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Lubricating oil compositions and methods of their use are provided herein. A lubricating oil composition as described herein includes a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity, an amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver in an amount of from about 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition, and a dispersant. The amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver includes a reaction product of an acylated olefin copolymer and a polyamine. The dispersant includes reaction product of components (A) a hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 5000 and (B) at least one polyamine, wherein the reaction product is post-treated with (C) an aromatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic polycarboxylic acid, or an aromatic anhydride, wherein all carboxylic acid or anhydride groups are attached directly to an aromatic ring, and/or (D) a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of less than about 500.
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1. A lubricating oil composition, comprising:
a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity; an amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver comprising a reaction product of an acylated olefin copolymer and a polyamine in an amount of from about 1.5 wt. % to about 2.0 wt. % based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; and a dispersant comprising a reaction product of components (A) a hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 5000 and (B) at least one polyamine, wherein the reaction product is post-treated with (C) an aromatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic polycarboxylic acid, or an aromatic anhydride, wherein all carboxylic acid or anhydride groups are attached directly to an aromatic ring, and/or (D) a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of less than about 500, wherein the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 4 wt. % to about 5.5 wt %. 2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver comprises an olefin copolymer having grafted thereon from 0.3 to 0.75 carboxylic groups per 1000 number average molecular weight units of olefin copolymer. 3. The lubricating oil composition of claim 2, wherein the olefin copolymer has a number average molecular weight of between about 40,000 and about 150,000. 4. The lubricating oil composition of claim 2, wherein the olefin copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene and one or more C3-C23 alpha-olefins. 5. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1 comprising about 1.8 wt. % of the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver. 6. (canceled) 7. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 5 wt. % to about 5.5 wt. %. 8. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein component (A) comprises a polyalkenyl-substituted succinic acid or anhydride. 9. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein component (C) comprises 1,8-naphthalic anhydride. 10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein component (D) comprises maleic anhydride. 11. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein from about 0.25 to 1.5 moles of component (C) is reacted per mole of component (B). 12. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein from about 0.25 to 1.5 moles of component (D) is reacted per mole of component (B). 13. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises a Group II oil. 14. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity meets the specification of a SAE 10W-30 engine oil. 15. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity meets the specification of a SAE 15W-40 engine oil. 16. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the dispersant is a reaction product of A and B, post-treated with both C and D. 17. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising a metal-containing detergent. 18. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising an additional dispersant. 19. The lubricating oil composition of claim 18, wherein the additional dispersant comprises one or more polyalkenyl succinimide dispersants. 20. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a heavy duty engine oil composition. 21. A method of lubricating an engine, comprising:
supplying to an engine the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1. 22. A method of controlling soot induced viscosity increase in an engine lubricant, comprising:
lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1. 23. A method of reducing oil mist separator filter plugging in an engine, comprising:
lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1. 24. An additive composition, comprising:
an amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver comprising a reaction product of an acylated olefin copolymer and a polyamine in an amount of from about 8 wt. % to about 12 wt. % based on the weight of the additive composition; and a dispersant comprising a reaction product of components (A) a hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 5000 and (B) at least one polyamine, wherein the reaction product is post-treated with (C) an aromatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic polycarboxylic acid, or an aromatic anhydride wherein all carboxylic acid or anhydride groups are attached directly to an aromatic ring, and/or (D) a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of less than about 500, wherein the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 10 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. 25. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver is present in an amount of from about 9 wt. % to about 11 wt. % based on the weight of the additive composition. 26. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the weight ratio of the dispersant to the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver is from about 1.5:1 to about 3:1. 27. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the weight ratio of the dispersant to the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver is from about 2:1 to about 3:1. 28. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the weight ratio of the dispersant to the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver is from about 2.7:1 to about 3:1. 29. (canceled) 30. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 10 wt. % to about 12 wt. %.
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Lubricating oil compositions and methods of their use are provided herein. A lubricating oil composition as described herein includes a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity, an amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver in an amount of from about 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition, and a dispersant. The amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver includes a reaction product of an acylated olefin copolymer and a polyamine. The dispersant includes reaction product of components (A) a hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 5000 and (B) at least one polyamine, wherein the reaction product is post-treated with (C) an aromatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic polycarboxylic acid, or an aromatic anhydride, wherein all carboxylic acid or anhydride groups are attached directly to an aromatic ring, and/or (D) a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of less than about 500.1. A lubricating oil composition, comprising:
a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity; an amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver comprising a reaction product of an acylated olefin copolymer and a polyamine in an amount of from about 1.5 wt. % to about 2.0 wt. % based on the weight of the lubricating oil composition; and a dispersant comprising a reaction product of components (A) a hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 5000 and (B) at least one polyamine, wherein the reaction product is post-treated with (C) an aromatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic polycarboxylic acid, or an aromatic anhydride, wherein all carboxylic acid or anhydride groups are attached directly to an aromatic ring, and/or (D) a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of less than about 500, wherein the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 4 wt. % to about 5.5 wt %. 2. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver comprises an olefin copolymer having grafted thereon from 0.3 to 0.75 carboxylic groups per 1000 number average molecular weight units of olefin copolymer. 3. The lubricating oil composition of claim 2, wherein the olefin copolymer has a number average molecular weight of between about 40,000 and about 150,000. 4. The lubricating oil composition of claim 2, wherein the olefin copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene and one or more C3-C23 alpha-olefins. 5. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1 comprising about 1.8 wt. % of the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver. 6. (canceled) 7. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 5 wt. % to about 5.5 wt. %. 8. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein component (A) comprises a polyalkenyl-substituted succinic acid or anhydride. 9. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein component (C) comprises 1,8-naphthalic anhydride. 10. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein component (D) comprises maleic anhydride. 11. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein from about 0.25 to 1.5 moles of component (C) is reacted per mole of component (B). 12. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein from about 0.25 to 1.5 moles of component (D) is reacted per mole of component (B). 13. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises a Group II oil. 14. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity meets the specification of a SAE 10W-30 engine oil. 15. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity meets the specification of a SAE 15W-40 engine oil. 16. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the dispersant is a reaction product of A and B, post-treated with both C and D. 17. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising a metal-containing detergent. 18. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising an additional dispersant. 19. The lubricating oil composition of claim 18, wherein the additional dispersant comprises one or more polyalkenyl succinimide dispersants. 20. The lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricating oil composition is a heavy duty engine oil composition. 21. A method of lubricating an engine, comprising:
supplying to an engine the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1. 22. A method of controlling soot induced viscosity increase in an engine lubricant, comprising:
lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1. 23. A method of reducing oil mist separator filter plugging in an engine, comprising:
lubricating an engine with the lubricating oil composition according to claim 1. 24. An additive composition, comprising:
an amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver comprising a reaction product of an acylated olefin copolymer and a polyamine in an amount of from about 8 wt. % to about 12 wt. % based on the weight of the additive composition; and a dispersant comprising a reaction product of components (A) a hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 5000 and (B) at least one polyamine, wherein the reaction product is post-treated with (C) an aromatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic polycarboxylic acid, or an aromatic anhydride wherein all carboxylic acid or anhydride groups are attached directly to an aromatic ring, and/or (D) a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride having a number average molecular weight of less than about 500, wherein the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 10 wt. % to about 20 wt. %. 25. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver is present in an amount of from about 9 wt. % to about 11 wt. % based on the weight of the additive composition. 26. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the weight ratio of the dispersant to the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver is from about 1.5:1 to about 3:1. 27. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the weight ratio of the dispersant to the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver is from about 2:1 to about 3:1. 28. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the weight ratio of the dispersant to the amine-functionalized olefin copolymer dispersant viscosity index improver is from about 2.7:1 to about 3:1. 29. (canceled) 30. The additive composition of claim 24, wherein the dispersant is present in an amount of from about 10 wt. % to about 12 wt. %.
| 1,700 |
1,801 | 14,977,922 | 1,774 |
A (meth)acrylate production system having a reactor (A 1 ) provided with a distillation column ( 2 ) and a distillation apparatus (B 3 ) provided with a distillation column ( 4 ). A condensing apparatus ( 6 ) is provided at the top of the distillation column ( 2 ). The condensing apparatus ( 6 ) and a switching apparatus ( 7 ) are connected via a pipe ( 5 b ), the switching apparatus ( 7 ) and the top of the distillation column ( 2 ) are connected via a pipe ( 5 c ), the switching apparatus ( 7 ) and a liquid separation apparatus ( 8 ) are connected via a pipe ( 5 d ), the top of the liquid separation apparatus ( 8 ) and the distillation column ( 2 ) are connected via pipe ( 5 e ), the bottom of the liquid separation apparatus ( 8 ) and the distillation apparatus (B 3 ) are connected via a pipe ( 50 , the top of the distillation column ( 4 ) is connected with a condensing apparatus ( 9 ) via a pipe ( 10 a ), the condensing apparatus ( 9 ) and a switching apparatus ( 11 ) are connected via a pipe ( 10 b ), the switching apparatus ( 11 ) and the top of the distillation column ( 4 ) are connected via a pipe ( 10 c ), the switching apparatus ( 11 ) and a recovery unit ( 12 ) are connected via a pipe ( 10 d ), and the bottom of the distillation apparatus (B 3 ) is connected with the pipe ( 5 d ) between the switching apparatus ( 7 ) and the liquid separation apparatus ( 8 ) via a pipe ( 10 e ).
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1. A system for producing a (meth)acrylate used in producing a (meth)acrylate by transesterification, comprising a reactor A having a distillation column and a distillation apparatus B having a distillation column, wherein
an upper part of the distillation column of the reactor A is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a liquid separation apparatus through a switching apparatus with a pipe for feeding the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus to the liquid separation apparatus; an upper part of the liquid separation apparatus is connected with the distillation column through a pipe for refluxing an upper layer of the condensate separated by the liquid separation apparatus to the distillation column; and a lower part of the liquid separation apparatus is connected with the distillation apparatus B through a pipe for feeding a lower layer of the condensate separated by the liquid separation apparatus to the distillation apparatus B; an upper part of the distillation column of the distillation apparatus B is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a collecting unit for collecting the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus through a switching apparatus with a pipe for feeding the remaining condensate to the collecting unit; and a lower part of the distillation apparatus B is connected with a pipe between the switching apparatus and the condensing apparatus in the reactor A through a pipe for refluxing a residue existing in the distillation apparatus B to the distillation column of the reactor A. 2. A system for producing a (meth)acrylate used in producing a (meth)acrylate by transesterification, comprising a reactor A having a distillation column, a distillation apparatus B having a distillation column and a distillation apparatus C having a distillation column, wherein
an upper part of the distillation column of the reactor A is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a liquid separation apparatus through the switching apparatus with a pipe for feeding the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus to the liquid separation apparatus; an upper part of the liquid separation apparatus is connected with the distillation column through a pipe for refluxing an upper layer of the condensate separated by the liquid separation apparatus to the distillation column; and a lower part of the liquid separation apparatus is connected with the distillation apparatus B through a pipe for feeding a lower layer of the condensate separated by the liquid separation apparatus to the distillation apparatus B; an upper part of the distillation column of the distillation apparatus B is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a collecting unit for collecting the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus through a switching apparatus with a pipe for feeding the remaining condensate to the collecting unit; a lower part of the distillation apparatus B is connected with the distillation apparatus C through a pipe for feeding a residue existing in the distillation apparatus B to the distillation column of the distillation apparatus C; an upper part of the distillation apparatus C is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a collecting unit for collecting the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus through a pipe for feeding the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus to the collecting unit; and a lower part of the distillation apparatus C is connected with a pipe between the switching apparatus and the condensing apparatus in the reactor A through a pipe for feeding a residue existing in the distillation apparatus C to the distillation column of the reactor A.
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A (meth)acrylate production system having a reactor (A 1 ) provided with a distillation column ( 2 ) and a distillation apparatus (B 3 ) provided with a distillation column ( 4 ). A condensing apparatus ( 6 ) is provided at the top of the distillation column ( 2 ). The condensing apparatus ( 6 ) and a switching apparatus ( 7 ) are connected via a pipe ( 5 b ), the switching apparatus ( 7 ) and the top of the distillation column ( 2 ) are connected via a pipe ( 5 c ), the switching apparatus ( 7 ) and a liquid separation apparatus ( 8 ) are connected via a pipe ( 5 d ), the top of the liquid separation apparatus ( 8 ) and the distillation column ( 2 ) are connected via pipe ( 5 e ), the bottom of the liquid separation apparatus ( 8 ) and the distillation apparatus (B 3 ) are connected via a pipe ( 50 , the top of the distillation column ( 4 ) is connected with a condensing apparatus ( 9 ) via a pipe ( 10 a ), the condensing apparatus ( 9 ) and a switching apparatus ( 11 ) are connected via a pipe ( 10 b ), the switching apparatus ( 11 ) and the top of the distillation column ( 4 ) are connected via a pipe ( 10 c ), the switching apparatus ( 11 ) and a recovery unit ( 12 ) are connected via a pipe ( 10 d ), and the bottom of the distillation apparatus (B 3 ) is connected with the pipe ( 5 d ) between the switching apparatus ( 7 ) and the liquid separation apparatus ( 8 ) via a pipe ( 10 e ).1. A system for producing a (meth)acrylate used in producing a (meth)acrylate by transesterification, comprising a reactor A having a distillation column and a distillation apparatus B having a distillation column, wherein
an upper part of the distillation column of the reactor A is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a liquid separation apparatus through a switching apparatus with a pipe for feeding the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus to the liquid separation apparatus; an upper part of the liquid separation apparatus is connected with the distillation column through a pipe for refluxing an upper layer of the condensate separated by the liquid separation apparatus to the distillation column; and a lower part of the liquid separation apparatus is connected with the distillation apparatus B through a pipe for feeding a lower layer of the condensate separated by the liquid separation apparatus to the distillation apparatus B; an upper part of the distillation column of the distillation apparatus B is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a collecting unit for collecting the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus through a switching apparatus with a pipe for feeding the remaining condensate to the collecting unit; and a lower part of the distillation apparatus B is connected with a pipe between the switching apparatus and the condensing apparatus in the reactor A through a pipe for refluxing a residue existing in the distillation apparatus B to the distillation column of the reactor A. 2. A system for producing a (meth)acrylate used in producing a (meth)acrylate by transesterification, comprising a reactor A having a distillation column, a distillation apparatus B having a distillation column and a distillation apparatus C having a distillation column, wherein
an upper part of the distillation column of the reactor A is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a liquid separation apparatus through the switching apparatus with a pipe for feeding the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus to the liquid separation apparatus; an upper part of the liquid separation apparatus is connected with the distillation column through a pipe for refluxing an upper layer of the condensate separated by the liquid separation apparatus to the distillation column; and a lower part of the liquid separation apparatus is connected with the distillation apparatus B through a pipe for feeding a lower layer of the condensate separated by the liquid separation apparatus to the distillation apparatus B; an upper part of the distillation column of the distillation apparatus B is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a collecting unit for collecting the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus through a switching apparatus with a pipe for feeding the remaining condensate to the collecting unit; a lower part of the distillation apparatus B is connected with the distillation apparatus C through a pipe for feeding a residue existing in the distillation apparatus B to the distillation column of the distillation apparatus C; an upper part of the distillation apparatus C is connected with a condensing apparatus through a pipe; the condensing apparatus is connected with the upper part of the distillation column through a switching apparatus with a pipe for refluxing a part of a condensate obtained in the condensing apparatus to the upper part of the distillation column; and the condensing apparatus is connected with a collecting unit for collecting the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus through a pipe for feeding the condensate remaining in the condensing apparatus to the collecting unit; and a lower part of the distillation apparatus C is connected with a pipe between the switching apparatus and the condensing apparatus in the reactor A through a pipe for feeding a residue existing in the distillation apparatus C to the distillation column of the reactor A.
| 1,700 |
1,802 | 12,674,601 | 1,732 |
The present invention relates to the use of a composition in coating agents, which is poor in volatile organic compounds (VOC) or essentially free of VOC, wherein the composition is at least partially based on one or more partially or fully hydrolyzed and optionally condensed or co-condensed aminoalkyl- and oligosilylated-aminoalkyl-, alkoxy- or hydroxy-functional silicon compounds and the alcohol is at least partially removed from the composition. The invention also relates to a composition containing aminoalkyl- or oligosilylated-aminoalkyl-, hydroxy- and optionally alkoxy-functional silicon compounds and to a method for producing such a composition.
