lubricant composition is matched to that of each other phase to make the composition clear or translucent. The compositions are highly lubricious, non-staining, and easily washable.
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1) A composition comprising two substantially immiscible phases comprising:
a) a hydrophilic component, and b) a silicone component,
wherein the composition is substantially clear or translucent, and is washable from fabric under normal laundry conditions. 2) The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic component includes water. 3) The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic component does not include water. 4) The composition of claim 1 wherein the respective refractive indices of the silicone and hydrophilic components of the composition are within about 0.01 units of each other. 5) The composition of claim 1 wherein the respective refractive indices of the silicone and hydrophilic components of the composition are within about 20% of each other. 6) The composition of claim 1 wherein an interface between the silicone component and the hydrophilic component is substantially undetectable. 7) The composition of claim 1 which comprises at least one member of the group consisting of a scent and a flavor. 8) The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic component comprises a water-soluble polymer component. 9) The composition of claim 8 wherein the water-soluble polymer component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a polyacrylamide component, a C13-14 isoparaffin component, a laureth-7 component, an acrylamide component, a sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate component, an isohexadecane component, a polysorbate 80 component, a sodium acrylamide component, a hydroxyethyl acrylate component, and a polyacrylate-X component. 10) The composition of claim 9 wherein one or more of said water-soluble polymer components is present in the form of a copolymer. 11) The composition of claim 1 wherein the silicone component comprises a polymeric silicone component. 12) The composition of claim 11 wherein the polymeric silicone component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a dimethacone component, a phenyltrimethicone component, a dimethiconol component, a cyclopentylsiloxane component, and a vinyl dimethicone component. 13) The composition of claim 12 wherein one or more polymeric silicone component is contained in a cross polymer. 14) The composition of claim 1 in a flowable form. 15) The composition of claim 1 in a gel form. 16) The composition of claim 1 having a viscosity in the range of about 50 cps to about 10,000 cps. 17) The composition of claim 3 wherein the hydrophilic component comprises a polyalkylene glycol component. 18) The composition of claim 17 wherein the polyalkylene glycol component comprises a polyethylene glycol component. 19) The composition of claim 1 comprising an alkylene glycol. 20) The composition of claim 19 wherein the alkylene glycol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and butylene glycol. 21) A method of making a substantially clear or translucent liquid or gel lubricant composition suitable for use as a product select from the group consisting of a personal lubricant, a shaving fluid, and a skin conditioner comprising at least two substantially immiscible phases, the steps comprising combining a hydrophilic component, and a silicone component, and ensuring that the refractive indices of the immiscible phases of the final composition are substantially identical. 22) The method of claim 21 wherein the hydrophilic and silicone components are mixed slowly and the refractive indices of the hydrophilic component and the silicone component are then matched if necessary, by the addition of an alkylene glycol. 23) The method of claim 22 wherein the alkylene glycol is selected form the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and butylene glycol. 24) The method of claim 22 wherein the refractive indices are considered matched when the composition is clear to the eye. 25) The method of claim 21 wherein the hydrophilic component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a polyacrylamide component, a C13-14 isoparaffin component, a laureth-7 component, an acrylamide component, a sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate component, an isohexadecane component, a polysorbate 80 component, a sodium acrylamide component, a hydroxyethyl acrylate component, and a polyacrylate-X component. 26) The method of claim 25 wherein one or more of the hydrophilic components combined to make the composition is present in the form of a copolymer. 27) The method of claim 21 wherein the silicone component comprises a polymeric silicone component. 28) The method of claim 27 wherein the polymeric silicone component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a dimethacone component, a phenyltrimethicone component, a dimethiconol component, a cyclopentylsiloxane component, and a vinyl dimethicone component. 29) A packaged condom product comprising a sealed package and a rolled condom lubricated with a lubricant composition comprising two substantially immiscible phases comprising:
a) a hydrophilic component, and b) a silicone component,
wherein the composition is substantially clear or translucent, and is washable from fabric under normal laundry conditions. 30) The product of claim 29 wherein the hydrophilic component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a polyacrylamide component, a C13-14 isoparaffin component, a laureth-7 component, an acrylamide component, a sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate component, an isohexadecane component, a polysorbate 80 component, a sodium acrylamide component, a hydroxyethyl acrylate component, and a polyacrylate-X component. 31) The product of claim 29 wherein the silicone component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a dimethacone component, a phenyltrimethicone component, a dimethiconol component, a cyclopentylsiloxane component, and a vinyl dimethicone component.
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Bi- or multiphasic, clear or translucent silicone-containing lubricant compositions, condom products including such compositions and methods of making such compositions and condom products are disclosed. The refractive index of each immiscible phase of the lubricant composition is matched to that of each other phase to make the composition clear or translucent. The compositions are highly lubricious, non-staining, and easily washable.1) A composition comprising two substantially immiscible phases comprising:
a) a hydrophilic component, and b) a silicone component,
wherein the composition is substantially clear or translucent, and is washable from fabric under normal laundry conditions. 2) The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic component includes water. 3) The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic component does not include water. 4) The composition of claim 1 wherein the respective refractive indices of the silicone and hydrophilic components of the composition are within about 0.01 units of each other. 5) The composition of claim 1 wherein the respective refractive indices of the silicone and hydrophilic components of the composition are within about 20% of each other. 6) The composition of claim 1 wherein an interface between the silicone component and the hydrophilic component is substantially undetectable. 7) The composition of claim 1 which comprises at least one member of the group consisting of a scent and a flavor. 8) The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic component comprises a water-soluble polymer component. 9) The composition of claim 8 wherein the water-soluble polymer component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a polyacrylamide component, a C13-14 isoparaffin component, a laureth-7 component, an acrylamide component, a sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate component, an isohexadecane component, a polysorbate 80 component, a sodium acrylamide component, a hydroxyethyl acrylate component, and a polyacrylate-X component. 10) The composition of claim 9 wherein one or more of said water-soluble polymer components is present in the form of a copolymer. 11) The composition of claim 1 wherein the silicone component comprises a polymeric silicone component. 12) The composition of claim 11 wherein the polymeric silicone component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a dimethacone component, a phenyltrimethicone component, a dimethiconol component, a cyclopentylsiloxane component, and a vinyl dimethicone component. 13) The composition of claim 12 wherein one or more polymeric silicone component is contained in a cross polymer. 14) The composition of claim 1 in a flowable form. 15) The composition of claim 1 in a gel form. 16) The composition of claim 1 having a viscosity in the range of about 50 cps to about 10,000 cps. 17) The composition of claim 3 wherein the hydrophilic component comprises a polyalkylene glycol component. 18) The composition of claim 17 wherein the polyalkylene glycol component comprises a polyethylene glycol component. 19) The composition of claim 1 comprising an alkylene glycol. 20) The composition of claim 19 wherein the alkylene glycol is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and butylene glycol. 21) A method of making a substantially clear or translucent liquid or gel lubricant composition suitable for use as a product select from the group consisting of a personal lubricant, a shaving fluid, and a skin conditioner comprising at least two substantially immiscible phases, the steps comprising combining a hydrophilic component, and a silicone component, and ensuring that the refractive indices of the immiscible phases of the final composition are substantially identical. 22) The method of claim 21 wherein the hydrophilic and silicone components are mixed slowly and the refractive indices of the hydrophilic component and the silicone component are then matched if necessary, by the addition of an alkylene glycol. 23) The method of claim 22 wherein the alkylene glycol is selected form the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and butylene glycol. 24) The method of claim 22 wherein the refractive indices are considered matched when the composition is clear to the eye. 25) The method of claim 21 wherein the hydrophilic component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a polyacrylamide component, a C13-14 isoparaffin component, a laureth-7 component, an acrylamide component, a sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate component, an isohexadecane component, a polysorbate 80 component, a sodium acrylamide component, a hydroxyethyl acrylate component, and a polyacrylate-X component. 26) The method of claim 25 wherein one or more of the hydrophilic components combined to make the composition is present in the form of a copolymer. 27) The method of claim 21 wherein the silicone component comprises a polymeric silicone component. 28) The method of claim 27 wherein the polymeric silicone component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a dimethacone component, a phenyltrimethicone component, a dimethiconol component, a cyclopentylsiloxane component, and a vinyl dimethicone component. 29) A packaged condom product comprising a sealed package and a rolled condom lubricated with a lubricant composition comprising two substantially immiscible phases comprising:
a) a hydrophilic component, and b) a silicone component,
wherein the composition is substantially clear or translucent, and is washable from fabric under normal laundry conditions. 30) The product of claim 29 wherein the hydrophilic component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a polyacrylamide component, a C13-14 isoparaffin component, a laureth-7 component, an acrylamide component, a sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate component, an isohexadecane component, a polysorbate 80 component, a sodium acrylamide component, a hydroxyethyl acrylate component, and a polyacrylate-X component. 31) The product of claim 29 wherein the silicone component comprises one or more member of the group consisting of a dimethacone component, a phenyltrimethicone component, a dimethiconol component, a cyclopentylsiloxane component, and a vinyl dimethicone component.
| 1,700 |
3,318 | 11,451,604 | 1,726 |
A photovoltaic module includes a first photovoltaic cell, a second photovoltaic cell, and an interconnect comprising an electrically insulating carrier and at least one electrical conductor which electrically connects the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell.
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1. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first photovoltaic cell; a second photovoltaic cell; and an interconnect comprising an electrically insulating carrier and at least one electrical conductor which electrically connects the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell. 2. The module of claim 1, wherein the interconnect comprises a flexible, electrically insulating polymer carrier sheet or ribbon supporting at least one electrical conductor comprising an electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically connects the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell. 3. The module of claim 2, wherein the interconnect comprises a collector-connector which electrically contacts a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell in such a way as to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and which electrically contacts a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 4. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the carrier comprises a flexible sheet or ribbon; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a plurality of flexible, electrically conductive wires or traces supported by the carrier; the wires or the traces electrically contact a major portion of a surface of the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell; and the wires or the traces electrically contact at least a portion of the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect it to the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell. 5. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; at least a first part of carrier is located over a front surface of the first photovoltaic cell such that the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and an electrically conductive tab electrically connects the conductor to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 6. The module of claim 5, wherein a second part of carrier extends between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell, such that a second side of the carrier contacts a back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 7. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet comprising a first part which extends over front sides of the first and the second photovoltaic cells, and a second part which is folded over back sides of the first and the second photovoltaic cells; and the at least one electrical conductor comprises a plurality of buses which extend from the first part of the carrier to the second part of the carrier to electrically connect the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 8. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprise a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; and the carrier is folded over such that a second side of the carrier is on an inside of a fold, and such that the conductor electrically connects the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 9. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet comprising a plurality of tabs extending out of a first side of the sheet; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part which is located on the first side of the sheet and a second part which is located on a first side of a first tab facing the first side of the sheet; the first photovoltaic cell is located between the first side of the sheet and the first side of the first tab; the second photovoltaic cell is located between the first side of the sheet and a first side of a second tab; the first part of the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and the second part of the conductor electrically contacts to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 10. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet containing a plurality of slots; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part located on a first side of the sheet between a first slot and a second slot, and a second part located on a second side of the sheet between the first slot and the second slot; the first photovoltaic cell passes through the first slot such that the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell electrically contacts the first part of the conductor; and the second photovoltaic cell passes through a second slot such that the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell electrically contacts the second part of the conductor. 11. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise lateral type cells having electrodes of both polarities exposed on a same side of each cell; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; and the conductor electrically connects the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell. 12. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part which is located on a first side of the carrier and a second part which is located on the second side of the carrier; a first part of carrier is located over a front surface of the first photovoltaic cell such that the first part of the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on a front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and a second part of carrier extends between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell and over a back side of the second photovoltaic cell, such that the second part of the conductor electrically contacts the second polarity electrode on a back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 13. The module of claim 1, wherein:
the interconnect comprises a collector-connector which electrically contacts a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell in such a way as to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and which electrically contacts a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell; the collector-connector comprises a first flexible sheet or ribbon shaped, electrically insulating carrier supporting a first conductor, and a second flexible sheet or ribbon shaped, electrically insulating carrier supporting a second conductor; the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other between the first carrier and the second carrier; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the first conductor comprises at least one flexible, electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically contacts a major portion of a surface of the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell; and the second conductor comprises at least one flexible, electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically contacts the first conductor and at least a portion of the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 14. The module of claim 1, wherein:
the interconnect comprises a collector-connector which electrically contacts a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell in such a way as to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and which electrically contacts a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell; the collector-connector comprises a first flexible sheet or ribbon shaped polymer carrier supporting a first conductor, and a second flexible sheet or ribbon shaped polymer carrier supporting a second conductor; the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other and are laminated between the first carrier and the second carrier; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the first carrier comprises a passivation material of the module; and the second carrier comprises a back support material of the module. 15. The module of claim 14, wherein:
the first carrier comprises a first thermal plastic olefin (TPO) sheet; and the second carrier comprises a second thermal plastic olefin membrane roofing material sheet which is adapted to be mounted over roof support structure. 16. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first thermal plastic olefin sheet; a second flexible membrane roofing sheet; a plurality photovoltaic cells located between the first and the second sheets; and a plurality of electrical conductors which electrically interconnect the plurality of photovoltaic cells. 17. The module of claim 16, wherein:
the module comprises a flexible module; the first sheet comprises an inner surface and an outer surface; the first sheet comprises a flexible top sheet of the module; the second sheet comprises a thermal plastic olefin sheet having an inner surface and an outer surface; the plurality of photovoltaic cells comprise a plurality of flexible photovoltaic cells located between the inner surface of the first thermal plastic olefin sheet and the inner surface of the second thermal plastic olefin sheet; the plurality of electrical conductors comprise a first plurality of flexible wires or traces located on and supported by the inner surface of the first thermal plastic olefin sheet and a second plurality of flexible wires or traces located on and supported by the inner surface of the second thermal plastic olefin sheet; and the plurality of electrical conductors are adapted to collect current from the plurality of photovoltaic cells during operation of the module. 18. The module of claim 17, wherein the plurality of photovoltaic cells are configured in stepped rows to appear as shingles. 19. The module of claim 17, wherein:
the outer surface of the second thermal plastic olefin sheet is attached to a roof support structure of a building; and the module comprises a building integrated module which forms at least a portion of a roof of the building. 20. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first passivation sheet; a second backing sheet; a plurality photovoltaic cells located between the first and the second sheets; and a plurality of electrical conductors which electrically interconnect the plurality of photovoltaic cells; wherein the plurality of photovoltaic cells are configured in stepped rows to appear as shingles. 21. The module of claim 20, wherein:
the outer surface of the second sheet is attached to a roof support structure of a building; and the module comprises a building integrated module which forms at least a portion of a roof of the building. 22. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first photovoltaic cell; a second photovoltaic cell; and an interconnect comprising an electrically insulating carrier and a first means for electrically connecting the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell. 23. The module of claim 22, wherein the first means is a means for electrically connecting a front side electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to a back side electrode of the second photovoltaic cell; 24. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a plurality photovoltaic cells; a plurality of electrical conductors which electrically interconnect the plurality of photovoltaic cells; a first means for supporting the plurality of photovoltaic cells on a roof support structure; and a second means for passivating a front side of the plurality of photovoltaic cells and for supporting the plurality of electrical conductors. 25. The module of claim 24, wherein the first means comprises a means for acting as at least a portion of a roof of a building and the second means comprises a means for being directly attached to the roof support structure.
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A photovoltaic module includes a first photovoltaic cell, a second photovoltaic cell, and an interconnect comprising an electrically insulating carrier and at least one electrical conductor which electrically connects the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell.1. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first photovoltaic cell; a second photovoltaic cell; and an interconnect comprising an electrically insulating carrier and at least one electrical conductor which electrically connects the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell. 2. The module of claim 1, wherein the interconnect comprises a flexible, electrically insulating polymer carrier sheet or ribbon supporting at least one electrical conductor comprising an electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically connects the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell. 3. The module of claim 2, wherein the interconnect comprises a collector-connector which electrically contacts a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell in such a way as to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and which electrically contacts a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 4. The module of claim 3, wherein:
the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the carrier comprises a flexible sheet or ribbon; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a plurality of flexible, electrically conductive wires or traces supported by the carrier; the wires or the traces electrically contact a major portion of a surface of the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell; and the wires or the traces electrically contact at least a portion of the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect it to the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell. 5. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; at least a first part of carrier is located over a front surface of the first photovoltaic cell such that the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and an electrically conductive tab electrically connects the conductor to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 6. The module of claim 5, wherein a second part of carrier extends between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell, such that a second side of the carrier contacts a back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 7. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet comprising a first part which extends over front sides of the first and the second photovoltaic cells, and a second part which is folded over back sides of the first and the second photovoltaic cells; and the at least one electrical conductor comprises a plurality of buses which extend from the first part of the carrier to the second part of the carrier to electrically connect the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 8. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprise a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; and the carrier is folded over such that a second side of the carrier is on an inside of a fold, and such that the conductor electrically connects the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 9. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet comprising a plurality of tabs extending out of a first side of the sheet; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part which is located on the first side of the sheet and a second part which is located on a first side of a first tab facing the first side of the sheet; the first photovoltaic cell is located between the first side of the sheet and the first side of the first tab; the second photovoltaic cell is located between the first side of the sheet and a first side of a second tab; the first part of the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and the second part of the conductor electrically contacts to the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 10. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the carrier comprises a sheet containing a plurality of slots; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part located on a first side of the sheet between a first slot and a second slot, and a second part located on a second side of the sheet between the first slot and the second slot; the first photovoltaic cell passes through the first slot such that the first polarity electrode on the front side of the first photovoltaic cell electrically contacts the first part of the conductor; and the second photovoltaic cell passes through a second slot such that the second polarity electrode on the back side of the second photovoltaic cell electrically contacts the second part of the conductor. 11. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise lateral type cells having electrodes of both polarities exposed on a same side of each cell; the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor located on a first side of the carrier; and the conductor electrically connects the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell. 12. The module of claim 4, wherein:
the at least one electrical conductor comprises a conductor having a first part which is located on a first side of the carrier and a second part which is located on the second side of the carrier; a first part of carrier is located over a front surface of the first photovoltaic cell such that the first part of the conductor electrically contacts the first polarity electrode on a front side of the first photovoltaic cell; and a second part of carrier extends between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell and over a back side of the second photovoltaic cell, such that the second part of the conductor electrically contacts the second polarity electrode on a back side of the second photovoltaic cell. 13. The module of claim 1, wherein:
the interconnect comprises a collector-connector which electrically contacts a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell in such a way as to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and which electrically contacts a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell; the collector-connector comprises a first flexible sheet or ribbon shaped, electrically insulating carrier supporting a first conductor, and a second flexible sheet or ribbon shaped, electrically insulating carrier supporting a second conductor; the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other between the first carrier and the second carrier; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the first conductor comprises at least one flexible, electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically contacts a major portion of a surface of the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell; and the second conductor comprises at least one flexible, electrically conductive wire or trace which electrically contacts the first conductor and at least a portion of the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell. 14. The module of claim 1, wherein:
the interconnect comprises a collector-connector which electrically contacts a first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell in such a way as to collect current from the first photovoltaic cell and which electrically contacts a second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell to electrically connect the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell; the collector-connector comprises a first flexible sheet or ribbon shaped polymer carrier supporting a first conductor, and a second flexible sheet or ribbon shaped polymer carrier supporting a second conductor; the first and the second photovoltaic cells comprise plate shaped cells which are located adjacent to each other and are laminated between the first carrier and the second carrier; the first polarity electrode of the first photovoltaic cell comprises an optically transparent front side electrode which is adapted to face the Sun; the second polarity electrode of the second photovoltaic cell comprises a back side electrode which is adapted to face away from the Sun; the first carrier comprises a passivation material of the module; and the second carrier comprises a back support material of the module. 15. The module of claim 14, wherein:
the first carrier comprises a first thermal plastic olefin (TPO) sheet; and the second carrier comprises a second thermal plastic olefin membrane roofing material sheet which is adapted to be mounted over roof support structure. 16. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first thermal plastic olefin sheet; a second flexible membrane roofing sheet; a plurality photovoltaic cells located between the first and the second sheets; and a plurality of electrical conductors which electrically interconnect the plurality of photovoltaic cells. 17. The module of claim 16, wherein:
the module comprises a flexible module; the first sheet comprises an inner surface and an outer surface; the first sheet comprises a flexible top sheet of the module; the second sheet comprises a thermal plastic olefin sheet having an inner surface and an outer surface; the plurality of photovoltaic cells comprise a plurality of flexible photovoltaic cells located between the inner surface of the first thermal plastic olefin sheet and the inner surface of the second thermal plastic olefin sheet; the plurality of electrical conductors comprise a first plurality of flexible wires or traces located on and supported by the inner surface of the first thermal plastic olefin sheet and a second plurality of flexible wires or traces located on and supported by the inner surface of the second thermal plastic olefin sheet; and the plurality of electrical conductors are adapted to collect current from the plurality of photovoltaic cells during operation of the module. 18. The module of claim 17, wherein the plurality of photovoltaic cells are configured in stepped rows to appear as shingles. 19. The module of claim 17, wherein:
the outer surface of the second thermal plastic olefin sheet is attached to a roof support structure of a building; and the module comprises a building integrated module which forms at least a portion of a roof of the building. 20. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first passivation sheet; a second backing sheet; a plurality photovoltaic cells located between the first and the second sheets; and a plurality of electrical conductors which electrically interconnect the plurality of photovoltaic cells; wherein the plurality of photovoltaic cells are configured in stepped rows to appear as shingles. 21. The module of claim 20, wherein:
the outer surface of the second sheet is attached to a roof support structure of a building; and the module comprises a building integrated module which forms at least a portion of a roof of the building. 22. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a first photovoltaic cell; a second photovoltaic cell; and an interconnect comprising an electrically insulating carrier and a first means for electrically connecting the first photovoltaic cell to the second photovoltaic cell. 23. The module of claim 22, wherein the first means is a means for electrically connecting a front side electrode of the first photovoltaic cell to a back side electrode of the second photovoltaic cell; 24. A photovoltaic module, comprising:
a plurality photovoltaic cells; a plurality of electrical conductors which electrically interconnect the plurality of photovoltaic cells; a first means for supporting the plurality of photovoltaic cells on a roof support structure; and a second means for passivating a front side of the plurality of photovoltaic cells and for supporting the plurality of electrical conductors. 25. The module of claim 24, wherein the first means comprises a means for acting as at least a portion of a roof of a building and the second means comprises a means for being directly attached to the roof support structure.
| 1,700 |
3,319 | 12,051,056 | 1,791 |
A filled two-piece aluminium can contains a wine that has less than 35 ppm of free SO 2 , less than 300 ppm of chlorides, less than 800 ppm of sulfates, and less than 250 ppm of total sulfur dioxide. The can is sealed with an aluminium closure such that the pressure within the can is at a minimum value necessary to prevent buckling of the can, typically 20 psi. The inner surface of the aluminium can is coated with a corrosion resistant coating.
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1. A filled two-piece aluminium can containing a wine that has less than 35 ppm of free SO2, less than 300 ppm of chlorides and less than 800 ppm of sulfates, the can being sealed with an aluminium closure such that the there is a minimum pressure within the can sufficient to prevent buckling of the can and wherein the inner surface of the aluminium can is coated with a corrosion resistant coating. 2. A filled can as defined in claim 1 wherein the wine is characterised by having total sulphur dioxide levels less than 250 ppm. 3. A filled can as defined in claim 1 wherein the maximum oxygen content of the head space is 1% v/v. 4. A filled can as defined in claim 1 wherein the wine is carbonated. 5. A filled can as defined in claim 1 wherein the corrosion resistant coating is a thermoset coating. 6. A filled can as defined in claim 1 in which the wine is further characterised by having total nitrates less than 30 ppm, total phosphates less than 900 ppm and acidity calculated as tartaric acid in the range g/litre to 9 g/litre. 7. A filled can as defined in claim 1 in which the wine is further characterised by containing less than 1 ppm of nitrites. 8. A filled can as defined in any one of claims 1 wherein the head space in the can has the composition nitrogen 80-97% v/v and carbon dioxide 2-20% v/v. 9. A filled can as defined in claim 4 wherein the head space is predominantly carbon dioxide. 10. A process for packaging wine in two piece aluminium cans including the steps of preparing wine characterised in that it has less than 35 ppm of free SO2, less than 300 ppm of chlorides, less than 800 ppm of sulfates; filling a two piece aluminium can body with the wine and sealing with an aluminium closure such that the pressure within the can is at a minimum value necessary to prevent buckling of the can and wherein the inner surface of the aluminium is coated with a corrosion resistant coating. 11. A process as claimed in claim 10 wherein the wine is chilled before filling. 12. A process as claimed in claim 10 wherein the wine is characterised by having total sulphur dioxide levels less than 250 ppm. 13. A process as claimed in claim 10 wherein the wine is characterised by having total nitrates less than 30 ppm, total phosphates less than 900 ppm and acidity calculated as tartaric acid in the range g/litre to 9 g/litre. 14. A process as claimed in claim 12 in which the wine is further characterised by containing less than 1 ppm of nitrites. 15. A process as claimed in claim 12 wherein the head space in the can has the composition nitrogen 80-97% v/v and carbon dioxide 2-20% v/v. 16. A process as claimed in claim 10 wherein the wine is carbonated and the head space is predominantly carbon dioxide.
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A filled two-piece aluminium can contains a wine that has less than 35 ppm of free SO 2 , less than 300 ppm of chlorides, less than 800 ppm of sulfates, and less than 250 ppm of total sulfur dioxide. The can is sealed with an aluminium closure such that the pressure within the can is at a minimum value necessary to prevent buckling of the can, typically 20 psi. The inner surface of the aluminium can is coated with a corrosion resistant coating.1. A filled two-piece aluminium can containing a wine that has less than 35 ppm of free SO2, less than 300 ppm of chlorides and less than 800 ppm of sulfates, the can being sealed with an aluminium closure such that the there is a minimum pressure within the can sufficient to prevent buckling of the can and wherein the inner surface of the aluminium can is coated with a corrosion resistant coating. 2. A filled can as defined in claim 1 wherein the wine is characterised by having total sulphur dioxide levels less than 250 ppm. 3. A filled can as defined in claim 1 wherein the maximum oxygen content of the head space is 1% v/v. 4. A filled can as defined in claim 1 wherein the wine is carbonated. 5. A filled can as defined in claim 1 wherein the corrosion resistant coating is a thermoset coating. 6. A filled can as defined in claim 1 in which the wine is further characterised by having total nitrates less than 30 ppm, total phosphates less than 900 ppm and acidity calculated as tartaric acid in the range g/litre to 9 g/litre. 7. A filled can as defined in claim 1 in which the wine is further characterised by containing less than 1 ppm of nitrites. 8. A filled can as defined in any one of claims 1 wherein the head space in the can has the composition nitrogen 80-97% v/v and carbon dioxide 2-20% v/v. 9. A filled can as defined in claim 4 wherein the head space is predominantly carbon dioxide. 10. A process for packaging wine in two piece aluminium cans including the steps of preparing wine characterised in that it has less than 35 ppm of free SO2, less than 300 ppm of chlorides, less than 800 ppm of sulfates; filling a two piece aluminium can body with the wine and sealing with an aluminium closure such that the pressure within the can is at a minimum value necessary to prevent buckling of the can and wherein the inner surface of the aluminium is coated with a corrosion resistant coating. 11. A process as claimed in claim 10 wherein the wine is chilled before filling. 12. A process as claimed in claim 10 wherein the wine is characterised by having total sulphur dioxide levels less than 250 ppm. 13. A process as claimed in claim 10 wherein the wine is characterised by having total nitrates less than 30 ppm, total phosphates less than 900 ppm and acidity calculated as tartaric acid in the range g/litre to 9 g/litre. 14. A process as claimed in claim 12 in which the wine is further characterised by containing less than 1 ppm of nitrites. 15. A process as claimed in claim 12 wherein the head space in the can has the composition nitrogen 80-97% v/v and carbon dioxide 2-20% v/v. 16. A process as claimed in claim 10 wherein the wine is carbonated and the head space is predominantly carbon dioxide.
| 1,700 |
3,320 | 14,624,672 | 1,763 |
A modified bitumen consisting of a polyurethane wherein the polyisocyanate or polyisocyanate-dominated polyurethane prepolymer (or prepolymers) is first reacted with the bitumen to take advantage of the bitumen's hydroxyl and amine functionality and form an isocyanate-bitumen adduct to form a weatherproofing product.
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1. An actively modified polymer-modified bitumen formulation comprising:
25-75 wt. % of a first component that consists of bitumen, coal tar, or combinations thereof; 2-45% wt. % of a second component that consists of polyurethane, or blend of polyurethane and rubber; wherein a weight percent of said first component is greater than a weight percent of said second component, said isocyanate end groups in said polyurethane reacting with hydroxyl end groups in bitumen, coal tar, or combinations thereof, said formulation can be used to create a membrane having improved mineral retention and weatherability. 2. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of said second component to said first component is 0.05-0.7:1. 3. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein an equivalent ratio of a polyisocyanate compound to a polyol in the polyurethane is 1.2-8:1. 4. The formulation as defined in claim 1, further including a filler, said filler including one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, talc, ammonium polyphosphate, ATH and Mg(OH)2, said filler constituting 1-66 wt. %. 5. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein said second component includes said rubber, said rubber including one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of SBS, SEBS, SIS, and nitrile rubber, a weight ratio of said rubber to said polyurethane is 1:0.2-15. 6. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein said first component includes bitumen having a softening point of 43.3-65.6° C. and a penetration of 40-75 dmm. 7. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein said first component includes said coal tar having a softening point of 40-80° C. 8. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein said first component includes a blend of said coal tar and said bitumen, a weight ratio of said coal tar and said bitumen 1:0.1-10. 9. The formulation as defined in claim 1, further including an antioxidant. 10. The formulation as defined in claim 1, further including a process oil. 11. The formulation as defined in claim 1, further including a catalyst. 12. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
30-70%
Polyurethane
4-20%
Filler
10-66%. 13. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
50-55%
Polyurethane
8-20%
Filler
30-41%. 14. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
50-55%
Polyurethane
8-20%
Filler
30-41%.
Process oil
1-5%. 15. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
50-55%
Polyurethane
8-20%
Filler
30-41%.
Process oil
1-3%. 16. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
25-75%
Polyurethane
2-49%
Filler
1-66%.
Process Oil
1-20%.
Rubber
1-30%
Modifier
0.01-5%
Antioxidant
0.01-5%
Catalyst
0.01-1%. 17. A method for forming a manufactured roof membrane comprising:
providing 25-75 wt. % of a first component that consists of bitumen, coal tar, or combinations thereof; 2-45% wt. % of a second component that consists of polyurethane, or blend of polyurethane and rubber; and, adding said second component to said first component to allowed said second component to react with hydroxyl functional groups of said first component. 18. The method as defined in claim 17, further including the step of adding additional polyol or polyol blend to the mixture of first and second components after it is determined that essentially no further isocyanates are being reacted in said mixture. 19. The method as defined in claim 17, further including the step of adding additional a polyisocyanate monomer to the first component to react with hydroxyl functional groups in an asphaltene fraction, hydroxyl pendant groups, amine pendant groups, or combinations thereof in said first component after it is determined that essentially no further isocyanates are being reacted in said mixture. 20. The method as defined in claim 17, wherein said first component is in a molten state prior to said addition of said second component.
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A modified bitumen consisting of a polyurethane wherein the polyisocyanate or polyisocyanate-dominated polyurethane prepolymer (or prepolymers) is first reacted with the bitumen to take advantage of the bitumen's hydroxyl and amine functionality and form an isocyanate-bitumen adduct to form a weatherproofing product.1. An actively modified polymer-modified bitumen formulation comprising:
25-75 wt. % of a first component that consists of bitumen, coal tar, or combinations thereof; 2-45% wt. % of a second component that consists of polyurethane, or blend of polyurethane and rubber; wherein a weight percent of said first component is greater than a weight percent of said second component, said isocyanate end groups in said polyurethane reacting with hydroxyl end groups in bitumen, coal tar, or combinations thereof, said formulation can be used to create a membrane having improved mineral retention and weatherability. 2. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of said second component to said first component is 0.05-0.7:1. 3. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein an equivalent ratio of a polyisocyanate compound to a polyol in the polyurethane is 1.2-8:1. 4. The formulation as defined in claim 1, further including a filler, said filler including one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, talc, ammonium polyphosphate, ATH and Mg(OH)2, said filler constituting 1-66 wt. %. 5. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein said second component includes said rubber, said rubber including one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of SBS, SEBS, SIS, and nitrile rubber, a weight ratio of said rubber to said polyurethane is 1:0.2-15. 6. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein said first component includes bitumen having a softening point of 43.3-65.6° C. and a penetration of 40-75 dmm. 7. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein said first component includes said coal tar having a softening point of 40-80° C. 8. The formulation as defined in claim 1, wherein said first component includes a blend of said coal tar and said bitumen, a weight ratio of said coal tar and said bitumen 1:0.1-10. 9. The formulation as defined in claim 1, further including an antioxidant. 10. The formulation as defined in claim 1, further including a process oil. 11. The formulation as defined in claim 1, further including a catalyst. 12. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
30-70%
Polyurethane
4-20%
Filler
10-66%. 13. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
50-55%
Polyurethane
8-20%
Filler
30-41%. 14. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
50-55%
Polyurethane
8-20%
Filler
30-41%.
Process oil
1-5%. 15. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
50-55%
Polyurethane
8-20%
Filler
30-41%.
Process oil
1-3%. 16. The formulation as defined in claim 1, comprising by weight percent:
Bitumen and/or coal tar
25-75%
Polyurethane
2-49%
Filler
1-66%.
Process Oil
1-20%.
Rubber
1-30%
Modifier
0.01-5%
Antioxidant
0.01-5%
Catalyst
0.01-1%. 17. A method for forming a manufactured roof membrane comprising:
providing 25-75 wt. % of a first component that consists of bitumen, coal tar, or combinations thereof; 2-45% wt. % of a second component that consists of polyurethane, or blend of polyurethane and rubber; and, adding said second component to said first component to allowed said second component to react with hydroxyl functional groups of said first component. 18. The method as defined in claim 17, further including the step of adding additional polyol or polyol blend to the mixture of first and second components after it is determined that essentially no further isocyanates are being reacted in said mixture. 19. The method as defined in claim 17, further including the step of adding additional a polyisocyanate monomer to the first component to react with hydroxyl functional groups in an asphaltene fraction, hydroxyl pendant groups, amine pendant groups, or combinations thereof in said first component after it is determined that essentially no further isocyanates are being reacted in said mixture. 20. The method as defined in claim 17, wherein said first component is in a molten state prior to said addition of said second component.
| 1,700 |
3,321 | 15,055,851 | 1,771 |
The present invention relates to the use of quaternized alkylamine nitrogen compounds as a fuel additive and lubricant additive, such as, more particularly, as a detergent additive; for reduction or prevention of deposits in the injection systems of direct injection diesel engines, especially in common rail injection systems, for reduction of the fuel consumption of direct injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common rail injection systems, and for minimization of power loss in direct injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common rail injection systems; and as an additive for gasoline fuels, especially for operation of DISI engines.
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1: A method for reducing and/or preventing internal diesel injector deposits in a direct injection diesel engine, the method comprising
adding to a diesel or biodiesel fuel a reaction product comprising a quaternized nitrogen compound, or a fraction of said reaction product which comprises the quaternized nitrogen compound and which is obtained from the reaction product by purification, wherein said reaction product is obtained by reacting a quaternizable alkylamine comprising at least one quaternizable tertiary amino group with a quaternizing agent which converts the at least one quaternizable tertiary amino group to a quaternary ammonium group, wherein the quaternizable alkylamine comprises at least one compound of the following formula 3
RaRbRcN (3)
in which at least one of the Ra, Rb and Rc radicals is a straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated C8-C40-hydrocarbyl radical and the remaining radicals are identical or different, straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C6-hydrocarbyl radicals; or in which all Ra, Rb and Rc radicals are identical or different, straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated C8-C40-hydrocarbyl radicals, and the quaternizing agent is the alkyl ester of a cycloaromatic or cycloaliphatic mono- or polycarboxylic acid, or of an aliphatic polycarboxylic acid, a hydrocarbyl epoxide, optionally in combination with a free acid, or a dialkyl carbonate. 2: The method according to claim 1, wherein the adding further reduces and/or prevents valve sticking in the direct injection diesel engine. 3: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizing agent is a compound of the general formula 1
R1OC(O)R2 (1)
in which R1 is a lower alkyl radical and R2 is an optionally substituted monocyclic aryl or cycloalkyl radical, where the substituent is selected from the group consisting of OH, NH2, NO2, C(O)OR3, and R1OC(O)—, and R3 is H or R1. 4: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizing agent is a compound of the general formula 2
R1OC(O)-A-C(O)OR1a (2)
in which R1 and R1a are each independently a lower alkyl radical and A is an optionally mono- or polysubstituted hydrocarbylene. 5: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizing agent comprises an epoxide of the general formula 4
where
the Rd radicals present therein are the same or different and are each H or a hydrocarbyl radical, where the hydrocarbyl radical is an aliphatic or aromatic radical having at least 1 to 10 carbon atoms and the free acid of the quaternizing agent is a free protic acid. 6: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizable tertiary amine is a compound of the formula 3 in which at least two of the Ra, Rb and Rc radicals are the same or different and are each a straight-chain or branched C10-C20-alkyl radical and the other radical is C1-C4-alkyl. 7: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizing agent is selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene oxides in combination with a monocarboxylic acid, alkyl salicylates, dialkyl phthalates and dialkyl oxalates. 8: The method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction product or fraction thereof is added to diesel fuel. 9. The method according to claim 5, wherein R2 is a C1 alkyl radical, a C2 alkyl radical or a C3 alkyl radical and R2 is a phenyl substituted with HO— or an ester of formula R1aOC(O)—, which is in an ortho position relative to the R1OC(O) radical. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the Ra, Rb and Rc radicals is a straight-chain or branched C8-C40-alkyl.
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The present invention relates to the use of quaternized alkylamine nitrogen compounds as a fuel additive and lubricant additive, such as, more particularly, as a detergent additive; for reduction or prevention of deposits in the injection systems of direct injection diesel engines, especially in common rail injection systems, for reduction of the fuel consumption of direct injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common rail injection systems, and for minimization of power loss in direct injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common rail injection systems; and as an additive for gasoline fuels, especially for operation of DISI engines.1: A method for reducing and/or preventing internal diesel injector deposits in a direct injection diesel engine, the method comprising
adding to a diesel or biodiesel fuel a reaction product comprising a quaternized nitrogen compound, or a fraction of said reaction product which comprises the quaternized nitrogen compound and which is obtained from the reaction product by purification, wherein said reaction product is obtained by reacting a quaternizable alkylamine comprising at least one quaternizable tertiary amino group with a quaternizing agent which converts the at least one quaternizable tertiary amino group to a quaternary ammonium group, wherein the quaternizable alkylamine comprises at least one compound of the following formula 3
RaRbRcN (3)
in which at least one of the Ra, Rb and Rc radicals is a straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated C8-C40-hydrocarbyl radical and the remaining radicals are identical or different, straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C6-hydrocarbyl radicals; or in which all Ra, Rb and Rc radicals are identical or different, straight-chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated C8-C40-hydrocarbyl radicals, and the quaternizing agent is the alkyl ester of a cycloaromatic or cycloaliphatic mono- or polycarboxylic acid, or of an aliphatic polycarboxylic acid, a hydrocarbyl epoxide, optionally in combination with a free acid, or a dialkyl carbonate. 2: The method according to claim 1, wherein the adding further reduces and/or prevents valve sticking in the direct injection diesel engine. 3: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizing agent is a compound of the general formula 1
R1OC(O)R2 (1)
in which R1 is a lower alkyl radical and R2 is an optionally substituted monocyclic aryl or cycloalkyl radical, where the substituent is selected from the group consisting of OH, NH2, NO2, C(O)OR3, and R1OC(O)—, and R3 is H or R1. 4: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizing agent is a compound of the general formula 2
R1OC(O)-A-C(O)OR1a (2)
in which R1 and R1a are each independently a lower alkyl radical and A is an optionally mono- or polysubstituted hydrocarbylene. 5: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizing agent comprises an epoxide of the general formula 4
where
the Rd radicals present therein are the same or different and are each H or a hydrocarbyl radical, where the hydrocarbyl radical is an aliphatic or aromatic radical having at least 1 to 10 carbon atoms and the free acid of the quaternizing agent is a free protic acid. 6: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizable tertiary amine is a compound of the formula 3 in which at least two of the Ra, Rb and Rc radicals are the same or different and are each a straight-chain or branched C10-C20-alkyl radical and the other radical is C1-C4-alkyl. 7: The method according to claim 1,
wherein the quaternizing agent is selected from the group consisting of lower alkylene oxides in combination with a monocarboxylic acid, alkyl salicylates, dialkyl phthalates and dialkyl oxalates. 8: The method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction product or fraction thereof is added to diesel fuel. 9. The method according to claim 5, wherein R2 is a C1 alkyl radical, a C2 alkyl radical or a C3 alkyl radical and R2 is a phenyl substituted with HO— or an ester of formula R1aOC(O)—, which is in an ortho position relative to the R1OC(O) radical. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the Ra, Rb and Rc radicals is a straight-chain or branched C8-C40-alkyl.
| 1,700 |
3,322 | 14,720,595 | 1,712 |
Methods and apparatus for use of a fill on demand ampoule are disclosed. The fill on demand ampoule may refill an ampoule with precursor concurrent with the performance of other deposition processes. The fill on demand may keep the level of precursor within the ampoule at a relatively constant level. The level may be calculated to result in an optimum head volume. The fill on demand may also keep the precursor at a temperature near that of an optimum precursor temperature. The fill on demand may occur during parts of the deposition process where the agitation of the precursor due to the filling of the ampoule with the precursor minimally effects the substrate deposition. Substrate throughput may be increased through the use of fill on demand.
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1. A method for filling an ampoule of a substrate processing apparatus comprising:
(a) determining that an ampoule fill start condition for filling the ampoule with a liquid precursor is met; (b) filling the ampoule with precursor, wherein filling the ampoule with the precursor is performed concurrent with at least one other substrate processing operation; (c) reading a sensor level in the ampoule indicating that the filling is not yet complete; (d) determining that a secondary fill stop condition is met; and (e) in response to determining that the secondary fill stop condition is met, ceasing the filling of the ampoule with the precursor. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining a cumulative time of filling starting at the end of the last time when the ampoule received the precursor, wherein the secondary fill stop condition comprises determining that the cumulative time of filling exceeds a threshold. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cumulative time of filling is temporarily stopped one or more times when ampoule refill temporarily ceases and deposition commences, but the cumulative time of filling restarts when filling starts again. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold is between about 50 seconds and 90 seconds. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising initiating a soft shutdown when ceasing the filling in operation (e). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor generating the sensor level in the ampoule is malfunctioning. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a system providing the liquid precursor to the ampoule is malfunctioning. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ampoule fill start condition comprises determining that the substrate processing apparatus is in or is about to enter a phase during which agitation of the liquid precursor caused by filling the ampoule with the precursor would have a minimal effect on the consistency of substrates processed by the substrate processing apparatus. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the ampoule fill start condition comprises determining that a sequence of deposition operations has been completed on substrates contained in the substrate processing apparatus. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the sequence of deposition operations are deposition operations associated with Atomic Layer Deposition. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the ampoule fill start condition includes determining that the precursor volume is below a threshold volume. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the ampoule fill start condition includes determining that setup for deposition operations is currently being performed. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one other substrate processing operation that is performed concurrent with filling the ampoule includes a wafer indexing operation. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one other substrate processing operation that is performed concurrent with filling the ampoule includes a temperature soak of the precursor and/or the substrate. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one other substrate processing operation that is performed concurrent with filling the ampoule includes a pump to base operation. 16-42. (canceled)
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Methods and apparatus for use of a fill on demand ampoule are disclosed. The fill on demand ampoule may refill an ampoule with precursor concurrent with the performance of other deposition processes. The fill on demand may keep the level of precursor within the ampoule at a relatively constant level. The level may be calculated to result in an optimum head volume. The fill on demand may also keep the precursor at a temperature near that of an optimum precursor temperature. The fill on demand may occur during parts of the deposition process where the agitation of the precursor due to the filling of the ampoule with the precursor minimally effects the substrate deposition. Substrate throughput may be increased through the use of fill on demand.1. A method for filling an ampoule of a substrate processing apparatus comprising:
(a) determining that an ampoule fill start condition for filling the ampoule with a liquid precursor is met; (b) filling the ampoule with precursor, wherein filling the ampoule with the precursor is performed concurrent with at least one other substrate processing operation; (c) reading a sensor level in the ampoule indicating that the filling is not yet complete; (d) determining that a secondary fill stop condition is met; and (e) in response to determining that the secondary fill stop condition is met, ceasing the filling of the ampoule with the precursor. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining a cumulative time of filling starting at the end of the last time when the ampoule received the precursor, wherein the secondary fill stop condition comprises determining that the cumulative time of filling exceeds a threshold. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cumulative time of filling is temporarily stopped one or more times when ampoule refill temporarily ceases and deposition commences, but the cumulative time of filling restarts when filling starts again. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold is between about 50 seconds and 90 seconds. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising initiating a soft shutdown when ceasing the filling in operation (e). 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor generating the sensor level in the ampoule is malfunctioning. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a system providing the liquid precursor to the ampoule is malfunctioning. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ampoule fill start condition comprises determining that the substrate processing apparatus is in or is about to enter a phase during which agitation of the liquid precursor caused by filling the ampoule with the precursor would have a minimal effect on the consistency of substrates processed by the substrate processing apparatus. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the ampoule fill start condition comprises determining that a sequence of deposition operations has been completed on substrates contained in the substrate processing apparatus. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the sequence of deposition operations are deposition operations associated with Atomic Layer Deposition. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the ampoule fill start condition includes determining that the precursor volume is below a threshold volume. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the ampoule fill start condition includes determining that setup for deposition operations is currently being performed. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one other substrate processing operation that is performed concurrent with filling the ampoule includes a wafer indexing operation. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one other substrate processing operation that is performed concurrent with filling the ampoule includes a temperature soak of the precursor and/or the substrate. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one other substrate processing operation that is performed concurrent with filling the ampoule includes a pump to base operation. 16-42. (canceled)
| 1,700 |
3,323 | 14,603,851 | 1,787 |
Multilayer articles comprise a thermoformable substrate, a base layer, and an optional transparent protective layer. Methods of making and using the paint film composites, and shaped articles made thereby, are also disclosed.
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1. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface; and a base layer having a first major surface contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate, the base layer comprising a polymeric material and being substantially isotropic, wherein the polymeric material comprises a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight, and the first major surface of the base layer being permanently adhered and covalently bonded to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate. 2. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; and a base layer having a first major surface contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate, the base layer comprising a polymeric material, wherein the polymeric material comprises a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight, and the base layer having a second major surface opposite its first major surface, each of the first and second major surfaces of the base layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of first and second respective corresponding forming webs, and the first major surface of the base layer being permanently adhered and covalently bonded to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate. 3. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; a base layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the base layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate, and the base layer comprising a first polymeric material; a transparent protective layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the transparent protective layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the base layer, and wherein the transparent protective layer comprises a second polymeric material the second polymeric material comprising a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight; and at least one of the base layer and the transparent protective layer being substantially isotropic, at least one of the thermoformable substrate and the base layer comprising a colorant, and a combination of the base layer and the thermoformable substrate being opaque or translucent. 4. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; a base layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the base layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface, and the base layer comprising a first polymeric material; a transparent protective layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the transparent protective layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the base layer, and the transparent protective layer comprising a second polymeric material, the second polymeric material comprising a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight; and at least one of the thermoformable substrate and the base layer comprising a colorant, a combination of the base layer and the thermoformable substrate being opaque or translucent, and: i) each of the first and second major surfaces of the base layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of first and second respective corresponding forming webs; ii) each of the first and second major surfaces of the transparent protective layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of third and fourth respective corresponding forming webs; or iii) both i) and ii). 5. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; an adhesive layer; a base layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the base layer being permanently adhered to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate by the adhesive layer, the base layer comprising a first polymeric material; a transparent protective layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the transparent protective layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the base layer, and the transparent protective layer comprising a second polymeric material and being substantially isotropic, the second polymeric material comprising a polyurethane, and the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight; and at least one of the thermoformable substrate and the base layer comprising a colorant, and a combination of the base layer and the thermoformable substrate being opaque or translucent. 6. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; an adhesive layer; a base layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the base layer being permanently adhered to the second major surface by the adhesive layer, the base layer comprising a first polymeric material; a transparent protective layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the transparent protective layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the base layer, the transparent protective layer comprising a second polymeric material, the second polymeric material comprising a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight; and at least one of the thermoformable substrate and the base layer comprising a colorant, a combination of the base layer and the thermoformable substrate being opaque or translucent, and: i) each of the first and second major surfaces of the base layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of first and second respective corresponding forming webs; ii) each of the first and second major surfaces of the transparent protective layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of third and fourth respective corresponding forming webs; or iii) both i) and ii).
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Multilayer articles comprise a thermoformable substrate, a base layer, and an optional transparent protective layer. Methods of making and using the paint film composites, and shaped articles made thereby, are also disclosed.1. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface; and a base layer having a first major surface contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate, the base layer comprising a polymeric material and being substantially isotropic, wherein the polymeric material comprises a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight, and the first major surface of the base layer being permanently adhered and covalently bonded to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate. 2. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; and a base layer having a first major surface contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate, the base layer comprising a polymeric material, wherein the polymeric material comprises a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight, and the base layer having a second major surface opposite its first major surface, each of the first and second major surfaces of the base layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of first and second respective corresponding forming webs, and the first major surface of the base layer being permanently adhered and covalently bonded to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate. 3. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; a base layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the base layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate, and the base layer comprising a first polymeric material; a transparent protective layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the transparent protective layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the base layer, and wherein the transparent protective layer comprises a second polymeric material the second polymeric material comprising a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight; and at least one of the base layer and the transparent protective layer being substantially isotropic, at least one of the thermoformable substrate and the base layer comprising a colorant, and a combination of the base layer and the thermoformable substrate being opaque or translucent. 4. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; a base layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the base layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface, and the base layer comprising a first polymeric material; a transparent protective layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the transparent protective layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the base layer, and the transparent protective layer comprising a second polymeric material, the second polymeric material comprising a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight; and at least one of the thermoformable substrate and the base layer comprising a colorant, a combination of the base layer and the thermoformable substrate being opaque or translucent, and: i) each of the first and second major surfaces of the base layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of first and second respective corresponding forming webs; ii) each of the first and second major surfaces of the transparent protective layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of third and fourth respective corresponding forming webs; or iii) both i) and ii). 5. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; an adhesive layer; a base layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the base layer being permanently adhered to the second major surface of the thermoformable substrate by the adhesive layer, the base layer comprising a first polymeric material; a transparent protective layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the transparent protective layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the base layer, and the transparent protective layer comprising a second polymeric material and being substantially isotropic, the second polymeric material comprising a polyurethane, and the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight; and at least one of the thermoformable substrate and the base layer comprising a colorant, and a combination of the base layer and the thermoformable substrate being opaque or translucent. 6. A multilayer article comprising:
a thermoformable substrate having first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface; an adhesive layer; a base layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the base layer being permanently adhered to the second major surface by the adhesive layer, the base layer comprising a first polymeric material; a transparent protective layer having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite its first major surface, the first major surface of the transparent protective layer contacting and permanently adhered to the second major surface of the base layer, the transparent protective layer comprising a second polymeric material, the second polymeric material comprising a polyurethane, the polyurethane having hard segments in an amount of from 35 to 65 percent by weight; and at least one of the thermoformable substrate and the base layer comprising a colorant, a combination of the base layer and the thermoformable substrate being opaque or translucent, and: i) each of the first and second major surfaces of the base layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of first and second respective corresponding forming webs; ii) each of the first and second major surfaces of the transparent protective layer being a substantial inverse image of a major surface of third and fourth respective corresponding forming webs; or iii) both i) and ii).
| 1,700 |
3,324 | 13,370,952 | 1,786 |
Fibers that are formed from a thermoplastic composition that contains a rigid renewable polyester and has a voided structure and low density are provided. To achieve such a structure, the renewable polyester is blended with a polymeric toughening additive in which the toughening additive can be dispersed as discrete physical domains within a continuous matrix of the renewable polyester. Fibers are thereafter formed and then stretched or drawn at a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the polyester (i.e., “cold drawn”).
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1. A fiber that is formed from a thermoplastic composition, the thermoplastic composition comprising at least one rigid renewable polyester having a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. or more, from about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of at least one polymeric toughening additive based on the weight of the renewable polyester, from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of at least one interphase modifier based on the weight of the renewable polyester, wherein the thermoplastic composition has a morphology in which a plurality of discrete primary domains and voids are dispersed within a continuous phase, the domains containing the polymeric toughening additive and the continuous phase containing the renewable polyester, wherein the fiber has a density of about 1.4 grams per cubic centimeter or less, and wherein the average percent volume of the composition that is occupied by the voids is from about 20% to about 80% per cubic centimeter. 2. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber has a density of from about 0.5 grams per cubic centimeter to about 0.95 grams per cubic centimeter. 3. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the average percent volume of the fiber that is occupied by the voids is from about 40% to about 60% per cubic centimeter. 4. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio of the voids is from about 0.1 to about 1. 5. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the voids contain a combination of micro-voids and nano-voids. 6. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the renewable polyester is a polylactic acid. 7. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the renewable polyester has a glass transition temperature of from about 50° C. to about 75° C. 8. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the solubility parameter for the renewable polyester to the solubility parameter of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 0.5 to about 1.5, the ratio of the melt flow rate for the renewable polyester to the melt flow rate of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 0.2 to about 8, and the ratio of the Young's modulus elasticity of the renewable polyester to the Young's modulus of elasticity of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 2 to about 500. 9. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the polymeric toughening additive includes a polyolefin. 10. The fiber of claim 9, wherein the polyolefin is a propylene homopolymer, propylene/α-olefin copolymer, ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, or a combination thereof. 11. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the interphase modifier has a kinematic viscosity of from about 0.7 to about 200 centistokes, determined at a temperature of 40° C. 12. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic composition to the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester is from about 0.7 to about 1.3. 13. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the interphase modifier is hydrophobic. 14. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the interphase modifier is a silicone, silicone-polyether copolymer, aliphatic polyester, aromatic polyester, alkylene glycol, alkane diol, amine oxide, fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof. 15. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a polyepoxide modifier that includes an epoxy-functional (meth)acrylic monomeric component. 16. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the renewable polyester constitutes about 70 wt. % or more of the thermoplastic composition. 17. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a tensile elongation at break of about 50% or more, measured at 23° C. according to ASTM D638-10. 18. A nonwoven web comprising the fiber of claim 1. 19. An absorbent article comprising an absorbent core positioned between a liquid-permeable layer and a generally liquid-impermeable layer, the absorbent article comprising the nonwoven web of claim 18. 20. A method for forming a low density fiber, the method comprising:
forming a blend that contains a rigid renewable polyester and a polymeric toughening additive, wherein the rigid renewable polyester has a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. or more; extruding the blend through a die to form the fiber; and drawing the fiber at a temperature that is lower than the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester to form a thermoplastic composition that contains a plurality of voids and has a density of about 1.4 grams per cubic centimeter or less. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising annealing the drawn fiber at a temperature that is above the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the fiber has a density of from about 0.5 grams per cubic centimeter to about 0.95 grams per cubic centimeter. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the average percent volume of the fiber that is occupied by the voids is from about 20% to about 80% per cubic centimeter. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the renewable polyester is a polylactic acid. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the polymeric toughening additive includes a propylene homopolymer, propylene/α-olefin copolymer, ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, or a combination thereof. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the blend comprises at least one interphase modifier. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the blend further comprises a polyepoxide modifier that includes an epoxy-functional (meth)acrylic monomeric component. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the fiber is drawn to a stretch ratio of from about 1.1 to about 3.0. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the fiber is drawn at a temperature at least about 10° C. below the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the blend is generally free of gaseous blowing agents. 31. A method for forming a nonwoven web, the method comprising:
forming a blend that contains a rigid renewable polyester and a polymeric toughening additive, wherein the rigid renewable polyester has a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. or more; extruding the blend through a die to form a plurality of fibers; randomly depositing the drawn fibers onto a surface to form a nonwoven web; and drawing the fibers before and/or after the nonwoven web is formed, wherein the fibers are drawn at a temperature that is lower than the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester to form a thermoplastic composition that contains a plurality of voids and has a density of about 1.4 grams per cubic centimeter or less.
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Fibers that are formed from a thermoplastic composition that contains a rigid renewable polyester and has a voided structure and low density are provided. To achieve such a structure, the renewable polyester is blended with a polymeric toughening additive in which the toughening additive can be dispersed as discrete physical domains within a continuous matrix of the renewable polyester. Fibers are thereafter formed and then stretched or drawn at a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the polyester (i.e., “cold drawn”).1. A fiber that is formed from a thermoplastic composition, the thermoplastic composition comprising at least one rigid renewable polyester having a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. or more, from about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of at least one polymeric toughening additive based on the weight of the renewable polyester, from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of at least one interphase modifier based on the weight of the renewable polyester, wherein the thermoplastic composition has a morphology in which a plurality of discrete primary domains and voids are dispersed within a continuous phase, the domains containing the polymeric toughening additive and the continuous phase containing the renewable polyester, wherein the fiber has a density of about 1.4 grams per cubic centimeter or less, and wherein the average percent volume of the composition that is occupied by the voids is from about 20% to about 80% per cubic centimeter. 2. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the fiber has a density of from about 0.5 grams per cubic centimeter to about 0.95 grams per cubic centimeter. 3. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the average percent volume of the fiber that is occupied by the voids is from about 40% to about 60% per cubic centimeter. 4. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the aspect ratio of the voids is from about 0.1 to about 1. 5. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the voids contain a combination of micro-voids and nano-voids. 6. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the renewable polyester is a polylactic acid. 7. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the renewable polyester has a glass transition temperature of from about 50° C. to about 75° C. 8. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the solubility parameter for the renewable polyester to the solubility parameter of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 0.5 to about 1.5, the ratio of the melt flow rate for the renewable polyester to the melt flow rate of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 0.2 to about 8, and the ratio of the Young's modulus elasticity of the renewable polyester to the Young's modulus of elasticity of the polymeric toughening additive is from about 2 to about 500. 9. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the polymeric toughening additive includes a polyolefin. 10. The fiber of claim 9, wherein the polyolefin is a propylene homopolymer, propylene/α-olefin copolymer, ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, or a combination thereof. 11. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the interphase modifier has a kinematic viscosity of from about 0.7 to about 200 centistokes, determined at a temperature of 40° C. 12. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic composition to the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester is from about 0.7 to about 1.3. 13. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the interphase modifier is hydrophobic. 14. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the interphase modifier is a silicone, silicone-polyether copolymer, aliphatic polyester, aromatic polyester, alkylene glycol, alkane diol, amine oxide, fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof. 15. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a polyepoxide modifier that includes an epoxy-functional (meth)acrylic monomeric component. 16. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the renewable polyester constitutes about 70 wt. % or more of the thermoplastic composition. 17. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the composition exhibits a tensile elongation at break of about 50% or more, measured at 23° C. according to ASTM D638-10. 18. A nonwoven web comprising the fiber of claim 1. 19. An absorbent article comprising an absorbent core positioned between a liquid-permeable layer and a generally liquid-impermeable layer, the absorbent article comprising the nonwoven web of claim 18. 20. A method for forming a low density fiber, the method comprising:
forming a blend that contains a rigid renewable polyester and a polymeric toughening additive, wherein the rigid renewable polyester has a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. or more; extruding the blend through a die to form the fiber; and drawing the fiber at a temperature that is lower than the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester to form a thermoplastic composition that contains a plurality of voids and has a density of about 1.4 grams per cubic centimeter or less. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising annealing the drawn fiber at a temperature that is above the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the fiber has a density of from about 0.5 grams per cubic centimeter to about 0.95 grams per cubic centimeter. 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the average percent volume of the fiber that is occupied by the voids is from about 20% to about 80% per cubic centimeter. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the renewable polyester is a polylactic acid. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the polymeric toughening additive includes a propylene homopolymer, propylene/α-olefin copolymer, ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, or a combination thereof. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the blend comprises at least one interphase modifier. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the blend further comprises a polyepoxide modifier that includes an epoxy-functional (meth)acrylic monomeric component. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the fiber is drawn to a stretch ratio of from about 1.1 to about 3.0. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the fiber is drawn at a temperature at least about 10° C. below the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the blend is generally free of gaseous blowing agents. 31. A method for forming a nonwoven web, the method comprising:
forming a blend that contains a rigid renewable polyester and a polymeric toughening additive, wherein the rigid renewable polyester has a glass transition temperature of about 0° C. or more; extruding the blend through a die to form a plurality of fibers; randomly depositing the drawn fibers onto a surface to form a nonwoven web; and drawing the fibers before and/or after the nonwoven web is formed, wherein the fibers are drawn at a temperature that is lower than the glass transition temperature of the renewable polyester to form a thermoplastic composition that contains a plurality of voids and has a density of about 1.4 grams per cubic centimeter or less.
| 1,700 |
3,325 | 11,663,938 | 1,786 |
A fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite structure incorporates a woven preform containing tows of carbon or other advanced fibres and wires of shape memory alloy (SMA). The SMA wires are capable of absorbing much larger amounts of strain energy than the conventional components of FRP composites and hence enhance the impact resistance of the structure. The woven form incorporates the SMA into the structure in an optimum manner in terms of handling and performance.
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1. A composite structure comprising a polymer matrix with reinforcing fibres and shape memory alloy (SMA) wires embedded therein, the SMA wires being of a composition and in a proportion to substantially enhance the impact resistance of the structure at a predetermined operating temperature or range thereof, and wherein the SMA wires are woven together with at least some of the reinforcing fibres in one or more integral preforms. 2. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said SMA is selected from the group comprising Ti—Ni, Ti—Ni—Cu, Ti—Ni—Nb, Ti—Ni—Hf, Cu—Zn—Al, Cu—Al—Ni, Cu—Al—Zn—Mn, Cu—Al—Ni—Mn, Cu—Al—Mn—Ni, Fe—Mn—Si, Fe—Cr—Ni—Mn—Si—Co, Fe—Ni—Mn, Fe—Ni—C and Fe—Ni—Co—Ti alloys. 3. A structure according to claim 1 wherein the volume fraction of said SMA wires in the structure is in the range 2-25%. 4. A structure according to claim 3 wherein the volume fraction of said SMA wires in the structure is in the range 3-12%. 5. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits predominantly a stress-induced martensitic twinning response at said operating temperature or range. 6. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits predominantly a stress-induced martensitic transformation response at said operating temperature or range. 7. A structure according to claims 1 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits a combination of stress-induced martensitic twinning and stress-induced martensitic transformation responses at said operating temperature or range. 8. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said SMA wires have a cross-section which is substantially longer in a first dimension than in a second dimension perpendicular to the first, and are woven into the respective preform with the longer dimension generally parallel to the plane of the preform. 9. A structure according to claim 1, being an essentially passive structure. 10. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said reinforcing fibres are selected from the group comprising carbon, glass, aramid, polyethylene and boron fibres. 11. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said reinforcing fibres have a tensile modulus in excess of 50 GPa. 12. A structure according to claim 11 wherein said reinforcing fibres have a tensile modulus in excess of 200 GPa. 13. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said preform comprises combination tows of reinforcing fibre and SMA wire in either or both of the warp and weft directions. 14. A fabric comprising shape memory alloy (SMA) wires woven together with fibres of a different composition, the SMA wires being of a composition and in a proportion to substantially enhance the impact resistance of the fabric at a predetermined operating temperature or range thereof. 15. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said SMA is selected from the group comprising Ti—Ni, Ti—Ni—Cu, Ti—Ni—Nb, Ti—Ni—Hf, Cu—Zn—Al, Cu—Al—Ni, Cu—Al—Zn—Mn, Cu—Al—Ni—Mn, Cu—Al—Mn—Ni, Fe—Mn—Si, Fe—Cr—Ni—Mn—Si—Co, Fe—Ni—Mn, Fe—Ni—C and Fe—Ni—Co—Ti alloys. 16. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits predominantly a stress-induced martensitic twinning response at said operating temperature or range. 17. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits predominantly a stress-induced martensitic transformation response at said operating temperature or range. 18. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits a combination of stress-induced martensitic twinning and stress-induced martensitic transformation responses at said operating temperature or range. 19. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said SMA wires have a cross-section which is substantially longer in a first dimension than in a second dimension perpendicular to the first, and are woven into the fabric with the longer dimension generally parallel to the plane of the fabric. 20. A fabric according to claim 14 being an essentially passive fabric. 21. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said fibres are selected from the group comprising carbon, glass, aramid, polyethylene and boron fibres. 22. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said fibres have a tensile modulus in excess of 50 GPa. 23. A fabric according to claim 22 wherein said fibres have a tensile modulus in excess of 200 GPa. 24. A fabric according to claim 14 comprising combination tows of said fibre and SMA wire in either or both of the warp and weft directions.
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A fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite structure incorporates a woven preform containing tows of carbon or other advanced fibres and wires of shape memory alloy (SMA). The SMA wires are capable of absorbing much larger amounts of strain energy than the conventional components of FRP composites and hence enhance the impact resistance of the structure. The woven form incorporates the SMA into the structure in an optimum manner in terms of handling and performance.1. A composite structure comprising a polymer matrix with reinforcing fibres and shape memory alloy (SMA) wires embedded therein, the SMA wires being of a composition and in a proportion to substantially enhance the impact resistance of the structure at a predetermined operating temperature or range thereof, and wherein the SMA wires are woven together with at least some of the reinforcing fibres in one or more integral preforms. 2. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said SMA is selected from the group comprising Ti—Ni, Ti—Ni—Cu, Ti—Ni—Nb, Ti—Ni—Hf, Cu—Zn—Al, Cu—Al—Ni, Cu—Al—Zn—Mn, Cu—Al—Ni—Mn, Cu—Al—Mn—Ni, Fe—Mn—Si, Fe—Cr—Ni—Mn—Si—Co, Fe—Ni—Mn, Fe—Ni—C and Fe—Ni—Co—Ti alloys. 3. A structure according to claim 1 wherein the volume fraction of said SMA wires in the structure is in the range 2-25%. 4. A structure according to claim 3 wherein the volume fraction of said SMA wires in the structure is in the range 3-12%. 5. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits predominantly a stress-induced martensitic twinning response at said operating temperature or range. 6. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits predominantly a stress-induced martensitic transformation response at said operating temperature or range. 7. A structure according to claims 1 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits a combination of stress-induced martensitic twinning and stress-induced martensitic transformation responses at said operating temperature or range. 8. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said SMA wires have a cross-section which is substantially longer in a first dimension than in a second dimension perpendicular to the first, and are woven into the respective preform with the longer dimension generally parallel to the plane of the preform. 9. A structure according to claim 1, being an essentially passive structure. 10. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said reinforcing fibres are selected from the group comprising carbon, glass, aramid, polyethylene and boron fibres. 11. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said reinforcing fibres have a tensile modulus in excess of 50 GPa. 12. A structure according to claim 11 wherein said reinforcing fibres have a tensile modulus in excess of 200 GPa. 13. A structure according to claim 1 wherein said preform comprises combination tows of reinforcing fibre and SMA wire in either or both of the warp and weft directions. 14. A fabric comprising shape memory alloy (SMA) wires woven together with fibres of a different composition, the SMA wires being of a composition and in a proportion to substantially enhance the impact resistance of the fabric at a predetermined operating temperature or range thereof. 15. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said SMA is selected from the group comprising Ti—Ni, Ti—Ni—Cu, Ti—Ni—Nb, Ti—Ni—Hf, Cu—Zn—Al, Cu—Al—Ni, Cu—Al—Zn—Mn, Cu—Al—Ni—Mn, Cu—Al—Mn—Ni, Fe—Mn—Si, Fe—Cr—Ni—Mn—Si—Co, Fe—Ni—Mn, Fe—Ni—C and Fe—Ni—Co—Ti alloys. 16. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits predominantly a stress-induced martensitic twinning response at said operating temperature or range. 17. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits predominantly a stress-induced martensitic transformation response at said operating temperature or range. 18. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said alloy is of a type which exhibits a combination of stress-induced martensitic twinning and stress-induced martensitic transformation responses at said operating temperature or range. 19. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said SMA wires have a cross-section which is substantially longer in a first dimension than in a second dimension perpendicular to the first, and are woven into the fabric with the longer dimension generally parallel to the plane of the fabric. 20. A fabric according to claim 14 being an essentially passive fabric. 21. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said fibres are selected from the group comprising carbon, glass, aramid, polyethylene and boron fibres. 22. A fabric according to claim 14 wherein said fibres have a tensile modulus in excess of 50 GPa. 23. A fabric according to claim 22 wherein said fibres have a tensile modulus in excess of 200 GPa. 24. A fabric according to claim 14 comprising combination tows of said fibre and SMA wire in either or both of the warp and weft directions.
| 1,700 |
3,326 | 15,161,653 | 1,793 |
Gel-based dessert systems, e.g., pudding systems, and preblend systems include an edible lipid and citrus pulp fiber. One particularly useful dry mix is made by homogenizing a combination that includes citrus pulp fiber, an edible lipid, and water to form a homogenized product. The combination includes 1-20 parts by weight of the lipid for each part by weight of citrus pulp fiber. The homogenized product is then dried to form a dry blend system. It has been found that such a dry blend system can be used to replace shortenings used in puddings and the like to reduce trans and saturated fats while retaining or even improving rheology and stability of the pudding.
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1. A method of forming a food product, comprising:
homogenizing a combination that includes citrus pulp fiber, an edible lipid, and water to form a homogenized combination that includes 1-20 parts by weight of the lipid for each part by weight of citrus pulp fiber; and drying the homogenized composition to form a dry blend system. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein drying the homogenized composition comprises drying the homogenized composition in the presence of a further ingredient. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein drying the homogenized composition comprises drying the homogenized composition in the presence of at least one of a starch and a sweetener. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein drying the homogenized composition comprises adding the homogenized composition and at least one of a starch and a sweetener to a fluid bed dryer. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising mixing the dry blend system with a liquid system to form a food system, wherein the liquid system comprises at least one of water, a water miscible liquid, a water immiscible liquid, and a microemulsion. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising mixing the dry blend system with a sweetener and a starch to form a gel-based dessert system. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the gel-based dessert system is a dry blend system. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising mixing the dry blend system with a sweetener, a starch, and at least one of water or milk to form a finished gel-based dessert product that comprises at least about 20 wt % water and has a viscosity of at least about 10,000 mPa*s at 20° C. and 10 s−1. 9. The method of any preceding claim wherein the citrus pulp fiber has a water binding capacity of from about 7 g of water to about 25 g of water per gram of citrus pulp fiber, and an oil binding capacity of from about 1.5 g of oil to about 10 g of oil per gram of citrus pulp fiber. 10. A dry blend system comprising citrus pulp fiber and an edible oil that has a solid fat content of no greater than 5 wt % at 0° C., the dry blend system having been prepared by homogenizing a combination that includes water, the citrus pulp fiber, and 1-20 grams of the edible oil per gram of the citrus pulp fiber and drying the homogenized combination. 11. The dry blend system of claim 10 wherein the dry blend system further comprises at least one of a starch and a sweetener. 12. The dry blend system of claim 10 wherein the dry blend system further comprises at least one of a starch and a sweetener, wherein drying the homogenized combination comprises drying the homogenized composition in the presence of the starch and/or sweetener. 13. A method of making a gel-based dessert system, comprising:
homogenizing citrus pulp fiber, an edible lipid, and water to form a preblend system; and, thereafter, mixing at least a portion of the preblend system with a sweetener and a starch. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising drying the preblend system to form a dry blend system, wherein the step of mixing at least a portion of the preblend system comprises mixing the dry blend system with the starch, the sweetener, and water. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the edible lipid is an edible oil having a solid fat content of no greater than 5 wt % at 0° C. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the edible lipid is an edible oil containing no more than about 2% trans fat and less than about 20% FDA saturates. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the edible oil is a mixture of two different oils, at least one of which is selected from the group consisting of rapeseed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, cottonseed oil, and olive oil. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the edible lipid is a non-hydrogenated edible oil containing no more than about 20% FDA saturates. 19. A method of making a gel-based dessert system that is a dry blend system, comprising:
forming an emulsion comprising citrus pulp fiber, water, and an edible oil having a solid fat content of no greater than 5 wt % at 0° C.; contacting the emulsion with a second component that comprises at least one of a sweetener and a starch; and drying the emulsion and second component to a combined water content of no more than 10 wt %. 20. A gel-based dessert product having an apparent viscosity of at least about 10,000 mPa*s at 20° C. and 10 s−1, comprising:
a structured fat component comprising citrus pulp fiber and an edible oil, the structured fat component having a solid fat content of no greater than 5 wt % at 0° C.;
water; and
an edible starch;
wherein the gel-based dessert product has an FDA saturates content of no more than 20% of a total fat content of the gel-based dessert product. 21. The gel-based dessert product of claim 20 wherein the gel-based dessert product is devoid of hydrogenated lipids. 22. The gel-based dessert product of claim 20 wherein the edible oil comprises a non-hydrogenated vegetable oil. 23. The gel-based dessert product of claim 20 wherein the edible oil comprises at least one non-hydrogenated vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of rapeseed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, cottonseed oil, and olive oil. 24. The gel-based dessert product of claim 20 wherein the citrus pulp fiber has a water binding capacity of from about 7 g of water to about 25 g of water per gram of citrus pulp fiber, and an oil binding capacity of from about 1.5 g of oil to about 10 g of oil per gram of citrus pulp fiber.
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Gel-based dessert systems, e.g., pudding systems, and preblend systems include an edible lipid and citrus pulp fiber. One particularly useful dry mix is made by homogenizing a combination that includes citrus pulp fiber, an edible lipid, and water to form a homogenized product. The combination includes 1-20 parts by weight of the lipid for each part by weight of citrus pulp fiber. The homogenized product is then dried to form a dry blend system. It has been found that such a dry blend system can be used to replace shortenings used in puddings and the like to reduce trans and saturated fats while retaining or even improving rheology and stability of the pudding.1. A method of forming a food product, comprising:
homogenizing a combination that includes citrus pulp fiber, an edible lipid, and water to form a homogenized combination that includes 1-20 parts by weight of the lipid for each part by weight of citrus pulp fiber; and drying the homogenized composition to form a dry blend system. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein drying the homogenized composition comprises drying the homogenized composition in the presence of a further ingredient. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein drying the homogenized composition comprises drying the homogenized composition in the presence of at least one of a starch and a sweetener. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein drying the homogenized composition comprises adding the homogenized composition and at least one of a starch and a sweetener to a fluid bed dryer. 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising mixing the dry blend system with a liquid system to form a food system, wherein the liquid system comprises at least one of water, a water miscible liquid, a water immiscible liquid, and a microemulsion. 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising mixing the dry blend system with a sweetener and a starch to form a gel-based dessert system. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the gel-based dessert system is a dry blend system. 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising mixing the dry blend system with a sweetener, a starch, and at least one of water or milk to form a finished gel-based dessert product that comprises at least about 20 wt % water and has a viscosity of at least about 10,000 mPa*s at 20° C. and 10 s−1. 9. The method of any preceding claim wherein the citrus pulp fiber has a water binding capacity of from about 7 g of water to about 25 g of water per gram of citrus pulp fiber, and an oil binding capacity of from about 1.5 g of oil to about 10 g of oil per gram of citrus pulp fiber. 10. A dry blend system comprising citrus pulp fiber and an edible oil that has a solid fat content of no greater than 5 wt % at 0° C., the dry blend system having been prepared by homogenizing a combination that includes water, the citrus pulp fiber, and 1-20 grams of the edible oil per gram of the citrus pulp fiber and drying the homogenized combination. 11. The dry blend system of claim 10 wherein the dry blend system further comprises at least one of a starch and a sweetener. 12. The dry blend system of claim 10 wherein the dry blend system further comprises at least one of a starch and a sweetener, wherein drying the homogenized combination comprises drying the homogenized composition in the presence of the starch and/or sweetener. 13. A method of making a gel-based dessert system, comprising:
homogenizing citrus pulp fiber, an edible lipid, and water to form a preblend system; and, thereafter, mixing at least a portion of the preblend system with a sweetener and a starch. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising drying the preblend system to form a dry blend system, wherein the step of mixing at least a portion of the preblend system comprises mixing the dry blend system with the starch, the sweetener, and water. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the edible lipid is an edible oil having a solid fat content of no greater than 5 wt % at 0° C. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the edible lipid is an edible oil containing no more than about 2% trans fat and less than about 20% FDA saturates. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the edible oil is a mixture of two different oils, at least one of which is selected from the group consisting of rapeseed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, cottonseed oil, and olive oil. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the edible lipid is a non-hydrogenated edible oil containing no more than about 20% FDA saturates. 19. A method of making a gel-based dessert system that is a dry blend system, comprising:
forming an emulsion comprising citrus pulp fiber, water, and an edible oil having a solid fat content of no greater than 5 wt % at 0° C.; contacting the emulsion with a second component that comprises at least one of a sweetener and a starch; and drying the emulsion and second component to a combined water content of no more than 10 wt %. 20. A gel-based dessert product having an apparent viscosity of at least about 10,000 mPa*s at 20° C. and 10 s−1, comprising:
a structured fat component comprising citrus pulp fiber and an edible oil, the structured fat component having a solid fat content of no greater than 5 wt % at 0° C.;
water; and
an edible starch;
wherein the gel-based dessert product has an FDA saturates content of no more than 20% of a total fat content of the gel-based dessert product. 21. The gel-based dessert product of claim 20 wherein the gel-based dessert product is devoid of hydrogenated lipids. 22. The gel-based dessert product of claim 20 wherein the edible oil comprises a non-hydrogenated vegetable oil. 23. The gel-based dessert product of claim 20 wherein the edible oil comprises at least one non-hydrogenated vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of rapeseed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, cottonseed oil, and olive oil. 24. The gel-based dessert product of claim 20 wherein the citrus pulp fiber has a water binding capacity of from about 7 g of water to about 25 g of water per gram of citrus pulp fiber, and an oil binding capacity of from about 1.5 g of oil to about 10 g of oil per gram of citrus pulp fiber.
| 1,700 |
3,327 | 15,117,363 | 1,732 |
Catalyst systems and methods for making and using the same. A method of polymerizing olefins to produce a polyolefm polymer with a multimodal composition distribution, includes contacting ethylene and a comonomer with a catalyst system. The catalyst system includes a first catalyst compound and a second catalyst compound that are co-supported to form a commonly supported catalyst system. The first catalyst compound includes a compound with the general formula (C 5 H a R 1 b ) (C 5 H c R 2 4 )HfX 2 . The second catalyst compound comprises the following formula: (A), wherein each R 3 or R 4 is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group, wherein each R 3 or R 4 may be the same or different, and each X is independently a leaving group selected from a labile hydrocarbyl, a substituted hydrocarbyl, a heteroatom group, or a divalent radical that links to an R 3 group.