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1. A coating slip comprising a composition low in volatile organic compounds (VOC) or substantially VOC-free, the composition being based at least proportionally on one or more partially or completely hydrolyzed and optionally condensed or cocondensed aminoalkyl-functional and also oligo-silylated-aminoalkyl-, alkoxy- and/or hydroxy-functional silicon compounds, and the alcohol being removed at least proportionally from the composition. 2. The slip as claimed in claim 1, wherein the coating slip is used for coating paper or film. 3. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein at least one silicon compound of the aminoalkyl-functional and/or oligo-silylated-aminoalkyl-, hydroxy-, and optionally alkoxy-functional silicon compounds present in the composition represent a reaction product from the reaction of (A) at least one aminoalkylalkoxysilane of the general formula I
NR′2[(CH2)2NR′]x—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (I),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, x is 0, 1 or 2, and n is 0 or 1,
or (B) at least one bis-silylated alkylamine of the general formula II
(RO)3-m(R″)mSi—Y—[NR′(CH2)2]yNR′[(CH2)2NR′]z—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (II),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, groups Y are alike or different and Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, y and z independently are 0, 1 or 2, and m and n independently are 0 or 1,
or (C) at least one tris-silylated alkylamine of the general formula III
N[—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n]3 (III),
in which groups R and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y independently is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, and n independently is 0 or 1,
or (D) at least two of the above-stated silylated alkylamines of the general formula I, II, and III. 4. The slip as claimed in claim 3,
wherein component (A) is selected from the series AMMO, AMEO, DAMO, TRIAMO, and 3-(N-alkylamino)propyltrialkoxysilane, where alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl and alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy, component (B) is selected from the series bis-AMMO, bis-AMEO, bis-DAMO, and bis-TRIAMO, and component (C) is selected from the series tris-AMMO, and tris-AMEO. 5. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition has a free alcohol content of less than or equal to 1%, by weight, based on the composition. 6. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition contains from 0.1% to 99.5% by weight, based on the composition, of at least one at least partially hydrolyzed silicon compound. 7. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition has a water content of 99.9% to 0.5% by weight, based on the composition. 8. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition has a pH of 2 to 11. 9. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition contains an acid and/or a corresponding salt of the acid and one of the present amino-functional compounds. 10. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the coating color comprises at least one metal oxide which has an average particle size of less than 1 μm, in an amount of 5% to 50% by weight, based on the composition. 11. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the coating color comprises at least partially hydrolyzed, amino-functional silicon compounds in an amount of 1% to 10% by weight, calculated as silicon and based on the coating color. 12. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the coating color is based on the composition comprising silicon compounds and on at least one metal oxide and additionally comprises at least one further component from the series binder, crosslinker, optical brightener, and process assistant. 13. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the coating color is applied to the surface of a film or of a PE-modified paper and is dried and/or cured. 14. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein a paper or film obtainable using said composition and/or a said coating color is used for inkjet applications and/or as photographic paper or as film for photographic prints. 15. A composition comprising aminoalkyl-functional and/or oligo-silylated-aminoalkyl-, hydroxy-, and optionally alkoxy-functional silicon compounds, wherein said compounds represent a reaction product from the reaction of
(A) at least one aminoalkylalkoxysilane of the general formula I
NR′2[(CH2)2NR′]x—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (I),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, x is 0, 1 or 2, and n is 0 or 1,
or (B) at least one bis-silylated alkylamine of the general formula II
(RO)3-m(R″)mSi—Y—[NR′(CH2)2]yNR′[(CH2)2NR′]z—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (II),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, groups Y are alike or different and Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, y and z independently are 0, 1 or 2, and m and n independently are 0 or 1,
or (C) at least one tris-silylated alkylamine of the general formula III
N[—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n]3 (III),
in which groups R and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y independently is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, and n independently is 0 or 1,
or (D) at least two or the above-stated silylated alkylamines of the general formula I, II, and III and the free alcohol content of the composition is less than or equal to 1% by weight, based on the composition. 16. A process for preparing a composition as claimed in claim 15,
comprising subjecting (A) at least one aminoalkylalkoxysilane of the general formula I
NR′2[(CH2)2NR′]x—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (I),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, x is 0, 1 or 2, and n is 0 or 1,
or (B) at least one bis-silylated alkylamine of the general formula II
(RO)3-m(R″)mSi—Y—[NR′(CH2)2]yNR′[(CH2)2NR′]z—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (II),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, groups Y are alike or different and Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, y and z independently are 0, 1 or 2, and m and n independently are 0 or 1,
or (C) at least one tris-silylated alkylamine of the general formula III
N[—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n]3 (III),
in which groups R and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y independently is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, and n independently is 0 or 1,
or (D) at least two or the above-stated silylated alkylamines of the general formula I, II, and III to hydrolysis and also condensation or cocondensation, using a defined amount of water, and optionally with addition of an acid, and substantially removing the free alcohol from the system.
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The present invention relates to the use of a composition in coating agents, which is poor in volatile organic compounds (VOC) or essentially free of VOC, wherein the composition is at least partially based on one or more partially or fully hydrolyzed and optionally condensed or co-condensed aminoalkyl- and oligosilylated-aminoalkyl-, alkoxy- or hydroxy-functional silicon compounds and the alcohol is at least partially removed from the composition. The invention also relates to a composition containing aminoalkyl- or oligosilylated-aminoalkyl-, hydroxy- and optionally alkoxy-functional silicon compounds and to a method for producing such a composition.1. A coating slip comprising a composition low in volatile organic compounds (VOC) or substantially VOC-free, the composition being based at least proportionally on one or more partially or completely hydrolyzed and optionally condensed or cocondensed aminoalkyl-functional and also oligo-silylated-aminoalkyl-, alkoxy- and/or hydroxy-functional silicon compounds, and the alcohol being removed at least proportionally from the composition. 2. The slip as claimed in claim 1, wherein the coating slip is used for coating paper or film. 3. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein at least one silicon compound of the aminoalkyl-functional and/or oligo-silylated-aminoalkyl-, hydroxy-, and optionally alkoxy-functional silicon compounds present in the composition represent a reaction product from the reaction of (A) at least one aminoalkylalkoxysilane of the general formula I
NR′2[(CH2)2NR′]x—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (I),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, x is 0, 1 or 2, and n is 0 or 1,
or (B) at least one bis-silylated alkylamine of the general formula II
(RO)3-m(R″)mSi—Y—[NR′(CH2)2]yNR′[(CH2)2NR′]z—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (II),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, groups Y are alike or different and Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, y and z independently are 0, 1 or 2, and m and n independently are 0 or 1,
or (C) at least one tris-silylated alkylamine of the general formula III
N[—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n]3 (III),
in which groups R and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y independently is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, and n independently is 0 or 1,
or (D) at least two of the above-stated silylated alkylamines of the general formula I, II, and III. 4. The slip as claimed in claim 3,
wherein component (A) is selected from the series AMMO, AMEO, DAMO, TRIAMO, and 3-(N-alkylamino)propyltrialkoxysilane, where alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl and alkoxy is methoxy or ethoxy, component (B) is selected from the series bis-AMMO, bis-AMEO, bis-DAMO, and bis-TRIAMO, and component (C) is selected from the series tris-AMMO, and tris-AMEO. 5. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition has a free alcohol content of less than or equal to 1%, by weight, based on the composition. 6. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition contains from 0.1% to 99.5% by weight, based on the composition, of at least one at least partially hydrolyzed silicon compound. 7. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition has a water content of 99.9% to 0.5% by weight, based on the composition. 8. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition has a pH of 2 to 11. 9. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the composition contains an acid and/or a corresponding salt of the acid and one of the present amino-functional compounds. 10. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the coating color comprises at least one metal oxide which has an average particle size of less than 1 μm, in an amount of 5% to 50% by weight, based on the composition. 11. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the coating color comprises at least partially hydrolyzed, amino-functional silicon compounds in an amount of 1% to 10% by weight, calculated as silicon and based on the coating color. 12. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the coating color is based on the composition comprising silicon compounds and on at least one metal oxide and additionally comprises at least one further component from the series binder, crosslinker, optical brightener, and process assistant. 13. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein the coating color is applied to the surface of a film or of a PE-modified paper and is dried and/or cured. 14. The slip as claimed in claim 1,
wherein a paper or film obtainable using said composition and/or a said coating color is used for inkjet applications and/or as photographic paper or as film for photographic prints. 15. A composition comprising aminoalkyl-functional and/or oligo-silylated-aminoalkyl-, hydroxy-, and optionally alkoxy-functional silicon compounds, wherein said compounds represent a reaction product from the reaction of
(A) at least one aminoalkylalkoxysilane of the general formula I
NR′2[(CH2)2NR′]x—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (I),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, x is 0, 1 or 2, and n is 0 or 1,
or (B) at least one bis-silylated alkylamine of the general formula II
(RO)3-m(R″)mSi—Y—[NR′(CH2)2]yNR′[(CH2)2NR′]z—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (II),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, groups Y are alike or different and Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, y and z independently are 0, 1 or 2, and m and n independently are 0 or 1,
or (C) at least one tris-silylated alkylamine of the general formula III
N[—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n]3 (III),
in which groups R and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y independently is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, and n independently is 0 or 1,
or (D) at least two or the above-stated silylated alkylamines of the general formula I, II, and III and the free alcohol content of the composition is less than or equal to 1% by weight, based on the composition. 16. A process for preparing a composition as claimed in claim 15,
comprising subjecting (A) at least one aminoalkylalkoxysilane of the general formula I
NR′2[(CH2)2NR′]x—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (I),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, x is 0, 1 or 2, and n is 0 or 1,
or (B) at least one bis-silylated alkylamine of the general formula II
(RO)3-m(R″)mSi—Y—[NR′(CH2)2]yNR′[(CH2)2NR′]z—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n (II),
in which groups R, R′ and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, groups Y are alike or different and Y is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, y and z independently are 0, 1 or 2, and m and n independently are 0 or 1,
or (C) at least one tris-silylated alkylamine of the general formula III
N[—Y—Si(R″)n(OR)3-n]3 (III),
in which groups R and R″ are alike or different and are each a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 C atoms, Y independently is a divalent alkylene group from the series —CH2—, —(CH2)2—, —(CH2)3— or —[CH2CH(CH3)CH2]—, and n independently is 0 or 1,
or (D) at least two or the above-stated silylated alkylamines of the general formula I, II, and III to hydrolysis and also condensation or cocondensation, using a defined amount of water, and optionally with addition of an acid, and substantially removing the free alcohol from the system.
| 1,700 |
1,803 | 13,742,439 | 1,732 |
A catalyst composition useful for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon comprises components (A)-(G). Component (A) is a catalyst substrate. (B) is platinum. (C) is at least one of germanium, tin, lead, gallium, indium, and titanium. (D) is phosphorus, the total amount of component (D) being at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %. (E) is at least one of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and a lanthanide, the total amount of component (E) being at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. %. (F) is chloride at a level of 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. %. Component (G) is manganese. The catalyst may be used in the conversion of hydrocarbons wherein a hydrocarbon feed is contacted with the catalyst within a reactor under hydrocarbon conversion reaction conditions to form hydrocarbon conversion products. Sources of the various components are combined in a method to form the catalyst composition.
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1. A catalyst composition useful for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon compounds comprising:
components (A)-(G), wherein: (A) is a catalyst substrate; (B) is platinum at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 2 wt. %; (C) is at least one of germanium, tin, lead, gallium, indium, and titanium, the total amount of component (C) being at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 5 wt. %; (D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %; (E) is at least one of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and a lanthanide, the total amount of component (E) being at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. %; (F) is chloride at a level of 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. %; and (G) is manganese. 2. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein (G) is manganese at a level of 0.05 wt. % to 5 wt. %. 3. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein:
(A) is an alumina substrate. 4. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein (C) is tin. 5. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein:
(A) is a crystalline alumina substrate. 6. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein:
(C) is tin; and (E) is calcium. 7. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein:
(A) is an alumina substrate; (B) is platinum at a level of from 0.5 wt. % to 1.5 wt. %; the total amount of component (C) is at a level of from 1 wt. % to 4 wt. %; (D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %; the total amount of component (E) is at a level of from 1% to 5%; (F) is chloride at a level of 0.15 wt. % to 1.0 wt. %; and (G) is manganese at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 2.5 wt. %. 8. A method of converting hydrocarbons comprising:
contacting a hydrocarbon feed with a catalyst within a reactor under hydrocarbon conversion reaction conditions to form hydrocarbon conversion products, the catalyst comprising: components (A)-(G), wherein:
(A) is a catalyst substrate;
(B) is platinum at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 2 wt. %;
(C) is at least one of germanium, tin, lead, gallium, indium, and titanium, the total amount of component (C) being at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 5 wt. %;
(D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %;
(E) is at least one of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and a lanthanide, the total amount of component (E) being at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. %;
(F) is chloride at a level of 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. %; and
(G) is manganese. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon feed is a paraffin hydrocarbon feed. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon feed is propane and the hydrocarbon conversion products includes propylene. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein:
steam is introduced into the reactor along with the hydrocarbon feed. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein:
molar ratio of steam to hydrocarbon feed introduced into the reactor is from 1:1 to 10:1. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon conversion reaction conversion is carried out substantially free of oxygen (O2) gas. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon conversion reaction is carried out at a temperature of from 500° C. to 600° C. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon feed is introduced into the reactor at a GHSV of from 2100 hr−1 to 4500 hr−1. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein (G) is manganese at a level of 0.05 wt. % to 5 wt. %. 17. The method of claim 8, wherein:
(C) is tin; and (E) is calcium. 18. The method of claim 8, wherein:
(A) is an alumina substrate; (B) is platinum at a level of from 0.5 wt. % to 1.5 wt. %; the total amount of component (C) is at a level of from 1 wt. % to 4 wt. %; (D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %; the total amount of component (E) is at a level of from 1% to 5%; (F) is chloride at a level of 0.15 wt. % to 1.0 wt. %; and (G) is manganese at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 2.5 wt. %. 19. A method of forming a catalyst composition useful for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon compounds, the method comprising:
combining the following components:
(1) a catalyst substrate;
(2) a platinum source;
(3) at least one of a germanium source, a tin source, a lead source, a gallium source, an indium source, and a titanium source;
(4) a phosphorus source;
(5) at least one of a magnesium source, a calcium source, a strontium source, a barium source, a radium source, and a lanthanide source;
(6) a chloride source; and
(7) a manganese source;
to form a final catalyst composition that comprises components (A)-(G), wherein:
(A) is the catalyst substrate;
(B) is platinum at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 2 wt. %;
(C) is at least one of germanium, tin, lead, gallium, indium, and titanium, the total amount of component (C) being at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 5 wt. %;
(D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %;
(E) is at least one of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and a lanthanide, the total amount of component (E) being at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. %;
(F) is chloride at a level of 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. %; and
(G) is manganese. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein:
(A) is an alumina substrate; (B) is platinum at a level of from 0.5 wt. % to 1.5 wt. %; the total amount of component (C) is at a level of from 1 wt. % to 4 wt. %; (D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %; the total amount of component (E) is at a level of from 1% to 5%; (F) is chloride at a level of 0.15 wt. % to 1.0 wt. %; and (G) is manganese at a level of from 0.05 wt. % to 5 wt. %.
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A catalyst composition useful for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon comprises components (A)-(G). Component (A) is a catalyst substrate. (B) is platinum. (C) is at least one of germanium, tin, lead, gallium, indium, and titanium. (D) is phosphorus, the total amount of component (D) being at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %. (E) is at least one of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and a lanthanide, the total amount of component (E) being at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. %. (F) is chloride at a level of 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. %. Component (G) is manganese. The catalyst may be used in the conversion of hydrocarbons wherein a hydrocarbon feed is contacted with the catalyst within a reactor under hydrocarbon conversion reaction conditions to form hydrocarbon conversion products. Sources of the various components are combined in a method to form the catalyst composition.1. A catalyst composition useful for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon compounds comprising:
components (A)-(G), wherein: (A) is a catalyst substrate; (B) is platinum at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 2 wt. %; (C) is at least one of germanium, tin, lead, gallium, indium, and titanium, the total amount of component (C) being at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 5 wt. %; (D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %; (E) is at least one of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and a lanthanide, the total amount of component (E) being at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. %; (F) is chloride at a level of 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. %; and (G) is manganese. 2. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein (G) is manganese at a level of 0.05 wt. % to 5 wt. %. 3. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein:
(A) is an alumina substrate. 4. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein (C) is tin. 5. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein:
(A) is a crystalline alumina substrate. 6. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein:
(C) is tin; and (E) is calcium. 7. The catalyst composition of claim 1, wherein:
(A) is an alumina substrate; (B) is platinum at a level of from 0.5 wt. % to 1.5 wt. %; the total amount of component (C) is at a level of from 1 wt. % to 4 wt. %; (D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %; the total amount of component (E) is at a level of from 1% to 5%; (F) is chloride at a level of 0.15 wt. % to 1.0 wt. %; and (G) is manganese at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 2.5 wt. %. 8. A method of converting hydrocarbons comprising:
contacting a hydrocarbon feed with a catalyst within a reactor under hydrocarbon conversion reaction conditions to form hydrocarbon conversion products, the catalyst comprising: components (A)-(G), wherein:
(A) is a catalyst substrate;
(B) is platinum at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 2 wt. %;
(C) is at least one of germanium, tin, lead, gallium, indium, and titanium, the total amount of component (C) being at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 5 wt. %;
(D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %;
(E) is at least one of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and a lanthanide, the total amount of component (E) being at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. %;
(F) is chloride at a level of 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. %; and
(G) is manganese. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon feed is a paraffin hydrocarbon feed. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon feed is propane and the hydrocarbon conversion products includes propylene. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein:
steam is introduced into the reactor along with the hydrocarbon feed. 12. The method of claim 8, wherein:
molar ratio of steam to hydrocarbon feed introduced into the reactor is from 1:1 to 10:1. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon conversion reaction conversion is carried out substantially free of oxygen (O2) gas. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon conversion reaction is carried out at a temperature of from 500° C. to 600° C. 15. The method of claim 8, wherein:
the hydrocarbon feed is introduced into the reactor at a GHSV of from 2100 hr−1 to 4500 hr−1. 16. The method of claim 8, wherein (G) is manganese at a level of 0.05 wt. % to 5 wt. %. 17. The method of claim 8, wherein:
(C) is tin; and (E) is calcium. 18. The method of claim 8, wherein:
(A) is an alumina substrate; (B) is platinum at a level of from 0.5 wt. % to 1.5 wt. %; the total amount of component (C) is at a level of from 1 wt. % to 4 wt. %; (D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %; the total amount of component (E) is at a level of from 1% to 5%; (F) is chloride at a level of 0.15 wt. % to 1.0 wt. %; and (G) is manganese at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 2.5 wt. %. 19. A method of forming a catalyst composition useful for the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon compounds, the method comprising:
combining the following components:
(1) a catalyst substrate;
(2) a platinum source;
(3) at least one of a germanium source, a tin source, a lead source, a gallium source, an indium source, and a titanium source;
(4) a phosphorus source;
(5) at least one of a magnesium source, a calcium source, a strontium source, a barium source, a radium source, and a lanthanide source;
(6) a chloride source; and
(7) a manganese source;
to form a final catalyst composition that comprises components (A)-(G), wherein:
(A) is the catalyst substrate;
(B) is platinum at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 2 wt. %;
(C) is at least one of germanium, tin, lead, gallium, indium, and titanium, the total amount of component (C) being at a level of from 0.2 wt. % to 5 wt. %;
(D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %;
(E) is at least one of magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, and a lanthanide, the total amount of component (E) being at a level of from 0.1 wt. % to 5 wt. %;
(F) is chloride at a level of 0.1 wt. % to 2 wt. %; and
(G) is manganese. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein:
(A) is an alumina substrate; (B) is platinum at a level of from 0.5 wt. % to 1.5 wt. %; the total amount of component (C) is at a level of from 1 wt. % to 4 wt. %; (D) is phosphorus at a level of from 1 wt. % to 3 wt. %; the total amount of component (E) is at a level of from 1% to 5%; (F) is chloride at a level of 0.15 wt. % to 1.0 wt. %; and (G) is manganese at a level of from 0.05 wt. % to 5 wt. %.
| 1,700 |
1,804 | 13,802,950 | 1,747 |
The present disclosure relates to reservoirs for storing products in electronic smoking articles. The reservoir is manufactured from cellulose acetate fiber, thermoplastic fiber, non-thermoplastic fiber, or a combination thereof. The reservoir is substantially tubular in shape and is adapted to accommodate internal components of the smoking article thereby increasing reservoir capacity. The internal components particularly can comprise an atomizer, which may include a braided wick.