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1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. A catalyst composition comprising a first catalyst compound and a second catalyst compound that are co-supported forming a commonly supported catalyst system, wherein the first catalyst compound comprises the following formula:
(C5HaR1 b)(C5HcR2 d)HfX2
wherein each R1 is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group; each R2 is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group; a and c are ≧3; a+b=c+d=5; at least one R1 and at least one R2 is a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl group; adjacent R1 and R2 groups may be coupled to form a ring; and each X is independently a leaving group selected from a labile hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, or heteroatom group, or a divalent radical that links to an R1, or R2 group; and the second catalyst compound comprises the following formula:
wherein each R3 or R3a is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group, wherein each R3 or R3a may be the same or different; and each X is independently a leaving group selected from a labile hydrocarbyl, a substituted hydrocarbyl, a heteroatom group, or a divalent radical that links to an R3 group. 18. (canceled) 19. The catalyst composition of claim 17 wherein the second catalyst compound is predominantly meso in structure. 20. The catalyst composition of claim 17, wherein the second catalyst compound comprises at least one compound with the following formula: 21. The catalyst composition of claim 17, wherein the second catalyst compound comprises at least one compound with the following formula: 22. The catalyst composition of claim 17, wherein the ratio of the first catalyst compound to the second catalyst compound is between about 10:1 to 1:10. 23. The catalyst composition of claim 17, wherein the ratio of the first catalyst compound to the second catalyst compound is between about 3:1 to 1:3. 24. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising an activator comprising an acid derived from a weakly coordinating anion. 25. The catalyst composition of claim 24, wherein the activator comprises an aluminoxane compound, an organoboron, an organoaluminum compound or combinations thereof. 26. The catalyst composition of claim 24, wherein the activator comprises methyl aluminoxane or modified methylaluminoxane. 27. The catalyst composition of claim 25, wherein the organoboron compound comprises BAraRb, or AlAraRb, wherein a+b=3, a≧2, and Ar is an aryl or heteroaryl group comprising a substituent containing fluorine and wherein each R is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group or a heteroatom group. 28. (canceled) 29. The catalyst composition of claim 24, wherein the weakly coordinating anion comprises BArcRd—, or AlArcRd—, or both, wherein c+d=4, c≧2, and Ar is an aryl or heteroaryl group comprising a substituent containing fluorine, and each Rd is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group. 30. (canceled) 31. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising a support comprising a mineral, a clay, a metal oxide, a metalloid oxide, a mixed metal oxide, a mixed metalloid oxide, a mixed metal-metalloid oxide, a polymer, or any combinations thereof. 32. (canceled) 33. The catalyst composition of claim 31, wherein the support has been thermally treated and/or chemically treated with an acid, an organosilane, an organoaluminum, or a fluoriding agent, or any combinations thereof. 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising an organometallic agent comprising a compound of the following formula: ER4 nR5 V-n, wherein E is Al, B, Mg, Ca, Zn, Si, Ti, Zr, Hf; each R4 is independently H, or a hydrocarbyl; each R5 is independently a H, a Cl to C20 hydrocarbon group, or a heteroatom containing group having up to twenty carbon atoms, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, or phosphorus; V is the valence of E, and n is 1 to V. 38. The catalyst composition of claim 37, wherein ER4 nR5 V-n is oligomeric or polymeric in structure. 39. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising a third catalyst compound comprising an inorganic or organometallic complexes of a lanthanide, an actinide, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Cr, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, or Pd. 40. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising a third catalyst compound comprising a formula of CpA(A)CpBM′X′n, CpA(A)QM′X′n or CpAM′QqX′n, wherein CpA and CpB may each be independently a cyclopentadienyl ligand, or a ligands isolobal to cyclopentadienyl, either or both CpA and CpB may contain heteroatoms, and either or both CpA and CpB may be substituted by one or more R3 groups, wherein M′ is selected from the group consisting of Groups 3 through 12 atoms and lanthanide Group atoms, wherein X′ is an anionic leaving group, wherein n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 4, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of divalent alkyls, divalent lower alkyls, divalent substituted alkyls, divalent heteroalkyls, divalent alkenyls, divalent lower alkenyls, divalent substituted alkenyls, divalent heteroalkenyls, divalent alkynyls, divalent lower alkynyls, divalent substituted alkynyls, divalent heteroalkynyls, divalent alkoxys, divalent lower alkoxys, divalent aryloxys, divalent alkylthios, divalent lower alkyl thios, divalent arylthios, divalent aryls, divalent substituted aryls, divalent heteroaryls, divalent aralkyls, divalent aralkylenes, divalent alkaryls, divalent alkarylenes, divalent haloalkyls, divalent haloalkenyls, divalent haloalkynyls, divalent heteroalkyls, divalent heterocycles, divalent heteroaryls, divalent heteroatom-containing groups, divalent hydrocarbyls, divalent lower hydrocarbyls, divalent substituted hydrocarbyls, divalent heterohydrocarbyls, divalent silyls, divalent boryls, divalent phosphinos, divalent phosphines, divalent aminos, divalent amines, divalent ethers, divalent thioethers; wherein the R8 groups are selected from the group consisting of alkyls, lower alkyls, substituted alkyls, heteroalkyls, alkenyls, lower alkenyls, substituted alkenyls, heteroalkenyls, alkynyls, lower alkynyls, substituted alkynyls, heteroalkynyls, alkoxys, lower alkoxys, aryloxys, alkylthios, lower alkyl thios, arylthios, aryls, substituted aryls, heteroaryls, aralkyls, aralkylenes, alkaryls, alkarylenes, haloalkyls, haloalkenyls, haloalkynyls, heteroalkyls, heterocycles, heteroaryls, heteroatom-containing groups, hydrocarbyls, lower hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, heterohydrocarbyls, silyls, boryls, phosphinos, phosphines, aminos, amines, ethers, thioethers wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of heteroatom-containing ligands, ROO—, RO—, R(O)—, —NR—, —CR2—, —S—, —NR2, —CR3, —SR, —SiR3, —PR2, —H, and substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups; and wherein q is selected from 0 to 3. 41. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising a catalyst compound of the following formula:
wherein M is Ti, Zr, or Hf;
wherein R6 is H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group;
and wherein each R6 may be joined together to form a ring; wherein each R7 is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group. 42. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising at least one Group 15 containing catalyst compound represented by the formula:
wherein:
M is a Group 4, 5, or 6 metal;
y is 0 or 1, wherein when y is 0, group L′ is absent;
n is the oxidation state of M;
m is the formal charge of the ligand represented by YZL and YZL′;
L, L′, Y and Z are each a Group 15 element;
each R7 and R8 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group;
R9 is absent or is H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group;
each R10 and R11 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, an aryl group, substituted aryl group, a cyclic alkyl group, a substituted cyclic alkyl group, a cyclic arylalkyl group, a substituted cyclic arylalkyl group or multiple ring system;
each R12 and R13 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group; and
R* is absent, or is hydrogen, a Group 14 atom containing group, a halogen, or a heteroatom containing group. 43. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising at least one catalyst compound having the following formula:
wherein each R14 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group; and each R15 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, a heteroatom group, an aryl, a substituted aryl, a heteroaryl, an aralkyl, an aralkylene, an alkaryl, an alkarylene, a halide, a haloalkyl, a haloalkenyl, a haloalkynyl, a heteroalkyl, a heterocycle, a heteroaryl, a heteroatom-containing group, a silyl, a boryl, a phosphino, a phosphine, an amino, or an amine.
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Catalyst systems and methods for making and using the same. A method of polymerizing olefins to produce a polyolefm polymer with a multimodal composition distribution, includes contacting ethylene and a comonomer with a catalyst system. The catalyst system includes a first catalyst compound and a second catalyst compound that are co-supported to form a commonly supported catalyst system. The first catalyst compound includes a compound with the general formula (C 5 H a R 1 b ) (C 5 H c R 2 4 )HfX 2 . The second catalyst compound comprises the following formula: (A), wherein each R 3 or R 4 is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group, wherein each R 3 or R 4 may be the same or different, and each X is independently a leaving group selected from a labile hydrocarbyl, a substituted hydrocarbyl, a heteroatom group, or a divalent radical that links to an R 3 group.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. A catalyst composition comprising a first catalyst compound and a second catalyst compound that are co-supported forming a commonly supported catalyst system, wherein the first catalyst compound comprises the following formula:
(C5HaR1 b)(C5HcR2 d)HfX2
wherein each R1 is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group; each R2 is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group; a and c are ≧3; a+b=c+d=5; at least one R1 and at least one R2 is a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl group; adjacent R1 and R2 groups may be coupled to form a ring; and each X is independently a leaving group selected from a labile hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, or heteroatom group, or a divalent radical that links to an R1, or R2 group; and the second catalyst compound comprises the following formula:
wherein each R3 or R3a is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group, wherein each R3 or R3a may be the same or different; and each X is independently a leaving group selected from a labile hydrocarbyl, a substituted hydrocarbyl, a heteroatom group, or a divalent radical that links to an R3 group. 18. (canceled) 19. The catalyst composition of claim 17 wherein the second catalyst compound is predominantly meso in structure. 20. The catalyst composition of claim 17, wherein the second catalyst compound comprises at least one compound with the following formula: 21. The catalyst composition of claim 17, wherein the second catalyst compound comprises at least one compound with the following formula: 22. The catalyst composition of claim 17, wherein the ratio of the first catalyst compound to the second catalyst compound is between about 10:1 to 1:10. 23. The catalyst composition of claim 17, wherein the ratio of the first catalyst compound to the second catalyst compound is between about 3:1 to 1:3. 24. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising an activator comprising an acid derived from a weakly coordinating anion. 25. The catalyst composition of claim 24, wherein the activator comprises an aluminoxane compound, an organoboron, an organoaluminum compound or combinations thereof. 26. The catalyst composition of claim 24, wherein the activator comprises methyl aluminoxane or modified methylaluminoxane. 27. The catalyst composition of claim 25, wherein the organoboron compound comprises BAraRb, or AlAraRb, wherein a+b=3, a≧2, and Ar is an aryl or heteroaryl group comprising a substituent containing fluorine and wherein each R is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group or a heteroatom group. 28. (canceled) 29. The catalyst composition of claim 24, wherein the weakly coordinating anion comprises BArcRd—, or AlArcRd—, or both, wherein c+d=4, c≧2, and Ar is an aryl or heteroaryl group comprising a substituent containing fluorine, and each Rd is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group. 30. (canceled) 31. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising a support comprising a mineral, a clay, a metal oxide, a metalloid oxide, a mixed metal oxide, a mixed metalloid oxide, a mixed metal-metalloid oxide, a polymer, or any combinations thereof. 32. (canceled) 33. The catalyst composition of claim 31, wherein the support has been thermally treated and/or chemically treated with an acid, an organosilane, an organoaluminum, or a fluoriding agent, or any combinations thereof. 34. (canceled) 35. (canceled) 36. (canceled) 37. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising an organometallic agent comprising a compound of the following formula: ER4 nR5 V-n, wherein E is Al, B, Mg, Ca, Zn, Si, Ti, Zr, Hf; each R4 is independently H, or a hydrocarbyl; each R5 is independently a H, a Cl to C20 hydrocarbon group, or a heteroatom containing group having up to twenty carbon atoms, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, or phosphorus; V is the valence of E, and n is 1 to V. 38. The catalyst composition of claim 37, wherein ER4 nR5 V-n is oligomeric or polymeric in structure. 39. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising a third catalyst compound comprising an inorganic or organometallic complexes of a lanthanide, an actinide, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Cr, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, or Pd. 40. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising a third catalyst compound comprising a formula of CpA(A)CpBM′X′n, CpA(A)QM′X′n or CpAM′QqX′n, wherein CpA and CpB may each be independently a cyclopentadienyl ligand, or a ligands isolobal to cyclopentadienyl, either or both CpA and CpB may contain heteroatoms, and either or both CpA and CpB may be substituted by one or more R3 groups, wherein M′ is selected from the group consisting of Groups 3 through 12 atoms and lanthanide Group atoms, wherein X′ is an anionic leaving group, wherein n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 4, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of divalent alkyls, divalent lower alkyls, divalent substituted alkyls, divalent heteroalkyls, divalent alkenyls, divalent lower alkenyls, divalent substituted alkenyls, divalent heteroalkenyls, divalent alkynyls, divalent lower alkynyls, divalent substituted alkynyls, divalent heteroalkynyls, divalent alkoxys, divalent lower alkoxys, divalent aryloxys, divalent alkylthios, divalent lower alkyl thios, divalent arylthios, divalent aryls, divalent substituted aryls, divalent heteroaryls, divalent aralkyls, divalent aralkylenes, divalent alkaryls, divalent alkarylenes, divalent haloalkyls, divalent haloalkenyls, divalent haloalkynyls, divalent heteroalkyls, divalent heterocycles, divalent heteroaryls, divalent heteroatom-containing groups, divalent hydrocarbyls, divalent lower hydrocarbyls, divalent substituted hydrocarbyls, divalent heterohydrocarbyls, divalent silyls, divalent boryls, divalent phosphinos, divalent phosphines, divalent aminos, divalent amines, divalent ethers, divalent thioethers; wherein the R8 groups are selected from the group consisting of alkyls, lower alkyls, substituted alkyls, heteroalkyls, alkenyls, lower alkenyls, substituted alkenyls, heteroalkenyls, alkynyls, lower alkynyls, substituted alkynyls, heteroalkynyls, alkoxys, lower alkoxys, aryloxys, alkylthios, lower alkyl thios, arylthios, aryls, substituted aryls, heteroaryls, aralkyls, aralkylenes, alkaryls, alkarylenes, haloalkyls, haloalkenyls, haloalkynyls, heteroalkyls, heterocycles, heteroaryls, heteroatom-containing groups, hydrocarbyls, lower hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, heterohydrocarbyls, silyls, boryls, phosphinos, phosphines, aminos, amines, ethers, thioethers wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of heteroatom-containing ligands, ROO—, RO—, R(O)—, —NR—, —CR2—, —S—, —NR2, —CR3, —SR, —SiR3, —PR2, —H, and substituted and unsubstituted aryl groups; and wherein q is selected from 0 to 3. 41. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising a catalyst compound of the following formula:
wherein M is Ti, Zr, or Hf;
wherein R6 is H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group;
and wherein each R6 may be joined together to form a ring; wherein each R7 is independently H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group. 42. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising at least one Group 15 containing catalyst compound represented by the formula:
wherein:
M is a Group 4, 5, or 6 metal;
y is 0 or 1, wherein when y is 0, group L′ is absent;
n is the oxidation state of M;
m is the formal charge of the ligand represented by YZL and YZL′;
L, L′, Y and Z are each a Group 15 element;
each R7 and R8 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group;
R9 is absent or is H, a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group;
each R10 and R11 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, an aryl group, substituted aryl group, a cyclic alkyl group, a substituted cyclic alkyl group, a cyclic arylalkyl group, a substituted cyclic arylalkyl group or multiple ring system;
each R12 and R13 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group; and
R* is absent, or is hydrogen, a Group 14 atom containing group, a halogen, or a heteroatom containing group. 43. The catalyst composition of claim 17, comprising at least one catalyst compound having the following formula:
wherein each R14 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom group; and each R15 is independently a hydrocarbyl group, a substituted hydrocarbyl group, a heteroatom group, an aryl, a substituted aryl, a heteroaryl, an aralkyl, an aralkylene, an alkaryl, an alkarylene, a halide, a haloalkyl, a haloalkenyl, a haloalkynyl, a heteroalkyl, a heterocycle, a heteroaryl, a heteroatom-containing group, a silyl, a boryl, a phosphino, a phosphine, an amino, or an amine.
| 1,700 |
3,328 | 15,940,166 | 1,774 |
An apparatus and method for generating a swirl is disclosed that is used to induce an axi-symmetric swirling flow to an incoming flow. The disclosed subject matter induces a uniform and axi-symmetric swirl, circumferentially around a discharge location, thus imparting a more accurate, repeatable, continuous, and controllable swirl and mixing condition of interest. Moreover, the disclosed subject matter performs the swirl injection at a lower pressure drop in comparison to a more traditional methods and devices.
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1. A swirl generator, comprising:
a central chamber; an upstream nozzle connected to a first end of the central chamber, wherein the upstream nozzle is configured to carry an incoming flow having no swirl; a conical downstream nozzle connected to a second end of the central chamber, wherein the downstream nozzle is configured to receive an outgoing flow from the central chamber; at least one injector in fluid communication with the central chamber, the at least one injector having: a plenum having a plenum inlet and a plenum discharge; a slot connecting at a first end with the plenum discharge and connecting radially tangentially at a second end with the central chamber to form a fluid passage from the; and a plenum feed connecting with the plenum inlet, wherein the injector is configured to introduce a uniform axi-symmetric swirl to the flow. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
an inner spacer connected to an outer surface of the conical downstream nozzle; and an outer spacer connected to an inner surface of the conical downstream nozzle, wherein the inner and outer spacers form a throat and define a gap between a downstream edge cone surface and an inner surface of the downstream nozzle. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a thermally conductive jacket connecting with the central chamber. 4. A method of generating an axially-symmetric swirling flow, comprising:
feeding a first flow into a plenum; discharging the first flow from the plenum into a converging gap; and radially tangentially discharging the first flow from the converging gap into a main flow. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising feeding the first flow into the plenum in a direction perpendicular to the main flow. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising reducing a hydraulic diameter of the converging gap. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising adding a first chemical reactant to the plenum. 8. The method of claim 4, further comprising adding a second chemical reactant to the main flow. 9. A method of creating an axially-symmetric swirling flow, comprising:
passing a main flow lacking axially-symmetric swirling flow through a chamber having an upstream nozzle and a downstream nozzle; injecting a second flow into a plenum; passing the second flow from the plenum to a slot connecting at a first end with the plenum and connecting radially tangentially at a second end with the chamber; discharging the second flow through the slot and into the main flow, wherein the step of discharging the second flow into the main flow mixes the second flow with the main flow to impart a predefined swirling component to the main flow to generate an axially-symmetric uniform flow field. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising injecting the second flow into the plenum in a direction perpendicular to the main flow. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising reducing a hydraulic diameter of the downstream nozzle. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising adding a first chemical reactant to the plenum. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising adding a second chemical reactant to the main flow. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising increasing a velocity of the axially-symmetric swirling flow by reducing a hydraulic diameter of a discharge gap. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein reducing the hydraulic diameter of the discharge gap comprises:
increasing a dimension of an inner spacer connected to an outer surface of the downstream nozzle, wherein the inner spacer includes an inner spacer depth; and increasing a dimension of an outer spacer connected to an inner surface of the downstream nozzle, wherein the outer spacer includes an outer spacer depth. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising computing the hydraulic diameter as a function of the inner spacer depth and outer spacer depth, and a Reynolds number. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein a rotation of the axially-symmetric swirling flow is either a clockwise swirl or a counterclockwise swirl. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the second end of the slot includes an adjustable converging discharge gap. 19. A swirl generator comprising:
a center chamber coupled to a upstream nozzle and a downstream nozzle, wherein the upstream nozzle and the center chamber define a main flow path, and wherein the upstream nozzle is attached to a first side of the center chamber and configured to introduce a main flow to the center chamber and the downstream pipe is attached a second side of the center chamber and configured to receive a uniform axisymmetric flow from the center chamber; a plenum defined by an inner wall of the center chamber and an exterior surface of the upstream nozzle; an injector coupled to the center chamber, wherein the injector is substantially perpendicular to the center chamber, the injector including a tangential injection port; and a tangential injection port coupled to and in fluid communication with the plenum, wherein the tangential injection port is configured to convey a second flow into the plenum, an angled slot positioned between the tangential injection port and the center chamber, wherein the slot defines the fluid pathway between the plenum and the main flow path and wherein the angled slot is formed by an angled exterior wall of the upstream nozzle and an angled interior wall of the downstream nozzle. 20. The swirl generator of claim 19, wherein an intensity of the swirl generated by the swirl generator is determined by a cross-sectional area of the angled slot and a mass flow rate through the angled slot.
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An apparatus and method for generating a swirl is disclosed that is used to induce an axi-symmetric swirling flow to an incoming flow. The disclosed subject matter induces a uniform and axi-symmetric swirl, circumferentially around a discharge location, thus imparting a more accurate, repeatable, continuous, and controllable swirl and mixing condition of interest. Moreover, the disclosed subject matter performs the swirl injection at a lower pressure drop in comparison to a more traditional methods and devices.1. A swirl generator, comprising:
a central chamber; an upstream nozzle connected to a first end of the central chamber, wherein the upstream nozzle is configured to carry an incoming flow having no swirl; a conical downstream nozzle connected to a second end of the central chamber, wherein the downstream nozzle is configured to receive an outgoing flow from the central chamber; at least one injector in fluid communication with the central chamber, the at least one injector having: a plenum having a plenum inlet and a plenum discharge; a slot connecting at a first end with the plenum discharge and connecting radially tangentially at a second end with the central chamber to form a fluid passage from the; and a plenum feed connecting with the plenum inlet, wherein the injector is configured to introduce a uniform axi-symmetric swirl to the flow. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
an inner spacer connected to an outer surface of the conical downstream nozzle; and an outer spacer connected to an inner surface of the conical downstream nozzle, wherein the inner and outer spacers form a throat and define a gap between a downstream edge cone surface and an inner surface of the downstream nozzle. 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a thermally conductive jacket connecting with the central chamber. 4. A method of generating an axially-symmetric swirling flow, comprising:
feeding a first flow into a plenum; discharging the first flow from the plenum into a converging gap; and radially tangentially discharging the first flow from the converging gap into a main flow. 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising feeding the first flow into the plenum in a direction perpendicular to the main flow. 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising reducing a hydraulic diameter of the converging gap. 7. The method of claim 4, further comprising adding a first chemical reactant to the plenum. 8. The method of claim 4, further comprising adding a second chemical reactant to the main flow. 9. A method of creating an axially-symmetric swirling flow, comprising:
passing a main flow lacking axially-symmetric swirling flow through a chamber having an upstream nozzle and a downstream nozzle; injecting a second flow into a plenum; passing the second flow from the plenum to a slot connecting at a first end with the plenum and connecting radially tangentially at a second end with the chamber; discharging the second flow through the slot and into the main flow, wherein the step of discharging the second flow into the main flow mixes the second flow with the main flow to impart a predefined swirling component to the main flow to generate an axially-symmetric uniform flow field. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising injecting the second flow into the plenum in a direction perpendicular to the main flow. 11. The method of claim 9, further comprising reducing a hydraulic diameter of the downstream nozzle. 12. The method of claim 9, further comprising adding a first chemical reactant to the plenum. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising adding a second chemical reactant to the main flow. 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising increasing a velocity of the axially-symmetric swirling flow by reducing a hydraulic diameter of a discharge gap. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein reducing the hydraulic diameter of the discharge gap comprises:
increasing a dimension of an inner spacer connected to an outer surface of the downstream nozzle, wherein the inner spacer includes an inner spacer depth; and increasing a dimension of an outer spacer connected to an inner surface of the downstream nozzle, wherein the outer spacer includes an outer spacer depth. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising computing the hydraulic diameter as a function of the inner spacer depth and outer spacer depth, and a Reynolds number. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein a rotation of the axially-symmetric swirling flow is either a clockwise swirl or a counterclockwise swirl. 18. The method of claim 9, wherein the second end of the slot includes an adjustable converging discharge gap. 19. A swirl generator comprising:
a center chamber coupled to a upstream nozzle and a downstream nozzle, wherein the upstream nozzle and the center chamber define a main flow path, and wherein the upstream nozzle is attached to a first side of the center chamber and configured to introduce a main flow to the center chamber and the downstream pipe is attached a second side of the center chamber and configured to receive a uniform axisymmetric flow from the center chamber; a plenum defined by an inner wall of the center chamber and an exterior surface of the upstream nozzle; an injector coupled to the center chamber, wherein the injector is substantially perpendicular to the center chamber, the injector including a tangential injection port; and a tangential injection port coupled to and in fluid communication with the plenum, wherein the tangential injection port is configured to convey a second flow into the plenum, an angled slot positioned between the tangential injection port and the center chamber, wherein the slot defines the fluid pathway between the plenum and the main flow path and wherein the angled slot is formed by an angled exterior wall of the upstream nozzle and an angled interior wall of the downstream nozzle. 20. The swirl generator of claim 19, wherein an intensity of the swirl generated by the swirl generator is determined by a cross-sectional area of the angled slot and a mass flow rate through the angled slot.
| 1,700 |
3,329 | 14,536,966 | 1,726 |
A battery assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, an array frame including a frame body and a slot formed through the frame body. A heat exchanger is received within the slot.
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1. A battery assembly, comprising:
an array frame including a frame body and a slot formed through said frame body; a heat exchanger received within said slot. 2. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said frame body extends along a longitudinal axis and includes a top portion, a bottom portion and frame arms that extend between said top portion and said bottom portion. 3. The assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein said top portion includes a first side and a second side that each include an alternating pattern of rigid snap arms and flexible snaps arms. 4. The assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein said slot is formed in said bottom portion of said frame body. 5. The assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a thermal fin extending within said frame body, wherein said thermal fin includes a body and a leg that extends to a position outside of said frame body. 6. The assembly as recited in claim 5, wherein said heat exchanger is biased against said leg of said thermal fin. 7. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said frame body includes a bottom portion including a top wall and a bottom wall that extend between opposing ends, said slot extending horizontally between said opposing ends and vertically between said top wall and said bottom wall. 8. The assembly as recited in claim 7, comprising a spring feature that protrudes upwardly from said bottom wall. 9. The assembly as recited in claim 8, wherein said spring feature is angled relative to said bottom wall. 10. The assembly as recited in claim 8, wherein said spring feature is corrugated. 11. A battery assembly, comprising:
an array frame including at least one retention arm; and a heat exchanger connected to said array frame by said at least one retention arm. 12. The assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said array frame houses a battery cell, and comprising a thermal interface material between said battery cell and said heat exchanger. 13. The assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said array frame includes an open bottom that establishes a pocket bound by side walls and a top wall, wherein said at least one retention arm protrudes from at least one of said side walls and said top wall. 14. The assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said array frame is mounted to a tray. 15. The assembly as recited in claim 14, comprising an air gap between said heat exchanger and said tray. 16. A battery assembly, comprising:
a battery array including a plurality of array frames; a lower cover connected to at least a portion of said plurality of array frames; and a heat exchanger secured between said battery array and said lower cover. 17. The assembly as recited in claim 16, comprising a thermal interface material between said heat exchanger and said plurality of array frames. 18. The assembly as recited in claim 16, wherein one of said portion of said plurality of array frames and said lower cover includes a rigid retention arm and the other of said portion of said plurality of array frames and said lower cover includes a flexible retention arm that engages said rigid retention arm to secure said lower cover to said portion of said plurality of array frames. 19. The assembly as recited in claim 18, wherein said flexible retention arm includes an extension that overlaps a second extension of said rigid retention arm. 20. The assembly as recited in claim 16, wherein said battery array is mounted to a tray.
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A battery assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, an array frame including a frame body and a slot formed through the frame body. A heat exchanger is received within the slot.1. A battery assembly, comprising:
an array frame including a frame body and a slot formed through said frame body; a heat exchanger received within said slot. 2. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said frame body extends along a longitudinal axis and includes a top portion, a bottom portion and frame arms that extend between said top portion and said bottom portion. 3. The assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein said top portion includes a first side and a second side that each include an alternating pattern of rigid snap arms and flexible snaps arms. 4. The assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein said slot is formed in said bottom portion of said frame body. 5. The assembly as recited in claim 1, comprising a thermal fin extending within said frame body, wherein said thermal fin includes a body and a leg that extends to a position outside of said frame body. 6. The assembly as recited in claim 5, wherein said heat exchanger is biased against said leg of said thermal fin. 7. The assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein said frame body includes a bottom portion including a top wall and a bottom wall that extend between opposing ends, said slot extending horizontally between said opposing ends and vertically between said top wall and said bottom wall. 8. The assembly as recited in claim 7, comprising a spring feature that protrudes upwardly from said bottom wall. 9. The assembly as recited in claim 8, wherein said spring feature is angled relative to said bottom wall. 10. The assembly as recited in claim 8, wherein said spring feature is corrugated. 11. A battery assembly, comprising:
an array frame including at least one retention arm; and a heat exchanger connected to said array frame by said at least one retention arm. 12. The assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said array frame houses a battery cell, and comprising a thermal interface material between said battery cell and said heat exchanger. 13. The assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said array frame includes an open bottom that establishes a pocket bound by side walls and a top wall, wherein said at least one retention arm protrudes from at least one of said side walls and said top wall. 14. The assembly as recited in claim 11, wherein said array frame is mounted to a tray. 15. The assembly as recited in claim 14, comprising an air gap between said heat exchanger and said tray. 16. A battery assembly, comprising:
a battery array including a plurality of array frames; a lower cover connected to at least a portion of said plurality of array frames; and a heat exchanger secured between said battery array and said lower cover. 17. The assembly as recited in claim 16, comprising a thermal interface material between said heat exchanger and said plurality of array frames. 18. The assembly as recited in claim 16, wherein one of said portion of said plurality of array frames and said lower cover includes a rigid retention arm and the other of said portion of said plurality of array frames and said lower cover includes a flexible retention arm that engages said rigid retention arm to secure said lower cover to said portion of said plurality of array frames. 19. The assembly as recited in claim 18, wherein said flexible retention arm includes an extension that overlaps a second extension of said rigid retention arm. 20. The assembly as recited in claim 16, wherein said battery array is mounted to a tray.
| 1,700 |
3,330 | 15,854,404 | 1,786 |
An aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1):
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , L, Ar 1 , Ar 2 , k, m, and n are the same as defined in the specification, is useful as a material for an organic EL device and realizes an organic EL device with a high efficiency and a long lifetime even when driving it at a low voltage.
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1. An aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1):
in formula (1), Ar1 represents a group selected from formulae (2) and 3):
Ar2 represents a group selected from formulae (7) to (15):
in formulae (1) and (10) to (14), L represents a single bond or a divalent group represented by formula (16), in formulae (2) and (3), L represents a divalent group represented by formula (16), and when the aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1) includes groups L, the groups L may be the same or different;
in formulae (1) to (3) and (7) to (16), R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or a cyano group, and when the aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1) includes groups R1, the groups R1 may be the same or different;
in formula (1), R2 and R3 may be the same or different and independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 3 to 50 ring atoms, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, or a cyano group, when groups R2 exist, the groups R2 may be the same or different, and when groups R3 exist, the groups R3 may be the same or different;
in formula (14), two groups R4 may be the same or different and independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 3 to 50 ring atoms, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, or a cyano group, and when the aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1) includes a group represented by formula (14), R2, R3 and R4 may be the same or different;
k represents an integer of 1 to 5;
m represents an integer of 1 to 4; and
n represents an integer of 1 to 3. 2. The aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1, wherein formula (7) is represented by formula (7-1) or formula (7-2), formula (8) is represented by formula (8-1), and formula (9) is represented by formula (9-1):
wherein R1, k, m, and n are the same as defined in formulae (7), and (9). 3. The aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic amine derivative is represented by formula (20):
in formula (20), Ar1, Ar2, R1 to R3, k, m, and n are the same as defined in formula (1). 4. The aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1, wherein Ar1 represents a group selected from formulae (21) to (24):
in formula (21) to (24), L, R1, and m are the same as defined in formulae (2) to (3). 5. The aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1, wherein Ar1 represents a group selected from formulae (26) to (29):
in formula (26) to (29), R1 and m are the same as defined in formulae (2) to (3). 6. An organic electroluminescence device comprising an anode, a cathode, and at least one organic thin film layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein:
the at least one organic thin film layer comprises a light emitting layer; and at least one organic thin film layer comprises the aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1. 7. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 6, wherein the at least one organic thin film layer comprises a hole injecting layer or a hole transporting layer, and the hole injecting layer or the hole transporting layer comprises the aromatic amine derivative
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An aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1):
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , L, Ar 1 , Ar 2 , k, m, and n are the same as defined in the specification, is useful as a material for an organic EL device and realizes an organic EL device with a high efficiency and a long lifetime even when driving it at a low voltage.1. An aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1):
in formula (1), Ar1 represents a group selected from formulae (2) and 3):
Ar2 represents a group selected from formulae (7) to (15):
in formulae (1) and (10) to (14), L represents a single bond or a divalent group represented by formula (16), in formulae (2) and (3), L represents a divalent group represented by formula (16), and when the aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1) includes groups L, the groups L may be the same or different;
in formulae (1) to (3) and (7) to (16), R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or a cyano group, and when the aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1) includes groups R1, the groups R1 may be the same or different;
in formula (1), R2 and R3 may be the same or different and independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 3 to 50 ring atoms, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, or a cyano group, when groups R2 exist, the groups R2 may be the same or different, and when groups R3 exist, the groups R3 may be the same or different;
in formula (14), two groups R4 may be the same or different and independently represent a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 3 to 50 ring atoms, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 50 ring carbon atoms, or a cyano group, and when the aromatic amine derivative represented by formula (1) includes a group represented by formula (14), R2, R3 and R4 may be the same or different;
k represents an integer of 1 to 5;
m represents an integer of 1 to 4; and
n represents an integer of 1 to 3. 2. The aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1, wherein formula (7) is represented by formula (7-1) or formula (7-2), formula (8) is represented by formula (8-1), and formula (9) is represented by formula (9-1):
wherein R1, k, m, and n are the same as defined in formulae (7), and (9). 3. The aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic amine derivative is represented by formula (20):
in formula (20), Ar1, Ar2, R1 to R3, k, m, and n are the same as defined in formula (1). 4. The aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1, wherein Ar1 represents a group selected from formulae (21) to (24):
in formula (21) to (24), L, R1, and m are the same as defined in formulae (2) to (3). 5. The aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1, wherein Ar1 represents a group selected from formulae (26) to (29):
in formula (26) to (29), R1 and m are the same as defined in formulae (2) to (3). 6. An organic electroluminescence device comprising an anode, a cathode, and at least one organic thin film layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein:
the at least one organic thin film layer comprises a light emitting layer; and at least one organic thin film layer comprises the aromatic amine derivative according to claim 1. 7. The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 6, wherein the at least one organic thin film layer comprises a hole injecting layer or a hole transporting layer, and the hole injecting layer or the hole transporting layer comprises the aromatic amine derivative
| 1,700 |
3,331 | 14,573,263 | 1,742 |
A method and an apparatus for the production of bitumen blocks, with a drop former for generating bitumen drops from molten bitumen, with a belt cooler having a rotating belt for cooling and solidifying the bitumen drops deposited on the rotating belt into tablets, and with a decanting device for decanting the tablets into bags, the tablets being at least partially combined, inside the bags filled with tablets, into a compact bitumen mass.
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1. Method for the production of bitumen blocks, in particular made from bitumen with penetration values according to DIN EN 1426 of more than 10 decimillimeters, having the steps:
forming of bitumen drops from molten bitumen in a drop former, depositing of the bitumen drops on a rotating belt of a belt cooler, solidification of the bitumen drops on the belt of the belt cooler into tablets, removal of the tablets from the belt, and decanting of the tablets into bags, the tablets being at least partially combined, inside the bags filled with tablets, into a compact bitumen mass. 2. Method according to claim 1, Including pressing the bags filled with tablets into a desired shape. 3. Method according to claim 2, including pressing the bags filled with tablets with a pressure dimensioned such that the tablets are at least partially combined into a compact bitumen mass. 4. Apparatus for the production of bitumen blocks, in particular bitumen with penetration values according to DIN EN 1426 of more than 10 decimillimeters, with a drop former for generating bitumen drops from molten bitumen, with a belt cooler having a rotating belt for cooling and solidifying the bitumen drops deposited on the rotating belt into tablets, and with a decanting device for decanting the tablets into bags, the tablets being at least partially combined, inside the bags filled with tablets, into a compact bitumen mass. 5. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a moulding press is provided, in order to give the bags filled with tablets a desired shape. 6. Apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the moulding press has at least one press ram. 7. Apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the moulding press has at least one pressure roll. 8. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the moulding press is designed to exert upon the bag filled with tablets a pressure dimensioned such that the tablets are at least partially combined into a compact bitumen mass. 9. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the decanting device is arranged directly downstream of the belt cooler. 10. Apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the decanting device has a distributor device with at least one distributor flap and a plurality of distribution paths, in order to conduct tablets removed from the belt to one of a plurality of decanting stations selectively. 11. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the decanting device has at least one balance.
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A method and an apparatus for the production of bitumen blocks, with a drop former for generating bitumen drops from molten bitumen, with a belt cooler having a rotating belt for cooling and solidifying the bitumen drops deposited on the rotating belt into tablets, and with a decanting device for decanting the tablets into bags, the tablets being at least partially combined, inside the bags filled with tablets, into a compact bitumen mass.1. Method for the production of bitumen blocks, in particular made from bitumen with penetration values according to DIN EN 1426 of more than 10 decimillimeters, having the steps:
forming of bitumen drops from molten bitumen in a drop former, depositing of the bitumen drops on a rotating belt of a belt cooler, solidification of the bitumen drops on the belt of the belt cooler into tablets, removal of the tablets from the belt, and decanting of the tablets into bags, the tablets being at least partially combined, inside the bags filled with tablets, into a compact bitumen mass. 2. Method according to claim 1, Including pressing the bags filled with tablets into a desired shape. 3. Method according to claim 2, including pressing the bags filled with tablets with a pressure dimensioned such that the tablets are at least partially combined into a compact bitumen mass. 4. Apparatus for the production of bitumen blocks, in particular bitumen with penetration values according to DIN EN 1426 of more than 10 decimillimeters, with a drop former for generating bitumen drops from molten bitumen, with a belt cooler having a rotating belt for cooling and solidifying the bitumen drops deposited on the rotating belt into tablets, and with a decanting device for decanting the tablets into bags, the tablets being at least partially combined, inside the bags filled with tablets, into a compact bitumen mass. 5. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a moulding press is provided, in order to give the bags filled with tablets a desired shape. 6. Apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the moulding press has at least one press ram. 7. Apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the moulding press has at least one pressure roll. 8. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the moulding press is designed to exert upon the bag filled with tablets a pressure dimensioned such that the tablets are at least partially combined into a compact bitumen mass. 9. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the decanting device is arranged directly downstream of the belt cooler. 10. Apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the decanting device has a distributor device with at least one distributor flap and a plurality of distribution paths, in order to conduct tablets removed from the belt to one of a plurality of decanting stations selectively. 11. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the decanting device has at least one balance.
| 1,700 |
3,332 | 14,425,957 | 1,782 |
A copolyamide including at least two different repeat units having the following general formulation: A/X.Y, in which A is an aliphatic repeat unit selected from a unit obtained from at least one amino acid and a unit obtained from at least one lactam, and X.Y is a repeat unit obtained from the polycondensation of at least one cycloaliphatic diamine and at least one dicarboxylic acid. The proportion by weight of unit A is greater than or equal to 91%. Also, a composition including such a copolyamide and uses thereof, in particular in the soles of sports footwear.
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1. A copolyamide comprising at least two different repeating units corresponding to the following formula:
A/X.Y
in which:
A is an aliphatic repeating unit chosen from a unit obtained from at least one amino acid and a unit obtained from at least one lactam, and
X.Y denotes a repeating unit obtained from the polycondensation of at least one cycloaliphatic diamine and of at least one dicarboxylic acid comprising from 4 to 36 carbon atoms,
wherein the weight proportion of unit A in the copolyamide A/X.Y is greater than or equal to 91%. 2. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the repeating unit A is obtained from an aminocarboxylic acid comprising from 9 to 12 carbon atoms. 3. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the repeating unit A is obtained from a lactam comprising from 9 to 12 carbon atoms. 4. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cycloaliphatic diamine of the unit X.Y is chosen from 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane (B), p-bis(aminocyclohexyl)methane (P) and isophoronediamine (IPD). 5. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid of the unit X.Y is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. 6. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the copolyamide corresponds to a formula selected from 11/B.6, 11/P.6, 11/IPD.6, 12/B.6, 12/P.6, 12/IPD.6, 11/B.10, 11/P.10, 11/IPD.10, 12/B.10, 12/P.10, 12/IPD.10, 11/B.14, 11/P.14, 11/IPD.14, 12/B.14, 12/P.14 and 12/IPD.14. 7. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid of the unit X.Y is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid. 8. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the copolyamide corresponds to a formula selected from 11/B.T, 11/B.I, 12/B.T, 12/B.I, 11/P.T, 11/P.I, 12/P.T, 12/P.I, 11/IPD.T, 11/IPD.1, 12/IPD.T and 12/IPD.I. 9. A process for preparing the copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the process comprises a step of polycondensation of the comonomers leading to the repeating units A and X.Y. 10. A composition comprising at least one copolyamide as claimed in claim 1. 11. The composition as claimed in claim 10, wherein the composition further comprises at least one additive, this additive being chosen from fillers, fibers, dyes, stabilizers, especially UV stabilizers, plasticizers, impact modifiers, surfactants, pigments, optical brighteners, antioxidants and natural waxes, and mixtures thereof. 12. A monolayer structure or at least one layer of a multilayer structure comprising a copolyamide as claimed in claim 1. 13. The structure as claimed in claim 12, wherein the structure is in the form of fibers, a film, a sheet, a tube, a hollow body, a molded part or an injection-molded part. 14. A transparent molded article comprising a polyamide as claimed in claim 1. 15. Footwear, comprising a sole, said sole being made totally or partly from a copolyamide as claimed in claim 10. 16. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein X.Y denotes a repeating unit obtained from the polycondensation of at least one cycloaliphatic diamine and of at least one dicarboxylic acid comprising from 6 to 18 carbon atoms. 17. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the repeating unit A is obtained from 11-aminoundecanoic acid. 18. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the repeating unit A is obtained from lauryllactam. 19. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid of the unit X.Y is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid chosen from adipic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tetradecanedioic acid and hexadecanedioic acid. 20. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid of the unit X.Y is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid chosen from terephthalic acid (T), isophthalic acid (I) and a naphthenic acid.
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A copolyamide including at least two different repeat units having the following general formulation: A/X.Y, in which A is an aliphatic repeat unit selected from a unit obtained from at least one amino acid and a unit obtained from at least one lactam, and X.Y is a repeat unit obtained from the polycondensation of at least one cycloaliphatic diamine and at least one dicarboxylic acid. The proportion by weight of unit A is greater than or equal to 91%. Also, a composition including such a copolyamide and uses thereof, in particular in the soles of sports footwear.1. A copolyamide comprising at least two different repeating units corresponding to the following formula:
A/X.Y
in which:
A is an aliphatic repeating unit chosen from a unit obtained from at least one amino acid and a unit obtained from at least one lactam, and
X.Y denotes a repeating unit obtained from the polycondensation of at least one cycloaliphatic diamine and of at least one dicarboxylic acid comprising from 4 to 36 carbon atoms,
wherein the weight proportion of unit A in the copolyamide A/X.Y is greater than or equal to 91%. 2. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the repeating unit A is obtained from an aminocarboxylic acid comprising from 9 to 12 carbon atoms. 3. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the repeating unit A is obtained from a lactam comprising from 9 to 12 carbon atoms. 4. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cycloaliphatic diamine of the unit X.Y is chosen from 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane (B), p-bis(aminocyclohexyl)methane (P) and isophoronediamine (IPD). 5. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid of the unit X.Y is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. 6. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the copolyamide corresponds to a formula selected from 11/B.6, 11/P.6, 11/IPD.6, 12/B.6, 12/P.6, 12/IPD.6, 11/B.10, 11/P.10, 11/IPD.10, 12/B.10, 12/P.10, 12/IPD.10, 11/B.14, 11/P.14, 11/IPD.14, 12/B.14, 12/P.14 and 12/IPD.14. 7. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid of the unit X.Y is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid. 8. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the copolyamide corresponds to a formula selected from 11/B.T, 11/B.I, 12/B.T, 12/B.I, 11/P.T, 11/P.I, 12/P.T, 12/P.I, 11/IPD.T, 11/IPD.1, 12/IPD.T and 12/IPD.I. 9. A process for preparing the copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the process comprises a step of polycondensation of the comonomers leading to the repeating units A and X.Y. 10. A composition comprising at least one copolyamide as claimed in claim 1. 11. The composition as claimed in claim 10, wherein the composition further comprises at least one additive, this additive being chosen from fillers, fibers, dyes, stabilizers, especially UV stabilizers, plasticizers, impact modifiers, surfactants, pigments, optical brighteners, antioxidants and natural waxes, and mixtures thereof. 12. A monolayer structure or at least one layer of a multilayer structure comprising a copolyamide as claimed in claim 1. 13. The structure as claimed in claim 12, wherein the structure is in the form of fibers, a film, a sheet, a tube, a hollow body, a molded part or an injection-molded part. 14. A transparent molded article comprising a polyamide as claimed in claim 1. 15. Footwear, comprising a sole, said sole being made totally or partly from a copolyamide as claimed in claim 10. 16. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein X.Y denotes a repeating unit obtained from the polycondensation of at least one cycloaliphatic diamine and of at least one dicarboxylic acid comprising from 6 to 18 carbon atoms. 17. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the repeating unit A is obtained from 11-aminoundecanoic acid. 18. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the repeating unit A is obtained from lauryllactam. 19. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid of the unit X.Y is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid chosen from adipic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tetradecanedioic acid and hexadecanedioic acid. 20. The copolyamide as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dicarboxylic acid of the unit X.Y is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid chosen from terephthalic acid (T), isophthalic acid (I) and a naphthenic acid.
| 1,700 |
3,333 | 14,747,367 | 1,718 |
Implementations of the disclosure generally provide an improved pedestal heater for a processing chamber. The pedestal heater includes a temperature-controlled plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface. The temperature-controlled plate includes an inner zone comprising a first set of heating elements, an outer zone comprising a second set of heating elements, the outer zone surrounding the inner zone, and a continuous thermal choke disposed between the inner zone and the outer zone, and a substrate receiving plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, the second surface of the substrate receiving plate is coupled to the first surface of the temperature-controlled plate. The continuous thermal choke enables a very small temperature gradient to be created and manipulated between the inner zone and the outer zone, allowing center-fast or edge-fast etching profile to achieve on a surface of the substrate.
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1. A pedestal heater for a processing chamber, comprising:
a temperature-controlled plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, comprising:
a first zone comprising a first set of heating elements;
a second zone comprising a second set of heating elements, the second zone surrounding the first zone; and
a continuous annular thermal choke disposed between the first zone and the second zone; and
a substrate receiving plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, the second surface of the substrate receiving plate is coupled to the first surface of the temperature-controlled plate. 2. The pedestal heater of claim 1, wherein the first zone covers the majority of the temperature-controlled plate around its central region. 3. The pedestal heater of claim 1, wherein the thermal choke is a groove formed in the second surface of the temperature-controlled plate, leaving a thin bridge contiguously and integrally connecting the first zone and the second zone. 4. The pedestal heater of claim 3, wherein the second surface of the substrate receiving plate covers the groove. 5. The pedestal heater of claim 4, further comprising:
a base support plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, the first surface of the base support plate is disposed proximate the second surface of the temperature-controlled plate, and the base support plate has a plurality of fluid channels. 6. The pedestal heater of claim 5, wherein the temperature-controlled plate, the base support plate, and the substrate receiving plate are formed of aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum oxide, or aluminum nitride. 7. A pedestal heater for a processing chamber, comprising:
a substrate receiving plate having an upper surface and a bottom surface opposing the upper surface; and a temperature-controlled plate having an upper surface and a bottom surface opposing the upper surface, the upper surface of the temperature-controlled plate is coupled to the bottom surface of the substrate receiving plate, the temperature-controlled plate comprising:
a first zone disposed in a central region of the temperature-controlled plate, the first zone comprising a first set of heating elements;
a second zone disposed around the first zone, the second zone comprising a second set of heating elements; and
a groove disposed between the first zone and the second zone, the groove extending through the temperature-controlled plate from the bottom surface to the upper surface, wherein the groove extends into the substrate receiving plate. 8. The pedestal heater of claim 7, wherein the first zone is concentric with the second zone. 9. The pedestal heater of claim 7, wherein the groove is annular and leaves a thin bridge in the substrate receiving plate. 10. The pedestal heater of claim 7, further comprising:
a base support plate having an upper surface and a bottom surface opposing the upper surface, the upper surface of the base support plate is disposed proximate the bottom surface of the temperature-controlled plate. 11. The pedestal heater of claim 10, wherein the base support plate has a plurality of fluid channels. 12. The pedestal heater of claim 11, further comprising:
a blocking plate having an upper surface and a bottom surface opposing the upper surface, the blocking plate is disposed between the temperature-controlled plate and the base support plate and sized to cover the fluid channels. 13. The pedestal heater of claim 10, wherein the temperature-controlled plate, the base support plate, the blocking plate, and the substrate receiving plate are formed of aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum oxide, or aluminum nitride. 14. The pedestal heater of claim 10, wherein the first and second sets of heating elements are arranged in a radially symmetrical manner about the central region. 15. A method of processing a substrate in a processing chamber, comprising:
heating and maintaining a chamber body of the processing chamber at a first temperature; cooling a first zone and a second zone of a temperature-controlled plate formed within a pedestal heater to a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is about 40° C. or less below the first temperature, and the pedestal heater is disposed within the chamber body; introducing a plasma generated from a gas mixture into a processing volume defined between the pedestal heater and a gas distribution plate; exposing a surface of a substrate disposed on the pedestal heater to the plasma to form a material layer on the surface of the substrate, the substrate having a diameter covering the first zone and the second zone of the temperature-controlled plate; and heating the first zone of the temperature-controlled plate to a third temperature corresponding to the first temperature while maintaining the second zone of the temperature-controlled plate at the second temperature to create a temperature gradient between the first zone and the second zone, wherein the temperature gradient causes the material layer above the first zone to be etched at a rate relatively faster than the material layer above the second zone. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the temperature gradient is maintained by providing a continuous thermal choke between the first zone and the second zone to minimize heat transfer between the first zone and the second zone. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the thermal choke is in the form of a groove formed through the thickness of the temperature-controlled plate. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein heating the first zone of the pedestal heater to a third temperature comprising using a first set of heating elements disposed in the temperature-controlled plate at regions corresponding to the first zone, and wherein maintaining the second zone of the pedestal heater to the second temperature comprising using a second set of heating elements disposed in the temperature-controlled plate at regions corresponding to the second zone. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein cooling a first zone and a second zone of a pedestal heater comprising continuously flowing a heat transfer fluid through fluid channels disposed in a base support plate, the base support plate is formed within the pedestal heater proximate the temperature-controlled plate. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the first zone covers the majority of the temperature-controlled plate around its central region, and the second zone covers the rest of the temperature-controlled plate from the central region to an edge of the temperature-controlled plate.
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Implementations of the disclosure generally provide an improved pedestal heater for a processing chamber. The pedestal heater includes a temperature-controlled plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface. The temperature-controlled plate includes an inner zone comprising a first set of heating elements, an outer zone comprising a second set of heating elements, the outer zone surrounding the inner zone, and a continuous thermal choke disposed between the inner zone and the outer zone, and a substrate receiving plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, the second surface of the substrate receiving plate is coupled to the first surface of the temperature-controlled plate. The continuous thermal choke enables a very small temperature gradient to be created and manipulated between the inner zone and the outer zone, allowing center-fast or edge-fast etching profile to achieve on a surface of the substrate.1. A pedestal heater for a processing chamber, comprising:
a temperature-controlled plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, comprising:
a first zone comprising a first set of heating elements;
a second zone comprising a second set of heating elements, the second zone surrounding the first zone; and
a continuous annular thermal choke disposed between the first zone and the second zone; and
a substrate receiving plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, the second surface of the substrate receiving plate is coupled to the first surface of the temperature-controlled plate. 2. The pedestal heater of claim 1, wherein the first zone covers the majority of the temperature-controlled plate around its central region. 3. The pedestal heater of claim 1, wherein the thermal choke is a groove formed in the second surface of the temperature-controlled plate, leaving a thin bridge contiguously and integrally connecting the first zone and the second zone. 4. The pedestal heater of claim 3, wherein the second surface of the substrate receiving plate covers the groove. 5. The pedestal heater of claim 4, further comprising:
a base support plate having a first surface and a second surface opposing the first surface, the first surface of the base support plate is disposed proximate the second surface of the temperature-controlled plate, and the base support plate has a plurality of fluid channels. 6. The pedestal heater of claim 5, wherein the temperature-controlled plate, the base support plate, and the substrate receiving plate are formed of aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum oxide, or aluminum nitride. 7. A pedestal heater for a processing chamber, comprising:
a substrate receiving plate having an upper surface and a bottom surface opposing the upper surface; and a temperature-controlled plate having an upper surface and a bottom surface opposing the upper surface, the upper surface of the temperature-controlled plate is coupled to the bottom surface of the substrate receiving plate, the temperature-controlled plate comprising:
a first zone disposed in a central region of the temperature-controlled plate, the first zone comprising a first set of heating elements;
a second zone disposed around the first zone, the second zone comprising a second set of heating elements; and
a groove disposed between the first zone and the second zone, the groove extending through the temperature-controlled plate from the bottom surface to the upper surface, wherein the groove extends into the substrate receiving plate. 8. The pedestal heater of claim 7, wherein the first zone is concentric with the second zone. 9. The pedestal heater of claim 7, wherein the groove is annular and leaves a thin bridge in the substrate receiving plate. 10. The pedestal heater of claim 7, further comprising:
a base support plate having an upper surface and a bottom surface opposing the upper surface, the upper surface of the base support plate is disposed proximate the bottom surface of the temperature-controlled plate. 11. The pedestal heater of claim 10, wherein the base support plate has a plurality of fluid channels. 12. The pedestal heater of claim 11, further comprising:
a blocking plate having an upper surface and a bottom surface opposing the upper surface, the blocking plate is disposed between the temperature-controlled plate and the base support plate and sized to cover the fluid channels. 13. The pedestal heater of claim 10, wherein the temperature-controlled plate, the base support plate, the blocking plate, and the substrate receiving plate are formed of aluminum, stainless steel, aluminum oxide, or aluminum nitride. 14. The pedestal heater of claim 10, wherein the first and second sets of heating elements are arranged in a radially symmetrical manner about the central region. 15. A method of processing a substrate in a processing chamber, comprising:
heating and maintaining a chamber body of the processing chamber at a first temperature; cooling a first zone and a second zone of a temperature-controlled plate formed within a pedestal heater to a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is about 40° C. or less below the first temperature, and the pedestal heater is disposed within the chamber body; introducing a plasma generated from a gas mixture into a processing volume defined between the pedestal heater and a gas distribution plate; exposing a surface of a substrate disposed on the pedestal heater to the plasma to form a material layer on the surface of the substrate, the substrate having a diameter covering the first zone and the second zone of the temperature-controlled plate; and heating the first zone of the temperature-controlled plate to a third temperature corresponding to the first temperature while maintaining the second zone of the temperature-controlled plate at the second temperature to create a temperature gradient between the first zone and the second zone, wherein the temperature gradient causes the material layer above the first zone to be etched at a rate relatively faster than the material layer above the second zone. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the temperature gradient is maintained by providing a continuous thermal choke between the first zone and the second zone to minimize heat transfer between the first zone and the second zone. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the thermal choke is in the form of a groove formed through the thickness of the temperature-controlled plate. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein heating the first zone of the pedestal heater to a third temperature comprising using a first set of heating elements disposed in the temperature-controlled plate at regions corresponding to the first zone, and wherein maintaining the second zone of the pedestal heater to the second temperature comprising using a second set of heating elements disposed in the temperature-controlled plate at regions corresponding to the second zone. 19. The method of claim 15, wherein cooling a first zone and a second zone of a pedestal heater comprising continuously flowing a heat transfer fluid through fluid channels disposed in a base support plate, the base support plate is formed within the pedestal heater proximate the temperature-controlled plate. 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the first zone covers the majority of the temperature-controlled plate around its central region, and the second zone covers the rest of the temperature-controlled plate from the central region to an edge of the temperature-controlled plate.
| 1,700 |
3,334 | 15,191,956 | 1,713 |
A method for the dry removal of a material on a microelectronic workpiece is described. The method includes receiving a workpiece having a surface exposing a target layer composed of silicon and either (1) organic material or (2) both oxygen and nitrogen, and selectively removing at least a portion of the target layer from the workpiece. The selective removal includes exposing the surface of the workpiece to a chemical environment containing N, H, and F at a first setpoint temperature to chemically alter a surface region of the target layer, and then, elevating the temperature of the workpiece to a second setpoint temperature to remove the chemically treated surface region of the target layer.
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1. A method for the dry removal of a material on a microelectronic workpiece, comprising:
receiving a workpiece having a surface exposing a target layer composed of silicon and either (1) organic material or (2) both oxygen and nitrogen; and selectively removing at least a portion of the target layer from the workpiece by performing the following:
exposing the surface of the workpiece to a chemical environment containing N, H, and F at a first setpoint temperature to chemically alter a surface region of the target layer, and
then, elevating the temperature of the workpiece to a second setpoint temperature to remove the chemically treated surface region of the target layer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
placing the workpiece in a dry, non-plasma etch chamber; and operating the dry, non-plasma etch chamber to perform the selectively removing in a single chamber. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the target layer has a silicon content less than or equal to 20% by weight. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the target layer has a silicon content greater than 20% by weight. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the target layer has a silicon content in excess of 40% by weight. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is less than 100 degrees C., and the second temperature is greater than 100 degrees C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature ranges from 60 degrees C. to 90 degrees C., and the second temperature ranges from 100 degrees C. to 225 degrees C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature ranges from 35 degrees C. to 100 degrees C., and the second temperature ranges from 100 degrees C. to 225 degrees C. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein steps of exposing and elevating are performed at a processing pressure ranging from 500 mTorr to 2 Torr. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps of exposing and elevating are alternatingly and sequentially performed. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical environment contains HF, NF3, F2, NH3, N2, or H2, or a combination of two or more thereof. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the chemical environment further contains a noble element. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical environment contains an excited specie, a radical specie, or a metastable specie, or any combination of two or more thereof. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the dry, non-plasma etch chamber includes a remote plasma generator or remote radical generator arranged to supply the dry, non-plasma etch chamber with excited, radical or metastable specie of F, N, or H. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the selectively removing of at least a portion of the target layer is performed selectively relative to silicon oxide, silicon nitride, crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, amorphous carbon, and organic materials. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the target layer comprises a silicon-containing anti-reflective coating (ARC) having a silicon content approximately equal to 17% by weight, or approximately equal to 43% by weight, and wherein an etch selectivity of the target layer relative to silicon oxide, silicon nitride, crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, amorphous carbon, and organic materials exceeds 10-to-1. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the target layer comprises SiOxNy, x and y being real numbers greater than zero, and wherein an etch selectivity of the target layer relative to silicon oxide, silicon nitride, crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, amorphous carbon, and organic materials exceeds unity. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
locating the workpiece on a workpiece holder; and establishing the first temperature by flowing a heat transfer fluid through the workpiece holder at a first fluid setpoint temperature. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
changing the first fluid setpoint temperature to a second fluid setpoint temperature; and flowing the heat transfer fluid at the second fluid setpoint temperature through the workpiece holder. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
while flowing the heat transfer fluid at the second fluid setpoint temperature, heating the workpiece by coupling power to one or more resistive heating elements embedded within the workpiece holder.
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A method for the dry removal of a material on a microelectronic workpiece is described. The method includes receiving a workpiece having a surface exposing a target layer composed of silicon and either (1) organic material or (2) both oxygen and nitrogen, and selectively removing at least a portion of the target layer from the workpiece. The selective removal includes exposing the surface of the workpiece to a chemical environment containing N, H, and F at a first setpoint temperature to chemically alter a surface region of the target layer, and then, elevating the temperature of the workpiece to a second setpoint temperature to remove the chemically treated surface region of the target layer.1. A method for the dry removal of a material on a microelectronic workpiece, comprising:
receiving a workpiece having a surface exposing a target layer composed of silicon and either (1) organic material or (2) both oxygen and nitrogen; and selectively removing at least a portion of the target layer from the workpiece by performing the following:
exposing the surface of the workpiece to a chemical environment containing N, H, and F at a first setpoint temperature to chemically alter a surface region of the target layer, and
then, elevating the temperature of the workpiece to a second setpoint temperature to remove the chemically treated surface region of the target layer. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
placing the workpiece in a dry, non-plasma etch chamber; and operating the dry, non-plasma etch chamber to perform the selectively removing in a single chamber. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the target layer has a silicon content less than or equal to 20% by weight. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the target layer has a silicon content greater than 20% by weight. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the target layer has a silicon content in excess of 40% by weight. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature is less than 100 degrees C., and the second temperature is greater than 100 degrees C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature ranges from 60 degrees C. to 90 degrees C., and the second temperature ranges from 100 degrees C. to 225 degrees C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first temperature ranges from 35 degrees C. to 100 degrees C., and the second temperature ranges from 100 degrees C. to 225 degrees C. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein steps of exposing and elevating are performed at a processing pressure ranging from 500 mTorr to 2 Torr. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps of exposing and elevating are alternatingly and sequentially performed. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical environment contains HF, NF3, F2, NH3, N2, or H2, or a combination of two or more thereof. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the chemical environment further contains a noble element. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical environment contains an excited specie, a radical specie, or a metastable specie, or any combination of two or more thereof. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the dry, non-plasma etch chamber includes a remote plasma generator or remote radical generator arranged to supply the dry, non-plasma etch chamber with excited, radical or metastable specie of F, N, or H. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the selectively removing of at least a portion of the target layer is performed selectively relative to silicon oxide, silicon nitride, crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, amorphous carbon, and organic materials. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the target layer comprises a silicon-containing anti-reflective coating (ARC) having a silicon content approximately equal to 17% by weight, or approximately equal to 43% by weight, and wherein an etch selectivity of the target layer relative to silicon oxide, silicon nitride, crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, amorphous carbon, and organic materials exceeds 10-to-1. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the target layer comprises SiOxNy, x and y being real numbers greater than zero, and wherein an etch selectivity of the target layer relative to silicon oxide, silicon nitride, crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, amorphous carbon, and organic materials exceeds unity. 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
locating the workpiece on a workpiece holder; and establishing the first temperature by flowing a heat transfer fluid through the workpiece holder at a first fluid setpoint temperature. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
changing the first fluid setpoint temperature to a second fluid setpoint temperature; and flowing the heat transfer fluid at the second fluid setpoint temperature through the workpiece holder. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:
while flowing the heat transfer fluid at the second fluid setpoint temperature, heating the workpiece by coupling power to one or more resistive heating elements embedded within the workpiece holder.
| 1,700 |
3,335 | 14,821,235 | 1,793 |
A process for providing a cocoa replacer based on a material selected from roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley, including the steps of
(a) addition of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley to water at an initial temperature of at least 65° C. in an evaporation vessel; (b) maintaining the initial temperature for at least 30 minutes; (c) adding cold water; and (d) immediately spray-drying the solution to give the cocoa replacer;
wherein the quantity of water in step (a) is such that the weight of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley material comprises from 12-22% of the total weight of the material and water, and the quantity of water in step (c) comprises from 25-40% of the total quantity of water used in the process. The resulting powder is dark in colour and can be used to replace a proportion of cocoa without a loss of flavour and with no undesirable after-taste.
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1. A process for providing a cocoa replacer based on a material selected from roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley, comprising the steps of
(a) addition of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley to water at an initial temperature of at least 65° C. in an evaporation vessel; (b) maintaining the initial temperature for at least 30 minutes; (c) adding cold water; and (d) immediately spray-drying the solution to give the cocoa replacer;
wherein the quantity of the water in step (a) is such that the weight of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley material comprises from 12-22% of the total weight of the material and the water, and the quantity of the water in step (c) comprises from 25-40% of the total quantity of the water used in the process. 2. The process according to claim 1, in which the weight of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley material in step (a) is from 14-18% of the total weight of the material and the water. 3. The process according to claim 1, in which the weight of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley material in the water in step (a) is from 15-17% the total weight of the material and the water. 4. The process according to claim 1, in which the quantity of the water in step (c) is from 25-35% by weight of the total quantity of the water used in the process. 5. The process according to claim 1, in which the quantity of the water in step (c) comprises from 28-32% of the total quantity of the water used in the process. 6. The process according to claim 1, in which the evaporation vessel is an open vessel. 7. The process according to claim 1, in which the evaporation vessel is a closed vessel with vacuum. 8. The process according to claim 1, in which there is added at step (d) at least one further flavour ingredient. 9. A cocoa replacer with reduced off-taste, prepared by the process according to claim 1.
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A process for providing a cocoa replacer based on a material selected from roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley, including the steps of
(a) addition of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley to water at an initial temperature of at least 65° C. in an evaporation vessel; (b) maintaining the initial temperature for at least 30 minutes; (c) adding cold water; and (d) immediately spray-drying the solution to give the cocoa replacer;
wherein the quantity of water in step (a) is such that the weight of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley material comprises from 12-22% of the total weight of the material and water, and the quantity of water in step (c) comprises from 25-40% of the total quantity of water used in the process. The resulting powder is dark in colour and can be used to replace a proportion of cocoa without a loss of flavour and with no undesirable after-taste.1. A process for providing a cocoa replacer based on a material selected from roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley, comprising the steps of
(a) addition of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley to water at an initial temperature of at least 65° C. in an evaporation vessel; (b) maintaining the initial temperature for at least 30 minutes; (c) adding cold water; and (d) immediately spray-drying the solution to give the cocoa replacer;
wherein the quantity of the water in step (a) is such that the weight of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley material comprises from 12-22% of the total weight of the material and the water, and the quantity of the water in step (c) comprises from 25-40% of the total quantity of the water used in the process. 2. The process according to claim 1, in which the weight of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley material in step (a) is from 14-18% of the total weight of the material and the water. 3. The process according to claim 1, in which the weight of the roasted wheat, roasted and/or malted barley material in the water in step (a) is from 15-17% the total weight of the material and the water. 4. The process according to claim 1, in which the quantity of the water in step (c) is from 25-35% by weight of the total quantity of the water used in the process. 5. The process according to claim 1, in which the quantity of the water in step (c) comprises from 28-32% of the total quantity of the water used in the process. 6. The process according to claim 1, in which the evaporation vessel is an open vessel. 7. The process according to claim 1, in which the evaporation vessel is a closed vessel with vacuum. 8. The process according to claim 1, in which there is added at step (d) at least one further flavour ingredient. 9. A cocoa replacer with reduced off-taste, prepared by the process according to claim 1.
| 1,700 |
3,336 | 15,221,626 | 1,781 |
A spunbond nonwoven fabric. The fabric has a first surface and a second surface and at least a first and second visually discernible zone on at least one of the first and second surface, each of the first and second zones having a pattern of three-dimensional features, each of the three-dimensional features defining a microzone. Each microzone has a first region and a second region, the first and second regions having a difference in values for an intensive property, and wherein the difference in values for an intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the first zone is different from the difference in values for the intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the second zone.
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1. A spunbond nonwoven fabric comprising:
a. a first surface and a second surface and at least a first and second visually discernible zone on at least one of the first and second surface, each of the first and second zones having a pattern of three-dimensional features, each of the three-dimensional features defining a microzone comprising a first region and a second region, the first and second regions having a difference in values for an intensive property, and b. wherein the difference in values for an intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the first zone is different from the difference in values for the intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 2. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the difference in values for the intensive property for one of the microzones in the first zone is an order of magnitude different from the difference in values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 3. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the difference in values for the intensive property for one of the microzones in the first zone is 1.2× different from the difference in values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 4. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the difference in values for the intensive property for one of the microzones in the first zone is 1.2× to 10× different from the difference in values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 5. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the intensive property is thickness, and the thickness of every region is greater than zero. 6. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the intensive property is basis weight, and the basis weight of every region is greater than zero. 7. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the intensive property is volumetric density, and the volumetric density of every region is greater than zero. 8. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 5, wherein the difference in thickness values for the at least one of the microzones in the first zone is between 1.5× and 22× the difference in thickness values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 9. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 6, wherein the difference in basis weight values for the at least one of the microzones in the first zone is between 3× and 50× (the difference in basis weight values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 10. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 7, wherein the difference in volumetric density values for the at least one of the microzones in the first zone is between 3× and 50× the difference in volumetric density for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 11. The spunbond fabric of claim 1, wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded at the second regions on the first surface. 12. The spunbond fabric of claim 1, wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded by point bonds within an area selected from the first region, the second region, or a combination thereof. 13. The spunbond fabric of claim 1, wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded at the second regions on the first surface and wherein the second regions are fluid permeable. 14. The spunbond fabric of claim 1, wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded at the second regions on the first surface and wherein the second regions are fluid permeable and wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded with point bonds within an area selected from the first region, the second region, or a combination thereof. 15. A nonwoven fabric comprising:
a. a first surface and a second surface and at least a first and second visually discernible zone on at least one of the first and second surface, each of the first and second zones having a pattern of three-dimensional features, each of the three-dimensional features defining a microzone comprising a first region and a second region, the first and second regions each being fluid permeable and having a difference in values for an intensive property, and b. wherein the difference in values for an intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the first zone is different from the difference in values for the intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 16. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the difference in values for the intensive property in the first zone is an order of magnitude different from the difference in values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 17. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the intensive property is thickness, and the thickness of every region is greater than zero. 18. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the intensive property is basis weight, and the basis weight of every region is greater than zero. 19. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, further comprising a third zone having a pattern of three-dimensional features defining a microzone comprising a first region and a second region, wherein the difference in values for an intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the third zone is different from the difference in values for the intensive property for the at least one of the microzones in both the first zone and the second zone. 20. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the nonwoven fabric comprises continuous polymeric fibers selected from the group consisting of spunbond fibers and meltblown fibers.
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A spunbond nonwoven fabric. The fabric has a first surface and a second surface and at least a first and second visually discernible zone on at least one of the first and second surface, each of the first and second zones having a pattern of three-dimensional features, each of the three-dimensional features defining a microzone. Each microzone has a first region and a second region, the first and second regions having a difference in values for an intensive property, and wherein the difference in values for an intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the first zone is different from the difference in values for the intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the second zone.1. A spunbond nonwoven fabric comprising:
a. a first surface and a second surface and at least a first and second visually discernible zone on at least one of the first and second surface, each of the first and second zones having a pattern of three-dimensional features, each of the three-dimensional features defining a microzone comprising a first region and a second region, the first and second regions having a difference in values for an intensive property, and b. wherein the difference in values for an intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the first zone is different from the difference in values for the intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 2. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the difference in values for the intensive property for one of the microzones in the first zone is an order of magnitude different from the difference in values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 3. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the difference in values for the intensive property for one of the microzones in the first zone is 1.2× different from the difference in values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 4. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the difference in values for the intensive property for one of the microzones in the first zone is 1.2× to 10× different from the difference in values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 5. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the intensive property is thickness, and the thickness of every region is greater than zero. 6. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the intensive property is basis weight, and the basis weight of every region is greater than zero. 7. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 1, wherein the intensive property is volumetric density, and the volumetric density of every region is greater than zero. 8. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 5, wherein the difference in thickness values for the at least one of the microzones in the first zone is between 1.5× and 22× the difference in thickness values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 9. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 6, wherein the difference in basis weight values for the at least one of the microzones in the first zone is between 3× and 50× (the difference in basis weight values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 10. The spunbond nonwoven fabric of claim 7, wherein the difference in volumetric density values for the at least one of the microzones in the first zone is between 3× and 50× the difference in volumetric density for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 11. The spunbond fabric of claim 1, wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded at the second regions on the first surface. 12. The spunbond fabric of claim 1, wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded by point bonds within an area selected from the first region, the second region, or a combination thereof. 13. The spunbond fabric of claim 1, wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded at the second regions on the first surface and wherein the second regions are fluid permeable. 14. The spunbond fabric of claim 1, wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded at the second regions on the first surface and wherein the second regions are fluid permeable and wherein fibers of the fabric are thermally bonded with point bonds within an area selected from the first region, the second region, or a combination thereof. 15. A nonwoven fabric comprising:
a. a first surface and a second surface and at least a first and second visually discernible zone on at least one of the first and second surface, each of the first and second zones having a pattern of three-dimensional features, each of the three-dimensional features defining a microzone comprising a first region and a second region, the first and second regions each being fluid permeable and having a difference in values for an intensive property, and b. wherein the difference in values for an intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the first zone is different from the difference in values for the intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 16. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the difference in values for the intensive property in the first zone is an order of magnitude different from the difference in values for the at least one of the microzones in the second zone. 17. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the intensive property is thickness, and the thickness of every region is greater than zero. 18. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the intensive property is basis weight, and the basis weight of every region is greater than zero. 19. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, further comprising a third zone having a pattern of three-dimensional features defining a microzone comprising a first region and a second region, wherein the difference in values for an intensive property for at least one of the microzones in the third zone is different from the difference in values for the intensive property for the at least one of the microzones in both the first zone and the second zone. 20. The nonwoven fabric of claim 15, wherein the nonwoven fabric comprises continuous polymeric fibers selected from the group consisting of spunbond fibers and meltblown fibers.
| 1,700 |
3,337 | 13,884,531 | 1,777 |
A method and device are provided for separating fractions of a mixture that is to be separated by liquid phase chromatography. The method includes the steps of: multiple injections of the mixture to be separated, where the injections are made successively into a chromatography column after time intervals A; multiple decanting operations, wherein the fractions of said column are decanted successively after time intervals A, generating an eluate enriched with the fraction of interest, which is created from at least one of said decanted fractions; multiple injections of the eluate collected in the preceding step, wherein the injections of the eluate are carried out successively after time intervals B into a second chromatography column; and multiple decanting operations, wherein the fractions from said second column are decanted successively after time intervals B.
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1. A method for separating fractions of a mixture to be separated by liquid chromatography, comprising:
multiple injections of the mixture to be separated, wherein the injections are made successively into a chromatography column after time intervals A, multiple decanting operations, wherein the fractions of said column are decanted successively after time intervals A, generating an eluate enriched with the fraction of interest, which is created from at least one of said decanted fractions, multiple injections of the eluate generated in the decanting operations, wherein the injections of the eluate are carried out successively after time intervals B into a second chromatography column, and multiple decanting operations, wherein the fractions from said second column are decanted successively after time intervals B. 2. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the injections of the mixture into a column may be made before first elutions of the fractions of interest are made from the same column. 3. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the injections of the mixture into a column may be made without obtaining separation with chromatograms resulting from preceding injections. 4. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein A and/or B remains constant over time. 5. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein A and/or B vary over time. 6. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein A and/or B are determined such that they are not integer multiples of one another. 7. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the second column is the same as the first column. 8. The method for separating according to claim 1, comprising a step of concentrating the generated eluate before continuing to the steps of multiple injections of the eluate into said second chromatography column. 9. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the-elution systems employed in the second column are different from those used in the first column. 10. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the injection of the mixture to be separated is cyclical. 11. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the fractions of the mixture comprises a product that is to be eliminated from the mixture. 12. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the columns are replaced by one or more assemblies of multiple columns. 13. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein a detector is added in parallel or in series with the decanting device. 14. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the second column has a cross section that is approximately equal to a significant multiple of a cross section of the first column. 15. A device for separating fractions of a mixture, wherein the device comprises:
at least one chromatography column; means for decanting a plurality of fractions from said chromatography column at controlled time intervals A and/or B, generating an eluate enriched with the fraction of interest, which is created from at least one of said decanted fractions; means for injecting a mixture into said chromatography column at controlled time intervals A and/or B, and/or injecting said eluate generated from at least one of said decanted fractions; means for collecting said plurality of decanted fractions from said chromatography column; and means for transferring said decanted fractions from said means for collecting to said means for injecting.
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A method and device are provided for separating fractions of a mixture that is to be separated by liquid phase chromatography. The method includes the steps of: multiple injections of the mixture to be separated, where the injections are made successively into a chromatography column after time intervals A; multiple decanting operations, wherein the fractions of said column are decanted successively after time intervals A, generating an eluate enriched with the fraction of interest, which is created from at least one of said decanted fractions; multiple injections of the eluate collected in the preceding step, wherein the injections of the eluate are carried out successively after time intervals B into a second chromatography column; and multiple decanting operations, wherein the fractions from said second column are decanted successively after time intervals B.1. A method for separating fractions of a mixture to be separated by liquid chromatography, comprising:
multiple injections of the mixture to be separated, wherein the injections are made successively into a chromatography column after time intervals A, multiple decanting operations, wherein the fractions of said column are decanted successively after time intervals A, generating an eluate enriched with the fraction of interest, which is created from at least one of said decanted fractions, multiple injections of the eluate generated in the decanting operations, wherein the injections of the eluate are carried out successively after time intervals B into a second chromatography column, and multiple decanting operations, wherein the fractions from said second column are decanted successively after time intervals B. 2. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the injections of the mixture into a column may be made before first elutions of the fractions of interest are made from the same column. 3. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the injections of the mixture into a column may be made without obtaining separation with chromatograms resulting from preceding injections. 4. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein A and/or B remains constant over time. 5. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein A and/or B vary over time. 6. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein A and/or B are determined such that they are not integer multiples of one another. 7. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the second column is the same as the first column. 8. The method for separating according to claim 1, comprising a step of concentrating the generated eluate before continuing to the steps of multiple injections of the eluate into said second chromatography column. 9. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the-elution systems employed in the second column are different from those used in the first column. 10. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the injection of the mixture to be separated is cyclical. 11. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the fractions of the mixture comprises a product that is to be eliminated from the mixture. 12. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the columns are replaced by one or more assemblies of multiple columns. 13. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein a detector is added in parallel or in series with the decanting device. 14. The method for separating according to claim 1, wherein the second column has a cross section that is approximately equal to a significant multiple of a cross section of the first column. 15. A device for separating fractions of a mixture, wherein the device comprises:
at least one chromatography column; means for decanting a plurality of fractions from said chromatography column at controlled time intervals A and/or B, generating an eluate enriched with the fraction of interest, which is created from at least one of said decanted fractions; means for injecting a mixture into said chromatography column at controlled time intervals A and/or B, and/or injecting said eluate generated from at least one of said decanted fractions; means for collecting said plurality of decanted fractions from said chromatography column; and means for transferring said decanted fractions from said means for collecting to said means for injecting.
| 1,700 |
3,338 | 15,862,357 | 1,783 |
A towel having three pockets which are configured to slip over the handle bars on fitness and exercise equipment. The towel covers the entirety of the handle bars and is removable, washable and reusable. The towel is made of an absorbent material and can be easily removed and used for wiping face and body during exercise.