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1. An electronic smoking article comprising:
an electrical power source; and a reservoir that comprises cellulose acetate and is configured to hold an aerosol precursor material. 2. The electronic smoking article of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is substantially shaped as a cylinder having a hollow interior portion. 3. The electronic smoking article of claim 2, wherein at least part of the hollow interior is shaped and dimensioned to accommodate one or more further components of the smoking article. 4. The electronic smoking article of claim 3, wherein the one or more further components is an atomizer. 5. The electronic smoking article of claim 4, wherein the atomizer comprises a heater. 6. The electronic smoking article of claim 5, wherein the heater is a resistive heating element. 7. The electronic smoking article of claim 4, wherein the atomizer comprises a liquid transport element. 8. The electronic smoking article of claim 7, wherein the liquid transport element is a continuous, elongated article adapted for wicking a liquid. 9. The electronic smoking article of claim 7, wherein the liquid transport element comprises a braided wick. 10. The electronic smoking article of claim 9, wherein the liquid transport element is in the form of a sheath/core wick. 11. The electronic smoking article of claim 10, wherein the sheath portion of the wick is braided. 12. The electronic smoking article of claim 11, wherein the core portion of the wick is non-braided or is formed of a different material than the braided sheath, or both. 13. The electronic smoking article of claim 9, wherein the braided wick is a braid of at least 4 separate fibers or yarns. 14. The electronic smoking article of claim 7, wherein the liquid transport element comprises fiberglass. 15. The electronic smoking article of claim 14, wherein the fiberglass is C-glass. 16. The electronic smoking article of claim 4, wherein the atomizer comprises electrically conducting terminals. 17. The electronic smoking article of claim 4, wherein the atomizer comprises:
a continuous, elongated wick having two opposing ends; a heater in connection with the wick and positioned at about a midpoint thereof; and electrically conducting terminals positioned in physical contact with the wick and in electrical connection with the heater. 18. The electronic smoking article of claim 3, wherein the hollow interior comprises a central cavity with diametrically opposed grooves extending into the reservoir. 19. The electronic smoking article of claim 18, wherein the grooves are adapted to mate with portions of an atomizer. 20. The electronic smoking article of claim 3, wherein the hollow interior comprises a wall that includes one or more indentations or protrusions formed therein. 21. The electronic smoking article of claim 1, wherein the cellulose acetate fiber has a linear mass density of about 0.5 dpf or greater. 22. The electronic smoking article of claim 21, wherein the cellulose acetate fiber has a linear mass density of about 0.5 dpf to about 20 dpf. 23. The electronic smoking article of claim 2, wherein the cylinder has a wall thickness of about 1 mm to about 4 mm. 24. The electronic smoking article of claim 1, wherein the reservoir comprises about 70% to about 99% by weight cellulose acetate and about 2% to about 25% by weight of a binder. 25. The electronic smoking article of claim 2, further comprising an atomizer positioned within the hollow interior portion of the reservoir. 26. The electronic smoking article of claim 25, wherein the atomizer comprises:
a continuous, elongated wick having two opposing ends; a heater in connection with the wick and positioned at about a midpoint thereof; and electrically conducting terminals positioned in physical contact with the wick and in electrical connection with the heater. 27. An electronic smoking article comprising:
a reservoir with a liquid aerosol precursor composition stored therein; and a braided wick in fluid communication with the reservoir. 28. The electronic smoking article of claim 27, wherein the braided wick is a sheath/core wick. 29. The electronic smoking article of claim 28, wherein the braided wick is the sheath and surrounds the core. 30. The electronic smoking article of claim 29, wherein the core is non-braided or is formed of a different material than the braided sheath, or both. 31. The electronic smoking article of claim 29, wherein the core comprises a twisted yarn. 32. The electronic smoking article of claim 27, wherein the braided wick is a braid of at least 4 separate fibers or yarns. 33. The electronic smoking article of claim 27, wherein the braided wick comprises fiberglass. 34. The electronic smoking article of claim 32, wherein the fiberglass is C-glass. 35. The electronic smoking article of claim 32, wherein the fiberglass is E-glass. 36. The electronic smoking article of claim 27, wherein the reservoir comprises cellulose acetate. 37. The electronic smoking article of claim 36, wherein the reservoir is substantially shaped as a cylinder having a hollow interior portion. 38. The electronic smoking article of claim 36, wherein the cylinder has a wall thickness of about 1 mm to about 3 mm. 39. The electronic smoking article of claim 36, wherein the cellulose acetate fiber has a linear mass density of about 0.5 dpf or greater. 40. The electronic smoking article of claim 29, wherein the cellulose acetate fiber has a linear mass density of about 0.5 dpf to about 20 dpf. 41. The electronic smoking article of claim 36, wherein the reservoir comprises about 70% to about 99% by weight cellulose acetate and about 2% to about 25% by weight of a binder. 42. A cartridge for an electronic smoking article, the cartridge comprising an atomizer at least partially positioned within a hollow interior of a tube-shaped reservoir adapted for holding an aerosol precursor composition, the reservoir tube being positioned within a hollow shell, wherein the reservoir tube is formed of cellulose acetate. 43. The cartridge of claim 42, wherein the atomizer comprises:
a continuous, elongated wick having two opposing ends; a heater in connection with the wick and positioned at about a midpoint thereof; and electrically conducting terminals positioned in physical contact with the wick and in electrical connection with the heater. 44. The cartridge of claim 43, wherein the hollow shell comprises a first end adapted to engage a control component and an opposing mouthend, and wherein the heater of the atomizer extends out of the reservoir tube in a cavity formed at the mouthend of the hollow shell. 45. The cartridge of claim 43, wherein the wick is a braided wick. 46. The cartridge of claim 45, wherein the braided wick is a sheath/core wick. 47. The cartridge of claim 46, wherein the braided wick is the sheath and surrounds the core. 48. The cartridge of claim 47, wherein the core is non-braided or is formed of a different material than the braided sheath, or both. 49. The cartridge of claim 45, wherein the braided wick is a braid of at least 4 separate fibers or yarns. 50. The cartridge of claim 44, wherein the wick comprises fiberglass. 51. The cartridge of claim 50, wherein the fiberglass is C-glass. 52. A method of making an electronic smoking article, the method comprising:
providing a cylinder comprising cellulose acetate and having a hollow interior portion; and inserting an atomizer into the hollow interior of the cellulose acetate cylinder. 53. The method of claim 52, further comprising:
inserting the cylinder and atomizer into a hollow shell; and connecting the atomizer to a power source. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the power source is a battery. 55. The method of claim 53, wherein the atomizer comprises a continuous, elongated wick having two opposing ends and a heater in connection with the wick and positioned at about a midpoint thereof. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the atomizer further comprises electrically conducting terminals positioned in physical contact with the wick and in electrical connection with the heater. 57. The method of claim 53, wherein said inserting comprises extending a portion of the atomizer beyond an end of the cellulose acetate cylinder. 58. A wick suitable for use in an electronic smoking article, the wick comprising a braid of at least 4 separate fibers or yarns, at least one of which is C-glass or E-glass. 59. The wick of claim 58, wherein the wick comprises a braid of at least 8 separate fibers or yarns. 60. The wick of claim 58, wherein the braided wick is a sheath/core wick. 61. The wick of claim 60, wherein the braided wick is the sheath and surrounds the core. 62. The wick of claim 60, wherein the core is non-braided or is formed of a different material than the braided sheath, or both. 63. The wick of claim 60, wherein the core comprises a twisted yarn.
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The present disclosure relates to reservoirs for storing products in electronic smoking articles. The reservoir is manufactured from cellulose acetate fiber, thermoplastic fiber, non-thermoplastic fiber, or a combination thereof. The reservoir is substantially tubular in shape and is adapted to accommodate internal components of the smoking article thereby increasing reservoir capacity. The internal components particularly can comprise an atomizer, which may include a braided wick.1. An electronic smoking article comprising:
an electrical power source; and a reservoir that comprises cellulose acetate and is configured to hold an aerosol precursor material. 2. The electronic smoking article of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is substantially shaped as a cylinder having a hollow interior portion. 3. The electronic smoking article of claim 2, wherein at least part of the hollow interior is shaped and dimensioned to accommodate one or more further components of the smoking article. 4. The electronic smoking article of claim 3, wherein the one or more further components is an atomizer. 5. The electronic smoking article of claim 4, wherein the atomizer comprises a heater. 6. The electronic smoking article of claim 5, wherein the heater is a resistive heating element. 7. The electronic smoking article of claim 4, wherein the atomizer comprises a liquid transport element. 8. The electronic smoking article of claim 7, wherein the liquid transport element is a continuous, elongated article adapted for wicking a liquid. 9. The electronic smoking article of claim 7, wherein the liquid transport element comprises a braided wick. 10. The electronic smoking article of claim 9, wherein the liquid transport element is in the form of a sheath/core wick. 11. The electronic smoking article of claim 10, wherein the sheath portion of the wick is braided. 12. The electronic smoking article of claim 11, wherein the core portion of the wick is non-braided or is formed of a different material than the braided sheath, or both. 13. The electronic smoking article of claim 9, wherein the braided wick is a braid of at least 4 separate fibers or yarns. 14. The electronic smoking article of claim 7, wherein the liquid transport element comprises fiberglass. 15. The electronic smoking article of claim 14, wherein the fiberglass is C-glass. 16. The electronic smoking article of claim 4, wherein the atomizer comprises electrically conducting terminals. 17. The electronic smoking article of claim 4, wherein the atomizer comprises:
a continuous, elongated wick having two opposing ends; a heater in connection with the wick and positioned at about a midpoint thereof; and electrically conducting terminals positioned in physical contact with the wick and in electrical connection with the heater. 18. The electronic smoking article of claim 3, wherein the hollow interior comprises a central cavity with diametrically opposed grooves extending into the reservoir. 19. The electronic smoking article of claim 18, wherein the grooves are adapted to mate with portions of an atomizer. 20. The electronic smoking article of claim 3, wherein the hollow interior comprises a wall that includes one or more indentations or protrusions formed therein. 21. The electronic smoking article of claim 1, wherein the cellulose acetate fiber has a linear mass density of about 0.5 dpf or greater. 22. The electronic smoking article of claim 21, wherein the cellulose acetate fiber has a linear mass density of about 0.5 dpf to about 20 dpf. 23. The electronic smoking article of claim 2, wherein the cylinder has a wall thickness of about 1 mm to about 4 mm. 24. The electronic smoking article of claim 1, wherein the reservoir comprises about 70% to about 99% by weight cellulose acetate and about 2% to about 25% by weight of a binder. 25. The electronic smoking article of claim 2, further comprising an atomizer positioned within the hollow interior portion of the reservoir. 26. The electronic smoking article of claim 25, wherein the atomizer comprises:
a continuous, elongated wick having two opposing ends; a heater in connection with the wick and positioned at about a midpoint thereof; and electrically conducting terminals positioned in physical contact with the wick and in electrical connection with the heater. 27. An electronic smoking article comprising:
a reservoir with a liquid aerosol precursor composition stored therein; and a braided wick in fluid communication with the reservoir. 28. The electronic smoking article of claim 27, wherein the braided wick is a sheath/core wick. 29. The electronic smoking article of claim 28, wherein the braided wick is the sheath and surrounds the core. 30. The electronic smoking article of claim 29, wherein the core is non-braided or is formed of a different material than the braided sheath, or both. 31. The electronic smoking article of claim 29, wherein the core comprises a twisted yarn. 32. The electronic smoking article of claim 27, wherein the braided wick is a braid of at least 4 separate fibers or yarns. 33. The electronic smoking article of claim 27, wherein the braided wick comprises fiberglass. 34. The electronic smoking article of claim 32, wherein the fiberglass is C-glass. 35. The electronic smoking article of claim 32, wherein the fiberglass is E-glass. 36. The electronic smoking article of claim 27, wherein the reservoir comprises cellulose acetate. 37. The electronic smoking article of claim 36, wherein the reservoir is substantially shaped as a cylinder having a hollow interior portion. 38. The electronic smoking article of claim 36, wherein the cylinder has a wall thickness of about 1 mm to about 3 mm. 39. The electronic smoking article of claim 36, wherein the cellulose acetate fiber has a linear mass density of about 0.5 dpf or greater. 40. The electronic smoking article of claim 29, wherein the cellulose acetate fiber has a linear mass density of about 0.5 dpf to about 20 dpf. 41. The electronic smoking article of claim 36, wherein the reservoir comprises about 70% to about 99% by weight cellulose acetate and about 2% to about 25% by weight of a binder. 42. A cartridge for an electronic smoking article, the cartridge comprising an atomizer at least partially positioned within a hollow interior of a tube-shaped reservoir adapted for holding an aerosol precursor composition, the reservoir tube being positioned within a hollow shell, wherein the reservoir tube is formed of cellulose acetate. 43. The cartridge of claim 42, wherein the atomizer comprises:
a continuous, elongated wick having two opposing ends; a heater in connection with the wick and positioned at about a midpoint thereof; and electrically conducting terminals positioned in physical contact with the wick and in electrical connection with the heater. 44. The cartridge of claim 43, wherein the hollow shell comprises a first end adapted to engage a control component and an opposing mouthend, and wherein the heater of the atomizer extends out of the reservoir tube in a cavity formed at the mouthend of the hollow shell. 45. The cartridge of claim 43, wherein the wick is a braided wick. 46. The cartridge of claim 45, wherein the braided wick is a sheath/core wick. 47. The cartridge of claim 46, wherein the braided wick is the sheath and surrounds the core. 48. The cartridge of claim 47, wherein the core is non-braided or is formed of a different material than the braided sheath, or both. 49. The cartridge of claim 45, wherein the braided wick is a braid of at least 4 separate fibers or yarns. 50. The cartridge of claim 44, wherein the wick comprises fiberglass. 51. The cartridge of claim 50, wherein the fiberglass is C-glass. 52. A method of making an electronic smoking article, the method comprising:
providing a cylinder comprising cellulose acetate and having a hollow interior portion; and inserting an atomizer into the hollow interior of the cellulose acetate cylinder. 53. The method of claim 52, further comprising:
inserting the cylinder and atomizer into a hollow shell; and connecting the atomizer to a power source. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the power source is a battery. 55. The method of claim 53, wherein the atomizer comprises a continuous, elongated wick having two opposing ends and a heater in connection with the wick and positioned at about a midpoint thereof. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the atomizer further comprises electrically conducting terminals positioned in physical contact with the wick and in electrical connection with the heater. 57. The method of claim 53, wherein said inserting comprises extending a portion of the atomizer beyond an end of the cellulose acetate cylinder. 58. A wick suitable for use in an electronic smoking article, the wick comprising a braid of at least 4 separate fibers or yarns, at least one of which is C-glass or E-glass. 59. The wick of claim 58, wherein the wick comprises a braid of at least 8 separate fibers or yarns. 60. The wick of claim 58, wherein the braided wick is a sheath/core wick. 61. The wick of claim 60, wherein the braided wick is the sheath and surrounds the core. 62. The wick of claim 60, wherein the core is non-braided or is formed of a different material than the braided sheath, or both. 63. The wick of claim 60, wherein the core comprises a twisted yarn.
| 1,700 |
1,805 | 12,263,864 | 1,732 |
Catalysts, methods, and systems for treating diesel engine exhaust streams are described. In one or more embodiments, the catalyst comprises a molecular sieve having a silica to alumina ratio (SAR) less than about 30, the molecular sieve including ion-exchanged copper and ion-exchanged platinum. Systems including such catalysts and methods of treating exhaust gas are also provided.
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1. A catalyst for oxidizing ammonia to nitrogen and NOx, the catalyst comprising: an aluminosilicate molecular sieve having a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) less than about 30, the molecular sieve comprising ion-exchanged copper and ion-exchanged platinum. 2. The catalyst of claim 1, further comprising an amount of zerovalent or metallic platinum. 3. The catalyst of claim 2, wherein the platinum is added via a cation-exchanged process using a platinum precursor. 4. The catalyst of claim 2, wherein the aluminosilicate molecular sieve comprises a zeolite having a crystal framework type selected from FAU, MFI, MOR, BEA, HEU, and OFF. 5. The catalyst of claim 4, wherein the zeolite has a SAR less than about 10. 6. The catalyst of claim 4, wherein the zeolite has a SAR less than about 6. 7. The catalyst of claim 1, having up to about 1 weight % Pt and up to 5 weight % copper on a weight per washcoat basis. 8. The catalyst of claim 3, wherein the catalyst is capable of catalyzing substantially complete conversion of ammonia at about 250° C. 9. The catalyst of claim 3, wherein the catalyst is capable of providing greater than about 60% selectivity for oxidizing the ammonia to dinitrogen at about 250° C. 10. The catalyst of claim 3, wherein the catalyst is capable of providing greater than about 60% selectivity for oxidizing the ammonia to dinitrogen at about 400° C. 11. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is coated on a refractory ceramic support. 12. The catalyst of claim 11, wherein the total loading of the molecular sieve on the substrate is in the range of about 0.3 g/in3 and about 3.0 g/in3, based on total catalyst volume. 13. A method for treating emissions produced in the exhaust gas stream of a diesel or lean-burn vehicle, the method comprising:
passing a vehicle's engine exhaust stream through at least a NOx abatement catalyst; and passing the exhaust stream exiting the NOx abatement catalyst and containing ammonia through an oxidation catalyst, the oxidation catalyst comprising molecular sieve having ion-exchanged platinum and ion-exchanged copper, the molecular sieve having silica to alumina ratio (SAR) less than 15. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the NOx abatement catalyst is selected from one or more of an SCR catalyst, a lean NOx trap catalyst, or other catalyst for the destruction of NOx that results in slippage of ammonia from the NOx abatement catalyst. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the NOx abatement catalyst and oxidation catalyst composition are disposed on separate substrates. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the NOx abatement catalyst and the oxidation catalyst are disposed on the same substrate. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the molecular sieve comprises a zeolite 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the SAR is less than about 10. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the SAR is less than about 6. 20. A system for treating an exhaust gas stream comprising:
an SCR catalyst in communication with the exhaust gas stream; an ammonia or ammonia precursor injection port in communication with the exhaust gas stream and located upstream from the SCR catalyst; and the catalyst of claim 1 in communication with the exhaust gas stream and located downstream from the SCR catalyst.
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Catalysts, methods, and systems for treating diesel engine exhaust streams are described. In one or more embodiments, the catalyst comprises a molecular sieve having a silica to alumina ratio (SAR) less than about 30, the molecular sieve including ion-exchanged copper and ion-exchanged platinum. Systems including such catalysts and methods of treating exhaust gas are also provided.1. A catalyst for oxidizing ammonia to nitrogen and NOx, the catalyst comprising: an aluminosilicate molecular sieve having a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) less than about 30, the molecular sieve comprising ion-exchanged copper and ion-exchanged platinum. 2. The catalyst of claim 1, further comprising an amount of zerovalent or metallic platinum. 3. The catalyst of claim 2, wherein the platinum is added via a cation-exchanged process using a platinum precursor. 4. The catalyst of claim 2, wherein the aluminosilicate molecular sieve comprises a zeolite having a crystal framework type selected from FAU, MFI, MOR, BEA, HEU, and OFF. 5. The catalyst of claim 4, wherein the zeolite has a SAR less than about 10. 6. The catalyst of claim 4, wherein the zeolite has a SAR less than about 6. 7. The catalyst of claim 1, having up to about 1 weight % Pt and up to 5 weight % copper on a weight per washcoat basis. 8. The catalyst of claim 3, wherein the catalyst is capable of catalyzing substantially complete conversion of ammonia at about 250° C. 9. The catalyst of claim 3, wherein the catalyst is capable of providing greater than about 60% selectivity for oxidizing the ammonia to dinitrogen at about 250° C. 10. The catalyst of claim 3, wherein the catalyst is capable of providing greater than about 60% selectivity for oxidizing the ammonia to dinitrogen at about 400° C. 11. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is coated on a refractory ceramic support. 12. The catalyst of claim 11, wherein the total loading of the molecular sieve on the substrate is in the range of about 0.3 g/in3 and about 3.0 g/in3, based on total catalyst volume. 13. A method for treating emissions produced in the exhaust gas stream of a diesel or lean-burn vehicle, the method comprising:
passing a vehicle's engine exhaust stream through at least a NOx abatement catalyst; and passing the exhaust stream exiting the NOx abatement catalyst and containing ammonia through an oxidation catalyst, the oxidation catalyst comprising molecular sieve having ion-exchanged platinum and ion-exchanged copper, the molecular sieve having silica to alumina ratio (SAR) less than 15. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the NOx abatement catalyst is selected from one or more of an SCR catalyst, a lean NOx trap catalyst, or other catalyst for the destruction of NOx that results in slippage of ammonia from the NOx abatement catalyst. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the NOx abatement catalyst and oxidation catalyst composition are disposed on separate substrates. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the NOx abatement catalyst and the oxidation catalyst are disposed on the same substrate. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the molecular sieve comprises a zeolite 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the SAR is less than about 10. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein the SAR is less than about 6. 20. A system for treating an exhaust gas stream comprising:
an SCR catalyst in communication with the exhaust gas stream; an ammonia or ammonia precursor injection port in communication with the exhaust gas stream and located upstream from the SCR catalyst; and the catalyst of claim 1 in communication with the exhaust gas stream and located downstream from the SCR catalyst.
| 1,700 |
1,806 | 14,033,953 | 1,772 |
This invention describes a process for the production of 1,3-butadiene from ethylene implementing a stage for oligomerization of ethylene into n-butenes and into oligomers with 6 carbon atoms and more by homogeneous catalysis, a stage for separation in such a way as to obtain an n-butene-enriched fraction, and then a stage for dehydrogenation of said n-butene-enriched fraction.
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1. Process for the production of 1,3-butadiene from a stream that comprises ethylene implementing the following stages:
a) An oligomerization of ethylene into oligomers is carried out by bringing said stream into contact with a catalytic system based on a homogeneous catalyst, in such a way as to produce an effluent that comprises n-butenes and oligomers with 6 carbon atoms and more including n-hexenes, n-octenes, and n-decenes, b) A separation of the effluent obtained in stage a) is carried out in such a way as to obtain an n-butene-enriched fraction, c) Dehydrogenation of said n-butene-enriched fraction obtained in stage b) is carried out by bringing at least a portion of said effluent into contact with a heterogeneous catalyst, in such a way as to produce an effluent comprising 1,3-butadiene. 2. Process according to claim 1, in which the oligomerization of ethylene is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system that comprises:
i) At least one bivalent nickel compound, ii) At least one hydrocarbyl aluminum dihalide of formula AlRX2, in which R is a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkyl, X is a chlorine or bromine atom, and iii) Optionally at least one Brønsted organic acid. 3. Process according to claim 2, in which said bivalent nickel compound is a nickel carboxylate of general formula (R1COO)2Ni, where R1 is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl radical, containing up to 20 carbon atoms. 4. Process according to claim 2, in which said Brønsted organic acid has a pKa at 20° C. that is at most equal to 3 and is selected from the group that is formed by the halocarboxylic acids of formula R2COOH, in which R2 is a halogenated alkyl radical containing at least one alpha-halogen atom of the group —COOH with 2 to 10 carbon atoms in all. 5. Process according to claim 2, in which the hydrocarbyl aluminum dihalide is enriched with an aluminum trihalide, with the mixture of the two compounds corresponding to the formula AlRnX3-n, in which R is a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkyl, X is a chlorine or bromine atom, and n is a number between 0 and 1. 6. Process according to claim 2, in which the oligomerization of ethylene is implemented at a temperature of −20 to 80° C., at a pressure of between 0.5 MPa and 5 MPa, and with a contact time of between 0.5 and 20 hours. 7. Process according to claim 1, in which the oligomerization of ethylene is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system comprising:
i) At least one zirconium compound of formula ZrXxYyOz in which X is a chlorine or bromine atom, Y is a radical that is selected from the group that is formed by the RO— alkoxys, the R2N— amidos, and the RCOO— carboxylates, where R is a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and x and y can assume the integer values of 0 to 4, and z is equal to 0 or 0.5, with the sum x+y+2z being equal to 4, ii) At least one organic compound of formula
in which R′1 and R′2 consist of a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 30 carbon atoms; R1 and R2 are hydrocarbyl radicals comprising 1 to 30 carbon atoms,
iii) And at least one aluminum compound of formula AlR″nX3-n, in which R″ is a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms, X is a chlorine or bromine atom, and n is a number between 1 and 2. 8. Process according to claim 7, in which the oligomerization of ethylene is implemented at a temperature of 20 to 180° C., at a pressure of between 0.5 MPa and 15 MPa, and with a contact time of between 0.5 and 20 hours. 9. Process according to claim 1, in which in stage b), a separation of the effluent that is obtained in stage a) is carried out by distillation. 10. Process according to claim 1, in which, in stage c), an oxidizing dehydrogenation of said n-butene-enriched fraction that is obtained in stage b) is carried out by bringing at least a portion of said effluent into contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of oxygen and water vapor, in such a way as to produce an effluent comprising 1,3-butadiene. 11. Process according to claim 10, in which the oxidizing dehydrogenation is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system that comprises a catalyst based on oxides of molybdenum and bismuth. 12. Process according to claim 10, in which the oxidizing dehydrogenation is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system comprising a ferrite-based catalyst. 13. Process according to claim 10, in which the oxidizing dehydrogenation is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system that comprises a catalyst based on oxides of tin and phosphorus. 14. Process according to claim 10, in which the oxidizing dehydrogenation is implemented at a temperature of 300 to 650° C., at a pressure of 0.01 MPa to 2 MPa, and at a mass flow rate of the feedstock relative to the mass of the bed of the catalyst of 0.1 to 10 h−1. 15. Process according to claim 1, in which the effluent that comprises the 1,3-butadiene obtained in stage c) is subjected to at least one separation stage in such a way as to obtain a 1,3-butadiene-enriched fraction.
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This invention describes a process for the production of 1,3-butadiene from ethylene implementing a stage for oligomerization of ethylene into n-butenes and into oligomers with 6 carbon atoms and more by homogeneous catalysis, a stage for separation in such a way as to obtain an n-butene-enriched fraction, and then a stage for dehydrogenation of said n-butene-enriched fraction.1. Process for the production of 1,3-butadiene from a stream that comprises ethylene implementing the following stages:
a) An oligomerization of ethylene into oligomers is carried out by bringing said stream into contact with a catalytic system based on a homogeneous catalyst, in such a way as to produce an effluent that comprises n-butenes and oligomers with 6 carbon atoms and more including n-hexenes, n-octenes, and n-decenes, b) A separation of the effluent obtained in stage a) is carried out in such a way as to obtain an n-butene-enriched fraction, c) Dehydrogenation of said n-butene-enriched fraction obtained in stage b) is carried out by bringing at least a portion of said effluent into contact with a heterogeneous catalyst, in such a way as to produce an effluent comprising 1,3-butadiene. 2. Process according to claim 1, in which the oligomerization of ethylene is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system that comprises:
i) At least one bivalent nickel compound, ii) At least one hydrocarbyl aluminum dihalide of formula AlRX2, in which R is a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkyl, X is a chlorine or bromine atom, and iii) Optionally at least one Brønsted organic acid. 3. Process according to claim 2, in which said bivalent nickel compound is a nickel carboxylate of general formula (R1COO)2Ni, where R1 is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkaryl radical, containing up to 20 carbon atoms. 4. Process according to claim 2, in which said Brønsted organic acid has a pKa at 20° C. that is at most equal to 3 and is selected from the group that is formed by the halocarboxylic acids of formula R2COOH, in which R2 is a halogenated alkyl radical containing at least one alpha-halogen atom of the group —COOH with 2 to 10 carbon atoms in all. 5. Process according to claim 2, in which the hydrocarbyl aluminum dihalide is enriched with an aluminum trihalide, with the mixture of the two compounds corresponding to the formula AlRnX3-n, in which R is a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkyl, X is a chlorine or bromine atom, and n is a number between 0 and 1. 6. Process according to claim 2, in which the oligomerization of ethylene is implemented at a temperature of −20 to 80° C., at a pressure of between 0.5 MPa and 5 MPa, and with a contact time of between 0.5 and 20 hours. 7. Process according to claim 1, in which the oligomerization of ethylene is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system comprising:
i) At least one zirconium compound of formula ZrXxYyOz in which X is a chlorine or bromine atom, Y is a radical that is selected from the group that is formed by the RO— alkoxys, the R2N— amidos, and the RCOO— carboxylates, where R is a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and x and y can assume the integer values of 0 to 4, and z is equal to 0 or 0.5, with the sum x+y+2z being equal to 4, ii) At least one organic compound of formula
in which R′1 and R′2 consist of a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 30 carbon atoms; R1 and R2 are hydrocarbyl radicals comprising 1 to 30 carbon atoms,
iii) And at least one aluminum compound of formula AlR″nX3-n, in which R″ is a hydrocarbyl radical comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms, X is a chlorine or bromine atom, and n is a number between 1 and 2. 8. Process according to claim 7, in which the oligomerization of ethylene is implemented at a temperature of 20 to 180° C., at a pressure of between 0.5 MPa and 15 MPa, and with a contact time of between 0.5 and 20 hours. 9. Process according to claim 1, in which in stage b), a separation of the effluent that is obtained in stage a) is carried out by distillation. 10. Process according to claim 1, in which, in stage c), an oxidizing dehydrogenation of said n-butene-enriched fraction that is obtained in stage b) is carried out by bringing at least a portion of said effluent into contact with a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of oxygen and water vapor, in such a way as to produce an effluent comprising 1,3-butadiene. 11. Process according to claim 10, in which the oxidizing dehydrogenation is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system that comprises a catalyst based on oxides of molybdenum and bismuth. 12. Process according to claim 10, in which the oxidizing dehydrogenation is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system comprising a ferrite-based catalyst. 13. Process according to claim 10, in which the oxidizing dehydrogenation is implemented in the presence of a catalytic system that comprises a catalyst based on oxides of tin and phosphorus. 14. Process according to claim 10, in which the oxidizing dehydrogenation is implemented at a temperature of 300 to 650° C., at a pressure of 0.01 MPa to 2 MPa, and at a mass flow rate of the feedstock relative to the mass of the bed of the catalyst of 0.1 to 10 h−1. 15. Process according to claim 1, in which the effluent that comprises the 1,3-butadiene obtained in stage c) is subjected to at least one separation stage in such a way as to obtain a 1,3-butadiene-enriched fraction.
| 1,700 |
1,807 | 13,517,196 | 1,788 |
Provided is a gas-barrier multilayer film which is superior in gas-barrier properties and interlayer adhesion property, and which exhibits less deterioration in gas-barrier properties and is resistant to interlayer delamination even in prolonged exposure to a high-temperature and high-humidity environment or after a retort treatment. A gas-barrier multilayer film, wherein (A) a first inorganic thin film layer, (C) a gas-barrier resin composition layer, and (D) a second inorganic thin film layer are stacked in this order with or without intervention of other layers on at least one surface of a plastic film, the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) is formed from a gas-barrier resin composition comprising (a) a gas-barrier resin including an ethylene-vinyl alcohol-based copolymer, (b) an inorganic layered compound, and (c) at least one additive selected from coupling agents and crosslinking agents, and the content of the inorganic layered compound (b) in the gas-barrier resin composition is from 0.1% by mass to 20% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of the gas-barrier resin (a), the inorganic layered compound (b), and the additive (c).
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1. A gas-barrier multilayer film, wherein
(A) a first inorganic thin film layer, (C) a gas-barrier resin composition layer, and (D) a second inorganic thin film layer are stacked in this order with or without intervention of other layers on at least one surface of a plastic film, the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) is formed from a gas-barrier resin composition comprising (a) a gas-barrier resin including an ethylene-vinyl alcohol-based copolymer, (b) an inorganic layered compound, and (c) at least one additive selected from coupling agents and crosslinking agents, and the content of the inorganic layered compound (b) in the gas-barrier resin composition is from 0.1% by mass to 20% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of the gas-barrier resin (a), the inorganic layered compound (b), and the additive (c). 2. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic layered compound (b) is smectite. 3. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the first inorganic thin film layer (A) and/or the second inorganic thin film layer (D) comprises a multi-component inorganic oxide containing silicon oxide and aluminum oxide. 4. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the coupling agent is a silane coupling agent having at least one kind of organic functional group. 5. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the cross-linking agent is a cross-linking agent for a group capable of forming a hydrogen bond. 6. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the content of the additive (c) is from 0.3% by mass to 20% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of the gas-barrier resin (a), the inorganic layered compound (b), and the additive (c). 7. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, which has (B) an anchor coating layer between the first inorganic thin film layer (A) and the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C). 8. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein an anchor coating agent composition for forming the anchor coating layer (B) comprises a silane coupling agent having at least one kind of organic functional group. 9. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 8, wherein the content of the silane coupling agent in the anchor coating agent composition is from 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass based on 100% by mass of the anchor coating agent composition. 10. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein two or more repeating units are repeated where a multilayered structure comprising the anchor coating layer (B), the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) and the second inorganic thin film layer (D) forms each of the units. 11. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, which has a primer coating layer between the plastic film and the first inorganic thin film layer (A). 12. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 8, wherein two or more repeating units are repeated where a multilayered structure comprising the anchor coating layer (B), the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) and the second inorganic thin film layer (D) forms each of the units. 13. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 9, wherein two or more repeating units are repeated where a multilayered structure comprising the anchor coating layer (B), the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) and the second inorganic thin film layer (D) forms each of the units.
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Provided is a gas-barrier multilayer film which is superior in gas-barrier properties and interlayer adhesion property, and which exhibits less deterioration in gas-barrier properties and is resistant to interlayer delamination even in prolonged exposure to a high-temperature and high-humidity environment or after a retort treatment. A gas-barrier multilayer film, wherein (A) a first inorganic thin film layer, (C) a gas-barrier resin composition layer, and (D) a second inorganic thin film layer are stacked in this order with or without intervention of other layers on at least one surface of a plastic film, the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) is formed from a gas-barrier resin composition comprising (a) a gas-barrier resin including an ethylene-vinyl alcohol-based copolymer, (b) an inorganic layered compound, and (c) at least one additive selected from coupling agents and crosslinking agents, and the content of the inorganic layered compound (b) in the gas-barrier resin composition is from 0.1% by mass to 20% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of the gas-barrier resin (a), the inorganic layered compound (b), and the additive (c).1. A gas-barrier multilayer film, wherein
(A) a first inorganic thin film layer, (C) a gas-barrier resin composition layer, and (D) a second inorganic thin film layer are stacked in this order with or without intervention of other layers on at least one surface of a plastic film, the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) is formed from a gas-barrier resin composition comprising (a) a gas-barrier resin including an ethylene-vinyl alcohol-based copolymer, (b) an inorganic layered compound, and (c) at least one additive selected from coupling agents and crosslinking agents, and the content of the inorganic layered compound (b) in the gas-barrier resin composition is from 0.1% by mass to 20% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of the gas-barrier resin (a), the inorganic layered compound (b), and the additive (c). 2. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic layered compound (b) is smectite. 3. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the first inorganic thin film layer (A) and/or the second inorganic thin film layer (D) comprises a multi-component inorganic oxide containing silicon oxide and aluminum oxide. 4. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the coupling agent is a silane coupling agent having at least one kind of organic functional group. 5. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the cross-linking agent is a cross-linking agent for a group capable of forming a hydrogen bond. 6. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, wherein the content of the additive (c) is from 0.3% by mass to 20% by mass based on 100% by mass in total of the gas-barrier resin (a), the inorganic layered compound (b), and the additive (c). 7. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, which has (B) an anchor coating layer between the first inorganic thin film layer (A) and the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C). 8. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein an anchor coating agent composition for forming the anchor coating layer (B) comprises a silane coupling agent having at least one kind of organic functional group. 9. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 8, wherein the content of the silane coupling agent in the anchor coating agent composition is from 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass based on 100% by mass of the anchor coating agent composition. 10. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 7, wherein two or more repeating units are repeated where a multilayered structure comprising the anchor coating layer (B), the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) and the second inorganic thin film layer (D) forms each of the units. 11. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 1, which has a primer coating layer between the plastic film and the first inorganic thin film layer (A). 12. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 8, wherein two or more repeating units are repeated where a multilayered structure comprising the anchor coating layer (B), the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) and the second inorganic thin film layer (D) forms each of the units. 13. The gas-barrier multilayer film according to claim 9, wherein two or more repeating units are repeated where a multilayered structure comprising the anchor coating layer (B), the gas-barrier resin composition layer (C) and the second inorganic thin film layer (D) forms each of the units.
| 1,700 |
1,808 | 14,496,453 | 1,717 |
The present invention provides a method of finely depositing lithium metal powder or thin lithium foil onto a substrate while avoiding the use of a solvent. The method includes depositing lithium metal powder or thin lithium foil onto a carrier, contacting the carrier with a substrate having a higher affinity for the lithium metal powder as compared to the affinity of the carrier for the lithium metal powder, subjecting the substrate while in contact with the carrier to conditions sufficient to transfer the lithium metal powder or lithium foil deposited on the carrier to the substrate, and separating the carrier and substrate so as to maintain the lithium metal powder or lithium metal foil, deposited on the substrate.