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1. A towel for use with exercise and fitness equipment, comprising:
a handle bar assembly including a first handle bar and a second handle bar; a towel having a series of pockets formed by folding a portion of the towel onto itself, including a first pocket configured to receive a first handle bar; a second pocket configured for receiving a second handle bar, and a third pocket located between the first pocket and the second pocket; wherein the first pocket and the second pocket are underneath the towel when in use, and the towel covers all of the top surface of the handle bar assembly when the first pocket is placed over the first handle bar and the second pocket has been placed over the second handle bar. 2. The towel of claim 1, wherein the handle bar assembly is affixed to a stationary bicycle. 3. The towel of claim 1, wherein the handle bar assembly includes aero bars and one or more water bottle holders. 4. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel measures approximately sixteen inches in length and the pockets have a depth of approximately three inches. 5. The towel of claim 1, wherein a user can lift a corner of the towel to access accessories stored underneath the handle bar assembly after the first pocket is placed over the first handle bar and the second pocket has been placed over the second handle bar. 6. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel is approximately twenty six inches wide and approximately 16 inches tall and the first pocket and the second pocket are approximately 3 inches deep. 7. The towel of claim 1, wherein the pockets are sewn into place. 8. The towel of claim 1, wherein towel is made from one or more of cotton, polyester or nylon. 9. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel further comprises antimicrobial materials. 10. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel further comprises moisture management to remove perspiration from a user. 11. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel further comprises cooling technology to provide a cooling effect to a user.
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A towel having three pockets which are configured to slip over the handle bars on fitness and exercise equipment. The towel covers the entirety of the handle bars and is removable, washable and reusable. The towel is made of an absorbent material and can be easily removed and used for wiping face and body during exercise.1. A towel for use with exercise and fitness equipment, comprising:
a handle bar assembly including a first handle bar and a second handle bar; a towel having a series of pockets formed by folding a portion of the towel onto itself, including a first pocket configured to receive a first handle bar; a second pocket configured for receiving a second handle bar, and a third pocket located between the first pocket and the second pocket; wherein the first pocket and the second pocket are underneath the towel when in use, and the towel covers all of the top surface of the handle bar assembly when the first pocket is placed over the first handle bar and the second pocket has been placed over the second handle bar. 2. The towel of claim 1, wherein the handle bar assembly is affixed to a stationary bicycle. 3. The towel of claim 1, wherein the handle bar assembly includes aero bars and one or more water bottle holders. 4. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel measures approximately sixteen inches in length and the pockets have a depth of approximately three inches. 5. The towel of claim 1, wherein a user can lift a corner of the towel to access accessories stored underneath the handle bar assembly after the first pocket is placed over the first handle bar and the second pocket has been placed over the second handle bar. 6. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel is approximately twenty six inches wide and approximately 16 inches tall and the first pocket and the second pocket are approximately 3 inches deep. 7. The towel of claim 1, wherein the pockets are sewn into place. 8. The towel of claim 1, wherein towel is made from one or more of cotton, polyester or nylon. 9. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel further comprises antimicrobial materials. 10. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel further comprises moisture management to remove perspiration from a user. 11. The towel of claim 1, wherein the towel further comprises cooling technology to provide a cooling effect to a user.
| 1,700 |
3,339 | 14,785,915 | 1,742 |
An additive manufacturing system comprises a build chamber, a powder bed additive manufacturing device disposed in the build chamber, and a powder contamination detection system. The powder contamination detection system is in communication with an atmosphere in the build chamber.
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1. An additive manufacturing system comprising:
a build chamber; a powder bed additive manufacturing device disposed in the build chamber; and a powder contamination detection system in communication with an atmosphere in the build chamber. 2. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the build chamber is maintained under vacuum. 3. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the build chamber is maintained with an inert partial pressure atmosphere. 4. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the powder contamination detection system comprises:
at least one mass spectral gas detector capable of detecting at least one of a plurality of gases indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber. 5. The additive manufacturing system of claim 4, wherein the at least one mass spectral gas detector produces at least one resulting powder contamination signal in response to detecting the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber. 6. The additive manufacturing system of claim 5, wherein the powder contamination detection system further comprises:
an analyzer/controller module including broad spectrum gas analyzer software adapted to process the at least one powder contamination signal to identify one or more aspects of the powder contamination in the build chamber. 7. The additive manufacturing system of claim 6, wherein the one or more identified aspects are selected from a group consisting of: gas composition, contaminant composition, peak magnitude of contamination, and cumulative magnitude of contamination. 8. The additive manufacturing system of claim 6, further comprising:
a manufacturing controller adapted to operate the powder bed additive manufacturing device during a build process; wherein, upon detection of powder contamination by the powder contamination detection system, the manufacturing controller is adapted to provide spatial coordinates of a build location targeted by the powder bed additive manufacturing device, the spatial coordinates corresponding to a potential contamination location. 9. The additive manufacturing system of claim 8, wherein the potential contamination location and the one or more aspects of the powder contamination are combined in real time to evaluate repairability of an object being formed in the build chamber during the build process. 10. The additive manufacturing system of claim 5, wherein the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber is selected from a group consisting of: hydrogen, nitrogen, carbonaceous gases, and combinations thereof. 11. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the powder bed additive manufacturing apparatus is selected from a group consisting of:
a direct laser sintering apparatus; a direct laser melting apparatus; a selective laser sintering apparatus; a selective laser melting apparatus; a laser engineered net shaping apparatus; an electron beam melting apparatus; and a direct metal deposition apparatus. 12. An additive manufacturing system comprising:
a plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices disposed in at least one build chamber; a plurality of sample ports connected to the at least one build chamber, each sample port separately in communication with a protective atmosphere proximate each of the plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices; and a real-time powder contamination detection system in communication with the plurality of sample ports. 13. The additive manufacturing system of claim 12, further comprising:
a manufacturing controller adapted to operate at least one of the plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices during a build process, the manufacturing controller adapted to provide spatial coordinates of a build location targeted by the at least one powder bed additive manufacturing device. 14. The additive manufacturing system of claim 12, wherein the powder contamination detection system comprises:
a first mass spectral gas detector in selective communication with at least one of the sample ports, the first mass spectral gas detector capable of detecting at least one of a plurality of gases indicative of powder contamination in at least one of the plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices; and an analyzer/controller module including broad spectrum gas analyzer software. 15. The additive manufacturing system of claim 14, wherein the analyzer/controller module is adapted to receive at least one powder contamination signal from the first mass spectral gas detector in response to detecting the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the at least one powder bed additive manufacturing device. 16. The additive manufacturing system of claim 15, wherein the analyzer/controller module is adapted to process the at least one powder contamination signal to identify one or more aspects of powder contamination, the one or more aspects selected from a group consisting of: gas composition, contaminant composition, peak magnitude of contamination, and cumulative magnitude of contamination. 17. The additive manufacturing system of claim 15, wherein a potential contamination location and the one or more aspects of the powder contamination are combined to evaluate repairability of an object during the build process. 18. The additive manufacturing system of claim 14, wherein the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber is selected from a group consisting of: hydrogen, nitrogen, carbonaceous gases, and combinations thereof. 19. The additive manufacturing system of claim 13, wherein the powder contamination detection system comprises:
a second mass spectral gas detector in selective communication with at least one of the sample ports, the second mass spectral gas detector capable of detecting at least one of a plurality of gases indicative of powder contamination in at least one of the plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices. 20. A method of manufacturing a solid freeform object, the method comprising:
operating a first powder bed additive manufacturing device disposed in a build chamber; generating a first set of byproducts from operation of the first powder bed additive manufacturing device; communicating at least one of the first set of byproducts to a powder bed contamination detection system; operating the powder bed contamination detection system to detect contamination of powder used in the first powder bed additive manufacturing device during the step of operating the first powder bed additive manufacturing device. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of operating the powder bed contamination detection system comprises:
detecting at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber; producing at least one resulting powder contamination signal in response to detecting the at least one gas; and processing the at least one powder contamination signal to identify one or more aspects of the powder contamination in the build chamber. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more identified aspects are selected from a group consisting of: gas composition, contaminant composition, peak magnitude of contamination, and cumulative magnitude of contamination. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber is selected from a group consisting of: hydrogen, nitrogen, carbonaceous gases, and combinations thereof. 24. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
upon detection of powder contamination in the build chamber, recording spatial coordinates of a build location targeted by the at least one powder bed additive manufacturing device, the recorded spatial coordinates corresponding to a potential contamination location. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising:
evaluating repairability of an object during the build process based on a potential contamination location and one or more aspects of powder contamination. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising:
in response to a real-time evaluation of unrepairability, terminating the build process prior to completion.
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An additive manufacturing system comprises a build chamber, a powder bed additive manufacturing device disposed in the build chamber, and a powder contamination detection system. The powder contamination detection system is in communication with an atmosphere in the build chamber.1. An additive manufacturing system comprising:
a build chamber; a powder bed additive manufacturing device disposed in the build chamber; and a powder contamination detection system in communication with an atmosphere in the build chamber. 2. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the build chamber is maintained under vacuum. 3. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the build chamber is maintained with an inert partial pressure atmosphere. 4. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the powder contamination detection system comprises:
at least one mass spectral gas detector capable of detecting at least one of a plurality of gases indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber. 5. The additive manufacturing system of claim 4, wherein the at least one mass spectral gas detector produces at least one resulting powder contamination signal in response to detecting the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber. 6. The additive manufacturing system of claim 5, wherein the powder contamination detection system further comprises:
an analyzer/controller module including broad spectrum gas analyzer software adapted to process the at least one powder contamination signal to identify one or more aspects of the powder contamination in the build chamber. 7. The additive manufacturing system of claim 6, wherein the one or more identified aspects are selected from a group consisting of: gas composition, contaminant composition, peak magnitude of contamination, and cumulative magnitude of contamination. 8. The additive manufacturing system of claim 6, further comprising:
a manufacturing controller adapted to operate the powder bed additive manufacturing device during a build process; wherein, upon detection of powder contamination by the powder contamination detection system, the manufacturing controller is adapted to provide spatial coordinates of a build location targeted by the powder bed additive manufacturing device, the spatial coordinates corresponding to a potential contamination location. 9. The additive manufacturing system of claim 8, wherein the potential contamination location and the one or more aspects of the powder contamination are combined in real time to evaluate repairability of an object being formed in the build chamber during the build process. 10. The additive manufacturing system of claim 5, wherein the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber is selected from a group consisting of: hydrogen, nitrogen, carbonaceous gases, and combinations thereof. 11. The additive manufacturing system of claim 1, wherein the powder bed additive manufacturing apparatus is selected from a group consisting of:
a direct laser sintering apparatus; a direct laser melting apparatus; a selective laser sintering apparatus; a selective laser melting apparatus; a laser engineered net shaping apparatus; an electron beam melting apparatus; and a direct metal deposition apparatus. 12. An additive manufacturing system comprising:
a plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices disposed in at least one build chamber; a plurality of sample ports connected to the at least one build chamber, each sample port separately in communication with a protective atmosphere proximate each of the plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices; and a real-time powder contamination detection system in communication with the plurality of sample ports. 13. The additive manufacturing system of claim 12, further comprising:
a manufacturing controller adapted to operate at least one of the plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices during a build process, the manufacturing controller adapted to provide spatial coordinates of a build location targeted by the at least one powder bed additive manufacturing device. 14. The additive manufacturing system of claim 12, wherein the powder contamination detection system comprises:
a first mass spectral gas detector in selective communication with at least one of the sample ports, the first mass spectral gas detector capable of detecting at least one of a plurality of gases indicative of powder contamination in at least one of the plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices; and an analyzer/controller module including broad spectrum gas analyzer software. 15. The additive manufacturing system of claim 14, wherein the analyzer/controller module is adapted to receive at least one powder contamination signal from the first mass spectral gas detector in response to detecting the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the at least one powder bed additive manufacturing device. 16. The additive manufacturing system of claim 15, wherein the analyzer/controller module is adapted to process the at least one powder contamination signal to identify one or more aspects of powder contamination, the one or more aspects selected from a group consisting of: gas composition, contaminant composition, peak magnitude of contamination, and cumulative magnitude of contamination. 17. The additive manufacturing system of claim 15, wherein a potential contamination location and the one or more aspects of the powder contamination are combined to evaluate repairability of an object during the build process. 18. The additive manufacturing system of claim 14, wherein the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber is selected from a group consisting of: hydrogen, nitrogen, carbonaceous gases, and combinations thereof. 19. The additive manufacturing system of claim 13, wherein the powder contamination detection system comprises:
a second mass spectral gas detector in selective communication with at least one of the sample ports, the second mass spectral gas detector capable of detecting at least one of a plurality of gases indicative of powder contamination in at least one of the plurality of powder bed additive manufacturing devices. 20. A method of manufacturing a solid freeform object, the method comprising:
operating a first powder bed additive manufacturing device disposed in a build chamber; generating a first set of byproducts from operation of the first powder bed additive manufacturing device; communicating at least one of the first set of byproducts to a powder bed contamination detection system; operating the powder bed contamination detection system to detect contamination of powder used in the first powder bed additive manufacturing device during the step of operating the first powder bed additive manufacturing device. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of operating the powder bed contamination detection system comprises:
detecting at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber; producing at least one resulting powder contamination signal in response to detecting the at least one gas; and processing the at least one powder contamination signal to identify one or more aspects of the powder contamination in the build chamber. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more identified aspects are selected from a group consisting of: gas composition, contaminant composition, peak magnitude of contamination, and cumulative magnitude of contamination. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the at least one gas indicative of powder contamination in the build chamber is selected from a group consisting of: hydrogen, nitrogen, carbonaceous gases, and combinations thereof. 24. The method of claim 20, further comprising:
upon detection of powder contamination in the build chamber, recording spatial coordinates of a build location targeted by the at least one powder bed additive manufacturing device, the recorded spatial coordinates corresponding to a potential contamination location. 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising:
evaluating repairability of an object during the build process based on a potential contamination location and one or more aspects of powder contamination. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising:
in response to a real-time evaluation of unrepairability, terminating the build process prior to completion.
| 1,700 |
3,340 | 14,372,432 | 1,791 |
An alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage is disclosed. The malt based beverage has an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. % preferably not more than 0.7 vol. % having an aroma profile close to the one of alcoholic lager beers. The beverage has 7.00-30.00 ppm ethyl acetate and 0.01-0.20 ppm ethyl butyrate. The beverage preferably has the esters 0.05-2.00 ppm isoamyl acetate; 0.01-0.10 ppm ethyl butyrate; and 0.01-0.05 ppm ethyl hexanoate. The beverage preferably has the higher alcohol 5.00-30.00 ppm (iso-)amyl alcohol. The (iso)amyl alcohol is defined as the sum of 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol.
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1. Alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.7 vol. %, comprising esters and higher alcohol defining a flavoring profile close to a lager beer, wherein it comprises (a) 7.00-30.00 ppm ethyl acetate and (b) 0.01-0.20 ppm ethyl butyrate. 2. The beverage according to claim 1, comprising one or more of the following esters:
(c) 0.05-2.00 ppm isoamyl acetate; and (d) 0.01-0.05 ppm ethyl hexanoate. 3. The beverage according to the claim 2, comprising one or more of the following esters:
(a) 8.00-28.00 ppm ethyl acetate, preferably 13.00-22.00 ppm, more preferably 15.00-20.00 ppm; (b) 0.01-0.10 ppm ethyl butyrate, preferably 0.02-0.05 ppm, more preferably 0.028-0.045 ppm, most preferably 0.03-0.04 ppm; (c) 0.08-0.85 ppm isoamyl acetate, preferably 0.27-0.65 ppm, more preferably 0.31-0.49 ppm; (d) 0.015-0.04 ppm ethyl hexanoate, preferably 0.02-0.03 ppm, more preferably 0.023-0.027 ppm; and the following higher alcohol: (w) 5.00-30.00 ppm (iso-)amyl alcohol, preferably 10.00-25.00 ppm, more preferably 12.00-22.00 ppm, most preferably 14.00-20.00 ppm, wherein (iso-)amyl alcohol is defined as the sum of 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol, and wherein a higher alcohol is defined as an alcohol having a molecular weight higher than ethanol. 4. The beverage according to claim 1, further comprising the following ester:
(e) 0.005-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; and one or more of the following higher alcohols: (x) 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; (y) 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and (z) 3.80-24.00 propanol. 5. A method for producing an alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.7 vol. %, and having a flavor profile close to lager beers, said method comprising the following steps:
(a) preparing a malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.7 vol. % by fermenting a malt suspension; (b) measuring the contents of ethyl acetate and ethyl butyrate in the thus obtained beverage; and (c) adding to or extracting from said beverage:
ethyl acetate until an ethyl acetate content comprised between 7.00 and 30.00 ppm is obtained, and
ethyl butyrate until an ethyl butyrate content comprised between 0.01 and 0.20 ppm is obtained. 6. The method according to the claim 5, wherein an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.7 vol. % in the beverage prepared in step (a) is obtained by stopping the fermentation process, or by extracting ethanol from a fermented beverage. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: isoamyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, and (iso-)amyl alcohol, wherein (iso)amyl alcohol is defined as the sum of 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.05-2.00 ppm isoamyl acetate, preferably 0.08-0.85 ppm, more preferably 0.27-0.65 ppm, most preferably 0.31-0.49 ppm; 0.01-0.10 ppm ethyl butyrate, preferably 0.02-0.05 ppm, more preferably 0.03-0.04 ppm; 0.01-0.05 ppm ethyl hexanoate preferably 0.015-0.04 ppm, more preferably 0.02-0.03 ppm, most preferably 0.023-0.027 ppm; and 5.00-30.00 ppm (iso-)amyl alcohol, preferably 10.40-23.55 ppm, more preferably 12.00-22.00 ppm, most preferably 14.00-20.00 ppm. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the content of ethyl acetate in the beverage is modified such as to obtain a concentration of ethyl acetate comprised between 8.00 and 28.00, preferably between 13.20 and 22.00, more preferably between 15.00-20.00 ppm. 9. The method according to claim 5, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: phenylethyl acetate, phenyl alcohol, isobutanol, and propanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.005-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and 3.80-24.00 propanol. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein the malt based beverage is obtained in step (a) by dealcoholization of alcoholic beer, by evaporation, preferably vacuum evaporation, and wherein part of the vapor phase, excluding ethanol, is condensed, and wherein addition of flavoring compounds of step (c) is achieved by adding at least part of the condensate to the based beverage and, optionally by further adding individual flavor compounds. 11. The beverage according to claim 2, further comprising the following ester:
(e) 0.005-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm;
and one or more of the following higher alcohols:
(x) 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol;
(y) 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol;
(z) 3.80-24.00 propanol. 12. The method according to claim 6, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: isoamyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, and (iso-)amyl alcohol, wherein (iso)amyl alcohol is defined as the sum of 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.05-2.00 ppm isoamyl acetate, preferably 0.08-0.85 ppm, more preferably 0.27-0.65 ppm, most preferably 0.31-0.49 ppm; 0.01-0.10 ppm ethyl butyrate, preferably 0.02-0.05 ppm, more preferably 0.03-0.04 ppm; 0.01-0.05 ppm ethyl hexanoate preferably 0.015-0.04 ppm, more preferably 0.02-0.03 ppm, most preferably 0.023-0.027 ppm; and 5.00-30.00 ppm (iso-)amyl alcohol, preferably 10.40-23.55 ppm, more preferably 12.00-22.00 ppm, most preferably 14.00-20.00 ppm. 13. The method according to claim 6, wherein the content of ethyl acetate in the beverage is modified such as to obtain a concentration of ethyl acetate comprised between 8.00 and 28.00 ppm, preferably between 13.20 and 22.00 ppm, more preferably between 15.00-20.00 ppm. 14. The method according to claim 7, wherein the content of ethyl acetate in the beverage is modified such as to obtain a concentration of ethyl acetate comprised between 8.00 and 28.00 ppm, preferably between 13.20 and 22.00 ppm, more preferably between 15.00-20.00 ppm. 15. The method according to claim 6, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: phenylethyl acetate, phenyl alcohol, isobutanol, and propanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.05-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and 3.80-24.00 ppm propanol. 16. The method according to claim 7, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: phenylethyl acetate, phenyl alcohol, isobutanol, and propanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.005-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and 3.80-24.00 ppm propanol. 17. The method according to claim 8, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: phenylethyl acetate, phenyl alcohol, isobutanol, and propanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.05-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and 3.80-24.00 ppm propanol. 18. The method according to claim 6, wherein the malt based beverage is obtained in step (a) by dealcoholization of alcoholic beer, by evaporation, preferably vacuum evaporation, and wherein part of the vapor phase, excluding ethanol, is condensed, and wherein addition of flavoring compounds of step (c) is achieved by adding at least part of the condensate to the based beverage and, optionally by further adding individual flavor compounds. 19. The method according to claim 7, wherein the malt based beverage is obtained in step (a) by dealcoholization of alcoholic beer, by evaporation, preferably vacuum evaporation, and wherein part of the vapor phase, excluding ethanol, is condensed, and wherein addition of flavoring compounds of step (c) is achieved by adding at least part of the condensate to the based beverage and, optionally by further adding individual flavor compounds. 20. The method according to claim 8, wherein the malt based beverage is obtained in step (a) by dealcoholization of alcoholic beer, by evaporation, preferably vacuum evaporation, and wherein part of the vapor phase, excluding ethanol, is condensed, and wherein addition of flavoring compounds of step (c) is achieved by adding at least part of the condensate to the based beverage and, optionally by further adding individual flavor compounds.
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An alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage is disclosed. The malt based beverage has an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. % preferably not more than 0.7 vol. % having an aroma profile close to the one of alcoholic lager beers. The beverage has 7.00-30.00 ppm ethyl acetate and 0.01-0.20 ppm ethyl butyrate. The beverage preferably has the esters 0.05-2.00 ppm isoamyl acetate; 0.01-0.10 ppm ethyl butyrate; and 0.01-0.05 ppm ethyl hexanoate. The beverage preferably has the higher alcohol 5.00-30.00 ppm (iso-)amyl alcohol. The (iso)amyl alcohol is defined as the sum of 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol.1. Alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.7 vol. %, comprising esters and higher alcohol defining a flavoring profile close to a lager beer, wherein it comprises (a) 7.00-30.00 ppm ethyl acetate and (b) 0.01-0.20 ppm ethyl butyrate. 2. The beverage according to claim 1, comprising one or more of the following esters:
(c) 0.05-2.00 ppm isoamyl acetate; and (d) 0.01-0.05 ppm ethyl hexanoate. 3. The beverage according to the claim 2, comprising one or more of the following esters:
(a) 8.00-28.00 ppm ethyl acetate, preferably 13.00-22.00 ppm, more preferably 15.00-20.00 ppm; (b) 0.01-0.10 ppm ethyl butyrate, preferably 0.02-0.05 ppm, more preferably 0.028-0.045 ppm, most preferably 0.03-0.04 ppm; (c) 0.08-0.85 ppm isoamyl acetate, preferably 0.27-0.65 ppm, more preferably 0.31-0.49 ppm; (d) 0.015-0.04 ppm ethyl hexanoate, preferably 0.02-0.03 ppm, more preferably 0.023-0.027 ppm; and the following higher alcohol: (w) 5.00-30.00 ppm (iso-)amyl alcohol, preferably 10.00-25.00 ppm, more preferably 12.00-22.00 ppm, most preferably 14.00-20.00 ppm, wherein (iso-)amyl alcohol is defined as the sum of 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol, and wherein a higher alcohol is defined as an alcohol having a molecular weight higher than ethanol. 4. The beverage according to claim 1, further comprising the following ester:
(e) 0.005-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; and one or more of the following higher alcohols: (x) 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; (y) 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and (z) 3.80-24.00 propanol. 5. A method for producing an alcohol free or low alcohol fermented malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.7 vol. %, and having a flavor profile close to lager beers, said method comprising the following steps:
(a) preparing a malt based beverage having an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.7 vol. % by fermenting a malt suspension; (b) measuring the contents of ethyl acetate and ethyl butyrate in the thus obtained beverage; and (c) adding to or extracting from said beverage:
ethyl acetate until an ethyl acetate content comprised between 7.00 and 30.00 ppm is obtained, and
ethyl butyrate until an ethyl butyrate content comprised between 0.01 and 0.20 ppm is obtained. 6. The method according to the claim 5, wherein an alcohol content of not more than 1.0 vol. %, preferably not more than 0.7 vol. % in the beverage prepared in step (a) is obtained by stopping the fermentation process, or by extracting ethanol from a fermented beverage. 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: isoamyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, and (iso-)amyl alcohol, wherein (iso)amyl alcohol is defined as the sum of 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.05-2.00 ppm isoamyl acetate, preferably 0.08-0.85 ppm, more preferably 0.27-0.65 ppm, most preferably 0.31-0.49 ppm; 0.01-0.10 ppm ethyl butyrate, preferably 0.02-0.05 ppm, more preferably 0.03-0.04 ppm; 0.01-0.05 ppm ethyl hexanoate preferably 0.015-0.04 ppm, more preferably 0.02-0.03 ppm, most preferably 0.023-0.027 ppm; and 5.00-30.00 ppm (iso-)amyl alcohol, preferably 10.40-23.55 ppm, more preferably 12.00-22.00 ppm, most preferably 14.00-20.00 ppm. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the content of ethyl acetate in the beverage is modified such as to obtain a concentration of ethyl acetate comprised between 8.00 and 28.00, preferably between 13.20 and 22.00, more preferably between 15.00-20.00 ppm. 9. The method according to claim 5, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: phenylethyl acetate, phenyl alcohol, isobutanol, and propanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.005-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and 3.80-24.00 propanol. 10. The method according to claim 5, wherein the malt based beverage is obtained in step (a) by dealcoholization of alcoholic beer, by evaporation, preferably vacuum evaporation, and wherein part of the vapor phase, excluding ethanol, is condensed, and wherein addition of flavoring compounds of step (c) is achieved by adding at least part of the condensate to the based beverage and, optionally by further adding individual flavor compounds. 11. The beverage according to claim 2, further comprising the following ester:
(e) 0.005-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm;
and one or more of the following higher alcohols:
(x) 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol;
(y) 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol;
(z) 3.80-24.00 propanol. 12. The method according to claim 6, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: isoamyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, and (iso-)amyl alcohol, wherein (iso)amyl alcohol is defined as the sum of 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.05-2.00 ppm isoamyl acetate, preferably 0.08-0.85 ppm, more preferably 0.27-0.65 ppm, most preferably 0.31-0.49 ppm; 0.01-0.10 ppm ethyl butyrate, preferably 0.02-0.05 ppm, more preferably 0.03-0.04 ppm; 0.01-0.05 ppm ethyl hexanoate preferably 0.015-0.04 ppm, more preferably 0.02-0.03 ppm, most preferably 0.023-0.027 ppm; and 5.00-30.00 ppm (iso-)amyl alcohol, preferably 10.40-23.55 ppm, more preferably 12.00-22.00 ppm, most preferably 14.00-20.00 ppm. 13. The method according to claim 6, wherein the content of ethyl acetate in the beverage is modified such as to obtain a concentration of ethyl acetate comprised between 8.00 and 28.00 ppm, preferably between 13.20 and 22.00 ppm, more preferably between 15.00-20.00 ppm. 14. The method according to claim 7, wherein the content of ethyl acetate in the beverage is modified such as to obtain a concentration of ethyl acetate comprised between 8.00 and 28.00 ppm, preferably between 13.20 and 22.00 ppm, more preferably between 15.00-20.00 ppm. 15. The method according to claim 6, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: phenylethyl acetate, phenyl alcohol, isobutanol, and propanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.05-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and 3.80-24.00 ppm propanol. 16. The method according to claim 7, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: phenylethyl acetate, phenyl alcohol, isobutanol, and propanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.005-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and 3.80-24.00 ppm propanol. 17. The method according to claim 8, wherein the contents obtained in the beverage prepared in step (a) are measured for the following compounds: phenylethyl acetate, phenyl alcohol, isobutanol, and propanol, and the contents of each of the foregoing compounds is modified by addition or extraction such as to reach the following concentrations:
0.05-0.4 ppm phenylethyl acetate, preferably 0.05-0.15 ppm; 0.85-5.00 ppm phenylethyl alcohol; 1.65-5.05 ppm isobutanol; and 3.80-24.00 ppm propanol. 18. The method according to claim 6, wherein the malt based beverage is obtained in step (a) by dealcoholization of alcoholic beer, by evaporation, preferably vacuum evaporation, and wherein part of the vapor phase, excluding ethanol, is condensed, and wherein addition of flavoring compounds of step (c) is achieved by adding at least part of the condensate to the based beverage and, optionally by further adding individual flavor compounds. 19. The method according to claim 7, wherein the malt based beverage is obtained in step (a) by dealcoholization of alcoholic beer, by evaporation, preferably vacuum evaporation, and wherein part of the vapor phase, excluding ethanol, is condensed, and wherein addition of flavoring compounds of step (c) is achieved by adding at least part of the condensate to the based beverage and, optionally by further adding individual flavor compounds. 20. The method according to claim 8, wherein the malt based beverage is obtained in step (a) by dealcoholization of alcoholic beer, by evaporation, preferably vacuum evaporation, and wherein part of the vapor phase, excluding ethanol, is condensed, and wherein addition of flavoring compounds of step (c) is achieved by adding at least part of the condensate to the based beverage and, optionally by further adding individual flavor compounds.
| 1,700 |
3,341 | 14,745,131 | 1,796 |
Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to compositions and methods for producing high protein dairy products. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions and methods for producing fully homogenized high protein, low fat dairy products from curd. Given the commercial and nutritional value of dairy products, embodiments of the present disclosure address the need for dairy products having high protein content and improved organoleptic properties.
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1. A high-protein dairy product composition comprising:
at least one curd component comprising curds with particle sizes between 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm in diameter, and a protein content greater than 10%; and at least one softening agent having a viscosity less than 300,000 centipoise; wherein the at least on softening agent and the at least one curd component are combined into a mixture and milled to produce an homogenized dairy product composition having a protein content greater than 5%, curds with particle sizes less than 100 μm, and an overrun less than 50%. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a protein content between 10% and 25%. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a whey content that is not greater than 50%. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a fat content that is not greater than 5%. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a density between 7.0 lbs/gal and 10.0 lbs/gal. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a pH between 4.0 and 6.0. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curds of the curd component comprise precipitated casein. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the softening agent has a protein content between 0% and 50%. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the softening agent has a density between 5.0 lbs/gal and 15.0 lbs/gal. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the softening agent has a pH between 2.0 and 9.0. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the softening agent comprises one or more of fruit juice, fruit preparation, milk, flavored milk, oils and fats. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a protein content between 5% and 20%. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a whey content that is not greater than 50%. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a fat content that is not greater than 4%. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition comprises curds with particle sizes less than 40 μm in diameter. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a protein-to-fat ratio between 1:0.001 to 1:1. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a density between 5.0 lbs/gal and 10.0 lbs/gal. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a pH between 4.0 and 6.0. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition comprises precipitated casein. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition further comprises one or more of gums, texturizing agents, mouth coating agents, emulsifiers, thickening agents, coloring agents, fat sources, flavorings (natural or artificial), preservatives, bulking agents, acidity regulators, fillers, vitamins, minerals and nutritional supplements. 21. A method of producing a homogenized dairy product, the method comprising:
combining at least one curd component comprising curds with particle sizes between 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm in diameter, and a protein content greater than 10%, with at least one softening agent having a density less than 300,000 centipoise to form a mixture; subjecting the mixture to a milling process sufficient to produce a fully homogenized diary product having a protein content greater than 5% and an overrun less than 50%. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the milling process comprises subjecting the mixture of the at least one curd component and the at least one softening agent to shear stress. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the milling process comprises subjecting the mixture of the at least one curd component and the at least one softening agent to temperatures between 30° F. and 150° F. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the milling process comprises subjecting the mixture of the at least one curd component and the at least one softening agent to pressures between 100 psi and 5,000 psi.
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Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to compositions and methods for producing high protein dairy products. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions and methods for producing fully homogenized high protein, low fat dairy products from curd. Given the commercial and nutritional value of dairy products, embodiments of the present disclosure address the need for dairy products having high protein content and improved organoleptic properties.1. A high-protein dairy product composition comprising:
at least one curd component comprising curds with particle sizes between 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm in diameter, and a protein content greater than 10%; and at least one softening agent having a viscosity less than 300,000 centipoise; wherein the at least on softening agent and the at least one curd component are combined into a mixture and milled to produce an homogenized dairy product composition having a protein content greater than 5%, curds with particle sizes less than 100 μm, and an overrun less than 50%. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a protein content between 10% and 25%. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a whey content that is not greater than 50%. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a fat content that is not greater than 5%. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a density between 7.0 lbs/gal and 10.0 lbs/gal. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curd component has a pH between 4.0 and 6.0. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the curds of the curd component comprise precipitated casein. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the softening agent has a protein content between 0% and 50%. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the softening agent has a density between 5.0 lbs/gal and 15.0 lbs/gal. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the softening agent has a pH between 2.0 and 9.0. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the softening agent comprises one or more of fruit juice, fruit preparation, milk, flavored milk, oils and fats. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a protein content between 5% and 20%. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a whey content that is not greater than 50%. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a fat content that is not greater than 4%. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition comprises curds with particle sizes less than 40 μm in diameter. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a protein-to-fat ratio between 1:0.001 to 1:1. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a density between 5.0 lbs/gal and 10.0 lbs/gal. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition has a pH between 4.0 and 6.0. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition comprises precipitated casein. 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fully homogenized dairy product composition further comprises one or more of gums, texturizing agents, mouth coating agents, emulsifiers, thickening agents, coloring agents, fat sources, flavorings (natural or artificial), preservatives, bulking agents, acidity regulators, fillers, vitamins, minerals and nutritional supplements. 21. A method of producing a homogenized dairy product, the method comprising:
combining at least one curd component comprising curds with particle sizes between 0.1 mm to 3.0 mm in diameter, and a protein content greater than 10%, with at least one softening agent having a density less than 300,000 centipoise to form a mixture; subjecting the mixture to a milling process sufficient to produce a fully homogenized diary product having a protein content greater than 5% and an overrun less than 50%. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the milling process comprises subjecting the mixture of the at least one curd component and the at least one softening agent to shear stress. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the milling process comprises subjecting the mixture of the at least one curd component and the at least one softening agent to temperatures between 30° F. and 150° F. 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the milling process comprises subjecting the mixture of the at least one curd component and the at least one softening agent to pressures between 100 psi and 5,000 psi.
| 1,700 |
3,342 | 15,302,818 | 1,712 |
The disclosure relates to a method for finishing a wood board with an upper face and a lower face, having the following steps: a) applying a undercoat made of a liquid melamine resin onto the upper face, the melamine resin at least partly penetrating into the upper edge layer of the wood board, b) drying the undercoat into an undercoat layer, c) applying a base color onto the undercoat layer, d) drying the base color into a base color layer, e) applying a base color onto the base color layer in order to produce a decorative element, f) drying the decorative element into a decorative layer, g) applying a liquid melamine resin onto the dried decorative layer, h) drying the melamine resin into a melamine resin layer, and i) applying a liquid medium with a proportion of isocyanate
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1. A process for the finishing of a wooden board with an upper side and an underside, comprising:
a) application of a basecoat made of a liquid melamine resin to the upper side, where the melamine resin penetrates at least to some extent into an upper peripheral layer of the wooden board, b) drying of the basecoat to give a basecoat layer, c) application of a base color to the basecoat layer, d) drying of the base color to give a base color layer, e) application of a printing ink to the base color layer to produce a decorative effect, f) drying of the decorative effect to give a decorative layer, g) application of a liquid melamine resin to the dried decorative layer, h) drying of the melamine resin to give a melamine resin layer, and i) application of a liquid medium having a proportion of isocyanate groups to the melamine resin layer. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid melamine resin is applied to the underside, and is dried to give a counterbalancing material. 3. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the liquid medium has a proportion of isocyanate groups applied to the counterbalancing material. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is a dispersion which has from 50 to 60% solids content, the remainder being water, and which is dried after application to give a layer. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is a molten hotmelt which solidifies after application to give a layer. 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one protective covering layer is applied to a dried layer of the liquid medium. 7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the protective covering layer comprises nanoparticles in order to improve resistance to microscratching. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid medium comprises wear-inhibiting particles, in particular corundum particles. 9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of the liquid medium, the melamine resin layer, and protective covering layer comprise(s) at least one of glass beads and agents having antistatic and/or antibacterial effect. 10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the diameter of the glass beads is less than 30 μm. 11. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the diameter of the glass beads is from 30 to 120 μm. 12. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is applied in a plurality of individual layers. 13. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantity applied of the liquid medium is from 50 to 200 g/m2. 14. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the layer structure is pressed. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein during the pressing of the layer structure a structure is embossed into the layers applied on the upper side. 16. The process as claimed in claim 4, wherein a short-cycle press is used for the pressing process. 17. The process as claimed in claim 5, wherein at least one structured roll is used for the pressing process. 18. The process as claimed in claim 15, wherein the structure is formed synchronously with respect to the decorative effect. 19. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decorative effect is a decorative wood effect, decorative stone effect, decorative tile effect, or imaginative decorative effect.
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The disclosure relates to a method for finishing a wood board with an upper face and a lower face, having the following steps: a) applying a undercoat made of a liquid melamine resin onto the upper face, the melamine resin at least partly penetrating into the upper edge layer of the wood board, b) drying the undercoat into an undercoat layer, c) applying a base color onto the undercoat layer, d) drying the base color into a base color layer, e) applying a base color onto the base color layer in order to produce a decorative element, f) drying the decorative element into a decorative layer, g) applying a liquid melamine resin onto the dried decorative layer, h) drying the melamine resin into a melamine resin layer, and i) applying a liquid medium with a proportion of isocyanate1. A process for the finishing of a wooden board with an upper side and an underside, comprising:
a) application of a basecoat made of a liquid melamine resin to the upper side, where the melamine resin penetrates at least to some extent into an upper peripheral layer of the wooden board, b) drying of the basecoat to give a basecoat layer, c) application of a base color to the basecoat layer, d) drying of the base color to give a base color layer, e) application of a printing ink to the base color layer to produce a decorative effect, f) drying of the decorative effect to give a decorative layer, g) application of a liquid melamine resin to the dried decorative layer, h) drying of the melamine resin to give a melamine resin layer, and i) application of a liquid medium having a proportion of isocyanate groups to the melamine resin layer. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid melamine resin is applied to the underside, and is dried to give a counterbalancing material. 3. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the liquid medium has a proportion of isocyanate groups applied to the counterbalancing material. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is a dispersion which has from 50 to 60% solids content, the remainder being water, and which is dried after application to give a layer. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is a molten hotmelt which solidifies after application to give a layer. 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one protective covering layer is applied to a dried layer of the liquid medium. 7. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the protective covering layer comprises nanoparticles in order to improve resistance to microscratching. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid medium comprises wear-inhibiting particles, in particular corundum particles. 9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of the liquid medium, the melamine resin layer, and protective covering layer comprise(s) at least one of glass beads and agents having antistatic and/or antibacterial effect. 10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the diameter of the glass beads is less than 30 μm. 11. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the diameter of the glass beads is from 30 to 120 μm. 12. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the liquid medium is applied in a plurality of individual layers. 13. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the quantity applied of the liquid medium is from 50 to 200 g/m2. 14. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the layer structure is pressed. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein during the pressing of the layer structure a structure is embossed into the layers applied on the upper side. 16. The process as claimed in claim 4, wherein a short-cycle press is used for the pressing process. 17. The process as claimed in claim 5, wherein at least one structured roll is used for the pressing process. 18. The process as claimed in claim 15, wherein the structure is formed synchronously with respect to the decorative effect. 19. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decorative effect is a decorative wood effect, decorative stone effect, decorative tile effect, or imaginative decorative effect.
| 1,700 |
3,343 | 14,440,722 | 1,743 |
There is provided a filter for a smoking article, the filter including a filter segment of filter material and a flow restrictor. The flow restrictor is embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by the filter material. A cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the filter segment. There is also provided a smoking article including such a filter.
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1. A filter for a smoking article, the filter comprising:
a filter segment of filter material, the filter segment having a diameter measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter; and a flow restrictor embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by the filter material, wherein the flow restrictor is solid, wherein a cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the filter segment, and wherein the flow restrictor is substantially spherical, the cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter being a diameter of the spherical flow restrictor. 2. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor is between about 70% and about 80% of the diameter of the filter segment. 3. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor has a compressive yield strength greater than about 8.0 kPa. 4. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor has a compressive strength at a deformation of 10% greater than about 50.0 kPa. 5. (canceled) 6. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the filter forms a mouth end cavity. 7. The filter according to claim 1, further comprising a hollow tube axially aligned with the filter segment. 8. The filter according to claim 1, further comprising a filter wrapper circumscribing at least the filter material. 9. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the centre of the flow restrictor is at least about 6 mm from the downstream end of the filter. 10. A smoking article, comprising:
a tobacco rod; and a filter, comprising
a filter segment of filter material, the filter segment having a diameter measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter; and
a flow restrictor embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by the filter material,
wherein the flow restrictor is solid, wherein a cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the filter segment, and wherein the flow restrictor is substantially spherical, the cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter being a diameter of the spherical flow restrictor. 11. The smoking article according to claim 10, further comprising tipping material attaching the tobacco rod and the filter, the tipping material including a ventilation zone comprising perforations through the tipping material. 12. The smoking article according to claim 11, wherein the tipping material includes at least one circumferential row of perforations at least about 1 mm downstream of the centre of the flow restrictor. 13. A flow restrictor to restrict air flow in a filter segment of a filter for a smoking article, wherein the filter segment has a diameter measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter, the flow restrictor is embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by filter material of the filter segment, and a cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the filter segment, and wherein the flow restrictor is solid and substantially spherical, the cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter being a diameter of the spherical flow restrictor. 14. A method for manufacturing filters for smoking articles, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a continuous rod of filter material having flow restrictors embedded in the filter material and spaced apart in the longitudinal direction of the rod, wherein each flow restrictor is solid and substantially spherical, and a diameter of each flow restrictor measured perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the rod is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the rod; and cutting the continuous rod of filter material at longitudinally spaced cut lines, to produce filter segments of filter material, each filter segment including a flow restrictor embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by the filter material. 15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising the steps of:
axially aligning a hollow tube with each filter segment; and overwrapping the filter segment and hollow tube with a filter wrapper.
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There is provided a filter for a smoking article, the filter including a filter segment of filter material and a flow restrictor. The flow restrictor is embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by the filter material. A cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the filter segment. There is also provided a smoking article including such a filter.1. A filter for a smoking article, the filter comprising:
a filter segment of filter material, the filter segment having a diameter measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter; and a flow restrictor embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by the filter material, wherein the flow restrictor is solid, wherein a cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the filter segment, and wherein the flow restrictor is substantially spherical, the cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter being a diameter of the spherical flow restrictor. 2. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor is between about 70% and about 80% of the diameter of the filter segment. 3. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor has a compressive yield strength greater than about 8.0 kPa. 4. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the flow restrictor has a compressive strength at a deformation of 10% greater than about 50.0 kPa. 5. (canceled) 6. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the filter forms a mouth end cavity. 7. The filter according to claim 1, further comprising a hollow tube axially aligned with the filter segment. 8. The filter according to claim 1, further comprising a filter wrapper circumscribing at least the filter material. 9. The filter according to claim 1, wherein the centre of the flow restrictor is at least about 6 mm from the downstream end of the filter. 10. A smoking article, comprising:
a tobacco rod; and a filter, comprising
a filter segment of filter material, the filter segment having a diameter measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter; and
a flow restrictor embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by the filter material,
wherein the flow restrictor is solid, wherein a cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the filter segment, and wherein the flow restrictor is substantially spherical, the cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter being a diameter of the spherical flow restrictor. 11. The smoking article according to claim 10, further comprising tipping material attaching the tobacco rod and the filter, the tipping material including a ventilation zone comprising perforations through the tipping material. 12. The smoking article according to claim 11, wherein the tipping material includes at least one circumferential row of perforations at least about 1 mm downstream of the centre of the flow restrictor. 13. A flow restrictor to restrict air flow in a filter segment of a filter for a smoking article, wherein the filter segment has a diameter measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter, the flow restrictor is embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by filter material of the filter segment, and a cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the filter segment, and wherein the flow restrictor is solid and substantially spherical, the cross sectional dimension of the flow restrictor measured perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the filter being a diameter of the spherical flow restrictor. 14. A method for manufacturing filters for smoking articles, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a continuous rod of filter material having flow restrictors embedded in the filter material and spaced apart in the longitudinal direction of the rod, wherein each flow restrictor is solid and substantially spherical, and a diameter of each flow restrictor measured perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the rod is between about 60% and about 95% of the diameter of the rod; and cutting the continuous rod of filter material at longitudinally spaced cut lines, to produce filter segments of filter material, each filter segment including a flow restrictor embedded in the filter segment and surrounded on all sides by the filter material. 15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising the steps of:
axially aligning a hollow tube with each filter segment; and overwrapping the filter segment and hollow tube with a filter wrapper.
| 1,700 |
3,344 | 15,191,107 | 1,792 |
A system and method for displaying items such as food allowing for an unobstructed view of the food item is disclosed. The system includes a backer card and a transparent film. The food item is stored in the transparent film allowing an unobstructed view of the food item. An upper portion of the transparent film is secured to the backer card leaving a portion of the transparent film below the point of attachment unsecured allowing the food item to move away from the backer card. Information pertaining to the food item is printed on the backer card leaving the view of the food item unobstructed.
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1. A food package assembly, comprising:
a backer card; and a transparent film disposed with at least a portion adjacent the backer card, the transparent film having a front side, a back side that faces the backer card opposite the front side, and a cavity disposed between the front and back sides; wherein the transparent film is attached to the backer card at an attachment location disposed only above the cavity, enabling a portion of transparent film below the attachment location to move away from the backer card; and wherein the cavity is sized and shaped to house a food item and does not extend laterally beyond the backer card. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the backer card comprises header and base portions, wherein a portion of the transparent film attached to the backer card is disposed between the header and base portions. 3. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the backer card's base portion comprises front and rear sections, wherein the front section faces the transparent film, and the rear section faces away from the transparent film. 4. The assembly of claim 3, wherein the front and rear sections each have information printed on a single side of the backer card, wherein the back section is folded behind the front section exposing the single side of the backer card in the front and back sections. 5. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a food item disposed in the cavity. 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the transparent film has no printing and the food item is completely unobscured. 7. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the cavity is evacuated and the front side of the transparent film complements a shape of the food item. 8. The assembly of claim 3, further comprising a good item disposed in the cavity and wherein information is printed on the front section between the base portion and the back side of the transparent film and the printed information is obscured by the food item. 9. The assembly of claim 3, wherein the header portion, front section, and rear section, are a single unit having a first fold separating the header portion and the rear section, and a second fold separating the front section and the rear section, wherein the header portion, front section, and rear section are printed on a single side of material comprising the backer card. 10. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the transparent film is secured to the backer card by a fastener selected from the group consisting of: adhesives, staples, rivets, and stitching. 11. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a temporary adhesive between the transparent film and the backer card stabilizing the transparent film in place laterally while enabling the transparent film to be peeled from the backer card at the second location. 12. A method for packaging a meat product comprising:
sealing a food product in a transparent film; printing nutrition information of the meat product on a first portion of a front of a backer card and other information on a second portion of the front of the backer card; and securing an upper portion of the transparent film to the backer card, leaving the transparent film below the upper portion of the transparent film free to move away from the backer card, the transparent film being located entirely within the front of the backer card and covering the other information on the second portion of the front of the backer card. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising folding the backer card into a header portion, front section, and rear section, wherein securing the upper portion of the transparent film to the backer card comprises securing the upper portion of the transparent film between the header portion and the front section. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the nutrition information is not covered by the transparent film. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein sealing the food item in a transparent film comprises inserting the food item between the first and second sides; removing air from between the first and second sides; and
sealing a perimeter of the first side to the second side. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein printing information occurs prior to folding the backer card and wherein the backer card is printed on a single side. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering a portion of the transparent film below the upper portion to the backer card with a removable fastener. 18. A packaged meat product, comprising:
a backer card having nutrition information for the packaged meat product printed thereon; a transparent film disposed with at least a portion of the transparent film adjacent the backer card, the transparent film having a front side, a back side that faces the backer card opposite the front side, and a cavity disposed between the front and back sides; and a meat product disposed within the cavity; wherein the transparent film is attached to the backer card at an attachment location disposed only above the cavity, enabling a portion of transparent film below the attachment location to move away from the backer card; and wherein the cavity is sized and shaped to house the meat product and does not extend laterally beyond the backer card. 19. The packaged meat product of claim 18, wherein the transparent film has no printing and the food item is completely unobscured. 20. The packaged meat product of claim 18, wherein the backer card has a second printing on the backer card obscured by the meat product in the cavity.
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A system and method for displaying items such as food allowing for an unobstructed view of the food item is disclosed. The system includes a backer card and a transparent film. The food item is stored in the transparent film allowing an unobstructed view of the food item. An upper portion of the transparent film is secured to the backer card leaving a portion of the transparent film below the point of attachment unsecured allowing the food item to move away from the backer card. Information pertaining to the food item is printed on the backer card leaving the view of the food item unobstructed.1. A food package assembly, comprising:
a backer card; and a transparent film disposed with at least a portion adjacent the backer card, the transparent film having a front side, a back side that faces the backer card opposite the front side, and a cavity disposed between the front and back sides; wherein the transparent film is attached to the backer card at an attachment location disposed only above the cavity, enabling a portion of transparent film below the attachment location to move away from the backer card; and wherein the cavity is sized and shaped to house a food item and does not extend laterally beyond the backer card. 2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the backer card comprises header and base portions, wherein a portion of the transparent film attached to the backer card is disposed between the header and base portions. 3. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the backer card's base portion comprises front and rear sections, wherein the front section faces the transparent film, and the rear section faces away from the transparent film. 4. The assembly of claim 3, wherein the front and rear sections each have information printed on a single side of the backer card, wherein the back section is folded behind the front section exposing the single side of the backer card in the front and back sections. 5. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a food item disposed in the cavity. 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the transparent film has no printing and the food item is completely unobscured. 7. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the cavity is evacuated and the front side of the transparent film complements a shape of the food item. 8. The assembly of claim 3, further comprising a good item disposed in the cavity and wherein information is printed on the front section between the base portion and the back side of the transparent film and the printed information is obscured by the food item. 9. The assembly of claim 3, wherein the header portion, front section, and rear section, are a single unit having a first fold separating the header portion and the rear section, and a second fold separating the front section and the rear section, wherein the header portion, front section, and rear section are printed on a single side of material comprising the backer card. 10. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the transparent film is secured to the backer card by a fastener selected from the group consisting of: adhesives, staples, rivets, and stitching. 11. The assembly of claim 1, further comprising a temporary adhesive between the transparent film and the backer card stabilizing the transparent film in place laterally while enabling the transparent film to be peeled from the backer card at the second location. 12. A method for packaging a meat product comprising:
sealing a food product in a transparent film; printing nutrition information of the meat product on a first portion of a front of a backer card and other information on a second portion of the front of the backer card; and securing an upper portion of the transparent film to the backer card, leaving the transparent film below the upper portion of the transparent film free to move away from the backer card, the transparent film being located entirely within the front of the backer card and covering the other information on the second portion of the front of the backer card. 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising folding the backer card into a header portion, front section, and rear section, wherein securing the upper portion of the transparent film to the backer card comprises securing the upper portion of the transparent film between the header portion and the front section. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the nutrition information is not covered by the transparent film. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein sealing the food item in a transparent film comprises inserting the food item between the first and second sides; removing air from between the first and second sides; and
sealing a perimeter of the first side to the second side. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein printing information occurs prior to folding the backer card and wherein the backer card is printed on a single side. 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising adhering a portion of the transparent film below the upper portion to the backer card with a removable fastener. 18. A packaged meat product, comprising:
a backer card having nutrition information for the packaged meat product printed thereon; a transparent film disposed with at least a portion of the transparent film adjacent the backer card, the transparent film having a front side, a back side that faces the backer card opposite the front side, and a cavity disposed between the front and back sides; and a meat product disposed within the cavity; wherein the transparent film is attached to the backer card at an attachment location disposed only above the cavity, enabling a portion of transparent film below the attachment location to move away from the backer card; and wherein the cavity is sized and shaped to house the meat product and does not extend laterally beyond the backer card. 19. The packaged meat product of claim 18, wherein the transparent film has no printing and the food item is completely unobscured. 20. The packaged meat product of claim 18, wherein the backer card has a second printing on the backer card obscured by the meat product in the cavity.
| 1,700 |
3,345 | 15,518,585 | 1,766 |
A thermoplastic resin composition of the present invention comprises: about 100 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin; about 10 to about 140 parts by weight of a (meth)acrylic-based resin which comprises a repeating unit represented by chemical formula 1; about 10 to about 80 parts by weight of an aromatic phosphate ester-based compound; and about 10 to 110 parts by weight of a glass fiber, wherein the difference in refractive index between the glass fiber and a resin mixture comprising the polycarbonate resin, the (meth)acrylic-based resin, and the aromatic phosphate ester-based compound is about 0.02 or less. The thermoplastic resin composition has excellent transparency and mechanical strength such as impact resistance, flexural modulus, etc.
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1. A thermoplastic resin composition comprising:
about 100 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin; about 10 parts by weight to about 140 parts by weight of a (meth)acrylic resin represented by Formula 1; about 10 parts by weight to about 80 parts by weight of an aromatic phosphoric acid ester compound; and about 10 parts by weight to about 110 parts by weight of glass fibers, wherein a difference in index of refraction between the glass fibers and a resin mixture comprising the polycarbonate resin, the (meth)acrylic resin, and the aromatic phosphoric acid ester compound is about 0.02 or less:
wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group and R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl group. 2. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the (meth)acrylic resin contains about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % of a repeat unit represented by Formula 1 and about 10 wt % to about 99 wt % of a repeat unit represented by Formula 2:
wherein R3 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group and R4 is a linear, branched or cyclic C1 to C10 alkyl group. 3. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate resin has a weight average molecular weight of about 10,000 g/mol to about 200,000 g/mol and an index of refraction of about 1.57 to about 1.60 and the (meth)acrylic resin has a weight average molecular weight of about 5,000 g/mol to about 300,000 g/mol and an index of refraction of about 1.495 to about 1.590. 4. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic phosphoric acid ester compound is represented by Formula 3:
wherein R5 and R9 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl group; R6 and R5 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl or aryloxy group; R7 is a derivative (excluding alcohol) of dialcohols of resorcinol, hydroquinone, bisphenol-A, or bisphenol-S; and m is an integer of 0 to 10. 5. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the glass fibers have an index of refraction of about 1.51 to about 1.59. 6. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a difference in index of refraction between the resin mixture and the glass fibers ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.010. 7. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition has a total luminous transmittance of about 80% or higher and a haze of about 10% or less, as measured on an about 1.0 mm thick specimen in accordance with ASTM D1003. 8. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition has an Izod impact strength of about 3 kgf cm/cm to about 15 kgf cm/cm, as measured on an about ⅛″ thick specimen in accordance with ASTM D256, a flexural modulus of about 40,000 kgf/cm2 to about 70,000 kgf/cm2, as measured on an about 6.4 mm thick specimen in accordance with ASTM D790, and a coefficient of linear thermal expansion of about 20 μm/(m° C.) to about 60 μm/(m° C.), as measured in accordance with ASTM D696. 9. A molded article formed of the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1. 10. The molded article according to claim 9, wherein the molded article is a transparent exterior material.
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A thermoplastic resin composition of the present invention comprises: about 100 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin; about 10 to about 140 parts by weight of a (meth)acrylic-based resin which comprises a repeating unit represented by chemical formula 1; about 10 to about 80 parts by weight of an aromatic phosphate ester-based compound; and about 10 to 110 parts by weight of a glass fiber, wherein the difference in refractive index between the glass fiber and a resin mixture comprising the polycarbonate resin, the (meth)acrylic-based resin, and the aromatic phosphate ester-based compound is about 0.02 or less. The thermoplastic resin composition has excellent transparency and mechanical strength such as impact resistance, flexural modulus, etc.1. A thermoplastic resin composition comprising:
about 100 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin; about 10 parts by weight to about 140 parts by weight of a (meth)acrylic resin represented by Formula 1; about 10 parts by weight to about 80 parts by weight of an aromatic phosphoric acid ester compound; and about 10 parts by weight to about 110 parts by weight of glass fibers, wherein a difference in index of refraction between the glass fibers and a resin mixture comprising the polycarbonate resin, the (meth)acrylic resin, and the aromatic phosphoric acid ester compound is about 0.02 or less:
wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group and R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl group. 2. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the (meth)acrylic resin contains about 1 wt % to about 90 wt % of a repeat unit represented by Formula 1 and about 10 wt % to about 99 wt % of a repeat unit represented by Formula 2:
wherein R3 is a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group and R4 is a linear, branched or cyclic C1 to C10 alkyl group. 3. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the polycarbonate resin has a weight average molecular weight of about 10,000 g/mol to about 200,000 g/mol and an index of refraction of about 1.57 to about 1.60 and the (meth)acrylic resin has a weight average molecular weight of about 5,000 g/mol to about 300,000 g/mol and an index of refraction of about 1.495 to about 1.590. 4. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the aromatic phosphoric acid ester compound is represented by Formula 3:
wherein R5 and R9 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl group; R6 and R5 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C20 aryl or aryloxy group; R7 is a derivative (excluding alcohol) of dialcohols of resorcinol, hydroquinone, bisphenol-A, or bisphenol-S; and m is an integer of 0 to 10. 5. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the glass fibers have an index of refraction of about 1.51 to about 1.59. 6. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein a difference in index of refraction between the resin mixture and the glass fibers ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.010. 7. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition has a total luminous transmittance of about 80% or higher and a haze of about 10% or less, as measured on an about 1.0 mm thick specimen in accordance with ASTM D1003. 8. The thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin composition has an Izod impact strength of about 3 kgf cm/cm to about 15 kgf cm/cm, as measured on an about ⅛″ thick specimen in accordance with ASTM D256, a flexural modulus of about 40,000 kgf/cm2 to about 70,000 kgf/cm2, as measured on an about 6.4 mm thick specimen in accordance with ASTM D790, and a coefficient of linear thermal expansion of about 20 μm/(m° C.) to about 60 μm/(m° C.), as measured in accordance with ASTM D696. 9. A molded article formed of the thermoplastic resin composition according to claim 1. 10. The molded article according to claim 9, wherein the molded article is a transparent exterior material.
| 1,700 |
3,346 | 13,271,828 | 1,794 |
Techniques are provided for making a coated article including an antibacterial and/or antifungal coating. In certain example embodiments, the method includes providing a first sputtering target including Zr; providing a second sputtering target including Zn; and co-sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets in the presence of nitrogen to form a layer including Zn x Zr y N z on a glass substrate. These layers may be heat-treated or thermally tempered to form a single layer including Zn x Zr y O z . In other examples, two discrete layers of Zn and Zr may be formed. The coating may be heated or tempered to form a single layer including Zn x Zr y O z . Coated articles made using these methods may have antibacterial and/or antifungal properties.
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1. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; forming a first discrete layer comprising Zn on a glass substrate via the first sputtering target; forming a second discrete layer comprising Zr over and contacting the layer comprising Zn; heat treating the first and second discrete layers to produce a single layer comprising ZnxZryOz. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises ZnOx prior to heat treatment. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises ZrNx prior to heat treatment. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the second layer comprising Zr is
deposited in the presence of nitrogen. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a nitrogen flow rate for at least a portion of the deposition of the layer comprising Zr is at least about 15 sccm. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the nitrogen flow rate is at least about 30 sccm. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises ZnOx and the second layer comprises ZrNy prior to heat treatment. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a thickness of the Zn-inclusive layer to that of the Zr-inclusive layer is at least about 1:6. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the ratio is at least about 1:4. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein an antimicrobial activity of the coated article (where antimicrobial activity=[log B/C], where B=number of viable bacteria at T=0 on an uncoated substrate and C=number of viable bacteria at T=24 hours on the coated article) is at least about 2. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the antimicrobial activity is at least about 3. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the antimicrobial activity is at least about 5. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first target is in a first deposition chamber and the second target is in a second deposition chamber. 14. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering at least the first and second sputtering targets in the presence of nitrogen to form a layer comprising ZnxZryNz on a glass substrate; wherein the layer comprising ZnxZryNz is heat treatable such that, when heat treated, the layer comprising ZnxZryNz forms a layer comprising ZnxZryOz having antimicrobial and/or antifungal properties. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising heat treating the layer comprising ZnxZryNz to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz including from about 0.5% to 10% (atomic) Zn, from about 25% to 45% (atomic) Zr, and from about 50% to 70% (atomic) O. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising heat treating the layer comprising ZnxZryNz to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz including from about 1% to 8% (atomic) Zn, from about 30% to 40% (atomic) Zr, and from about 55% to 65% (atomic) O after thermal tempering. 17. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zn; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zr; and
sequentially sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets onto a glass substrate to form at least a first layer comprising Zn having a thickness of from about 20 to 50 Å, and a second layer comprising Zr located directly on the first layer comprising Zn and having a thickness of from about 100 to 250 Å, wherein the Zr is sputtered in the presence of nitrogen;
wherein the glass substrate is heat treatable with said first and second layers thereon to form a layer comprising zinc zirconium oxide with antibacterial and/or antifungal properties on the coated article. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein an antimicrobial activity of the coated article (where antimicrobial activity=[log B/C], where B=number of viable bacteria at T=0 on an uncoated substrate and C=number of viable bacteria at T=24 hours on the coated article) is at least about 5. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first layer comprises ZnOx. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein a flow rate of nitrogen during at least part of the deposition of the layer comprising Zr is at least about 15 sccm. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the coated article has an improved scratch resistance. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the coated article has an improved scratch resistance such that it can prevent visible scratching up to a 20 pound load when abraded with a ⅛ inch borosilicate sphere. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the coated article has improved anti-fungal properties as compared to a coated article including only silver as an anti-fungal agent. 24. A method of making a coated article comprising a glass substrate supporting a coating, the method comprising:
sputter depositing the coating on the substrate, the coating comprising an anti-microbial material located within a carrier material, wherein the anti-microbial material comprises Zn, Ag, and/or Cu, wherein the carrier material comprises Zr, Si, Ti, Hf, and/or Al, and wherein the sputter depositing is practiced by either (a) co-sputtering from two or more targets, or (b) sputtering from a mixed metal target. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the carrier material comprises Zr and scratch resistance is increased to a level higher than the scratch resistance of uncoated glass.
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Techniques are provided for making a coated article including an antibacterial and/or antifungal coating. In certain example embodiments, the method includes providing a first sputtering target including Zr; providing a second sputtering target including Zn; and co-sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets in the presence of nitrogen to form a layer including Zn x Zr y N z on a glass substrate. These layers may be heat-treated or thermally tempered to form a single layer including Zn x Zr y O z . In other examples, two discrete layers of Zn and Zr may be formed. The coating may be heated or tempered to form a single layer including Zn x Zr y O z . Coated articles made using these methods may have antibacterial and/or antifungal properties.1. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; forming a first discrete layer comprising Zn on a glass substrate via the first sputtering target; forming a second discrete layer comprising Zr over and contacting the layer comprising Zn; heat treating the first and second discrete layers to produce a single layer comprising ZnxZryOz. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises ZnOx prior to heat treatment. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises ZrNx prior to heat treatment. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the second layer comprising Zr is
deposited in the presence of nitrogen. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein a nitrogen flow rate for at least a portion of the deposition of the layer comprising Zr is at least about 15 sccm. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the nitrogen flow rate is at least about 30 sccm. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises ZnOx and the second layer comprises ZrNy prior to heat treatment. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a thickness of the Zn-inclusive layer to that of the Zr-inclusive layer is at least about 1:6. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the ratio is at least about 1:4. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein an antimicrobial activity of the coated article (where antimicrobial activity=[log B/C], where B=number of viable bacteria at T=0 on an uncoated substrate and C=number of viable bacteria at T=24 hours on the coated article) is at least about 2. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the antimicrobial activity is at least about 3. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the antimicrobial activity is at least about 5. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first target is in a first deposition chamber and the second target is in a second deposition chamber. 14. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zr; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zn; and co-sputtering at least the first and second sputtering targets in the presence of nitrogen to form a layer comprising ZnxZryNz on a glass substrate; wherein the layer comprising ZnxZryNz is heat treatable such that, when heat treated, the layer comprising ZnxZryNz forms a layer comprising ZnxZryOz having antimicrobial and/or antifungal properties. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising heat treating the layer comprising ZnxZryNz to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz including from about 0.5% to 10% (atomic) Zn, from about 25% to 45% (atomic) Zr, and from about 50% to 70% (atomic) O. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising heat treating the layer comprising ZnxZryNz to form a layer comprising ZnxZryOz including from about 1% to 8% (atomic) Zn, from about 30% to 40% (atomic) Zr, and from about 55% to 65% (atomic) O after thermal tempering. 17. A method of making a coated article, the method comprising:
providing a first sputtering target comprising Zn; providing a second sputtering target comprising Zr; and
sequentially sputtering from at least the first and second sputtering targets onto a glass substrate to form at least a first layer comprising Zn having a thickness of from about 20 to 50 Å, and a second layer comprising Zr located directly on the first layer comprising Zn and having a thickness of from about 100 to 250 Å, wherein the Zr is sputtered in the presence of nitrogen;
wherein the glass substrate is heat treatable with said first and second layers thereon to form a layer comprising zinc zirconium oxide with antibacterial and/or antifungal properties on the coated article. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein an antimicrobial activity of the coated article (where antimicrobial activity=[log B/C], where B=number of viable bacteria at T=0 on an uncoated substrate and C=number of viable bacteria at T=24 hours on the coated article) is at least about 5. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the first layer comprises ZnOx. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein a flow rate of nitrogen during at least part of the deposition of the layer comprising Zr is at least about 15 sccm. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the coated article has an improved scratch resistance. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the coated article has an improved scratch resistance such that it can prevent visible scratching up to a 20 pound load when abraded with a ⅛ inch borosilicate sphere. 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the coated article has improved anti-fungal properties as compared to a coated article including only silver as an anti-fungal agent. 24. A method of making a coated article comprising a glass substrate supporting a coating, the method comprising:
sputter depositing the coating on the substrate, the coating comprising an anti-microbial material located within a carrier material, wherein the anti-microbial material comprises Zn, Ag, and/or Cu, wherein the carrier material comprises Zr, Si, Ti, Hf, and/or Al, and wherein the sputter depositing is practiced by either (a) co-sputtering from two or more targets, or (b) sputtering from a mixed metal target. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the carrier material comprises Zr and scratch resistance is increased to a level higher than the scratch resistance of uncoated glass.
| 1,700 |
3,347 | 15,278,513 | 1,771 |
An ICBTL system and method having a low GHG footprint for converting coal or coal and biomass to liquid fuels and a biofertilizer in which a carbon-based feed is converted to liquids by direct liquefaction and optionally by indirect liquefaction and the liquids are upgraded to produce premium fuels. CO 2 produced by the process is used to a produce cyanobacteria containing algal biomass and other photosynthetic microorganisms in a photobioreactor. Optionally, lipids extracted from the some of the algal biomass is hydroprocessed to produce fuel components and biomass residues and the carbon-based feed our gasified to produce hydrogen and syngas for the direct and indirect liquefaction processes. Some or all of the algal biomass and photosynthetic microorganisms are used to produce a natural biofertilizer. CO 2 may also be produced by a steam methane reformer for supplying CO 2 to produce the algal biomass and photosynthetic microorganisms.
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1. A method converting a coal containing solid carbonaceous material to liquid fuels and cyanobacteria based biofertilizer, comprising the steps of:
a. directly liquefying a coal containing solid carbonaceous material by subjecting said material to elevated temperatures and pressures in the presence of a solvent and a molybdenum containing catalyst for a time sufficient for producing hydrocarbon liquids and byproduct CO2; b. upgrading hydrocarbon liquids produced by step a to liquid fuels and byproduct ammonia; c. producing hydrogen and byproduct CO2 from a carbonaceous feed, and supplying at least a portion of said hydrogen as inputs to said direct liquefaction and said upgrading steps; d. reproducing a soil-based, nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria containing inoculant in a photobioreactor with the use of byproduct CO2 produced by one or both of said direct liquefaction and hydrogen producing steps and ammonia produced by said upgrading step; and e. producing a biofertilizer incorporating said inoculant. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said molybdenum containing catalyst is produced in situ from a PMA catalyst precursor, and wherein phosphorus obtained from said catalyst precursor is supplied to said photobioreactor as a nutrient. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the complement of microorganisms in said inoculant is selected to be substantially optimized for use with the soil composition and environmental conditions of the soil and location where it is to be applied. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said complement of microorganisms is obtained from the surface of the soil to which said biofertilizer is to be applied. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the biofertilizer further includes one or more additional microorganisms selected from the groups comprising free-living nitrogen-fixing heterotropic bacteria, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria, mycorrhizal or lichenizing fungi, and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the nitrogen-fixing heterotropic bacteria are selected from the Azobacteriaceae or Frankiaceae groups comprising Azotobacter, Frankia, or Arthrobacter. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the photosynthetic bacteria are selected from the Rhodospirillales group comprising Rhodospirillium, Rhodopseudomonas, and Rhodobacter. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the mycorrhizal fungi belong to the Glomales, and the lichenizing fungi belong to the groups including one or more of Collema, Peltigera, Psora, Heppia, and Fulgensia. 9. The method of claim 1, futher including transforming the biofertilizer into a dormant state by a technique selected from the group consisting of spray drying, refractance-window drying, solar drying, air drying, or freeze drying. 10. The method of claim 9 where xeroprotectant additives incuding one or more of sorbitol, mannitol, sucrose, sorbitan monostereate, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, .beta.-carotene, and .beta.-mercaptoethanol are used to increase post drying viability. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the biofertilizer is applied in combination with an additive selected from the group consisting of fibrous, cellulosic mulch material, polymeric tackifiers, clays, geotextiles, and combinations thereof. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein said inoculant includes cyanobacteria and rhizobacteria. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein said hydrogen producing step includes gasifying said carbonaceous feed in a partial oxidation reactor or a gasifier and wherein said carbonaceous feed includes bottoms from said direct liquefaction step. 14. The method of claim 1 further including extracting lipids from cyanobacteria produced in said photobioreactor, and converting said extracted lipids to hydrocarbon liquids, the biomass residues remaining after the extraction of said lipids being supplied as an input to said hydrogen producing step. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein hydrogen produced by said hydrogen producing step is also supplied to the lipid conversion step.
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An ICBTL system and method having a low GHG footprint for converting coal or coal and biomass to liquid fuels and a biofertilizer in which a carbon-based feed is converted to liquids by direct liquefaction and optionally by indirect liquefaction and the liquids are upgraded to produce premium fuels. CO 2 produced by the process is used to a produce cyanobacteria containing algal biomass and other photosynthetic microorganisms in a photobioreactor. Optionally, lipids extracted from the some of the algal biomass is hydroprocessed to produce fuel components and biomass residues and the carbon-based feed our gasified to produce hydrogen and syngas for the direct and indirect liquefaction processes. Some or all of the algal biomass and photosynthetic microorganisms are used to produce a natural biofertilizer. CO 2 may also be produced by a steam methane reformer for supplying CO 2 to produce the algal biomass and photosynthetic microorganisms.1. A method converting a coal containing solid carbonaceous material to liquid fuels and cyanobacteria based biofertilizer, comprising the steps of:
a. directly liquefying a coal containing solid carbonaceous material by subjecting said material to elevated temperatures and pressures in the presence of a solvent and a molybdenum containing catalyst for a time sufficient for producing hydrocarbon liquids and byproduct CO2; b. upgrading hydrocarbon liquids produced by step a to liquid fuels and byproduct ammonia; c. producing hydrogen and byproduct CO2 from a carbonaceous feed, and supplying at least a portion of said hydrogen as inputs to said direct liquefaction and said upgrading steps; d. reproducing a soil-based, nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria containing inoculant in a photobioreactor with the use of byproduct CO2 produced by one or both of said direct liquefaction and hydrogen producing steps and ammonia produced by said upgrading step; and e. producing a biofertilizer incorporating said inoculant. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said molybdenum containing catalyst is produced in situ from a PMA catalyst precursor, and wherein phosphorus obtained from said catalyst precursor is supplied to said photobioreactor as a nutrient. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the complement of microorganisms in said inoculant is selected to be substantially optimized for use with the soil composition and environmental conditions of the soil and location where it is to be applied. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said complement of microorganisms is obtained from the surface of the soil to which said biofertilizer is to be applied. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the biofertilizer further includes one or more additional microorganisms selected from the groups comprising free-living nitrogen-fixing heterotropic bacteria, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria, mycorrhizal or lichenizing fungi, and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the nitrogen-fixing heterotropic bacteria are selected from the Azobacteriaceae or Frankiaceae groups comprising Azotobacter, Frankia, or Arthrobacter. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the photosynthetic bacteria are selected from the Rhodospirillales group comprising Rhodospirillium, Rhodopseudomonas, and Rhodobacter. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the mycorrhizal fungi belong to the Glomales, and the lichenizing fungi belong to the groups including one or more of Collema, Peltigera, Psora, Heppia, and Fulgensia. 9. The method of claim 1, futher including transforming the biofertilizer into a dormant state by a technique selected from the group consisting of spray drying, refractance-window drying, solar drying, air drying, or freeze drying. 10. The method of claim 9 where xeroprotectant additives incuding one or more of sorbitol, mannitol, sucrose, sorbitan monostereate, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, .beta.-carotene, and .beta.-mercaptoethanol are used to increase post drying viability. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the biofertilizer is applied in combination with an additive selected from the group consisting of fibrous, cellulosic mulch material, polymeric tackifiers, clays, geotextiles, and combinations thereof. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein said inoculant includes cyanobacteria and rhizobacteria. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein said hydrogen producing step includes gasifying said carbonaceous feed in a partial oxidation reactor or a gasifier and wherein said carbonaceous feed includes bottoms from said direct liquefaction step. 14. The method of claim 1 further including extracting lipids from cyanobacteria produced in said photobioreactor, and converting said extracted lipids to hydrocarbon liquids, the biomass residues remaining after the extraction of said lipids being supplied as an input to said hydrogen producing step. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein hydrogen produced by said hydrogen producing step is also supplied to the lipid conversion step.
| 1,700 |
3,348 | 15,060,300 | 1,717 |
A deposition apparatus includes an input spool located in non-vacuum input module, at least one vacuum process module, an accumulator, and an air to vacuum sealing mechanism. The accumulator and the sealing mechanism are configured to continuously provide a web substrate from the input spool at atmosphere into the at least one process module at vacuum without stopping the web substrate.
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1. A layer deposition method, comprising:
passing a web substrate from an input module not under vacuum to an output module not under vacuum through an accumulator and through at least one process module under vacuum, such that the web substrate continuously extends from the input module to the output module while passing through the accumulator and the at least one process module; removing a first roll of the web substrate from an input spool in the input module; mounting a second roll of the web substrate on the input spool; attaching a trailing edge of the web substrate from the first roll which is removed from the input spool to a leading edge of the web substrate from a second roll which is mounted on the input spool; changing a length of a path of the trailing edge of the web substrate from the first roll in the accumulator during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching such that the web substrate passes through the at least one process module during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching without stopping; and depositing at least one layer on the web substrate moving through the at least one process module during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process module comprises a plurality of independently isolated, connected process modules, and the depositing at least one layer comprises depositing at least one different layer in each of the plurality of process modules. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the depositing at least one different layer in each of the plurality of process modules comprises forming a solar cell by sputtering a first electrode, a CIGS p-type absorber layer, an n-type semiconductor layer and a transparent second electrode over the substrate in corresponding process modules of the plurality of independently isolated, connected process modules without breaking vacuum during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of attaching comprises welding. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising passing the web substrate from the accumulator to the at least one process module through an air to vacuum sealing mechanism. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein web substrate passes through the air to vacuum sealing mechanism and the at least one process module without stopping at about the same rate before, during and after the steps of removing, mounting and attaching. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the accumulator increases the path length of the trailing edge of the web substrate from the first roll prior to the step of removing and gradually decreases the path length of the trailing edge of the web substrate during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching such that the trailing edge of the web substrate moves through the at least one process module at the about the same rate during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching.
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A deposition apparatus includes an input spool located in non-vacuum input module, at least one vacuum process module, an accumulator, and an air to vacuum sealing mechanism. The accumulator and the sealing mechanism are configured to continuously provide a web substrate from the input spool at atmosphere into the at least one process module at vacuum without stopping the web substrate.1. A layer deposition method, comprising:
passing a web substrate from an input module not under vacuum to an output module not under vacuum through an accumulator and through at least one process module under vacuum, such that the web substrate continuously extends from the input module to the output module while passing through the accumulator and the at least one process module; removing a first roll of the web substrate from an input spool in the input module; mounting a second roll of the web substrate on the input spool; attaching a trailing edge of the web substrate from the first roll which is removed from the input spool to a leading edge of the web substrate from a second roll which is mounted on the input spool; changing a length of a path of the trailing edge of the web substrate from the first roll in the accumulator during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching such that the web substrate passes through the at least one process module during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching without stopping; and depositing at least one layer on the web substrate moving through the at least one process module during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one process module comprises a plurality of independently isolated, connected process modules, and the depositing at least one layer comprises depositing at least one different layer in each of the plurality of process modules. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the depositing at least one different layer in each of the plurality of process modules comprises forming a solar cell by sputtering a first electrode, a CIGS p-type absorber layer, an n-type semiconductor layer and a transparent second electrode over the substrate in corresponding process modules of the plurality of independently isolated, connected process modules without breaking vacuum during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of attaching comprises welding. 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising passing the web substrate from the accumulator to the at least one process module through an air to vacuum sealing mechanism. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein web substrate passes through the air to vacuum sealing mechanism and the at least one process module without stopping at about the same rate before, during and after the steps of removing, mounting and attaching. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the accumulator increases the path length of the trailing edge of the web substrate from the first roll prior to the step of removing and gradually decreases the path length of the trailing edge of the web substrate during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching such that the trailing edge of the web substrate moves through the at least one process module at the about the same rate during the steps of removing, mounting and attaching.
| 1,700 |
3,349 | 14,611,502 | 1,783 |
Provided is a surface protective sheet substrate capable of forming a surface protective sheet endowed with both curling inhibition and adhesion mark inhibition. The surface protective sheet substrate provided by this invention comprises a polyolefin resin which accounts for more than 50% by weight of the entire substrate. The substrate comprises a layer X constituting a first surface of the substrate and a layer Y constituting the second surface of the substrate. The layer X is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus (E X ) of 400 MPa or greater, but 750 MPa or less. The layer Y is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus (E Y ) of 400 MPa or greater, but 750 MPa or less. The layer X has a thickness t X and the layer Y has a thickness t Y , satisfying 0.5≦t X ·E X ·t Y ·E Y ≦1.5.
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1. A surface protective sheet substrate, wherein
the substrate comprises a polyolefin resin which accounts for more than 50% by weight of the entire substrate, the substrate comprises a layer X that is a resin layer constituting a first surface of the substrate and a layer Y that is a resin layer constituting the second surface of the substrate, the layer X is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus (EX (MPa)) of 400 MPa or greater, but 750 MPa or less, the layer Y is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus (EY (MPa)) of 400 MPa or greater, but 750 MPa or less, and when the layer X has a thickness tX (μm) and the layer Y has a thickness tY (μm), the substrate satisfies the next inequality:
0.5≦t X ·E X /t Y ·E Y≦1.5 2. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, further satisfying the following inequalities:
3.5×103 N/m≦t X ·E X≦10×103 N/m; and
3.5×103 N/m≦t Y ·E Y≦10×103 N/m 3. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, having a difference of 1 μm or larger, but 20 μm or smaller between the thickness (tX) of the layer X and the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 4. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X is smaller than the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 5. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein
the substrate comprises an intermediate layer between the layer X and the layer Y, and the intermediate layer is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus smaller than both the EX and the EY. 6. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein at least either the layer X or the layer Y comprises a linear low density polyethylene. 7. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein the substrate has an overall thickness smaller than 60 μm. 8. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X and the thickness (tY) of the layer Y yield a total thickness accounting for 35% or more, but 75% or less of the overall thickness of the substrate. 9. A surface protective sheet comprising the surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1 and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer placed on a first surface of the surface protective sheet substrate. 10. The surface protective sheet according to claim 9, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is formed by a method that comprises a step of drying a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition comprising a solvent or dispersion medium on the surface protective sheet substrate. 11. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, having a difference of 1 μm or larger, but 20 μm or smaller between the thickness (tX) of the layer X and the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 12. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X is smaller than the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 13. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein
the substrate comprises an intermediate layer between the layer X and the layer Y, and the intermediate layer is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus smaller than both the EX and the EY. 14. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein at least either the layer X or the layer Y comprises a linear low density polyethylene. 15. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein the substrate has an overall thickness smaller than 60 μm. 16. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X and the thickness (tY) of the layer Y yield a total thickness accounting for 35% or more, but 75% or less of the overall thickness of the substrate. 17. A surface protective sheet comprising the surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2 and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer placed on a first surface of the surface protective sheet substrate. 18. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 3, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X is smaller than the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 19. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 3, wherein
the substrate comprises an intermediate layer between the layer X and the layer Y, and the intermediate layer is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus smaller than both the EX and the EY. 20. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 3, wherein at least either the layer X or the layer Y comprises a linear low density polyethylene.
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Provided is a surface protective sheet substrate capable of forming a surface protective sheet endowed with both curling inhibition and adhesion mark inhibition. The surface protective sheet substrate provided by this invention comprises a polyolefin resin which accounts for more than 50% by weight of the entire substrate. The substrate comprises a layer X constituting a first surface of the substrate and a layer Y constituting the second surface of the substrate. The layer X is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus (E X ) of 400 MPa or greater, but 750 MPa or less. The layer Y is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus (E Y ) of 400 MPa or greater, but 750 MPa or less. The layer X has a thickness t X and the layer Y has a thickness t Y , satisfying 0.5≦t X ·E X ·t Y ·E Y ≦1.5.1. A surface protective sheet substrate, wherein
the substrate comprises a polyolefin resin which accounts for more than 50% by weight of the entire substrate, the substrate comprises a layer X that is a resin layer constituting a first surface of the substrate and a layer Y that is a resin layer constituting the second surface of the substrate, the layer X is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus (EX (MPa)) of 400 MPa or greater, but 750 MPa or less, the layer Y is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus (EY (MPa)) of 400 MPa or greater, but 750 MPa or less, and when the layer X has a thickness tX (μm) and the layer Y has a thickness tY (μm), the substrate satisfies the next inequality:
0.5≦t X ·E X /t Y ·E Y≦1.5 2. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, further satisfying the following inequalities:
3.5×103 N/m≦t X ·E X≦10×103 N/m; and
3.5×103 N/m≦t Y ·E Y≦10×103 N/m 3. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, having a difference of 1 μm or larger, but 20 μm or smaller between the thickness (tX) of the layer X and the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 4. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X is smaller than the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 5. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein
the substrate comprises an intermediate layer between the layer X and the layer Y, and the intermediate layer is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus smaller than both the EX and the EY. 6. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein at least either the layer X or the layer Y comprises a linear low density polyethylene. 7. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein the substrate has an overall thickness smaller than 60 μm. 8. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X and the thickness (tY) of the layer Y yield a total thickness accounting for 35% or more, but 75% or less of the overall thickness of the substrate. 9. A surface protective sheet comprising the surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 1 and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer placed on a first surface of the surface protective sheet substrate. 10. The surface protective sheet according to claim 9, wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is formed by a method that comprises a step of drying a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition comprising a solvent or dispersion medium on the surface protective sheet substrate. 11. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, having a difference of 1 μm or larger, but 20 μm or smaller between the thickness (tX) of the layer X and the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 12. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X is smaller than the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 13. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein
the substrate comprises an intermediate layer between the layer X and the layer Y, and the intermediate layer is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus smaller than both the EX and the EY. 14. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein at least either the layer X or the layer Y comprises a linear low density polyethylene. 15. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein the substrate has an overall thickness smaller than 60 μm. 16. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X and the thickness (tY) of the layer Y yield a total thickness accounting for 35% or more, but 75% or less of the overall thickness of the substrate. 17. A surface protective sheet comprising the surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 2 and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer placed on a first surface of the surface protective sheet substrate. 18. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 3, wherein the thickness (tX) of the layer X is smaller than the thickness (tY) of the layer Y. 19. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 3, wherein
the substrate comprises an intermediate layer between the layer X and the layer Y, and the intermediate layer is constituted with a resin composition having a tensile elastic modulus smaller than both the EX and the EY. 20. The surface protective sheet substrate according to claim 3, wherein at least either the layer X or the layer Y comprises a linear low density polyethylene.
| 1,700 |
3,350 | 15,352,763 | 1,735 |
A method for manufacturing a matrix drill bit includes: placing a metallic blank within a casting assembly including a mold having an inner surface formed into a negative shape of facial features of the drill bit; loading powder into an annulus formed between the blank and the mold, the powder including at least one of: ceramic powder and cermet powder; placing a binder alloy into the casting assembly over the blank and the mold; protecting the binder alloy from oxidation; inserting the casting assembly, blank, powder, and binder alloy into a furnace; operating the furnace to heat the protected binder alloy to an infiltration temperature between solidus and liquidus temperatures thereof, thereby infiltrating the powder with the binder alloy and forming a bit body; removing the bit body from the furnace; and after removal, attaching cutters to blades of the bit body.
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1. A method for manufacturing a matrix drill bit, comprising:
placing a metallic blank within a casting assembly comprising a mold having an inner surface formed into a negative shape of facial features of the drill bit; loading powder into an annulus formed between the blank and the mold, the powder comprising at least one of: ceramic powder and cermet powder; placing a binder alloy into the casting assembly over the blank and the mold; protecting the binder alloy from oxidation; inserting the casting assembly, blank, powder, and binder alloy into a furnace; operating the furnace to heat the protected binder alloy to an infiltration temperature between solidus and liquidus temperatures thereof, thereby infiltrating the powder with the binder alloy and forming a bit body; removing the bit body from the furnace; and after removal, attaching cutters to blades of the bit body. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the infiltration temperature is between 950° C. and 1061° C. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the infiltration temperature is between 1000° C. and 1050° C. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the binder alloy is protected from oxidation by applying flux thereto, and the furnace is operated in an uncontrolled atmosphere. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the flux has a working temperature range with a minimum working temperature less than the solidus temperature and a maximum working temperature greater than the liquidus temperature. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the flux includes, by weight: 25-92.5% boric acid, 2.5-25% potassium tetraborate, 2.5-25% dipotassium hexafluorosilicate, and 2.5-25% disodium tetraborate decahydrate. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein:
a weight of the flux applied equals to 0.1-10% times a weight of the powder, and a weight of the binder alloy placed equals to 40-70% times a sum of the weight of the powder and the weight of the binder alloy. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the cutters are attached to the bit body by brazing. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the furnace is operated for an infiltration time between 15 minutes and 200 minutes. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the powder is a body powder, the method further comprises loading a shoulder powder into the annulus, and the shoulder powder is a metal or alloy. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the shoulder powder is the metal component of the ceramic of the body powder. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the binder alloy is copper based. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the copper based alloy includes, by weight: 35-65% copper, 20-30% manganese, 10-20% nickel, and 5-15% zinc. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the blank is made from steel. 15. A matrix drill bit manufactured according to the method of claim 1.
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A method for manufacturing a matrix drill bit includes: placing a metallic blank within a casting assembly including a mold having an inner surface formed into a negative shape of facial features of the drill bit; loading powder into an annulus formed between the blank and the mold, the powder including at least one of: ceramic powder and cermet powder; placing a binder alloy into the casting assembly over the blank and the mold; protecting the binder alloy from oxidation; inserting the casting assembly, blank, powder, and binder alloy into a furnace; operating the furnace to heat the protected binder alloy to an infiltration temperature between solidus and liquidus temperatures thereof, thereby infiltrating the powder with the binder alloy and forming a bit body; removing the bit body from the furnace; and after removal, attaching cutters to blades of the bit body.1. A method for manufacturing a matrix drill bit, comprising:
placing a metallic blank within a casting assembly comprising a mold having an inner surface formed into a negative shape of facial features of the drill bit; loading powder into an annulus formed between the blank and the mold, the powder comprising at least one of: ceramic powder and cermet powder; placing a binder alloy into the casting assembly over the blank and the mold; protecting the binder alloy from oxidation; inserting the casting assembly, blank, powder, and binder alloy into a furnace; operating the furnace to heat the protected binder alloy to an infiltration temperature between solidus and liquidus temperatures thereof, thereby infiltrating the powder with the binder alloy and forming a bit body; removing the bit body from the furnace; and after removal, attaching cutters to blades of the bit body. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the infiltration temperature is between 950° C. and 1061° C. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the infiltration temperature is between 1000° C. and 1050° C. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the binder alloy is protected from oxidation by applying flux thereto, and the furnace is operated in an uncontrolled atmosphere. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the flux has a working temperature range with a minimum working temperature less than the solidus temperature and a maximum working temperature greater than the liquidus temperature. 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the flux includes, by weight: 25-92.5% boric acid, 2.5-25% potassium tetraborate, 2.5-25% dipotassium hexafluorosilicate, and 2.5-25% disodium tetraborate decahydrate. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein:
a weight of the flux applied equals to 0.1-10% times a weight of the powder, and a weight of the binder alloy placed equals to 40-70% times a sum of the weight of the powder and the weight of the binder alloy. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the cutters are attached to the bit body by brazing. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the furnace is operated for an infiltration time between 15 minutes and 200 minutes. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the powder is a body powder, the method further comprises loading a shoulder powder into the annulus, and the shoulder powder is a metal or alloy. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the shoulder powder is the metal component of the ceramic of the body powder. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the binder alloy is copper based. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the copper based alloy includes, by weight: 35-65% copper, 20-30% manganese, 10-20% nickel, and 5-15% zinc. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the blank is made from steel. 15. A matrix drill bit manufactured according to the method of claim 1.
| 1,700 |
3,351 | 13,551,602 | 1,791 |
The invention relates generally to methods and compositions concerning desaturase enzymes that modulate the number and location of double bonds in long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA's). In particular, the invention relates to methods and compositions for improving omega-3 fatty acid profiles in plant products and parts using desaturase enzymes and nucleic acids encoding for such enzymes. In particular embodiments, the desaturase enzymes are Primula Δ6-desaturases. Also provided are improved soybean oil compositions having SDA and a beneficial overall content of omega-3 fatty acids relative to omega-6 fatty acids.
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1-52. (canceled) 53. A vegetable oil comprising ALA, SDA, and GLA, wherein the ratio of SDA/GLA in said vegetable oil is at least about 1.3. 54. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said SDA/GLA ratio is at least about 1.5. 55. The vegetable oil of claim 54 wherein said SDA/GLA ratio is at least about 2.0. 56. The vegetable oil of claim 55 wherein said SDA/GLA ratio is at least about 2.5. 57. The vegetable oil of claim 56 wherein said SDA/GLA ratio is at least about 3.0. 58. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said SDA/ALA ratio is at least about 0.5. 59. The vegetable oil of claim 58 wherein said ratio of SDA/ALA is at least about 1.0. 60. The vegetable oil of claim 59 wherein said ratio of SDA/ALA is at least about 1.5. 61. The vegetable oil of claim 59 wherein said ratio of SDA/ALA is less than about 1.8. 62. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said vegetable oil comprises an endogenous soybean seed oil. 63. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said vegetable oil comprises an SDA content of about 5% to about 50% and a gamma-linoleic acid content of less than about 20%. 64. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said vegetable oil further comprises an excipient.
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The invention relates generally to methods and compositions concerning desaturase enzymes that modulate the number and location of double bonds in long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA's). In particular, the invention relates to methods and compositions for improving omega-3 fatty acid profiles in plant products and parts using desaturase enzymes and nucleic acids encoding for such enzymes. In particular embodiments, the desaturase enzymes are Primula Δ6-desaturases. Also provided are improved soybean oil compositions having SDA and a beneficial overall content of omega-3 fatty acids relative to omega-6 fatty acids.1-52. (canceled) 53. A vegetable oil comprising ALA, SDA, and GLA, wherein the ratio of SDA/GLA in said vegetable oil is at least about 1.3. 54. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said SDA/GLA ratio is at least about 1.5. 55. The vegetable oil of claim 54 wherein said SDA/GLA ratio is at least about 2.0. 56. The vegetable oil of claim 55 wherein said SDA/GLA ratio is at least about 2.5. 57. The vegetable oil of claim 56 wherein said SDA/GLA ratio is at least about 3.0. 58. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said SDA/ALA ratio is at least about 0.5. 59. The vegetable oil of claim 58 wherein said ratio of SDA/ALA is at least about 1.0. 60. The vegetable oil of claim 59 wherein said ratio of SDA/ALA is at least about 1.5. 61. The vegetable oil of claim 59 wherein said ratio of SDA/ALA is less than about 1.8. 62. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said vegetable oil comprises an endogenous soybean seed oil. 63. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said vegetable oil comprises an SDA content of about 5% to about 50% and a gamma-linoleic acid content of less than about 20%. 64. The vegetable oil of claim 53 wherein said vegetable oil further comprises an excipient.
| 1,700 |
3,352 | 14,130,989 | 1,778 |
The present invention relates to the use of a high-frequency electromagnetic field in method of dialysis where a dialyser is used for the exchange of substances, wherein the blood to be cleaned is exposed to a high-frequency electromagnetic field prior to and/or during contact with the dialyser, and to a dialysis machine for carrying out said use
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1. A dialysis machine comprising a dialysate flow system, a blood flow system and a dialyser, characterized in that the dialysis machine includes means for generating a high-frequency electromagnetic field and wherein said means are arranged in such a manner that blood to be cleaned can be exposed to the high-frequency electromagnetic field prior to and/or during contact with the dialyser. 2. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means comprises of at least one of a high-frequency coil, a high-frequency electrode, or a high-frequency capacitor. 3. The dialysis machine according to claims 1, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a control unit by means of which parameters of the high-frequency electromagnetic field are controlled. 4. The dialysis machine according to claim 3, wherein the control unit comprises an input unit, a computing unit and a memory unit, by means of which a user can control parameters of the high-frequency electromagnetic field. 5. The dialysis machine according to claim 4, wherein the dialysis machine is designed such that a user can control parameters of the dialysate flow system or the blood flow system by means of the control unit. 6. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the dialysis machine is designed such that the blood to be cleaned is exposable to the high-frequency electromagnetic field during the entire passage through the dialyser or part of said passage. 7. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field having a frequency from 0.5 MHz to 100 MHz. 8. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field whose frequency is substantially constant over time or varies in a regular or irregular manner. 9. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means is arranged and designed such that the blood to be cleaned can be exposed to the high-frequency electromagnetic field for a time of at least 1/10 seconds, preferably of at least 1/2 seconds, particularly preferred of at least one second. 10. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field having an electric field strength of ≦100 V/m. 11. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein said means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field having an electric field strength of ≦100 mT. 12. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the dialyser comprises a semipermeable membrane and the blood to be cleaned can be exposed to the high-frequency electromagnetic field during at least one of before or while said blood is in contact with the semipermeable membrane of the dialyser. 13. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field having a frequency from 1 MHz to 30 MHz.
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The present invention relates to the use of a high-frequency electromagnetic field in method of dialysis where a dialyser is used for the exchange of substances, wherein the blood to be cleaned is exposed to a high-frequency electromagnetic field prior to and/or during contact with the dialyser, and to a dialysis machine for carrying out said use1. A dialysis machine comprising a dialysate flow system, a blood flow system and a dialyser, characterized in that the dialysis machine includes means for generating a high-frequency electromagnetic field and wherein said means are arranged in such a manner that blood to be cleaned can be exposed to the high-frequency electromagnetic field prior to and/or during contact with the dialyser. 2. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means comprises of at least one of a high-frequency coil, a high-frequency electrode, or a high-frequency capacitor. 3. The dialysis machine according to claims 1, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a control unit by means of which parameters of the high-frequency electromagnetic field are controlled. 4. The dialysis machine according to claim 3, wherein the control unit comprises an input unit, a computing unit and a memory unit, by means of which a user can control parameters of the high-frequency electromagnetic field. 5. The dialysis machine according to claim 4, wherein the dialysis machine is designed such that a user can control parameters of the dialysate flow system or the blood flow system by means of the control unit. 6. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the dialysis machine is designed such that the blood to be cleaned is exposable to the high-frequency electromagnetic field during the entire passage through the dialyser or part of said passage. 7. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field having a frequency from 0.5 MHz to 100 MHz. 8. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field whose frequency is substantially constant over time or varies in a regular or irregular manner. 9. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means is arranged and designed such that the blood to be cleaned can be exposed to the high-frequency electromagnetic field for a time of at least 1/10 seconds, preferably of at least 1/2 seconds, particularly preferred of at least one second. 10. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field having an electric field strength of ≦100 V/m. 11. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein said means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field having an electric field strength of ≦100 mT. 12. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the dialyser comprises a semipermeable membrane and the blood to be cleaned can be exposed to the high-frequency electromagnetic field during at least one of before or while said blood is in contact with the semipermeable membrane of the dialyser. 13. The dialysis machine according to claim 1, wherein the means generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field having a frequency from 1 MHz to 30 MHz.
| 1,700 |
3,353 | 14,946,205 | 1,791 |
The invention provides compositions and methods for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and managing weight in an animal. The methods for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight without limiting caloric intake comprise administering to the animal a food composition in an amount more than the animal's baseline maintenance energy requirement (MER). The food composition can comprise from about 30% to about 65% protein, from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate, and from about 10% to about 25% fat. The protein and carbohydrate can be in a ratio effective for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight during administration of the food composition to the animal.
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1. A method for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight without limiting caloric intake, comprising administering to the animal a food composition in an amount more than the animal's baseline maintenance energy requirement (MER), the food composition comprising:
from about 30% to about 65% protein, from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate, and from about 10% to about 25% fat; wherein the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight during administration of the food composition to the animal. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the animal's MER by indirect or direct calorimetry. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein promoting lean body mass is measured by measuring the lean body mass of the animal before the administration and measuring the lean body mass after the administration where the lean body mass increases. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of food composition ranges from greater than about 105% to about 200% of the MER. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the food composition is administered to the animal on a regular basis. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein comprises about 45% to about 55% of the food composition, the carbohydrate comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition, and the fat comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 10:1. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 6:1. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the food composition is a pet food composition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a human or a companion animal. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a canine or feline. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is an obese or overweight animal. 13. A food composition for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight without limiting caloric intake in an animal, comprising:
from about 30% to about 65% protein; from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate; and from about 10% to about 25% fat; wherein the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight during administration of the food composition to the animal. 14. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the food composition is an extruded dry food composition. 15. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the protein comprises about 45% to about 55% of the food composition, the carbohydrate comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition, and the fat comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition. 16. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 10:1. 17. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the food composition is a pet food composition. 18. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is a human or a companion animal. 19. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is a canine or feline. 20. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is an overweight or obese animal.
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The invention provides compositions and methods for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and managing weight in an animal. The methods for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight without limiting caloric intake comprise administering to the animal a food composition in an amount more than the animal's baseline maintenance energy requirement (MER). The food composition can comprise from about 30% to about 65% protein, from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate, and from about 10% to about 25% fat. The protein and carbohydrate can be in a ratio effective for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight during administration of the food composition to the animal.1. A method for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight without limiting caloric intake, comprising administering to the animal a food composition in an amount more than the animal's baseline maintenance energy requirement (MER), the food composition comprising:
from about 30% to about 65% protein, from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate, and from about 10% to about 25% fat; wherein the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight during administration of the food composition to the animal. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the animal's MER by indirect or direct calorimetry. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein promoting lean body mass is measured by measuring the lean body mass of the animal before the administration and measuring the lean body mass after the administration where the lean body mass increases. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of food composition ranges from greater than about 105% to about 200% of the MER. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the food composition is administered to the animal on a regular basis. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein comprises about 45% to about 55% of the food composition, the carbohydrate comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition, and the fat comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 10:1. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 6:1. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the food composition is a pet food composition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a human or a companion animal. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a canine or feline. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is an obese or overweight animal. 13. A food composition for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight without limiting caloric intake in an animal, comprising:
from about 30% to about 65% protein; from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate; and from about 10% to about 25% fat; wherein the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for promoting lean body mass, minimizing body fat gain, and maintaining weight during administration of the food composition to the animal. 14. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the food composition is an extruded dry food composition. 15. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the protein comprises about 45% to about 55% of the food composition, the carbohydrate comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition, and the fat comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition. 16. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 10:1. 17. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the food composition is a pet food composition. 18. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is a human or a companion animal. 19. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is a canine or feline. 20. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is an overweight or obese animal.
| 1,700 |
3,354 | 14,946,185 | 1,791 |
The invention provides compositions and methods for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during weight loss. The methods comprise identifying an animal that is obese or overweight and administering to the animal a food composition in an amount less than the animal's baseline maintenance energy requirement (MER), the food composition comprising from about 30% to about 65% protein, from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate, and from about 10% to about 25% fat; where the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during administration of the food composition to the animal.
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1. A method for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during weight loss, comprising identifying an animal that is obese or overweight and administering to the animal a food composition in an amount less than the animal's baseline maintenance energy requirement (MER), the food composition comprising:
from about 30% to about 65% protein, from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate, and from about 10% to about 25% fat; wherein the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during administration of the food composition to the animal. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the animal's MER by indirect or direct calorimetry. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein preserving lean body mass is measured by measuring the lean body mass of the animal before the weight loss and measuring the lean body mass after the weight loss where the loss of lean body mass is less than 5%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of food composition is from about 50% to 90% of the MER. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the food composition is administered to the animal on a regular basis. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein comprises about 45% to about 55% of the food composition, the carbohydrate comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition, and the fat comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 10:1. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 6:1. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the food composition is a pet food composition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a human or a companion animal. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a canine. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a feline. 13. A food composition for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during weight loss, comprising:
from about 30% to about 65% protein; from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate; and from about 10% to about 25% fat; wherein the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during administration of the food composition to an animal that is obese or overweight. 14. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the food composition is an extruded dry food composition. 15. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the protein comprises about 45% to about 55% of the food composition, the carbohydrate comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition, and the fat comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition. 16. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 10:1. 17. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the food composition is a pet food composition. 18. The food composition of claim 14, wherein the animal is a human or a companion animal. 19. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is a canine. 20. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is a feline.
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The invention provides compositions and methods for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during weight loss. The methods comprise identifying an animal that is obese or overweight and administering to the animal a food composition in an amount less than the animal's baseline maintenance energy requirement (MER), the food composition comprising from about 30% to about 65% protein, from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate, and from about 10% to about 25% fat; where the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during administration of the food composition to the animal.1. A method for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during weight loss, comprising identifying an animal that is obese or overweight and administering to the animal a food composition in an amount less than the animal's baseline maintenance energy requirement (MER), the food composition comprising:
from about 30% to about 65% protein, from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate, and from about 10% to about 25% fat; wherein the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during administration of the food composition to the animal. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the animal's MER by indirect or direct calorimetry. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein preserving lean body mass is measured by measuring the lean body mass of the animal before the weight loss and measuring the lean body mass after the weight loss where the loss of lean body mass is less than 5%. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of food composition is from about 50% to 90% of the MER. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the food composition is administered to the animal on a regular basis. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the protein comprises about 45% to about 55% of the food composition, the carbohydrate comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition, and the fat comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 10:1. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 6:1. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the food composition is a pet food composition. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a human or a companion animal. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a canine. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the animal is a feline. 13. A food composition for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during weight loss, comprising:
from about 30% to about 65% protein; from about 10% to about 20% carbohydrate; and from about 10% to about 25% fat; wherein the protein and carbohydrate are in a ratio effective for preserving lean body mass and promoting fat loss during administration of the food composition to an animal that is obese or overweight. 14. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the food composition is an extruded dry food composition. 15. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the protein comprises about 45% to about 55% of the food composition, the carbohydrate comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition, and the fat comprises about 10% to about 20% of the food composition. 16. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the ratio of protein to carbohydrate ranges from about 4:1 to about 10:1. 17. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the food composition is a pet food composition. 18. The food composition of claim 14, wherein the animal is a human or a companion animal. 19. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is a canine. 20. The food composition of claim 13, wherein the animal is a feline.
| 1,700 |
3,355 | 14,792,452 | 1,793 |
Gummy dosage forms comprising gummy compositions for nutritional supplementation, methods for providing nutritional supplementation, and kits comprising gummy compositions for nutritional supplementation are disclosed. Such gummy compositions for nutritional supplementation may provide improved patient compliance relative to non-gummy compositions for nutritional supplementation. These gummy compositions can be used to administer one or more vitamins, minerals, or trace elements.
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1. A method for treating a prenatal, pregnant or breastfeeding patient for a disease, condition or disorder that is associated with a nutritional deficiency in the patient, the method comprising:
administering at least one gummy composition to the patient, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprising an effective amount of vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B9, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B3, iodine, choline, iron, and at least one omega-3 fatty acid to treat a disease, condition or disorder in a patient that is associated with a nutritional deficiency in the patient; wherein the at least one gummy composition is provided in a single homogenous layer which is elastic, continuous and readily soluble in aqueous media. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a total dosing amount of vitamin A ranging from about 1000 IU to about 2000 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin B6 ranging from about 1 mg to about 4 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin B12 ranging from about 4 μg to about 15 μg, a total dosing amount of vitamin B9 ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 2.0 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin C ranging from about 5 mg to about 90 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin D amount ranging from about 500 IU to about 2000 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin E ranging from about 7.5 IU to about 22.5 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin B3 ranging from about 7 mg to about 23 mg, a total dosing amount of iodine ranging from about 75 μg to about 225 μg, a total dosing amount of choline ranging from about 5 mg to about 15 mg, a total dosing amount of iron ranging from about 1 mg to about 25 mg, and a total dosing amount of at least one omega-3 fatty acid ranging from about 50 mg to about 500 mg. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a total dosing amount of at least about 1100 IU vitamin A, a total dosing amount of at least about 2.5 mg vitamin B6, a total dosing amount of at least about 8 μg vitamin B12, a total dosing amount of at least about 1 mg vitamin B9, a total dosing amount of at least about 30 mg vitamin C, a total dosing amount of at least about 1000 IU vitamin D, a total dosing amount of at least about 15 IU vitamin E, a total dosing amount of at least about 15 mg vitamin B3, a total dosing amount of at least about 150 μg iodine, a total dosing amount of at least about 10 mg choline, a total dosing amount of at least about 10 mg iron, and a total dosing amount of at least about 75 mg omega-3 fatty acid. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a labeled amount of about 1100 IU vitamin A, a labeled amount of about 2.5 mg vitamin B6, a labeled amount of about 8 μg vitamin B12, a labeled amount of about 1 mg vitamin B9, a labeled amount of about 30 mg vitamin C, a labeled amount of about 1000 IU vitamin D, a labeled amount of about 15 IU vitamin E, a labeled amount of about 15 mg vitamin B3, a labeled amount of about 150 μg iodine, a labeled amount of about 10 mg choline, a labeled amount of about 10 mg iron, and a labeled amount of about 75 mg omega-3 fatty acid. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about of vitamin A ranging from about 275 IU to about 825 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B6 ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 2 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B12 ranging from about 2 μg to about 8 μg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B9 ranging from about 0.25 mg to about 0.75 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin C ranging from about 5 mg to about 30 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin D from about 250 IU to about 750 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin E ranging from about 2.5 IU to about 7.5 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B3 ranging from about 3.75 mg to about 11.25 mg, an individual dosing amount of iodine ranging from about 50 to about 100 μg, an individual dosing amount of choline ranging from about 2 mg to about 8 mg, an individual dosing amount of iron ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg, and an individual dosing amount of omega-3 fatty acid ranging from about 10 mg to about 60 mg. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 4 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition further comprises tartaric acid. 10. A gummy dosage form for treating a prenantal, pregnant or breastfeeding patient for a disease, condition or disorder that is associated with a nutritional deficiency in the patient, the gummy dosage form comprising:
at least one gummy composition, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an effective amount of vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B9, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B3, iodine, choline, iron, and at least one omega-3 fatty acid to treat a disease, condition or disorder in a patient that is associated with a nutritional deficiency in the patient; and wherein the at least gummy composition is provided in a single homogeneous layer which is elastic, continuous and readily soluble in aqueous media. 11. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a total dosing amount of vitamin A ranging from about 1000 IU to about 2000 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin B6 ranging from about 1 mg to about 4 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin B12 ranging from about 4 μg to about 15 μg, a total dosing amount of vitamin B9 ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 2.0 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin C ranging from about 5 mg to about 90 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin D amount ranging from about 500 IU to about 2000 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin E ranging from about 7.5 IU to about 22.5 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin B3 ranging from about 7 mg to about 23 mg, a total dosing amount of iodine ranging from about 75 μg to about 225 μg, a total dosing amount of choline ranging from about 5 mg to about 15 mg, a total dosing amount of iron ranging from about 1 mg to about 25 mg, and a total dosing amount of at least one omega-3 fatty acid ranging from about 50 mg to about 500 mg. 12. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a labeled amount of about 1100 IU vitamin A, a labeled amount of about 2.5 mg vitamin B6, a labeled amount of about 8 μg vitamin B12, a labeled amount of about 1 mg vitamin B9, a labeled amount of about 30 mg vitamin C, a labeled amount of about 1000 IU vitamin D, a labeled amount of about 15 IU vitamin E, a labeled amount of about 15 mg vitamin B3, a labeled amount of about 150 μg iodine, a labeled amount of about 10 mg choline, a labeled amount of about 10 mg iron, and a labeled amount of about 75 mg omega-3 fatty acid. 13. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a total dosing amount of about 1100 IU vitamin A, a total dosing amount of about 2.5 mg vitamin B6, a total dosing amount of about 8 μg vitamin B12, a total dosing amount of about 1 mg vitamin B9, a total dosing amount of about 30 mg vitamin C, a total dosing amount of about 1000 IU vitamin D, a total dosing amount of about 15 IU vitamin E, a total dosing amount of about 15 mg vitamin B3, a total dosing amount of about 150 μg iodine, a total dosing amount of about 10 mg choline, a total dosing amount of about 12 mg iron, and a total dosing amount of about 75 mg omega-3 fatty acid. 14. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about of vitamin A ranging from about 275 IU to about 825 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B6 ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 2 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B12 ranging from about 2 μg to about 8 μg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B9 ranging from about 0.25 mg to about 0.75 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin C ranging from about 5 mg to about 30 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin D from about 250 IU to about 750 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin E ranging from about 2.5 IU to about 7.5 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B3 ranging from about 3.75 mg to about 11.25 mg, an individual dosing amount of iodine ranging from about 50 μg to about 100 μg, an individual dosing amount of choline ranging from about 2 mg to about 8 mg, an individual dosing amount of iron ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg, and an individual dosing amount of omega-3 fatty acid ranging from about 10 mg to about 60 mg. 15. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 16. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 4 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 17. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 18. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition further comprises tartaric acid. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition is a prenatal vitamin or dietary supplement. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition has improved patient compliance relative to a non-gummy composition comprising the same active ingredients. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is a pregnant woman, prenatal woman, or a woman who is breast-feeding. 22. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition is a prenatal vitamin or dietary supplement. 23. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition has improved patient compliance relative to a non-gummy composition comprising the same active ingredients. 24. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the patient is a pregnant woman, prenatal woman, or a woman who is breast-feeding.
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Gummy dosage forms comprising gummy compositions for nutritional supplementation, methods for providing nutritional supplementation, and kits comprising gummy compositions for nutritional supplementation are disclosed. Such gummy compositions for nutritional supplementation may provide improved patient compliance relative to non-gummy compositions for nutritional supplementation. These gummy compositions can be used to administer one or more vitamins, minerals, or trace elements.1. A method for treating a prenatal, pregnant or breastfeeding patient for a disease, condition or disorder that is associated with a nutritional deficiency in the patient, the method comprising:
administering at least one gummy composition to the patient, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprising an effective amount of vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B9, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B3, iodine, choline, iron, and at least one omega-3 fatty acid to treat a disease, condition or disorder in a patient that is associated with a nutritional deficiency in the patient; wherein the at least one gummy composition is provided in a single homogenous layer which is elastic, continuous and readily soluble in aqueous media. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a total dosing amount of vitamin A ranging from about 1000 IU to about 2000 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin B6 ranging from about 1 mg to about 4 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin B12 ranging from about 4 μg to about 15 μg, a total dosing amount of vitamin B9 ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 2.0 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin C ranging from about 5 mg to about 90 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin D amount ranging from about 500 IU to about 2000 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin E ranging from about 7.5 IU to about 22.5 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin B3 ranging from about 7 mg to about 23 mg, a total dosing amount of iodine ranging from about 75 μg to about 225 μg, a total dosing amount of choline ranging from about 5 mg to about 15 mg, a total dosing amount of iron ranging from about 1 mg to about 25 mg, and a total dosing amount of at least one omega-3 fatty acid ranging from about 50 mg to about 500 mg. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a total dosing amount of at least about 1100 IU vitamin A, a total dosing amount of at least about 2.5 mg vitamin B6, a total dosing amount of at least about 8 μg vitamin B12, a total dosing amount of at least about 1 mg vitamin B9, a total dosing amount of at least about 30 mg vitamin C, a total dosing amount of at least about 1000 IU vitamin D, a total dosing amount of at least about 15 IU vitamin E, a total dosing amount of at least about 15 mg vitamin B3, a total dosing amount of at least about 150 μg iodine, a total dosing amount of at least about 10 mg choline, a total dosing amount of at least about 10 mg iron, and a total dosing amount of at least about 75 mg omega-3 fatty acid. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a labeled amount of about 1100 IU vitamin A, a labeled amount of about 2.5 mg vitamin B6, a labeled amount of about 8 μg vitamin B12, a labeled amount of about 1 mg vitamin B9, a labeled amount of about 30 mg vitamin C, a labeled amount of about 1000 IU vitamin D, a labeled amount of about 15 IU vitamin E, a labeled amount of about 15 mg vitamin B3, a labeled amount of about 150 μg iodine, a labeled amount of about 10 mg choline, a labeled amount of about 10 mg iron, and a labeled amount of about 75 mg omega-3 fatty acid. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about of vitamin A ranging from about 275 IU to about 825 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B6 ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 2 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B12 ranging from about 2 μg to about 8 μg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B9 ranging from about 0.25 mg to about 0.75 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin C ranging from about 5 mg to about 30 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin D from about 250 IU to about 750 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin E ranging from about 2.5 IU to about 7.5 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B3 ranging from about 3.75 mg to about 11.25 mg, an individual dosing amount of iodine ranging from about 50 to about 100 μg, an individual dosing amount of choline ranging from about 2 mg to about 8 mg, an individual dosing amount of iron ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg, and an individual dosing amount of omega-3 fatty acid ranging from about 10 mg to about 60 mg. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 4 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition further comprises tartaric acid. 10. A gummy dosage form for treating a prenantal, pregnant or breastfeeding patient for a disease, condition or disorder that is associated with a nutritional deficiency in the patient, the gummy dosage form comprising:
at least one gummy composition, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an effective amount of vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin B9, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B3, iodine, choline, iron, and at least one omega-3 fatty acid to treat a disease, condition or disorder in a patient that is associated with a nutritional deficiency in the patient; and wherein the at least gummy composition is provided in a single homogeneous layer which is elastic, continuous and readily soluble in aqueous media. 11. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a total dosing amount of vitamin A ranging from about 1000 IU to about 2000 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin B6 ranging from about 1 mg to about 4 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin B12 ranging from about 4 μg to about 15 μg, a total dosing amount of vitamin B9 ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 2.0 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin C ranging from about 5 mg to about 90 mg, a total dosing amount of vitamin D amount ranging from about 500 IU to about 2000 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin E ranging from about 7.5 IU to about 22.5 IU, a total dosing amount of vitamin B3 ranging from about 7 mg to about 23 mg, a total dosing amount of iodine ranging from about 75 μg to about 225 μg, a total dosing amount of choline ranging from about 5 mg to about 15 mg, a total dosing amount of iron ranging from about 1 mg to about 25 mg, and a total dosing amount of at least one omega-3 fatty acid ranging from about 50 mg to about 500 mg. 12. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a labeled amount of about 1100 IU vitamin A, a labeled amount of about 2.5 mg vitamin B6, a labeled amount of about 8 μg vitamin B12, a labeled amount of about 1 mg vitamin B9, a labeled amount of about 30 mg vitamin C, a labeled amount of about 1000 IU vitamin D, a labeled amount of about 15 IU vitamin E, a labeled amount of about 15 mg vitamin B3, a labeled amount of about 150 μg iodine, a labeled amount of about 10 mg choline, a labeled amount of about 10 mg iron, and a labeled amount of about 75 mg omega-3 fatty acid. 13. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises a total dosing amount of about 1100 IU vitamin A, a total dosing amount of about 2.5 mg vitamin B6, a total dosing amount of about 8 μg vitamin B12, a total dosing amount of about 1 mg vitamin B9, a total dosing amount of about 30 mg vitamin C, a total dosing amount of about 1000 IU vitamin D, a total dosing amount of about 15 IU vitamin E, a total dosing amount of about 15 mg vitamin B3, a total dosing amount of about 150 μg iodine, a total dosing amount of about 10 mg choline, a total dosing amount of about 12 mg iron, and a total dosing amount of about 75 mg omega-3 fatty acid. 14. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about of vitamin A ranging from about 275 IU to about 825 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B6 ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 2 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B12 ranging from about 2 μg to about 8 μg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B9 ranging from about 0.25 mg to about 0.75 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin C ranging from about 5 mg to about 30 mg, an individual dosing amount of vitamin D from about 250 IU to about 750 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin E ranging from about 2.5 IU to about 7.5 IU, an individual dosing amount of vitamin B3 ranging from about 3.75 mg to about 11.25 mg, an individual dosing amount of iodine ranging from about 50 μg to about 100 μg, an individual dosing amount of choline ranging from about 2 mg to about 8 mg, an individual dosing amount of iron ranging from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg, and an individual dosing amount of omega-3 fatty acid ranging from about 10 mg to about 60 mg. 15. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 16. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 4 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 17. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition comprises an individual dosing amount of about 367 IU vitamin A, an individual dosing amount of about 0.8 mg vitamin B6, an individual dosing amount of about 2.6 μg vitamin B12, an individual dosing amount of about 0.3 mg vitamin B9, an individual dosing amount of about 10 mg vitamin C, an individual dosing amount of about 333 IU vitamin D, an individual dosing amount of about 5 IU vitamin E, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg vitamin B3, an individual dosing amount of about 50 μg iodine, an individual dosing amount of about 3.3 mg choline, an individual dosing amount of about 5 mg iron, and an individual dosing amount of about 25 mg of omega-3 fatty acid. 18. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition further comprises tartaric acid. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition is a prenatal vitamin or dietary supplement. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one gummy composition has improved patient compliance relative to a non-gummy composition comprising the same active ingredients. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is a pregnant woman, prenatal woman, or a woman who is breast-feeding. 22. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition is a prenatal vitamin or dietary supplement. 23. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the at least one gummy composition has improved patient compliance relative to a non-gummy composition comprising the same active ingredients. 24. The gummy dosage form of claim 10, wherein the patient is a pregnant woman, prenatal woman, or a woman who is breast-feeding.
| 1,700 |
3,356 | 15,103,477 | 1,799 |
An influenza detector for detecting a targeted influenza virus and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor for Influenza A virus detection in liquid are provided. The influenza detector includes a liquid environment, the surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor and an influenza specific binding agent such as an antibody. The agent is immobilized on a surface of the SAW sensor for selectively capturing an analyte for the targeted influenza virus. The SAW sensor is in contact with the liquid environment and includes a substrate comprising a piezo-electric material for producing a surface acoustic wave signal in response to an applied electric field and an insulative layer formed on top of the substrate and having a functionalized surface formed thereon for selectively immobilizing the influenza specific binding agent, the functionalized surface being in contact with the liquid environment. The surface acoustic wave signal produced by the SAW sensor changes in response to the analyte for the targeted influenza virus being present in the liquid environment and being captured by the influenza specific binding agent immobilized on the functionalized surface of the insulative layer of the SAW sensor.
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1. An influenza detector for detecting a targeted influenza virus, the influenza detector comprising:
a liquid environment; a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor in contact with the liquid environment; and a targeted bioactive influenza species immobilized on a surface of the SAW sensor for selectively capturing an analyte for the targeted influenza virus, wherein the SAW sensor comprises:
a substrate comprising a piezoelectric material for producing a surface acoustic wave signal in response to an applied electric field; and
an insulative layer formed on top of the substrate and having a functionalized surface formed thereon for selectively immobilizing the targeted bioactive influenza species, the functionalized surface being in contact with the liquid environment, and
wherein the surface acoustic wave signal produced by the SAW sensor changes in response to the analyte for the targeted influenza virus being present in the liquid environment and being captured by the targeted bioactive influenza species immobilized on the functionalized surface of the insulative layer of the SAW sensor. 2. (canceled) 3. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 wherein the piezoelectric material is a ferroelectric material with a dielectric constant greater than fifty at a working frequency of the surface acoustic wave signal. 4. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 wherein the SAW sensor further comprises a two-port delay line formed on the substrate into a pair of electrode-width single-phase unidirectional transducers, and wherein the surface acoustic wave signal comprises an in-plane mode surface acoustic wave signal which changes in response to the presence of the analyte for Influenza A virus in the liquid environment, the change comprising a phase shift of a radio frequency (RF) range S21 S-parameter. 5. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 4 wherein a minimum width of electrodes of each of the pair of electrode-width single-phase unidirectional transducers is ⅛ of a wavelength of the surface acoustic wave signal. 6. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 4 wherein the in-plane mode surface acoustic wave signal comprises a Love mode wave signal, and wherein the insulative layer formed on the top of the substrate functions as a waveguide. 7-11. (canceled) 12. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 further comprising a liquid chamber for containing the liquid environment, the liquid chamber coupled to inlet and outlet fluid tubing for passing a supply of a liquid sample through the liquid environment, the liquid sample possibly including the analyte for the targeted influenza virus. 13. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 12 wherein the liquid chamber includes the functionalized surface of the insulative layer and a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) cover. 14. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 wherein mechanical energy is applied to the SAW sensor for mechanically rupturing nonspecific bonds with the functionalized surface thereby improving sensor selectivity of the SAW sensor, and wherein the mechanical energy is provided to the functionalized surface by the surface acoustic wave signal excited by applying the electric field to the SAW sensor. 15. (canceled) 16. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 wherein mechanical energy is applied to the SAW sensor for mechanically rupturing nonspecific bonds with the functionalized surface thereby improving sensor selectivity of the SAW sensor, and wherein the mechanical energy is provided to the liquid environment by an electromechanical transducer physically contacting the SAW sensor. 17. (canceled) 18. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 further comprising an electrical circuit coupled to the SAW sensor for applying the electric field to the piezoelectric material of the substrate. 19. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 18 wherein the electrical circuit comprises a phase shift measurement circuit with an additional reference line for thermal compensation. 20. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor for Influenza A virus detection in liquid, the SAW sensor comprising:
a piezoelectric material for producing an in-plane mode surface acoustic wave signal in response to an electric field; and an insulative layer formed on top of the piezoelectric material and having a functionalized surface formed thereon for selectively immobilizing a targeted bioactive influenza species for capturing an analyte for the Influenza A virus in the liquid. 21. The SAW sensor for Influenza A virus detection in liquid in accordance with claim 20 wherein the insulative layer formed on top of the piezoelectric material has a silane-functionalized surface formed thereon for selectively immobilizing a targeted bioactive influenza species for capturing HA antigen as an analyte for the Influenza A virus in the liquid. 22. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 20 wherein the piezoelectric material comprises a ferroelectric material with a dielectric constant greater than fifty at a working frequency of the SAW sensor. 23. (canceled) 24. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 20 further comprising:
a substrate comprising the piezoelectric material; and
a two-port delay line formed on the substrate into a pair of electrode-width single-phase unidirectional transducers, wherein a minimum electrode width of the unidirectional transducers is ⅛ of a wavelength of the surface acoustic wave signal and a gap between the pair of unidirectional transducers is ⅛ of a wavelength of the surface acoustic wave signal. 25-27. (canceled) 28. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 21 wherein the in-plane mode surface acoustic wave comprises a Love mode wave and the insulative layer formed on the top of the piezoelectric material functions as a waveguide. 29. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 20 wherein mechanical energy is applied to the functionalized surface for mechanically rupturing nonspecific bonds to improve sensor selectivity of the SAW sensor. 30. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 29 wherein the mechanical energy is provided through the surface acoustic wave signal excited in the SAW sensor. 31. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 29 wherein the mechanical energy is provided through use of an electromechanical transducer physically contacting the SAW sensor. 32. The SAW sensor for Influenza A virus detection in liquid in accordance with claim 21 wherein silane molecules of the silane-functionalized surface are triethoxysilylbutylaldehyde (ALTES).
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An influenza detector for detecting a targeted influenza virus and a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor for Influenza A virus detection in liquid are provided. The influenza detector includes a liquid environment, the surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor and an influenza specific binding agent such as an antibody. The agent is immobilized on a surface of the SAW sensor for selectively capturing an analyte for the targeted influenza virus. The SAW sensor is in contact with the liquid environment and includes a substrate comprising a piezo-electric material for producing a surface acoustic wave signal in response to an applied electric field and an insulative layer formed on top of the substrate and having a functionalized surface formed thereon for selectively immobilizing the influenza specific binding agent, the functionalized surface being in contact with the liquid environment. The surface acoustic wave signal produced by the SAW sensor changes in response to the analyte for the targeted influenza virus being present in the liquid environment and being captured by the influenza specific binding agent immobilized on the functionalized surface of the insulative layer of the SAW sensor.1. An influenza detector for detecting a targeted influenza virus, the influenza detector comprising:
a liquid environment; a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor in contact with the liquid environment; and a targeted bioactive influenza species immobilized on a surface of the SAW sensor for selectively capturing an analyte for the targeted influenza virus, wherein the SAW sensor comprises:
a substrate comprising a piezoelectric material for producing a surface acoustic wave signal in response to an applied electric field; and
an insulative layer formed on top of the substrate and having a functionalized surface formed thereon for selectively immobilizing the targeted bioactive influenza species, the functionalized surface being in contact with the liquid environment, and
wherein the surface acoustic wave signal produced by the SAW sensor changes in response to the analyte for the targeted influenza virus being present in the liquid environment and being captured by the targeted bioactive influenza species immobilized on the functionalized surface of the insulative layer of the SAW sensor. 2. (canceled) 3. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 wherein the piezoelectric material is a ferroelectric material with a dielectric constant greater than fifty at a working frequency of the surface acoustic wave signal. 4. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 wherein the SAW sensor further comprises a two-port delay line formed on the substrate into a pair of electrode-width single-phase unidirectional transducers, and wherein the surface acoustic wave signal comprises an in-plane mode surface acoustic wave signal which changes in response to the presence of the analyte for Influenza A virus in the liquid environment, the change comprising a phase shift of a radio frequency (RF) range S21 S-parameter. 5. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 4 wherein a minimum width of electrodes of each of the pair of electrode-width single-phase unidirectional transducers is ⅛ of a wavelength of the surface acoustic wave signal. 6. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 4 wherein the in-plane mode surface acoustic wave signal comprises a Love mode wave signal, and wherein the insulative layer formed on the top of the substrate functions as a waveguide. 7-11. (canceled) 12. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 further comprising a liquid chamber for containing the liquid environment, the liquid chamber coupled to inlet and outlet fluid tubing for passing a supply of a liquid sample through the liquid environment, the liquid sample possibly including the analyte for the targeted influenza virus. 13. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 12 wherein the liquid chamber includes the functionalized surface of the insulative layer and a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) cover. 14. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 wherein mechanical energy is applied to the SAW sensor for mechanically rupturing nonspecific bonds with the functionalized surface thereby improving sensor selectivity of the SAW sensor, and wherein the mechanical energy is provided to the functionalized surface by the surface acoustic wave signal excited by applying the electric field to the SAW sensor. 15. (canceled) 16. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 wherein mechanical energy is applied to the SAW sensor for mechanically rupturing nonspecific bonds with the functionalized surface thereby improving sensor selectivity of the SAW sensor, and wherein the mechanical energy is provided to the liquid environment by an electromechanical transducer physically contacting the SAW sensor. 17. (canceled) 18. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 1 further comprising an electrical circuit coupled to the SAW sensor for applying the electric field to the piezoelectric material of the substrate. 19. The influenza detector in accordance with claim 18 wherein the electrical circuit comprises a phase shift measurement circuit with an additional reference line for thermal compensation. 20. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor for Influenza A virus detection in liquid, the SAW sensor comprising:
a piezoelectric material for producing an in-plane mode surface acoustic wave signal in response to an electric field; and an insulative layer formed on top of the piezoelectric material and having a functionalized surface formed thereon for selectively immobilizing a targeted bioactive influenza species for capturing an analyte for the Influenza A virus in the liquid. 21. The SAW sensor for Influenza A virus detection in liquid in accordance with claim 20 wherein the insulative layer formed on top of the piezoelectric material has a silane-functionalized surface formed thereon for selectively immobilizing a targeted bioactive influenza species for capturing HA antigen as an analyte for the Influenza A virus in the liquid. 22. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 20 wherein the piezoelectric material comprises a ferroelectric material with a dielectric constant greater than fifty at a working frequency of the SAW sensor. 23. (canceled) 24. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 20 further comprising:
a substrate comprising the piezoelectric material; and
a two-port delay line formed on the substrate into a pair of electrode-width single-phase unidirectional transducers, wherein a minimum electrode width of the unidirectional transducers is ⅛ of a wavelength of the surface acoustic wave signal and a gap between the pair of unidirectional transducers is ⅛ of a wavelength of the surface acoustic wave signal. 25-27. (canceled) 28. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 21 wherein the in-plane mode surface acoustic wave comprises a Love mode wave and the insulative layer formed on the top of the piezoelectric material functions as a waveguide. 29. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 20 wherein mechanical energy is applied to the functionalized surface for mechanically rupturing nonspecific bonds to improve sensor selectivity of the SAW sensor. 30. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 29 wherein the mechanical energy is provided through the surface acoustic wave signal excited in the SAW sensor. 31. The SAW sensor for Influenza A detection in liquid in accordance with claim 29 wherein the mechanical energy is provided through use of an electromechanical transducer physically contacting the SAW sensor. 32. The SAW sensor for Influenza A virus detection in liquid in accordance with claim 21 wherein silane molecules of the silane-functionalized surface are triethoxysilylbutylaldehyde (ALTES).
| 1,700 |
3,357 | 14,785,478 | 1,792 |
Provided is a method of cooking for a food-cooking appliance having a reception means designed to receive the food products, a motion-inducing means positioned inside the reception means, and at least one main heating means. The method includes: a first cooking step during which the relative rotation of the reception means and of the motion-inducing means is neutralized and at least one main heating means is operated in order to regulate the temperature to a first set-point value;—and a second cooking step during which the relative rotation of the reception means and of the motion-inducing means is active and at least one main heating means is operated in order to regulate the temperature to a second set-point value higher than the first.
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1. Cooking method for a food cooking appliance comprising a reception means designed to receive the food, a stirring means positioned inside the reception means, at least one main heating means, the reception means and the stirring means designed to move in relative rotation, the reception means having a top opening, the appliance comprising a means of controlling at least the relative rotation and at least one main heating means, wherein the cooking method comprises:
A first cooking step during which the relative rotation of the reception means and the stirring means is neutralized and the at least one main heating means is controlled to regulate the temperature to a first set-point value; and A second cooking step during which the relative rotation of the reception means and the stirring means is active and the at least one main heating means is controlled to regulate the temperature to a second set-point value that is greater than the first. 2. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the duration of the first cooking step is between 35%-45% of the total time of both cooking steps. 3. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the first set-point value is between 135° C. and 145° C. 4. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the second set-point value is between 165° C. and 180° C. 5. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the total cooking time of both cooking steps corresponds to the cooking time selected by a user. 6. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the average speed of the relative rotation of the reception means with respect to the stirring means is between 1 and 5 rpm. 7. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the relative rotation of the reception means with respect to the stirring means is continuous. 8. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the relative rotation of the reception means with respect to the stirring means is intermittent. 9. Food cooking appliance comprising a reception means designed to receive the food, a stirring means positioned inside the reception means, at least one main heating means, the reception means and the stirring means being designed to move in relative rotation, the reception means having a top opening, the appliance comprising a means of controlling at least the relative rotation and at least one main heating means, wherein the control means, equipped with an electronic control unit, comprises a cooking program that includes:
A first cooking step during which the control means neutralizes the relative rotation of the reception means and the stirring means, and controls said at least one main heating means to regulate the temperature to a first set-point value; and A second cooking step during which the control means activates the relative rotation of the reception means and the stirring means and controls said at least one main heating means to regulate the temperature to a second set-point value that is greater than the first.
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Provided is a method of cooking for a food-cooking appliance having a reception means designed to receive the food products, a motion-inducing means positioned inside the reception means, and at least one main heating means. The method includes: a first cooking step during which the relative rotation of the reception means and of the motion-inducing means is neutralized and at least one main heating means is operated in order to regulate the temperature to a first set-point value;—and a second cooking step during which the relative rotation of the reception means and of the motion-inducing means is active and at least one main heating means is operated in order to regulate the temperature to a second set-point value higher than the first.1. Cooking method for a food cooking appliance comprising a reception means designed to receive the food, a stirring means positioned inside the reception means, at least one main heating means, the reception means and the stirring means designed to move in relative rotation, the reception means having a top opening, the appliance comprising a means of controlling at least the relative rotation and at least one main heating means, wherein the cooking method comprises:
A first cooking step during which the relative rotation of the reception means and the stirring means is neutralized and the at least one main heating means is controlled to regulate the temperature to a first set-point value; and A second cooking step during which the relative rotation of the reception means and the stirring means is active and the at least one main heating means is controlled to regulate the temperature to a second set-point value that is greater than the first. 2. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the duration of the first cooking step is between 35%-45% of the total time of both cooking steps. 3. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the first set-point value is between 135° C. and 145° C. 4. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the second set-point value is between 165° C. and 180° C. 5. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the total cooking time of both cooking steps corresponds to the cooking time selected by a user. 6. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the average speed of the relative rotation of the reception means with respect to the stirring means is between 1 and 5 rpm. 7. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the relative rotation of the reception means with respect to the stirring means is continuous. 8. Cooking method described in claim 1, wherein the relative rotation of the reception means with respect to the stirring means is intermittent. 9. Food cooking appliance comprising a reception means designed to receive the food, a stirring means positioned inside the reception means, at least one main heating means, the reception means and the stirring means being designed to move in relative rotation, the reception means having a top opening, the appliance comprising a means of controlling at least the relative rotation and at least one main heating means, wherein the control means, equipped with an electronic control unit, comprises a cooking program that includes:
A first cooking step during which the control means neutralizes the relative rotation of the reception means and the stirring means, and controls said at least one main heating means to regulate the temperature to a first set-point value; and A second cooking step during which the control means activates the relative rotation of the reception means and the stirring means and controls said at least one main heating means to regulate the temperature to a second set-point value that is greater than the first.
| 1,700 |
3,358 | 13,265,742 | 1,787 |
The present invention relates to multicoat paint systems comprising basecoats and clearcoats with high solids fractions that each comprise at least one sulfonic acid compound of formula (I) or formula (II). The invention further relates to a method of producing these multicoat paint systems and to their use, and also to substrates coated with the multicoat paint system. The invention relates, furthermore, to the use of the sulfonic acid compounds of formula (I) and formula (II) in basecoats and clearcoats with high solids fractions.
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1. A multicoat paint system comprising
i. at least one basecoat of a nonaqueous basecoat material having a solids fraction of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the basecoat material, and ii. at least one clearcoat of a nonaqueous clearcoat material having a solids fraction of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the clearcoat material,
wherein the basecoat material and the clearcoat material each comprise 0.5% to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the respective coating material, of at least one of
A. an epoxy-sulfonic acid compound of the formula (I)
in which
n is from 1 to 10,
R1 is at least one of the group consisting of a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkylene radical, a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 phenyl radical, and a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 naphthyl radical,
R5 and R6 independently are a hydrogen atom or a C1-C12 alkyl radical, or R5 and R6 together are a C6-C12 cycloalkyl radical,
and either
a. R4 is a hydrogen atom and the radicals R2 and X are absent, or
b. R4 is a methylene radical,
R2 is at least one of the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a monovalent or polyvalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol A radical, and an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol F radical, and
X is a carbonyl group or an oxygen atom, X being optional,
wherein the compound according to formula (I) comprises a number-average molecular weight of 350 to 2000 g/mol, and, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1 or R2 is at least divalent,
or
B. an epoxy-isocyanate-blocked sulfonic acid compound of the formula (II)
in which
R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, X, and n have the same definition as in the compound of the formula (I) above and
R3 is at least one of the group consisting of a C1-C18 alkyl radical, a C1-C18 alkenyl radical, a C1-C18 cycloalkyl radical, a C1-C18 aryl radical, and a substituted or unsubstituted polymer radical, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1, R2 or R3 is at least divalent, and
the compound according to formula (II) comprises a number-average molecular weight of at least 1000 g/mol. 2. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein at least one basecoat or clearcoat material comprises at least one compound of the formulae (I) or (II) wherein n is from 1 to 5. 3. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the basecoat material and/of the clearcoat material, in each case independently of one another, comprise from 1.5% to 3.0% by weight of at least one compound selected from consisting of formula (I), formula (II) and a combination thereof, based on the total weight of the respective coating material. 4. The multicoat paint system of claim 3, wherein at least one of the basecoat material and the clearcoat material, in each case independently of one another, comprise from 1.8% to 2.7% by weight of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of formula (I), formula (II), and a combination thereof based on the total weight of the respective coating material. 5. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the basecoat material further comprises
a. 15%-50% by weight of at least one binder, b. 5%-30% by weight of at least one melamine resin derivative as crosslinking agent, c. 0.5% to 49% by weight of at least one colorant, d. 30%-65% by weight of at least one organic solvent, e. 0.05%-40% by weight of at least one auxiliary or additive,
based in each case on the total weight of the basecoat material, the weight fractions of all of the constituents of the basecoat material adding to 100%. 6. The multicoat paint system of claim 5, wherein the basecoat material further comprises as an additive, at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of polymer microparticles, inorganic particles, waxes, and waxlike compounds. 7. The multicoat paint system claim 1, wherein the clearcoat material further comprises
a. 15%-50% by weight of at least one binder, b. 5%-30% by weight of at least one melamine resin derivative as crosslinking agent, c. 30%-50% by weight of at least one organic solvent, d. 0.05%-40% by weight of at least one auxiliary or additive,
based in each case on the total weight of the clearcoat material, the weight fractions of all of the constituents of the clearcoat material adding to 100%. 8. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, further comprising at least one further basecoat of a basecoat material having a solids content of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the further basecoat material, and comprising one or more identical or different compounds selected from the group consisting of formula (I), formula (II), and a combination thereof. 9. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, further comprising an additional basecoat BI of a basecoat material BI which does not contain any compounds of formula (I) or formula (II). 10. A method of producing a multicoat paint system, which comprises applying to a substrate, in this order
a. at least one basecoat material having a solids fraction of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the basecoat material, and subsequently b. at least one clearcoat material having a solids fraction of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the clearcoat material,
wherein the basecoat material and the clearcoat material each comprise from 0.5% to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the respective coating material, of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula (I) and compounds of the formula (II), wherein compounds of the formula (I) are defined as:
in which
n is from 1 to 10,
R1 is at least one of the group consisting of a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkylene radical, a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 phenyl radical, and a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 naphthyl radical,
R5 and R6 independently are a hydrogen atom or a C1-C12 alkyl radical, or R5 and R6 together are a C6-C12 cycloalkyl radical,
and either
a. R4 is a hydrogen atom and the radicals R2 and X are absent, or
b. R4 is a methylene radical,
R2 is at least one of the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a monovalent or polyvalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol A radical, and an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol F radical, and
X is a carbonyl group or an oxygen atom, X being optional,
wherein the compound according to formula (I) comprises a number-average molecular weight of 350 to 2000 g/mol, and, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1 or R2 is at least divalent,
and compounds of the formula (II) are defined as:
in which
R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, X, and n have the same definition as in the compound of the formula (I) above and
R3 is at least one of the group consisting of a C1-C18 alkyl radical, a C1-C18 alkenyl radical, a C1-C18 cycloalkyl radical, a C1-C18 aryl radical, and a substituted or unsubstituted polymer radical, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1, R2 or R3 is at least divalent, and the compound according to formula (II) comprises a number-average molecular weight of at least 1000 g/mol. 11. The method of producing a multicoat paint system of claim 10, which further comprises applying, in this order
a. first at least one basecoat material BI which does not contain any compounds of formula (I) or formula (II), b. subsequently at least one basecoat material having a solids fraction of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the basecoat material, and c. thereafter at least one clearcoat material having a solids fraction of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the clearcoat material,
to a substrate, the basecoat material (b) and the clearcoat material each comprise from 0.5% to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the respective coating material, of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of the formula (I) and compounds of the formula (II). 12. A method of making a multicoat paint system, comprising using sulfonic acid compounds selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula (I), compounds of formula (II), and combinations thereof, as a catalyst in a basecoat materials having a solids content of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the basecoat material, and in a clearcoat materials having a solids content of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the clearcoat material wherein
compounds of the formula (I) are defined as:
in which
n is from 1 to 10,
R1 is at least one of the group consisting of a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkylene radical, a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 phenyl radical, and a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 naphthyl radical,
R5 and R6 independently are a hydrogen atom or a C1-C12 alkyl radical, or R5 and R6 together are a C6-C12 cycloalkyl radical,
and either
c. R4 is a hydrogen atom and the radicals R2 and X are absent, or
d. R4 is a methylene radical,
R2 is at least one of the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a monovalent or polyvalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol A radical, and an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol F radical, and
X is a carbonyl group or an oxygen atom, X being optional,
wherein the compound according to formula (I) comprises a number-average molecular weight of 350 to 2000 g/mol, and, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1 or R2 is at least divalent,
and compounds of formula (II) are defined as:
in which
R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, X, and n have the same definition as in the compound of the formula (I) above and
R3 is at least one of the group consisting of a C1-C18 alkyl radical, a C1-C18 alkenyl radical, a C1-C18 cycloalkyl radical, a C1-C18 aryl radical, and a substituted or unsubstituted polymer radical, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1, R2 or R3 is at least divalent, and the compound according to formula (II) comprises a number-average molecular weight of at least 1000 g/mol. 13. A coated substrate of metal and/or plastic, coated with the multicoat paint system of claim 1. 14. The use of a multicoat paint system as claimed in claim 1 to coat substrates used in coating applications selected from the group consisting of automotive OEM finishing, utility vehicle finishing, automotive refinish, boatbuilding, aircraft construction, household appliances, electrical appliances, and components or parts thereof.
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The present invention relates to multicoat paint systems comprising basecoats and clearcoats with high solids fractions that each comprise at least one sulfonic acid compound of formula (I) or formula (II). The invention further relates to a method of producing these multicoat paint systems and to their use, and also to substrates coated with the multicoat paint system. The invention relates, furthermore, to the use of the sulfonic acid compounds of formula (I) and formula (II) in basecoats and clearcoats with high solids fractions.1. A multicoat paint system comprising
i. at least one basecoat of a nonaqueous basecoat material having a solids fraction of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the basecoat material, and ii. at least one clearcoat of a nonaqueous clearcoat material having a solids fraction of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the clearcoat material,
wherein the basecoat material and the clearcoat material each comprise 0.5% to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the respective coating material, of at least one of
A. an epoxy-sulfonic acid compound of the formula (I)
in which
n is from 1 to 10,
R1 is at least one of the group consisting of a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkylene radical, a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 phenyl radical, and a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 naphthyl radical,
R5 and R6 independently are a hydrogen atom or a C1-C12 alkyl radical, or R5 and R6 together are a C6-C12 cycloalkyl radical,
and either
a. R4 is a hydrogen atom and the radicals R2 and X are absent, or
b. R4 is a methylene radical,
R2 is at least one of the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a monovalent or polyvalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol A radical, and an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol F radical, and
X is a carbonyl group or an oxygen atom, X being optional,
wherein the compound according to formula (I) comprises a number-average molecular weight of 350 to 2000 g/mol, and, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1 or R2 is at least divalent,
or
B. an epoxy-isocyanate-blocked sulfonic acid compound of the formula (II)
in which
R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, X, and n have the same definition as in the compound of the formula (I) above and
R3 is at least one of the group consisting of a C1-C18 alkyl radical, a C1-C18 alkenyl radical, a C1-C18 cycloalkyl radical, a C1-C18 aryl radical, and a substituted or unsubstituted polymer radical, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1, R2 or R3 is at least divalent, and
the compound according to formula (II) comprises a number-average molecular weight of at least 1000 g/mol. 2. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein at least one basecoat or clearcoat material comprises at least one compound of the formulae (I) or (II) wherein n is from 1 to 5. 3. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the basecoat material and/of the clearcoat material, in each case independently of one another, comprise from 1.5% to 3.0% by weight of at least one compound selected from consisting of formula (I), formula (II) and a combination thereof, based on the total weight of the respective coating material. 4. The multicoat paint system of claim 3, wherein at least one of the basecoat material and the clearcoat material, in each case independently of one another, comprise from 1.8% to 2.7% by weight of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of formula (I), formula (II), and a combination thereof based on the total weight of the respective coating material. 5. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, wherein the basecoat material further comprises
a. 15%-50% by weight of at least one binder, b. 5%-30% by weight of at least one melamine resin derivative as crosslinking agent, c. 0.5% to 49% by weight of at least one colorant, d. 30%-65% by weight of at least one organic solvent, e. 0.05%-40% by weight of at least one auxiliary or additive,
based in each case on the total weight of the basecoat material, the weight fractions of all of the constituents of the basecoat material adding to 100%. 6. The multicoat paint system of claim 5, wherein the basecoat material further comprises as an additive, at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of polymer microparticles, inorganic particles, waxes, and waxlike compounds. 7. The multicoat paint system claim 1, wherein the clearcoat material further comprises
a. 15%-50% by weight of at least one binder, b. 5%-30% by weight of at least one melamine resin derivative as crosslinking agent, c. 30%-50% by weight of at least one organic solvent, d. 0.05%-40% by weight of at least one auxiliary or additive,
based in each case on the total weight of the clearcoat material, the weight fractions of all of the constituents of the clearcoat material adding to 100%. 8. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, further comprising at least one further basecoat of a basecoat material having a solids content of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the further basecoat material, and comprising one or more identical or different compounds selected from the group consisting of formula (I), formula (II), and a combination thereof. 9. The multicoat paint system of claim 1, further comprising an additional basecoat BI of a basecoat material BI which does not contain any compounds of formula (I) or formula (II). 10. A method of producing a multicoat paint system, which comprises applying to a substrate, in this order
a. at least one basecoat material having a solids fraction of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the basecoat material, and subsequently b. at least one clearcoat material having a solids fraction of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the clearcoat material,
wherein the basecoat material and the clearcoat material each comprise from 0.5% to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the respective coating material, of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula (I) and compounds of the formula (II), wherein compounds of the formula (I) are defined as:
in which
n is from 1 to 10,
R1 is at least one of the group consisting of a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkylene radical, a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 phenyl radical, and a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 naphthyl radical,
R5 and R6 independently are a hydrogen atom or a C1-C12 alkyl radical, or R5 and R6 together are a C6-C12 cycloalkyl radical,
and either
a. R4 is a hydrogen atom and the radicals R2 and X are absent, or
b. R4 is a methylene radical,
R2 is at least one of the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a monovalent or polyvalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol A radical, and an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol F radical, and
X is a carbonyl group or an oxygen atom, X being optional,
wherein the compound according to formula (I) comprises a number-average molecular weight of 350 to 2000 g/mol, and, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1 or R2 is at least divalent,
and compounds of the formula (II) are defined as:
in which
R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, X, and n have the same definition as in the compound of the formula (I) above and
R3 is at least one of the group consisting of a C1-C18 alkyl radical, a C1-C18 alkenyl radical, a C1-C18 cycloalkyl radical, a C1-C18 aryl radical, and a substituted or unsubstituted polymer radical, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1, R2 or R3 is at least divalent, and the compound according to formula (II) comprises a number-average molecular weight of at least 1000 g/mol. 11. The method of producing a multicoat paint system of claim 10, which further comprises applying, in this order
a. first at least one basecoat material BI which does not contain any compounds of formula (I) or formula (II), b. subsequently at least one basecoat material having a solids fraction of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the basecoat material, and c. thereafter at least one clearcoat material having a solids fraction of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the clearcoat material,
to a substrate, the basecoat material (b) and the clearcoat material each comprise from 0.5% to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the respective coating material, of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of the formula (I) and compounds of the formula (II). 12. A method of making a multicoat paint system, comprising using sulfonic acid compounds selected from the group consisting of compounds of formula (I), compounds of formula (II), and combinations thereof, as a catalyst in a basecoat materials having a solids content of at least 35% by weight, based on the total weight of the basecoat material, and in a clearcoat materials having a solids content of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the clearcoat material wherein
compounds of the formula (I) are defined as:
in which
n is from 1 to 10,
R1 is at least one of the group consisting of a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, a monovalent or divalent C1-C18 alkylene radical, a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 phenyl radical, and a monoalkylated or dialkylated C1-C18 naphthyl radical,
R5 and R6 independently are a hydrogen atom or a C1-C12 alkyl radical, or R5 and R6 together are a C6-C12 cycloalkyl radical,
and either
c. R4 is a hydrogen atom and the radicals R2 and X are absent, or
d. R4 is a methylene radical,
R2 is at least one of the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a monovalent or polyvalent C1-C18 alkyl radical, an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol A radical, and an unsubstituted or substituted bisphenol F radical, and
X is a carbonyl group or an oxygen atom, X being optional,
wherein the compound according to formula (I) comprises a number-average molecular weight of 350 to 2000 g/mol, and, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1 or R2 is at least divalent,
and compounds of formula (II) are defined as:
in which
R1, R2, R4, R5, R6, X, and n have the same definition as in the compound of the formula (I) above and
R3 is at least one of the group consisting of a C1-C18 alkyl radical, a C1-C18 alkenyl radical, a C1-C18 cycloalkyl radical, a C1-C18 aryl radical, and a substituted or unsubstituted polymer radical, wherein if n>1, at least one of the radicals R1, R2 or R3 is at least divalent, and the compound according to formula (II) comprises a number-average molecular weight of at least 1000 g/mol. 13. A coated substrate of metal and/or plastic, coated with the multicoat paint system of claim 1. 14. The use of a multicoat paint system as claimed in claim 1 to coat substrates used in coating applications selected from the group consisting of automotive OEM finishing, utility vehicle finishing, automotive refinish, boatbuilding, aircraft construction, household appliances, electrical appliances, and components or parts thereof.
| 1,700 |
3,359 | 12,957,947 | 1,787 |
The present invention refers to a polymeric film comprising an odor barrier material and being able to pack malodorous waste.
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1. A multilayer film having a weight less than 15 g/m2 for use in malodorous item packaging, where the film comprises at least a layer comprising polypropylene and a layer comprising an oxygen barrier material. 2. The film of claim 1 where the weight of the film is less than 14 g/m2 or where the weight of the film is less than 13 g/m2. 3. The film of claim 1 where the polypropylene comprising layer is the outer layer and/or the inner layer. 4. The film of claim 1 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 5. The film of claim 1 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 6. The film of claim 4 where the outer layer comprises polypropylene. 7. The film of claim 1 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 8. The film of claim 4 where the inner layer comprises a polyolefin. 9. The film of claim 8 where the inner layer comprises an ethylene alpha olefin copolymer. 10. The film of claim 4 where the inner layer comprises a substantially non resilient material. 11. The film of claim 5 where the outer layer comprises polypropylene. 12. The film of claim 5 where the inner layer comprises polyolefin. 13. The film of claim 12 where the inner layer comprises ethylene alpha olefin copolymer. 14. The film of claim 5 where the inner layer comprises a substantially non resilient material. 15. The film of claim 2 where the polypropylene comprising layer is the outer layer and/or the inner layer. 16. The film of claim 2 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 17. The film of claim 3 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 18. The film of claim 2 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 19. The film of claim 3 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 20. The film of claim 15 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 21. The film of claim 15 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 22. The film of claim 2 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 23. The film of claim 3 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 24. The film of claim 4 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 25. The film of claim 5 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 26. The film of claim 6 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 27. The film of claim 15 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH.
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The present invention refers to a polymeric film comprising an odor barrier material and being able to pack malodorous waste.1. A multilayer film having a weight less than 15 g/m2 for use in malodorous item packaging, where the film comprises at least a layer comprising polypropylene and a layer comprising an oxygen barrier material. 2. The film of claim 1 where the weight of the film is less than 14 g/m2 or where the weight of the film is less than 13 g/m2. 3. The film of claim 1 where the polypropylene comprising layer is the outer layer and/or the inner layer. 4. The film of claim 1 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 5. The film of claim 1 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 6. The film of claim 4 where the outer layer comprises polypropylene. 7. The film of claim 1 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 8. The film of claim 4 where the inner layer comprises a polyolefin. 9. The film of claim 8 where the inner layer comprises an ethylene alpha olefin copolymer. 10. The film of claim 4 where the inner layer comprises a substantially non resilient material. 11. The film of claim 5 where the outer layer comprises polypropylene. 12. The film of claim 5 where the inner layer comprises polyolefin. 13. The film of claim 12 where the inner layer comprises ethylene alpha olefin copolymer. 14. The film of claim 5 where the inner layer comprises a substantially non resilient material. 15. The film of claim 2 where the polypropylene comprising layer is the outer layer and/or the inner layer. 16. The film of claim 2 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 17. The film of claim 3 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 18. The film of claim 2 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 19. The film of claim 3 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 20. The film of claim 15 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/ABUSE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 21. The film of claim 15 where the film comprises or consists of the structure
OUTER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/BARRIER LAYER/INTERMEDIATE LAYER/INNER LAYER. 22. The film of claim 2 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 23. The film of claim 3 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 24. The film of claim 4 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 25. The film of claim 5 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 26. The film of claim 6 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH. 27. The film of claim 15 where the layer comprising the oxygen barrier material comprises polyamide and/or EVOH.
| 1,700 |
3,360 | 15,252,173 | 1,798 |
A fitting for providing a fluid connection between a capillary and a fluidic conduit of a fluidic component, the fitting comprising a male piece and a female piece for connection with the male piece, wherein the male piece comprises a housing with a capillary reception configured for receiving the capillary, wherein a part of the capillary being received in the capillary reception is circumferentially covered by a sleeve, an elastic biasing mechanism being arranged at least partially within the housing, being configured for biasing the capillary against the female piece and being supported by the sleeve, and a locking mechanism being arranged at least partially within the housing and being configured for locking the capillary to the fitting.
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1. A fitting male piece for providing a fluid connection between a capillary and a fluidic conduit of a female piece, the fitting male piece comprising:
a housing with a capillary reception configured for receiving the capillary; an elastic biasing mechanism being arranged at least partially within the housing and being configured for biasing the capillary towards the female piece; and a locking mechanism being arranged at least partially within the housing and being configured for locking the capillary to the elastic biasing mechanism, wherein the locking mechanism is configured so that the locking of the capillary is releasable by applying a locking release force for removing the capillary from the capillary reception via a back side of the fitting male piece. 2. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism comprises a spring. 3. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism comprises a mechanical spring. 4. The fitting male piece according to claim 3, wherein the mechanical spring comprises one of the group consisting of a helical spring, a disc spring, and a leaf spring. 5. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism comprises a magnetic spring. 6. The fitting male piece according to claim 5, wherein the magnetic spring comprises a first magnetic element and a second magnetic element which are configured to attract or to repel one another and being mounted movably relative to one another. 7. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism comprises a fluid-based spring. 8. The fitting male piece according to claim 7, wherein the fluid-based spring comprises one of the group consisting of a hydraulic spring, a pneumatic spring, and a gas pressure spring. 9. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism and the locking mechanism are integrally formed as a single component, or as a single injection molded component. 10. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, comprising an annular cap inserted into a back portion of the capillary reception of the housing and being configured for at least one of:
preventing the elastic biasing mechanism from leaving the capillary reception; engaging a back end of the elastic biasing mechanism. 11. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the capillary reception has a neck in a central portion of the housing, the neck connecting a wider back portion and a wider front portion of the capillary reception. 12. The fitting male piece according to claim 11, wherein the wider back portion accommodates at least part of the elastic biasing mechanism and at least part of the locking mechanism. 13. The fitting male piece according to claim 11, comprising:
a clamping chuck accommodated in the wider front portion; and a ferrule abutting against the clamping chuck, being accommodated partially in and protruding over the wider front portion and being configured for sealingly abutting against a sealing surface of the female piece upon connecting the fitting male piece and the female piece. 14. The fitting male piece according to claim 13, wherein the ferrule has a tubular back part accommodated in the wider front portion and has a tapering front part protruding over the wider front portion. 15. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, comprising a first connection element, wherein the female piece comprises a second connection element being configured correspondingly to the first connection element so that the first connection element and the second connection element are connectable to form a connection between the fitting male piece and the female piece. 16. A fluidic device for conducting a fluidic sample, the fluidic device comprising:
a fluidic component comprising a fluidic conduit; a capillary; and a fitting male piece according to claim 1 for providing a fluid connection between the capillary when received in the fitting male piece and the fluidic conduit. 17. The fluidic device according to claim 16, wherein the fluidic component comprises a processing element configured for processing the fluidic sample. 18. A method for providing a fluid connection between a capillary and a fluidic conduit of a fluidic component by the fitting male piece according to claim 1, the method comprising:
receiving the capillary in the capillary reception; locking the capillary to the elastic biasing mechanism by the locking mechanism; connecting the fitting male piece with the female piece to thereby form a fluid-tight connection between the capillary and the fluidic conduit forming part of or being in fluid connection with the female piece, wherein the capillary is elastically biased against the female piece by the elastic biasing mechanism; and removing the capillary from the capillary reception via a back side of the fitting male piece by a user overcoming a locking release force with which the capillary is locked to the elastic biasing mechanism. 19. The method according to claim 18, comprising inserting the capillary in the capillary reception from the back side of the fitting male piece by a user applying a locking force until the capillary is locked to the elastic biasing mechanism. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the locking release force is higher than the locking force.