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1. A method of depositing lithium metal powder onto a substrate without the use of a solvent, said method consisting essentially of the steps of:
a) depositing stabilized lithium metal powder having a mean particle size of 60 microns or less onto a carrier to a thickness of 20 microns or less to form a single layer; b) contacting the carrier with a substrate having a higher affinity for the lithium metal powder as compared to the affinity of the carrier for the stabilized lithium metal powder; c) subjecting the substrate while in contact with the carrier to conditions sufficient to transfer the stabilized lithium metal powder deposited on the carrier to the substrate; and d) separating the carrier and substrate so as to maintain the stabilized lithium metal powder deposited on the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the carrier is an amorphous solid resin, cellulosic or metallic, 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a material selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous materials, Li4Ti5O12, Si, Sn, Cu, SiO, tin oxides, tin alloys, metal foils, conductive polymers, conductive ceramics, transition metal oxides, lithium metal nitrides, lithium metal oxides, and mixtures or composites thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (c), the conditions sufficient to transfer the lithium metal comprises pressing the carrier and substrate together. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the substrate is a material selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous materials, Li4Ti5O12, Si, Sn, Cu, SiO, tin oxides, tin alloys, metal foils, conductive polymers, conductive ceramics, transition metal oxides, lithium metal nitrides, lithium metal oxides, and mixtures or composites thereof.
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The present invention provides a method of finely depositing lithium metal powder or thin lithium foil onto a substrate while avoiding the use of a solvent. The method includes depositing lithium metal powder or thin lithium foil onto a carrier, contacting the carrier with a substrate having a higher affinity for the lithium metal powder as compared to the affinity of the carrier for the lithium metal powder, subjecting the substrate while in contact with the carrier to conditions sufficient to transfer the lithium metal powder or lithium foil deposited on the carrier to the substrate, and separating the carrier and substrate so as to maintain the lithium metal powder or lithium metal foil, deposited on the substrate.1. A method of depositing lithium metal powder onto a substrate without the use of a solvent, said method consisting essentially of the steps of:
a) depositing stabilized lithium metal powder having a mean particle size of 60 microns or less onto a carrier to a thickness of 20 microns or less to form a single layer; b) contacting the carrier with a substrate having a higher affinity for the lithium metal powder as compared to the affinity of the carrier for the stabilized lithium metal powder; c) subjecting the substrate while in contact with the carrier to conditions sufficient to transfer the stabilized lithium metal powder deposited on the carrier to the substrate; and d) separating the carrier and substrate so as to maintain the stabilized lithium metal powder deposited on the substrate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the carrier is an amorphous solid resin, cellulosic or metallic, 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a material selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous materials, Li4Ti5O12, Si, Sn, Cu, SiO, tin oxides, tin alloys, metal foils, conductive polymers, conductive ceramics, transition metal oxides, lithium metal nitrides, lithium metal oxides, and mixtures or composites thereof. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (c), the conditions sufficient to transfer the lithium metal comprises pressing the carrier and substrate together. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the substrate is a material selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous materials, Li4Ti5O12, Si, Sn, Cu, SiO, tin oxides, tin alloys, metal foils, conductive polymers, conductive ceramics, transition metal oxides, lithium metal nitrides, lithium metal oxides, and mixtures or composites thereof.
| 1,700 |
1,809 | 14,706,151 | 1,734 |
An article and a method for forming the article are disclosed. The article comprising a composition, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent, about 20.0% to about 22.0% chromium (Cr), about 18.0% to about 20.0% cobalt (Co), about 1.0% to about 2.0% tungsten (W), about 3.0% to about 6.0% niobium (Nb), about 0.5% to about 1.5% titanium (Ti), about 2.0% to about 3.0% aluminum (Al), about 0.5% to about 1.5% molybdenum (Mo), about 0.03% to about 0.18% carbon (C), up to about 0.15% tantalum (Ta), up to about 0.20% hafnium (Hf), up to about 0.20% iron (Fe),balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities. The amount of Al is present according to the following formula:
Al≦−(0.5*Ti)+3.75
The composition is weldable, has a microstructure comprising between about 35 vol % and 45 vol % gamma prime (γ′) and is substantially devoid of Eta and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures. A method of making an article and a method of operating a gas turbine are also disclosed.
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1. An article comprising a composition, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent:
about 20.0% to about 22.0% chromium (Cr); about 18.0% to about 20.0% cobalt (Co); about 1.0% to about 2.0% tungsten (W); about 3.0% to about 6.0% niobium (Nb); about 0.5% to about 1.5% titanium (Ti); about 2.0% to about 3.0% aluminum (Al); about 0.5% to about 1.5% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.18% carbon (C); up to about 0.15% tantalum (Ta); up to about 0.20% hafnium (Hf); up to about 0.20% iron (Fe); balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities, and
wherein amount of Al is present according to the following formula:
Al≦−(0.5*Ti)+3.75
and the composition is weldable, has a microstructure comprising between about 35 vol % and 45 vol % gamma prime (γ′) and is substantially devoid of Eta and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the microstructure is devoid of Eta phase. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the microstructure has a reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the microstructure is devoid of Eta phase and TCP phases. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition is directionally solidified. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent about 21.0% chromium (Cr), about 19.0% cobalt (Co), about 1.5% tungsten (W), about 4.7% niobium (Nb), about 1.0% titanium (Ti), about 2.6% aluminum (Al), about 1.0% molybdenum (Mo), about 0.14% carbon (C), and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, and wherein the hot gas path component is capable of exposure to hot gas path gases at temperatures of at least about 1500° F. 8. The article of claim 7, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a vane, a nozzle, a seal, stationary shroud, diaphragm and fuel nozzle. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is weld filler rod. 10. A method for forming an article, comprising:
forming a composition into the article, the composition comprising, by weight percent: about 20.0% to about 22.0% chromium (Cr); about 18.0% to about 20.0% cobalt (Co); about 1.0% to about 2.0% tungsten (W); about 3.0% to about 6.0% niobium (Nb); about 0.5% to about 1.5% titanium (Ti); about 2.0% to about 3.0% aluminum (Al); about 0.5% to about 1.5% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.18% carbon (C); up to about 0.15% tantalum (Ta); up to about 0.20% hafnium (Hf); up to about 0.20% iron (Fe); balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities, and
wherein amount of Al is present according to the following formula:
Al≦−(0.5*Ti)+3.75
heat treating the article to form a heat-treated microstructure;
wherein the heat-treated microstructure is weldable, has between about 35 vol % and 45 vol % gamma prime (y′) and is substantially devoid of Eta and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the heat-treated microstructure is devoid of Eta phase. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the composition into the article includes casting the composition comprises one of ingot casting, investment casting and near net shape casting. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the casting includes directionally solidifying the composition. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the composition into the article includes material processing selected from the group consisting of powder metallurgical consolidation, additive manufacturing and thermal spraying. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the material processing is additive manufacturing and is selected from Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), Laser Engineered Net Shaping, Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), and a combination thereof. 16. A method of operating a gas turbine, comprising:
providing an article comprising a composition, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent: about 20.0% to about 22.0% chromium (Cr); about 18.0% to about 20.0% cobalt (Co); about 1.0% to about 2.0% tungsten (W); about 3.0% to about 6.0% niobium (Nb); about 0.5% to about 1.5% titanium (Ti); about 2.0% to about 3.0% aluminum (Al); about 0.5% to about 1.5% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.18% carbon (C); up to about 0.15% tantalum (Ta); up to about 0.20% hafnium (Hf); up to about 0.20% iron (Fe); balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities, and wherein amount of Al is present according to the following formula:
Al≦−(0.5*Ti)+3.75
and the composition is weldable, has a microstructure comprising between about 35 vol % and 45 vol % gamma prime (γ′) and is substantially devoid of Eta and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures; exposing the article to a hot gas path stream at a temperature of at least about 1500° F.; wherein the article has a low creep rate at greater than 2000 hours during the exposing. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the article has a low creep rate at greater than 400 hours. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the article has a low creep rate at greater than 600 hours. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a vane, a nozzle, a seal, stationary shroud, diaphragm and fuel nozzle. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the microstructure is devoid of Eta phase and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures.
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An article and a method for forming the article are disclosed. The article comprising a composition, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent, about 20.0% to about 22.0% chromium (Cr), about 18.0% to about 20.0% cobalt (Co), about 1.0% to about 2.0% tungsten (W), about 3.0% to about 6.0% niobium (Nb), about 0.5% to about 1.5% titanium (Ti), about 2.0% to about 3.0% aluminum (Al), about 0.5% to about 1.5% molybdenum (Mo), about 0.03% to about 0.18% carbon (C), up to about 0.15% tantalum (Ta), up to about 0.20% hafnium (Hf), up to about 0.20% iron (Fe),balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities. The amount of Al is present according to the following formula:
Al≦−(0.5*Ti)+3.75
The composition is weldable, has a microstructure comprising between about 35 vol % and 45 vol % gamma prime (γ′) and is substantially devoid of Eta and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures. A method of making an article and a method of operating a gas turbine are also disclosed.1. An article comprising a composition, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent:
about 20.0% to about 22.0% chromium (Cr); about 18.0% to about 20.0% cobalt (Co); about 1.0% to about 2.0% tungsten (W); about 3.0% to about 6.0% niobium (Nb); about 0.5% to about 1.5% titanium (Ti); about 2.0% to about 3.0% aluminum (Al); about 0.5% to about 1.5% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.18% carbon (C); up to about 0.15% tantalum (Ta); up to about 0.20% hafnium (Hf); up to about 0.20% iron (Fe); balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities, and
wherein amount of Al is present according to the following formula:
Al≦−(0.5*Ti)+3.75
and the composition is weldable, has a microstructure comprising between about 35 vol % and 45 vol % gamma prime (γ′) and is substantially devoid of Eta and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the microstructure is devoid of Eta phase. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the microstructure has a reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures. 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the microstructure is devoid of Eta phase and TCP phases. 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition is directionally solidified. 6. The article of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent about 21.0% chromium (Cr), about 19.0% cobalt (Co), about 1.5% tungsten (W), about 4.7% niobium (Nb), about 1.0% titanium (Ti), about 2.6% aluminum (Al), about 1.0% molybdenum (Mo), about 0.14% carbon (C), and balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities. 7. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is a hot gas path component of a gas turbine or an aviation engine, and wherein the hot gas path component is capable of exposure to hot gas path gases at temperatures of at least about 1500° F. 8. The article of claim 7, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a vane, a nozzle, a seal, stationary shroud, diaphragm and fuel nozzle. 9. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is weld filler rod. 10. A method for forming an article, comprising:
forming a composition into the article, the composition comprising, by weight percent: about 20.0% to about 22.0% chromium (Cr); about 18.0% to about 20.0% cobalt (Co); about 1.0% to about 2.0% tungsten (W); about 3.0% to about 6.0% niobium (Nb); about 0.5% to about 1.5% titanium (Ti); about 2.0% to about 3.0% aluminum (Al); about 0.5% to about 1.5% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.18% carbon (C); up to about 0.15% tantalum (Ta); up to about 0.20% hafnium (Hf); up to about 0.20% iron (Fe); balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities, and
wherein amount of Al is present according to the following formula:
Al≦−(0.5*Ti)+3.75
heat treating the article to form a heat-treated microstructure;
wherein the heat-treated microstructure is weldable, has between about 35 vol % and 45 vol % gamma prime (y′) and is substantially devoid of Eta and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the heat-treated microstructure is devoid of Eta phase. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the composition into the article includes casting the composition comprises one of ingot casting, investment casting and near net shape casting. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the casting includes directionally solidifying the composition. 14. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the composition into the article includes material processing selected from the group consisting of powder metallurgical consolidation, additive manufacturing and thermal spraying. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the material processing is additive manufacturing and is selected from Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), Laser Engineered Net Shaping, Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), and a combination thereof. 16. A method of operating a gas turbine, comprising:
providing an article comprising a composition, wherein the composition comprises, by weight percent: about 20.0% to about 22.0% chromium (Cr); about 18.0% to about 20.0% cobalt (Co); about 1.0% to about 2.0% tungsten (W); about 3.0% to about 6.0% niobium (Nb); about 0.5% to about 1.5% titanium (Ti); about 2.0% to about 3.0% aluminum (Al); about 0.5% to about 1.5% molybdenum (Mo); about 0.03% to about 0.18% carbon (C); up to about 0.15% tantalum (Ta); up to about 0.20% hafnium (Hf); up to about 0.20% iron (Fe); balance nickel (Ni) and incidental impurities, and wherein amount of Al is present according to the following formula:
Al≦−(0.5*Ti)+3.75
and the composition is weldable, has a microstructure comprising between about 35 vol % and 45 vol % gamma prime (γ′) and is substantially devoid of Eta and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures; exposing the article to a hot gas path stream at a temperature of at least about 1500° F.; wherein the article has a low creep rate at greater than 2000 hours during the exposing. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the article has a low creep rate at greater than 400 hours. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the article has a low creep rate at greater than 600 hours. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of a vane, a nozzle, a seal, stationary shroud, diaphragm and fuel nozzle. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the microstructure is devoid of Eta phase and reduced content of TCP phases at elevated working temperatures.
| 1,700 |
1,810 | 10,553,359 | 1,712 |
This invention relates to a method and a corresponding apparatus for coating open-pored bodies with at least one coating suspension. In particular, the coating suspension has solids and solutes in a liquid medium in a quantity in wet state which is to correspond to at least a required target quantity. The coating operation has a variation in the applied wet coating quantity from one body to the other. The method according to the invention is characterized by the steps of: coating the body with an actual quantity of the coating suspension, which is always larger than the required target quantity taking the variation of the coating operation into account, determining the difference between the actual quantity and the required target quantity, and reducing the difference between actual quantity and target quantity by removing still wet coating suspension.
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1. A method for coating open-pored bodies with at least one coating suspension including, in particular, solids and solutes in a liquid medium, in a quantity in wet state which is to correspond to at least a required target quantity, wherein the coating operation includes a variation in the applied wet coating quantity from one body to the other, the method being characterized by the steps of: (a) coating a body with an actual quantity of the coating suspension, which is always larger than the required target quantity taking the variation of the coating operation into account,
(b) determining the difference between the actual quantity and the required target quantity, and (c) reducing the difference between actual quantity and target quantity by removing still wet coating suspension by re-suction. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein steps (a) to (c) are followed by drying and calcination of the applied coating suspension. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein step (c) includes reducing the difference between actual quantity and target quantity by re-suction from one end of the body using an intensity and/or duration matched with the magnitude of the differential quantity. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein intensity and/or duration of re-suction are selected from tables of values for the measured actual quantity established in preliminary tests. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein duration and/or intensity of re-suction are controlled in accordance with the values for the actual quantity, duration and/or intensity determined for the bodies coated immediately before, and the associated reduction obtained in the difference between actual and target quantities. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the actual quantity is determined by weighing the body before and after coating. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein steps (b) and (c) are run at least twice until the actual quantity is within a previously specified tolerance range above the target quantity. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein re-suction is performed from the second end of the body during the second run. 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein the reduction in the difference between actual quantity and target quantity in step (c) is performed only if said differ-ence exceeds a previously specified threshold value. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the reduction in the difference between actual quantity and target quantity in step (c) is performed only if said difference exceeds a previously specified threshold value and said threshold value is reduced after each run. 11. Apparatus for coating open-pored bodies with at least one coating suspension including, in particular, solids and solutes in a liquid medium, in a quantity in wet state which is to correspond to at least a required target quantity, wherein the coating operation includes a variation in the applied wet coating quantity from one body to the other, the apparatus, in particular, being for a method according to claim 1, comprising: (a) a coating station (20) for coating the body with an actual quantity of the coating suspension, which is always larger than the required target quantity taking the variation of the coating operation into account,
(b) weighing stations (30, 50) for determining the difference between the actual quantity and the required target quantity, and (c) a re-suction station (40) for reducing the difference between actual quantity and target quantity by removing still wet coating suspension.
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This invention relates to a method and a corresponding apparatus for coating open-pored bodies with at least one coating suspension. In particular, the coating suspension has solids and solutes in a liquid medium in a quantity in wet state which is to correspond to at least a required target quantity. The coating operation has a variation in the applied wet coating quantity from one body to the other. The method according to the invention is characterized by the steps of: coating the body with an actual quantity of the coating suspension, which is always larger than the required target quantity taking the variation of the coating operation into account, determining the difference between the actual quantity and the required target quantity, and reducing the difference between actual quantity and target quantity by removing still wet coating suspension.1. A method for coating open-pored bodies with at least one coating suspension including, in particular, solids and solutes in a liquid medium, in a quantity in wet state which is to correspond to at least a required target quantity, wherein the coating operation includes a variation in the applied wet coating quantity from one body to the other, the method being characterized by the steps of: (a) coating a body with an actual quantity of the coating suspension, which is always larger than the required target quantity taking the variation of the coating operation into account,
(b) determining the difference between the actual quantity and the required target quantity, and (c) reducing the difference between actual quantity and target quantity by removing still wet coating suspension by re-suction. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein steps (a) to (c) are followed by drying and calcination of the applied coating suspension. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein step (c) includes reducing the difference between actual quantity and target quantity by re-suction from one end of the body using an intensity and/or duration matched with the magnitude of the differential quantity. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein intensity and/or duration of re-suction are selected from tables of values for the measured actual quantity established in preliminary tests. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein duration and/or intensity of re-suction are controlled in accordance with the values for the actual quantity, duration and/or intensity determined for the bodies coated immediately before, and the associated reduction obtained in the difference between actual and target quantities. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the actual quantity is determined by weighing the body before and after coating. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein steps (b) and (c) are run at least twice until the actual quantity is within a previously specified tolerance range above the target quantity. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein re-suction is performed from the second end of the body during the second run. 9. The method according to claim 6, wherein the reduction in the difference between actual quantity and target quantity in step (c) is performed only if said differ-ence exceeds a previously specified threshold value. 10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the reduction in the difference between actual quantity and target quantity in step (c) is performed only if said difference exceeds a previously specified threshold value and said threshold value is reduced after each run. 11. Apparatus for coating open-pored bodies with at least one coating suspension including, in particular, solids and solutes in a liquid medium, in a quantity in wet state which is to correspond to at least a required target quantity, wherein the coating operation includes a variation in the applied wet coating quantity from one body to the other, the apparatus, in particular, being for a method according to claim 1, comprising: (a) a coating station (20) for coating the body with an actual quantity of the coating suspension, which is always larger than the required target quantity taking the variation of the coating operation into account,
(b) weighing stations (30, 50) for determining the difference between the actual quantity and the required target quantity, and (c) a re-suction station (40) for reducing the difference between actual quantity and target quantity by removing still wet coating suspension.
| 1,700 |
1,811 | 12,107,396 | 1,787 |
A method of finishing an interior wall includes the steps of preparing a substrate of building panels comprising gypsum, cement or combinations thereof, said substrate having a surface, followed by applying a coating to the substrate, said coating comprising 1-30% by weight of a latex emulsion binder, 30-80% by weight calcium sulfate hemihydrate, up to about 8% by weight of a set inhibiting agent and 20-60% by weight water.