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A fitting for providing a fluid connection between a capillary and a fluidic conduit of a fluidic component, the fitting comprising a male piece and a female piece for connection with the male piece, wherein the male piece comprises a housing with a capillary reception configured for receiving the capillary, wherein a part of the capillary being received in the capillary reception is circumferentially covered by a sleeve, an elastic biasing mechanism being arranged at least partially within the housing, being configured for biasing the capillary against the female piece and being supported by the sleeve, and a locking mechanism being arranged at least partially within the housing and being configured for locking the capillary to the fitting.1. A fitting male piece for providing a fluid connection between a capillary and a fluidic conduit of a female piece, the fitting male piece comprising:
a housing with a capillary reception configured for receiving the capillary; an elastic biasing mechanism being arranged at least partially within the housing and being configured for biasing the capillary towards the female piece; and a locking mechanism being arranged at least partially within the housing and being configured for locking the capillary to the elastic biasing mechanism, wherein the locking mechanism is configured so that the locking of the capillary is releasable by applying a locking release force for removing the capillary from the capillary reception via a back side of the fitting male piece. 2. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism comprises a spring. 3. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism comprises a mechanical spring. 4. The fitting male piece according to claim 3, wherein the mechanical spring comprises one of the group consisting of a helical spring, a disc spring, and a leaf spring. 5. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism comprises a magnetic spring. 6. The fitting male piece according to claim 5, wherein the magnetic spring comprises a first magnetic element and a second magnetic element which are configured to attract or to repel one another and being mounted movably relative to one another. 7. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism comprises a fluid-based spring. 8. The fitting male piece according to claim 7, wherein the fluid-based spring comprises one of the group consisting of a hydraulic spring, a pneumatic spring, and a gas pressure spring. 9. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the elastic biasing mechanism and the locking mechanism are integrally formed as a single component, or as a single injection molded component. 10. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, comprising an annular cap inserted into a back portion of the capillary reception of the housing and being configured for at least one of:
preventing the elastic biasing mechanism from leaving the capillary reception; engaging a back end of the elastic biasing mechanism. 11. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, wherein the capillary reception has a neck in a central portion of the housing, the neck connecting a wider back portion and a wider front portion of the capillary reception. 12. The fitting male piece according to claim 11, wherein the wider back portion accommodates at least part of the elastic biasing mechanism and at least part of the locking mechanism. 13. The fitting male piece according to claim 11, comprising:
a clamping chuck accommodated in the wider front portion; and a ferrule abutting against the clamping chuck, being accommodated partially in and protruding over the wider front portion and being configured for sealingly abutting against a sealing surface of the female piece upon connecting the fitting male piece and the female piece. 14. The fitting male piece according to claim 13, wherein the ferrule has a tubular back part accommodated in the wider front portion and has a tapering front part protruding over the wider front portion. 15. The fitting male piece according to claim 1, comprising a first connection element, wherein the female piece comprises a second connection element being configured correspondingly to the first connection element so that the first connection element and the second connection element are connectable to form a connection between the fitting male piece and the female piece. 16. A fluidic device for conducting a fluidic sample, the fluidic device comprising:
a fluidic component comprising a fluidic conduit; a capillary; and a fitting male piece according to claim 1 for providing a fluid connection between the capillary when received in the fitting male piece and the fluidic conduit. 17. The fluidic device according to claim 16, wherein the fluidic component comprises a processing element configured for processing the fluidic sample. 18. A method for providing a fluid connection between a capillary and a fluidic conduit of a fluidic component by the fitting male piece according to claim 1, the method comprising:
receiving the capillary in the capillary reception; locking the capillary to the elastic biasing mechanism by the locking mechanism; connecting the fitting male piece with the female piece to thereby form a fluid-tight connection between the capillary and the fluidic conduit forming part of or being in fluid connection with the female piece, wherein the capillary is elastically biased against the female piece by the elastic biasing mechanism; and removing the capillary from the capillary reception via a back side of the fitting male piece by a user overcoming a locking release force with which the capillary is locked to the elastic biasing mechanism. 19. The method according to claim 18, comprising inserting the capillary in the capillary reception from the back side of the fitting male piece by a user applying a locking force until the capillary is locked to the elastic biasing mechanism. 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the locking release force is higher than the locking force.
| 1,700 |
3,361 | 14,775,161 | 1,715 |
A liquid material discharge device ( 20 ) has a nozzle member ( 35 ) provided with a discharge opening ( 33 ) through which a liquid material is discharged, a switching valve ( 51 ) in communication with the nozzle member, and a discharge controller. The discharge device further includes a pressurization section ( 60 ) having a pressurization passage ( 62 ) through which the liquid material under pressurization is supplied to the switching valve, and a negative pressure section ( 70 ) including a shunt passage ( 72 ) where a pressure can be set to be relatively lower than that in the pressurization passage. The switching valve is changed over between a first position at which the discharge opening communicates with the pressurization passage and the discharge opening is cut off from the shunt passage, and a second position where the discharge opening is communicated with the shunt passage and the discharge opening is cut off from the pressurization passage.
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1-19. (canceled) 20. A liquid material discharge device comprising:
a nozzle member having a discharge opening through which a liquid material is discharged; and a discharge controller, wherein the discharge device further comprises a pressurization section including a pressurization passage through which the liquid material under pressurization is supplied to the nozzle member, a liquid reservoir, and a pressurization source that supplies pressurized air to the liquid reservoir; a negative pressure section including a shunt passage in which a pressure can be set to be relatively lower than a pressure in the pressurization passage and a negative pressure source that is directly or indirectly communicated with the shunt passage; and a liquid valve section having a liquid delivery opening in communication with the discharge opening, a liquid material supply opening in communication with the pressurization passage, and a liquid material release opening in communication with the shunt passage; the liquid valve section including a switching valve that is changed over between a first position at which communication between the discharge opening and the liquid material supply opening is established and communication between the discharge opening and the liquid material release opening is cut off, and a second position at which the communication between the discharge opening and the liquid material release opening is established and the communication between the discharge opening and the liquid material supply opening is cut off. 21. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the discharge device further comprises a liquid chamber in communication with the discharge opening and with the liquid delivery opening of the liquid valve section:
a propulsion force applying member disposed in the liquid chamber and applying, to the liquid material, a propulsion force necessary to discharge the liquid material; and a driving source for the propulsion force applying member, the driving source operating the propulsion force applying member. 22. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 21, wherein the propulsion force applying member is a rotating screw or a rod-shaped member that gives an inertial force to the liquid material with quick forward movement, the screw and the rod-shaped member each having a smaller diameter than the liquid chamber. 23. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 21, wherein the propulsion force applying member is a rod having a male spiral shape and rotating eccentrically,
the liquid chamber has an inner wall surface having a female spiral shape and cooperating with the propulsion force applying member, and the propulsion force applying member and the liquid chamber constitute a uniaxial eccentric screw pump mechanism. 24. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the liquid valve section and the nozzle member are communicated with each other through a flexible tube. 25. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the negative pressure section includes a shunt container for the liquid material, the shunt container having a larger diameter than the shunt passage. 26. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 25, wherein the negative pressure section includes a drain passage through which the liquid material stored in the shunt container is drained. 27. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 26, wherein the negative pressure section includes a drain passage opening/closing mechanism that establishes or cuts off communication between the drain passage and the outside. 28. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 27, wherein the negative pressure section includes a second pressurization source that supplies pressurized air to the shunt container, and a negative pressure section switching valve having a pressurization position at which the second pressurization source is communicated with the shunt container, and a depressurization position at which the negative pressure source is communicated with the shunt container. 29. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 28, wherein the drain passage opening/closing mechanism is an on/off valve,
the pressurization section includes a pressurization-section on/off valve that establishes or cuts off communication between the pressurization section and the liquid valve section, and the discharge controller closes the pressurization-section on/off valve, changes over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the first position, changes over the negative pressure section switching valve to the pressurization position, and opens the drain passage opening/closing mechanism in accordance with predetermined drain conditions, thereby draining the liquid material in the shunt container to the outside. 30. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 25, wherein the negative pressure section includes a slender negative pressure adjusting pipe disposed in the shunt container, the negative pressure adjusting pipe having one opening in communication with the shunt passage and the other opening disposed in a space within the shunt container. 31. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the discharge controller performs control such that, in a discharge stand-by state, a negative pressure force necessary to prevent liquid dripping through the discharge opening is applied to the shunt passage from the negative pressure source, and that, at end of the discharge, a negative pressure force stronger than the negative pressure force applied in the discharge stand-by state is applied to the shunt passage from the negative pressure source. 32. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the discharge controller performs control such that, during discharge operation, a pressurization force necessary to discharge the liquid material through the discharge opening is applied to the liquid reservoir from the pressurization source, and that, in a discharge stand-by state, a pressurization force stronger than the pressurization force during the discharge operation is applied to the liquid reservoir from the pressurization source. 33. An application device comprising:
the liquid material discharge device according to claim 20; a work table on which an application object is placed; an XYZ driving mechanism that relatively moves the liquid material discharge device and the work table; and a driving mechanism controller that controls operation of the XYZ driving mechanism. 34. A liquid material application method using an application device that comprises the liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, a work table on which an application object is placed, an XYZ driving mechanism that relatively moves the liquid material discharge device and the work table, and a driving mechanism controller that controls operation of the XYZ driving mechanism,
wherein the discharge controller executes steps of, during discharge operation, discharging the liquid material through the discharge opening in a state that the switching valve in the liquid valve section is held at the first position, and at end of the discharge, stopping the discharge of the liquid material through the discharge opening by changing over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the second position. 35. A liquid material application method using an application device that comprises the liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, a work table on which an application object is placed, an XYZ driving mechanism that relatively moves the liquid material discharge device and the work table, and a driving mechanism controller that controls operation of the XYZ driving mechanism,
wherein the discharge controller executes steps of, during discharge operation, discharging the liquid material through the discharge opening in a state that the switching valve in the liquid valve section is held at the first position, and at end of the discharge, stopping the discharge of the liquid material through the discharge opening by changing over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the second position, the discharge controller further executing steps of, in a discharge stand-by state, applying a negative pressure force, which is necessary to prevent liquid dripping through the discharge opening, to the shunt passage from the negative pressure source, and at the end of the discharge, applying a negative pressure force, which is stronger than the negative pressure force in the discharge stand-by state, to the shunt passage from the negative pressure source. 36. The liquid material application method according to claim 35, wherein the discharge controller executes steps of during the discharge operation, applying a pressurization force, which is necessary to discharge the liquid material through the discharge opening, to the liquid reservoir from the pressurization source, and in the discharge stand-by state, applying a pressurization force, which is stronger than the pressurization force during the discharge operation, to the liquid reservoir from the pressurization source. 37. A liquid material application method using an application device that comprises the liquid material discharge device according to claim 29, a work table on which an application object is placed, an XYZ driving mechanism that relatively moves the liquid material discharge device and the work table, and a driving mechanism controller that controls operation of the XYZ driving mechanism,
wherein the discharge controller executes steps of, during discharge operation, discharging the liquid material through the discharge opening in a state that the switching valve in the liquid valve section is held at the first position, and at end of the discharge, stopping the discharge of the liquid material through the discharge opening by changing over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the second position, the discharge controller further executing a step of draining the liquid material in the shunt container to the outside by closing the pressurization section on/off valve, changing over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the first position, changing over the negative pressure section switching valve to the pressurization position, and opening the on/off valve of the drain passage opening/closing mechanism in accordance with predetermined drain conditions.
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A liquid material discharge device ( 20 ) has a nozzle member ( 35 ) provided with a discharge opening ( 33 ) through which a liquid material is discharged, a switching valve ( 51 ) in communication with the nozzle member, and a discharge controller. The discharge device further includes a pressurization section ( 60 ) having a pressurization passage ( 62 ) through which the liquid material under pressurization is supplied to the switching valve, and a negative pressure section ( 70 ) including a shunt passage ( 72 ) where a pressure can be set to be relatively lower than that in the pressurization passage. The switching valve is changed over between a first position at which the discharge opening communicates with the pressurization passage and the discharge opening is cut off from the shunt passage, and a second position where the discharge opening is communicated with the shunt passage and the discharge opening is cut off from the pressurization passage.1-19. (canceled) 20. A liquid material discharge device comprising:
a nozzle member having a discharge opening through which a liquid material is discharged; and a discharge controller, wherein the discharge device further comprises a pressurization section including a pressurization passage through which the liquid material under pressurization is supplied to the nozzle member, a liquid reservoir, and a pressurization source that supplies pressurized air to the liquid reservoir; a negative pressure section including a shunt passage in which a pressure can be set to be relatively lower than a pressure in the pressurization passage and a negative pressure source that is directly or indirectly communicated with the shunt passage; and a liquid valve section having a liquid delivery opening in communication with the discharge opening, a liquid material supply opening in communication with the pressurization passage, and a liquid material release opening in communication with the shunt passage; the liquid valve section including a switching valve that is changed over between a first position at which communication between the discharge opening and the liquid material supply opening is established and communication between the discharge opening and the liquid material release opening is cut off, and a second position at which the communication between the discharge opening and the liquid material release opening is established and the communication between the discharge opening and the liquid material supply opening is cut off. 21. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the discharge device further comprises a liquid chamber in communication with the discharge opening and with the liquid delivery opening of the liquid valve section:
a propulsion force applying member disposed in the liquid chamber and applying, to the liquid material, a propulsion force necessary to discharge the liquid material; and a driving source for the propulsion force applying member, the driving source operating the propulsion force applying member. 22. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 21, wherein the propulsion force applying member is a rotating screw or a rod-shaped member that gives an inertial force to the liquid material with quick forward movement, the screw and the rod-shaped member each having a smaller diameter than the liquid chamber. 23. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 21, wherein the propulsion force applying member is a rod having a male spiral shape and rotating eccentrically,
the liquid chamber has an inner wall surface having a female spiral shape and cooperating with the propulsion force applying member, and the propulsion force applying member and the liquid chamber constitute a uniaxial eccentric screw pump mechanism. 24. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the liquid valve section and the nozzle member are communicated with each other through a flexible tube. 25. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the negative pressure section includes a shunt container for the liquid material, the shunt container having a larger diameter than the shunt passage. 26. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 25, wherein the negative pressure section includes a drain passage through which the liquid material stored in the shunt container is drained. 27. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 26, wherein the negative pressure section includes a drain passage opening/closing mechanism that establishes or cuts off communication between the drain passage and the outside. 28. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 27, wherein the negative pressure section includes a second pressurization source that supplies pressurized air to the shunt container, and a negative pressure section switching valve having a pressurization position at which the second pressurization source is communicated with the shunt container, and a depressurization position at which the negative pressure source is communicated with the shunt container. 29. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 28, wherein the drain passage opening/closing mechanism is an on/off valve,
the pressurization section includes a pressurization-section on/off valve that establishes or cuts off communication between the pressurization section and the liquid valve section, and the discharge controller closes the pressurization-section on/off valve, changes over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the first position, changes over the negative pressure section switching valve to the pressurization position, and opens the drain passage opening/closing mechanism in accordance with predetermined drain conditions, thereby draining the liquid material in the shunt container to the outside. 30. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 25, wherein the negative pressure section includes a slender negative pressure adjusting pipe disposed in the shunt container, the negative pressure adjusting pipe having one opening in communication with the shunt passage and the other opening disposed in a space within the shunt container. 31. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the discharge controller performs control such that, in a discharge stand-by state, a negative pressure force necessary to prevent liquid dripping through the discharge opening is applied to the shunt passage from the negative pressure source, and that, at end of the discharge, a negative pressure force stronger than the negative pressure force applied in the discharge stand-by state is applied to the shunt passage from the negative pressure source. 32. The liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, wherein the discharge controller performs control such that, during discharge operation, a pressurization force necessary to discharge the liquid material through the discharge opening is applied to the liquid reservoir from the pressurization source, and that, in a discharge stand-by state, a pressurization force stronger than the pressurization force during the discharge operation is applied to the liquid reservoir from the pressurization source. 33. An application device comprising:
the liquid material discharge device according to claim 20; a work table on which an application object is placed; an XYZ driving mechanism that relatively moves the liquid material discharge device and the work table; and a driving mechanism controller that controls operation of the XYZ driving mechanism. 34. A liquid material application method using an application device that comprises the liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, a work table on which an application object is placed, an XYZ driving mechanism that relatively moves the liquid material discharge device and the work table, and a driving mechanism controller that controls operation of the XYZ driving mechanism,
wherein the discharge controller executes steps of, during discharge operation, discharging the liquid material through the discharge opening in a state that the switching valve in the liquid valve section is held at the first position, and at end of the discharge, stopping the discharge of the liquid material through the discharge opening by changing over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the second position. 35. A liquid material application method using an application device that comprises the liquid material discharge device according to claim 20, a work table on which an application object is placed, an XYZ driving mechanism that relatively moves the liquid material discharge device and the work table, and a driving mechanism controller that controls operation of the XYZ driving mechanism,
wherein the discharge controller executes steps of, during discharge operation, discharging the liquid material through the discharge opening in a state that the switching valve in the liquid valve section is held at the first position, and at end of the discharge, stopping the discharge of the liquid material through the discharge opening by changing over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the second position, the discharge controller further executing steps of, in a discharge stand-by state, applying a negative pressure force, which is necessary to prevent liquid dripping through the discharge opening, to the shunt passage from the negative pressure source, and at the end of the discharge, applying a negative pressure force, which is stronger than the negative pressure force in the discharge stand-by state, to the shunt passage from the negative pressure source. 36. The liquid material application method according to claim 35, wherein the discharge controller executes steps of during the discharge operation, applying a pressurization force, which is necessary to discharge the liquid material through the discharge opening, to the liquid reservoir from the pressurization source, and in the discharge stand-by state, applying a pressurization force, which is stronger than the pressurization force during the discharge operation, to the liquid reservoir from the pressurization source. 37. A liquid material application method using an application device that comprises the liquid material discharge device according to claim 29, a work table on which an application object is placed, an XYZ driving mechanism that relatively moves the liquid material discharge device and the work table, and a driving mechanism controller that controls operation of the XYZ driving mechanism,
wherein the discharge controller executes steps of, during discharge operation, discharging the liquid material through the discharge opening in a state that the switching valve in the liquid valve section is held at the first position, and at end of the discharge, stopping the discharge of the liquid material through the discharge opening by changing over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the second position, the discharge controller further executing a step of draining the liquid material in the shunt container to the outside by closing the pressurization section on/off valve, changing over the switching valve in the liquid valve section to the first position, changing over the negative pressure section switching valve to the pressurization position, and opening the on/off valve of the drain passage opening/closing mechanism in accordance with predetermined drain conditions.
| 1,700 |
3,362 | 14,755,737 | 1,725 |
A battery pack includes a battery cell holder, where the battery cell holder includes multiple frames with each of the frames defining a cavity and adjacent frames connected to each other. The battery pack includes at least one pouch battery cell disposed in the cavity of each of the frames, where pouch battery cells disposed in adjacent frames are electrically connected to each other. The multiple frames are arranged in a stacked configuration.
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1. A battery pack, comprising:
a battery cell holder, wherein the battery cell holder comprises a plurality of frames with each of the frames defining a cavity and adjacent frames connected to each other; and at least one pouch battery cell disposed in the cavity of each of the frames, wherein pouch battery cells disposed in adjacent frames are electrically connected to each other, wherein the plurality of frames are arranged in a stacked configuration. 2. The battery pack of claim 1, further comprising living hinges to connect adjacent frames to each other. 3. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein two pouch battery cells are disposed in the cavity of each of the frames. 4. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the battery cell holder comprises a top frame cover disposed on a top of the stacked configuration of frames. 5. The battery pack of claim 4, wherein the top frame cover comprises a holder for connecting a terminal block to the stacked configuration. 6. The battery pack of claim 5, wherein each of the pouch battery cells includes terminals and further comprising tabs connected to the terminals. 7. The battery pack of claim 6, further comprising sense wires and power wires connected to the tabs, wherein the sense wires and power wires are coupled to the terminal block. 8. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the cavity of each frame is defined by a first sidewall, a second sidewall, a leading wall and a trailing wall that are connected to form a substantially rectangular frame defining a substantially rectangular cavity. 9. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein each of the frames comprises a bottom frame and a top frame, wherein the bottom frame and the top frame are coupled together to hold the pouch battery cell in the frame. 10. The battery pack of claim 7, wherein the bottom frame and the top frame are coupled together using a one or more coupling devices. 11. The battery pack of claim 8, wherein the coupling devices include one or more snap elements. 12. The battery pack of claim 1, further comprising a housing configured to house the stacked configuration. 13. A method for manufacturing a battery, the method comprising:
inserting at least one pouch battery cell in each of a plurality of frames, wherein adjacent frames are connected to each other; electrically connecting the pouch battery cells in adjacent frames; and folding the frames to form a stacked configuration of pouch battery cells. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein inserting at least one pouch battery cell in each of a plurality of frames comprises:
inserting at least one pouch battery cell in each of a plurality of bottom frames; and connecting a top frame on each of the plurality of bottom frames to secure the pouch battery cell in the frame. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein inserting at least one pouch battery cell in each of the plurality of frames comprises:
inserting a first pouch battery cell in each of the plurality of frames; inserting a second pouch battery cell in each of the plurality of frames; and electrically connecting the first pouch battery cell and the second pouch battery cell. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
prior to folding the frames, attaching sense wires and power wires to tabs of the pouch battery cells; and welding overlapping tabs between adjacent frames. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising connecting the sense wires and the power wires to a terminal block. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising inserting the stacked configuration into a housing of a battery pack. 19. A battery pack, comprising:
a battery cell holder, wherein the battery cell holder comprises a tray defining a cavity; a plurality of pouch battery cells arranged in a stacked configuration inserted into the cavity; and a lid coupled to the tray to cover the plurality of pouch battery cells in the tray. 20. The battery pack of claim 19, further comprising a battery pack housing to house the battery cell holder.
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A battery pack includes a battery cell holder, where the battery cell holder includes multiple frames with each of the frames defining a cavity and adjacent frames connected to each other. The battery pack includes at least one pouch battery cell disposed in the cavity of each of the frames, where pouch battery cells disposed in adjacent frames are electrically connected to each other. The multiple frames are arranged in a stacked configuration.1. A battery pack, comprising:
a battery cell holder, wherein the battery cell holder comprises a plurality of frames with each of the frames defining a cavity and adjacent frames connected to each other; and at least one pouch battery cell disposed in the cavity of each of the frames, wherein pouch battery cells disposed in adjacent frames are electrically connected to each other, wherein the plurality of frames are arranged in a stacked configuration. 2. The battery pack of claim 1, further comprising living hinges to connect adjacent frames to each other. 3. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein two pouch battery cells are disposed in the cavity of each of the frames. 4. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the battery cell holder comprises a top frame cover disposed on a top of the stacked configuration of frames. 5. The battery pack of claim 4, wherein the top frame cover comprises a holder for connecting a terminal block to the stacked configuration. 6. The battery pack of claim 5, wherein each of the pouch battery cells includes terminals and further comprising tabs connected to the terminals. 7. The battery pack of claim 6, further comprising sense wires and power wires connected to the tabs, wherein the sense wires and power wires are coupled to the terminal block. 8. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein the cavity of each frame is defined by a first sidewall, a second sidewall, a leading wall and a trailing wall that are connected to form a substantially rectangular frame defining a substantially rectangular cavity. 9. The battery pack of claim 1, wherein each of the frames comprises a bottom frame and a top frame, wherein the bottom frame and the top frame are coupled together to hold the pouch battery cell in the frame. 10. The battery pack of claim 7, wherein the bottom frame and the top frame are coupled together using a one or more coupling devices. 11. The battery pack of claim 8, wherein the coupling devices include one or more snap elements. 12. The battery pack of claim 1, further comprising a housing configured to house the stacked configuration. 13. A method for manufacturing a battery, the method comprising:
inserting at least one pouch battery cell in each of a plurality of frames, wherein adjacent frames are connected to each other; electrically connecting the pouch battery cells in adjacent frames; and folding the frames to form a stacked configuration of pouch battery cells. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein inserting at least one pouch battery cell in each of a plurality of frames comprises:
inserting at least one pouch battery cell in each of a plurality of bottom frames; and connecting a top frame on each of the plurality of bottom frames to secure the pouch battery cell in the frame. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein inserting at least one pouch battery cell in each of the plurality of frames comprises:
inserting a first pouch battery cell in each of the plurality of frames; inserting a second pouch battery cell in each of the plurality of frames; and electrically connecting the first pouch battery cell and the second pouch battery cell. 16. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
prior to folding the frames, attaching sense wires and power wires to tabs of the pouch battery cells; and welding overlapping tabs between adjacent frames. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising connecting the sense wires and the power wires to a terminal block. 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising inserting the stacked configuration into a housing of a battery pack. 19. A battery pack, comprising:
a battery cell holder, wherein the battery cell holder comprises a tray defining a cavity; a plurality of pouch battery cells arranged in a stacked configuration inserted into the cavity; and a lid coupled to the tray to cover the plurality of pouch battery cells in the tray. 20. The battery pack of claim 19, further comprising a battery pack housing to house the battery cell holder.
| 1,700 |
3,363 | 12,974,070 | 1,716 |
Methods and systems for organic vapor jet deposition are provided, where an exhaust is disposed between adjacent nozzles. The exhaust may reduce pressure buildup in the nozzles and between the nozzles and the substrate, leading to improved deposition profiles, resolution, and improved nozzle-to-nozzle uniformity. The exhaust may be in fluid communication with an ambient vacuum, or may be directly connected to a vacuum source.
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1. A system comprising:
a substrate; a plurality of nozzles disposed over the substrate, each of the plurality of nozzles in fluid communication with:
a source of material to be deposited on the substrate; and
a source of carrier gas adapted to carry the material through the nozzle to the substrate; and
an exhaust disposed adjacent to a first nozzle of the plurality of nozzles and to a second nozzle of the plurality of nozzles; wherein the exhaust is configured to create a localized vacuum between the first nozzle and the second nozzle. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the exhaust is in fluid communication with an ambient vacuum. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the exhaust is directly connected to a vacuum source. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the vacuum source is an evacuation source for a vacuum chamber. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein the vacuum source is an independent vacuum source. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of exhausts, each exhaust disposed between the first nozzle of the plurality of nozzles and each other nozzle of the plurality of nozzles that is directly adjacent to the first nozzle. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate is separated from the plurality of nozzles by 2 microns to 20 microns. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate is separated from the plurality of nozzles by 2 microns to 10 microns. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of nozzles comprises an opening of 2 microns to 50 microns in diameter from which carrier gas is ejected. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of nozzles comprises an opening of 2 microns to 10 microns in diameter from which carrier gas is ejected. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein
each of the plurality of nozzles comprises a nozzle opening with a diameter d; the nozzles are separated from the substrate by a distance s; and the ratio d/s is 1.0 to 2.5. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the nozzles are disposed in a nozzle block. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the exhaust is disposed closer to the center of the nozzle block than at least one of the plurality of nozzles. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the nozzle block is a linear nozzle block. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the plurality of nozzles are arranged in a two-dimensional array. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the nozzle spacing is 50 microns to 85 microns. 17. The system of claim 1, further comprising an exhaust disposed between each pair of adjacent nozzles in the plurality of nozzles. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of nozzles is in fluid communication with a common source of material to be deposited on the substrate. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of nozzles is in fluid communication with a common source of carrier gas.
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Methods and systems for organic vapor jet deposition are provided, where an exhaust is disposed between adjacent nozzles. The exhaust may reduce pressure buildup in the nozzles and between the nozzles and the substrate, leading to improved deposition profiles, resolution, and improved nozzle-to-nozzle uniformity. The exhaust may be in fluid communication with an ambient vacuum, or may be directly connected to a vacuum source.1. A system comprising:
a substrate; a plurality of nozzles disposed over the substrate, each of the plurality of nozzles in fluid communication with:
a source of material to be deposited on the substrate; and
a source of carrier gas adapted to carry the material through the nozzle to the substrate; and
an exhaust disposed adjacent to a first nozzle of the plurality of nozzles and to a second nozzle of the plurality of nozzles; wherein the exhaust is configured to create a localized vacuum between the first nozzle and the second nozzle. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the exhaust is in fluid communication with an ambient vacuum. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the exhaust is directly connected to a vacuum source. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the vacuum source is an evacuation source for a vacuum chamber. 5. The system of claim 3, wherein the vacuum source is an independent vacuum source. 6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of exhausts, each exhaust disposed between the first nozzle of the plurality of nozzles and each other nozzle of the plurality of nozzles that is directly adjacent to the first nozzle. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate is separated from the plurality of nozzles by 2 microns to 20 microns. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the substrate is separated from the plurality of nozzles by 2 microns to 10 microns. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of nozzles comprises an opening of 2 microns to 50 microns in diameter from which carrier gas is ejected. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of nozzles comprises an opening of 2 microns to 10 microns in diameter from which carrier gas is ejected. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein
each of the plurality of nozzles comprises a nozzle opening with a diameter d; the nozzles are separated from the substrate by a distance s; and the ratio d/s is 1.0 to 2.5. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the nozzles are disposed in a nozzle block. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the exhaust is disposed closer to the center of the nozzle block than at least one of the plurality of nozzles. 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the nozzle block is a linear nozzle block. 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the plurality of nozzles are arranged in a two-dimensional array. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the nozzle spacing is 50 microns to 85 microns. 17. The system of claim 1, further comprising an exhaust disposed between each pair of adjacent nozzles in the plurality of nozzles. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of nozzles is in fluid communication with a common source of material to be deposited on the substrate. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of nozzles is in fluid communication with a common source of carrier gas.
| 1,700 |
3,364 | 14,343,631 | 1,773 |
Provided are filtration devices for purifying fluids from bioprocess applications and processes for using the same. The fluid filter elements or cells and fluid filter assemblies or capsules minimize upstream and residual volumes by the use of substantially flat interior surfaces. Desired pressure ratings are also met without the use of external equipment. Such capsules and assemblies can be disposable. The cells and capsules are in particular suitable for intermediate filtration volumes (150-2500 cm 2 effective filtration area (EFA)) of biopharmaceutical processes. One or more of the following features are also provided by these cells and capsules: ergonomic connections, stand alone device with desired pressure rating, offer a small footprint when running in series or parallel, ability to monitor fluid level during operation, provide various EFA sizes to allow for use with minimal fluid volumes, and offer an integral seal between clean and dirty process fluid streams.
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1. A filtration capsule comprising:
a first and second shells that are sealably attached to each other, wherein both shells each comprise a curved exterior surface that extends in an arc and a substantially flat interior wall that is integral to the shell; an inlet and an outlet that are substantially parallel to the substantially flat interior walls; and one or more filter elements contained in the filtration capsule, each filter element comprising an outer surface in fluid communication with the inlet and an inner surface in fluid communication with the outlet. 2. The filtration capsule of claim 1, further comprising a ribbing structure on one or both of the curved exterior surfaces of the shells. 3. The filtration capsule of claim 2, wherein the ribbing structure is integral to the one or both shells. 4. The filtration capsule of claim 2, wherein the ribbing structure is effective to impart a pressure rating such that the filtration capsule is stand alone. 5. The filtration capsule of claim 2, wherein the ribbing structure comprises one or a plurality of peripheral support rings, one or a plurality of axial lengths on one or both of the shells. 6. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the substantially flat interior walls of the first shell, the second shell, or both independently comprise one or more protrusions. 7. The filtration capsule of claim 1 that is a single use device. 8. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein one or both of the shells are formed from a translucent or transparent material. 9. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein both of the shells are formed from a material that comprises a tensile strength at yield of 8,000 psi or greater and exhibits chemical resistance, weldability, and sterilizability. 10. The filtration capsule of claim 9, wherein the material comprises polysulfone. 11. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the inlet and the outlet are both integral to the second shell. 12. (canceled) 13. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the inlet and the outlet are integral to the second shell and are substantially horizontal. 14. The filtration capsule of claim 1 further comprising at least two legs. 15. The filtration capsule of claim 14 comprising three legs spaced approximately 120° apart on the curved exterior surface of the second shell. 16. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the first shell has substantially the same capacity as the second shell. 17. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the first shell has a capacity that is 1.1 to 10 times the capacity of the second shell. 18. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the filter element comprises one or more media layers. 19. The filtration capsule of claim 18, wherein the filter element further comprises a flow inhibitor. 20. The filtration capsule of claim 1, further comprising an o-ring seal between a protrusion of the second shell and an inner overmold of the filter element. 21. A filtration assembly comprising a plurality of filtration capsules according to claim 1. 22. The filtration assembly of claim 21, wherein the plurality of filtration capsules are assembled in parallel. 23. The filtration assembly of claim 21, wherein the plurality of filtration capsules are assembled in series. 24. The filtration assembly of claim 21, wherein a footprint of the assembly is independent of the number of filtration capsules. 25. A method of filtering comprising: introducing an incoming fluid into the filtration capsule according to claim 1 and collecting a filtered fluid from the outlet. 26. A method of making a filter assembly comprising:
providing the filtration capsule according to claim 1 such that an upstream volume is minimized as compared to a comparative filtration capsule of constant capacity that does not have a substantially flat interior wall that is integral to the first or second shell. 27. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising providing a ribbing structure on or integral to the filtration capsule such that the filtration capsule is stand alone. 28. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising providing the inlet and the outlet in a substantially horizontal configuration. 29. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising forming one or both of the shells from a translucent or transparent material such that a fluid in the filtration capsule can be monitored. 30. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising stacking a plurality of filtration capsules to form an assembly wherein a footprint of the assembly is independent of the number of filtration capsules. 31. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising an o-ring seal between a protrusion of the second shell and an inner overmold of the filter element. 32. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising installing a flow inhibitor on the filter element. 33. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26, wherein the second shell is configured to receive the first shell independent of the capacity of the first shell. 34. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein each substantially flat interior wall extends between two interior points adjacent to each arc. 35. A filter element for filtering a fluid, the filter element comprising: a media pack having an outer surface that receives the fluid in an unfiltered state and an inner surface from which the fluid in a filtered state exits the media pack, a separator element adjacent to the inner surface, and a flow inhibitor affixed to the separator or the media pack that prevents flow of fluid therethrough. 36. The filter element of claim 35, wherein the flow inhibitor is affixed to the separator. 37. The filter element of claim 35, wherein the flow inhibitor is affixed to the media pack such that fluid is prevented from flowing through a portion of the outer surface.
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Provided are filtration devices for purifying fluids from bioprocess applications and processes for using the same. The fluid filter elements or cells and fluid filter assemblies or capsules minimize upstream and residual volumes by the use of substantially flat interior surfaces. Desired pressure ratings are also met without the use of external equipment. Such capsules and assemblies can be disposable. The cells and capsules are in particular suitable for intermediate filtration volumes (150-2500 cm 2 effective filtration area (EFA)) of biopharmaceutical processes. One or more of the following features are also provided by these cells and capsules: ergonomic connections, stand alone device with desired pressure rating, offer a small footprint when running in series or parallel, ability to monitor fluid level during operation, provide various EFA sizes to allow for use with minimal fluid volumes, and offer an integral seal between clean and dirty process fluid streams.1. A filtration capsule comprising:
a first and second shells that are sealably attached to each other, wherein both shells each comprise a curved exterior surface that extends in an arc and a substantially flat interior wall that is integral to the shell; an inlet and an outlet that are substantially parallel to the substantially flat interior walls; and one or more filter elements contained in the filtration capsule, each filter element comprising an outer surface in fluid communication with the inlet and an inner surface in fluid communication with the outlet. 2. The filtration capsule of claim 1, further comprising a ribbing structure on one or both of the curved exterior surfaces of the shells. 3. The filtration capsule of claim 2, wherein the ribbing structure is integral to the one or both shells. 4. The filtration capsule of claim 2, wherein the ribbing structure is effective to impart a pressure rating such that the filtration capsule is stand alone. 5. The filtration capsule of claim 2, wherein the ribbing structure comprises one or a plurality of peripheral support rings, one or a plurality of axial lengths on one or both of the shells. 6. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the substantially flat interior walls of the first shell, the second shell, or both independently comprise one or more protrusions. 7. The filtration capsule of claim 1 that is a single use device. 8. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein one or both of the shells are formed from a translucent or transparent material. 9. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein both of the shells are formed from a material that comprises a tensile strength at yield of 8,000 psi or greater and exhibits chemical resistance, weldability, and sterilizability. 10. The filtration capsule of claim 9, wherein the material comprises polysulfone. 11. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the inlet and the outlet are both integral to the second shell. 12. (canceled) 13. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the inlet and the outlet are integral to the second shell and are substantially horizontal. 14. The filtration capsule of claim 1 further comprising at least two legs. 15. The filtration capsule of claim 14 comprising three legs spaced approximately 120° apart on the curved exterior surface of the second shell. 16. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the first shell has substantially the same capacity as the second shell. 17. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the first shell has a capacity that is 1.1 to 10 times the capacity of the second shell. 18. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein the filter element comprises one or more media layers. 19. The filtration capsule of claim 18, wherein the filter element further comprises a flow inhibitor. 20. The filtration capsule of claim 1, further comprising an o-ring seal between a protrusion of the second shell and an inner overmold of the filter element. 21. A filtration assembly comprising a plurality of filtration capsules according to claim 1. 22. The filtration assembly of claim 21, wherein the plurality of filtration capsules are assembled in parallel. 23. The filtration assembly of claim 21, wherein the plurality of filtration capsules are assembled in series. 24. The filtration assembly of claim 21, wherein a footprint of the assembly is independent of the number of filtration capsules. 25. A method of filtering comprising: introducing an incoming fluid into the filtration capsule according to claim 1 and collecting a filtered fluid from the outlet. 26. A method of making a filter assembly comprising:
providing the filtration capsule according to claim 1 such that an upstream volume is minimized as compared to a comparative filtration capsule of constant capacity that does not have a substantially flat interior wall that is integral to the first or second shell. 27. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising providing a ribbing structure on or integral to the filtration capsule such that the filtration capsule is stand alone. 28. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising providing the inlet and the outlet in a substantially horizontal configuration. 29. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising forming one or both of the shells from a translucent or transparent material such that a fluid in the filtration capsule can be monitored. 30. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising stacking a plurality of filtration capsules to form an assembly wherein a footprint of the assembly is independent of the number of filtration capsules. 31. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising an o-ring seal between a protrusion of the second shell and an inner overmold of the filter element. 32. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26 further comprising installing a flow inhibitor on the filter element. 33. The method of making a filter assembly of claim 26, wherein the second shell is configured to receive the first shell independent of the capacity of the first shell. 34. The filtration capsule of claim 1, wherein each substantially flat interior wall extends between two interior points adjacent to each arc. 35. A filter element for filtering a fluid, the filter element comprising: a media pack having an outer surface that receives the fluid in an unfiltered state and an inner surface from which the fluid in a filtered state exits the media pack, a separator element adjacent to the inner surface, and a flow inhibitor affixed to the separator or the media pack that prevents flow of fluid therethrough. 36. The filter element of claim 35, wherein the flow inhibitor is affixed to the separator. 37. The filter element of claim 35, wherein the flow inhibitor is affixed to the media pack such that fluid is prevented from flowing through a portion of the outer surface.
| 1,700 |
3,365 | 15,661,033 | 1,783 |
A film layer having a micro-textured surface is provided. The film layer has a continuous phase with one or more thermoplastic polymers, wherein at least one of the thermoplastic polymers is a low-modulus polymer having a 2% secant modulus of less than or equal to 140 MPa, and the film has from 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the low modulus thermoplastic polymer. The film layer also has a discrete phase with from 5 wt % to 45 wt % of a thermoplastic starch.
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1. A film layer having a micro-textured surface, comprising:
(a) a continuous phase comprising one or more thermoplastic polymers, wherein at least one of the thermoplastic polymers is a low-modulus polymer having a 2% secant modulus of less than or equal to 140 MPa and wherein the film layer comprises from about 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the low modulus thermoplastic polymer; and (b) a discrete phase comprising a thermoplastic starch, wherein the film layer comprises from 5 wt % to about 45 wt % of the thermoplastic starch. 2. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the low-modulus thermoplastic polymer is a very low density polyethylene. 3. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the low modulus thermoplastic polymer has a density from about 0.855 g/cm3 to about 0.915 gm/cm3. 4. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the continuous phase further comprises one or more higher modulus thermoplastic polymers having a 2% secant modulus greater than 140 MPa. 5. The film layer according to claim 4, wherein the two or more higher modulus thermoplastic polymers have a total concentration less than 70 wt % by weight of the film layer. 6. The film layer according to claim 5, wherein the two or more higher modulus thermoplastic polymers comprise linear low density polyethylene and low density polyethylene. 7. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the film layer further comprises from 0.05 wt % to about 0.5 wt % of a surface migratory agent by weight of the film layer. 8. The film layer according to claim 7, wherein the surface migratory agent (SMA) is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic acid amides, aliphatic acid esters, waxes, hydrogenated soy bean oil (HSBO), hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), tristearin, silicone oils, metal soaps, and combinations thereof; preferably wherein said surface migratory agent (SMA) is selected from the group consisting of long-chain fatty acids, long-chain fatty acid amides, primary mono-unsaturated long-chain carboxylic acid amides, and combinations thereof; more preferably wherein said surface migratory agent is a primary mono-unsaturated long-chain carboxylic acid amide selected from the group consisting of erucamide, oleamide, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof; and most preferably wherein said surface migratory agent is erucamide. 9. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic starch is formed from corn starch and a plasticizer comprising glycerol and sorbitol. 10. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the film layer is formed by a blowing operation and the micro-textured surface is formed in situ. 11. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the film layer has an ultimate strength in the MD direction greater than 30 MPa. 12. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the film layer has a 2% secant modulus in the MD direction greater than 140 MPa. 13. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the micro-textured surface is substantially free of mechanical embossing. 14. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the micro-textured surface is characterized by:
an average surface roughness (Sa) of from 0.1 to 2 μm; an areal material ratio (mr50) value of from 10% to 100%; and a root mean square gradient (“Sdq”) value of from 0.4 to 10. 15. A multi-layer film comprising two or more layers, wherein at least one layer is formed from a film layer according to claim 1. 16. An absorbent article comprising a topsheet, a backsheet joined to the topsheet and an absorbent core positioned at least partially intermediate the topsheet and the backsheet, wherein the backsheet is formed from a film layer according to claim 1. 17. A film layer having a micro-textured surface, comprising:
(a) a continuous phase comprising one or more thermoplastic polymers, wherein at least one of the thermoplastic polymers is a low-modulus polymer having a 2% secant modulus from about 30 MPa to about 75 MPa and wherein the film layer comprises from 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the low modulus thermoplastic polymer; (b) a discrete phase comprising a thermoplastic starch, wherein the film layer comprises from 10 wt % to 45 wt % of the thermoplastic starch; (c) a surface migratory agent having a concentration from 0.05 wt % to 0.5 wt % by weight of the film layer; and wherein the film layer has a 2% secant modulus in the MD direction greater than 140 MPa. 18. A method of making a film layer having a micro-textured surface, comprising:
extruding a heated film composition through an annular die to form a tube comprising the film composition, wherein the film composition comprises from 10 wt % to 45 wt % of a thermoplastic starch, a surface migratory agent having a concentration from 0.05 wt % to 0.5 wt % by weight of the film composition, and from 10 wt % to 100 wt % of a low modulus thermoplastic polymer having a 2% secant modulus from about 30 MPa to about 75 MPa; cooling the tube; and forming a film layer from the tube, the film layer having a micro-textured surface and a continuous phase and a discrete phase comprising the thermoplastic starch, wherein the film layer has a has a 2% secant modulus in the MD direction greater than 160 MPa. 19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising introducing air into the center of the die to form the tube. 20. The method according to claim 18, further comprising collapsing the tube to form the film layer.
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A film layer having a micro-textured surface is provided. The film layer has a continuous phase with one or more thermoplastic polymers, wherein at least one of the thermoplastic polymers is a low-modulus polymer having a 2% secant modulus of less than or equal to 140 MPa, and the film has from 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the low modulus thermoplastic polymer. The film layer also has a discrete phase with from 5 wt % to 45 wt % of a thermoplastic starch.1. A film layer having a micro-textured surface, comprising:
(a) a continuous phase comprising one or more thermoplastic polymers, wherein at least one of the thermoplastic polymers is a low-modulus polymer having a 2% secant modulus of less than or equal to 140 MPa and wherein the film layer comprises from about 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the low modulus thermoplastic polymer; and (b) a discrete phase comprising a thermoplastic starch, wherein the film layer comprises from 5 wt % to about 45 wt % of the thermoplastic starch. 2. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the low-modulus thermoplastic polymer is a very low density polyethylene. 3. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the low modulus thermoplastic polymer has a density from about 0.855 g/cm3 to about 0.915 gm/cm3. 4. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the continuous phase further comprises one or more higher modulus thermoplastic polymers having a 2% secant modulus greater than 140 MPa. 5. The film layer according to claim 4, wherein the two or more higher modulus thermoplastic polymers have a total concentration less than 70 wt % by weight of the film layer. 6. The film layer according to claim 5, wherein the two or more higher modulus thermoplastic polymers comprise linear low density polyethylene and low density polyethylene. 7. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the film layer further comprises from 0.05 wt % to about 0.5 wt % of a surface migratory agent by weight of the film layer. 8. The film layer according to claim 7, wherein the surface migratory agent (SMA) is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic acid amides, aliphatic acid esters, waxes, hydrogenated soy bean oil (HSBO), hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), tristearin, silicone oils, metal soaps, and combinations thereof; preferably wherein said surface migratory agent (SMA) is selected from the group consisting of long-chain fatty acids, long-chain fatty acid amides, primary mono-unsaturated long-chain carboxylic acid amides, and combinations thereof; more preferably wherein said surface migratory agent is a primary mono-unsaturated long-chain carboxylic acid amide selected from the group consisting of erucamide, oleamide, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof; and most preferably wherein said surface migratory agent is erucamide. 9. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic starch is formed from corn starch and a plasticizer comprising glycerol and sorbitol. 10. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the film layer is formed by a blowing operation and the micro-textured surface is formed in situ. 11. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the film layer has an ultimate strength in the MD direction greater than 30 MPa. 12. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the film layer has a 2% secant modulus in the MD direction greater than 140 MPa. 13. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the micro-textured surface is substantially free of mechanical embossing. 14. The film layer according to claim 1, wherein the micro-textured surface is characterized by:
an average surface roughness (Sa) of from 0.1 to 2 μm; an areal material ratio (mr50) value of from 10% to 100%; and a root mean square gradient (“Sdq”) value of from 0.4 to 10. 15. A multi-layer film comprising two or more layers, wherein at least one layer is formed from a film layer according to claim 1. 16. An absorbent article comprising a topsheet, a backsheet joined to the topsheet and an absorbent core positioned at least partially intermediate the topsheet and the backsheet, wherein the backsheet is formed from a film layer according to claim 1. 17. A film layer having a micro-textured surface, comprising:
(a) a continuous phase comprising one or more thermoplastic polymers, wherein at least one of the thermoplastic polymers is a low-modulus polymer having a 2% secant modulus from about 30 MPa to about 75 MPa and wherein the film layer comprises from 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the low modulus thermoplastic polymer; (b) a discrete phase comprising a thermoplastic starch, wherein the film layer comprises from 10 wt % to 45 wt % of the thermoplastic starch; (c) a surface migratory agent having a concentration from 0.05 wt % to 0.5 wt % by weight of the film layer; and wherein the film layer has a 2% secant modulus in the MD direction greater than 140 MPa. 18. A method of making a film layer having a micro-textured surface, comprising:
extruding a heated film composition through an annular die to form a tube comprising the film composition, wherein the film composition comprises from 10 wt % to 45 wt % of a thermoplastic starch, a surface migratory agent having a concentration from 0.05 wt % to 0.5 wt % by weight of the film composition, and from 10 wt % to 100 wt % of a low modulus thermoplastic polymer having a 2% secant modulus from about 30 MPa to about 75 MPa; cooling the tube; and forming a film layer from the tube, the film layer having a micro-textured surface and a continuous phase and a discrete phase comprising the thermoplastic starch, wherein the film layer has a has a 2% secant modulus in the MD direction greater than 160 MPa. 19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising introducing air into the center of the die to form the tube. 20. The method according to claim 18, further comprising collapsing the tube to form the film layer.
| 1,700 |
3,366 | 11,916,346 | 1,734 |
The invention relates to a pyrotechnic agent containing at least one azotetrazolate as a component thereof.
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1. A pyrotechnic agent, which contains as component one or more azotetrazolates. 2. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the azotetrazolate component is selected from aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate (AGATZ) and guanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate (GATZ) or mixtures of the two. 3. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the amount of the azotetrazolate component is 10 to 99 wt. %, preferably 15 to 60 wt. %, particularly preferably 20 to 50 wt. %. 4. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 1 to 90 wt. %, preferably 40 to 85 wt. %, particularly preferably 50 to 80 wt. % of an additive or mixtures of several additives. 5. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the additives are selected from: ammonium picrate, aminoguanidinium picrate, guanidinium picrate, aminoguanidinium styphnate, guanidinium styphnate, nitroguanidine, nitroaminoguanidine, nitrotriazolone, derivatives of tetrazole and/or its salts, nitraminotetrazole and/or its salts, aminoguanidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate, guanidine nitrate, dicyandiamidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine azotetrazolate; nitrates of alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of ammonium, perchlorates of alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of ammonium, peroxides of alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of zinc; aluminium, titanium, titanium hydride, boron, boron hydride, zirconium, zirconium hydride, silicon, graphite, activated charcoal, carbon black; cellulose and/or its derivatives, polyvinylbutyrals, polynitropolyphenylene, polynitrophenyl ether, plexigum, polyvinyl acetate and copolymers; hexogen, octogen; ferrocene and/or its derivatives, acetonylacetates, salicylates, silicates, silica gels, boron nitride. 6. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 10 to 90 wt. %, preferably 20 to 70 wt. %, particularly preferably 30 to 60 wt. % of an oxidising agent. 7. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the oxidising agent is selected from one or more of the nitrates of the alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of ammonium, the perchlorates of the alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of ammonium, the peroxides of the alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of zinc. 8. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 10 to 90 wt. %, preferably 10 to 60 wt. %, particularly preferably 15 to 40 wt. % of a nitrogen-containing compound. 9. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the nitrogen-containing compound is selected from one or more of ammonium picrate, aminoguanidinium picrate, guanidinium picrate, aminoguanidinium styphnate, guanidinium styphnate, nitroguanidine, nitroaminoguanidine, nitrotriazolone, derivatives of tetrazole and/or its salts, nitraminotetrazole and/or its salts, aminoguanidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate, guanidine nitrate, dicyandiamidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine azotetrazolate. 10. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 1 to 90 wt. %, preferably 1 to 60 wt. %, particularly preferably 1 to 40 wt. % of high-energy additives. 11. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the high-energy additives are selected from one or more of hexogen, octogen and/or nitrocellulose. 12. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 1 to 80 wt. %, preferably 1 to 40 wt. %, particularly preferably 1 to 15 wt. % of a reducing agent. 13. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the reducing agent is selected from one or more of aluminium, titanium, titanium hydride, boron, boron hydride, zirconium, zirconium hydride, silicon, graphite, activated charcoal, carbon black. 14. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 1 to 80 wt. %, preferably 1 to 40 wt. %, particularly preferably 1 to 20 wt. % of a binder. 15. A pyrotechnic agent according to 4, characterised in that the binder is selected from one or more of cellulose and its derivatives, polyvinylbutyrals, polynitropolyphenylene, polynitrophenyl ether, plexigum, polyvinyl acetate and copolymers. 16. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 0.1 to 20 wt. %, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt. %, particularly preferably 1 to 10 wt. % of combustion moderators and processing aids. 17. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the combustion moderators and processing aids are selected from one or more of ferrocene and its derivatives, acetonylacetates, salicylates, silicates, silica gels and/or boron nitride. 18. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 30 wt. % of aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate, 27.5 wt. % of guanidinium picrate, 40 wt. % of sodium nitrate, 2 wt. % of titanium and 0.5 wt. % of graphite. 19. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 29 wt. % of aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate, 29 wt. % of guanidinium picrate, 40 wt. % of sodium nitrate, 1.5 wt. % of barium carbonate and 0.5 wt. % of Aerosil. 20. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 24 wt. % of aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate, 24 wt. % of guanidinium picrate, 50 wt. % of sodium nitrate, 1.5 wt. % of barium carbonate and 0.5 wt. % of Aerosil. 21. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 29 wt. % of aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate, 29 wt. % of guanidinium picrate, 40 wt. % of sodium nitrate, 1.5 wt. % of strontium carbonate and 0.5 wt. % of Aerosil. 22. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the amount of the azotetrazolate component is 100wt. %. 23. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 as thermal early-ignition agent. 24. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 as thermal safety fuse. 25. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 in vehicle safety systems. 26. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 in gas generators. 27. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 in separators, preferably for battery terminals.
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The invention relates to a pyrotechnic agent containing at least one azotetrazolate as a component thereof.1. A pyrotechnic agent, which contains as component one or more azotetrazolates. 2. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the azotetrazolate component is selected from aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate (AGATZ) and guanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate (GATZ) or mixtures of the two. 3. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the amount of the azotetrazolate component is 10 to 99 wt. %, preferably 15 to 60 wt. %, particularly preferably 20 to 50 wt. %. 4. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 1 to 90 wt. %, preferably 40 to 85 wt. %, particularly preferably 50 to 80 wt. % of an additive or mixtures of several additives. 5. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the additives are selected from: ammonium picrate, aminoguanidinium picrate, guanidinium picrate, aminoguanidinium styphnate, guanidinium styphnate, nitroguanidine, nitroaminoguanidine, nitrotriazolone, derivatives of tetrazole and/or its salts, nitraminotetrazole and/or its salts, aminoguanidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate, guanidine nitrate, dicyandiamidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine azotetrazolate; nitrates of alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of ammonium, perchlorates of alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of ammonium, peroxides of alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of zinc; aluminium, titanium, titanium hydride, boron, boron hydride, zirconium, zirconium hydride, silicon, graphite, activated charcoal, carbon black; cellulose and/or its derivatives, polyvinylbutyrals, polynitropolyphenylene, polynitrophenyl ether, plexigum, polyvinyl acetate and copolymers; hexogen, octogen; ferrocene and/or its derivatives, acetonylacetates, salicylates, silicates, silica gels, boron nitride. 6. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 10 to 90 wt. %, preferably 20 to 70 wt. %, particularly preferably 30 to 60 wt. % of an oxidising agent. 7. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the oxidising agent is selected from one or more of the nitrates of the alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of ammonium, the perchlorates of the alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of ammonium, the peroxides of the alkali and/or alkaline-earth metals and/or of zinc. 8. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 10 to 90 wt. %, preferably 10 to 60 wt. %, particularly preferably 15 to 40 wt. % of a nitrogen-containing compound. 9. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the nitrogen-containing compound is selected from one or more of ammonium picrate, aminoguanidinium picrate, guanidinium picrate, aminoguanidinium styphnate, guanidinium styphnate, nitroguanidine, nitroaminoguanidine, nitrotriazolone, derivatives of tetrazole and/or its salts, nitraminotetrazole and/or its salts, aminoguanidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate, guanidine nitrate, dicyandiamidine nitrate, diaminoguanidine azotetrazolate. 10. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 1 to 90 wt. %, preferably 1 to 60 wt. %, particularly preferably 1 to 40 wt. % of high-energy additives. 11. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the high-energy additives are selected from one or more of hexogen, octogen and/or nitrocellulose. 12. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 1 to 80 wt. %, preferably 1 to 40 wt. %, particularly preferably 1 to 15 wt. % of a reducing agent. 13. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the reducing agent is selected from one or more of aluminium, titanium, titanium hydride, boron, boron hydride, zirconium, zirconium hydride, silicon, graphite, activated charcoal, carbon black. 14. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 1 to 80 wt. %, preferably 1 to 40 wt. %, particularly preferably 1 to 20 wt. % of a binder. 15. A pyrotechnic agent according to 4, characterised in that the binder is selected from one or more of cellulose and its derivatives, polyvinylbutyrals, polynitropolyphenylene, polynitrophenyl ether, plexigum, polyvinyl acetate and copolymers. 16. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 0.1 to 20 wt. %, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt. %, particularly preferably 1 to 10 wt. % of combustion moderators and processing aids. 17. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the combustion moderators and processing aids are selected from one or more of ferrocene and its derivatives, acetonylacetates, salicylates, silicates, silica gels and/or boron nitride. 18. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 30 wt. % of aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate, 27.5 wt. % of guanidinium picrate, 40 wt. % of sodium nitrate, 2 wt. % of titanium and 0.5 wt. % of graphite. 19. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 29 wt. % of aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate, 29 wt. % of guanidinium picrate, 40 wt. % of sodium nitrate, 1.5 wt. % of barium carbonate and 0.5 wt. % of Aerosil. 20. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 24 wt. % of aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate, 24 wt. % of guanidinium picrate, 50 wt. % of sodium nitrate, 1.5 wt. % of barium carbonate and 0.5 wt. % of Aerosil. 21. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that it contains 29 wt. % of aminoguanidine-5,5′-azotetrazolate, 29 wt. % of guanidinium picrate, 40 wt. % of sodium nitrate, 1.5 wt. % of strontium carbonate and 0.5 wt. % of Aerosil. 22. A pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1, characterised in that the amount of the azotetrazolate component is 100wt. %. 23. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 as thermal early-ignition agent. 24. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 as thermal safety fuse. 25. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 in vehicle safety systems. 26. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 in gas generators. 27. Use of a pyrotechnic agent according to claim 1 in separators, preferably for battery terminals.
| 1,700 |
3,367 | 14,590,337 | 1,789 |
An environmental aspect control assembly is configured to control one more environmental aspects. The environmental aspect control assembly may include at least one aspect-controlling portion formed of one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials, and at least one shape-changing actuator operatively connected to the aspect-controlling structure(s). The shape-changing actuator(s) is configured to have a first actuator shape at a first temperature and a second actuator shape at a second temperature that differs from the first temperature. The first actuator shape causes the aspect-controlling structure(s) to form a first structural shape. The second actuator shape causes the aspect-controlling structure(s) to form a second structural shape that differs from the first structural shape.
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1. An environmental aspect control assembly configured to control one or more environmental aspects, the environmental aspect control assembly comprising:
at least one aspect-controlling portion formed of one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials; and at least one shape-changing actuator operatively connected to the at least one aspect-controlling portion, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is configured to have a first actuator shape at a first temperature and a second actuator shape at a second temperature that differs from the first temperature, wherein the first actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling portion to form a first structural shape, and wherein the second actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling portion to form a second structural shape that differs from the first structural shape. 2. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the first structural shape is one of an expanded or compressed structural shape, and wherein the second structural shape is the other of the expanded or compressed structural shape. 3. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more environmental aspects comprises one or more of moisture, sound, or temperature. 4. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials includes aramid felt that is configured to absorb moisture. 5. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials includes open-cell foam that is configured to absorb sound. 6. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials includes fiberglass insulation. 7. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator comprises one or more of a wire, frame, filament, beam, cage, panel, strip, coil, or sheet that is formed of a shape memory alloy. 8. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 7, wherein the shape memory alloy is a two-way shape memory alloy. 9. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one aspect-controlling portion comprises:
a first layer configured to control moisture; a second layer configured to control sound; and a third layer configured to control temperature. 10. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is secured around at least a portion of the at least one aspect-controlling portion. 11. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is embedded within the at least one aspect-controlling portion. 12. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator comprises a plurality of shape-changing filaments, wherein the at least one aspect-controlling portion comprises a plurality of aspect-controlling fibers, and wherein each of the shape-changing filaments is connected to at least one of the plurality of aspect-controlling fibers. 13. A system comprising:
a main system structure that includes one or more environmental aspect control assemblies, wherein each of the environmental aspect control assemblies comprises (a) at least one aspect-controlling portion formed of one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials; and (b) at least one shape-changing actuator operatively connected to the at least one aspect-controlling portion, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is configured to have a first actuator shape at a first temperature and a second actuator shape at a second temperature that differs from the first temperature, wherein the first actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling portion to form a first structural shape, and wherein the second actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling portion to form a second structural shape that differs from the first structural shape. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the system comprises an aircraft, and wherein the main system structure comprises a fuselage having an internal cabin. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the system comprises an article of clothing having an insulating layer between inner and outer layers, wherein the one or more environmental aspect control assemblies are disposed within the insulating layer. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the one or more environmental aspect control assemblies automatically adapt to an environment based on changes in temperature. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the first structural shape is one of an expanded or compressed structural shape, wherein the second structural shape is the other of the expanded or compressed structural shape, wherein the one or more environmental aspects comprises one or more of moisture, sound, or temperature. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator comprises one or more of a wire, frame, filament, beam, cage, panel, strip, coil, or sheet that is formed of a two-way shape memory alloy. 19. An environmental aspect control assembly configured to control one or more environmental aspects, wherein the one or more environmental aspects comprises one or more of moisture, sound, or temperature, the environmental aspect control assembly comprising:
at least one aspect-controlling portion formed of one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials; and at least one shape-changing actuator formed of a shape memory alloy operatively connected to the at least one aspect-controlling portion, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is configured to have a first actuator shape at a first temperature and a second actuator shape at a second temperature that differs from the first temperature, wherein the first actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling structure to form a first structural shape, and wherein the second actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling structure to form a second structural shape that differs from the first structural shape, wherein the first structural shape is one of an expanded or compressed structural shape, and wherein the second structural shape is the other of the expanded or compressed structural shape. 20. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 19, wherein the one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials includes one or more of:
aramid felt that is configured to absorb moisture; open-cell foam that is configured to absorb sound; or fiberglass insulation.
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An environmental aspect control assembly is configured to control one more environmental aspects. The environmental aspect control assembly may include at least one aspect-controlling portion formed of one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials, and at least one shape-changing actuator operatively connected to the aspect-controlling structure(s). The shape-changing actuator(s) is configured to have a first actuator shape at a first temperature and a second actuator shape at a second temperature that differs from the first temperature. The first actuator shape causes the aspect-controlling structure(s) to form a first structural shape. The second actuator shape causes the aspect-controlling structure(s) to form a second structural shape that differs from the first structural shape.1. An environmental aspect control assembly configured to control one or more environmental aspects, the environmental aspect control assembly comprising:
at least one aspect-controlling portion formed of one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials; and at least one shape-changing actuator operatively connected to the at least one aspect-controlling portion, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is configured to have a first actuator shape at a first temperature and a second actuator shape at a second temperature that differs from the first temperature, wherein the first actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling portion to form a first structural shape, and wherein the second actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling portion to form a second structural shape that differs from the first structural shape. 2. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the first structural shape is one of an expanded or compressed structural shape, and wherein the second structural shape is the other of the expanded or compressed structural shape. 3. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more environmental aspects comprises one or more of moisture, sound, or temperature. 4. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials includes aramid felt that is configured to absorb moisture. 5. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials includes open-cell foam that is configured to absorb sound. 6. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials includes fiberglass insulation. 7. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator comprises one or more of a wire, frame, filament, beam, cage, panel, strip, coil, or sheet that is formed of a shape memory alloy. 8. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 7, wherein the shape memory alloy is a two-way shape memory alloy. 9. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one aspect-controlling portion comprises:
a first layer configured to control moisture; a second layer configured to control sound; and a third layer configured to control temperature. 10. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is secured around at least a portion of the at least one aspect-controlling portion. 11. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is embedded within the at least one aspect-controlling portion. 12. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator comprises a plurality of shape-changing filaments, wherein the at least one aspect-controlling portion comprises a plurality of aspect-controlling fibers, and wherein each of the shape-changing filaments is connected to at least one of the plurality of aspect-controlling fibers. 13. A system comprising:
a main system structure that includes one or more environmental aspect control assemblies, wherein each of the environmental aspect control assemblies comprises (a) at least one aspect-controlling portion formed of one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials; and (b) at least one shape-changing actuator operatively connected to the at least one aspect-controlling portion, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is configured to have a first actuator shape at a first temperature and a second actuator shape at a second temperature that differs from the first temperature, wherein the first actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling portion to form a first structural shape, and wherein the second actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling portion to form a second structural shape that differs from the first structural shape. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the system comprises an aircraft, and wherein the main system structure comprises a fuselage having an internal cabin. 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the system comprises an article of clothing having an insulating layer between inner and outer layers, wherein the one or more environmental aspect control assemblies are disposed within the insulating layer. 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the one or more environmental aspect control assemblies automatically adapt to an environment based on changes in temperature. 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the first structural shape is one of an expanded or compressed structural shape, wherein the second structural shape is the other of the expanded or compressed structural shape, wherein the one or more environmental aspects comprises one or more of moisture, sound, or temperature. 18. The system of claim 13, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator comprises one or more of a wire, frame, filament, beam, cage, panel, strip, coil, or sheet that is formed of a two-way shape memory alloy. 19. An environmental aspect control assembly configured to control one or more environmental aspects, wherein the one or more environmental aspects comprises one or more of moisture, sound, or temperature, the environmental aspect control assembly comprising:
at least one aspect-controlling portion formed of one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials; and at least one shape-changing actuator formed of a shape memory alloy operatively connected to the at least one aspect-controlling portion, wherein the at least one shape-changing actuator is configured to have a first actuator shape at a first temperature and a second actuator shape at a second temperature that differs from the first temperature, wherein the first actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling structure to form a first structural shape, and wherein the second actuator shape causes the at least one aspect-controlling structure to form a second structural shape that differs from the first structural shape, wherein the first structural shape is one of an expanded or compressed structural shape, and wherein the second structural shape is the other of the expanded or compressed structural shape. 20. The environmental aspect control assembly of claim 19, wherein the one or more environmental aspect-controlling materials includes one or more of:
aramid felt that is configured to absorb moisture; open-cell foam that is configured to absorb sound; or fiberglass insulation.
| 1,700 |
3,368 | 15,472,777 | 1,797 |
The present application relates to a method for operating a dosing device with a control unit and a dosing unit. The dosing unit has a cannula with a first volume and a tip, and also a sampling container fluidically connected to the cannula. In a first step, the dosing unit is moved linearly at a predetermined speed in a first direction along an axis, such that the cannula is moved into a vessel containing at least one liquid. At the same time, fluid is aspirated constantly through the cannula with a predetermined volumetric flow by a pump device. At least one optical parameter of the aspirated fluid is measured by at least one optical sensor, which is arranged between the cannula and the sampling container. When a change of the at least one optical parameter is detected, a first position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored by the control unit and the movement of the dosing unit is interrupted. The control unit then calculates a second position of the dosing unit on the axis, at which second position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a first phase boundary, in particular upon immersion into the liquid. The calculation is performed on the basis of the first position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow.
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1-9. (canceled) 10. A method for operating a dosing device, said dosing device comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, said dosing unit having a cannula with a first volume and a tip, said dosing unit also comprising a sampling container fluidically connected to the cannula, said method comprising the following steps:
a) moving the dosing unit linearly at a predetermined speed in a first direction along an axis, such that the cannula is moved into a vessel containing at least one liquid; b) aspirating fluid constantly through the cannula, with a predetermined volumetric flow, by a pump device; c) measuring at least one optical parameter of the aspirated fluid using at least one optical sensor, which is arranged between the cannula and the sampling container; d) when a change of the at least one optical parameter is detected, using the control unit to store a first position of the dosing unit on the axis and interrupting the movement of the dosing unit; e) using the control unit to calculate a second position of the dosing unit on the axis, at which second position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a first phase boundary, in particular upon immersion into the liquid, on the basis of the first position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein a user selects the nature of the vessel from a list using the control unit or enters parameters of the vessel, in particular volume, shape and/or diameter. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the at least one optical sensor measures the refractive index, the turbidity and/or the transmission of light rays of at least one predetermined wavelength in the fluid. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein before the dosing unit is moved, the vessel is placed in a holder of the dosing device which is arranged in such a way that an upper edge of the vessel comes to lie at a defined basic position relative to the axis, and the volume of liquid located in the vessel is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the second position and of the nature or parameters of the vessel. 14. The method according to claim 10, wherein the dosing unit is moved further along the axis in the first direction at the predetermined speed until the optical sensor again detects a change of the at least one optical parameter, wherein the movement is interrupted and a third position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored, and wherein a fourth position along the axis is calculated on the basis of the third position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow, at which fourth position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a second phase boundary within the liquid. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the dosing unit is moved back in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, until it lies along the axis at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position or than the fourth position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with a predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly, by the predefined distance in the first direction, below the first phase boundary or the second phase boundary. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the method moreover comprises the following steps:
a) moving the dosing unit along the axis in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, in order to remove the cannula from the vessel; b) ejecting the liquid present in the cannula and in the sampling container into a pouring vessel, preferably followed by rinsing the sampling container and the cannula with a rinsing liquid; c) moving the dosing unit in the first direction until it lies at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with the predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit, on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel, in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly immersed in the liquid by the predefined distance in the first direction; d) interrupting the method when the dosing unit reaches a position along the axis which lies away from the fourth position by a second predetermined distance in the second direction. 17. The dosing device for carrying out a method according to claim 10, comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, the latter having a cannula with a first volume and a tip and also a sampling container connected fluidically to the cannula, and a drive with which the dosing unit can be moved linearly along an axis, and a pump device with which a fluid can be conveyed through the cannula into or out of a vessel, wherein, between the cannula and the sampling container, at least one optical sensor is mounted directly adjoining the cannula, which optical sensor is designed to measure at least one optical parameter of a fluid aspirated through the cannula. 18. The dosing device according to claim 17, wherein the at least one optical sensor is arranged in a sensor housing which, by way of coupling devices, can be connected releasably to the cannula and to the sampling container or to a line leading to the sampling container. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein the at least one optical sensor measures the refractive index, the turbidity and/or the transmission of light rays of at least one predetermined wavelength in the fluid. 20. The method according to claim 12, wherein before the dosing unit is moved, the vessel is placed in a holder of the dosing device which is arranged in such a way that an upper edge of the vessel comes to lie at a defined basic position relative to the axis, and the volume of liquid located in the vessel is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the second position and of the nature or parameters of the vessel. 21. The method according to claim 11, wherein the dosing unit is moved further along the axis in the first direction at the predetermined speed until the optical sensor again detects a change of the at least one optical parameter, wherein the movement is interrupted and a third position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored, and wherein a fourth position along the axis is calculated on the basis of the third position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow, at which fourth position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a second phase boundary within the liquid. 22. The method according to claim 12, wherein the dosing unit is moved further along the axis in the first direction at the predetermined speed until the optical sensor again detects a change of the at least one optical parameter, wherein the movement is interrupted and a third position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored, and wherein a fourth position along the axis is calculated on the basis of the third position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow, at which fourth position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a second phase boundary within the liquid. 23. The method according to claim 13, wherein the dosing unit is moved further along the axis in the first direction at the predetermined speed until the optical sensor again detects a change of the at least one optical parameter, wherein the movement is interrupted and a third position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored, and wherein a fourth position along the axis is calculated on the basis of the third position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow, at which fourth position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a second phase boundary within the liquid. 24. The method according to claim 12, wherein the dosing unit is moved back in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, until it lies along the axis at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position or than the fourth position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with a predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly, by the predefined distance in the first direction, below the first phase boundary or the second phase boundary. 25. The method according to claim 13, wherein the dosing unit is moved back in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, until it lies along the axis at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position or than the fourth position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with a predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly, by the predefined distance in the first direction, below the first phase boundary or the second phase boundary. 26. The method according to claim 14, wherein the dosing unit is moved back in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, until it lies along the axis at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position or than the fourth position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with a predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly, by the predefined distance in the first direction, below the first phase boundary or the second phase boundary. 27. The dosing device for carrying out a method according to claim 11, comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, the latter having a cannula with a first volume and a tip and also a sampling container connected fluidically to the cannula, and a drive with which the dosing unit can be moved linearly along an axis, and a pump device with which a fluid can be conveyed through the cannula into or out of a vessel, wherein, between the cannula and the sampling container, at least one optical sensor is mounted directly adjoining the cannula, which optical sensor is designed to measure at least one optical parameter of a fluid aspirated through the cannula. 28. The dosing device for carrying out a method according to claim 12, comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, the latter having a cannula with a first volume and a tip and also a sampling container connected fluidically to the cannula, and a drive with which the dosing unit can be moved linearly along an axis, and a pump device with which a fluid can be conveyed through the cannula into or out of a vessel, wherein, between the cannula and the sampling container, at least one optical sensor is mounted directly adjoining the cannula, which optical sensor is designed to measure at least one optical parameter of a fluid aspirated through the cannula. 29. The dosing device for carrying out a method according to claim 13, comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, the latter having a cannula with a first volume and a tip and also a sampling container connected fluidically to the cannula, and a drive with which the dosing unit can be moved linearly along an axis, and a pump device with which a fluid can be conveyed through the cannula into or out of a vessel, wherein, between the cannula and the sampling container, at least one optical sensor is mounted directly adjoining the cannula, which optical sensor is designed to measure at least one optical parameter of a fluid aspirated through the cannula.
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The present application relates to a method for operating a dosing device with a control unit and a dosing unit. The dosing unit has a cannula with a first volume and a tip, and also a sampling container fluidically connected to the cannula. In a first step, the dosing unit is moved linearly at a predetermined speed in a first direction along an axis, such that the cannula is moved into a vessel containing at least one liquid. At the same time, fluid is aspirated constantly through the cannula with a predetermined volumetric flow by a pump device. At least one optical parameter of the aspirated fluid is measured by at least one optical sensor, which is arranged between the cannula and the sampling container. When a change of the at least one optical parameter is detected, a first position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored by the control unit and the movement of the dosing unit is interrupted. The control unit then calculates a second position of the dosing unit on the axis, at which second position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a first phase boundary, in particular upon immersion into the liquid. The calculation is performed on the basis of the first position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow.1-9. (canceled) 10. A method for operating a dosing device, said dosing device comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, said dosing unit having a cannula with a first volume and a tip, said dosing unit also comprising a sampling container fluidically connected to the cannula, said method comprising the following steps:
a) moving the dosing unit linearly at a predetermined speed in a first direction along an axis, such that the cannula is moved into a vessel containing at least one liquid; b) aspirating fluid constantly through the cannula, with a predetermined volumetric flow, by a pump device; c) measuring at least one optical parameter of the aspirated fluid using at least one optical sensor, which is arranged between the cannula and the sampling container; d) when a change of the at least one optical parameter is detected, using the control unit to store a first position of the dosing unit on the axis and interrupting the movement of the dosing unit; e) using the control unit to calculate a second position of the dosing unit on the axis, at which second position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a first phase boundary, in particular upon immersion into the liquid, on the basis of the first position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein a user selects the nature of the vessel from a list using the control unit or enters parameters of the vessel, in particular volume, shape and/or diameter. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the at least one optical sensor measures the refractive index, the turbidity and/or the transmission of light rays of at least one predetermined wavelength in the fluid. 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein before the dosing unit is moved, the vessel is placed in a holder of the dosing device which is arranged in such a way that an upper edge of the vessel comes to lie at a defined basic position relative to the axis, and the volume of liquid located in the vessel is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the second position and of the nature or parameters of the vessel. 14. The method according to claim 10, wherein the dosing unit is moved further along the axis in the first direction at the predetermined speed until the optical sensor again detects a change of the at least one optical parameter, wherein the movement is interrupted and a third position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored, and wherein a fourth position along the axis is calculated on the basis of the third position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow, at which fourth position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a second phase boundary within the liquid. 15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the dosing unit is moved back in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, until it lies along the axis at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position or than the fourth position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with a predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly, by the predefined distance in the first direction, below the first phase boundary or the second phase boundary. 16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the method moreover comprises the following steps:
a) moving the dosing unit along the axis in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, in order to remove the cannula from the vessel; b) ejecting the liquid present in the cannula and in the sampling container into a pouring vessel, preferably followed by rinsing the sampling container and the cannula with a rinsing liquid; c) moving the dosing unit in the first direction until it lies at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with the predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit, on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel, in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly immersed in the liquid by the predefined distance in the first direction; d) interrupting the method when the dosing unit reaches a position along the axis which lies away from the fourth position by a second predetermined distance in the second direction. 17. The dosing device for carrying out a method according to claim 10, comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, the latter having a cannula with a first volume and a tip and also a sampling container connected fluidically to the cannula, and a drive with which the dosing unit can be moved linearly along an axis, and a pump device with which a fluid can be conveyed through the cannula into or out of a vessel, wherein, between the cannula and the sampling container, at least one optical sensor is mounted directly adjoining the cannula, which optical sensor is designed to measure at least one optical parameter of a fluid aspirated through the cannula. 18. The dosing device according to claim 17, wherein the at least one optical sensor is arranged in a sensor housing which, by way of coupling devices, can be connected releasably to the cannula and to the sampling container or to a line leading to the sampling container. 19. The method according to claim 11, wherein the at least one optical sensor measures the refractive index, the turbidity and/or the transmission of light rays of at least one predetermined wavelength in the fluid. 20. The method according to claim 12, wherein before the dosing unit is moved, the vessel is placed in a holder of the dosing device which is arranged in such a way that an upper edge of the vessel comes to lie at a defined basic position relative to the axis, and the volume of liquid located in the vessel is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the second position and of the nature or parameters of the vessel. 21. The method according to claim 11, wherein the dosing unit is moved further along the axis in the first direction at the predetermined speed until the optical sensor again detects a change of the at least one optical parameter, wherein the movement is interrupted and a third position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored, and wherein a fourth position along the axis is calculated on the basis of the third position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow, at which fourth position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a second phase boundary within the liquid. 22. The method according to claim 12, wherein the dosing unit is moved further along the axis in the first direction at the predetermined speed until the optical sensor again detects a change of the at least one optical parameter, wherein the movement is interrupted and a third position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored, and wherein a fourth position along the axis is calculated on the basis of the third position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow, at which fourth position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a second phase boundary within the liquid. 23. The method according to claim 13, wherein the dosing unit is moved further along the axis in the first direction at the predetermined speed until the optical sensor again detects a change of the at least one optical parameter, wherein the movement is interrupted and a third position of the dosing unit on the axis is stored, and wherein a fourth position along the axis is calculated on the basis of the third position, the predetermined speed, the first volume and the predetermined volumetric flow, at which fourth position the tip of the cannula has penetrated a second phase boundary within the liquid. 24. The method according to claim 12, wherein the dosing unit is moved back in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, until it lies along the axis at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position or than the fourth position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with a predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly, by the predefined distance in the first direction, below the first phase boundary or the second phase boundary. 25. The method according to claim 13, wherein the dosing unit is moved back in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, until it lies along the axis at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position or than the fourth position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with a predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly, by the predefined distance in the first direction, below the first phase boundary or the second phase boundary. 26. The method according to claim 14, wherein the dosing unit is moved back in a second direction, which is counter to the first direction, until it lies along the axis at a position which, along the axis, lies a predefined distance further in the first direction than the second position or than the fourth position, wherein the pump device then aspirates fluid with a predetermined volumetric flow through the cannula, and the dosing unit is moved in the first direction at a second speed which is calculated by the control unit on the basis of the predetermined volumetric flow and the nature of the vessel or of the input parameters of the vessel in such a way that the tip of the cannula remains constantly, by the predefined distance in the first direction, below the first phase boundary or the second phase boundary. 27. The dosing device for carrying out a method according to claim 11, comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, the latter having a cannula with a first volume and a tip and also a sampling container connected fluidically to the cannula, and a drive with which the dosing unit can be moved linearly along an axis, and a pump device with which a fluid can be conveyed through the cannula into or out of a vessel, wherein, between the cannula and the sampling container, at least one optical sensor is mounted directly adjoining the cannula, which optical sensor is designed to measure at least one optical parameter of a fluid aspirated through the cannula. 28. The dosing device for carrying out a method according to claim 12, comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, the latter having a cannula with a first volume and a tip and also a sampling container connected fluidically to the cannula, and a drive with which the dosing unit can be moved linearly along an axis, and a pump device with which a fluid can be conveyed through the cannula into or out of a vessel, wherein, between the cannula and the sampling container, at least one optical sensor is mounted directly adjoining the cannula, which optical sensor is designed to measure at least one optical parameter of a fluid aspirated through the cannula. 29. The dosing device for carrying out a method according to claim 13, comprising a control unit and a dosing unit, the latter having a cannula with a first volume and a tip and also a sampling container connected fluidically to the cannula, and a drive with which the dosing unit can be moved linearly along an axis, and a pump device with which a fluid can be conveyed through the cannula into or out of a vessel, wherein, between the cannula and the sampling container, at least one optical sensor is mounted directly adjoining the cannula, which optical sensor is designed to measure at least one optical parameter of a fluid aspirated through the cannula.
| 1,700 |
3,369 | 15,401,508 | 1,761 |
A packaged particulate composition having polyethylene glycol, perfume, a material selected from the group consisting of a polyalkylene polymer, a polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester, a polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether, and combinations thereof, and occlusions of gas. The particulate can be formed by rotoforming.