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1. A method of finishing an interior wall, comprising:
preparing a substrate of panels comprising gypsum, cement or combinations thereof, said substrate having a surface; applying a coating to the substrate, said coating comprising 10-40% by weight of a latex emulsion binder, 30-80% by weight calcium sulfate hemihydrate, 0.1-2% by weight of a set inhibiting agent, 0.05-2% of a polymer having a molecular weight less than 6,000 Daltons and 10-40% by weight water. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating further comprises an antisedimentation agent. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating further comprises a biocide. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating further comprises an organic water retainer. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said applying step comprises spraying, brushing or rolling of the coating onto the surface of the substrate. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one of the group consisting of polymers having a molecular weight less than 6,000 Daltons, a polyphosphonic acid compound or mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said polyphosphonic acid compound is one of the group consisting of tetrasodiumpyrophosphate, tetrapotassiumpyrophosphate, aminotri(methylene-phosphonic acid), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) trisodium salt, hexamethylene diamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) and mixtures thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said preparing step further comprises one of the group consisting of installing, cleaning, sanding, scraping, stripping, and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising filling defects in the substrate surface with the coating. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said applying step comprises one of the group consisting of spreading said coating with a trowel, spraying said coating and mixtures thereof. 11. A coated panel comprising:
a building panel comprising one of the group consisting of gypsum panels, cement panels, panels having both gypsum and cement and mixtures thereof; and a coating comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate in a matrix of a latex polymer, wherein said matrix further comprises a set inhibiting agent distributed throughout said matrix. 12. The coated panel of claim 11, wherein said calcium sulfate hemihydrate comprises alpha-calcined gypsum, beta-calcined gypsum or mixtures thereof. 13. The coated panel of claim 11, wherein said set inhibiting agent comprises at least one of the group consisting of polymers having a molecular weight less than 6,000 Daltons, a polyphosphonic acid compound and mixtures thereof. 14. The coated panel of claim 13 wherein said polyphosphonic acid compound is one of the group consisting of tetrasodiumpyrophosphate, tetrapotassiumpyrophosphate, aminotri(methylene-phosphonic acid), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) trisodium salt, hexamethylene diamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) and mixtures thereof. 15. The coated panel of claim 11, further comprising an antisedimentation additive. 16. The coated panel of claim 15, wherein said antisedimentation additive comprises one of a modified clay, a silicate and mixtures thereof. 17. The coated panel of claim 16, wherein said modified clay is one of a modified smectite clay, a modified hydrous sodium lithium magnesium silicate and mixtures thereof. 18. The coated panel of claim 11 further comprising a texturing material. 19. The coated panel of claim 18, wherein said texturing material is selected from the group consisting of sand, calcium carbonate, expanded perlite, calcium sulfate dihydrate, synthetic ceramic spheres, synthetic silicate-based spheres and cellulosic fibers.
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A method of finishing an interior wall includes the steps of preparing a substrate of building panels comprising gypsum, cement or combinations thereof, said substrate having a surface, followed by applying a coating to the substrate, said coating comprising 1-30% by weight of a latex emulsion binder, 30-80% by weight calcium sulfate hemihydrate, up to about 8% by weight of a set inhibiting agent and 20-60% by weight water.1. A method of finishing an interior wall, comprising:
preparing a substrate of panels comprising gypsum, cement or combinations thereof, said substrate having a surface; applying a coating to the substrate, said coating comprising 10-40% by weight of a latex emulsion binder, 30-80% by weight calcium sulfate hemihydrate, 0.1-2% by weight of a set inhibiting agent, 0.05-2% of a polymer having a molecular weight less than 6,000 Daltons and 10-40% by weight water. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating further comprises an antisedimentation agent. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating further comprises a biocide. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the coating further comprises an organic water retainer. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said applying step comprises spraying, brushing or rolling of the coating onto the surface of the substrate. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the chelating agent comprises at least one of the group consisting of polymers having a molecular weight less than 6,000 Daltons, a polyphosphonic acid compound or mixtures thereof. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said polyphosphonic acid compound is one of the group consisting of tetrasodiumpyrophosphate, tetrapotassiumpyrophosphate, aminotri(methylene-phosphonic acid), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) trisodium salt, hexamethylene diamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) and mixtures thereof. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said preparing step further comprises one of the group consisting of installing, cleaning, sanding, scraping, stripping, and combinations thereof. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising filling defects in the substrate surface with the coating. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said applying step comprises one of the group consisting of spreading said coating with a trowel, spraying said coating and mixtures thereof. 11. A coated panel comprising:
a building panel comprising one of the group consisting of gypsum panels, cement panels, panels having both gypsum and cement and mixtures thereof; and a coating comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate in a matrix of a latex polymer, wherein said matrix further comprises a set inhibiting agent distributed throughout said matrix. 12. The coated panel of claim 11, wherein said calcium sulfate hemihydrate comprises alpha-calcined gypsum, beta-calcined gypsum or mixtures thereof. 13. The coated panel of claim 11, wherein said set inhibiting agent comprises at least one of the group consisting of polymers having a molecular weight less than 6,000 Daltons, a polyphosphonic acid compound and mixtures thereof. 14. The coated panel of claim 13 wherein said polyphosphonic acid compound is one of the group consisting of tetrasodiumpyrophosphate, tetrapotassiumpyrophosphate, aminotri(methylene-phosphonic acid), diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonic acid) trisodium salt, hexamethylene diamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) and mixtures thereof. 15. The coated panel of claim 11, further comprising an antisedimentation additive. 16. The coated panel of claim 15, wherein said antisedimentation additive comprises one of a modified clay, a silicate and mixtures thereof. 17. The coated panel of claim 16, wherein said modified clay is one of a modified smectite clay, a modified hydrous sodium lithium magnesium silicate and mixtures thereof. 18. The coated panel of claim 11 further comprising a texturing material. 19. The coated panel of claim 18, wherein said texturing material is selected from the group consisting of sand, calcium carbonate, expanded perlite, calcium sulfate dihydrate, synthetic ceramic spheres, synthetic silicate-based spheres and cellulosic fibers.
| 1,700 |
1,812 | 13,203,582 | 1,789 |
An artificial leather including a base layer and a surface layer which is formed on one of surfaces of the base layer. The base layer includes bundles of microfine filaments and an elastic polymer. The surface layer includes the microfine filaments or includes the microfine filaments and the elastic polymer. The surface layer satisfies the relationship of X/Y≧1.5 wherein X is the number of cut ends of the microfine filaments which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section of the artificial leather, Y is the number of cut ends of the microfine filaments which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section perpendicular to the cross section for determining X, and X>Y. The artificial leather having such surface layer exhibits a sufficient gloss without coating a pigment such as metallic powder.
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1. An artificial leather, comprising:
a base layer; and a surface layer which is formed on one surface of the base layer, wherein the base layer comprises at least one bundle of at least one microfine filament and an elastic polymer, wherein the surface layer comprises at least one microfine filament or comprises at least one microfine filament and the elastic polymer, and the artificial leather satisfies an equation
X/Y≧1.5
wherein X is the number of cut ends of the at least one microfine filament which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section of the artificial leather, Y is the number of cut ends of the at least one microfine filament which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section perpendicular to the cross section for determining X, and
X>Y. 2. The artificial leather of claim 1, wherein the surface layer comprises substantially no bundles of the at least one microfine filament. 3. The artificial leather of claim 1, wherein a content of the elastic polymer in the surface layer is 9% by mass or less based on a total of the at least one microfine filament in the artificial leather. 4. An entangled filament web, comprising:
non-crimped microfine fiber-forming filaments which are three-dimensionally entangled, and having portions in each of which 2 to 5 microfine fiber-forming filaments are fuse-bonded in a vicinity of surface thereof in a number density of 20/mm2 or less. 5. The web of claim 4, wherein a number of cut ends of the microfine fiber-forming filaments exposed to a surface of the entangled filament web is 0 to 30/mm2. 6. The web of claim 4, wherein a peeling strength is 2 to 20 kgf/25 mm. 7. The web of claim 4, wherein an apparent specific gravity is 0.10 to 0.35. 8. The web of claim 4, wherein a hot-water areal shrinkage is 25 to 80%. 9. The web of claim 4, wherein the microfine fiber-forming filaments are sea-island filaments. 10. A method of producing an artificial leather, the method comprising, sequentially
(1) producing a filament web comprising at least one microfine fiber-forming filament; (2) producing an entangled filament web by entangling the filament web; and (3) producing an entangled non-woven fabric by converting the at least one microfine fiber-forming filament in the entangled filament web to bundles of at least one microfine filament; (4) impregnating an elastic polymer into the entangled non-woven fabric; and (5) napping the at least one microfine filament in a state of bundles on a surface of the entangled non-woven fabric, to obtain at least one napped microfine filament, and then ordering the at least one napped microfine filament, or ordering the bundles on the surface of the entangled non-woven fabric and then napping the at least one microfine filament in a state of bundles, thereby forming a surface layer which comprises the at least one microfine filament or comprises the at least one microfine filament and the elastic polymer and satisfies an equation:
X/Y≧1.5
wherein X is the number of cut ends of the at least one microfine filament which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section of the artificial leather, Y is the number of cut ends of the at least one microfine filament which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section perpendicular to the cross section for determining X, and
X>Y. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
surface-treating the entangled non-woven fabric with a surface-treating agent between the impregnating (4) and the napping (5). 12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the entangled filament web is produced a process sequentially comprising:
(1′) producing a filament web comprising at least one non-crimped microfine fiber-forming filament;
(2′) producing a temporary fuse-boned filament web by hot-pressing one or both surfaces of the filament web to temporarily fuse-bonding the at least one microfine fiber-forming filament in the vicinity of surface; and
(3′) lapping the temporary fuse-bonded filament web into two or more layers and subjecting the temporary fuse-bonded filament web to an initial needle punching with at least one first needle which have a throat depth of 4 to 20 times a thickness of the at least one microfine fiber-forming filament in a needle-punching depth of equal to or more than a distance from a tip end of the needles to a first barb at a needle-punching density of 50 to 5000 /cm2, and then a later needle punching with at least one second needle having a throat depth which is 2 to 8 times the thickness of the at least one microfine fiber-forming filament and thinner than the at least one first needle employed in the initial needle punching in a needle-punching depth which allows the first barb to reach a depth of 50% or more of a thickness of the temporary fuse-bonded filament web and is smaller than that of the initial needle punching at a needle-punching density of 50 to 5000/cm2 while needle-punching by a single or several stages. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein hot pressing is conducted such that a number of temporary fuse-bonded portions in which 6 or more microfine fiber-forming filaments are temporarily bonded to each other is 10/cm2 or more in a vicinity of surface of the temporary fuse-bonded filament web. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the initial needle punching and the later needle punching are conducted such that a number of temporary fuse-bonded portions in which 2 to 5 microfine fiber-forming filaments are temporarily bonded to each other is 20/mm2 or less in a vicinity of surface of the filament web. 15. The artificial leather of claim 2, wherein a content of the elastic polymer in the surface layer is 9% by mass or less based on a total of the at least one microfine filament in the artificial leather. 16. The web of claim 5, wherein a peeling strength is 2 to 20 kgf/25 mm. 17. The web of claim 5, wherein an apparent specific gravity is 0.10 to 0.35. 18. The web of claim 6, wherein an apparent specific gravity is 0.10 to 0.35. 19. The web of claim 5, wherein a hot-water areal shrinkage is 25 to 80%. 20. The web of claim 6, wherein a hot-water areal shrinkage is 25 to 80%.
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An artificial leather including a base layer and a surface layer which is formed on one of surfaces of the base layer. The base layer includes bundles of microfine filaments and an elastic polymer. The surface layer includes the microfine filaments or includes the microfine filaments and the elastic polymer. The surface layer satisfies the relationship of X/Y≧1.5 wherein X is the number of cut ends of the microfine filaments which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section of the artificial leather, Y is the number of cut ends of the microfine filaments which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section perpendicular to the cross section for determining X, and X>Y. The artificial leather having such surface layer exhibits a sufficient gloss without coating a pigment such as metallic powder.1. An artificial leather, comprising:
a base layer; and a surface layer which is formed on one surface of the base layer, wherein the base layer comprises at least one bundle of at least one microfine filament and an elastic polymer, wherein the surface layer comprises at least one microfine filament or comprises at least one microfine filament and the elastic polymer, and the artificial leather satisfies an equation
X/Y≧1.5
wherein X is the number of cut ends of the at least one microfine filament which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section of the artificial leather, Y is the number of cut ends of the at least one microfine filament which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section perpendicular to the cross section for determining X, and
X>Y. 2. The artificial leather of claim 1, wherein the surface layer comprises substantially no bundles of the at least one microfine filament. 3. The artificial leather of claim 1, wherein a content of the elastic polymer in the surface layer is 9% by mass or less based on a total of the at least one microfine filament in the artificial leather. 4. An entangled filament web, comprising:
non-crimped microfine fiber-forming filaments which are three-dimensionally entangled, and having portions in each of which 2 to 5 microfine fiber-forming filaments are fuse-bonded in a vicinity of surface thereof in a number density of 20/mm2 or less. 5. The web of claim 4, wherein a number of cut ends of the microfine fiber-forming filaments exposed to a surface of the entangled filament web is 0 to 30/mm2. 6. The web of claim 4, wherein a peeling strength is 2 to 20 kgf/25 mm. 7. The web of claim 4, wherein an apparent specific gravity is 0.10 to 0.35. 8. The web of claim 4, wherein a hot-water areal shrinkage is 25 to 80%. 9. The web of claim 4, wherein the microfine fiber-forming filaments are sea-island filaments. 10. A method of producing an artificial leather, the method comprising, sequentially
(1) producing a filament web comprising at least one microfine fiber-forming filament; (2) producing an entangled filament web by entangling the filament web; and (3) producing an entangled non-woven fabric by converting the at least one microfine fiber-forming filament in the entangled filament web to bundles of at least one microfine filament; (4) impregnating an elastic polymer into the entangled non-woven fabric; and (5) napping the at least one microfine filament in a state of bundles on a surface of the entangled non-woven fabric, to obtain at least one napped microfine filament, and then ordering the at least one napped microfine filament, or ordering the bundles on the surface of the entangled non-woven fabric and then napping the at least one microfine filament in a state of bundles, thereby forming a surface layer which comprises the at least one microfine filament or comprises the at least one microfine filament and the elastic polymer and satisfies an equation:
X/Y≧1.5
wherein X is the number of cut ends of the at least one microfine filament which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section of the artificial leather, Y is the number of cut ends of the at least one microfine filament which exist in a region from a surface to a 20 μm depth in a cross section perpendicular to the cross section for determining X, and
X>Y. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
surface-treating the entangled non-woven fabric with a surface-treating agent between the impregnating (4) and the napping (5). 12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the entangled filament web is produced a process sequentially comprising:
(1′) producing a filament web comprising at least one non-crimped microfine fiber-forming filament;
(2′) producing a temporary fuse-boned filament web by hot-pressing one or both surfaces of the filament web to temporarily fuse-bonding the at least one microfine fiber-forming filament in the vicinity of surface; and
(3′) lapping the temporary fuse-bonded filament web into two or more layers and subjecting the temporary fuse-bonded filament web to an initial needle punching with at least one first needle which have a throat depth of 4 to 20 times a thickness of the at least one microfine fiber-forming filament in a needle-punching depth of equal to or more than a distance from a tip end of the needles to a first barb at a needle-punching density of 50 to 5000 /cm2, and then a later needle punching with at least one second needle having a throat depth which is 2 to 8 times the thickness of the at least one microfine fiber-forming filament and thinner than the at least one first needle employed in the initial needle punching in a needle-punching depth which allows the first barb to reach a depth of 50% or more of a thickness of the temporary fuse-bonded filament web and is smaller than that of the initial needle punching at a needle-punching density of 50 to 5000/cm2 while needle-punching by a single or several stages. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein hot pressing is conducted such that a number of temporary fuse-bonded portions in which 6 or more microfine fiber-forming filaments are temporarily bonded to each other is 10/cm2 or more in a vicinity of surface of the temporary fuse-bonded filament web. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the initial needle punching and the later needle punching are conducted such that a number of temporary fuse-bonded portions in which 2 to 5 microfine fiber-forming filaments are temporarily bonded to each other is 20/mm2 or less in a vicinity of surface of the filament web. 15. The artificial leather of claim 2, wherein a content of the elastic polymer in the surface layer is 9% by mass or less based on a total of the at least one microfine filament in the artificial leather. 16. The web of claim 5, wherein a peeling strength is 2 to 20 kgf/25 mm. 17. The web of claim 5, wherein an apparent specific gravity is 0.10 to 0.35. 18. The web of claim 6, wherein an apparent specific gravity is 0.10 to 0.35. 19. The web of claim 5, wherein a hot-water areal shrinkage is 25 to 80%. 20. The web of claim 6, wherein a hot-water areal shrinkage is 25 to 80%.
| 1,700 |
1,813 | 14,279,035 | 1,745 |
Provided is a cut tape/leaderless feeder finger for use in tape feeders for component mounters. The cut tape/leaderless feeder finger can be attached to existing component tape feeders to allow feeding of component tape without a leader. The cut tape/leaderless feeder finger includes a stripping mechanism that folds and creases the top cover of component carrier tape to expose the component in the tape. The cover tape stays attached to the carrier tape and is folder and creased out of the way of the feeder mechanism and the chip mounter. The component tape passes between guides that retain the component in the tape until it is picked by the component mounter.