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1. A packaged composition comprising a plurality of particles (90), wherein said particles comprise:
polyethylene glycol; perfume; and a material selected from the group consisting of: a polyalkylene polymer of formula H—(C2H4O)x—(CH(CH3)CH2O)y—(C2H4O)z—OH wherein x is from about 50 to about 300, y is from about 20 to about 100, and z is from about 10 to about 200; a polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester of formula (C2H4O)q—C(O)O—(CH2)r—CH3 wherein q is from about 20 to about 200 and r is from about 10 to about 30; a polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether of formula HO—(C2H4O)s—(CH2)t)—CH3 wherein s is from about 30 to about 250 and t is from about 10 to about 30; and mixtures thereof; wherein each of said particles has a density from about 0.3 g/cm3 to less than 1 g/cm3; wherein each of said particles has a mass from about 0.1 mg to about 5 g; and wherein each of said particles has a maximum dimension of less than about 10 mm. 2. The packaged composition according to claim 1, wherein said particles comprise occlusions of gas. 3. The packaged composition of claim 2, wherein each of said particles has a volume and said occlusions of gas within said particle comprise from about 0.5% to about 50% by volume of said particle. 4. The packaged composition of claim 2, wherein said particles have a density from about 0.5 g/cm3 to about 0.96 g/cm3. 5. The packaged composition of claim 2, wherein said occlusions have an effective diameter from about 1 micron to about 2000 microns. 6. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 20% to about 99% by weight of said particles of polyethylene glycol. 7. The packaged composition of claim 6, wherein said polyethylene glycol has a weight average molecular weight from about 2000 to about 13000. 8. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 15% to about 40% by weight of said particles of said polyalkylene polymer. 9. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 1% to about 20% by weight of said particles said polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester. 10. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 1% to about 10% by weight of said particles said polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether. 11. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of said particles of perfume. 12. The packaged composition of claim 11, wherein said perfume comprises encapsulated perfume. 13. The packaged composition of claim 11, wherein said perfume comprises unencapsulated perfume. 14. The packaged composition of claim 11, wherein said perfume comprises unencapsulated perfume and encapsulated perfume. 15. The packaged compositions of claim 11, wherein said particles comprise from about 1% to about 40% by weight of said particles of clay. 16. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise: polyalkylene polymer of formula H—(C2H4O)x—(CH(CH3)CH2O)y—(C2H4O)z—OH wherein x is from about 50 to about 300, y is from about 20 to about 100, and z is from about 10 to about 200;
polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester of formula (C2H4O)q—C(O)O—(CH2)r—CH3 wherein q is from about 20 to about 200 and r is from about 10 to about 30; and
polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether of formula HO—(C2H4O)s—(CH2)t)—CH3 wherein s is from about 30 to about 250 and t is from about 10 to about 30. 17. The packaged composition of claim 15, wherein said particles comprise:
from about 20% to about 99% by weight of said particles of polyethylene glycol having weight average molecular weight from about 2000 to about 13000; from about 15% to about 40% by weight of said particles of said polyalkylene polymer; from about 1% to about 20% by weight of said particles said polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester; and from about 1% to about 10% by weight of said particles said polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether. 18. A process for treating laundry with the packaged composition of claim 1 comprising the step of dosing to a laundry washing machine or a laundry wash basin from about 10 g to about 30 g of said packaged composition. 19. A process of making particles comprising the steps of:
providing a molten carrier material comprising polyethylene glycol and a material selected from the group consisting of: a polyalkylene polymer of formula H—(C2H4O)x—(CH(CH3)CH2O)y—(C2H4O)z—OH wherein x is from about 50 to about 300, y is from about 20 to about 100, and z is from about 10 to about 200; a polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester of formula (C2H4O)q—C(O)O—(CH2)r—CH3 wherein q is from about 20 to about 200 and r is from about 10 to about 30; a polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether of formula HO—(C2H4O)s—(CH2)t)—CH3 wherein s is from about 30 to about 250 and t is from about 10 to about 30; and mixtures thereof; adding perfume to said molten carrier material; entraining a gas into said carrier material; and passing said carrier material carrying said perfume and said gas through apertures and depositing said carrier material carrying said perfume and said gas onto a conveyor to form said particles.
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A packaged particulate composition having polyethylene glycol, perfume, a material selected from the group consisting of a polyalkylene polymer, a polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester, a polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether, and combinations thereof, and occlusions of gas. The particulate can be formed by rotoforming.1. A packaged composition comprising a plurality of particles (90), wherein said particles comprise:
polyethylene glycol; perfume; and a material selected from the group consisting of: a polyalkylene polymer of formula H—(C2H4O)x—(CH(CH3)CH2O)y—(C2H4O)z—OH wherein x is from about 50 to about 300, y is from about 20 to about 100, and z is from about 10 to about 200; a polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester of formula (C2H4O)q—C(O)O—(CH2)r—CH3 wherein q is from about 20 to about 200 and r is from about 10 to about 30; a polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether of formula HO—(C2H4O)s—(CH2)t)—CH3 wherein s is from about 30 to about 250 and t is from about 10 to about 30; and mixtures thereof; wherein each of said particles has a density from about 0.3 g/cm3 to less than 1 g/cm3; wherein each of said particles has a mass from about 0.1 mg to about 5 g; and wherein each of said particles has a maximum dimension of less than about 10 mm. 2. The packaged composition according to claim 1, wherein said particles comprise occlusions of gas. 3. The packaged composition of claim 2, wherein each of said particles has a volume and said occlusions of gas within said particle comprise from about 0.5% to about 50% by volume of said particle. 4. The packaged composition of claim 2, wherein said particles have a density from about 0.5 g/cm3 to about 0.96 g/cm3. 5. The packaged composition of claim 2, wherein said occlusions have an effective diameter from about 1 micron to about 2000 microns. 6. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 20% to about 99% by weight of said particles of polyethylene glycol. 7. The packaged composition of claim 6, wherein said polyethylene glycol has a weight average molecular weight from about 2000 to about 13000. 8. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 15% to about 40% by weight of said particles of said polyalkylene polymer. 9. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 1% to about 20% by weight of said particles said polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester. 10. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 1% to about 10% by weight of said particles said polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether. 11. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of said particles of perfume. 12. The packaged composition of claim 11, wherein said perfume comprises encapsulated perfume. 13. The packaged composition of claim 11, wherein said perfume comprises unencapsulated perfume. 14. The packaged composition of claim 11, wherein said perfume comprises unencapsulated perfume and encapsulated perfume. 15. The packaged compositions of claim 11, wherein said particles comprise from about 1% to about 40% by weight of said particles of clay. 16. The packaged composition of claim 1, wherein said particles comprise: polyalkylene polymer of formula H—(C2H4O)x—(CH(CH3)CH2O)y—(C2H4O)z—OH wherein x is from about 50 to about 300, y is from about 20 to about 100, and z is from about 10 to about 200;
polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester of formula (C2H4O)q—C(O)O—(CH2)r—CH3 wherein q is from about 20 to about 200 and r is from about 10 to about 30; and
polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether of formula HO—(C2H4O)s—(CH2)t)—CH3 wherein s is from about 30 to about 250 and t is from about 10 to about 30. 17. The packaged composition of claim 15, wherein said particles comprise:
from about 20% to about 99% by weight of said particles of polyethylene glycol having weight average molecular weight from about 2000 to about 13000; from about 15% to about 40% by weight of said particles of said polyalkylene polymer; from about 1% to about 20% by weight of said particles said polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester; and from about 1% to about 10% by weight of said particles said polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether. 18. A process for treating laundry with the packaged composition of claim 1 comprising the step of dosing to a laundry washing machine or a laundry wash basin from about 10 g to about 30 g of said packaged composition. 19. A process of making particles comprising the steps of:
providing a molten carrier material comprising polyethylene glycol and a material selected from the group consisting of: a polyalkylene polymer of formula H—(C2H4O)x—(CH(CH3)CH2O)y—(C2H4O)z—OH wherein x is from about 50 to about 300, y is from about 20 to about 100, and z is from about 10 to about 200; a polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester of formula (C2H4O)q—C(O)O—(CH2)r—CH3 wherein q is from about 20 to about 200 and r is from about 10 to about 30; a polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ether of formula HO—(C2H4O)s—(CH2)t)—CH3 wherein s is from about 30 to about 250 and t is from about 10 to about 30; and mixtures thereof; adding perfume to said molten carrier material; entraining a gas into said carrier material; and passing said carrier material carrying said perfume and said gas through apertures and depositing said carrier material carrying said perfume and said gas onto a conveyor to form said particles.
| 1,700 |
3,370 | 14,511,367 | 1,742 |
A processing machine that has a lens retaining device for retaining a raw lens in a processing machine has a tool mount for immobilizing the lens retaining device in a processing tool, and a workpiece mount for receiving a raw lens to be processed. The workpiece mount has a curved surface and is connected to the tool mount. An air channel extends from the tool mount to the curved surface of the workpiece mount. Furthermore, the workpiece mount has an adhesion element which at least to some extent forms the curved surface, wherein the adhesion element has adhesive properties on the curved surface. When processing raw lenses with such a retaining device, the raw lens is retained on the retaining device by means of the adhesion element and by generating a vacuum so that the raw lens is retained solely by means of the adhesion element during processing.
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1. Lens retaining device (1) for retaining a raw lens (100) in a processing machine,
with a tool mount (10) for immobilizing the lens retaining device (1) in a processing machine, and with a workpiece mount (20) for receiving a raw lens (100) to be processed, wherein the workpiece mount (20) has a curved surface (21) and is connected to the tool mount (10), and wherein an air channel (22) extends from the tool mount (10) to the curved surface (21) of the workpiece mount (20), characterized in that, the workpiece mount (20) has an adhesion element (23) which at least to some extent forms the curved surface (21), wherein the adhesion element (23) has adhesive properties on the curved surface (21). 2. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesion element (23) is a film or a mat. 3. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesion element (23) is made of an adhesive material. 4. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesive properties of the adhesion elements (23) are caused by van der Waals forces. 5. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesion element (23) is replaceable. 6. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesion element (23) has a material thickness from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. 7. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the curved surface (21) is spherical. 8. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the curved surface (21) is concave. 9. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the workpiece mount (20) has a carrier element (25) which is designed integrally with the tool mount (10) and which carries the adhesion element (23). 10. Method for processing raw lenses (100) with a lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, wherein the following steps are executed:
a) Pressing of a raw lens (100) onto the curved surface (21); b) Immobilization of the raw lens (100) on the lens retaining device (1) during a mechanical processing by means of the adhesive properties of the adhesion element (23), and by generating a vacuum in the air channel (22) and between the curved surface (21) and the raw lens (100); c) Execution of a work step, wherein the raw lens (100) is retained solely by the adhesive properties of the adhesion element (23). 11. Method according to claim 10, characterized by the following step:
d) Removal of the raw lens (100) from the lens retaining device (1) by means of applying vibrations, blows and/or pressurization for overcoming the adhesive bond with the adhesion element (23). 12. Method according to claim 11, characterized by the following steps:
e) Repetition of the steps (a)-(d); f) Replacement of the adhesion element (23), at the earliest, after ten repetitions.
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A processing machine that has a lens retaining device for retaining a raw lens in a processing machine has a tool mount for immobilizing the lens retaining device in a processing tool, and a workpiece mount for receiving a raw lens to be processed. The workpiece mount has a curved surface and is connected to the tool mount. An air channel extends from the tool mount to the curved surface of the workpiece mount. Furthermore, the workpiece mount has an adhesion element which at least to some extent forms the curved surface, wherein the adhesion element has adhesive properties on the curved surface. When processing raw lenses with such a retaining device, the raw lens is retained on the retaining device by means of the adhesion element and by generating a vacuum so that the raw lens is retained solely by means of the adhesion element during processing.1. Lens retaining device (1) for retaining a raw lens (100) in a processing machine,
with a tool mount (10) for immobilizing the lens retaining device (1) in a processing machine, and with a workpiece mount (20) for receiving a raw lens (100) to be processed, wherein the workpiece mount (20) has a curved surface (21) and is connected to the tool mount (10), and wherein an air channel (22) extends from the tool mount (10) to the curved surface (21) of the workpiece mount (20), characterized in that, the workpiece mount (20) has an adhesion element (23) which at least to some extent forms the curved surface (21), wherein the adhesion element (23) has adhesive properties on the curved surface (21). 2. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesion element (23) is a film or a mat. 3. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesion element (23) is made of an adhesive material. 4. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesive properties of the adhesion elements (23) are caused by van der Waals forces. 5. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesion element (23) is replaceable. 6. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the adhesion element (23) has a material thickness from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. 7. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the curved surface (21) is spherical. 8. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the curved surface (21) is concave. 9. Lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the workpiece mount (20) has a carrier element (25) which is designed integrally with the tool mount (10) and which carries the adhesion element (23). 10. Method for processing raw lenses (100) with a lens retaining device (1) according to claim 1, wherein the following steps are executed:
a) Pressing of a raw lens (100) onto the curved surface (21); b) Immobilization of the raw lens (100) on the lens retaining device (1) during a mechanical processing by means of the adhesive properties of the adhesion element (23), and by generating a vacuum in the air channel (22) and between the curved surface (21) and the raw lens (100); c) Execution of a work step, wherein the raw lens (100) is retained solely by the adhesive properties of the adhesion element (23). 11. Method according to claim 10, characterized by the following step:
d) Removal of the raw lens (100) from the lens retaining device (1) by means of applying vibrations, blows and/or pressurization for overcoming the adhesive bond with the adhesion element (23). 12. Method according to claim 11, characterized by the following steps:
e) Repetition of the steps (a)-(d); f) Replacement of the adhesion element (23), at the earliest, after ten repetitions.
| 1,700 |
3,371 | 15,099,715 | 1,746 |
The disclosure provides an improved resin film product is comprised of a partially cured b-staged resin film that has a thickness in the range of 1 mils to about 10 mils and that is disposed between two protective layers, as well as methods for their manufacture and use in the production of layups used to manufacture printed circuit boards.
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1. A method comprising the steps including:
providing a resin film product comprising:
a b-staged resin base layer having a first planar surface and a second planar surface; and a protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer, wherein the base layer has a thickness of about 1 mil to about 10 mils;
heating an exposed innerlayer material surface of a printed circuit board substrate; applying the unprotected second planar surface of the base layer against the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate to form a printed circuit board layup; and cooling the printed circuit board layup. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of removing the protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of adhering a bonding sheet to the first planar surface after applying the unprotected second planar surface of the base layer to the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of fully curing the resin film to a “C” staged condition. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is heated to a temperature ranging from about 40° C. to about 90° C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is heated to a temperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 60° C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the application of the second planar surface of the base layer to the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is performed using pressure. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of filling at least one gap located in the printed circuit board substrate with the base layer, wherein the step of filling at least one gap occurs after applying the uncovered second planar surface of the base layer to the heated innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one gap is substantially filled with the base layer. 10. A method comprising the steps including:
providing a resin film product comprising:
a b-staged resin base layer having a first planar surface and a second planar surface;
a first protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer; and
a second protective layer disposed on the second planar surface of the base layer, wherein the base layer has a thickness of about 1 mil to about 10 mils;
heating an exposed innerlayer material surface of a printed circuit board substrate; removing the second protective layer from the second planar surface of the base layer; applying the second planar surface of the base layer against the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate to form a printed circuit board layup; and cooling the printed circuit board layup. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of removing the first protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer after applying the second planar surface of the base layer against the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of adhering a bonding sheet to the first planar surface after removing the first protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the bonding sheet is a prepreg material. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is heated to a temperature from about 40° C. to about 90° C. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is heated to a temperature from about 50° C. to about 60° C. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the application of the second planar surface of the base layer to the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is performed using pressure. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of filling at least one gap located in the printed circuit board substrate with the base layer, wherein the step of filling at least one gap occurs after applying the uncovered second planar surface of the base layer to the heated innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one gap is substantially filled with the base layer.
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The disclosure provides an improved resin film product is comprised of a partially cured b-staged resin film that has a thickness in the range of 1 mils to about 10 mils and that is disposed between two protective layers, as well as methods for their manufacture and use in the production of layups used to manufacture printed circuit boards.1. A method comprising the steps including:
providing a resin film product comprising:
a b-staged resin base layer having a first planar surface and a second planar surface; and a protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer, wherein the base layer has a thickness of about 1 mil to about 10 mils;
heating an exposed innerlayer material surface of a printed circuit board substrate; applying the unprotected second planar surface of the base layer against the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate to form a printed circuit board layup; and cooling the printed circuit board layup. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of removing the protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of adhering a bonding sheet to the first planar surface after applying the unprotected second planar surface of the base layer to the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of fully curing the resin film to a “C” staged condition. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is heated to a temperature ranging from about 40° C. to about 90° C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is heated to a temperature ranging from about 50° C. to about 60° C. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the application of the second planar surface of the base layer to the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is performed using pressure. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of filling at least one gap located in the printed circuit board substrate with the base layer, wherein the step of filling at least one gap occurs after applying the uncovered second planar surface of the base layer to the heated innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one gap is substantially filled with the base layer. 10. A method comprising the steps including:
providing a resin film product comprising:
a b-staged resin base layer having a first planar surface and a second planar surface;
a first protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer; and
a second protective layer disposed on the second planar surface of the base layer, wherein the base layer has a thickness of about 1 mil to about 10 mils;
heating an exposed innerlayer material surface of a printed circuit board substrate; removing the second protective layer from the second planar surface of the base layer; applying the second planar surface of the base layer against the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate to form a printed circuit board layup; and cooling the printed circuit board layup. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of removing the first protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer after applying the second planar surface of the base layer against the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of adhering a bonding sheet to the first planar surface after removing the first protective layer disposed on the first planar surface of the base layer. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the bonding sheet is a prepreg material. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is heated to a temperature from about 40° C. to about 90° C. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is heated to a temperature from about 50° C. to about 60° C. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the application of the second planar surface of the base layer to the heated exposed innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate is performed using pressure. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of filling at least one gap located in the printed circuit board substrate with the base layer, wherein the step of filling at least one gap occurs after applying the uncovered second planar surface of the base layer to the heated innerlayer material surface of the printed circuit board substrate. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one gap is substantially filled with the base layer.
| 1,700 |
3,372 | 15,846,778 | 1,783 |
A method of manufacturing a sheet of fused silica includes polishing a sheet of fused silica having a thickness of less than 500 μm and a major face surface area of at least 6π square inches. The polishing is performed by removing less than 100 micrometers depth of material of a major surface of the sheet, such as by bonding the sheet to a substrate, polishing a first major side of the sheet, debonding the sheet from the substrate, flipping the sheet, bonding the flipped sheet to the substrate or a new substrate, and polishing a second major side of the sheet. Prior to polishing, the sheet has a peak-to-valley waviness of at least 1 micrometer, but after polishing has peak-to-valley waviness less than 500 nanometers.
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1. A method of manufacturing a sheet of fused silica, comprising steps of:
polishing a sheet of fused silica having a thickness of less than 500 μm by removing less than 100 micrometers depth of material of a major surface of the sheet; wherein, following the above steps, the sheet of fused silica has:
a thickness of less than 300 micrometers,
a major face surface area of at least 6π square inches,
a total thickness variation of less than 10 micrometers excluding edge rolloff,
a peak-to-valley waviness of less than 500 nanometers, and
a root mean square roughness over a square millimeter of major surface of less than 100 nanometers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing step further comprises a step of bonding the sheet to a substrate and then polishing the major surface of the sheet. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the polishing of the major surface of the sheet is performed without simultaneously polishing a second major surface of the sheet. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the polishing step further comprises debonding the sheet from the substrate, flipping the sheet, bonding the flipped sheet to the substrate or a new substrate, and polishing the second major surface of the sheet. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of flattening the sheet of fused silica prior to the polishing step. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the fused silica is amorphous and is at least 99.99 wt % silicon dioxide. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing step is performed by removing less than 50 micrometers depth of material of the major surface of the sheet. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the sheet of fused silica, prior to the polishing step, has peak-to-valley waviness of greater than 3 micrometers. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising steps of depositing silica soot to form a sheet of silica soot and then sintering the sheet of silica soot to form the sheet of fused silica, prior to the polishing step. 10. A method of manufacturing a sheet of fused silica, comprising steps of:
shaping a sheet of fused silica having a thickness of less than 500 micrometers, a major face surface area of at least 6π square inches, and a peak-to-valley waviness of at least 1 micrometer; and polishing the sheet, after the shaping step, by bonding the sheet to a substrate, polishing a first major side of the sheet, debonding the sheet from the substrate, flipping the sheet, bonding the flipped sheet to the substrate or a new substrate, and polishing a second major side of the sheet, wherein, following the above steps, the sheet of fused silica has a total thickness variation of less than 10 micrometers excluding edge rolloff and peak-to-valley waviness of less than 500 nanometers. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the shaping step includes a step of heating the sheet to a temperature below melting temperature of the fused silica. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the shaping step includes a step of applying a load to the sheet to displace at least a portion of the sheet. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the shaping step includes, after the heating step, a step of cooling the sheet under the load such that displacement is at least in part set. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the shaping step is more specifically a flattening step that flattens the sheet such that warp of the sheet is less than 50 micrometers. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein, after the polishing step, the warp is still less than 50 micrometers. 16. A sheet of fused silica comprising a thickness of less than 300 micrometers, a major face surface area of at least 6π square inches, a total thickness variation of less than 10 micrometers excluding edge rolloff, a peak-to-valley waviness of less than 500 nanometers, and a root mean square roughness over a square millimeter of major surface of less than 100 nanometers. 17. The sheet of claim 16, wherein warp of the sheet is less than 50 micrometers. 18. The sheet of claim 16, wherein the fused silica is amorphous and is at least 99.99 wt % silicon dioxide. 19. The sheet of claim 16, wherein peak-to-valley waviness is less than 100 nanometers. 20. The sheet of claim 16, wherein the total thickness variation is less than 5 micrometers. 21. The sheet of claim 16, wherein the major face surface area is at least 8π square inches.
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A method of manufacturing a sheet of fused silica includes polishing a sheet of fused silica having a thickness of less than 500 μm and a major face surface area of at least 6π square inches. The polishing is performed by removing less than 100 micrometers depth of material of a major surface of the sheet, such as by bonding the sheet to a substrate, polishing a first major side of the sheet, debonding the sheet from the substrate, flipping the sheet, bonding the flipped sheet to the substrate or a new substrate, and polishing a second major side of the sheet. Prior to polishing, the sheet has a peak-to-valley waviness of at least 1 micrometer, but after polishing has peak-to-valley waviness less than 500 nanometers.1. A method of manufacturing a sheet of fused silica, comprising steps of:
polishing a sheet of fused silica having a thickness of less than 500 μm by removing less than 100 micrometers depth of material of a major surface of the sheet; wherein, following the above steps, the sheet of fused silica has:
a thickness of less than 300 micrometers,
a major face surface area of at least 6π square inches,
a total thickness variation of less than 10 micrometers excluding edge rolloff,
a peak-to-valley waviness of less than 500 nanometers, and
a root mean square roughness over a square millimeter of major surface of less than 100 nanometers. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing step further comprises a step of bonding the sheet to a substrate and then polishing the major surface of the sheet. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the polishing of the major surface of the sheet is performed without simultaneously polishing a second major surface of the sheet. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the polishing step further comprises debonding the sheet from the substrate, flipping the sheet, bonding the flipped sheet to the substrate or a new substrate, and polishing the second major surface of the sheet. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of flattening the sheet of fused silica prior to the polishing step. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the fused silica is amorphous and is at least 99.99 wt % silicon dioxide. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polishing step is performed by removing less than 50 micrometers depth of material of the major surface of the sheet. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the sheet of fused silica, prior to the polishing step, has peak-to-valley waviness of greater than 3 micrometers. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising steps of depositing silica soot to form a sheet of silica soot and then sintering the sheet of silica soot to form the sheet of fused silica, prior to the polishing step. 10. A method of manufacturing a sheet of fused silica, comprising steps of:
shaping a sheet of fused silica having a thickness of less than 500 micrometers, a major face surface area of at least 6π square inches, and a peak-to-valley waviness of at least 1 micrometer; and polishing the sheet, after the shaping step, by bonding the sheet to a substrate, polishing a first major side of the sheet, debonding the sheet from the substrate, flipping the sheet, bonding the flipped sheet to the substrate or a new substrate, and polishing a second major side of the sheet, wherein, following the above steps, the sheet of fused silica has a total thickness variation of less than 10 micrometers excluding edge rolloff and peak-to-valley waviness of less than 500 nanometers. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the shaping step includes a step of heating the sheet to a temperature below melting temperature of the fused silica. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the shaping step includes a step of applying a load to the sheet to displace at least a portion of the sheet. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the shaping step includes, after the heating step, a step of cooling the sheet under the load such that displacement is at least in part set. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the shaping step is more specifically a flattening step that flattens the sheet such that warp of the sheet is less than 50 micrometers. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein, after the polishing step, the warp is still less than 50 micrometers. 16. A sheet of fused silica comprising a thickness of less than 300 micrometers, a major face surface area of at least 6π square inches, a total thickness variation of less than 10 micrometers excluding edge rolloff, a peak-to-valley waviness of less than 500 nanometers, and a root mean square roughness over a square millimeter of major surface of less than 100 nanometers. 17. The sheet of claim 16, wherein warp of the sheet is less than 50 micrometers. 18. The sheet of claim 16, wherein the fused silica is amorphous and is at least 99.99 wt % silicon dioxide. 19. The sheet of claim 16, wherein peak-to-valley waviness is less than 100 nanometers. 20. The sheet of claim 16, wherein the total thickness variation is less than 5 micrometers. 21. The sheet of claim 16, wherein the major face surface area is at least 8π square inches.
| 1,700 |
3,373 | 13,383,887 | 1,774 |
A hydrocarbon oil is hydrotreated in a process employing at least a first and a second reactor vessel, which process comprises: (i) contacting the hydrocarbon oil in the first reactor vessel at elevated temperature and pressure with a hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas, thereby consuming hydrogen; (ii) separating the effluent of step (i) into partly hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil and contaminated hydrogen containing gas using a stripping column employing used hydrogen-containing gas as stripping gas; (iii) contacting partly hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil obtained in step (ii) in the second reactor vessel at elevated temperature and pressure with a hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of clean hydrogen-containing gas, thereby consuming hydrogen, wherein at least 80% of the hydrogen consumed in steps (i) and (iii) is supplemented by additional clean hydrogen-containing gas fed to the second reactor; (iv) separating the product from step (iii) in the second reactor vessel into a hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil and used hydrogen-containing gas, which hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil can be recovered as product and, (v) transporting at least a portion of used hydrogen-containing gas obtained in step (iv) to step (ii) for use as stripping gas.
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1. A process for hydrotreating a hydrocarbon oil employing at least a first and a second reactor vessel, which process comprises:
(i) contacting the hydrocarbon oil in the first reactor vessel at elevated temperature and pressure with a hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas, thereby consuming hydrogen; (ii) separating the effluent of step (i) into partly hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil and contaminated hydrogen-containing gas using a stripping column employing used hydrogen-containing gas as stripping gas; (iii) contacting partly hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil obtained in step (ii) in the second reactor vessel at elevated temperature and pressure with a hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of clean hydrogen-containing gas, thereby consuming hydrogen, wherein at least 80% of the hydrogen consumed in steps (i) and (iii) is supplemented by additional clean hydrogen-containing gas fed to the second reactor; (iv) separating the product from step (iii) in the second reactor vessel into a hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil and used hydrogen-containing gas, which hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil can be recovered as product and, (v) transporting at least a portion of used hydrogen-containing gas obtained in step (iv) to step (ii) for use as stripping gas. 2. A process according to claim 1, in which the used hydrogen-containing gas has a temperature of at least 200° C. 3. A process according to claim 1, in which the used hydrogen-containing gas has a pressure of at least 10 bar. 4. A process according to claim 1, in which the hydrocarbon oil to be hydrotreated is a gas oil which contains at least 75% by weight of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of from 150 to 400° C. 5. A process according to claim 1, in which the hydrocarbon oil to be hydrotreated is a lubricating oil which contains at least 95% by weight of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of from 320 to 600° C. 6. A process according to claim 1, in which the hydrotreating conditions comprise a temperature ranging from 250 to 480° C., a pressure from 10 to 150 bar, and a weight hourly space velocity of from 0.1 to 10 hr−1. 7. A process according to claim 1, in which the clean hydrogen-containing gas contains less than 0.1% by volume of hydrogen sulphide. 8. A process according to claim 1, in which the effluent from the first reactor is passed to a gas-liquid separator before using the stripping column. 9. A process according to claim 1, in which contaminated hydrogen-containing gas obtained in step (ii) is cleaned and used again in step (iii), and optionally in step (i). 10. A process according to claim 9, in which the contaminated hydrogen-containing gas is cleaned by treating with an amine. 11. A process according to claim 1, in which at least 90% of the hydrogen consumed in steps (i) and (iii) is supplemented by additional clean hydrogen-containing gas fed to the second reactor. 12. A process according to claim 1, in which the used hydrogen-containing gas that is being used as stripping gas in step (ii) has a temperature of from 250 to 480° C. 13. A process according to claim 1, in which the hydrotreating catalyst of step (i) is a hydrodesulphurization catalyst and the hydrotreating catalyst of step (iii) is a hydrodewaxing catalyst. 14. A process according to claim 13, in which the hydrodesulphurization catalyst comprises one or more metals from Group VB, VIB and VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements, on a solid carrier. 15. A process according to claim 14, in which the hydrodesulphurization catalyst comprises one or more of the metals cobalt and nickel, and one or more of the metals molybdenum and tungsten. 16. A process according to claim 13, in which the hydrodewaxing catalyst used in step (iii) comprises as catalytically active metal one or more noble metals from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements on a solid carrier. 17. A process according to claim 16, in which the noble metals are selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium and ruthenium.
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A hydrocarbon oil is hydrotreated in a process employing at least a first and a second reactor vessel, which process comprises: (i) contacting the hydrocarbon oil in the first reactor vessel at elevated temperature and pressure with a hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas, thereby consuming hydrogen; (ii) separating the effluent of step (i) into partly hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil and contaminated hydrogen containing gas using a stripping column employing used hydrogen-containing gas as stripping gas; (iii) contacting partly hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil obtained in step (ii) in the second reactor vessel at elevated temperature and pressure with a hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of clean hydrogen-containing gas, thereby consuming hydrogen, wherein at least 80% of the hydrogen consumed in steps (i) and (iii) is supplemented by additional clean hydrogen-containing gas fed to the second reactor; (iv) separating the product from step (iii) in the second reactor vessel into a hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil and used hydrogen-containing gas, which hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil can be recovered as product and, (v) transporting at least a portion of used hydrogen-containing gas obtained in step (iv) to step (ii) for use as stripping gas.1. A process for hydrotreating a hydrocarbon oil employing at least a first and a second reactor vessel, which process comprises:
(i) contacting the hydrocarbon oil in the first reactor vessel at elevated temperature and pressure with a hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas, thereby consuming hydrogen; (ii) separating the effluent of step (i) into partly hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil and contaminated hydrogen-containing gas using a stripping column employing used hydrogen-containing gas as stripping gas; (iii) contacting partly hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil obtained in step (ii) in the second reactor vessel at elevated temperature and pressure with a hydrotreating catalyst in the presence of clean hydrogen-containing gas, thereby consuming hydrogen, wherein at least 80% of the hydrogen consumed in steps (i) and (iii) is supplemented by additional clean hydrogen-containing gas fed to the second reactor; (iv) separating the product from step (iii) in the second reactor vessel into a hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil and used hydrogen-containing gas, which hydrotreated hydrocarbon oil can be recovered as product and, (v) transporting at least a portion of used hydrogen-containing gas obtained in step (iv) to step (ii) for use as stripping gas. 2. A process according to claim 1, in which the used hydrogen-containing gas has a temperature of at least 200° C. 3. A process according to claim 1, in which the used hydrogen-containing gas has a pressure of at least 10 bar. 4. A process according to claim 1, in which the hydrocarbon oil to be hydrotreated is a gas oil which contains at least 75% by weight of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of from 150 to 400° C. 5. A process according to claim 1, in which the hydrocarbon oil to be hydrotreated is a lubricating oil which contains at least 95% by weight of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of from 320 to 600° C. 6. A process according to claim 1, in which the hydrotreating conditions comprise a temperature ranging from 250 to 480° C., a pressure from 10 to 150 bar, and a weight hourly space velocity of from 0.1 to 10 hr−1. 7. A process according to claim 1, in which the clean hydrogen-containing gas contains less than 0.1% by volume of hydrogen sulphide. 8. A process according to claim 1, in which the effluent from the first reactor is passed to a gas-liquid separator before using the stripping column. 9. A process according to claim 1, in which contaminated hydrogen-containing gas obtained in step (ii) is cleaned and used again in step (iii), and optionally in step (i). 10. A process according to claim 9, in which the contaminated hydrogen-containing gas is cleaned by treating with an amine. 11. A process according to claim 1, in which at least 90% of the hydrogen consumed in steps (i) and (iii) is supplemented by additional clean hydrogen-containing gas fed to the second reactor. 12. A process according to claim 1, in which the used hydrogen-containing gas that is being used as stripping gas in step (ii) has a temperature of from 250 to 480° C. 13. A process according to claim 1, in which the hydrotreating catalyst of step (i) is a hydrodesulphurization catalyst and the hydrotreating catalyst of step (iii) is a hydrodewaxing catalyst. 14. A process according to claim 13, in which the hydrodesulphurization catalyst comprises one or more metals from Group VB, VIB and VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements, on a solid carrier. 15. A process according to claim 14, in which the hydrodesulphurization catalyst comprises one or more of the metals cobalt and nickel, and one or more of the metals molybdenum and tungsten. 16. A process according to claim 13, in which the hydrodewaxing catalyst used in step (iii) comprises as catalytically active metal one or more noble metals from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements on a solid carrier. 17. A process according to claim 16, in which the noble metals are selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, iridium and ruthenium.
| 1,700 |
3,374 | 15,820,472 | 1,711 |
A dishwasher, in particular a domestic dishwasher, including a washing compartment, at least one washing basket disposed in the washing compartment to hold items for washing, and a door configured to close the washing compartment. The door has a planar surface to form an inner face of the door as a whole or a part thereof. When the door is closed, a guide structure including a plurality of individual guide elements projects in a raised manner from the planar surface into an interior of the washing compartment and is disposed so as to guide a drying fluid flowing along the inner face of the door onto the items in the washing compartment, when the dishwasher is in drying mode.
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1. A domestic dishwasher, having a washing compartment, at least one washing basket, which is disposed in the washing compartment and serves to hold items for washing, and a door for closing the washing compartment, wherein when viewed with the door in the closed position at least one guide structure in the form of a number of individual guide elements which are spaced vertically apart from one another projects in a raised manner from a planar surface, which forms an inner face of the door as a whole or a part thereof, into an interior of the washing compartment and is disposed in such a manner that a drying fluid flowing along the inner face of the door is guided onto the items for washing disposed in the washing compartment when the dishwasher is in a drying mode.
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A dishwasher, in particular a domestic dishwasher, including a washing compartment, at least one washing basket disposed in the washing compartment to hold items for washing, and a door configured to close the washing compartment. The door has a planar surface to form an inner face of the door as a whole or a part thereof. When the door is closed, a guide structure including a plurality of individual guide elements projects in a raised manner from the planar surface into an interior of the washing compartment and is disposed so as to guide a drying fluid flowing along the inner face of the door onto the items in the washing compartment, when the dishwasher is in drying mode.1. A domestic dishwasher, having a washing compartment, at least one washing basket, which is disposed in the washing compartment and serves to hold items for washing, and a door for closing the washing compartment, wherein when viewed with the door in the closed position at least one guide structure in the form of a number of individual guide elements which are spaced vertically apart from one another projects in a raised manner from a planar surface, which forms an inner face of the door as a whole or a part thereof, into an interior of the washing compartment and is disposed in such a manner that a drying fluid flowing along the inner face of the door is guided onto the items for washing disposed in the washing compartment when the dishwasher is in a drying mode.
| 1,700 |
3,375 | 13,711,188 | 1,742 |
One embodiment of a molded fuel tank includes a fuel tank molded from a synthetic material, such as a composite polymer. One embodiment may include molding a fuel tank with a previously formed metal or synthetic component positioned within the fuel tank as it is molded. One embodiment may include molding a fuel tank and an integral component simultaneously from synthetic materials. One embodiment of a molded fuel tank may include a fuel tank with a component secured therein, the tank formed by a rotational molding process.
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1. A method of manufacturing a fuel tank, comprising:
providing a mold having an interior surface that corresponds to an exterior shape of a molded fuel tank formed by said mold and that defines an interior of said mold; securing on said interior surface of said mold a fuel tank component structure; loading a synthetic material into said interior of said mold; heating said mold until said synthetic material is melted; rotating said mold until said synthetic material is adhered to said interior surface; allowing said melted material to cool so as to form a molded fuel tank; and removing said molded fuel tank from said mold, wherein said molded fuel tank includes a fuel tank component formed integral within a wall of said molded fuel tank. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component, wherein said component extends inwardly into an interior of said molded fuel tank. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component, wherein said component extends outwardly from an exterior surface of said molded fuel tank. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component, wherein said component is chosen from the group consisting of: a flange, a fuel fill neck, a fuel level sender port, a vent port, a drain port, a fuel supply and return tube assembly, a mounting bracket, a threaded port, a fuel supply tube, a fuel draw tube, and a fuel supply and return tube assembly flange. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component wherein said component is manufactured of one of a synthetic material and a metallic material. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said heating and rotating steps are conducted simultaneously. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said molded fuel tank includes an absence of seams. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component, and wherein said component is a previously manufactured fuel tank component that is secured within said mold prior to formation of said molded fuel tank. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines a fuel tank component mold that forms said fuel tank component simultaneously with formation of said molded fuel tank. 10. A method of manufacturing a fuel tank, comprising:
providing a mold having an interior surface that corresponds to an exterior shape of a molded fuel tank formed by said mold and that defines an interior of said mold; loading a synthetic material into said interior of said mold; heating said mold until said synthetic material is melted; rotating said mold until said synthetic material is adhered to said interior surface; allowing said melted material to cool so as to form a molded fuel tank; removing said molded fuel tank from said mold; after removing said molded fuel tank from said mold, securing on said molded fuel tank a fuel tank component. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said fuel tank component extends inwardly into an interior of said molded fuel tank. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said fuel tank component extends outwardly from an exterior surface of said molded fuel tank. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein said fuel tank component is chosen from the group consisting of: a flange, a fuel fill neck, a fuel level sender port, a vent port, a drain port, a fuel supply and return tube assembly, a mounting bracket, a threaded port, a fuel supply tube, a fuel draw tube, and a fuel supply and return tube assembly flange. 14. The method of claim 10 wherein said fuel tank component is manufactured of one of a synthetic material and a metallic material. 15. The method of claim 10 wherein said heating and rotating steps are conducted simultaneously. 16. The method of claim 10 wherein said molded fuel tank includes an absence of seams. 17. A molded fuel tank, comprising:
a fuel tank body including a tank wall formed of a synthetic material, said tank wall defining an exterior surface of said fuel tank body, and said tank wall defining an interior surface of said fuel tank body that encloses an interior of said fuel tank body; and a fuel tank component secured to said tank wall, said fuel tank component allowing communication between an exterior and said interior of said fuel tank body. 18. The molded fuel tank of claim 17 wherein said fuel tank component is chosen from the group consisting of: a flange, a fuel fill neck, a fuel level sender port, a vent port, a drain port, a fuel supply and return tube assembly, a mounting bracket, a threaded port, a fuel supply tube, a fuel draw tube, and a fuel supply and return tube assembly flange. 19. The molded fuel tank of claim 17 wherein said fuel tank component is manufactured of one of a synthetic material and a metallic material, said synthetic material being chosen from the group consisting of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), PVC plastisols, nylons, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acetal, acrylic, epoxy, fluorocarbons, ionomer, polybutylene, polyester, polystyrene, polyurethane, silicone, and mixtures thereof. 20. The molded fuel tank of claim 17 wherein said molded fuel tank body includes an absence of seams.
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One embodiment of a molded fuel tank includes a fuel tank molded from a synthetic material, such as a composite polymer. One embodiment may include molding a fuel tank with a previously formed metal or synthetic component positioned within the fuel tank as it is molded. One embodiment may include molding a fuel tank and an integral component simultaneously from synthetic materials. One embodiment of a molded fuel tank may include a fuel tank with a component secured therein, the tank formed by a rotational molding process.1. A method of manufacturing a fuel tank, comprising:
providing a mold having an interior surface that corresponds to an exterior shape of a molded fuel tank formed by said mold and that defines an interior of said mold; securing on said interior surface of said mold a fuel tank component structure; loading a synthetic material into said interior of said mold; heating said mold until said synthetic material is melted; rotating said mold until said synthetic material is adhered to said interior surface; allowing said melted material to cool so as to form a molded fuel tank; and removing said molded fuel tank from said mold, wherein said molded fuel tank includes a fuel tank component formed integral within a wall of said molded fuel tank. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component, wherein said component extends inwardly into an interior of said molded fuel tank. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component, wherein said component extends outwardly from an exterior surface of said molded fuel tank. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component, wherein said component is chosen from the group consisting of: a flange, a fuel fill neck, a fuel level sender port, a vent port, a drain port, a fuel supply and return tube assembly, a mounting bracket, a threaded port, a fuel supply tube, a fuel draw tube, and a fuel supply and return tube assembly flange. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component wherein said component is manufactured of one of a synthetic material and a metallic material. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said heating and rotating steps are conducted simultaneously. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said molded fuel tank includes an absence of seams. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines said fuel tank component, and wherein said component is a previously manufactured fuel tank component that is secured within said mold prior to formation of said molded fuel tank. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said fuel tank component structure defines a fuel tank component mold that forms said fuel tank component simultaneously with formation of said molded fuel tank. 10. A method of manufacturing a fuel tank, comprising:
providing a mold having an interior surface that corresponds to an exterior shape of a molded fuel tank formed by said mold and that defines an interior of said mold; loading a synthetic material into said interior of said mold; heating said mold until said synthetic material is melted; rotating said mold until said synthetic material is adhered to said interior surface; allowing said melted material to cool so as to form a molded fuel tank; removing said molded fuel tank from said mold; after removing said molded fuel tank from said mold, securing on said molded fuel tank a fuel tank component. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said fuel tank component extends inwardly into an interior of said molded fuel tank. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said fuel tank component extends outwardly from an exterior surface of said molded fuel tank. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein said fuel tank component is chosen from the group consisting of: a flange, a fuel fill neck, a fuel level sender port, a vent port, a drain port, a fuel supply and return tube assembly, a mounting bracket, a threaded port, a fuel supply tube, a fuel draw tube, and a fuel supply and return tube assembly flange. 14. The method of claim 10 wherein said fuel tank component is manufactured of one of a synthetic material and a metallic material. 15. The method of claim 10 wherein said heating and rotating steps are conducted simultaneously. 16. The method of claim 10 wherein said molded fuel tank includes an absence of seams. 17. A molded fuel tank, comprising:
a fuel tank body including a tank wall formed of a synthetic material, said tank wall defining an exterior surface of said fuel tank body, and said tank wall defining an interior surface of said fuel tank body that encloses an interior of said fuel tank body; and a fuel tank component secured to said tank wall, said fuel tank component allowing communication between an exterior and said interior of said fuel tank body. 18. The molded fuel tank of claim 17 wherein said fuel tank component is chosen from the group consisting of: a flange, a fuel fill neck, a fuel level sender port, a vent port, a drain port, a fuel supply and return tube assembly, a mounting bracket, a threaded port, a fuel supply tube, a fuel draw tube, and a fuel supply and return tube assembly flange. 19. The molded fuel tank of claim 17 wherein said fuel tank component is manufactured of one of a synthetic material and a metallic material, said synthetic material being chosen from the group consisting of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), PVC plastisols, nylons, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acetal, acrylic, epoxy, fluorocarbons, ionomer, polybutylene, polyester, polystyrene, polyurethane, silicone, and mixtures thereof. 20. The molded fuel tank of claim 17 wherein said molded fuel tank body includes an absence of seams.
| 1,700 |
3,376 | 15,268,294 | 1,774 |
A method and system for system for rapidly determining the predicted strength of concrete prior to pouring the concrete is disclosed herein. The system and process provides for a database storing concrete family characteristics that may be updated as actual strength of poured concrete is determined. The process also allows construction workers to pour concrete with a keener knowledge of the resulting concrete strength.
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1-14. (canceled) 15. A system for mixing a concrete batch to have a predetermined compressive strength, the system comprising:
a processor comprising
a transceiver to receive or transmit signals,
a database comprising laboratory information and field information,
and an algorithm for calculating a W/C ratio and comparing the calculated ratio against information in the database;
a concrete truck comprising
a truck water input system,
and a transceiver to receive or transmit signals to the processor; and
a concrete manufacturing plant comprising
a plant water input system,
a plant cement input system,
and a transceiver to receive or transmit signals to the processor.
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A method and system for system for rapidly determining the predicted strength of concrete prior to pouring the concrete is disclosed herein. The system and process provides for a database storing concrete family characteristics that may be updated as actual strength of poured concrete is determined. The process also allows construction workers to pour concrete with a keener knowledge of the resulting concrete strength.1-14. (canceled) 15. A system for mixing a concrete batch to have a predetermined compressive strength, the system comprising:
a processor comprising
a transceiver to receive or transmit signals,
a database comprising laboratory information and field information,
and an algorithm for calculating a W/C ratio and comparing the calculated ratio against information in the database;
a concrete truck comprising
a truck water input system,
and a transceiver to receive or transmit signals to the processor; and
a concrete manufacturing plant comprising
a plant water input system,
a plant cement input system,
and a transceiver to receive or transmit signals to the processor.
| 1,700 |
3,377 | 13,765,365 | 1,784 |
Disclosed is an austenitic stainless steel alloy that includes, by weight, about 16% to about 21% chromium, about 4.5% to about 5.5% nickel, about 2% to about 5% manganese, about 1% to about 2% silicon, about 0.8% to about 1.2% tungsten, about 0.4% to about 0.8% molybdenum, about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium, about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon, and a balance of iron. The alloy is suitable for use in turbocharger turbine housing applications for temperature up to about 1020° C.
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1. An austenitic stainless steel alloy, comprising, by weight:
about 16% to about 21% chromium; about 4.5% to about 5.5% nickel; about 2% to about 5% manganese; about 1% to about 2% silicon; about 0.8% to about 1.2% tungsten; about 0.4% to about 0.8% molybdenum; about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium; about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon; and a balance of iron. 2. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 18% to about 19% chromium. 3. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 4.7% to about 5.3% nickel. 4. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 3% to about 4% manganese. 5. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 1.3% to about 1.7% silicon. 6. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 0.9% to about 1.1% tungsten. 7. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 0.5% to about 0.7% molybdenum. 8. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 0.45% to about 0.55% niobium. 9. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 0.43% to about 0.47% carbon. 10. An turbocharger turbine housing comprising:
an austenitic stainless steel alloy, wherein the austenitic stainless steel alloy comprises, by weight: about 16% to about 21% chromium; about 4.5% to about 5.5% nickel; about 2% to about 5% manganese; about 1% to about 2% silicon; about 0.8% to about 1.2% tungsten; about 0.4% to about 0.8% molybdenum; about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium; about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon; and a balance of iron. 11. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 18% to about 19% chromium. 12. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 4.7% to about 5.3% nickel. 13. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 3% to about 4% manganese. 14. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 1.3% to about 1.7% silicon. 15. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 0.9% to about 1.1% tungsten. 16. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 0.5% to about 0.7% molybdenum. 17. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 0.45% to about 0.55% niobium. 18. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 0.43% to about 0.47% carbon. 19. A turbocharger comprising the turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 that operates at a temperature of up to about 1020° C. 20. A method of fabricating a turbocharger turbine housing, the method comprising the step of:
forming the turbocharger turbine housing from an austenitic stainless steel alloy, wherein the austenitic stainless steel alloy comprises, by weight: about 16% to about 21% chromium; about 4.5% to about 5.5% nickel; about 2% to about 5% manganese; about 1% to about 2% silicon; about 0.8% to about 1.2% tungsten; about 0.4% to about 0.8% molybdenum; about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium; about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon; and a balance of iron.
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Disclosed is an austenitic stainless steel alloy that includes, by weight, about 16% to about 21% chromium, about 4.5% to about 5.5% nickel, about 2% to about 5% manganese, about 1% to about 2% silicon, about 0.8% to about 1.2% tungsten, about 0.4% to about 0.8% molybdenum, about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium, about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon, and a balance of iron. The alloy is suitable for use in turbocharger turbine housing applications for temperature up to about 1020° C.1. An austenitic stainless steel alloy, comprising, by weight:
about 16% to about 21% chromium; about 4.5% to about 5.5% nickel; about 2% to about 5% manganese; about 1% to about 2% silicon; about 0.8% to about 1.2% tungsten; about 0.4% to about 0.8% molybdenum; about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium; about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon; and a balance of iron. 2. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 18% to about 19% chromium. 3. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 4.7% to about 5.3% nickel. 4. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 3% to about 4% manganese. 5. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 1.3% to about 1.7% silicon. 6. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 0.9% to about 1.1% tungsten. 7. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 0.5% to about 0.7% molybdenum. 8. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 0.45% to about 0.55% niobium. 9. The austenitic stainless steel alloy of claim 1 comprising about 0.43% to about 0.47% carbon. 10. An turbocharger turbine housing comprising:
an austenitic stainless steel alloy, wherein the austenitic stainless steel alloy comprises, by weight: about 16% to about 21% chromium; about 4.5% to about 5.5% nickel; about 2% to about 5% manganese; about 1% to about 2% silicon; about 0.8% to about 1.2% tungsten; about 0.4% to about 0.8% molybdenum; about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium; about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon; and a balance of iron. 11. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 18% to about 19% chromium. 12. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 4.7% to about 5.3% nickel. 13. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 3% to about 4% manganese. 14. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 1.3% to about 1.7% silicon. 15. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 0.9% to about 1.1% tungsten. 16. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 0.5% to about 0.7% molybdenum. 17. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 0.45% to about 0.55% niobium. 18. The turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 comprising about 0.43% to about 0.47% carbon. 19. A turbocharger comprising the turbocharger turbine housing of claim 10 that operates at a temperature of up to about 1020° C. 20. A method of fabricating a turbocharger turbine housing, the method comprising the step of:
forming the turbocharger turbine housing from an austenitic stainless steel alloy, wherein the austenitic stainless steel alloy comprises, by weight: about 16% to about 21% chromium; about 4.5% to about 5.5% nickel; about 2% to about 5% manganese; about 1% to about 2% silicon; about 0.8% to about 1.2% tungsten; about 0.4% to about 0.8% molybdenum; about 0.4% to about 0.6% niobium; about 0.4% to about 0.5% carbon; and a balance of iron.
| 1,700 |
3,378 | 14,867,535 | 1,796 |
An organometallic complex emitting light with high color purity. The organometallic complex is represented by General Formula (G1). In General Formula (G1), L represents a monoanionic ligand; R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms; each of R 2 to R 5 independently represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; the organometallic complex is monosubstituted, disubstituted, trisubstituted, tetrasubstituted, or unsubstituted by the R 5 ; X represents O, S, or Se; and M represents a metal belonging to Group 9 or 10. When M represents a metal belonging to Group 9, in is 3 and n is 1, 2, or 3. When M represents a metal belonging to Group 10, m is 2 and n is 1 or 2.
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1. An organometallic complex comprising:
a metal belonging to Group 9 or 10; and a ligand, wherein the ligand comprises a benzofuro[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton or a benzothieno[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton, and a pyrimidine ring, wherein carbon at the 2-position of the benzofuro[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton or the benzothieno[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton is bonded to the metal, wherein nitrogen at the 3-position of the pyrimidine ring is bonded to the metal, wherein carbon at the 3-position of the benzofuro[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton or the benzothieno[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton is bonded to carbon at the 4-position of the pyrimidine ring, and wherein carbon at the 6-position of the pyrimidine ring is bonded to an alkyl group or an aryl group. 2. The organometallic complex according to claim 1, wherein the alkyl group is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms. 3. The organometallic complex according to claim 1, wherein the alkyl group has a branched carbon chain. 4. The organometallic complex according to claim 1, wherein the metal is iridium. 5. The organometallic complex according to claim 1, further comprising a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a beta-diketone structure, a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a carboxyl group, a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a phenolic hydroxyl group, or a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand in which two ligand elements are both nitrogen. 6. A light-emitting element comprising the organometallic complex according to claim 1 in an EL layer. 7. The light-emitting element according to claim 6, wherein the EL layer is configured to emit phosphorescence. 8. A display device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 6; and a driver. 9. A lighting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 6; and an operation switch. 10. A light-emitting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 6; and an operation switch. 11. An electronic device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 6; and a power supply switch. 12. An organometallic complex represented by General Formula (G1):
wherein:
L represents a monoanionic ligand;
R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms;
each of R2 to R5 independently represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group;
the organometallic complex is monosubstituted, disubstituted, trisubstituted, tetrasubstituted, or unsubstituted by the R5;
X represents O, S, or Se;
M represents a metal belonging to Group 9 or 10;
when M represents a metal belonging to Group 9, in is 3 and n is any one of 1 to 3; and
when M represents a metal belonging to Group 10, in is 2 and n is 1 or 2. 13. The organometallic complex according to claim 12, wherein the R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms. 14. The organometallic complex according to claim 12, wherein the R1 represents an alkyl group having a branched carbon chain. 15. The organometallic complex according to claim 12, wherein the L represents a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a beta-diketone structure, a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a carboxyl group, a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a phenolic hydroxyl group, or a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand in which two ligand elements are both nitrogen. 16. The organometallic complex according to claim 12, wherein the L is represented by any one of General Formulae (L1) to (L7):
wherein:
each of R71 to R109 independently represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a halogen group, a vinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
each of A1 to A3 independently represents nitrogen, sp2 carbon bonded to hydrogen, or sp2 carbon bonded to a substituent R; and
the substituent R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a halogen group, a haloalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group. 17. A light-emitting element comprising the organometallic complex according to claim 12 in an EL layer. 18. The light-emitting element according to claim 17, wherein the EL layer is configured to emit phosphorescence. 19. A display device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 17; and a driver. 20. A lighting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 17; and an operation switch. 21. A light-emitting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 17; and an operation switch. 22. An electronic device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 17; and a power supply switch. 23. An organometallic complex represented by General Formula (G2):
wherein:
L represents a monoanionic ligand;
R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms;
each of R2 to R7 independently represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group;
the organometallic complex is monosubstituted, disubstituted, trisubstituted, tetrasubstituted, or unsubstituted by the R5;
X represents O, S, or Se; and
n is any one of 1 to 3. 24. The organometallic complex according to claim 23, wherein the organometallic complex is represented by Structural Formula (100): 25. The organometallic complex according to claim 23, wherein the organometallic complex is represented by Structural Formula (110): 26. A light-emitting element comprising the organometallic complex according to claim 23 in an EL layer. 27. The light-emitting element according to claim 26, wherein the EL layer is configured to emit phosphorescence. 28. A display device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 26; and a driver. 29. A lighting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 26; and an operation switch. 30. A light-emitting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 26; and an operation switch. 31. An electronic device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 26; and a power supply switch.
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An organometallic complex emitting light with high color purity. The organometallic complex is represented by General Formula (G1). In General Formula (G1), L represents a monoanionic ligand; R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms; each of R 2 to R 5 independently represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; the organometallic complex is monosubstituted, disubstituted, trisubstituted, tetrasubstituted, or unsubstituted by the R 5 ; X represents O, S, or Se; and M represents a metal belonging to Group 9 or 10. When M represents a metal belonging to Group 9, in is 3 and n is 1, 2, or 3. When M represents a metal belonging to Group 10, m is 2 and n is 1 or 2.1. An organometallic complex comprising:
a metal belonging to Group 9 or 10; and a ligand, wherein the ligand comprises a benzofuro[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton or a benzothieno[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton, and a pyrimidine ring, wherein carbon at the 2-position of the benzofuro[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton or the benzothieno[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton is bonded to the metal, wherein nitrogen at the 3-position of the pyrimidine ring is bonded to the metal, wherein carbon at the 3-position of the benzofuro[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton or the benzothieno[2,3-b]pyridine skeleton is bonded to carbon at the 4-position of the pyrimidine ring, and wherein carbon at the 6-position of the pyrimidine ring is bonded to an alkyl group or an aryl group. 2. The organometallic complex according to claim 1, wherein the alkyl group is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms. 3. The organometallic complex according to claim 1, wherein the alkyl group has a branched carbon chain. 4. The organometallic complex according to claim 1, wherein the metal is iridium. 5. The organometallic complex according to claim 1, further comprising a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a beta-diketone structure, a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a carboxyl group, a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a phenolic hydroxyl group, or a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand in which two ligand elements are both nitrogen. 6. A light-emitting element comprising the organometallic complex according to claim 1 in an EL layer. 7. The light-emitting element according to claim 6, wherein the EL layer is configured to emit phosphorescence. 8. A display device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 6; and a driver. 9. A lighting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 6; and an operation switch. 10. A light-emitting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 6; and an operation switch. 11. An electronic device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 6; and a power supply switch. 12. An organometallic complex represented by General Formula (G1):
wherein:
L represents a monoanionic ligand;
R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms;
each of R2 to R5 independently represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group;
the organometallic complex is monosubstituted, disubstituted, trisubstituted, tetrasubstituted, or unsubstituted by the R5;
X represents O, S, or Se;
M represents a metal belonging to Group 9 or 10;
when M represents a metal belonging to Group 9, in is 3 and n is any one of 1 to 3; and
when M represents a metal belonging to Group 10, in is 2 and n is 1 or 2. 13. The organometallic complex according to claim 12, wherein the R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms. 14. The organometallic complex according to claim 12, wherein the R1 represents an alkyl group having a branched carbon chain. 15. The organometallic complex according to claim 12, wherein the L represents a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a beta-diketone structure, a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a carboxyl group, a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand having a phenolic hydroxyl group, or a monoanionic bidentate chelate ligand in which two ligand elements are both nitrogen. 16. The organometallic complex according to claim 12, wherein the L is represented by any one of General Formulae (L1) to (L7):
wherein:
each of R71 to R109 independently represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a halogen group, a vinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
each of A1 to A3 independently represents nitrogen, sp2 carbon bonded to hydrogen, or sp2 carbon bonded to a substituent R; and
the substituent R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a halogen group, a haloalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group. 17. A light-emitting element comprising the organometallic complex according to claim 12 in an EL layer. 18. The light-emitting element according to claim 17, wherein the EL layer is configured to emit phosphorescence. 19. A display device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 17; and a driver. 20. A lighting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 17; and an operation switch. 21. A light-emitting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 17; and an operation switch. 22. An electronic device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 17; and a power supply switch. 23. An organometallic complex represented by General Formula (G2):
wherein:
L represents a monoanionic ligand;
R1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 13 carbon atoms;
each of R2 to R7 independently represents hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group;
the organometallic complex is monosubstituted, disubstituted, trisubstituted, tetrasubstituted, or unsubstituted by the R5;
X represents O, S, or Se; and
n is any one of 1 to 3. 24. The organometallic complex according to claim 23, wherein the organometallic complex is represented by Structural Formula (100): 25. The organometallic complex according to claim 23, wherein the organometallic complex is represented by Structural Formula (110): 26. A light-emitting element comprising the organometallic complex according to claim 23 in an EL layer. 27. The light-emitting element according to claim 26, wherein the EL layer is configured to emit phosphorescence. 28. A display device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 26; and a driver. 29. A lighting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 26; and an operation switch. 30. A light-emitting device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 26; and an operation switch. 31. An electronic device comprising:
the light-emitting element according to claim 26; and a power supply switch.
| 1,700 |
3,379 | 12,921,223 | 1,791 |
The present invention provides a method of effectively modifying starch so as to have an inhibitory effect on swelling and disintegration equivalent to that of chemically-linked starch, without using chemicals or a large amount of water.
The method of modifying starch includes subjecting a powdery mixture containing starch and water-soluble hemicellulose at a ratio of 99.5:0.5 to 80:20 (weight ratio) to moist-heat treatment at 100 to 200° C.
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1. A method of modifying starch, comprising subjecting a powdery mixture containing starch and water-soluble hemicellulose at a ratio of 99.5:0.5 to 80:20 (weight ratio) to moist-heat treatment at 100 to 200° C. 2. The modification method according to claim 1, wherein the moist-heat treatment is a treatment to heat the powdery mixture of starch and water-soluble hemicellulose in a closed container at a relative humidity of 100% for 5 to 300 minutes. 3. The modification method according to claim 1, wherein the moist-heat treatment is a treatment to heat the powdery mixture of starch and water-soluble hemicellulose in an open container at a moisture content of 50 g/L to 1 kg/L for 5 to 60 minutes. 4. The modification method according to claim 1, wherein the starch is at least one member selected from the group consisting of potato starch, waxy potato starch, tapioca starch, glutinous rice starch, and waxy corn starch. 5. The modification method according to claim 1, wherein the starch is at least one member selected from the group consisting of tapioca starch, glutinous rice starch, and waxy corn starch; and the powdery mixture further contains an alkaline compound in addition to the starch and water-soluble hemicellulose. 6. A method of producing a starch-blended preparation, comprising the steps of:
(1) mixing starch with water-soluble hemicellulose in powder form at a ratio of starch to water-soluble hemicellulose of 99.5:0.5 to 80:20 (weight ratio); and (2) subjecting the powdery mixture to moist-heat treatment at 100 to 200° C. 7. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the moist-heat treatment is a treatment to heat the powdery mixture of starch and water-soluble hemicellulose in a closed container at a relative humidity of 100% for 5 to 300 minutes. 8. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the moist-heat treatment is a treatment to heat the powdery mixture of starch and water-soluble hemicellulose in an open container at a moisture content of 50 g/L to 1 kg/L for 5 to 60 minutes. 9. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the starch is at least one member selected from the group consisting of potato starch, waxy potato starch, tapioca starch, and waxy corn starch. 10. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the starch is at least one member selected from the group consisting of tapioca starch, glutinous rice starch, and waxy corn starch; and the powdery mixture further contains an alkaline compound in addition to the starch and water-soluble hemicellulose. 11. A starch-blended preparation produced by the method according to claim 6. 12. A food product produced using the starch-blended preparation according to claim 11 as an ingredient.
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The present invention provides a method of effectively modifying starch so as to have an inhibitory effect on swelling and disintegration equivalent to that of chemically-linked starch, without using chemicals or a large amount of water.
The method of modifying starch includes subjecting a powdery mixture containing starch and water-soluble hemicellulose at a ratio of 99.5:0.5 to 80:20 (weight ratio) to moist-heat treatment at 100 to 200° C.1. A method of modifying starch, comprising subjecting a powdery mixture containing starch and water-soluble hemicellulose at a ratio of 99.5:0.5 to 80:20 (weight ratio) to moist-heat treatment at 100 to 200° C. 2. The modification method according to claim 1, wherein the moist-heat treatment is a treatment to heat the powdery mixture of starch and water-soluble hemicellulose in a closed container at a relative humidity of 100% for 5 to 300 minutes. 3. The modification method according to claim 1, wherein the moist-heat treatment is a treatment to heat the powdery mixture of starch and water-soluble hemicellulose in an open container at a moisture content of 50 g/L to 1 kg/L for 5 to 60 minutes. 4. The modification method according to claim 1, wherein the starch is at least one member selected from the group consisting of potato starch, waxy potato starch, tapioca starch, glutinous rice starch, and waxy corn starch. 5. The modification method according to claim 1, wherein the starch is at least one member selected from the group consisting of tapioca starch, glutinous rice starch, and waxy corn starch; and the powdery mixture further contains an alkaline compound in addition to the starch and water-soluble hemicellulose. 6. A method of producing a starch-blended preparation, comprising the steps of:
(1) mixing starch with water-soluble hemicellulose in powder form at a ratio of starch to water-soluble hemicellulose of 99.5:0.5 to 80:20 (weight ratio); and (2) subjecting the powdery mixture to moist-heat treatment at 100 to 200° C. 7. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the moist-heat treatment is a treatment to heat the powdery mixture of starch and water-soluble hemicellulose in a closed container at a relative humidity of 100% for 5 to 300 minutes. 8. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the moist-heat treatment is a treatment to heat the powdery mixture of starch and water-soluble hemicellulose in an open container at a moisture content of 50 g/L to 1 kg/L for 5 to 60 minutes. 9. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the starch is at least one member selected from the group consisting of potato starch, waxy potato starch, tapioca starch, and waxy corn starch. 10. The production method according to claim 6, wherein the starch is at least one member selected from the group consisting of tapioca starch, glutinous rice starch, and waxy corn starch; and the powdery mixture further contains an alkaline compound in addition to the starch and water-soluble hemicellulose. 11. A starch-blended preparation produced by the method according to claim 6. 12. A food product produced using the starch-blended preparation according to claim 11 as an ingredient.
| 1,700 |
3,380 | 15,404,775 | 1,712 |
Block copolymers for use in block copolymer lithography, self-assembled films of the block copolymers and methods for polymerizing the block copolymers are provided. The block copolymers are characterized by high Flory-Huggins interaction parameters (χ). The block copolymers can be polymerized from protected hydroxystyrene monomers or from tert-butyl styrene and 2-vinylpyridine monomers.
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1. A method of transferring a pattern into a substrate using a PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer, the method comprising:
depositing the PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer over the substrate and subjecting the PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer to conditions that induce it to self-assemble into a plurality of domains; selectively removing some of the domains, such that the self-assembled PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer layer defines a pattern over the substrate; and transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains includes domains having at least one dimension that is no greater than 100 nm. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains includes domains having at least one dimension that is no greater than 20 nm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains includes domains having at least one dimension that is no greater than 10 nm. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains comprises cylinders. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cylinders have diameters of no greater than 100 nm. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the cylinders are oriented perpendicular with respect to a surface of the substrate. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the cylinders are oriented parallel with respect to a surface of the substrate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains comprises lamellae oriented perpendicular with respect to a surface of the substrate. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the lamellae have a thickness of no greater than 100 nm. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the volume fraction of P2VP in the block copolymer is in the range from 0.19 to 0.69. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate comprises selectively chemically modifying exposed regions of the substrate surface. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate comprises selectively removing exposed regions of the substrate surface. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate comprises selectively coating exposed regions of the substrate surface. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein selectively removing some of the domains, such that the self-assembled PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer layer defines a pattern over the substrate comprises seeding the P2VP blocks of the block copolymer with a metal and then etching the P2VP. 16. A method of making a block copolymer via living anionic polymerization, the method comprising:
polymerizing acetal group-protected hydroxystyrene monomers via anionic polymerization, whereby living anions comprising the polymerized protected hydroxystyrene monomers are formed; polymerizing a second monomer at the chains ends of the living anions via living anionic polymerization; and deprotecting the acetal group-protected hydroxystyrene groups to form the block copolymer comprising a first polymer block comprising polymerized hydroxystyrene and a second polymer block comprising polymerized second monomer, wherein the block copolymer has a Flory-Huggins interaction parameter of at least 0.15. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the acetal group has the formula:
—O—(CHR1)—O—R2
where R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein R1 and R2 are joined together by a hydrocarbon chain to provide a 5-member or 6-member heterocyclic ring structure. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the acetal group is an alkoxyalkoxy group. 20. A method of transferring a pattern into a substrate using a block copolymer comprising a first polymer block comprising polymerized hydroxystyrene and a second polymer block, the block copolymer having a Flory-Huggins interaction parameter of at least 0.15, wherein the polymer of the second polymer block is characterized in that it will degrade in a hydrochloric acid solution having a hydrochloric acid concentration that is sufficiently high to deprotect poly(4-tert-butoxystyrene) and convert it into poly(4-hydroxystyrene), the method comprising:
depositing the block copolymer over the substrate and subjecting the block copolymer to conditions that induce the block copolymer to self-assemble into a plurality of domains; selectively removing some of the domains, such that the self-assembled block copolymer layer defines a pattern over the substrate; and transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate.
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Block copolymers for use in block copolymer lithography, self-assembled films of the block copolymers and methods for polymerizing the block copolymers are provided. The block copolymers are characterized by high Flory-Huggins interaction parameters (χ). The block copolymers can be polymerized from protected hydroxystyrene monomers or from tert-butyl styrene and 2-vinylpyridine monomers.1. A method of transferring a pattern into a substrate using a PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer, the method comprising:
depositing the PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer over the substrate and subjecting the PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer to conditions that induce it to self-assemble into a plurality of domains; selectively removing some of the domains, such that the self-assembled PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer layer defines a pattern over the substrate; and transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains includes domains having at least one dimension that is no greater than 100 nm. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains includes domains having at least one dimension that is no greater than 20 nm. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains includes domains having at least one dimension that is no greater than 10 nm. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains comprises cylinders. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cylinders have diameters of no greater than 100 nm. 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the cylinders are oriented perpendicular with respect to a surface of the substrate. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the cylinders are oriented parallel with respect to a surface of the substrate. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of domains comprises lamellae oriented perpendicular with respect to a surface of the substrate. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the lamellae have a thickness of no greater than 100 nm. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the volume fraction of P2VP in the block copolymer is in the range from 0.19 to 0.69. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate comprises selectively chemically modifying exposed regions of the substrate surface. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate comprises selectively removing exposed regions of the substrate surface. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate comprises selectively coating exposed regions of the substrate surface. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein selectively removing some of the domains, such that the self-assembled PtBuSt-b-P2VP block copolymer layer defines a pattern over the substrate comprises seeding the P2VP blocks of the block copolymer with a metal and then etching the P2VP. 16. A method of making a block copolymer via living anionic polymerization, the method comprising:
polymerizing acetal group-protected hydroxystyrene monomers via anionic polymerization, whereby living anions comprising the polymerized protected hydroxystyrene monomers are formed; polymerizing a second monomer at the chains ends of the living anions via living anionic polymerization; and deprotecting the acetal group-protected hydroxystyrene groups to form the block copolymer comprising a first polymer block comprising polymerized hydroxystyrene and a second polymer block comprising polymerized second monomer, wherein the block copolymer has a Flory-Huggins interaction parameter of at least 0.15. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the acetal group has the formula:
—O—(CHR1)—O—R2
where R1 and R2 are independently hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein R1 and R2 are joined together by a hydrocarbon chain to provide a 5-member or 6-member heterocyclic ring structure. 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the acetal group is an alkoxyalkoxy group. 20. A method of transferring a pattern into a substrate using a block copolymer comprising a first polymer block comprising polymerized hydroxystyrene and a second polymer block, the block copolymer having a Flory-Huggins interaction parameter of at least 0.15, wherein the polymer of the second polymer block is characterized in that it will degrade in a hydrochloric acid solution having a hydrochloric acid concentration that is sufficiently high to deprotect poly(4-tert-butoxystyrene) and convert it into poly(4-hydroxystyrene), the method comprising:
depositing the block copolymer over the substrate and subjecting the block copolymer to conditions that induce the block copolymer to self-assemble into a plurality of domains; selectively removing some of the domains, such that the self-assembled block copolymer layer defines a pattern over the substrate; and transferring the pattern into the substrate to provide a patterned substrate.
| 1,700 |
3,381 | 13,307,383 | 1,786 |
Embodiments of the invention are directed to resin-soluble thermoplastic veils for use in liquid resin infusion processes, methods of manufacturing resin-soluble thermoplastic veils for use in liquid resin infusion processes, and methods of manufacturing composite articles using resin-soluble thermoplastic veils for use in liquid resin infusion applications. The resin-soluble thermoplastic veils according to embodiments of the invention and of which function as a toughening agent in composites having the veil incorporated therein have improved characteristics including, but not limited to, increased uniformity and decreased thickness relative to prior art veils. These characteristics translate into improvements in the processing of a composite article including, but not limited to, a substantial or complete elimination in premature dissolution of the veil during cure. The resultant composite article also realizes improvements including, but not limited to, distribution evenness of the toughening agent throughout the composite.
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1. A non-woven engineered veil comprised of a plurality of fibers having a mean diameter of between 10 microns and 16 microns wherein less than 20% of the fibers have a diameter of less than 8 microns, the textile having a fabric areal weight variation of less than 10% across the width of the textile, the textile having a thickness achieved by a calendaring process. 2. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 1 wherein the textile has a fabric areal weight of between 5 grams per square meter and 80 grams per square meter and a thickness of between 20 μm and 90 μm. 3. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 1 wherein a material comprising the plurality of fibers is a polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of the non-woven engineered veil. 4. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 3 wherein the polymer has a melt flow index of between 18 and 38. 5. The non-woven engineered textile of claim 1 wherein said plurality of fibers are made of thermoplastic polymer. 6. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 1, further comprising, a plurality of perforations throughout the textile. 7. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 1 wherein the textile is manufactured by a melt-extnision process selected from melt blown or spunbond. 8. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 7 wherein the process is a melt-blown process, at least one processing parameter of the process is set to be within a predetermined range, above a predetermined threshold or below a predetermined threshold, the at least one processing parameter comprising one of melt pump speed, collector rate speed, airflow rate, and airflow temperature. 9. A method of manufacturing a non-woven engineered veil using a melt-blown process, comprising:
increasing a melt pump speed while simultaneously decreasing an airflow rate; loading a material into an extruder wherein the material is a polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of a resultant non-woven engineered veil; and causing the polymer to be extruded from a die head in the form of fibers and onto a moving collector, the fibers forming a non-woven engineered veil wherein increasing the melt pump speed while decreasing the airflow rate provides fibers having a mean diameter of between 10 microns and 16 microns wherein less than 20% of the fibers have a diameter of less than 8 microns, the veil having a fabric areal weight variation of less than 10% across the width of the textile. 10. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9, further comprising, subjecting the non-woven engineered veil to a calendering process. 11. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9 wherein the veil has a fabric areal weight of between 5 grams per square meter and 80 grams per square meter and a thickness of between 20 μm and 90 μm. 12. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9 wherein a material comprising the plurality of fibers is a polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of the non-woven engineered veil. 13. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9 wherein the polymer has a melt flow index of between 18 and 38. 14. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9, further comprising, subjecting the textile to an off-line perforation process, the off-line perforation process effectuated by one of a needle or a laser. 15. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9 wherein at least one processing parameter of the melt-blown process is set to be within a predetermined range, above a predetermined threshold or below a predetermined threshold, the at least one processing parameter comprising one of a melt pump speed, collector rate speed, airflow rate, and an airflow temperature. 16. A preform for composite article manufacturing, comprising:
at least one structural component comprising reinforcement fibers; and at least one, non-woven engineered veil contacting the structural component, the veil comprised of a plurality of fibers having a mean diameter of between 10 microns and 16 microns wherein less than 20% of the fibers have a diameter of less than 8 microns, the textile having a fabric areal weight variation of less than 10% across the width of the veil, the plurality of fibers comprised of polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of the non-woven engineered veil. 17. The preform for composite article manufacturing of claim 16 wherein the structural component is in the form of a plurality of adjacent reinforcement fiber layers and the non-woven engineered veil is interposed between pairs of adjacent reinforcement fiber layers, and wherein said plurality of fibers in the non-woven engineered veils are made of thermoplastic polymer. 18. The preform for composite article manufacturing of claim 16 wherein the veil has a fabric areal weight of between 5 grams per square meter and 80 grams per square meter and a thickness of between 20 μm and 90 μm as a result of a calendering process, and wherein the polymer has a melt flow index of between 18 and 38. 19. The preform for composite article manufacturing of claim 16, further comprising, a plurality of perforations throughout the veil. 20. A method of manufacturing a composite article using a liquid resin infusion process, comprising:
arranging a plurality of structural components comprising reinforcement fibers within a mold: interleafing a plurality of non-woven engineered veils with the plurality of structural components, the plurality of veils comprised of a plurality of fibers having a mean diameter of between 10 microns and 16 microns wherein less than 20% of the fibers have a diameter of less than 8 microns, and a fabric areal weight variation of less than 10% across the width of each veil, the interleafed arrangement forming a preform: contacting the preform with a resin wherein the resin is at an initial temperature of less than 75° C.: heating the preform to a predetermined temperature threshold wherein a majority of the fibers are dissolved before the predetermined temperature threshold is reached: and allowing the preform to cure while the preform is held at the predetermined temperature threshold for a predetermined time period. 21. The method of manufacturing a composite article using the liquid resin infusion process of claim 20 wherein the predetermined temperature threshold is 180° C., and the polymer has a melt flow index of between 18 and 38. 22. The method of manufacturing a composite article using the liquid resin infusion process of claim 20 wherein the plurality of fibers comprise a polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of the non-woven engineered veil.