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1. A tape feeder comprising:
a first end; a second end; a top support extending between the first end and the second end, the top support having a first side and a second side, the first side separated from the second side by a tape guide channel; and a cover tape separator extending from the first side of the top support toward the first end of the tape feeder, the cover tape separator configured to direct a portion of a top cover of a component tape into the tape guide channel and to direct a carrier portion of the component tape beneath the first side of the top support. 2. The tape feeder of claim 1, wherein the first side of the top support includes a component opening there through, the component opening configured to permit access to and removal of a component from the component tape through the component opening. 3. The tape feeder of claim 1, wherein the tape feeder further comprises an exit guide on a bottom side top support between the cover tape separator and the second end of the tape feeder, the exit guide configured to guide the component tape away from the top support. 4. The tape feeder of claim 3, wherein the exit guide comprises a ramp extending downward from a lower surface of one or more of the first side and the second side of the top support 5. The tape feeder of claim 1, wherein the cover tape separator comprises a plow blade configured to partially separate the top cover of the component tape from the carrier portion of the component tape without completely separating the top cover from the carrier portion. 6. The tape feeder of claim 1, further comprising a dowel at or near the second end of the tape feeder, the dowel configured to facilitate coupling of the tape feeder to a tape feeder system. 7. The tape feeder of claim 1, wherein the tape feeder is configured to feed component tape having a length of approximately 6 inches. 8. A method of separating electronic components from component tape, the method comprising the steps of:
feeding the component tape into a first end of a tape feeder; directing the component tape to a cover tape separator; and partially separating a top cover of the component tape from a carrier portion of the component tape such that a portion of the top cover remains connected to the carrier portion as the component tape passes the cover tape separator. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising directing the partially separated top cover into a tape guide channel of the tape feeder. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising directing the partially separated top cover and carrier portion away from the tape feeder. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising removing an electronic component from the carrier portion through a component opening of the tape feeder. 12. The method of claim 8 further comprising attaching the tape feeder to a tape feeder system. 13. A tape feeder system comprising:
a feeder mechanism configured to feed a component tape; and a tape feeder having:
a first end;
a second end;
a tape guide channel; and
a cover tape separator extending toward the first end of the tape feeder, the cover tape separator configured to direct a portion of a top cover of a component tape into the tape guide channel. 14. The tape feeder system of claim 13, further comprising a chip mounter configured to remove electronic components from the carrier portion of the component tape. 15. The tape feeder system of claim 13, wherein the tape feeder further comprises a component opening through which electronic components may be removed from the carrier portion of the component tape. 16. The tape feeder system of claim 13, wherein the tape feeder comprises a connection structure configured to facilitate coupling of the tape feeder to the tape feeder system. 17. The tape feeder system of claim 16, wherein the connection structure is a dowel. 18. The tape feeder system of claim 13, wherein the cover tape separator comprises a plow blade. 19. The tape feeder system of claim 13, further comprising an exit guide configured to direct the component tape away from the tape feeder after the component tape passes the cover tape separator. 20. The tape feeder system of claim 19, wherein the exit guide comprises a ramp. 21. A stripping mechanism for manipulating a top cover of a component carrier tape to expose a component in the tape while leaving the top cover attached and out of the way of a feeder mechanism and component mounter comprising:
a housing; and a tape separator configured to partially separate the component carrier tape from the top cover strip. 22. The stripping mechanism of claim 21, wherein the stripping mechanism attaches to existing tape feeders of any component feeder manufacture. 23. The stripping mechanism of claim 21, wherein the stripping mechanism requires no leader when loading the tape into a component feeder. 24. The stripping mechanism of claim 21, wherein the stripping mechanism is able to feed short segments of component carrier tape without splicing. 25. The stripping mechanism of claim 21, wherein the feeder feeds cut component tape as short as six inches. 26. The stripping mechanism claim 21, wherein stripping mechanism is interchangeably used in conjunction with component tape feeders of various feeder manufactures.
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Provided is a cut tape/leaderless feeder finger for use in tape feeders for component mounters. The cut tape/leaderless feeder finger can be attached to existing component tape feeders to allow feeding of component tape without a leader. The cut tape/leaderless feeder finger includes a stripping mechanism that folds and creases the top cover of component carrier tape to expose the component in the tape. The cover tape stays attached to the carrier tape and is folder and creased out of the way of the feeder mechanism and the chip mounter. The component tape passes between guides that retain the component in the tape until it is picked by the component mounter.1. A tape feeder comprising:
a first end; a second end; a top support extending between the first end and the second end, the top support having a first side and a second side, the first side separated from the second side by a tape guide channel; and a cover tape separator extending from the first side of the top support toward the first end of the tape feeder, the cover tape separator configured to direct a portion of a top cover of a component tape into the tape guide channel and to direct a carrier portion of the component tape beneath the first side of the top support. 2. The tape feeder of claim 1, wherein the first side of the top support includes a component opening there through, the component opening configured to permit access to and removal of a component from the component tape through the component opening. 3. The tape feeder of claim 1, wherein the tape feeder further comprises an exit guide on a bottom side top support between the cover tape separator and the second end of the tape feeder, the exit guide configured to guide the component tape away from the top support. 4. The tape feeder of claim 3, wherein the exit guide comprises a ramp extending downward from a lower surface of one or more of the first side and the second side of the top support 5. The tape feeder of claim 1, wherein the cover tape separator comprises a plow blade configured to partially separate the top cover of the component tape from the carrier portion of the component tape without completely separating the top cover from the carrier portion. 6. The tape feeder of claim 1, further comprising a dowel at or near the second end of the tape feeder, the dowel configured to facilitate coupling of the tape feeder to a tape feeder system. 7. The tape feeder of claim 1, wherein the tape feeder is configured to feed component tape having a length of approximately 6 inches. 8. A method of separating electronic components from component tape, the method comprising the steps of:
feeding the component tape into a first end of a tape feeder; directing the component tape to a cover tape separator; and partially separating a top cover of the component tape from a carrier portion of the component tape such that a portion of the top cover remains connected to the carrier portion as the component tape passes the cover tape separator. 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising directing the partially separated top cover into a tape guide channel of the tape feeder. 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising directing the partially separated top cover and carrier portion away from the tape feeder. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising removing an electronic component from the carrier portion through a component opening of the tape feeder. 12. The method of claim 8 further comprising attaching the tape feeder to a tape feeder system. 13. A tape feeder system comprising:
a feeder mechanism configured to feed a component tape; and a tape feeder having:
a first end;
a second end;
a tape guide channel; and
a cover tape separator extending toward the first end of the tape feeder, the cover tape separator configured to direct a portion of a top cover of a component tape into the tape guide channel. 14. The tape feeder system of claim 13, further comprising a chip mounter configured to remove electronic components from the carrier portion of the component tape. 15. The tape feeder system of claim 13, wherein the tape feeder further comprises a component opening through which electronic components may be removed from the carrier portion of the component tape. 16. The tape feeder system of claim 13, wherein the tape feeder comprises a connection structure configured to facilitate coupling of the tape feeder to the tape feeder system. 17. The tape feeder system of claim 16, wherein the connection structure is a dowel. 18. The tape feeder system of claim 13, wherein the cover tape separator comprises a plow blade. 19. The tape feeder system of claim 13, further comprising an exit guide configured to direct the component tape away from the tape feeder after the component tape passes the cover tape separator. 20. The tape feeder system of claim 19, wherein the exit guide comprises a ramp. 21. A stripping mechanism for manipulating a top cover of a component carrier tape to expose a component in the tape while leaving the top cover attached and out of the way of a feeder mechanism and component mounter comprising:
a housing; and a tape separator configured to partially separate the component carrier tape from the top cover strip. 22. The stripping mechanism of claim 21, wherein the stripping mechanism attaches to existing tape feeders of any component feeder manufacture. 23. The stripping mechanism of claim 21, wherein the stripping mechanism requires no leader when loading the tape into a component feeder. 24. The stripping mechanism of claim 21, wherein the stripping mechanism is able to feed short segments of component carrier tape without splicing. 25. The stripping mechanism of claim 21, wherein the feeder feeds cut component tape as short as six inches. 26. The stripping mechanism claim 21, wherein stripping mechanism is interchangeably used in conjunction with component tape feeders of various feeder manufactures.
| 1,700 |
1,814 | 13,764,832 | 1,716 |
The present invention generally relates to a linear PECVD apparatus. The apparatus is designed to process two substrates simultaneously so that the substrates share plasma sources as well as gas sources. The apparatus has a plurality of microwave sources centrally disposed within the chamber body of the apparatus. The substrates are disposed on opposite sides of the microwave sources with the gas sources disposed between the microwave sources and the substrates. The shared microwave sources and gas sources permit multiple substrates to be processed simultaneously and reduce the processing cost per substrate.
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1. An apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body; one or more substrate supports disposed within the chamber body; a plurality of plasma sources located within the chamber body opposite the one or more substrate supports; and a plurality of gas introduction tubes disposed within the chamber body between the plurality of plasma sources and the one or more substrate supports, the plurality of plasma sources are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 1.3 to about 3 times the distance between adjacent gas introduction tubes of the plurality of gas introduction tubes. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of gas introduction tubes are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 0.4 to about 2 times the distance between adjacent gas introduction tubes. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plurality of plasma sources are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 0.3 to about 1.5 the distance between adjacent plasma sources. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the plurality of plasma sources are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is about 2.67 times the distance between the plurality of gas introduction tubes and the one or more substrate supports. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, the plurality of gas introduction tubes are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 0.2 and about 0.5 times the distance between adjacent plasma sources. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the distance between adjacent plasma sources is between about 2 and about 4 times the distance between adjacent gas instruction tubes. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the chamber body is sized to process substrates having at least one dimension that is greater than about 2 meters. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of microwave sources comprises between about 8 and about 16 microwave sources. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of gas introduction tubes comprises between about 20 to about 40 gas introduction tubes disposed between the plurality of microwave sources each substrate support of the one or more substrate supports. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein each gas tube of the plurality of gas tubes has a diameter of between about one-quarter of an inch and about five-eighths of an inch. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein each microwave sources has a diameter of between about 20 mm and about 50 mm. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of plasma sources comprises a plurality of microwave sources. 13. An apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body; one or more substrate supports disposed within the chamber body; a plurality of plasma sources located within the chamber body opposite the one or more substrate supports; and a plurality of gas introduction tubes disposed within the chamber body between the plurality of plasma sources and the one or more substrate supports, the plurality of gas introduction tubes are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by about 0.2 and about 0.5 times the distance between adjacent plasma sources. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the plurality of plasma sources are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 1.3 to about 3 times the distance between adjacent gas introduction tubes of the plurality of gas introduction tubes. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the plurality of plasma sources comprises between about 8 and about 16 microwave sources. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the plurality of gas introduction tubes comprises between about 20 to about 40 gas introduction tubes disposed between the plurality of microwave sources each substrate support of the one or more substrate supports. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein each gas tube of the plurality of gas tubes has a diameter of between about one-quarter of an inch and about five-eighths of an inch. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein each microwave sources has a diameter of between about 20 mm and about 50 mm. 19. An apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body; one or more substrate supports disposed within the chamber body; a plurality of plasma sources located within the chamber body between the one or more substrate supports; and a plurality of gas introduction tubes disposed within the chamber body between the plurality of plasma sources and the one or more substrate supports, the distance between adjacent plasma sources is between about 2 and about 4 times the distance between adjacent gas instruction tubes. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the plurality of plasma sources comprises between about 8 and about 16 microwave sources, wherein the plurality of gas introduction tubes comprises between about 20 to about 40 gas introduction tubes disposed between the plurality of microwave sources each substrate support of the one or more substrate supports, wherein each gas tube of the plurality of gas tubes has a diameter of between about one-quarter of an inch and about five-eighths of an inch, and wherein each microwave sources has a diameter of between about 20 mm and about 50 mm.
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The present invention generally relates to a linear PECVD apparatus. The apparatus is designed to process two substrates simultaneously so that the substrates share plasma sources as well as gas sources. The apparatus has a plurality of microwave sources centrally disposed within the chamber body of the apparatus. The substrates are disposed on opposite sides of the microwave sources with the gas sources disposed between the microwave sources and the substrates. The shared microwave sources and gas sources permit multiple substrates to be processed simultaneously and reduce the processing cost per substrate.1. An apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body; one or more substrate supports disposed within the chamber body; a plurality of plasma sources located within the chamber body opposite the one or more substrate supports; and a plurality of gas introduction tubes disposed within the chamber body between the plurality of plasma sources and the one or more substrate supports, the plurality of plasma sources are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 1.3 to about 3 times the distance between adjacent gas introduction tubes of the plurality of gas introduction tubes. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of gas introduction tubes are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 0.4 to about 2 times the distance between adjacent gas introduction tubes. 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plurality of plasma sources are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 0.3 to about 1.5 the distance between adjacent plasma sources. 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the plurality of plasma sources are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is about 2.67 times the distance between the plurality of gas introduction tubes and the one or more substrate supports. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, the plurality of gas introduction tubes are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 0.2 and about 0.5 times the distance between adjacent plasma sources. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the distance between adjacent plasma sources is between about 2 and about 4 times the distance between adjacent gas instruction tubes. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the chamber body is sized to process substrates having at least one dimension that is greater than about 2 meters. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the plurality of microwave sources comprises between about 8 and about 16 microwave sources. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the plurality of gas introduction tubes comprises between about 20 to about 40 gas introduction tubes disposed between the plurality of microwave sources each substrate support of the one or more substrate supports. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein each gas tube of the plurality of gas tubes has a diameter of between about one-quarter of an inch and about five-eighths of an inch. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein each microwave sources has a diameter of between about 20 mm and about 50 mm. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of plasma sources comprises a plurality of microwave sources. 13. An apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body; one or more substrate supports disposed within the chamber body; a plurality of plasma sources located within the chamber body opposite the one or more substrate supports; and a plurality of gas introduction tubes disposed within the chamber body between the plurality of plasma sources and the one or more substrate supports, the plurality of gas introduction tubes are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by about 0.2 and about 0.5 times the distance between adjacent plasma sources. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the plurality of plasma sources are spaced from the one or more substrate supports by a distance that is between about 1.3 to about 3 times the distance between adjacent gas introduction tubes of the plurality of gas introduction tubes. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the plurality of plasma sources comprises between about 8 and about 16 microwave sources. 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the plurality of gas introduction tubes comprises between about 20 to about 40 gas introduction tubes disposed between the plurality of microwave sources each substrate support of the one or more substrate supports. 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein each gas tube of the plurality of gas tubes has a diameter of between about one-quarter of an inch and about five-eighths of an inch. 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein each microwave sources has a diameter of between about 20 mm and about 50 mm. 19. An apparatus, comprising:
a chamber body; one or more substrate supports disposed within the chamber body; a plurality of plasma sources located within the chamber body between the one or more substrate supports; and a plurality of gas introduction tubes disposed within the chamber body between the plurality of plasma sources and the one or more substrate supports, the distance between adjacent plasma sources is between about 2 and about 4 times the distance between adjacent gas instruction tubes. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the plurality of plasma sources comprises between about 8 and about 16 microwave sources, wherein the plurality of gas introduction tubes comprises between about 20 to about 40 gas introduction tubes disposed between the plurality of microwave sources each substrate support of the one or more substrate supports, wherein each gas tube of the plurality of gas tubes has a diameter of between about one-quarter of an inch and about five-eighths of an inch, and wherein each microwave sources has a diameter of between about 20 mm and about 50 mm.
| 1,700 |
1,815 | 14,068,101 | 1,784 |
An alloy composite material comprising an aluminum alloy layer and a thermal spray alloy layer of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe by weight in overlaying contact with the aluminum alloy layer. An alloy composite material comprising an aluminum alloy layer or base layer and a thermal spray alloy layer of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe by weight in overlaying contact with the aluminum alloy layer or base layer. The aluminum alloy layer or base layer and the thermal spray alloy layer have a mechanical compatibility to each other of 20-60 MPa as determined using tests specified by ASTM-C633 test. A process of thermal spraying comprising providing a base layer and a feed stock alloy of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe and thermally spraying the feed stock alloy onto the base layer to form an alloy composite material.
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1. An alloy composite material comprising:
an aluminum alloy layer; and a thermal spray alloy layer of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe by weight in overlaying contact with the aluminum alloy layer. 2. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion within a range, and the thermal spray alloy layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion within the same range. 3. The alloy composite material of claim 2, wherein the range is 20 to 300° C. 4. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy layer includes 80-100% Al by weight. 5. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer has an austenitic phase within a temperature range. 6. The alloy composite material of claim 5, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer consisting essentially of an austenitic phase within a temperature range. 7. The alloy composite material of claim 6, wherein thermal spray alloy layer is essentially free of ferritic and/or martensitic phases. 8. The alloy composite material of claim 6, wherein thermal spray alloy layer is essentially free of BCC crystal lattice structures. 9. The alloy composite material of claim 6, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer has a temperature range of −60 to 1250° C. 10. The alloy composite material of claim 6, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer consisting essentially of FCC crystal lattice structures with the temperature range. 11. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein thermal spray alloy layer further includes 3 to 5% Cr. 12. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein thermal spray alloy layer further includes 1 to 6% Al. 13. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein thermal spray alloy layer further includes 0 to 2% C. 14. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein thermal spray alloy layer includes 30 to 40% Mn. 15. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer having a hardness of 168-368 as measured using 500 g Vickers microhardness scale. 16. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer having a galvanic corrosion potential of no greater than 0.075 V. 17. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer having a coefficient of friction value between of 0.3 to 0.4. 18. An alloy composite material comprising:
an aluminum alloy layer or base layer; and a thermal spray alloy layer of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe by weight in overlaying contact with the aluminum alloy layer or base layer, wherein the aluminum alloy layer or base layer and the thermal spray alloy layer have a mechanical compatibility to each other of 20-60 MPa as determined using tests specified by ASTM C633 test. 19. A process of thermal spraying comprising:
providing a base layer and a feed stock alloy of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe; and thermally spraying the feed stock alloy onto the base layer to form an alloy composite material. 20. The process of claim 19 wherein the base layer is an aluminum alloy, a metallic alloy, or non-metallic material such as a ceramic, polymer, or composite.