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Embodiments of the invention are directed to resin-soluble thermoplastic veils for use in liquid resin infusion processes, methods of manufacturing resin-soluble thermoplastic veils for use in liquid resin infusion processes, and methods of manufacturing composite articles using resin-soluble thermoplastic veils for use in liquid resin infusion applications. The resin-soluble thermoplastic veils according to embodiments of the invention and of which function as a toughening agent in composites having the veil incorporated therein have improved characteristics including, but not limited to, increased uniformity and decreased thickness relative to prior art veils. These characteristics translate into improvements in the processing of a composite article including, but not limited to, a substantial or complete elimination in premature dissolution of the veil during cure. The resultant composite article also realizes improvements including, but not limited to, distribution evenness of the toughening agent throughout the composite.1. A non-woven engineered veil comprised of a plurality of fibers having a mean diameter of between 10 microns and 16 microns wherein less than 20% of the fibers have a diameter of less than 8 microns, the textile having a fabric areal weight variation of less than 10% across the width of the textile, the textile having a thickness achieved by a calendaring process. 2. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 1 wherein the textile has a fabric areal weight of between 5 grams per square meter and 80 grams per square meter and a thickness of between 20 μm and 90 μm. 3. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 1 wherein a material comprising the plurality of fibers is a polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of the non-woven engineered veil. 4. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 3 wherein the polymer has a melt flow index of between 18 and 38. 5. The non-woven engineered textile of claim 1 wherein said plurality of fibers are made of thermoplastic polymer. 6. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 1, further comprising, a plurality of perforations throughout the textile. 7. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 1 wherein the textile is manufactured by a melt-extnision process selected from melt blown or spunbond. 8. The non-woven engineered veil of claim 7 wherein the process is a melt-blown process, at least one processing parameter of the process is set to be within a predetermined range, above a predetermined threshold or below a predetermined threshold, the at least one processing parameter comprising one of melt pump speed, collector rate speed, airflow rate, and airflow temperature. 9. A method of manufacturing a non-woven engineered veil using a melt-blown process, comprising:
increasing a melt pump speed while simultaneously decreasing an airflow rate; loading a material into an extruder wherein the material is a polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of a resultant non-woven engineered veil; and causing the polymer to be extruded from a die head in the form of fibers and onto a moving collector, the fibers forming a non-woven engineered veil wherein increasing the melt pump speed while decreasing the airflow rate provides fibers having a mean diameter of between 10 microns and 16 microns wherein less than 20% of the fibers have a diameter of less than 8 microns, the veil having a fabric areal weight variation of less than 10% across the width of the textile. 10. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9, further comprising, subjecting the non-woven engineered veil to a calendering process. 11. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9 wherein the veil has a fabric areal weight of between 5 grams per square meter and 80 grams per square meter and a thickness of between 20 μm and 90 μm. 12. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9 wherein a material comprising the plurality of fibers is a polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of the non-woven engineered veil. 13. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9 wherein the polymer has a melt flow index of between 18 and 38. 14. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9, further comprising, subjecting the textile to an off-line perforation process, the off-line perforation process effectuated by one of a needle or a laser. 15. The method of manufacturing non-woven engineered veil of claim 9 wherein at least one processing parameter of the melt-blown process is set to be within a predetermined range, above a predetermined threshold or below a predetermined threshold, the at least one processing parameter comprising one of a melt pump speed, collector rate speed, airflow rate, and an airflow temperature. 16. A preform for composite article manufacturing, comprising:
at least one structural component comprising reinforcement fibers; and at least one, non-woven engineered veil contacting the structural component, the veil comprised of a plurality of fibers having a mean diameter of between 10 microns and 16 microns wherein less than 20% of the fibers have a diameter of less than 8 microns, the textile having a fabric areal weight variation of less than 10% across the width of the veil, the plurality of fibers comprised of polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of the non-woven engineered veil. 17. The preform for composite article manufacturing of claim 16 wherein the structural component is in the form of a plurality of adjacent reinforcement fiber layers and the non-woven engineered veil is interposed between pairs of adjacent reinforcement fiber layers, and wherein said plurality of fibers in the non-woven engineered veils are made of thermoplastic polymer. 18. The preform for composite article manufacturing of claim 16 wherein the veil has a fabric areal weight of between 5 grams per square meter and 80 grams per square meter and a thickness of between 20 μm and 90 μm as a result of a calendering process, and wherein the polymer has a melt flow index of between 18 and 38. 19. The preform for composite article manufacturing of claim 16, further comprising, a plurality of perforations throughout the veil. 20. A method of manufacturing a composite article using a liquid resin infusion process, comprising:
arranging a plurality of structural components comprising reinforcement fibers within a mold: interleafing a plurality of non-woven engineered veils with the plurality of structural components, the plurality of veils comprised of a plurality of fibers having a mean diameter of between 10 microns and 16 microns wherein less than 20% of the fibers have a diameter of less than 8 microns, and a fabric areal weight variation of less than 10% across the width of each veil, the interleafed arrangement forming a preform: contacting the preform with a resin wherein the resin is at an initial temperature of less than 75° C.: heating the preform to a predetermined temperature threshold wherein a majority of the fibers are dissolved before the predetermined temperature threshold is reached: and allowing the preform to cure while the preform is held at the predetermined temperature threshold for a predetermined time period. 21. The method of manufacturing a composite article using the liquid resin infusion process of claim 20 wherein the predetermined temperature threshold is 180° C., and the polymer has a melt flow index of between 18 and 38. 22. The method of manufacturing a composite article using the liquid resin infusion process of claim 20 wherein the plurality of fibers comprise a polymer having a native solid phase and adapted to undergo at least partial phase transition to a fluid phase on contact with a component of a curable composition in which the polymer is soluble at a temperature which is less than the temperature for substantial onset of curing of the curable composition and which temperature is less than the inherent melting temperature of the non-woven engineered veil.
| 1,700 |
3,382 | 15,839,365 | 1,779 |
A fluid purification system capable of removing lead from significant volumes of fluids also containing at least one of TOC and TTHM under low pressure conditions and at reasonable flow rates is provided. The system comprises a first fluid purification media comprising a rigid porous purification block. The rigid purification block includes a longitudinal first surface; a longitudinal second surface disposed inside the longitudinal first surface; and a porous high density polymer disposed between the longitudinal first surface and the longitudinal second surface. The system further includes a second fluid purification media, comprising a fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed adjacent to the first surface of the first fluid purification media, the second surface of the first purification media, or both.
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1. A method of removing lead from water comprising the steps of:
contacting the water with a fluid purification system, comprising: a first fluid purification media comprising a first rigid porous purification block, comprising:
a longitudinal first surface;
a longitudinal second surface disposed inside the longitudinal first surface; and
a porous high density polymer disposed between the longitudinal first surface and the longitudinal second surface;
a second fluid purification media, comprising a fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed adjacent to the first surface of the first fluid purification media, the second surface of the first purification media, or both wherein:
the longitudinal first surface has a first transverse dimension;
the longitudinal second surface is an inner surface having a second transverse dimension;
the ratio of the first transverse dimension to the second transverse dimension is in the range of 1.2 to 3.5, and the difference between the first transverse dimension and the second transverse dimension is the thickness of the porous purification block; and
removing the lead from the water also containing at least one of TOC and TTHM. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fluid purification system further includes a third fluid purification media comprising a second rigid porous purification block having a longitudinal outer surface and a longitudinal inner surface, wherein the longitudinal inner surface is disposed transversely outside the longitudinal first surface of the first fluid purification media and defining a transverse gap therebetween, or wherein the longitudinal outer surface is disposed inside the longitudinal second surface of the first fluid purification media, and defining a transverse gap therebetween. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the fluid purification system further includes a fourth fluid purification media comprising particles of a fluid purification material disposed in the transverse gap. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the second fluid purification media is disposed adjacent to the longitudinal second surface of the first rigid porous purification block of the first fluid purification media, and wherein the fourth fluid purification media is disposed between the second purification media and the longitudinal outer surface of the second rigid porous purification block of the third fluid purification media. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fluid purification system further comprises a fifth fluid purification media comprising a second fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed inside the longitudinal inner surface of the second rigid porous purification block. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio is in the range of 1.2 to 2.5. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio is in the range of 1.2 to 2.3. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first rigid porous purification block has an average pore diameter that ranges between 10,000 and 60,000 Å. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fluid purification material comprises carbon particles having a porosity of 50% to 90%. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one of TOC and TTHM includes at least one of TOC and TTHM in a concentration of greater than or equal to 100 ppb. 11. The method according to claim 1, further including the step of meeting the NSF standard 53 with the fluid purification system response to the removal of the lead from the water also containing at least one of TOC and TTHM. 12. A fluid purification system for removing lead from water also containing at least one of TOC and TTHM, comprising:
a first fluid purification media comprising a first rigid porous purification block, comprising:
a longitudinal first surface;
a longitudinal second surface disposed inside the longitudinal first surface; and
a porous high density polymer disposed between the longitudinal first surface and the longitudinal second surface;
a second fluid purification media, comprising a fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed adjacent to the first surface of the first fluid purification media, the second surface of the first purification media, or both wherein:
the longitudinal first surface has a first transverse dimension;
the longitudinal second surface is an inner surface having a second transverse dimension; and
the ratio of the first transverse dimension to the second transverse dimension is in the range of 1.2 to 3.5, and the difference between the first transverse dimension and the second transverse dimension is the thickness of the porous purification block. 13. The fluid purification system according to claim 12, further including a third fluid purification media comprising a second rigid porous purification block having a longitudinal outer surface and a longitudinal inner surface, wherein the longitudinal inner surface is disposed transversely outside the longitudinal first surface of the first fluid purification media and defining a transverse gap therebetween, or wherein the longitudinal outer surface is disposed inside the longitudinal second surface of the first fluid purification media, and defining a transverse gap therebetween. 14. The fluid purification system according to claim 13, further comprising a fourth fluid purification media comprising particles of a fluid purification material disposed in the transverse gap. 15. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the ratio is in the range of 1.2 to 2.5. 16. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the ratio is in the range of 1.2 to 2.3. 17. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the first rigid porous purification block has an average pore diameter that ranges between 10,000 and 60,000 Å. 18. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the longitudinal outer surface of the second rigid porous purification block of the third fluid purification media is disposed transversely inside the longitudinal second surface of the first rigid porous purification block of the first fluid purification media, and wherein the second fluid purification media and the fourth fluid purification media are disposed in the transverse gap between said longitudinal second surface and said longitudinal outer surface. 19. The fluid purification system of claim 12, further comprising a fifth fluid purification media comprising a second fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed inside the longitudinal inner surface of the second rigid porous purification block. 20. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the fluid purification material comprises carbon particles having a porosity of 50% to 90%.
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A fluid purification system capable of removing lead from significant volumes of fluids also containing at least one of TOC and TTHM under low pressure conditions and at reasonable flow rates is provided. The system comprises a first fluid purification media comprising a rigid porous purification block. The rigid purification block includes a longitudinal first surface; a longitudinal second surface disposed inside the longitudinal first surface; and a porous high density polymer disposed between the longitudinal first surface and the longitudinal second surface. The system further includes a second fluid purification media, comprising a fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed adjacent to the first surface of the first fluid purification media, the second surface of the first purification media, or both.1. A method of removing lead from water comprising the steps of:
contacting the water with a fluid purification system, comprising: a first fluid purification media comprising a first rigid porous purification block, comprising:
a longitudinal first surface;
a longitudinal second surface disposed inside the longitudinal first surface; and
a porous high density polymer disposed between the longitudinal first surface and the longitudinal second surface;
a second fluid purification media, comprising a fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed adjacent to the first surface of the first fluid purification media, the second surface of the first purification media, or both wherein:
the longitudinal first surface has a first transverse dimension;
the longitudinal second surface is an inner surface having a second transverse dimension;
the ratio of the first transverse dimension to the second transverse dimension is in the range of 1.2 to 3.5, and the difference between the first transverse dimension and the second transverse dimension is the thickness of the porous purification block; and
removing the lead from the water also containing at least one of TOC and TTHM. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fluid purification system further includes a third fluid purification media comprising a second rigid porous purification block having a longitudinal outer surface and a longitudinal inner surface, wherein the longitudinal inner surface is disposed transversely outside the longitudinal first surface of the first fluid purification media and defining a transverse gap therebetween, or wherein the longitudinal outer surface is disposed inside the longitudinal second surface of the first fluid purification media, and defining a transverse gap therebetween. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the fluid purification system further includes a fourth fluid purification media comprising particles of a fluid purification material disposed in the transverse gap. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the second fluid purification media is disposed adjacent to the longitudinal second surface of the first rigid porous purification block of the first fluid purification media, and wherein the fourth fluid purification media is disposed between the second purification media and the longitudinal outer surface of the second rigid porous purification block of the third fluid purification media. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fluid purification system further comprises a fifth fluid purification media comprising a second fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed inside the longitudinal inner surface of the second rigid porous purification block. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio is in the range of 1.2 to 2.5. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio is in the range of 1.2 to 2.3. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first rigid porous purification block has an average pore diameter that ranges between 10,000 and 60,000 Å. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fluid purification material comprises carbon particles having a porosity of 50% to 90%. 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one of TOC and TTHM includes at least one of TOC and TTHM in a concentration of greater than or equal to 100 ppb. 11. The method according to claim 1, further including the step of meeting the NSF standard 53 with the fluid purification system response to the removal of the lead from the water also containing at least one of TOC and TTHM. 12. A fluid purification system for removing lead from water also containing at least one of TOC and TTHM, comprising:
a first fluid purification media comprising a first rigid porous purification block, comprising:
a longitudinal first surface;
a longitudinal second surface disposed inside the longitudinal first surface; and
a porous high density polymer disposed between the longitudinal first surface and the longitudinal second surface;
a second fluid purification media, comprising a fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed adjacent to the first surface of the first fluid purification media, the second surface of the first purification media, or both wherein:
the longitudinal first surface has a first transverse dimension;
the longitudinal second surface is an inner surface having a second transverse dimension; and
the ratio of the first transverse dimension to the second transverse dimension is in the range of 1.2 to 3.5, and the difference between the first transverse dimension and the second transverse dimension is the thickness of the porous purification block. 13. The fluid purification system according to claim 12, further including a third fluid purification media comprising a second rigid porous purification block having a longitudinal outer surface and a longitudinal inner surface, wherein the longitudinal inner surface is disposed transversely outside the longitudinal first surface of the first fluid purification media and defining a transverse gap therebetween, or wherein the longitudinal outer surface is disposed inside the longitudinal second surface of the first fluid purification media, and defining a transverse gap therebetween. 14. The fluid purification system according to claim 13, further comprising a fourth fluid purification media comprising particles of a fluid purification material disposed in the transverse gap. 15. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the ratio is in the range of 1.2 to 2.5. 16. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the ratio is in the range of 1.2 to 2.3. 17. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the first rigid porous purification block has an average pore diameter that ranges between 10,000 and 60,000 Å. 18. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the longitudinal outer surface of the second rigid porous purification block of the third fluid purification media is disposed transversely inside the longitudinal second surface of the first rigid porous purification block of the first fluid purification media, and wherein the second fluid purification media and the fourth fluid purification media are disposed in the transverse gap between said longitudinal second surface and said longitudinal outer surface. 19. The fluid purification system of claim 12, further comprising a fifth fluid purification media comprising a second fibrous, nonwoven fabric disposed inside the longitudinal inner surface of the second rigid porous purification block. 20. The fluid purification system of claim 12, wherein the fluid purification material comprises carbon particles having a porosity of 50% to 90%.
| 1,700 |
3,383 | 14,579,009 | 1,745 |
The invention relates to a gluing process of an adhesive composition with the use of a gluing nozzle having an extrusion die for continuous extrusion of an adhesive composition over a predetermined width, the extrusion die ( 20 ) comprising a lower lip ( 22 ) and an upper lip ( 24 ), the upper and lower lips ( 24, 22 ) extending parallel to one another so as to form a transverse channel ( 28 ) for the longitudinal flow of the adhesive composition, the transverse channel extending longitudinally between: a supply opening ( 30 ) for supplying the adhesive composition; and an extrusion outlet ( 34 ) for extrusion of the adhesive composition ( 34 ); the channel ( 28 ) comprising a concave volume ( 32 ) for relaxation of the adhesive composition between the supply opening ( 30 ) and the gluing outlet ( 34 ).
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1. A continuous gluing process for continuous gluing of a film of substrate by making use of a gluing nozzle comprising an extrusion die for extrusion of an adhesive composition over a predetermined width, the extrusion die comprising a lower lip and an upper lip, the upper and lower lips extending parallel to one another so as to form a transverse channel for the longitudinal flow of the adhesive composition, the transverse channel extending longitudinally between:
a supply opening for supplying the adhesive composition; and an extrusion outlet for extrusion of the adhesive composition; the channel comprising a concave volume for relaxation of the adhesive composition between the supply opening and the extrusion outlet; and the process comprising: the provision of a supply of an adhesive composition to the gluing nozzle or the gluing system with a flow rate, the adhesive composition having a viscous behaviour with a relaxation time period; the extrusion of the adhesive composition by making use of the gluing nozzle, the relaxation volume of the die of the gluing nozzle being greater than the product of the relaxation time period and the flow rate of the supply of the adhesive composition. 2. A gluing process according to claim 1, wherein the upper and lower lips of the extrusion die extend parallel to one another with an adjustable spacing distance. 3. A gluing process according to claim 2, wherein at the minimum spacing distance of the extrusion die,
the extrusion outlet is closed, and the average thickness of the relaxation volume is greater than 0.75 mm, preferably greater than 1.5 mm. 4. A gluing process according to claim 1, with the internal surfaces within the channel of the lower and upper lips of the extrusion die being chromium plated. 5. A gluing process according to claim 1, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die presents:
a maximum thickness; upstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which have radius of curvature greater than or equal to 50 mm; downstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which are straight with a transition radius for connecting to the maximum thickness that is greater than or equal to 50 mm. 6. A gluing process according to claim 1, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die has a drop like shape with a semicircular portion oriented towards the supply opening and a triangular portion whose most acute apex is oriented toward the extrusion outlet. 7. A gluing process according to claim 1, the gluing nozzle for the continuous gluing of an adhesive composition as a film having a predetermined width, the gluing nozzle comprising:
a supply opening for supplying the adhesive composition; a distribution zone for distributing the flow of adhesive composition from the supply opening across the width of the gluing nozzle; a restrictor bar for uniformly smoothing out the flow velocity front of the adhesive composition, over the width of the gluing nozzle after the distribution zone, the extrusion die being arranged after the restrictor bar. 8. A gluing process according to claim 1, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 9. A gluing process according to claim 8, the gluing system further comprising:
a vacuum box in order to generate a depression between the gluing nozzle and the running path of the substrate film. 10. A gluing process according to claim 3, with the internal surfaces within the channel of the lower and upper lips of the extrusion die being chromium plated. 11. A gluing process according to claim 10, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die presents:
a maximum thickness; upstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which have radius of curvature greater than or equal to 50 mm; downstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which are straight with a transition radius for connecting to the maximum thickness that is greater than or equal to 50 mm. 12. A gluing process according to claim 11, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die has a drop like shape with a semicircular portion oriented towards the supply opening and a triangular portion whose most acute apex is oriented toward the extrusion outlet. 13. A gluing process according to claim 12, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 14. A gluing process according to claim 3, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die presents:
a maximum thickness; upstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which have radius of curvature greater than or equal to 50 mm; downstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which are straight with a transition radius for connecting to the maximum thickness that is greater than or equal to 50 mm. 15. A gluing process according to claim 14, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die has a drop like shape with a semicircular portion oriented towards the supply opening and a triangular portion whose most acute apex is oriented toward the extrusion outlet. 16. A gluing process according to claim 15, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 17. A gluing process according to claim 3, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die has a drop like shape with a semicircular portion oriented towards the supply opening and a triangular portion whose most acute apex is oriented toward the extrusion outlet. 18. A gluing process according to claim 17, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 19. A gluing process according to claim 3, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 20. A gluing process according to claim 7, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact.
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The invention relates to a gluing process of an adhesive composition with the use of a gluing nozzle having an extrusion die for continuous extrusion of an adhesive composition over a predetermined width, the extrusion die ( 20 ) comprising a lower lip ( 22 ) and an upper lip ( 24 ), the upper and lower lips ( 24, 22 ) extending parallel to one another so as to form a transverse channel ( 28 ) for the longitudinal flow of the adhesive composition, the transverse channel extending longitudinally between: a supply opening ( 30 ) for supplying the adhesive composition; and an extrusion outlet ( 34 ) for extrusion of the adhesive composition ( 34 ); the channel ( 28 ) comprising a concave volume ( 32 ) for relaxation of the adhesive composition between the supply opening ( 30 ) and the gluing outlet ( 34 ).1. A continuous gluing process for continuous gluing of a film of substrate by making use of a gluing nozzle comprising an extrusion die for extrusion of an adhesive composition over a predetermined width, the extrusion die comprising a lower lip and an upper lip, the upper and lower lips extending parallel to one another so as to form a transverse channel for the longitudinal flow of the adhesive composition, the transverse channel extending longitudinally between:
a supply opening for supplying the adhesive composition; and an extrusion outlet for extrusion of the adhesive composition; the channel comprising a concave volume for relaxation of the adhesive composition between the supply opening and the extrusion outlet; and the process comprising: the provision of a supply of an adhesive composition to the gluing nozzle or the gluing system with a flow rate, the adhesive composition having a viscous behaviour with a relaxation time period; the extrusion of the adhesive composition by making use of the gluing nozzle, the relaxation volume of the die of the gluing nozzle being greater than the product of the relaxation time period and the flow rate of the supply of the adhesive composition. 2. A gluing process according to claim 1, wherein the upper and lower lips of the extrusion die extend parallel to one another with an adjustable spacing distance. 3. A gluing process according to claim 2, wherein at the minimum spacing distance of the extrusion die,
the extrusion outlet is closed, and the average thickness of the relaxation volume is greater than 0.75 mm, preferably greater than 1.5 mm. 4. A gluing process according to claim 1, with the internal surfaces within the channel of the lower and upper lips of the extrusion die being chromium plated. 5. A gluing process according to claim 1, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die presents:
a maximum thickness; upstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which have radius of curvature greater than or equal to 50 mm; downstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which are straight with a transition radius for connecting to the maximum thickness that is greater than or equal to 50 mm. 6. A gluing process according to claim 1, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die has a drop like shape with a semicircular portion oriented towards the supply opening and a triangular portion whose most acute apex is oriented toward the extrusion outlet. 7. A gluing process according to claim 1, the gluing nozzle for the continuous gluing of an adhesive composition as a film having a predetermined width, the gluing nozzle comprising:
a supply opening for supplying the adhesive composition; a distribution zone for distributing the flow of adhesive composition from the supply opening across the width of the gluing nozzle; a restrictor bar for uniformly smoothing out the flow velocity front of the adhesive composition, over the width of the gluing nozzle after the distribution zone, the extrusion die being arranged after the restrictor bar. 8. A gluing process according to claim 1, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 9. A gluing process according to claim 8, the gluing system further comprising:
a vacuum box in order to generate a depression between the gluing nozzle and the running path of the substrate film. 10. A gluing process according to claim 3, with the internal surfaces within the channel of the lower and upper lips of the extrusion die being chromium plated. 11. A gluing process according to claim 10, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die presents:
a maximum thickness; upstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which have radius of curvature greater than or equal to 50 mm; downstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which are straight with a transition radius for connecting to the maximum thickness that is greater than or equal to 50 mm. 12. A gluing process according to claim 11, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die has a drop like shape with a semicircular portion oriented towards the supply opening and a triangular portion whose most acute apex is oriented toward the extrusion outlet. 13. A gluing process according to claim 12, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 14. A gluing process according to claim 3, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die presents:
a maximum thickness; upstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which have radius of curvature greater than or equal to 50 mm; downstream of the maximum thickness, a boundary curve with the upper lip and a boundary curve with the lower lip, both of which are straight with a transition radius for connecting to the maximum thickness that is greater than or equal to 50 mm. 15. A gluing process according to claim 14, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die has a drop like shape with a semicircular portion oriented towards the supply opening and a triangular portion whose most acute apex is oriented toward the extrusion outlet. 16. A gluing process according to claim 15, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 17. A gluing process according to claim 3, wherein the transverse cross section of the concave relaxation volume of the extrusion die has a drop like shape with a semicircular portion oriented towards the supply opening and a triangular portion whose most acute apex is oriented toward the extrusion outlet. 18. A gluing process according to claim 17, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 19. A gluing process according to claim 3, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact. 20. A gluing process according to claim 7, wherein the gluing nozzle, within a system for gluing an adhesive composition that is connected to an a supply of adhesive composition; the gluing system also comprising a film running path of a substrate film to be glued with the gluing nozzle without contact.
| 1,700 |
3,384 | 15,294,274 | 1,799 |
Optical device ( 200 ) for blood analysis is in particular designed for the counting and differentiation of leucocytes in an automatic blood analysis apparatus and includes a light source ( 201 ) of the electroluminescent diode type in order to illuminate a blood sample ( 311 ) circulating in an optical tank.
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1. An optical measurement method for counting and/or differentiating leucocytes in an automatic blood analysis apparatus, comprising steps of:
using a blood sample, the dilution rate of which is between 1/100 and 1/500; injecting a non-hydrofocused blood sample using a tank, the section of which having at least one transverse dimension comprised between 1 and 5 millimetres, injecting the blood sample flow with a diameter greater than 50 μm using an injector, of the tank, having an outlet orifice with a diameter of 50-150 μm; illuminating the blood sample flow circulating in the optical tank along an injection axis by using a light source having an electroluminescent diode, which emits a light beam along an optical axis substantially transversely to said injection axis, focusing said light beam on the blood sample flow; and measuring light originating from the optical tank after interception by a blood cell of the blood sample, detecting light issued from the electroluminescent diode and diffracted by said blood cell according to narrow angles, smaller than 10 degrees, relative to the optical axis. 2. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the diode emits light a wave length of which is less than 600 nanometers. 3. The optical measurement method according to claim 2, wherein the diode emits light the wave length of which is less than 500 nanometers. 4. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of emitting a source light beam with a width comprised between 50 and 200 microns close to the injection axis. 5. The optical measurement method according to claim 4, further comprising the step of emitting a light beam with a width comprised between 90 and 120 microns. 6. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the light beam is emitted approximately in a direction of the tank, approximately transversely to a direction of flow of the sample. 7. The optical measurement method according to claim 4, further comprising the step of passing the source light beam through two opposing surfaces of a rotationally-mounted transparent slide arranged between the diode and the tank. 8. The optical measurement method according to claim 7, wherein the transparent slide is rotationally mounted about an axis approximately parallel to the movement of the blood sample in the tank. 9. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of, beyond the optical tank and for a resulting light beam originating from the source light beam, separating said beam into an axially-resulting beam and at least one beam resulting from Fresnel loss constituted by Fresnel losses while passing the apparatus configured to separate. 10. The optical measurement method according to claim 9, further comprising the steps of passing the axially-resulting beam through a surface of a transparent separation material and reflecting the beam resulting from Fresnel loss by the surface, said surface being slanted with respect to the resulting light beam, beyond the tank. 11. The optical measurement method according to claim 9, further comprising the step of measurement of the light of the axially-resulting beam and measurement of the light of the at least one beam resulting from loss. 12. The optical measurement method according to claim 11, further comprising the step of measurement of fluorescence. 13. The optical measurement method according to claim 11, further comprising the step of measurement of light losses in the axis. 14. The optical measurement method according to claim 11, further comprising the step of measurement of diffraction close to the axis. 15. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of measurement of diffraction of the light beam at wide angles by the sample in the tank. 16. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of blocking spurious light on the path of the beam before the tank using at least one diaphragm.
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Optical device ( 200 ) for blood analysis is in particular designed for the counting and differentiation of leucocytes in an automatic blood analysis apparatus and includes a light source ( 201 ) of the electroluminescent diode type in order to illuminate a blood sample ( 311 ) circulating in an optical tank.1. An optical measurement method for counting and/or differentiating leucocytes in an automatic blood analysis apparatus, comprising steps of:
using a blood sample, the dilution rate of which is between 1/100 and 1/500; injecting a non-hydrofocused blood sample using a tank, the section of which having at least one transverse dimension comprised between 1 and 5 millimetres, injecting the blood sample flow with a diameter greater than 50 μm using an injector, of the tank, having an outlet orifice with a diameter of 50-150 μm; illuminating the blood sample flow circulating in the optical tank along an injection axis by using a light source having an electroluminescent diode, which emits a light beam along an optical axis substantially transversely to said injection axis, focusing said light beam on the blood sample flow; and measuring light originating from the optical tank after interception by a blood cell of the blood sample, detecting light issued from the electroluminescent diode and diffracted by said blood cell according to narrow angles, smaller than 10 degrees, relative to the optical axis. 2. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the diode emits light a wave length of which is less than 600 nanometers. 3. The optical measurement method according to claim 2, wherein the diode emits light the wave length of which is less than 500 nanometers. 4. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of emitting a source light beam with a width comprised between 50 and 200 microns close to the injection axis. 5. The optical measurement method according to claim 4, further comprising the step of emitting a light beam with a width comprised between 90 and 120 microns. 6. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the light beam is emitted approximately in a direction of the tank, approximately transversely to a direction of flow of the sample. 7. The optical measurement method according to claim 4, further comprising the step of passing the source light beam through two opposing surfaces of a rotationally-mounted transparent slide arranged between the diode and the tank. 8. The optical measurement method according to claim 7, wherein the transparent slide is rotationally mounted about an axis approximately parallel to the movement of the blood sample in the tank. 9. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of, beyond the optical tank and for a resulting light beam originating from the source light beam, separating said beam into an axially-resulting beam and at least one beam resulting from Fresnel loss constituted by Fresnel losses while passing the apparatus configured to separate. 10. The optical measurement method according to claim 9, further comprising the steps of passing the axially-resulting beam through a surface of a transparent separation material and reflecting the beam resulting from Fresnel loss by the surface, said surface being slanted with respect to the resulting light beam, beyond the tank. 11. The optical measurement method according to claim 9, further comprising the step of measurement of the light of the axially-resulting beam and measurement of the light of the at least one beam resulting from loss. 12. The optical measurement method according to claim 11, further comprising the step of measurement of fluorescence. 13. The optical measurement method according to claim 11, further comprising the step of measurement of light losses in the axis. 14. The optical measurement method according to claim 11, further comprising the step of measurement of diffraction close to the axis. 15. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of measurement of diffraction of the light beam at wide angles by the sample in the tank. 16. The optical measurement method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of blocking spurious light on the path of the beam before the tank using at least one diaphragm.
| 1,700 |
3,385 | 14,290,514 | 1,712 |
The present invention relates to a packaged hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesive comprising a hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesive composition and a coextrusion coating consisting of neat low density polyethylene, neat polypropylene, or neat ethylene vinyl acetate. The present invention further relates to the use of the packaged adhesive formed as individual forms in an adhesive application process, and the use of the packaged adhesive in the production of laminated articles, including nonwoven hygiene articles, disposable medical drapes, and also laminate constructions such as tapes and labels.
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1. A method of using a hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive in individual forms comprising the steps of:
a.) obtaining coextruded hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive in individual forms; and b.) conveying the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive to a melting system by use of a conveying system selected from the group consisting of a tubular drag conveying system and a melt on demand conveying system. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the coextruded hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive in individual form is fed into the conveying system by use of a vibratory feeder. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the conveying system is a tubular drag conveying system. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive in individual form is a pillow with a thickness of at least about 0.635 cms (0.250 inches). 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive comprises a propylene polymer. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive has an average penetration number (PZ), which is between about 20 and about 70. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive is conveyed to more than one melting system. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive is provided in the individual form selected from the group consisting of a pillow, a prill and a coextruded rope. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive composition comprises a base polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polyolefin copolymers, polyolefin/alpha-olefin interpolymers and synthetic rubbers. 10. A method of providing molten adhesive comprising:
a. providing a plurality of individual forms of a coextrusion coated hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive has an average penetration number (PZ), which is between about 20 and about 70; b. conveying the plurality of individual forms to a melting system; c. heating the plurality of individual forms until they become a molten adhesive; and d. applying the molten adhesive to a substrate. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of individual forms have a rating of at least 3 when tested according to blocking test 1. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of individual forms are continuously conveyed to the melting system so as to maintain a consistent level of adhesive in the melting system. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of individual forms are conveyed with a tubular drag conveying system. 14. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of individual forms are conveyed with a melt on demand conveying system. 15. The method of claim 10 wherein the coextrusion coating is neat low-density polyethylene. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the neat low-density polyethylene has a melt flow index between about 20 g/10 min and about 300 g/10 min. 17. The method of claim 10 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive comprises a propylene polymer. 18. The method of claim 10 wherein the substrate is a non-woven. 19. The method of claim 10 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive comprises less than about 20 wt % plasticizer. 20. The method of claim 10 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive composition comprises a polypropylene polymer.
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The present invention relates to a packaged hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesive comprising a hot-melt pressure sensitive adhesive composition and a coextrusion coating consisting of neat low density polyethylene, neat polypropylene, or neat ethylene vinyl acetate. The present invention further relates to the use of the packaged adhesive formed as individual forms in an adhesive application process, and the use of the packaged adhesive in the production of laminated articles, including nonwoven hygiene articles, disposable medical drapes, and also laminate constructions such as tapes and labels.1. A method of using a hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive in individual forms comprising the steps of:
a.) obtaining coextruded hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive in individual forms; and b.) conveying the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive to a melting system by use of a conveying system selected from the group consisting of a tubular drag conveying system and a melt on demand conveying system. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the coextruded hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive in individual form is fed into the conveying system by use of a vibratory feeder. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the conveying system is a tubular drag conveying system. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive in individual form is a pillow with a thickness of at least about 0.635 cms (0.250 inches). 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive comprises a propylene polymer. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive has an average penetration number (PZ), which is between about 20 and about 70. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive is conveyed to more than one melting system. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive is provided in the individual form selected from the group consisting of a pillow, a prill and a coextruded rope. 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive composition comprises a base polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polyolefin copolymers, polyolefin/alpha-olefin interpolymers and synthetic rubbers. 10. A method of providing molten adhesive comprising:
a. providing a plurality of individual forms of a coextrusion coated hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive has an average penetration number (PZ), which is between about 20 and about 70; b. conveying the plurality of individual forms to a melting system; c. heating the plurality of individual forms until they become a molten adhesive; and d. applying the molten adhesive to a substrate. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of individual forms have a rating of at least 3 when tested according to blocking test 1. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of individual forms are continuously conveyed to the melting system so as to maintain a consistent level of adhesive in the melting system. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of individual forms are conveyed with a tubular drag conveying system. 14. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of individual forms are conveyed with a melt on demand conveying system. 15. The method of claim 10 wherein the coextrusion coating is neat low-density polyethylene. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the neat low-density polyethylene has a melt flow index between about 20 g/10 min and about 300 g/10 min. 17. The method of claim 10 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive comprises a propylene polymer. 18. The method of claim 10 wherein the substrate is a non-woven. 19. The method of claim 10 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive comprises less than about 20 wt % plasticizer. 20. The method of claim 10 wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive composition comprises a polypropylene polymer.
| 1,700 |
3,386 | 14,367,656 | 1,792 |
The present disclosure relates to food products having a dough component with a unique appearance and texture. The food product may be a pizza product. In a general embodiment, the dough component of the food product includes malted barley flour in an amount greater than 1% to about 3%, which helps to create and maintain the unique appearance and texture of the food product. Methods for making a dough-based food product are also provided and include mixing a dough having malted barley flour in an amount from about 0.5% to about 3.0%, fermenting the dough, pressing the dough with a die having unique characteristics, and baking the dough to form a baked dough.
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1. A pizza dough comprising:
malted barley flour in an amount of greater than 1.0% to about 3% by flour weight. 2. The pizza dough according to claim 1, wherein the malted barley flour comprises from about 1.5% to about 2.5% by flour weight. 3. The pizza dough according to claim 1, wherein the malted barley flour comprises about 1.5% by flour weight. 4. A pizza product comprising:
a dough comprising malted barley flour in an amount of greater than 1.0% to about 3% by flour weight, the dough having a characteristic selected from the group consisting of a regular shape, an irregular shape, an uneven topography around an outer, top portion of the dough, an open cell structure, and combinations thereof; and at least one topping on the dough. 5. The pizza product according to claim 4, wherein the malted barley flour comprises from about 1.5% to about 2.5% by flour weight. 6. The pizza product according to claim 4, wherein the malted barley flour comprises about 1.5% by flour weight. 7. The pizza product according to claim 4, wherein the dough further comprises at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of flour, water, salt, sugar, yeast, oil, and combinations thereof. 8. A method of making a dough-based food product comprising:
mixing a dough having malted barley flour in an amount of greater than 1.0% to about 3.0% by flour weight; fermenting the dough; pressing the dough with a die having a characteristic selected from the group consisting a regular shape, an irregular shape, a channel formed along a bottom perimeter of the die, and combinations thereof; and baking the dough to form the dough-based food product. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the malted barley flour comprises from about 1.5% to about 2.5% by flour weight. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the dough is fermented for about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the dough is baked at an oven temperature of about 500° F. to about 800° F. 12. The method according to claim 8 comprising at least one step selected from the group consisting of sizing the dough into a dough billet after fermenting the dough, proofing the dough after sizing the dough, applying a dusting flour to the dough after pressing the dough, packaging the dough-based food product, and combinations thereof. 13. The method according to claim 8, wherein the irregular shape is selected from the group consisting of an irregular circle, an irregular oval, an irregular square, an irregular rectangle, and combinations thereof. 14. The method according to claim 8, wherein the dough-based product has an irregular shape and an open cell structure. 15. A method of making a dough-based food product comprising:
preparing a dough comprising malted barley flour; fermenting the dough for an amount of time that is less than 3 hours; pressing the dough with a die having a characteristic selected from the group consisting a regular shape, an irregular shape, a channel formed along a bottom perimeter of the die, and combinations thereof; and baking the dough to form the dough-based food product.
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The present disclosure relates to food products having a dough component with a unique appearance and texture. The food product may be a pizza product. In a general embodiment, the dough component of the food product includes malted barley flour in an amount greater than 1% to about 3%, which helps to create and maintain the unique appearance and texture of the food product. Methods for making a dough-based food product are also provided and include mixing a dough having malted barley flour in an amount from about 0.5% to about 3.0%, fermenting the dough, pressing the dough with a die having unique characteristics, and baking the dough to form a baked dough.1. A pizza dough comprising:
malted barley flour in an amount of greater than 1.0% to about 3% by flour weight. 2. The pizza dough according to claim 1, wherein the malted barley flour comprises from about 1.5% to about 2.5% by flour weight. 3. The pizza dough according to claim 1, wherein the malted barley flour comprises about 1.5% by flour weight. 4. A pizza product comprising:
a dough comprising malted barley flour in an amount of greater than 1.0% to about 3% by flour weight, the dough having a characteristic selected from the group consisting of a regular shape, an irregular shape, an uneven topography around an outer, top portion of the dough, an open cell structure, and combinations thereof; and at least one topping on the dough. 5. The pizza product according to claim 4, wherein the malted barley flour comprises from about 1.5% to about 2.5% by flour weight. 6. The pizza product according to claim 4, wherein the malted barley flour comprises about 1.5% by flour weight. 7. The pizza product according to claim 4, wherein the dough further comprises at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of flour, water, salt, sugar, yeast, oil, and combinations thereof. 8. A method of making a dough-based food product comprising:
mixing a dough having malted barley flour in an amount of greater than 1.0% to about 3.0% by flour weight; fermenting the dough; pressing the dough with a die having a characteristic selected from the group consisting a regular shape, an irregular shape, a channel formed along a bottom perimeter of the die, and combinations thereof; and baking the dough to form the dough-based food product. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the malted barley flour comprises from about 1.5% to about 2.5% by flour weight. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the dough is fermented for about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes. 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein the dough is baked at an oven temperature of about 500° F. to about 800° F. 12. The method according to claim 8 comprising at least one step selected from the group consisting of sizing the dough into a dough billet after fermenting the dough, proofing the dough after sizing the dough, applying a dusting flour to the dough after pressing the dough, packaging the dough-based food product, and combinations thereof. 13. The method according to claim 8, wherein the irregular shape is selected from the group consisting of an irregular circle, an irregular oval, an irregular square, an irregular rectangle, and combinations thereof. 14. The method according to claim 8, wherein the dough-based product has an irregular shape and an open cell structure. 15. A method of making a dough-based food product comprising:
preparing a dough comprising malted barley flour; fermenting the dough for an amount of time that is less than 3 hours; pressing the dough with a die having a characteristic selected from the group consisting a regular shape, an irregular shape, a channel formed along a bottom perimeter of the die, and combinations thereof; and baking the dough to form the dough-based food product.
| 1,700 |
3,387 | 15,163,971 | 1,793 |
The invention is in the technical field of particles; more particularly, the invention relates to large agglomerate particles obtainable by spray-drying agglomeration.
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1-13. (canceled) 14. A method for producing agglomerate particles having a mean size of greater than 200 μm, said method comprising the steps of:
(i) producing pulverulent particles by means of a spray-drying process, in a spray-drying agglomeration device having a spray-drying segment (A) in the upper region of a chamber for drying feed liquid sprayed by a feed liquid atomizer (Z1),
(ii) spraying the pulverulent particles with a binder liquid, in an integrated fluidized bed (B) in the spray-drying agglomeration device, which bed is situated in the lower region of a chamber, in which region the powder of the spray-drying segment from step (i) is sprayed with a binder liquid by means of a nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) mounted at the bottom of the fluidized bed (B),
the particles being constantly kept in motion and whirled up during production. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the spray-drying agglomeration device comprises a dam construction (G) which is integrated in the fluidized bed (B) and which is placed in front of the escape opening (H) to the zigzag classifier or an external fluidized bed. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) in the internal fluidized bed (B) consists of a ring line, the nozzles or atomizers being evenly spaced along the ring line, the nozzle or atomizerconstruction (Z2) comprising at least 3 nozzles or atomizers and the nozzle or atomizer being a twin-fluid spray nozzle and the binder liquid from the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) in the internal fluidized bed being sprayed from the bottom to the top. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the spray-drying agglomeration device comprises a darn construction (G) which is integrated in the fluidized bed (B) and is placed in front of the escape opening (H) to the zigzag classifier, 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the fine dust in the device that arises as a result of abrasion is returned to the headspace of the spray tower by the zigzag classifier or an external fluidized bed. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the agglomerate particles are larger than 200 μm. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the agglomerate particles are between 300 μm and 1000 μm in size. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the dust value of the particles is less than 3, preferably less than 2. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the bulk weight of the agglomerate particles is greater than 300 g/l. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the flowability of the particles is less than 14. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the agglomerate particles are present in a freeflowing, non-dust-raising form. 25. The method of claim 14, wherein the agglomerate particles are an intermediate product which is later incorporated into a feedstuff, food or foodstuff. 26. The method of claim 14 wherein the particles are flavouring particles.
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The invention is in the technical field of particles; more particularly, the invention relates to large agglomerate particles obtainable by spray-drying agglomeration.1-13. (canceled) 14. A method for producing agglomerate particles having a mean size of greater than 200 μm, said method comprising the steps of:
(i) producing pulverulent particles by means of a spray-drying process, in a spray-drying agglomeration device having a spray-drying segment (A) in the upper region of a chamber for drying feed liquid sprayed by a feed liquid atomizer (Z1),
(ii) spraying the pulverulent particles with a binder liquid, in an integrated fluidized bed (B) in the spray-drying agglomeration device, which bed is situated in the lower region of a chamber, in which region the powder of the spray-drying segment from step (i) is sprayed with a binder liquid by means of a nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) mounted at the bottom of the fluidized bed (B),
the particles being constantly kept in motion and whirled up during production. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the spray-drying agglomeration device comprises a dam construction (G) which is integrated in the fluidized bed (B) and which is placed in front of the escape opening (H) to the zigzag classifier or an external fluidized bed. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) in the internal fluidized bed (B) consists of a ring line, the nozzles or atomizers being evenly spaced along the ring line, the nozzle or atomizerconstruction (Z2) comprising at least 3 nozzles or atomizers and the nozzle or atomizer being a twin-fluid spray nozzle and the binder liquid from the nozzle or atomizer construction (Z2) in the internal fluidized bed being sprayed from the bottom to the top. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the spray-drying agglomeration device comprises a darn construction (G) which is integrated in the fluidized bed (B) and is placed in front of the escape opening (H) to the zigzag classifier, 18. The method of claim 14 wherein the fine dust in the device that arises as a result of abrasion is returned to the headspace of the spray tower by the zigzag classifier or an external fluidized bed. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the agglomerate particles are larger than 200 μm. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the agglomerate particles are between 300 μm and 1000 μm in size. 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the dust value of the particles is less than 3, preferably less than 2. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the bulk weight of the agglomerate particles is greater than 300 g/l. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the flowability of the particles is less than 14. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the agglomerate particles are present in a freeflowing, non-dust-raising form. 25. The method of claim 14, wherein the agglomerate particles are an intermediate product which is later incorporated into a feedstuff, food or foodstuff. 26. The method of claim 14 wherein the particles are flavouring particles.
| 1,700 |
3,388 | 14,367,354 | 1,794 |
The invention relates to a HiPIMS method by means of which homogeneous layers can be deposited over the height of a coating chamber. Two partial cathodes are used for said purpose. According to the invention, the length of the individual power pulse intervals applied to the partial cathodes is chosen individually and thus a required coating thickness profile over the height of the coating chamber is achieved.
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1. Method for the physical vapor deposition by means of sputtering in an evacuated coating chamber, in particular by means of HiPIMS, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a generator with a predefined power output, preferably a power output that is constant at least after switching on and after expiration of a power buildup interval, b) switching on the generator, c) connecting the first partial cathode to the generator so that the first partial cathode is fed with power from the generator, d) separating the generator from the first partial cathode after expiration of a predefined first power impulse interval corresponding to the first partial cathode, e) connecting the second partial cathode to the generator so that the second partial cathode is fed with power from the generator, f) separating the generator from the second partial cathode after expiration of a predefined second power impulse interval corresponding to the second partial cathode, characterized in that the length of the one power pulse interval is adapted in such a way to the length of the other power pulse interval that the layer resulting from the coating has a predefined layer thickness distribution over the height of the coating chamber. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a homogeneous layer thickness distribution is selected as prescribed layer thickness distribution. 3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the first power impulse interval starts time-wise before the second power impulse interval and the first power impulse interval ends time-wise before the second power impulse interval, wherein the steps d) and e) are executed in such a manner that the first power impulse interval and the second power impulse interval overlap in time and all power impulse intervals form together a first group, so that the power output from the generator remains sustained without interruption from the beginning of the first power impulse interval until the end of the second power impulse interval and a second power development interval does not occur. 4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that more than two partial cathodes are used and the steps c) to f) are applied to them in an analogous manner. 5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least the relative length of the power pulse intervals is determined by means of a calibration coating prior to the coating.
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The invention relates to a HiPIMS method by means of which homogeneous layers can be deposited over the height of a coating chamber. Two partial cathodes are used for said purpose. According to the invention, the length of the individual power pulse intervals applied to the partial cathodes is chosen individually and thus a required coating thickness profile over the height of the coating chamber is achieved.1. Method for the physical vapor deposition by means of sputtering in an evacuated coating chamber, in particular by means of HiPIMS, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a generator with a predefined power output, preferably a power output that is constant at least after switching on and after expiration of a power buildup interval, b) switching on the generator, c) connecting the first partial cathode to the generator so that the first partial cathode is fed with power from the generator, d) separating the generator from the first partial cathode after expiration of a predefined first power impulse interval corresponding to the first partial cathode, e) connecting the second partial cathode to the generator so that the second partial cathode is fed with power from the generator, f) separating the generator from the second partial cathode after expiration of a predefined second power impulse interval corresponding to the second partial cathode, characterized in that the length of the one power pulse interval is adapted in such a way to the length of the other power pulse interval that the layer resulting from the coating has a predefined layer thickness distribution over the height of the coating chamber. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a homogeneous layer thickness distribution is selected as prescribed layer thickness distribution. 3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the first power impulse interval starts time-wise before the second power impulse interval and the first power impulse interval ends time-wise before the second power impulse interval, wherein the steps d) and e) are executed in such a manner that the first power impulse interval and the second power impulse interval overlap in time and all power impulse intervals form together a first group, so that the power output from the generator remains sustained without interruption from the beginning of the first power impulse interval until the end of the second power impulse interval and a second power development interval does not occur. 4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that more than two partial cathodes are used and the steps c) to f) are applied to them in an analogous manner. 5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least the relative length of the power pulse intervals is determined by means of a calibration coating prior to the coating.
| 1,700 |
3,389 | 14,745,367 | 1,712 |
The present disclosure provides a film stack structure formed on a substrate and methods for forming the film stack structure on the substrate. In one embodiment, the method for forming a film stack structure on a substrate includes depositing a first adhesion layer on an oxide layer formed on the substrate and depositing a metal layer on the first adhesion layer, wherein the first adhesion layer and the metal layer form a stress neutral structure.
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1. A method for forming a film stack on a substrate, comprising:
depositing one or more adhesion layers on an oxide layer formed on the substrate; and forming a stress neutral structure by depositing a metal layer on a first adhesion layer of the one or more adhesion layers. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
depositing a second adhesion layer on the metal layer. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first adhesion layer, the metal layer, and the second adhesion layer form a stress neutral structure. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
repeating depositing the first adhesion layer, the metal layer, and the second adhesive layer until the film stack contains at least 50 layers. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein each adhesion layer has a thickness less than 40 A. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
annealing a film stack formed on the substrate. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
repeating depositing the one or more adhesion layers and the metal layer until the film stack contains at least 50 layers. 8. A film stack structure formed on a substrate, comprising:
one or more adhesions layer deposited on an oxide layer formed on the substrate; and a stress neutral structure comprising a metal layer deposited on a first adhesion layer of the one or more adhesion layers. 9. The film stack structure of claim 8, further comprising:
a second adhesion layer deposited on the metal layer. 10. The film stack structure of claim 9, wherein the first adhesion layer, the metal layer, and the second adhesion layer form a stress neutral structure. 11. The film stack structure of claim 8, further comprising:
additional alternating adhesion layers and metal layers, wherein the film stack contains at least 50 layers. 12. The film stack structure of claim 8, wherein each adhesion layer has a thickness of less than 40 A. 13. The film stack structure of claim 8, wherein the first adhesion layer is WN. 14. The film stack structure of claim 8, wherein the metal layer is W. 15. The film stack structure of claim 8, wherein the metal is TiN. 16. A method for forming a film stack on a substrate, comprising:
depositing a first adhesion layer on an oxide layer formed on the substrate; depositing a metal layer on the first adhesion layer; and forming a stress neutral structure by depositing a second adhesion layer on the metal layer. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
annealing the film stack formed on the substrate. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
repeating the depositing of a first adhesion layer, a metal layer, and a second adhesion layer until the film stack contains at least 50 layers. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein each of the adhesion layers has a thickness less than 40 A. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the first adhesion layer is the same as the second adhesion layer.
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The present disclosure provides a film stack structure formed on a substrate and methods for forming the film stack structure on the substrate. In one embodiment, the method for forming a film stack structure on a substrate includes depositing a first adhesion layer on an oxide layer formed on the substrate and depositing a metal layer on the first adhesion layer, wherein the first adhesion layer and the metal layer form a stress neutral structure.1. A method for forming a film stack on a substrate, comprising:
depositing one or more adhesion layers on an oxide layer formed on the substrate; and forming a stress neutral structure by depositing a metal layer on a first adhesion layer of the one or more adhesion layers. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
depositing a second adhesion layer on the metal layer. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first adhesion layer, the metal layer, and the second adhesion layer form a stress neutral structure. 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
repeating depositing the first adhesion layer, the metal layer, and the second adhesive layer until the film stack contains at least 50 layers. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein each adhesion layer has a thickness less than 40 A. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
annealing a film stack formed on the substrate. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
repeating depositing the one or more adhesion layers and the metal layer until the film stack contains at least 50 layers. 8. A film stack structure formed on a substrate, comprising:
one or more adhesions layer deposited on an oxide layer formed on the substrate; and a stress neutral structure comprising a metal layer deposited on a first adhesion layer of the one or more adhesion layers. 9. The film stack structure of claim 8, further comprising:
a second adhesion layer deposited on the metal layer. 10. The film stack structure of claim 9, wherein the first adhesion layer, the metal layer, and the second adhesion layer form a stress neutral structure. 11. The film stack structure of claim 8, further comprising:
additional alternating adhesion layers and metal layers, wherein the film stack contains at least 50 layers. 12. The film stack structure of claim 8, wherein each adhesion layer has a thickness of less than 40 A. 13. The film stack structure of claim 8, wherein the first adhesion layer is WN. 14. The film stack structure of claim 8, wherein the metal layer is W. 15. The film stack structure of claim 8, wherein the metal is TiN. 16. A method for forming a film stack on a substrate, comprising:
depositing a first adhesion layer on an oxide layer formed on the substrate; depositing a metal layer on the first adhesion layer; and forming a stress neutral structure by depositing a second adhesion layer on the metal layer. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
annealing the film stack formed on the substrate. 18. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
repeating the depositing of a first adhesion layer, a metal layer, and a second adhesion layer until the film stack contains at least 50 layers. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein each of the adhesion layers has a thickness less than 40 A. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the first adhesion layer is the same as the second adhesion layer.
| 1,700 |
3,390 | 15,277,095 | 1,795 |
Cathodically depositable electrocoat materials comprising basic bismuth nitrate, further comprising at least one binder having reactive functional groups and at least one crosslinker containing the complementary reactive functional groups which are able to enter into thermal crosslinking reactions.
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1. A cathodically depositable electrocoat material produced by a process comprising mixing and homogenizing:
at least one binder, at least one crosslinking agent, and a bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of a water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate. 2. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate has a bismuth content of from 70% to 75% by weight. 3. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate is a bismuth subnitrate of empirical formula 4(BiNO3(OH)2) BiO(OH). 4. The electrocoat material of claim 1 comprising relative to a solids content from 0.05% to 5% by weight of the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate. 5. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the binder comprises cationic groups. 6. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the binder comprises reactive functional groups that are hydroxyl groups. 7. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the crosslinker comprises a blocked polyisocyanate. 8. The electrocoat material of claim 1, further comprising at least one additive from the group consisting of pigments, fillers, wetting agents, dispersants, light stabilizers, and corrosion inhibitors. 9. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of a water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate is the only crosslinking catalyst present. 10. A process for producing the electrocoat material of claim 1, comprising mixing the binder, and the crosslinking agent, with the bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate. 11. A cathodically depositable electrocoat material comprising:
about 40 to about 45 wt.-% of an aqueous binder dispersion including at least one binder that is an amino-epoxy resin and at least one crosslinking agent that is a blocked polyisocyanate; at least one about 5 to about 6 wt. % of an aqueous pigment paste including from 0.05% to 5% by weight of a bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of a water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate having a bismuth content of from 70% to 75% by weight; and about 50 to about 52 wt. % water. 12. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 11, wherein a baking temperature of the electrocoat material is at least 5-10° C. lower when compared to a baking temperature of an electrocoat material which is devoid of the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate and sufficient to produce a same or similar degree of crosslinking as the electrocoat material. 13. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 11, wherein the pigment paste further comprises titanium dioxide. 14. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 13, wherein the pigment paste further comprises carbon black. 15. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 11, wherein the bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of a water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate is the only crosslinking catalysts present. 16. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 10, wherein the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate is a bismuth subnitrate of empirical formula 4(BiNO3(OH)2)BiO(OH).
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Cathodically depositable electrocoat materials comprising basic bismuth nitrate, further comprising at least one binder having reactive functional groups and at least one crosslinker containing the complementary reactive functional groups which are able to enter into thermal crosslinking reactions.1. A cathodically depositable electrocoat material produced by a process comprising mixing and homogenizing:
at least one binder, at least one crosslinking agent, and a bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of a water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate. 2. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate has a bismuth content of from 70% to 75% by weight. 3. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate is a bismuth subnitrate of empirical formula 4(BiNO3(OH)2) BiO(OH). 4. The electrocoat material of claim 1 comprising relative to a solids content from 0.05% to 5% by weight of the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate. 5. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the binder comprises cationic groups. 6. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the binder comprises reactive functional groups that are hydroxyl groups. 7. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the crosslinker comprises a blocked polyisocyanate. 8. The electrocoat material of claim 1, further comprising at least one additive from the group consisting of pigments, fillers, wetting agents, dispersants, light stabilizers, and corrosion inhibitors. 9. The electrocoat material of claim 1, wherein the bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of a water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate is the only crosslinking catalyst present. 10. A process for producing the electrocoat material of claim 1, comprising mixing the binder, and the crosslinking agent, with the bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate. 11. A cathodically depositable electrocoat material comprising:
about 40 to about 45 wt.-% of an aqueous binder dispersion including at least one binder that is an amino-epoxy resin and at least one crosslinking agent that is a blocked polyisocyanate; at least one about 5 to about 6 wt. % of an aqueous pigment paste including from 0.05% to 5% by weight of a bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of a water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate having a bismuth content of from 70% to 75% by weight; and about 50 to about 52 wt. % water. 12. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 11, wherein a baking temperature of the electrocoat material is at least 5-10° C. lower when compared to a baking temperature of an electrocoat material which is devoid of the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate and sufficient to produce a same or similar degree of crosslinking as the electrocoat material. 13. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 11, wherein the pigment paste further comprises titanium dioxide. 14. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 13, wherein the pigment paste further comprises carbon black. 15. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 11, wherein the bismuth nitrate crosslinking catalyst consisting of a water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate is the only crosslinking catalysts present. 16. The cathodically depositable electrocoat material of claim 10, wherein the water-insoluble basic bismuth nitrate is a bismuth subnitrate of empirical formula 4(BiNO3(OH)2)BiO(OH).
| 1,700 |
3,391 | 14,106,975 | 1,767 |
A functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol of the formula P—(R) n , where: P represents a straight or branched chain polymer backbone that is a homopolymer of vinyl alcohol or a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and at least one other monomer, the homopolymer or copolymer comprising one or more reactive coupling group; R represents an aminosilane-containing and/or an aminosilanol-containing side chain attached to the polymer backbone via the one or more reactive coupling group; and n represents the number of side chains, which are present in an amount from about 1 to about 25 mol % of the polymer backbone; and ink or coating compositions containing the functionalized polymer.
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1. A functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol of formula (I):
P—(R)n (I)
where:
P represents a straight or branched chain polymer backbone that is a homopolymer of vinyl alcohol or a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and at least one other monomer, the homopolymer or copolymer comprising one or more reactive coupling group;
R represents an aminosilane-containing and/or an aminosilanol-containing side chain attached to the polymer backbone via the one or more reactive coupling group; and
n represents the number of side chains, which are present in an amount from about 1 to about 25 mol % of the polymer backbone;
provided that when P represents a homopolymer of vinyl alcohol, then R is not a side chain derived from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. 2. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein P represents poly(vinyl alcohol). 3. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein P represents a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and an olefin. 4. The polymer according to claim 3, wherein the olefin is present in an amount from about 1 to about 50 mol % of the copolymer backbone. 5. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein P represents a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and an alkene-containing monomer. 6. The polymer according to claim 5, wherein the alkene-containing monomer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and acrylamide. 7. The polymer according to claim 5, wherein the alkene-containing monomer is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, and n-butyl methacrylate. 8. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein P represents a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate. 9. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the reactive coupling group comprises a ketone-containing or ketoester-containing functional group. 10. The polymer according to claim 9, wherein the reactive coupling group comprises a ketoester-containing functional group derived from an acetoacetylation agent. 11. The polymer according to claim 10, wherein the acetoacetylation agent is diketene, diketene acetone adduct, or an alkyl acetoacetate. 12. The polymer according to claim 10, wherein the ketoester-containing functional group comprises the moiety —O(CO)CH—C(CH3)═O. 13. The polymer according to claim 9, wherein the ketone-containing or ketoester-containing functional group is present in an amount from about 1 to about 50 mol % of the polymer backbone. 14. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the side chain R is derived from a compound of general formula (IIA):
where:
R1, R2 and R3 independently represent H, C1-9 alkyl, aryl, C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy, provided that at least one of R1, R2 or R3 represents a C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy group;
x is in a range from 0 to 9; and
y is in a range from 1 to 9. 15. The polymer according to claim 14, wherein x is 0, 1, or 2 and y is 3. 16. The polymer according to claim 14, wherein at least two of R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and butoxy. 17. The polymer according to claim 14, wherein the side chain R is derived from one or more of the following compounds: aminoethyl triethoxy silane, 2-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, 2-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, 2-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, 2-aminoethyl tributoxy silane, 1-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, 1-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl tributoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl methyl dimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl ethyl dimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-3-aminopropyldiethylethoxysilane ethyl diethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl methyl dipropoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl ethyl dipropoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl propyl dipropoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl dimethyl methoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl dimethyl ethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl diethyl ethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl dimethyl propoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl diethyl propoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl dipropyl propoxysilane, 2-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, 2-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, 2-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, 2-aminopropyl tributoxy silane, 1-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, 1-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, 1-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, 1-aminopropyl tributoxy silane, N-aminomethyl aminomethyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl aminomethyl tripropoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-3-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, N-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-1-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-1-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, N-methyl-3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl methyl dimethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl methyl diethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyl dimethoxy silane, 3-diethylene 3-diethylene triamine propyl triethoxy silane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethyl aminoethyl amino)propyl]trimethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethyl aminoethyl amino) propyl]triethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethyl aminoethyl amino) propyl]tripropoxysilane, and trimethoxy silyl propyl diethylene triamine. 18. The polymer according to claim 17, wherein the side chain R is derived from one or more of the following compounds: 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl trimethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl triethoxysilane, and 3-aminopropyl methyldimethoxysilane. 19. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the side chains R are present in an amount from about 5 to about 200 mol % relative to the amount of reactive coupling groups present on the polymer backbone. 20. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the side chains R are present in an amount from about 2 to about 15 mol % of the polymer backbone. 21. A process for preparing a functionalized vinyl alcohol homopolymer or copolymer according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a. preparing a straight or branched chain homopolymer of vinyl acetate or a copolymer of vinyl acetate with at least one other monomer; b. hydrolysing the homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl acetate of step (a) to obtain a homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol; c. reacting the homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol of step (b) with a suitable reactive coupling agent to obtain a homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol comprising one or more reactive coupling groups; d. reacting the resulting homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol comprising one or more reactive coupling groups of step (c) with a suitable aminosilane and/or an aminosilanol; and e. optionally isolating the copolymer so formed. 22. The process according to claim 21, wherein step (b) comprises partial hydrolysis of the vinyl acetate copolymer. 23. The process according to claim 21, wherein the reaction mixture obtained following step (d) is heated to a temperature in a range from about 0 to about 100° C. 24. The process according to claim 21, wherein step (d) is performed by adding the homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol comprising one or more reactive coupling groups to a solution of a suitable aminosilane and/or an aminosilanol. 25. The process according to claim 21, wherein the reaction mixture obtained following step (d) is treated with an acid. 26. The process according to claim 21, wherein the reaction mixture obtained following step (d) is treated with carbon dioxide. 27. The process according to claim 21, wherein the copolymer is isolated by evaporation. 28. A functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol obtainable by or obtained by the process of claim 21. 29. A process for preparing a cross-linked polymer coating, comprising:
heating a polymer containing more than one aminosilane and/or aminosilanol side-chains derived from a compound of formula (III), wherein the process is carried out in the absence of an acid catalyst,
where:
R1, R2, and R3 independently represent H, C1-9 alkyl, aryl, C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy, provided that at least one of R1, R2, or R3 represents a C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy group;
x is in a range from 2 to 9; and
y is in a range from 3 to 9. 30. The process according to claim 29, wherein the polymer is heated to a temperature of from about 80 to about 120° C. 31. A composition comprising:
the polymer according to claim 1; and water or a mixture of water and a C1-4 alcohol. 32. The polymer according to claim 3, wherein the olefin is ethylene or propylene. 33. A sealant or adhesive comprising the functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol according to claim 1. 34. The adhesive or sealant according to claim 33, wherein the functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol is used a binder. 36. A cross-linked polymer coating obtainable by or obtained by the process according to claim 29. 38. An ink or coating composition comprising a functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol according to the formula:
P—(R)n
where:
P comprises a straight or branched chain polymer backbone comprising a homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol, a monomer, and a reactive coupling group comprising a ketone-containing or ketoester-containing functional group;
R comprises an aminosilane-containing and/or aminosilanol-containing side chain attached to the polymer backbone via the reactive coupling group; and
n is the number of side chains ranging from about 1 to about 25 mol % of the polymer backbone. 39. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein the ketoester-containing functional group is derived from an acetoacetylation agent selected from a diketene, diketene acetone adduct, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, tert-butyl acetoacetate, tert-pentyl acetoacetate, and combinations thereof. 40. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein the ketone-containing or ketoester-containing functional group is present in an amount from about 1 to 50 mol % of the polymer backbone. 41. The ink or coating composition according claim 38, wherein the copolymer side chain R is derived from a compound according to the formula:
where:
R1, R2, and R3 is selected from H, C1-9 alkyl, aryl, and C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy, wherein at least one of R1, R2 or R3 is C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy group;
x is 0 to 9; and
y is 1 to 9. 42. The ink or coating composition according claim 38, wherein the side chain R is about 2 to 15 mol % of the polymer backbone. 43. The ink or coating composition according to claim 41, wherein the side chain R is derived from a compound selected from 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl trimethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl triethoxysilane 3-aminopropyl methyldimethoxysilane, and combinations thereof. 44. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein the side chain R is about 50 to 150 mol % relative to an amount of the reactive coupling. 45. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein a weight % ratio of the aminosilane to the keto-ester reactive coupled vinyl copolymer or homopolymer ranges from about 1:2 to 1:100. 46. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein the monomer is selected from olefins, vinylic monomers, acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylates, diacetone acrylamides, and combinations thereof. 47. The ink or coating composition according to claim 46, wherein the olefin is about 1 to about 50 mol % of the polymer backbone. 48. The ink or coating composition according to claim 47, wherein the olefin is less than about 20 mol % of the polymer backbone. 49. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, further comprising a clay. 50. The ink or coating composition according to claim 49, wherein the clay is a vermiculite. 51. The ink or coating composition according to claim 49, wherein a total solids content of the composition ranges from about 0.5 to 15% w/w. 52. The ink or coating composition according to claim 51, wherein the clay ranges from about 30 to 55% w/w of the total solids content. 53. The ink or coating composition according to claim 51, wherein the polymer backbone is about 30 to 95 wt % of the total solids content of the composition. 54. The ink or coating composition according to claim 49, exhibiting an oxygen transmission rate less than about 13 cm3/m2/day at 23° C. and 80% relative humidity. 55. The ink or coating composition according to claim 49, exhibiting an oxygen transmission rate less than about 1 cm3/m2/day at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity. 56. A package comprising:
at least one substrate; and the coating composition according to claim 38. 57. The package according to claim 56 being a cured laminate package. 58. The cured laminate package according to claim 57, further comprising an adhesive. 59. The package according to claim 56, wherein the substrate is flexible. 60. The package according to claim 56, wherein the substrate is a plastic polymeric film. 61. The package according to claim 56, wherein the substrate is a paper substrate. 62. The package according to claim 56, wherein the substrate is a paperboard. 63. The package of claim 62, wherein the paperboard is coated with polyester or polyolefin. 64. The cured laminate package according to claim 57, exhibiting a laminate bond strength greater than about 3.0 N/15 mm after being stored for about 48 hours at 38° C. and 85-90% relative humidity. 65. The cured laminate package according to claim 57, exhibiting a laminate bond strength greater than about 0.5 N/15 mm after being stored for about 24 hours at 38° C. and 85-90% relative humidity. 66. The cured laminate according to claim 57, exhibiting a laminate bond strength greater than about 0.6 N/15 mm after immersion in water for 2 hours at 22° C. 67. A process for making the package of claim 56, comprising coating the substrate with the coating composition of claim 38. 68. The process of claim 67, wherein the coating composition acts as a barrier in food and industrial applications. 69. The process of claim 67, wherein the coating composition acts as a gas barrier in food and industrial applications. 70. The process of claim 67, wherein the coating composition acts as a barrier in modified atmosphere packaging for food and industrial applications.
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A functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol of the formula P—(R) n , where: P represents a straight or branched chain polymer backbone that is a homopolymer of vinyl alcohol or a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and at least one other monomer, the homopolymer or copolymer comprising one or more reactive coupling group; R represents an aminosilane-containing and/or an aminosilanol-containing side chain attached to the polymer backbone via the one or more reactive coupling group; and n represents the number of side chains, which are present in an amount from about 1 to about 25 mol % of the polymer backbone; and ink or coating compositions containing the functionalized polymer.1. A functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol of formula (I):
P—(R)n (I)
where:
P represents a straight or branched chain polymer backbone that is a homopolymer of vinyl alcohol or a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and at least one other monomer, the homopolymer or copolymer comprising one or more reactive coupling group;
R represents an aminosilane-containing and/or an aminosilanol-containing side chain attached to the polymer backbone via the one or more reactive coupling group; and
n represents the number of side chains, which are present in an amount from about 1 to about 25 mol % of the polymer backbone;
provided that when P represents a homopolymer of vinyl alcohol, then R is not a side chain derived from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. 2. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein P represents poly(vinyl alcohol). 3. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein P represents a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and an olefin. 4. The polymer according to claim 3, wherein the olefin is present in an amount from about 1 to about 50 mol % of the copolymer backbone. 5. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein P represents a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and an alkene-containing monomer. 6. The polymer according to claim 5, wherein the alkene-containing monomer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and acrylamide. 7. The polymer according to claim 5, wherein the alkene-containing monomer is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, and n-butyl methacrylate. 8. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein P represents a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate. 9. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the reactive coupling group comprises a ketone-containing or ketoester-containing functional group. 10. The polymer according to claim 9, wherein the reactive coupling group comprises a ketoester-containing functional group derived from an acetoacetylation agent. 11. The polymer according to claim 10, wherein the acetoacetylation agent is diketene, diketene acetone adduct, or an alkyl acetoacetate. 12. The polymer according to claim 10, wherein the ketoester-containing functional group comprises the moiety —O(CO)CH—C(CH3)═O. 13. The polymer according to claim 9, wherein the ketone-containing or ketoester-containing functional group is present in an amount from about 1 to about 50 mol % of the polymer backbone. 14. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the side chain R is derived from a compound of general formula (IIA):
where:
R1, R2 and R3 independently represent H, C1-9 alkyl, aryl, C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy, provided that at least one of R1, R2 or R3 represents a C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy group;
x is in a range from 0 to 9; and
y is in a range from 1 to 9. 15. The polymer according to claim 14, wherein x is 0, 1, or 2 and y is 3. 16. The polymer according to claim 14, wherein at least two of R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and butoxy. 17. The polymer according to claim 14, wherein the side chain R is derived from one or more of the following compounds: aminoethyl triethoxy silane, 2-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, 2-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, 2-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, 2-aminoethyl tributoxy silane, 1-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, 1-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl tributoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl methyl dimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl ethyl dimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-3-aminopropyldiethylethoxysilane ethyl diethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl methyl dipropoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl ethyl dipropoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl propyl dipropoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl dimethyl methoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl dimethyl ethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl diethyl ethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl dimethyl propoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl diethyl propoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl dipropyl propoxysilane, 2-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, 2-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, 2-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, 2-aminopropyl tributoxy silane, 1-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, 1-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, 1-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, 1-aminopropyl tributoxy silane, N-aminomethyl aminomethyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl aminomethyl tripropoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-3-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, N-aminomethyl-2-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, N-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, N-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-1-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-1-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl tripropoxy silane, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl trimethoxy silane, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl triethoxy silane, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-aminoethyl tripropoxy silane, N-methyl-3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl methyl dimethoxy silane, 3-aminopropyl methyl diethoxy silane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyl dimethoxy silane, 3-diethylene 3-diethylene triamine propyl triethoxy silane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethyl aminoethyl amino)propyl]trimethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethyl aminoethyl amino) propyl]triethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethyl aminoethyl amino) propyl]tripropoxysilane, and trimethoxy silyl propyl diethylene triamine. 18. The polymer according to claim 17, wherein the side chain R is derived from one or more of the following compounds: 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl trimethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl triethoxysilane, and 3-aminopropyl methyldimethoxysilane. 19. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the side chains R are present in an amount from about 5 to about 200 mol % relative to the amount of reactive coupling groups present on the polymer backbone. 20. The polymer according to claim 1, wherein the side chains R are present in an amount from about 2 to about 15 mol % of the polymer backbone. 21. A process for preparing a functionalized vinyl alcohol homopolymer or copolymer according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
a. preparing a straight or branched chain homopolymer of vinyl acetate or a copolymer of vinyl acetate with at least one other monomer; b. hydrolysing the homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl acetate of step (a) to obtain a homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol; c. reacting the homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol of step (b) with a suitable reactive coupling agent to obtain a homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol comprising one or more reactive coupling groups; d. reacting the resulting homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol comprising one or more reactive coupling groups of step (c) with a suitable aminosilane and/or an aminosilanol; and e. optionally isolating the copolymer so formed. 22. The process according to claim 21, wherein step (b) comprises partial hydrolysis of the vinyl acetate copolymer. 23. The process according to claim 21, wherein the reaction mixture obtained following step (d) is heated to a temperature in a range from about 0 to about 100° C. 24. The process according to claim 21, wherein step (d) is performed by adding the homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol comprising one or more reactive coupling groups to a solution of a suitable aminosilane and/or an aminosilanol. 25. The process according to claim 21, wherein the reaction mixture obtained following step (d) is treated with an acid. 26. The process according to claim 21, wherein the reaction mixture obtained following step (d) is treated with carbon dioxide. 27. The process according to claim 21, wherein the copolymer is isolated by evaporation. 28. A functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol obtainable by or obtained by the process of claim 21. 29. A process for preparing a cross-linked polymer coating, comprising:
heating a polymer containing more than one aminosilane and/or aminosilanol side-chains derived from a compound of formula (III), wherein the process is carried out in the absence of an acid catalyst,
where:
R1, R2, and R3 independently represent H, C1-9 alkyl, aryl, C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy, provided that at least one of R1, R2, or R3 represents a C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy group;
x is in a range from 2 to 9; and
y is in a range from 3 to 9. 30. The process according to claim 29, wherein the polymer is heated to a temperature of from about 80 to about 120° C. 31. A composition comprising:
the polymer according to claim 1; and water or a mixture of water and a C1-4 alcohol. 32. The polymer according to claim 3, wherein the olefin is ethylene or propylene. 33. A sealant or adhesive comprising the functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol according to claim 1. 34. The adhesive or sealant according to claim 33, wherein the functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol is used a binder. 36. A cross-linked polymer coating obtainable by or obtained by the process according to claim 29. 38. An ink or coating composition comprising a functionalized homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol according to the formula:
P—(R)n
where:
P comprises a straight or branched chain polymer backbone comprising a homopolymer or copolymer of vinyl alcohol, a monomer, and a reactive coupling group comprising a ketone-containing or ketoester-containing functional group;
R comprises an aminosilane-containing and/or aminosilanol-containing side chain attached to the polymer backbone via the reactive coupling group; and
n is the number of side chains ranging from about 1 to about 25 mol % of the polymer backbone. 39. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein the ketoester-containing functional group is derived from an acetoacetylation agent selected from a diketene, diketene acetone adduct, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, tert-butyl acetoacetate, tert-pentyl acetoacetate, and combinations thereof. 40. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein the ketone-containing or ketoester-containing functional group is present in an amount from about 1 to 50 mol % of the polymer backbone. 41. The ink or coating composition according claim 38, wherein the copolymer side chain R is derived from a compound according to the formula:
where:
R1, R2, and R3 is selected from H, C1-9 alkyl, aryl, and C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy, wherein at least one of R1, R2 or R3 is C1-9 alkoxy or aryloxy group;
x is 0 to 9; and
y is 1 to 9. 42. The ink or coating composition according claim 38, wherein the side chain R is about 2 to 15 mol % of the polymer backbone. 43. The ink or coating composition according to claim 41, wherein the side chain R is derived from a compound selected from 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl trimethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl triethoxysilane 3-aminopropyl methyldimethoxysilane, and combinations thereof. 44. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein the side chain R is about 50 to 150 mol % relative to an amount of the reactive coupling. 45. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein a weight % ratio of the aminosilane to the keto-ester reactive coupled vinyl copolymer or homopolymer ranges from about 1:2 to 1:100. 46. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, wherein the monomer is selected from olefins, vinylic monomers, acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylates, diacetone acrylamides, and combinations thereof. 47. The ink or coating composition according to claim 46, wherein the olefin is about 1 to about 50 mol % of the polymer backbone. 48. The ink or coating composition according to claim 47, wherein the olefin is less than about 20 mol % of the polymer backbone. 49. The ink or coating composition according to claim 38, further comprising a clay. 50. The ink or coating composition according to claim 49, wherein the clay is a vermiculite. 51. The ink or coating composition according to claim 49, wherein a total solids content of the composition ranges from about 0.5 to 15% w/w. 52. The ink or coating composition according to claim 51, wherein the clay ranges from about 30 to 55% w/w of the total solids content. 53. The ink or coating composition according to claim 51, wherein the polymer backbone is about 30 to 95 wt % of the total solids content of the composition. 54. The ink or coating composition according to claim 49, exhibiting an oxygen transmission rate less than about 13 cm3/m2/day at 23° C. and 80% relative humidity. 55. The ink or coating composition according to claim 49, exhibiting an oxygen transmission rate less than about 1 cm3/m2/day at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity. 56. A package comprising:
at least one substrate; and the coating composition according to claim 38. 57. The package according to claim 56 being a cured laminate package. 58. The cured laminate package according to claim 57, further comprising an adhesive. 59. The package according to claim 56, wherein the substrate is flexible. 60. The package according to claim 56, wherein the substrate is a plastic polymeric film. 61. The package according to claim 56, wherein the substrate is a paper substrate. 62. The package according to claim 56, wherein the substrate is a paperboard. 63. The package of claim 62, wherein the paperboard is coated with polyester or polyolefin. 64. The cured laminate package according to claim 57, exhibiting a laminate bond strength greater than about 3.0 N/15 mm after being stored for about 48 hours at 38° C. and 85-90% relative humidity. 65. The cured laminate package according to claim 57, exhibiting a laminate bond strength greater than about 0.5 N/15 mm after being stored for about 24 hours at 38° C. and 85-90% relative humidity. 66. The cured laminate according to claim 57, exhibiting a laminate bond strength greater than about 0.6 N/15 mm after immersion in water for 2 hours at 22° C. 67. A process for making the package of claim 56, comprising coating the substrate with the coating composition of claim 38. 68. The process of claim 67, wherein the coating composition acts as a barrier in food and industrial applications. 69. The process of claim 67, wherein the coating composition acts as a gas barrier in food and industrial applications. 70. The process of claim 67, wherein the coating composition acts as a barrier in modified atmosphere packaging for food and industrial applications.
| 1,700 |
3,392 | 14,115,238 | 1,777 |
Chromatographic media of porous media particles derivatized with allylamine or polyallylamine obtained directly or through intermolecular polymerization on the surface thereof and such media functionalized with further functionalization groups. Such media are particularly useful for separating biomolecules.
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1. Chromatographic media comprising porous media particles derivatized with allyamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the particles. 2. Chromatographic media according to claim 1 wherein the porous media particles comprise particles selected from the group consisting of epoxidized or haloalkylated silica, chitosan, cellulose, agarose, polystyrenes, polyacrylates or polymethacrylates, and polydivinylbenzenes. 3. Chromatographic media according to claim 2 wherein the porous media particles comprise epoxidized or haloalkylated polyacrylates or polymethacrylates polymers. 4. Chromatographic media according to claim 1 wherein the porous media particles derivatized with allylamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the particles are further functionalized by reaction of at least one other functionalization reagent with terminal amino groups of the allylamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the polymeric resin. 5. Chromatographic media according to claim 3 wherein the porous media particles derivatized with allylamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the particles are further functionalized by reaction of at least one other functionalization reagent with terminal amino groups of the allylamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the polymeric resin. 6. Chromatographic media according to claim 4 wherein the at least one other functionalization agent is selected from the group consisting of: acid anhydrides, sulfonation agents, alkyl chlorides, and alkyl chlorides containing quaternary ammonium functionality, and mixtures thereof. 7. Chromatographic media according to claim 6 wherein the functionalization reagent is selected from the group consisting of cyclic carboxylic anhydrides, unsaturated carboxylic anhydrides, bisulfites, alkyl chlorides, alkyl anhydrides, alkyl chlorides containing quaternary ammonium functionality and mixtures thereof. 8. Chromatographic media according to claim 7 wherein the at least one other functionalization reagent is selected from the group consisting of: glutaric anhydride, succinican hydrides, maleic anhydride, sodium meta-bisulfate, butyryl chloride, acetic anhydride, butyrican hydride, (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, and mixtures thereof. 9. Chromatographic media according to claim 1 wherein said porous media particles are derivatized with polyallylamine having a molecular weight less than 2500. 10. A column for chromatography which is packed with chromatographic media according to claim 1. 11. A column for chromatography which is packed with chromatographic media according to claim 3. 12. A column for chromatography which is packed with chromatographic media according to claim 5. 13. A column for chromatography which is packed with chromatographic media according to claim 8. 14. A process for separation of components of a solution comprising passing the solution through a chromatography column of claim 10 and eluting components of the solution. 15. A process for separation of components of a solution comprising passing the solution through a chromatography column of claim 11 and eluting components of the solution. 16. A process for separation of components of a solution comprising passing the solution through a chromatography column of claim 12 and eluting components of the solution. 17. A process for separation of components of a solution comprising passing the solution through a chromatography column of claim 13 and eluting components of the solution. 18. A process according to claim 14 wherein the solution is a solution containing biomolecules. 19. A method of making chromatographic media comprising reacting solid porous media particles containing an epoxy group or a haloalkyl group with an allylamine or polyallylamine derivative. 20. The method according to claim 19 wherein said polyallylamine is obtained by reacting an allylamine or polyallylamine having a molecular weight 25000 or less or by intermolecular polymerization through grafted allylamine. 21. A method of making chromatographic media comprising
i) reacting solid porous media particles containing an epoxy group or haloalkyl group with an allylamine to form a polymer grafted with allylamine, and ii) initiating intermolecular polymerization of said polymer grafted with allylamine. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein said initiating intermolecular polymerization step is initiated by a radical initiator and excess allylamine. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein said radical initiator is selected from the group of azobisisobutyronitrile, acetyl peroxide or benzoyl peroxide.
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Chromatographic media of porous media particles derivatized with allylamine or polyallylamine obtained directly or through intermolecular polymerization on the surface thereof and such media functionalized with further functionalization groups. Such media are particularly useful for separating biomolecules.1. Chromatographic media comprising porous media particles derivatized with allyamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the particles. 2. Chromatographic media according to claim 1 wherein the porous media particles comprise particles selected from the group consisting of epoxidized or haloalkylated silica, chitosan, cellulose, agarose, polystyrenes, polyacrylates or polymethacrylates, and polydivinylbenzenes. 3. Chromatographic media according to claim 2 wherein the porous media particles comprise epoxidized or haloalkylated polyacrylates or polymethacrylates polymers. 4. Chromatographic media according to claim 1 wherein the porous media particles derivatized with allylamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the particles are further functionalized by reaction of at least one other functionalization reagent with terminal amino groups of the allylamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the polymeric resin. 5. Chromatographic media according to claim 3 wherein the porous media particles derivatized with allylamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the particles are further functionalized by reaction of at least one other functionalization reagent with terminal amino groups of the allylamine or polyallylamine on the surface of the polymeric resin. 6. Chromatographic media according to claim 4 wherein the at least one other functionalization agent is selected from the group consisting of: acid anhydrides, sulfonation agents, alkyl chlorides, and alkyl chlorides containing quaternary ammonium functionality, and mixtures thereof. 7. Chromatographic media according to claim 6 wherein the functionalization reagent is selected from the group consisting of cyclic carboxylic anhydrides, unsaturated carboxylic anhydrides, bisulfites, alkyl chlorides, alkyl anhydrides, alkyl chlorides containing quaternary ammonium functionality and mixtures thereof. 8. Chromatographic media according to claim 7 wherein the at least one other functionalization reagent is selected from the group consisting of: glutaric anhydride, succinican hydrides, maleic anhydride, sodium meta-bisulfate, butyryl chloride, acetic anhydride, butyrican hydride, (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, and mixtures thereof. 9. Chromatographic media according to claim 1 wherein said porous media particles are derivatized with polyallylamine having a molecular weight less than 2500. 10. A column for chromatography which is packed with chromatographic media according to claim 1. 11. A column for chromatography which is packed with chromatographic media according to claim 3. 12. A column for chromatography which is packed with chromatographic media according to claim 5. 13. A column for chromatography which is packed with chromatographic media according to claim 8. 14. A process for separation of components of a solution comprising passing the solution through a chromatography column of claim 10 and eluting components of the solution. 15. A process for separation of components of a solution comprising passing the solution through a chromatography column of claim 11 and eluting components of the solution. 16. A process for separation of components of a solution comprising passing the solution through a chromatography column of claim 12 and eluting components of the solution. 17. A process for separation of components of a solution comprising passing the solution through a chromatography column of claim 13 and eluting components of the solution. 18. A process according to claim 14 wherein the solution is a solution containing biomolecules. 19. A method of making chromatographic media comprising reacting solid porous media particles containing an epoxy group or a haloalkyl group with an allylamine or polyallylamine derivative. 20. The method according to claim 19 wherein said polyallylamine is obtained by reacting an allylamine or polyallylamine having a molecular weight 25000 or less or by intermolecular polymerization through grafted allylamine. 21. A method of making chromatographic media comprising
i) reacting solid porous media particles containing an epoxy group or haloalkyl group with an allylamine to form a polymer grafted with allylamine, and ii) initiating intermolecular polymerization of said polymer grafted with allylamine. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein said initiating intermolecular polymerization step is initiated by a radical initiator and excess allylamine. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein said radical initiator is selected from the group of azobisisobutyronitrile, acetyl peroxide or benzoyl peroxide.
| 1,700 |
3,393 | 14,680,999 | 1,796 |
Titania is a semiconductor and photocatalyst that is also chemically inert. With its bandgap of 3.2 and greater, to activate the photocatalytic property of titania requires light of about 390 nm wavelength, which is in the ultra-violet, where sunlight is very low in intensity. A method and devices are disclosed wherein stress is induced and managed in a thin film of titania in order to shift and lower the bandgap energy into the longer wavelengths that are more abundant in sunlight. Applications of this stress-induced bandgap-shifted titania photocatalytic surface include photoelectrolysis for production of hydrogen gas from water, photovoltaics for production of electricity, and photocatalysis for detoxification and disinfection.
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1. A photoelectrolytic cell for production of first and second gases from a liquid, the cell comprising:
a container capable of holding the liquid; a photoelectrode disposed within the container and capable of generating the first gas upon exposure to radiation; a counterelectrode disposed within the container electrically connected to the photoelectrode and capable of generating a second gas when the photoelectrode is exposed to radiation; and a septum arranged between the photoelectrode and the counterelectrode to separate the first and second gases. 2. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein the photoelectrode has a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, said apertures serving to improve migration of ions between the photoelectrode and the counterelectrode. 3. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein the photoelectrode is a photoanode, the counterelectrode is a cathode, and the photoelectrolytic cell further comprises a second anode disposed within the container, the second anode not being photolytically active but being electrically connected to the cathode. 4. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 3 further comprising an auxiliary septum arranged between the second anode and the cathode. 5. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein the septum is formed of an open cell material, an open cell foam, a microporous material such as fritted glass or ceramic, or an ion exchange membrane such as a fluoropolymer. 6. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein the photoelectrode comprises a semiconductor film on a substrate, the semiconductor film having a bandgap not supporting spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light wavelengths present in sunlight, the substrate having surface undulations with a spatial period smaller than the wavelength of visible light that cause stress in the semiconductor film and thereby shift the bandgap therein to support spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light. 7. A photoelectrolytic cell for production of at least one gas from a liquid, the cell comprising:
a container capable of holding the liquid; a photoanode disposed within the container; a cathode disposed within the container and electrically connected to the photoanode, such that when the photoanode is exposed to radiation, at least one gas will be generated by the photoanode and the cathode; and a second anode disposed within the container, the second anode not being photolytically active but being electrically connected to the cathode. 8. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 7 wherein the photoanode has a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, said apertures serving to improve migration of ions between the photoelectrode and the counterelectrode. 9. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 7 wherein the photoelectrode comprises a semiconductor film on a substrate, the semiconductor film having a bandgap not supporting spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light wavelengths present in sunlight, the substrate having surface undulations with a spatial period smaller than the wavelength of visible light that cause stress in the semiconductor film and thereby shift the bandgap therein to support spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light. 10. Apparatus for generating electricity and for carrying out photo-induced reactions, the apparatus comprising:
a primary reflector arranged to concentrate radiation incident thereon to a primary focus; a dichroic mirror disposed at or adjacent the primary focus and arranged to pass a first band of radiation therethrough and to reflect a second band of radiation having wavelengths differing from those of the first band; photovoltaic means for converting radiation to electricity; and photo-reactor means for carrying out at least one photo-induced reaction, the photo-reactor means comprising at least one photoactive electrode, wherein one of the photovoltaic means and the photo-reactor means is arranged to receive the first band of radiation passing through the dichroic mirror, and the other of the photovoltaic means and the photo-reactor means is arranged to receive the second band of radiation reflected from the dichroic mirror. 11. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the dichroic mirror comprises a secondary reflector arranged to direct radiation incident thereon to a secondary focus. 12. Apparatus according to claim 11 the apparatus having a Dall-Kirkham reflective design, with an elliptical primary reflector and a cylindrical secondary reflector, or a Cassegrain design with a parabolic primary reflector and a hyperbolic secondary reflector. 13. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the primary reflector comprises:
a support member;
two end caps mounted on the support member and spaced apart from one another, each end cap having a mounting surface facing the other end cap, and a slotted guide into its mounting surface; and;
a flexible reflector material having a reflective surface inserted into the slotted guides on the two end caps so that the reflective surface of the flexible substrate concentrates incident radiation on the primary focus. 14. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the photo-reactor means comprises a container capable of holding liquid; a photoanode; and a cathode electrically connected to the photoanode, wherein the container is substantially cylindrical and at least part of the container is light transmissive such that the light transmissive part of the container concentrates light on the photoanode. 15. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the photo-reactor means comprises a container capable of holding liquid, the container having first and second apertures extending therethrough, and a liquid circulation tube disposed outside the container extending from the first aperture to the second aperture thereof such that liquid contain from the interior of the container through the first aperture, through the liquid circulation tube and back into the container through the second aperture; and heat extraction means arranged to extract heat from the liquid in the liquid circulation tube. 16. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the photo-reactor means comprises a photoelectrode comprising a semiconductor film on a substrate, the semiconductor film having a bandgap not supporting spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light wavelengths present in sunlight, the substrate having surface undulations with a spatial period smaller than the wavelength of visible light that cause stress in the semiconductor film and thereby shift the bandgap therein to support spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light. 17. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the photo-reactor means comprises a photoelectrolytic cell for production of first and second gases from a liquid, the cell comprising:
a container capable of holding the liquid;
a photoelectrode disposed within the container and capable of generating the first gas upon exposure to radiation;
a counterelectrode disposed within the container electrically connected to the photoelectrode and capable of generating a second gas when the photoelectrode is exposed to radiation; and
a septum arranged between the photoelectrode and the counterelectrode to separate the first and second gases. 18. Apparatus according to claim 17 wherein the photoelectrode is a photoanode, the counterelectrode is a cathode, and the photoelectrolytic cell further comprises a second anode disposed within the container, the second anode not being photolytically active but being electrically connected to the cathode. 19. Apparatus according to claim 18 further comprising an auxiliary septum arranged between the second anode and the cathode. 20. Apparatus according to claim 17 wherein the septum is formed of an open cell material, an open cell foam, a microporous material such as fritted glass or ceramic, or an ion exchange membrane such as a fluoropolymer.
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Titania is a semiconductor and photocatalyst that is also chemically inert. With its bandgap of 3.2 and greater, to activate the photocatalytic property of titania requires light of about 390 nm wavelength, which is in the ultra-violet, where sunlight is very low in intensity. A method and devices are disclosed wherein stress is induced and managed in a thin film of titania in order to shift and lower the bandgap energy into the longer wavelengths that are more abundant in sunlight. Applications of this stress-induced bandgap-shifted titania photocatalytic surface include photoelectrolysis for production of hydrogen gas from water, photovoltaics for production of electricity, and photocatalysis for detoxification and disinfection.1. A photoelectrolytic cell for production of first and second gases from a liquid, the cell comprising:
a container capable of holding the liquid; a photoelectrode disposed within the container and capable of generating the first gas upon exposure to radiation; a counterelectrode disposed within the container electrically connected to the photoelectrode and capable of generating a second gas when the photoelectrode is exposed to radiation; and a septum arranged between the photoelectrode and the counterelectrode to separate the first and second gases. 2. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein the photoelectrode has a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, said apertures serving to improve migration of ions between the photoelectrode and the counterelectrode. 3. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein the photoelectrode is a photoanode, the counterelectrode is a cathode, and the photoelectrolytic cell further comprises a second anode disposed within the container, the second anode not being photolytically active but being electrically connected to the cathode. 4. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 3 further comprising an auxiliary septum arranged between the second anode and the cathode. 5. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein the septum is formed of an open cell material, an open cell foam, a microporous material such as fritted glass or ceramic, or an ion exchange membrane such as a fluoropolymer. 6. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 1 wherein the photoelectrode comprises a semiconductor film on a substrate, the semiconductor film having a bandgap not supporting spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light wavelengths present in sunlight, the substrate having surface undulations with a spatial period smaller than the wavelength of visible light that cause stress in the semiconductor film and thereby shift the bandgap therein to support spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light. 7. A photoelectrolytic cell for production of at least one gas from a liquid, the cell comprising:
a container capable of holding the liquid; a photoanode disposed within the container; a cathode disposed within the container and electrically connected to the photoanode, such that when the photoanode is exposed to radiation, at least one gas will be generated by the photoanode and the cathode; and a second anode disposed within the container, the second anode not being photolytically active but being electrically connected to the cathode. 8. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 7 wherein the photoanode has a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, said apertures serving to improve migration of ions between the photoelectrode and the counterelectrode. 9. A photoelectrolytic cell according to claim 7 wherein the photoelectrode comprises a semiconductor film on a substrate, the semiconductor film having a bandgap not supporting spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light wavelengths present in sunlight, the substrate having surface undulations with a spatial period smaller than the wavelength of visible light that cause stress in the semiconductor film and thereby shift the bandgap therein to support spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light. 10. Apparatus for generating electricity and for carrying out photo-induced reactions, the apparatus comprising:
a primary reflector arranged to concentrate radiation incident thereon to a primary focus; a dichroic mirror disposed at or adjacent the primary focus and arranged to pass a first band of radiation therethrough and to reflect a second band of radiation having wavelengths differing from those of the first band; photovoltaic means for converting radiation to electricity; and photo-reactor means for carrying out at least one photo-induced reaction, the photo-reactor means comprising at least one photoactive electrode, wherein one of the photovoltaic means and the photo-reactor means is arranged to receive the first band of radiation passing through the dichroic mirror, and the other of the photovoltaic means and the photo-reactor means is arranged to receive the second band of radiation reflected from the dichroic mirror. 11. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the dichroic mirror comprises a secondary reflector arranged to direct radiation incident thereon to a secondary focus. 12. Apparatus according to claim 11 the apparatus having a Dall-Kirkham reflective design, with an elliptical primary reflector and a cylindrical secondary reflector, or a Cassegrain design with a parabolic primary reflector and a hyperbolic secondary reflector. 13. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the primary reflector comprises:
a support member;
two end caps mounted on the support member and spaced apart from one another, each end cap having a mounting surface facing the other end cap, and a slotted guide into its mounting surface; and;
a flexible reflector material having a reflective surface inserted into the slotted guides on the two end caps so that the reflective surface of the flexible substrate concentrates incident radiation on the primary focus. 14. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the photo-reactor means comprises a container capable of holding liquid; a photoanode; and a cathode electrically connected to the photoanode, wherein the container is substantially cylindrical and at least part of the container is light transmissive such that the light transmissive part of the container concentrates light on the photoanode. 15. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the photo-reactor means comprises a container capable of holding liquid, the container having first and second apertures extending therethrough, and a liquid circulation tube disposed outside the container extending from the first aperture to the second aperture thereof such that liquid contain from the interior of the container through the first aperture, through the liquid circulation tube and back into the container through the second aperture; and heat extraction means arranged to extract heat from the liquid in the liquid circulation tube. 16. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the photo-reactor means comprises a photoelectrode comprising a semiconductor film on a substrate, the semiconductor film having a bandgap not supporting spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light wavelengths present in sunlight, the substrate having surface undulations with a spatial period smaller than the wavelength of visible light that cause stress in the semiconductor film and thereby shift the bandgap therein to support spontaneous photoelectrolysis of water in visible light. 17. Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein the photo-reactor means comprises a photoelectrolytic cell for production of first and second gases from a liquid, the cell comprising:
a container capable of holding the liquid;
a photoelectrode disposed within the container and capable of generating the first gas upon exposure to radiation;
a counterelectrode disposed within the container electrically connected to the photoelectrode and capable of generating a second gas when the photoelectrode is exposed to radiation; and
a septum arranged between the photoelectrode and the counterelectrode to separate the first and second gases. 18. Apparatus according to claim 17 wherein the photoelectrode is a photoanode, the counterelectrode is a cathode, and the photoelectrolytic cell further comprises a second anode disposed within the container, the second anode not being photolytically active but being electrically connected to the cathode. 19. Apparatus according to claim 18 further comprising an auxiliary septum arranged between the second anode and the cathode. 20. Apparatus according to claim 17 wherein the septum is formed of an open cell material, an open cell foam, a microporous material such as fritted glass or ceramic, or an ion exchange membrane such as a fluoropolymer.
| 1,700 |
3,394 | 14,353,303 | 1,797 |
Method and device ( 1 b ) for performing the optical analysis of particles ( 2 ) contained in suspension in a fluid ( 3 ) arranged inside a microfluidic device ( 4 ) which maintains it at a temperature significantly lower than the ambient temperature; the formation of humidity on the outer surface ( 8 ) of the cover of the microfluidic device is avoided by applying a thermal flow (F) which determines an increase in the temperature of the outer surface ( 8 ) of the cover to above the condensation temperature (Td), or a reduction in the ambient temperature (and/or humidity) in the vicinity of the cover ( 8 ), so as to bring the condensation temperature (Td) (dew point) to below the temperature of the surface ( 8 ) of the cover determined by the internal operating temperature.
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1. A method for optical analysis of particles (2) contained in suspension in a fluid, at temperatures lower than dew point temperature, comprising the steps of:
i. arranging the particles in suspension within at least one microchamber (4) containing said fluid and delimited between a first and a second surface (5,6); ii. thermally coupling the first surface (5), by means of a first thermal resistance (RLW), to first cooling means (7) adapted to subtract heat from the fluid, and thermally coupling the second surface (6), by means of a second thermal resistance (RHI), to an optical inspection surface (8); iii. bringing said fluid to a first temperature (T1), lower than dew point temperature, by means of said first cooling means; iv. while the particles (2) are being optically analysed, establishing at the optical inspection surface (8) a thermal flow (F) such that the optical inspection surface is constantly maintained at a second temperature (T2) higher than the dew point temperature (Td) of the ambient humidity contained in the air which laps on the optical inspection surface (8); said first and second thermal resistances being chosen so that the second thermal resistance (RHI) has a thermal conductivity value, preferably, at least one order of magnitude lower than that of the first thermal resistance (RLW) and, in any case, equal to at least half the thermal conductivity of the first thermal resistance (RLW). 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that step (iv) is carried out by heating the optical inspection surface (8) to above ambient air dew point. 3. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the optical inspection surface is heated by Joule effect, by arranging on the same, externally to the microchamber (4), a resistor (24 b) chosen from the group consisting of: a transparent conductive resistive layer (25), e.g. ITO, applied uniformly on the entire optical inspection surface; a plurality of filiform microresistors (26) arranged on the optical inspection surface, preferably in a comb shape, uniformly spaced from one another. 4. A method according to claim 3, characterized in that said filiform microresistors (26) are supplied so that the current density distribution is homogenous by using a current distribution frame (27) arranged opposite the filiform microresistors, which in turn receives current by means of a plurality of conductor bridges (30), which connect a plurality of different points (28) of the distribution frame, arranged on the side opposite the filiform microresistors, to at least one common collector (31). 5. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the optical inspection surface (8) is heated by forcing an air flow over the same. 6. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that step (iv) is carried out by cooling an amount of ambient air immediately surrounding the optical inspection surface (8) and so lapping the inspection surface at a temperature such that the dew point (Td) of said amount of air is lower than said second temperature (T2) of the optical inspection surface. 7. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the temperature of the optical inspection surface is feedback controlled by continuously measuring the instant temperature (T2) of the optical inspection surface, preferably by means of a resistor applied to said optical inspection surface (35), or by means of an infrared sensor arranged facing the optical inspection surface. 8. A method according to claim 7, characterized in that the temperature (T2) at which to maintain the optical inspection surface is calculated as a function of the parameters ambient air temperature and ambient air humidity, which are continuously detected by means of appropriate sensors. 9. An apparatus (1 a, 1 b) for optical analysis of particles (2) contained in suspension in a fluid (3), at temperatures lower than dew point temperature, comprising:
at least one microchamber (4) containing said fluid and delimited between a first (5) and a second (6) surface; first cooling means (7) which are thermally coupled with the first surface by means of a first thermal resistance (RLW) and are adapted to subtract heat from the microchamber by an amount such as to maintain said fluid at a predetermined first temperature (T1), lower than the dew point temperature; and an optical inspection surface (8) thermally coupled to the second surface by means of a second thermal resistance (RHI); characterized in that, in combination: the second thermal resistance (RHI) has a thermal conductivity value, preferably, of at least one order of magnitude, and even more preferably, of two orders of magnitude lower than that of the first thermal resistance (RLW) and, in all cases, equal to at least half the thermal conductivity of the first thermal resistance (RLW); and the apparatus further comprises means (24) for establishing at the optical inspection surface (8), while the apparatus (1 a/1 b) is operative and manipulation and/or optical analysis of the particles (2) are being performed with it, a thermal flow (F) such that the optical inspection surface is constantly maintained at a second temperature (T2), higher than the dew point temperature (Td) of the ambient humidity contained in the air which laps the optical inspection surface (8) in use. 10. An apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that it comprises means (24 b; 24 c) for heating the optical inspection surface (8) to above the ambient air dew point. 11. An apparatus according to claim 10, characterized in that said means for heating the optical inspection surface consist of a resistor (24 b) constituted by: a transparent conductive resistive layer (25), e.g. ITO, applied uniformly on the entire optical inspection surface; or a plurality of filiform microresistors (26) applied integrally in one piece on the optical inspection surface (8) and arranged on the same, preferably in a comb shape, uniformly spaced from one another. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that said filiform microresistors (26) are electrically connected, each on the side of the same one end thereof, to a current distribution frame (27) constituted by a metal foil which receives electric current by means of a plurality of conductor bridges (30) which connect a plurality of different points (28) of the distribution frame, arranged on the side opposite the filiform microresistors, to at least one common collector (31) arranged at a base element (19) of the apparatus which supports the microchamber; said filiform microresistors (26) having a width equal to approximately one tenth of the pitch between the same, in a direction transverse to their longitudinal extension. 13. An apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that said means (24) for establishing said thermal flow (F) at the optical inspection surface (8) comprise forced ventilation means (40) of the optical inspection surface (8) and, preferably, heating or cooling means (41) of the forced ventilation flow. 14. An apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that it comprises means (35) for measuring said second temperature (T2) and means (36;37) for actuating in feedback said means (24) for establishing said thermal flow (F) at the optical inspection surface (8); and preferably means for calculating the ambient air dew point (Td). 15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, characterised in that it comprises electronic means (100, 101) for performing the manipulation of said particles (2) in said microchamber (4).
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Method and device ( 1 b ) for performing the optical analysis of particles ( 2 ) contained in suspension in a fluid ( 3 ) arranged inside a microfluidic device ( 4 ) which maintains it at a temperature significantly lower than the ambient temperature; the formation of humidity on the outer surface ( 8 ) of the cover of the microfluidic device is avoided by applying a thermal flow (F) which determines an increase in the temperature of the outer surface ( 8 ) of the cover to above the condensation temperature (Td), or a reduction in the ambient temperature (and/or humidity) in the vicinity of the cover ( 8 ), so as to bring the condensation temperature (Td) (dew point) to below the temperature of the surface ( 8 ) of the cover determined by the internal operating temperature.1. A method for optical analysis of particles (2) contained in suspension in a fluid, at temperatures lower than dew point temperature, comprising the steps of:
i. arranging the particles in suspension within at least one microchamber (4) containing said fluid and delimited between a first and a second surface (5,6); ii. thermally coupling the first surface (5), by means of a first thermal resistance (RLW), to first cooling means (7) adapted to subtract heat from the fluid, and thermally coupling the second surface (6), by means of a second thermal resistance (RHI), to an optical inspection surface (8); iii. bringing said fluid to a first temperature (T1), lower than dew point temperature, by means of said first cooling means; iv. while the particles (2) are being optically analysed, establishing at the optical inspection surface (8) a thermal flow (F) such that the optical inspection surface is constantly maintained at a second temperature (T2) higher than the dew point temperature (Td) of the ambient humidity contained in the air which laps on the optical inspection surface (8); said first and second thermal resistances being chosen so that the second thermal resistance (RHI) has a thermal conductivity value, preferably, at least one order of magnitude lower than that of the first thermal resistance (RLW) and, in any case, equal to at least half the thermal conductivity of the first thermal resistance (RLW). 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that step (iv) is carried out by heating the optical inspection surface (8) to above ambient air dew point. 3. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the optical inspection surface is heated by Joule effect, by arranging on the same, externally to the microchamber (4), a resistor (24 b) chosen from the group consisting of: a transparent conductive resistive layer (25), e.g. ITO, applied uniformly on the entire optical inspection surface; a plurality of filiform microresistors (26) arranged on the optical inspection surface, preferably in a comb shape, uniformly spaced from one another. 4. A method according to claim 3, characterized in that said filiform microresistors (26) are supplied so that the current density distribution is homogenous by using a current distribution frame (27) arranged opposite the filiform microresistors, which in turn receives current by means of a plurality of conductor bridges (30), which connect a plurality of different points (28) of the distribution frame, arranged on the side opposite the filiform microresistors, to at least one common collector (31). 5. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the optical inspection surface (8) is heated by forcing an air flow over the same. 6. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that step (iv) is carried out by cooling an amount of ambient air immediately surrounding the optical inspection surface (8) and so lapping the inspection surface at a temperature such that the dew point (Td) of said amount of air is lower than said second temperature (T2) of the optical inspection surface. 7. A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the temperature of the optical inspection surface is feedback controlled by continuously measuring the instant temperature (T2) of the optical inspection surface, preferably by means of a resistor applied to said optical inspection surface (35), or by means of an infrared sensor arranged facing the optical inspection surface. 8. A method according to claim 7, characterized in that the temperature (T2) at which to maintain the optical inspection surface is calculated as a function of the parameters ambient air temperature and ambient air humidity, which are continuously detected by means of appropriate sensors. 9. An apparatus (1 a, 1 b) for optical analysis of particles (2) contained in suspension in a fluid (3), at temperatures lower than dew point temperature, comprising:
at least one microchamber (4) containing said fluid and delimited between a first (5) and a second (6) surface; first cooling means (7) which are thermally coupled with the first surface by means of a first thermal resistance (RLW) and are adapted to subtract heat from the microchamber by an amount such as to maintain said fluid at a predetermined first temperature (T1), lower than the dew point temperature; and an optical inspection surface (8) thermally coupled to the second surface by means of a second thermal resistance (RHI); characterized in that, in combination: the second thermal resistance (RHI) has a thermal conductivity value, preferably, of at least one order of magnitude, and even more preferably, of two orders of magnitude lower than that of the first thermal resistance (RLW) and, in all cases, equal to at least half the thermal conductivity of the first thermal resistance (RLW); and the apparatus further comprises means (24) for establishing at the optical inspection surface (8), while the apparatus (1 a/1 b) is operative and manipulation and/or optical analysis of the particles (2) are being performed with it, a thermal flow (F) such that the optical inspection surface is constantly maintained at a second temperature (T2), higher than the dew point temperature (Td) of the ambient humidity contained in the air which laps the optical inspection surface (8) in use. 10. An apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that it comprises means (24 b; 24 c) for heating the optical inspection surface (8) to above the ambient air dew point. 11. An apparatus according to claim 10, characterized in that said means for heating the optical inspection surface consist of a resistor (24 b) constituted by: a transparent conductive resistive layer (25), e.g. ITO, applied uniformly on the entire optical inspection surface; or a plurality of filiform microresistors (26) applied integrally in one piece on the optical inspection surface (8) and arranged on the same, preferably in a comb shape, uniformly spaced from one another. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that said filiform microresistors (26) are electrically connected, each on the side of the same one end thereof, to a current distribution frame (27) constituted by a metal foil which receives electric current by means of a plurality of conductor bridges (30) which connect a plurality of different points (28) of the distribution frame, arranged on the side opposite the filiform microresistors, to at least one common collector (31) arranged at a base element (19) of the apparatus which supports the microchamber; said filiform microresistors (26) having a width equal to approximately one tenth of the pitch between the same, in a direction transverse to their longitudinal extension. 13. An apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that said means (24) for establishing said thermal flow (F) at the optical inspection surface (8) comprise forced ventilation means (40) of the optical inspection surface (8) and, preferably, heating or cooling means (41) of the forced ventilation flow. 14. An apparatus according to claim 9, characterized in that it comprises means (35) for measuring said second temperature (T2) and means (36;37) for actuating in feedback said means (24) for establishing said thermal flow (F) at the optical inspection surface (8); and preferably means for calculating the ambient air dew point (Td). 15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, characterised in that it comprises electronic means (100, 101) for performing the manipulation of said particles (2) in said microchamber (4).
| 1,700 |
3,395 | 14,189,935 | 1,781 |
The invention relates to a foil having at least one first layer ( 1 ) comprising at least 50% of random heterophasic polypropylene (block) copolymer. The invention further relates to labels and cover membranes comprising the foil.
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1. Foil with at least one first layer (1) comprising at least 50 wt % of random heterophasic polypropylene (block) copolymer. 2. Foil according to claim 1, the first layer (1) comprising a further polypropylene polymer or polypropylene copolymer. 3. Foil according to claim 1 or 2, the foil comprising a second layer comprising polypropylene polymer or polypropylene copolymer (2). 4. Foil according to claim 1 or 2, the foil comprising as a second layer a barrier layer (3) impervious to mineral oils. 5. Foil according to claim 4, the barrier layer (3) comprising a polyamide copolymer. 6. Foil according to either of claims 4 and 5, the foil comprising an adhesion- promoting layer (4) between layers (1) and (3). 7. Foil according to claim 6, the foil comprising a layer (1′), corresponding in composition to layer (1), and comprising a second adhesion-promoting layer (4′) between layers (3) and (1′). 8. Foil according to any of claims 1 to 7, the thickness of the layer (1) being at least 5 μm. 9. Foil according to any of claims 1 to 7, the total thickness of the foil being at least 20 μm. 10. Label comprising a foil according to any of claims 1 to 3, paper (5) and pressure-sensitive adhesive (6). 11. Cover membrane comprising a foil according to any of claims 4 to 7 and a tacky substance (7). 12. Cover membrane according to claim 11, the tacky substance (7) being bitumen or self-adhesive sealant.
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The invention relates to a foil having at least one first layer ( 1 ) comprising at least 50% of random heterophasic polypropylene (block) copolymer. The invention further relates to labels and cover membranes comprising the foil.1. Foil with at least one first layer (1) comprising at least 50 wt % of random heterophasic polypropylene (block) copolymer. 2. Foil according to claim 1, the first layer (1) comprising a further polypropylene polymer or polypropylene copolymer. 3. Foil according to claim 1 or 2, the foil comprising a second layer comprising polypropylene polymer or polypropylene copolymer (2). 4. Foil according to claim 1 or 2, the foil comprising as a second layer a barrier layer (3) impervious to mineral oils. 5. Foil according to claim 4, the barrier layer (3) comprising a polyamide copolymer. 6. Foil according to either of claims 4 and 5, the foil comprising an adhesion- promoting layer (4) between layers (1) and (3). 7. Foil according to claim 6, the foil comprising a layer (1′), corresponding in composition to layer (1), and comprising a second adhesion-promoting layer (4′) between layers (3) and (1′). 8. Foil according to any of claims 1 to 7, the thickness of the layer (1) being at least 5 μm. 9. Foil according to any of claims 1 to 7, the total thickness of the foil being at least 20 μm. 10. Label comprising a foil according to any of claims 1 to 3, paper (5) and pressure-sensitive adhesive (6). 11. Cover membrane comprising a foil according to any of claims 4 to 7 and a tacky substance (7). 12. Cover membrane according to claim 11, the tacky substance (7) being bitumen or self-adhesive sealant.
| 1,700 |
3,396 | 14,582,483 | 1,793 |
The invention relates to a process for the preparation of an edible dispersion comprising oil and structuring agent and one or more of an aqueous phase and/or a solid phase, in which the dispersion is formed by mixing oil, solid structuring agent particles and the aqueous phase and/or the solid phase, wherein the solid structuring agent particles have a microporous structure of submicron size particles.
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1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. (canceled) 22. A process for the preparation of an edible dispersion comprising a) oil and structuring agent and b) an aqueous phase, comprising forming the dispersion by mixing i) oil, ii) solid structuring agent particles comprising edible fat having a microporous structure of submicron size particles, and iii) the aqueous phase, wherein the solid structuring agent particles were made by (I) preparing a homogeneous mixture of A) structuring agent and B) liquefied gas or supercritical gas, at a pressure of 5-40 MPa and (II) expanding the mixture through an orifice, in which the structuring agent was solidified, said edible dispersion comprising a water-in oil emulsion. 23. Process according to claim 22, wherein the solid structuring agent particles are at least 50% alpha-polymorph. 24. Process according to claim 22, wherein the solid structuring agent particles have an average diameter D3,2 of 60 μm or lower. 25. Process according to claim 22, wherein the homogenized mixture comprises oil. 26. Process according to claim 22, wherein the temperature of the mixture of structuring agent and liquefied gas or supercritical gas is below the slip melting point of the structuring agent at atmospheric pressure and above the temperature at which phase separation of the mixture occurs. 27. Process according to claim 22, wherein a gas jet is applied in addition to a spray jet. 28. The process according to claim 22 wherein the gas comprises carbon dioxide. 29. The process according to claim 22 wherein the pressure is within the range of 15-40 MPa. 30. The process according to claim 22 wherein in the course of preparation of the dispersion the microporous structure is broken into submicron particles. 31. Process for the preparation of an edible dispersion comprising (a) oil and structuring agent and (b) one or more of an aqueous phase and/or a solid phase, comprising forming the dispersion by mixing (i) oil, (ii) solid structuring agent particles having a microporous structure of submicron size particles and (iii) the aqueous phase and/or the solid phase, wherein the solid structuring agent particles were made by preparing a homogeneous mixture of (A) structuring agent and (B) liquefied gas or supercritical gas at a pressure of 5-40 MPa and expanding the mixture through an orifice in which the structuring agent is solidified wherein the dispersion is an emulsion and wherein in the course of preparing the dispersion the microporous structure is broken into submicron particles.
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The invention relates to a process for the preparation of an edible dispersion comprising oil and structuring agent and one or more of an aqueous phase and/or a solid phase, in which the dispersion is formed by mixing oil, solid structuring agent particles and the aqueous phase and/or the solid phase, wherein the solid structuring agent particles have a microporous structure of submicron size particles.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. (canceled) 16. (canceled) 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. (canceled) 21. (canceled) 22. A process for the preparation of an edible dispersion comprising a) oil and structuring agent and b) an aqueous phase, comprising forming the dispersion by mixing i) oil, ii) solid structuring agent particles comprising edible fat having a microporous structure of submicron size particles, and iii) the aqueous phase, wherein the solid structuring agent particles were made by (I) preparing a homogeneous mixture of A) structuring agent and B) liquefied gas or supercritical gas, at a pressure of 5-40 MPa and (II) expanding the mixture through an orifice, in which the structuring agent was solidified, said edible dispersion comprising a water-in oil emulsion. 23. Process according to claim 22, wherein the solid structuring agent particles are at least 50% alpha-polymorph. 24. Process according to claim 22, wherein the solid structuring agent particles have an average diameter D3,2 of 60 μm or lower. 25. Process according to claim 22, wherein the homogenized mixture comprises oil. 26. Process according to claim 22, wherein the temperature of the mixture of structuring agent and liquefied gas or supercritical gas is below the slip melting point of the structuring agent at atmospheric pressure and above the temperature at which phase separation of the mixture occurs. 27. Process according to claim 22, wherein a gas jet is applied in addition to a spray jet. 28. The process according to claim 22 wherein the gas comprises carbon dioxide. 29. The process according to claim 22 wherein the pressure is within the range of 15-40 MPa. 30. The process according to claim 22 wherein in the course of preparation of the dispersion the microporous structure is broken into submicron particles. 31. Process for the preparation of an edible dispersion comprising (a) oil and structuring agent and (b) one or more of an aqueous phase and/or a solid phase, comprising forming the dispersion by mixing (i) oil, (ii) solid structuring agent particles having a microporous structure of submicron size particles and (iii) the aqueous phase and/or the solid phase, wherein the solid structuring agent particles were made by preparing a homogeneous mixture of (A) structuring agent and (B) liquefied gas or supercritical gas at a pressure of 5-40 MPa and expanding the mixture through an orifice in which the structuring agent is solidified wherein the dispersion is an emulsion and wherein in the course of preparing the dispersion the microporous structure is broken into submicron particles.
| 1,700 |
3,397 | 13,832,960 | 1,734 |
A precursor formulation of an energetic composition with improved electrostatic charge dissipation, including an amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m 2 /g, in an amount from about 0.05% by weight to about 0.25% by weight. Also disclosed is a precursor formulation of a propellant composition with improved electrostatic charge dissipation. The amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m 2 /g may enhance the electrostatic charge dissipation of the HTPB-based propellant composition, without affecting the breakdown voltage of the propellant composition.
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1. A precursor formulation of an energetic composition comprising:
at least one of a fuel, an oxidizer, and a binder; and an amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m2/, the amorphous carbon black comprising from about 0.05% by weight to about 0.25% by weight of a total weight of the energetic composition. 2. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the specific surface area is as measured by nitrogen adsorption BET technique according to the ASTM D 6556 method. 3. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the amorphous carbon black has a specific surface area from about 1,200 m2/g to about 1,650 m2/g. 4. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the amorphous carbon black comprises from about 0.075% by weight to about 0.15% by weight of the total weight of the energetic composition. 5. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the amorphous carbon black comprises from about 0.01% by weight to less than 0.10% by weight of the total weight of the energetic composition. 6. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the energetic composition is selected from the group consisting of a solid propellant composition, a gas generant composition, and a pyrotechnic composition. 7. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the precursor formulation has a viscosity from about 2 kp to about 40 kp at a temperature between about 120° F. and 135° F. 8. A precursor formulation of a propellant composition, comprising:
a binder; at least one of a fuel and an oxidizer; and amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m2/g, the amorphous carbon black comprising from about 0.05% by weight to about 0.25% by weight of a total weight of the propellant composition. 9. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the specific surface area is as measured by nitrogen adsorption BET technique according to the ASTM D 6556 method. 10. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), a carboxyl terminated polybutadiene (CTPB), a butadiene terpolymer (PBAN), a polybutadiene-acrylic acid polymer (PBAA), a nitrate ester polyether (NPEP), and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP). 11. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the binder is a nonpolar polymeric binder. 12. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the fuel is aluminum. 13. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the oxidizer is ammonium perchlorate. 14. The precursor formulation of claim 8, further comprising a bonding agent, a plasticizer, a curing agent, a cure catalyst, a ballistic catalyst, a burn rate catalyst, a crosslinking agent, an oxidizing agent, a propellant additive, or combinations thereof. 15. A rocket motor comprising:
a liner on an insulation of a rocket motor; and a propellant on the liner, the propellant produced from a precursor formulation comprising:
a binder;
at least one of a fuel and an oxidizer; and
an amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m2/g, the amorphous carbon black comprising from about 0.05% by weight to about 0.25% by weight of a total weight of the propellant. 16. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the nonpolar binder is a hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). 17. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the propellant comprises a solid content of at least about 85% solids. 18. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the propellant comprises a volume resistivity of less than about 1×1010 ohm-cm. 19. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the propellant is configured to exhibit a relaxation time of no more than one second at an applied voltage of about 500 volts. 20. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the specific surface area is as measured by nitrogen adsorption BET technique according to the ASTM D 6556 method.
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A precursor formulation of an energetic composition with improved electrostatic charge dissipation, including an amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m 2 /g, in an amount from about 0.05% by weight to about 0.25% by weight. Also disclosed is a precursor formulation of a propellant composition with improved electrostatic charge dissipation. The amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m 2 /g may enhance the electrostatic charge dissipation of the HTPB-based propellant composition, without affecting the breakdown voltage of the propellant composition.1. A precursor formulation of an energetic composition comprising:
at least one of a fuel, an oxidizer, and a binder; and an amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m2/, the amorphous carbon black comprising from about 0.05% by weight to about 0.25% by weight of a total weight of the energetic composition. 2. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the specific surface area is as measured by nitrogen adsorption BET technique according to the ASTM D 6556 method. 3. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the amorphous carbon black has a specific surface area from about 1,200 m2/g to about 1,650 m2/g. 4. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the amorphous carbon black comprises from about 0.075% by weight to about 0.15% by weight of the total weight of the energetic composition. 5. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the amorphous carbon black comprises from about 0.01% by weight to less than 0.10% by weight of the total weight of the energetic composition. 6. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the energetic composition is selected from the group consisting of a solid propellant composition, a gas generant composition, and a pyrotechnic composition. 7. The precursor formulation of claim 1, wherein the precursor formulation has a viscosity from about 2 kp to about 40 kp at a temperature between about 120° F. and 135° F. 8. A precursor formulation of a propellant composition, comprising:
a binder; at least one of a fuel and an oxidizer; and amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m2/g, the amorphous carbon black comprising from about 0.05% by weight to about 0.25% by weight of a total weight of the propellant composition. 9. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the specific surface area is as measured by nitrogen adsorption BET technique according to the ASTM D 6556 method. 10. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), a carboxyl terminated polybutadiene (CTPB), a butadiene terpolymer (PBAN), a polybutadiene-acrylic acid polymer (PBAA), a nitrate ester polyether (NPEP), and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP). 11. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the binder is a nonpolar polymeric binder. 12. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the fuel is aluminum. 13. The precursor formulation of claim 8, wherein the oxidizer is ammonium perchlorate. 14. The precursor formulation of claim 8, further comprising a bonding agent, a plasticizer, a curing agent, a cure catalyst, a ballistic catalyst, a burn rate catalyst, a crosslinking agent, an oxidizing agent, a propellant additive, or combinations thereof. 15. A rocket motor comprising:
a liner on an insulation of a rocket motor; and a propellant on the liner, the propellant produced from a precursor formulation comprising:
a binder;
at least one of a fuel and an oxidizer; and
an amorphous carbon black having a specific surface area of at least about 1,200 m2/g, the amorphous carbon black comprising from about 0.05% by weight to about 0.25% by weight of a total weight of the propellant. 16. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the nonpolar binder is a hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). 17. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the propellant comprises a solid content of at least about 85% solids. 18. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the propellant comprises a volume resistivity of less than about 1×1010 ohm-cm. 19. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the propellant is configured to exhibit a relaxation time of no more than one second at an applied voltage of about 500 volts. 20. The rocket motor of claim 15, wherein the specific surface area is as measured by nitrogen adsorption BET technique according to the ASTM D 6556 method.
| 1,700 |
3,398 | 14,943,520 | 1,726 |
A cover ( 10 ) for use in a digital microfluidics system ( 16 ) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets. The digital microfluidics system ( 16 ) includes a first substrate ( 18 ) with an array of electrodes ( 24 ) and a central control unit ( 20 ) for controlling the selection and for providing a number of the electrodes with voltage for manipulating liquid portions or droplets by electrowetting. A working gap ( 30 ) with a gap height is located parallel to the array of electrodes ( 24 ) and in-between first and second hydrophobic surfaces ( 26,28 ) that face each other at least during operation of the digital microfluidics system ( 16 ).
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1. A cover (10) for use in a digital microfluidics system (16) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets; the digital microfluidics system (16) comprising a first substrate (18) and a central control unit (20), wherein said first substrate (18) comprises an array of electrodes (24), and wherein said central control unit (20) is in operative connection to said electrodes for controlling the selection of individual electrodes (22) thereof and for providing a number of said electrodes with voltage for manipulating liquid portions or droplets by electrowetting; in said digital microfluidics system (16), a working gap (30) with a gap height is located parallel to the array of electrodes (24) and in-between first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); the two hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) facing each other at least during operation of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the cover (10) comprises on one side the second hydrophobic surface (28) and on another side at least one micro-container interface (32) for safe introducing into and/or withdrawing of liquids from the gap (30); said at least one micro-container interface (32) comprising at least one cone (34), the inner surface thereof being formed such to provide a sealing form fit contact with an outer surface of an inserted micro-container nozzle (36), by which a liquid (48) is transferrable through a fluidic access hole (38) formed into the cover (10) and interconnecting each cone (34) and the gap (30). 2. The cover (10) of claim 1,
wherein the cover (10) and said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) are comprised by a disposable cartridge (14) configured to be positioned on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18). 3. The cover (10) of claim 2,
wherein the disposable cartridge (14) comprises a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprises the second hydrophobic surface (28), the second hydrophobic surface (28) being separated or separable from said first hydrophobic surface (26) by said gap (30), said working film (37) comprising a backside that is configured to touch an uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 4. The cover (10) of claim 3,
wherein the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) is configured rigid or flexible; at least one spacer (40) being attached to the cover (10), thus sealingly enclosing the gap (30), defining the height of the gap (30) between the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) of the disposable cartridge (14), and permanently separating the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28). 5. The cover (10) of claim 3,
wherein the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) is configured rigid and the working film (37) of the disposable cartridge (14) is configured flexible; at least one gasket (42) being attached to the cover (10) and outside of the gap (30) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) when creating an underpressure between the backside of the working film (37) and the uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 6. The cover (10) of claim 1,
wherein said first hydrophobic surface (26) is irremovably comprised by said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) is comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate and to be accommodated on the first substrate (18). 7. The cover (10) of claim 6,
wherein the cover (10) or the first substrate (18) comprises a spacer (40) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) when accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 8. The cover (10) of claim 1,
wherein said first hydrophobic surface (26) is comprised by a working film (37) that is reversibly placeable on said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) is comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate and to be accommodated on the working film (37). 9. The cover (10) of claim 8,
wherein the cover (10) or the working film (37) comprise a spacer (40) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) when accommodating the cover (10) on the working film (37) which is placed on said first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 10. A micro-container (12) for use in a digital microfluidics system (16) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets,
wherein the micro-container (12) comprises a tube (44), a nozzle (36) with an aperture, and a piston (46) sealingly guided inside the tube (44) for dispensing or aspirating liquid (48) via the nozzle (36) of the micro-container (12), and wherein the outer surface of the nozzle (36) of the micro-container (12) is formed such to provide a sealing form fit contact with an inner surface of a cone (34) comprised by a micro-container interface (32) of a cover (10) according to claim 1. 11. The micro-container (12) of claim 10,
wherein the micro-container (12) is pre-filled with a liquid (48) selected form the group comprising reagents, oil, buffers, and samples. 12. The micro-container (12) of claim 10,
wherein the micro-container (12) is adapted to transfer a sample to the digital microfluidics system (16), said sample being selected from the group comprising blood, saliva, urine, and feces. 13. The micro-container (12) of claim 10,
wherein the diameter of the aperture of the nozzle (36) of the micro-container (12) is ≦1 mm, preferably ≦0.5 mm. 14. The micro-container (12) of claim 10,
wherein an outer surface of the tube (44) of the micro-container (12) is provided with a first gripping portion (50). 15. The micro-container (12) of claim 14,
wherein a distal end of the piston (46) is provided with a second gripping portion (52). 16. The micro-container (12) of claim 15,
wherein the first and second gripping portions (50,52) comprise an outer rim projecting radially from the outer surfaces of the tube (44) and piston (46), respectively. 17. The micro-container (12) of claim 16,
wherein the micro-container (12) is adapted to be loaded into a manifold (54). 18. The micro-container (12) of claim 17,
wherein the first gripping portion (50) is formed such to be received in a groove (58) formed into the manifold (54) such to releasably couple the micro-container (12) to the manifold (54) at least in an axial direction of the micro-container (12). 19. The micro-container (12) of claim 18,
wherein at least one rim part of the first gripping portion (50) is formed planar and aligned with planar portions of the manifold (54) in a region adjacent to the loaded micro-container (12). 20. A manifold (54) comprising at least one micro-container receptacle (56) adapted to accommodate a micro-container (12) according to claim 10. 21. The manifold (54) of claim 20,
wherein the manifold (54) comprises a plurality of elongated micro-container receptacles (56) aligned to each other in parallel. 22. The manifold (54) of claim 20,
wherein each receptacle (56) comprises a groove (58) adapted to receive a first gripping portion (50) radially protruding from a micro-container (12) tube. 23. The manifold (54) of claim 22,
wherein the manifold (54) is adapted to receive a clip (60) attachable to the manifold (54) such to engage a planar rim part of the first gripping portion (50) of at least one micro-container (12) received in the receptacles (56). 24. The manifold (54) of claim 23,
wherein the attachment of the clip (60) to the manifold (54) at least on one side of the clip (60) is a snap-fit connection. 25. The manifold (54) of claim 20,
wherein the manifold (54) is adapted to receive at least one cap (74) attachable to the manifold (54) at a bottom side thereof, the at least one cap (74) being formed such to sealingly engage a nozzle (36) of a micro-container (12) received in the manifold (54). 26. The manifold (54) of claim 25,
wherein the manifold (54) is adapted to receive a linear array of caps (70) attachable to the manifold (54) at a bottom side thereof, the caps (74) being formed such to each sealingly engage a nozzle (36) of a micro-container (12) received in the manifold (54). 27. The manifold (54) of claim 25,
wherein each of the caps (74) comprises a cone (76), wherein the inner surface thereof is formed such to provide a sealing form fit contact with an outer surface of nozzles (36) of micro-containers (12) received in the manifold (54) if the caps (74) are attached to the manifold (54). 28. The manifold (54) of claim 25,
wherein each cap (74) is mounted on a support (72), the support (72) comprising snap-fit connections for releasable attachment of the support (72) to the manifold (54) and for temporary sealing form fit contact with an outer surface of nozzles (36) of micro-containers (12) received in the manifold (54) if the caps (74) are attached to the manifold (54). 29. The manifold (54) of claim 20,
wherein the manifold (54) is adapted to be received in a trough (80) capable of keeping a reagent filled into the at least on micro-container (12) accommodated in the manifold (54) at a specific temperature. 30. The manifold (54) of claim 29,
wherein the trough (80) comprises feeding and outlet connections (82,84) for applying to and withdrawing a tempering liquid from the trough (80) into which a part of the micro-containers (12) accommodated in the manifold (54) are reaching. 31. A method of introducing liquid (48) into a gap (30) of a digital microfluidics system (16) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets; the digital microfluidics system (16) comprising a first substrate (18) and a central control unit (20), wherein said first substrate (18) comprises an array of electrodes (24), and wherein said central control unit (20) is in operative connection to said electrodes for controlling the selection of individual electrodes (22) thereof and for providing a number of said electrodes with voltage for manipulating liquid portions or droplets by electrowetting; in said digital microfluidics system (16), a working gap (30) with a gap height is located parallel to the array of electrodes (24) and in-between first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); the two hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) facing each other at least during operation of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) placing a cover (10) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16), the cover (10) comprising on one side the second hydrophobic surface (28) and on another side at least one micro-container interface (32); said at least one micro-container interface (32) comprising at least one cone (34) with an inner surface and at least one fluidic access hole (38) formed into the cover (10) and interconnecting each cone (34) and the gap (30); (b) providing an essentially uniform height of the gap (30) between said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); (c) inserting a nozzle (36) of at least one micro-container (12) filled with liquid (48) into at least one cone (34) of the micro-container interface (32) of the cover (10), (d) creating a sealing form fit contact between the inner surface of the at least one cone (34) of the micro-container interface (32) and an outer surface of the nozzle (36) of the inserted at least one micro-container (12); and (e) dispensing liquid (48) from the at least one micro-container (12) into the gap (30) via the at least one fluidic access hole (38) formed in the cover (10). 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising the step of clamping the placed cover (10) on the first substrate (18) by means of at least one clamping means (39) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 33. The method of claim 31, the cover (10) being comprised by a disposable cartridge (14), the disposable cartridge (14) comprising a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprising the second hydrophobic surface (28), the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured rigid or flexible, at least one spacer (40) being attached to the cover (10), the second hydrophobic surface (28) being separated or separable from said first hydrophobic surface (26) by said gap (30), said working film (37) comprising a backside that is configured to touch an uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) sealingly enclosing the gap (30) with the spacer (40); (g) defining with the spacer (40) the height of the gap (30) between the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) of the disposable cartridge (14), and permanently separating the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); and (h) positioning the disposable cartridge (14) on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 34. The method of claim 31, the cover (10) being comprised by a disposable cartridge (14), the disposable cartridge (14) comprising a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprising the second hydrophobic surface (28), the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured rigid and the working film (37) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured flexible; at least one gasket (42) being attached to the cover (10) and outside of the gap (30) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28),
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) positioning the disposable cartridge (14) on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); (g) creating an underpressure between the backside of the working film (37) and the uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); and (h) spreading the working film (37) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16) and establish the gap height. 35. The method of claim 31, said first hydrophobic surface (26) being irremovably comprised by said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) being comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate,
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18); and (g) separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) by a spacer (40) that is separately provided or that is comprised by the cover (10) or by the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 36. The method of claim 31, said first hydrophobic surface (26) being comprised by a working film (37) that is reversibly placeable on said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) being comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate,
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) placing the working film (37) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); (g) accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18); and (h) separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) by a spacer (40) that is separately provided or that is comprised by the cover (10) or by the working film (37). 37. The method of claim 31,
wherein the micro-container (12) is loaded into a manifold (54) that is then reversibly attached to the cover (10). 38. The method of claim 31,
wherein a sample is transferred into the gap (30) of the digital microfluidics system (16) utilizing the micro-container (12) adapted therefor, said sample being selected from the group comprising blood, saliva, urine, and feces. 39. A method of withdrawing liquid (48) from a gap (30) of a digital microfluidics system (16) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets, the digital microfluidics system (16) comprising a first substrate (18) and a central control unit (20), wherein said first substrate (18) comprises an array of electrodes (24), and wherein said central control unit (20) is in operative connection to said electrodes for controlling the selection of individual electrodes (22) thereof and for providing a number of said electrodes with voltage for manipulating liquid portions or droplets by electrowetting; in said digital microfluidics system (16), a working gap (30) with a gap height is located parallel to the array of electrodes (24) and in-between first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); the two hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) facing each other at least during operation of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) placing a cover (10) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16), the cover (10) comprising on one side the second hydrophobic surface (28) and on another side at least one micro-container interface (32); said at least one micro-container interface (32) comprising at least one cone (34) with an inner surface and at least one fluidic access hole (38) formed into the cover (10) and interconnecting each cone (34) and the gap (30); (b) providing an essentially uniform height of the gap (30) between said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); (c) inserting the nozzle (36) of at least one micro-container (12) into at least one cone (34) of the micro-container interface (32) of the cover (10), (d) creating a sealing form fit contact between the inner surface of the at least one cone (34) of the micro-container interface (32) and an outer surface of the nozzle (36) of the inserted at least one micro-container (12); and (e) aspirating liquid from the gap (30) into the at least one micro-container (12) via the at least one fluidic access hole (38) formed into the cover (10). 40. The method of claim 39, the cover (10) being comprised by a disposable cartridge (14), the disposable cartridge (14) comprising a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprising the second hydrophobic surface (28), the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured rigid or flexible, at least one spacer (40) being attached to the cover (10), the second hydrophobic surface (28) being separated or separable from said first hydrophobic surface (26) by said gap (30), said working film (37) comprising a backside that is configured to touch an uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) sealingly enclosing the gap (30) with the spacer (40); (g) defining with the spacer (40) the height of the gap (30) between the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) of the disposable cartridge, and permanently separating the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); and (h) positioning the disposable cartridge (14) on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 41. The method of claim 39, the cover (10) being comprised by a disposable cartridge (14), the disposable cartridge (14) comprising a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprising the second hydrophobic surface (28), the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured rigid and the working film (37) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured flexible; at least one gasket (42) being attached to the cover (10) and outside of the gap (30) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28),
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) positioning the disposable cartridge (14) on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); (g) creating an underpressure between the backside of the working film (37) and the uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); and (h) spreading the working film (37) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16) and establishing the gap height. 42. The method of claim 39, said first hydrophobic surface (26) being irremovably comprised by said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) being comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate,
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18); and (g) separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) by a spacer (40) that is separately provided or that is comprised by the cover (10) or by the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 43. The method of claim 39, said first hydrophobic surface (26) being comprised by a working film (37) that is reversibly placeable on said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) being comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate,
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) placing the working film (37) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); (g) accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18); and (h) separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) by a spacer (40) that is separately provided or that is comprised by the cover (10) or by the working film (37).
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A cover ( 10 ) for use in a digital microfluidics system ( 16 ) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets. The digital microfluidics system ( 16 ) includes a first substrate ( 18 ) with an array of electrodes ( 24 ) and a central control unit ( 20 ) for controlling the selection and for providing a number of the electrodes with voltage for manipulating liquid portions or droplets by electrowetting. A working gap ( 30 ) with a gap height is located parallel to the array of electrodes ( 24 ) and in-between first and second hydrophobic surfaces ( 26,28 ) that face each other at least during operation of the digital microfluidics system ( 16 ).1. A cover (10) for use in a digital microfluidics system (16) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets; the digital microfluidics system (16) comprising a first substrate (18) and a central control unit (20), wherein said first substrate (18) comprises an array of electrodes (24), and wherein said central control unit (20) is in operative connection to said electrodes for controlling the selection of individual electrodes (22) thereof and for providing a number of said electrodes with voltage for manipulating liquid portions or droplets by electrowetting; in said digital microfluidics system (16), a working gap (30) with a gap height is located parallel to the array of electrodes (24) and in-between first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); the two hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) facing each other at least during operation of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the cover (10) comprises on one side the second hydrophobic surface (28) and on another side at least one micro-container interface (32) for safe introducing into and/or withdrawing of liquids from the gap (30); said at least one micro-container interface (32) comprising at least one cone (34), the inner surface thereof being formed such to provide a sealing form fit contact with an outer surface of an inserted micro-container nozzle (36), by which a liquid (48) is transferrable through a fluidic access hole (38) formed into the cover (10) and interconnecting each cone (34) and the gap (30). 2. The cover (10) of claim 1,
wherein the cover (10) and said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) are comprised by a disposable cartridge (14) configured to be positioned on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18). 3. The cover (10) of claim 2,
wherein the disposable cartridge (14) comprises a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprises the second hydrophobic surface (28), the second hydrophobic surface (28) being separated or separable from said first hydrophobic surface (26) by said gap (30), said working film (37) comprising a backside that is configured to touch an uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 4. The cover (10) of claim 3,
wherein the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) is configured rigid or flexible; at least one spacer (40) being attached to the cover (10), thus sealingly enclosing the gap (30), defining the height of the gap (30) between the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) of the disposable cartridge (14), and permanently separating the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28). 5. The cover (10) of claim 3,
wherein the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) is configured rigid and the working film (37) of the disposable cartridge (14) is configured flexible; at least one gasket (42) being attached to the cover (10) and outside of the gap (30) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) when creating an underpressure between the backside of the working film (37) and the uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 6. The cover (10) of claim 1,
wherein said first hydrophobic surface (26) is irremovably comprised by said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) is comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate and to be accommodated on the first substrate (18). 7. The cover (10) of claim 6,
wherein the cover (10) or the first substrate (18) comprises a spacer (40) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) when accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 8. The cover (10) of claim 1,
wherein said first hydrophobic surface (26) is comprised by a working film (37) that is reversibly placeable on said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) is comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate and to be accommodated on the working film (37). 9. The cover (10) of claim 8,
wherein the cover (10) or the working film (37) comprise a spacer (40) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) when accommodating the cover (10) on the working film (37) which is placed on said first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 10. A micro-container (12) for use in a digital microfluidics system (16) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets,
wherein the micro-container (12) comprises a tube (44), a nozzle (36) with an aperture, and a piston (46) sealingly guided inside the tube (44) for dispensing or aspirating liquid (48) via the nozzle (36) of the micro-container (12), and wherein the outer surface of the nozzle (36) of the micro-container (12) is formed such to provide a sealing form fit contact with an inner surface of a cone (34) comprised by a micro-container interface (32) of a cover (10) according to claim 1. 11. The micro-container (12) of claim 10,
wherein the micro-container (12) is pre-filled with a liquid (48) selected form the group comprising reagents, oil, buffers, and samples. 12. The micro-container (12) of claim 10,
wherein the micro-container (12) is adapted to transfer a sample to the digital microfluidics system (16), said sample being selected from the group comprising blood, saliva, urine, and feces. 13. The micro-container (12) of claim 10,
wherein the diameter of the aperture of the nozzle (36) of the micro-container (12) is ≦1 mm, preferably ≦0.5 mm. 14. The micro-container (12) of claim 10,
wherein an outer surface of the tube (44) of the micro-container (12) is provided with a first gripping portion (50). 15. The micro-container (12) of claim 14,
wherein a distal end of the piston (46) is provided with a second gripping portion (52). 16. The micro-container (12) of claim 15,
wherein the first and second gripping portions (50,52) comprise an outer rim projecting radially from the outer surfaces of the tube (44) and piston (46), respectively. 17. The micro-container (12) of claim 16,
wherein the micro-container (12) is adapted to be loaded into a manifold (54). 18. The micro-container (12) of claim 17,
wherein the first gripping portion (50) is formed such to be received in a groove (58) formed into the manifold (54) such to releasably couple the micro-container (12) to the manifold (54) at least in an axial direction of the micro-container (12). 19. The micro-container (12) of claim 18,
wherein at least one rim part of the first gripping portion (50) is formed planar and aligned with planar portions of the manifold (54) in a region adjacent to the loaded micro-container (12). 20. A manifold (54) comprising at least one micro-container receptacle (56) adapted to accommodate a micro-container (12) according to claim 10. 21. The manifold (54) of claim 20,
wherein the manifold (54) comprises a plurality of elongated micro-container receptacles (56) aligned to each other in parallel. 22. The manifold (54) of claim 20,
wherein each receptacle (56) comprises a groove (58) adapted to receive a first gripping portion (50) radially protruding from a micro-container (12) tube. 23. The manifold (54) of claim 22,
wherein the manifold (54) is adapted to receive a clip (60) attachable to the manifold (54) such to engage a planar rim part of the first gripping portion (50) of at least one micro-container (12) received in the receptacles (56). 24. The manifold (54) of claim 23,
wherein the attachment of the clip (60) to the manifold (54) at least on one side of the clip (60) is a snap-fit connection. 25. The manifold (54) of claim 20,
wherein the manifold (54) is adapted to receive at least one cap (74) attachable to the manifold (54) at a bottom side thereof, the at least one cap (74) being formed such to sealingly engage a nozzle (36) of a micro-container (12) received in the manifold (54). 26. The manifold (54) of claim 25,
wherein the manifold (54) is adapted to receive a linear array of caps (70) attachable to the manifold (54) at a bottom side thereof, the caps (74) being formed such to each sealingly engage a nozzle (36) of a micro-container (12) received in the manifold (54). 27. The manifold (54) of claim 25,
wherein each of the caps (74) comprises a cone (76), wherein the inner surface thereof is formed such to provide a sealing form fit contact with an outer surface of nozzles (36) of micro-containers (12) received in the manifold (54) if the caps (74) are attached to the manifold (54). 28. The manifold (54) of claim 25,
wherein each cap (74) is mounted on a support (72), the support (72) comprising snap-fit connections for releasable attachment of the support (72) to the manifold (54) and for temporary sealing form fit contact with an outer surface of nozzles (36) of micro-containers (12) received in the manifold (54) if the caps (74) are attached to the manifold (54). 29. The manifold (54) of claim 20,
wherein the manifold (54) is adapted to be received in a trough (80) capable of keeping a reagent filled into the at least on micro-container (12) accommodated in the manifold (54) at a specific temperature. 30. The manifold (54) of claim 29,
wherein the trough (80) comprises feeding and outlet connections (82,84) for applying to and withdrawing a tempering liquid from the trough (80) into which a part of the micro-containers (12) accommodated in the manifold (54) are reaching. 31. A method of introducing liquid (48) into a gap (30) of a digital microfluidics system (16) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets; the digital microfluidics system (16) comprising a first substrate (18) and a central control unit (20), wherein said first substrate (18) comprises an array of electrodes (24), and wherein said central control unit (20) is in operative connection to said electrodes for controlling the selection of individual electrodes (22) thereof and for providing a number of said electrodes with voltage for manipulating liquid portions or droplets by electrowetting; in said digital microfluidics system (16), a working gap (30) with a gap height is located parallel to the array of electrodes (24) and in-between first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); the two hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) facing each other at least during operation of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) placing a cover (10) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16), the cover (10) comprising on one side the second hydrophobic surface (28) and on another side at least one micro-container interface (32); said at least one micro-container interface (32) comprising at least one cone (34) with an inner surface and at least one fluidic access hole (38) formed into the cover (10) and interconnecting each cone (34) and the gap (30); (b) providing an essentially uniform height of the gap (30) between said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); (c) inserting a nozzle (36) of at least one micro-container (12) filled with liquid (48) into at least one cone (34) of the micro-container interface (32) of the cover (10), (d) creating a sealing form fit contact between the inner surface of the at least one cone (34) of the micro-container interface (32) and an outer surface of the nozzle (36) of the inserted at least one micro-container (12); and (e) dispensing liquid (48) from the at least one micro-container (12) into the gap (30) via the at least one fluidic access hole (38) formed in the cover (10). 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising the step of clamping the placed cover (10) on the first substrate (18) by means of at least one clamping means (39) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 33. The method of claim 31, the cover (10) being comprised by a disposable cartridge (14), the disposable cartridge (14) comprising a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprising the second hydrophobic surface (28), the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured rigid or flexible, at least one spacer (40) being attached to the cover (10), the second hydrophobic surface (28) being separated or separable from said first hydrophobic surface (26) by said gap (30), said working film (37) comprising a backside that is configured to touch an uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) sealingly enclosing the gap (30) with the spacer (40); (g) defining with the spacer (40) the height of the gap (30) between the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) of the disposable cartridge (14), and permanently separating the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); and (h) positioning the disposable cartridge (14) on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 34. The method of claim 31, the cover (10) being comprised by a disposable cartridge (14), the disposable cartridge (14) comprising a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprising the second hydrophobic surface (28), the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured rigid and the working film (37) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured flexible; at least one gasket (42) being attached to the cover (10) and outside of the gap (30) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28),
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) positioning the disposable cartridge (14) on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); (g) creating an underpressure between the backside of the working film (37) and the uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); and (h) spreading the working film (37) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16) and establish the gap height. 35. The method of claim 31, said first hydrophobic surface (26) being irremovably comprised by said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) being comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate,
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18); and (g) separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) by a spacer (40) that is separately provided or that is comprised by the cover (10) or by the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 36. The method of claim 31, said first hydrophobic surface (26) being comprised by a working film (37) that is reversibly placeable on said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) being comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate,
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) placing the working film (37) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); (g) accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18); and (h) separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) by a spacer (40) that is separately provided or that is comprised by the cover (10) or by the working film (37). 37. The method of claim 31,
wherein the micro-container (12) is loaded into a manifold (54) that is then reversibly attached to the cover (10). 38. The method of claim 31,
wherein a sample is transferred into the gap (30) of the digital microfluidics system (16) utilizing the micro-container (12) adapted therefor, said sample being selected from the group comprising blood, saliva, urine, and feces. 39. A method of withdrawing liquid (48) from a gap (30) of a digital microfluidics system (16) for manipulating samples in liquid portions or droplets, the digital microfluidics system (16) comprising a first substrate (18) and a central control unit (20), wherein said first substrate (18) comprises an array of electrodes (24), and wherein said central control unit (20) is in operative connection to said electrodes for controlling the selection of individual electrodes (22) thereof and for providing a number of said electrodes with voltage for manipulating liquid portions or droplets by electrowetting; in said digital microfluidics system (16), a working gap (30) with a gap height is located parallel to the array of electrodes (24) and in-between first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); the two hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) facing each other at least during operation of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) placing a cover (10) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16), the cover (10) comprising on one side the second hydrophobic surface (28) and on another side at least one micro-container interface (32); said at least one micro-container interface (32) comprising at least one cone (34) with an inner surface and at least one fluidic access hole (38) formed into the cover (10) and interconnecting each cone (34) and the gap (30); (b) providing an essentially uniform height of the gap (30) between said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); (c) inserting the nozzle (36) of at least one micro-container (12) into at least one cone (34) of the micro-container interface (32) of the cover (10), (d) creating a sealing form fit contact between the inner surface of the at least one cone (34) of the micro-container interface (32) and an outer surface of the nozzle (36) of the inserted at least one micro-container (12); and (e) aspirating liquid from the gap (30) into the at least one micro-container (12) via the at least one fluidic access hole (38) formed into the cover (10). 40. The method of claim 39, the cover (10) being comprised by a disposable cartridge (14), the disposable cartridge (14) comprising a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprising the second hydrophobic surface (28), the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured rigid or flexible, at least one spacer (40) being attached to the cover (10), the second hydrophobic surface (28) being separated or separable from said first hydrophobic surface (26) by said gap (30), said working film (37) comprising a backside that is configured to touch an uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16),
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) sealingly enclosing the gap (30) with the spacer (40); (g) defining with the spacer (40) the height of the gap (30) between the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) of the disposable cartridge, and permanently separating the first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28); and (h) positioning the disposable cartridge (14) on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 41. The method of claim 39, the cover (10) being comprised by a disposable cartridge (14), the disposable cartridge (14) comprising a working film (37) with the first hydrophobic surface (26) and the cover (10) comprising the second hydrophobic surface (28), the cover (10) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured rigid and the working film (37) of the disposable cartridge (14) being configured flexible; at least one gasket (42) being attached to the cover (10) and outside of the gap (30) for separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28),
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) positioning the disposable cartridge (14) on the array of electrodes (24) of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); (g) creating an underpressure between the backside of the working film (37) and the uppermost surface of the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); and (h) spreading the working film (37) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16) and establishing the gap height. 42. The method of claim 39, said first hydrophobic surface (26) being irremovably comprised by said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) being comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate,
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18); and (g) separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) by a spacer (40) that is separately provided or that is comprised by the cover (10) or by the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16). 43. The method of claim 39, said first hydrophobic surface (26) being comprised by a working film (37) that is reversibly placeable on said first substrate (18) and the second hydrophobic surface (28) being comprised by said cover (10) that is configured as a rigid plate,
wherein the method further comprises the steps of: (f) placing the working film (37) on the first substrate (18) of the digital microfluidics system (16); (g) accommodating the cover (10) on the first substrate (18); and (h) separating said first and second hydrophobic surfaces (26,28) by a spacer (40) that is separately provided or that is comprised by the cover (10) or by the working film (37).
| 1,700 |
3,399 | 14,816,697 | 1,796 |
Provided is High Productivity Combinatorial (HPC) testing methodology of semiconductor substrates, each including multiple site isolated regions. The site isolated regions are used for testing different compositions and/or structures of barrier layers disposed over silver reflectors. The tested barrier layers may include all or at least two of nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum. In some embodiments, the barrier layers include oxygen. This combination allows using relative thin barrier layers (e.g., 5-30 Angstroms thick) that have high transparency yet provide sufficient protection to the silver reflector. The amount of nickel in a barrier layer may be 5-10% by weight, chromium—25-30%, titanium and aluminum—30%-35% each. The barrier layer may be co-sputtered in a reactive or inert-environment using one or more targets that include all four metals. An article may include multiple silver reflectors, each having its own barrier layer.
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1. A method for forming an article, the method comprising:
providing a substrate; forming a reflective layer above the substrate; and forming a barrier layer above the reflective layer, the barrier layer comprising nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of nickel in the barrier layer is between 5% by weight and 10% by weight. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of chromium in the barrier layer is between 25% by weight and 30% by weight. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of titanium in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of aluminum in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of nickel in the barrier layer is between 5% by weight and 10% by weight, a concentration of chromium in the barrier layer is between 25% by weight and 30% by weight, a concentration of titanium in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight, and a concentration of aluminum in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the barrier layer further comprises oxygen. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum are uniformly distributed throughout the barrier layer. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer consists essentially of nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the reflective layer comprises silver. 11. A method for forming an article, the method comprising:
providing a substrate; forming a reflective layer formed above the substrate, the reflective layer comprising silver; and forming a barrier layer formed above the reflective layer, the barrier layer comprising nickel, chromium, titanium, aluminum, and oxygen. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of nickel in the barrier layer is between 5% by weight and 10% by weight. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of chromium in the barrier layer is between 25% by weight and 30% by weight. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of titanium in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of aluminum in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of nickel in the barrier layer is between 5% by weight and 10% by weight, a concentration of chromium in the barrier layer is between 25% by weight and 30% by weight, a concentration of titanium in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight, and a concentration of aluminum in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight, and wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of between 1 Angstroms and 100 Angstroms. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming a seed layer between the substrate and the reflective layer, the seed layer directly contacting the reflective layer and comprising at least one of ZnO, SnO2, Sc2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, V2O5, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, CrO3, WO3, MoO3, or a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming a dielectric layer between the seed layer and the substrate or over the barrier layer, the dielectric layer comprising at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnSn, or a combination thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the dielectric layer further comprises a dopant, the dopant comprising at least one of Al, Ga, In, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sb, Bi, Ti, V, Y, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, or a combination thereof. 20. An article comprising:
a substrate; a reflective layer formed above the substrate; and a barrier layer formed above the reflective layer, the barrier layer comprising nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum.
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Provided is High Productivity Combinatorial (HPC) testing methodology of semiconductor substrates, each including multiple site isolated regions. The site isolated regions are used for testing different compositions and/or structures of barrier layers disposed over silver reflectors. The tested barrier layers may include all or at least two of nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum. In some embodiments, the barrier layers include oxygen. This combination allows using relative thin barrier layers (e.g., 5-30 Angstroms thick) that have high transparency yet provide sufficient protection to the silver reflector. The amount of nickel in a barrier layer may be 5-10% by weight, chromium—25-30%, titanium and aluminum—30%-35% each. The barrier layer may be co-sputtered in a reactive or inert-environment using one or more targets that include all four metals. An article may include multiple silver reflectors, each having its own barrier layer.1. A method for forming an article, the method comprising:
providing a substrate; forming a reflective layer above the substrate; and forming a barrier layer above the reflective layer, the barrier layer comprising nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of nickel in the barrier layer is between 5% by weight and 10% by weight. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of chromium in the barrier layer is between 25% by weight and 30% by weight. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of titanium in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of aluminum in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a concentration of nickel in the barrier layer is between 5% by weight and 10% by weight, a concentration of chromium in the barrier layer is between 25% by weight and 30% by weight, a concentration of titanium in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight, and a concentration of aluminum in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the barrier layer further comprises oxygen. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum are uniformly distributed throughout the barrier layer. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the barrier layer consists essentially of nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the reflective layer comprises silver. 11. A method for forming an article, the method comprising:
providing a substrate; forming a reflective layer formed above the substrate, the reflective layer comprising silver; and forming a barrier layer formed above the reflective layer, the barrier layer comprising nickel, chromium, titanium, aluminum, and oxygen. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of nickel in the barrier layer is between 5% by weight and 10% by weight. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of chromium in the barrier layer is between 25% by weight and 30% by weight. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of titanium in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of aluminum in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein a concentration of nickel in the barrier layer is between 5% by weight and 10% by weight, a concentration of chromium in the barrier layer is between 25% by weight and 30% by weight, a concentration of titanium in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight, and a concentration of aluminum in the barrier layer is between 30% by weight and 35% by weight, and wherein the barrier layer has a thickness of between 1 Angstroms and 100 Angstroms. 17. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming a seed layer between the substrate and the reflective layer, the seed layer directly contacting the reflective layer and comprising at least one of ZnO, SnO2, Sc2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, V2O5, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, CrO3, WO3, MoO3, or a combination thereof. 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising forming a dielectric layer between the seed layer and the substrate or over the barrier layer, the dielectric layer comprising at least one of TiO2, SnO2, ZnSn, or a combination thereof. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the dielectric layer further comprises a dopant, the dopant comprising at least one of Al, Ga, In, Mg, Ca, Sr, Sb, Bi, Ti, V, Y, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, or a combination thereof. 20. An article comprising:
a substrate; a reflective layer formed above the substrate; and a barrier layer formed above the reflective layer, the barrier layer comprising nickel, chromium, titanium, and aluminum.
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