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An alloy composite material comprising an aluminum alloy layer and a thermal spray alloy layer of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe by weight in overlaying contact with the aluminum alloy layer. An alloy composite material comprising an aluminum alloy layer or base layer and a thermal spray alloy layer of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe by weight in overlaying contact with the aluminum alloy layer or base layer. The aluminum alloy layer or base layer and the thermal spray alloy layer have a mechanical compatibility to each other of 20-60 MPa as determined using tests specified by ASTM-C633 test. A process of thermal spraying comprising providing a base layer and a feed stock alloy of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe and thermally spraying the feed stock alloy onto the base layer to form an alloy composite material.1. An alloy composite material comprising:
an aluminum alloy layer; and a thermal spray alloy layer of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe by weight in overlaying contact with the aluminum alloy layer. 2. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion within a range, and the thermal spray alloy layer has a coefficient of thermal expansion within the same range. 3. The alloy composite material of claim 2, wherein the range is 20 to 300° C. 4. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy layer includes 80-100% Al by weight. 5. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer has an austenitic phase within a temperature range. 6. The alloy composite material of claim 5, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer consisting essentially of an austenitic phase within a temperature range. 7. The alloy composite material of claim 6, wherein thermal spray alloy layer is essentially free of ferritic and/or martensitic phases. 8. The alloy composite material of claim 6, wherein thermal spray alloy layer is essentially free of BCC crystal lattice structures. 9. The alloy composite material of claim 6, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer has a temperature range of −60 to 1250° C. 10. The alloy composite material of claim 6, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer consisting essentially of FCC crystal lattice structures with the temperature range. 11. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein thermal spray alloy layer further includes 3 to 5% Cr. 12. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein thermal spray alloy layer further includes 1 to 6% Al. 13. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein thermal spray alloy layer further includes 0 to 2% C. 14. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein thermal spray alloy layer includes 30 to 40% Mn. 15. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer having a hardness of 168-368 as measured using 500 g Vickers microhardness scale. 16. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer having a galvanic corrosion potential of no greater than 0.075 V. 17. The alloy composite material of claim 1, wherein the thermal spray alloy layer having a coefficient of friction value between of 0.3 to 0.4. 18. An alloy composite material comprising:
an aluminum alloy layer or base layer; and a thermal spray alloy layer of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe by weight in overlaying contact with the aluminum alloy layer or base layer, wherein the aluminum alloy layer or base layer and the thermal spray alloy layer have a mechanical compatibility to each other of 20-60 MPa as determined using tests specified by ASTM C633 test. 19. A process of thermal spraying comprising:
providing a base layer and a feed stock alloy of 20 to 40% Mn and 47 to 76% Fe; and thermally spraying the feed stock alloy onto the base layer to form an alloy composite material. 20. The process of claim 19 wherein the base layer is an aluminum alloy, a metallic alloy, or non-metallic material such as a ceramic, polymer, or composite.
| 1,700 |
1,816 | 13,886,650 | 1,793 |
A process is disclosed for the manufacture of cottage cheese from milk using citric acid to precipitate the curd. The citric acid is supplied by fermentation of the lactose contained in the byproduct whey.
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1. A method of manufacturing cottage cheese to minimize waste, comprising:
producing citric acid from a first lot of whey by treating the first lot of whey; precipitating cottage cheese curd from milk using the citric acid; recovering a second lot of whey by filtering the cottage cheese curd from the whey; and repeating the method by using the second lot of whey to create citric acid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein Aspergillus niger is used in the treating of the first lot of whey. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
filtering the second lot of whey to produce whey protein. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
boiling the second lot of whey to produce whey protein. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein only the lactose of the first lot of whey and the second lot of whey is used to produce the citric acid. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the first lot of whey, the milk, and the Aspergillus niger are organic, thereby retaining the organic nature of the cottage cheese curd and the second lot of whey produced. 7. A method of manufacturing cottage cheese to minimize waste, comprising:
producing citric acid from a first lot of lactose resulting from a first lot of whey by treating the first lot of whey with Aspergillus niger; precipitating cottage cheese curd from milk using the citric acid; recovering a second lot of whey by filtering the cottage cheese curd from the whey; filtering the second lot of whey to produce whey protein and a second lot of lactose; repeating the method by using the second lot of lactose from the second lot of whey to create citric acid. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first lot of whey, the milk, and the Aspergillus niger are organic, thereby retaining the organic nature of the cottage cheese curd and the second lot of whey produced. 9. Cottage cheese made by the process according to claim 1. 10. Cottage cheese made by the process according to claim 7.
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A process is disclosed for the manufacture of cottage cheese from milk using citric acid to precipitate the curd. The citric acid is supplied by fermentation of the lactose contained in the byproduct whey.1. A method of manufacturing cottage cheese to minimize waste, comprising:
producing citric acid from a first lot of whey by treating the first lot of whey; precipitating cottage cheese curd from milk using the citric acid; recovering a second lot of whey by filtering the cottage cheese curd from the whey; and repeating the method by using the second lot of whey to create citric acid. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein Aspergillus niger is used in the treating of the first lot of whey. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
filtering the second lot of whey to produce whey protein. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
boiling the second lot of whey to produce whey protein. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein only the lactose of the first lot of whey and the second lot of whey is used to produce the citric acid. 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the first lot of whey, the milk, and the Aspergillus niger are organic, thereby retaining the organic nature of the cottage cheese curd and the second lot of whey produced. 7. A method of manufacturing cottage cheese to minimize waste, comprising:
producing citric acid from a first lot of lactose resulting from a first lot of whey by treating the first lot of whey with Aspergillus niger; precipitating cottage cheese curd from milk using the citric acid; recovering a second lot of whey by filtering the cottage cheese curd from the whey; filtering the second lot of whey to produce whey protein and a second lot of lactose; repeating the method by using the second lot of lactose from the second lot of whey to create citric acid. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first lot of whey, the milk, and the Aspergillus niger are organic, thereby retaining the organic nature of the cottage cheese curd and the second lot of whey produced. 9. Cottage cheese made by the process according to claim 1. 10. Cottage cheese made by the process according to claim 7.
| 1,700 |
1,817 | 13,045,437 | 1,716 |
The invention relates to a treatment apparatus ( 1 ) for treating a surface ( 21 ) of a body ( 2 ) with a first treatment medium ( 31 ) and a second treatment medium ( 32 ). In this respect, the treatment apparatus ( 1 ) includes a holding device ( 5 ) rotatable about an axis of rotation ( 4 ) for receiving and holding the body ( 2 ) and a rotary drive ( 6 ) rotationally fixedly coupled to the rotatable holding device ( 5 ) as well as a supply device ( 7 ) for supplying the first treatment medium ( 31 ) and the second treatment medium ( 32 ) to the surface ( 21 ) of the body ( 2 ) held in the holding device ( 5 ). The treatment apparatus includes a collection container ( 8 ) having a separation element ( 80 ) which separation element ( 80 ) divides the collection container ( 8 ) into a first chamber ( 81 ) and into a second chamber ( 82 ) such that the first treatment medium ( 31 ) can be collected in the first chamber ( 81 ) and the second treatment medium ( 32 ) can be collected separately in the second chamber ( 82 ). In accordance with the invention, the collection container ( 8 ) includes a base chamber part ( 800 ) not movable with respect to the holding device ( 5 ) and the separation element ( 80 ) is movably arranged between a first position (A) and a second position (B) such that the first treatment medium ( 31 ) can be led off into the first chamber ( 81 ) in the first position (A) and the second treatment medium ( 32 ) can be led off into the second chamber ( 82 ) in the second position (B).
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1. A treatment apparatus for treating a surface (21) of a body (2) with a first treatment medium (31) and a second treatment medium (32), wherein the treatment apparatus includes a holding device (5) rotatable about an axis of rotation (4) for receiving and holding the body (2) and a rotary drive (6) rotationally fixedly coupled to the rotatable holding device (5) as well as a supply device (7) for supplying the first treatment medium (31) and the second treatment medium (32) to the surface (21) of the body held in the holding device (5) are provided, wherein the treatment apparatus includes a collection container (8) having a separation element (80), which separation element (80) divides the collection container (8) into a first chamber (81) and a second chamber (82) such that the first treatment medium (31) can be collected in the first chamber (81) and the second treatment medium (32) can be separately collected in the second chamber (82), characterized in that the collection container (8) includes a base chamber part (800) not displaceable with respect to the holding device (5) and the separation element (80) is movably arranged between a first position (A) and a second position (B) such that the first treatment medium (31) can be led off into the first chamber (81) in the first position (A) and the second treatment fluid (32) can be led off into the second chamber (82) in the second position (B). 2. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the non-displaceable base chamber part (800) includes a chamber bottom (801) through which the first treatment medium (31) and the second treatment medium (32) can be led off from the collection container (8). 3. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the separation element (80) is movable by means of a connecting rod (84) between the first position (A) and a second position (B). 4. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the separation element (80) is movable by means of a spindle (85) between the first position (A) and a second position (B). 5. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the separation element (80) is movable by means of a stretchable bellows (86) between the first position (A) and a second position (B). 6. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the separation element (80) is formed in a presettable region of a flexible wall. 7. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the rotatable holding device (5) is provided in a process chamber. 8. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the rotary drive (6) is provided within the process chamber. 9. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the rotary drive (6) is a bearingless motor (6) including a stator (62) and a rotor (61) magnetically journalled in a bearingless manner with respect to the stator (62), wherein the bearingless motor (6) is designed preferably having the stator and the rotor within the process chamber. 10. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the rotor (61) forms the holding device (5). 11. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the rotor (61) is made as a ring (61). 12. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the rotor (61) is permanently magnetic. 13. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the stator (62) is provided outside the process chamber. 14. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the body (2) is a disk (2), in particular a wafer (2), for manufacturing microelectronic components. 15. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein a manipulator (M), in particular a program-controlled rotor unit (M), is provided for the automatic changing of the body (2).
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The invention relates to a treatment apparatus ( 1 ) for treating a surface ( 21 ) of a body ( 2 ) with a first treatment medium ( 31 ) and a second treatment medium ( 32 ). In this respect, the treatment apparatus ( 1 ) includes a holding device ( 5 ) rotatable about an axis of rotation ( 4 ) for receiving and holding the body ( 2 ) and a rotary drive ( 6 ) rotationally fixedly coupled to the rotatable holding device ( 5 ) as well as a supply device ( 7 ) for supplying the first treatment medium ( 31 ) and the second treatment medium ( 32 ) to the surface ( 21 ) of the body ( 2 ) held in the holding device ( 5 ). The treatment apparatus includes a collection container ( 8 ) having a separation element ( 80 ) which separation element ( 80 ) divides the collection container ( 8 ) into a first chamber ( 81 ) and into a second chamber ( 82 ) such that the first treatment medium ( 31 ) can be collected in the first chamber ( 81 ) and the second treatment medium ( 32 ) can be collected separately in the second chamber ( 82 ). In accordance with the invention, the collection container ( 8 ) includes a base chamber part ( 800 ) not movable with respect to the holding device ( 5 ) and the separation element ( 80 ) is movably arranged between a first position (A) and a second position (B) such that the first treatment medium ( 31 ) can be led off into the first chamber ( 81 ) in the first position (A) and the second treatment medium ( 32 ) can be led off into the second chamber ( 82 ) in the second position (B).1. A treatment apparatus for treating a surface (21) of a body (2) with a first treatment medium (31) and a second treatment medium (32), wherein the treatment apparatus includes a holding device (5) rotatable about an axis of rotation (4) for receiving and holding the body (2) and a rotary drive (6) rotationally fixedly coupled to the rotatable holding device (5) as well as a supply device (7) for supplying the first treatment medium (31) and the second treatment medium (32) to the surface (21) of the body held in the holding device (5) are provided, wherein the treatment apparatus includes a collection container (8) having a separation element (80), which separation element (80) divides the collection container (8) into a first chamber (81) and a second chamber (82) such that the first treatment medium (31) can be collected in the first chamber (81) and the second treatment medium (32) can be separately collected in the second chamber (82), characterized in that the collection container (8) includes a base chamber part (800) not displaceable with respect to the holding device (5) and the separation element (80) is movably arranged between a first position (A) and a second position (B) such that the first treatment medium (31) can be led off into the first chamber (81) in the first position (A) and the second treatment fluid (32) can be led off into the second chamber (82) in the second position (B). 2. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the non-displaceable base chamber part (800) includes a chamber bottom (801) through which the first treatment medium (31) and the second treatment medium (32) can be led off from the collection container (8). 3. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the separation element (80) is movable by means of a connecting rod (84) between the first position (A) and a second position (B). 4. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the separation element (80) is movable by means of a spindle (85) between the first position (A) and a second position (B). 5. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the separation element (80) is movable by means of a stretchable bellows (86) between the first position (A) and a second position (B). 6. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the separation element (80) is formed in a presettable region of a flexible wall. 7. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the rotatable holding device (5) is provided in a process chamber. 8. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the rotary drive (6) is provided within the process chamber. 9. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the rotary drive (6) is a bearingless motor (6) including a stator (62) and a rotor (61) magnetically journalled in a bearingless manner with respect to the stator (62), wherein the bearingless motor (6) is designed preferably having the stator and the rotor within the process chamber. 10. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the rotor (61) forms the holding device (5). 11. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the rotor (61) is made as a ring (61). 12. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the rotor (61) is permanently magnetic. 13. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein the stator (62) is provided outside the process chamber. 14. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the body (2) is a disk (2), in particular a wafer (2), for manufacturing microelectronic components. 15. A treatment apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein a manipulator (M), in particular a program-controlled rotor unit (M), is provided for the automatic changing of the body (2).
| 1,700 |
1,818 | 13,324,166 | 1,771 |
An unleaded fuel composition comprising: a combination of alkylated benzenes comprising alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; 5 vol. % or more of one or more aromatic amines; and, an isoparaffin composition selected from the group consisting of alkylate, a combination of isoparaffins having a total number of carbon atoms of 11 or less, and combinations thereof.
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1.-51. (canceled) 52. An unleaded fuel composition comprising:
from about 40 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of one or more alkylated benzenes having the following general structure:
wherein R, R1, and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one of R, R1, and R2 being an alkyl group;
from about 2 vol. % or to about 7 vol. % of one or more aromatic amines having the following general structure:
wherein R3, R4 and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and,
from about 40 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of an isoparaffin composition comprising a combination of one or more alkylates and one or more isoparaffins having a total number of carbon atoms of 11 or less;
wherein the unleaded fuel composition exhibits an octane rating above 100 free of any other ingredient or combination of ingredients which increases the octane rating of the fuel composition by more than 1.0 unit. 53. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 wherein the one or more isoparaffins is iso-pentane. 54. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 55. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 53 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 56. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 57. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 58. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 55 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 59. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 57 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 60. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 60 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 61. An unleaded fuel composition comprising:
from about 44 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of one or more alkylated benzenes having the following general structure:
wherein R, R1, and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one of R, R1, and R2 being an alkyl group;
from about 2 vol. % to about 7 vol. % of one or more aromatic amines having the following general structure:
wherein R3, R4 and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one of R, R1, and R2 being an alkyl group; and,
from about 40 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of an isoparaffin composition comprising a combination of one or more alkylates and one or more isoparaffins having a total number of carbon atoms of 11 or less. 62. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 wherein the one or more isoparaffins is iso-pentane. 63. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 64. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 62 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 65. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 66. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 64 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 67. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 64 wherein R3, R4 and R5 are hydrogen. 68. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 66 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 69. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 67 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 70. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 71. An unleaded fuel composition comprising:
from about 44 vol. % to about 60 vol. % or more of alkylated benzenes having the following general structure:
wherein R, R1, and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one of R, R1, and R2 being an alkyl group;
from about 2 vol. % to about 7 vol. % of one or more aromatic amines having the following general structure:
wherein R3, R4 and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and,
from about 40 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of an isoparaffin composition comprising a combination of one or more alkylates and one or more isoparaffins having a total number of carbon atoms of 11 or less;
wherein the unleaded fuel composition exhibits an octane rating above 100 free of any other ingredient or combination of ingredients which increases the octane rating of the fuel composition by more than 1.0 unit. 72. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 71 wherein the one or more isoparaffin is iso-pentane. 73. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 71 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 74. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 72 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 75. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 72 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 76. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 72 wherein R3, R4 and R5 are hydrogen. 77. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 72 wherein R3, R4 and R5 are hydrogen. 78. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 76 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 79. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 77 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 80. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 71 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 81. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 78 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 82. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 79 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 83. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 52. 84. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 61. 85. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 71 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 71. 86. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 82 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 82. 87. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 83 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 83.
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An unleaded fuel composition comprising: a combination of alkylated benzenes comprising alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; 5 vol. % or more of one or more aromatic amines; and, an isoparaffin composition selected from the group consisting of alkylate, a combination of isoparaffins having a total number of carbon atoms of 11 or less, and combinations thereof.1.-51. (canceled) 52. An unleaded fuel composition comprising:
from about 40 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of one or more alkylated benzenes having the following general structure:
wherein R, R1, and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one of R, R1, and R2 being an alkyl group;
from about 2 vol. % or to about 7 vol. % of one or more aromatic amines having the following general structure:
wherein R3, R4 and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and,
from about 40 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of an isoparaffin composition comprising a combination of one or more alkylates and one or more isoparaffins having a total number of carbon atoms of 11 or less;
wherein the unleaded fuel composition exhibits an octane rating above 100 free of any other ingredient or combination of ingredients which increases the octane rating of the fuel composition by more than 1.0 unit. 53. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 wherein the one or more isoparaffins is iso-pentane. 54. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 55. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 53 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 56. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 57. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 58. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 55 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 59. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 57 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 60. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 60 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 61. An unleaded fuel composition comprising:
from about 44 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of one or more alkylated benzenes having the following general structure:
wherein R, R1, and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one of R, R1, and R2 being an alkyl group;
from about 2 vol. % to about 7 vol. % of one or more aromatic amines having the following general structure:
wherein R3, R4 and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one of R, R1, and R2 being an alkyl group; and,
from about 40 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of an isoparaffin composition comprising a combination of one or more alkylates and one or more isoparaffins having a total number of carbon atoms of 11 or less. 62. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 wherein the one or more isoparaffins is iso-pentane. 63. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 64. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 62 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 65. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 66. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 64 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 67. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 64 wherein R3, R4 and R5 are hydrogen. 68. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 66 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 69. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 67 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 70. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 71. An unleaded fuel composition comprising:
from about 44 vol. % to about 60 vol. % or more of alkylated benzenes having the following general structure:
wherein R, R1, and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one of R, R1, and R2 being an alkyl group;
from about 2 vol. % to about 7 vol. % of one or more aromatic amines having the following general structure:
wherein R3, R4 and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and,
from about 40 vol. % to about 60 vol. % of an isoparaffin composition comprising a combination of one or more alkylates and one or more isoparaffins having a total number of carbon atoms of 11 or less;
wherein the unleaded fuel composition exhibits an octane rating above 100 free of any other ingredient or combination of ingredients which increases the octane rating of the fuel composition by more than 1.0 unit. 72. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 71 wherein the one or more isoparaffin is iso-pentane. 73. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 71 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 74. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 72 wherein the alkylated benzenes are selected from the group consisting of toluene, xylene, tri-methylbenzene, and combinations thereof. 75. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 72 wherein R3, R4, and R5 independently are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms. 76. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 72 wherein R3, R4 and R5 are hydrogen. 77. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 72 wherein R3, R4 and R5 are hydrogen. 78. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 76 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 79. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 77 comprising:
about 50 vol. % of the isoparaffin composition; and,
about 5 vol. % of the aromatic amine. 80. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 71 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 81. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 78 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 82. The unleaded fuel composition of claim 79 further comprising:
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm lead replacement additive;
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm antioxidant additive; and,
from 0.1 ppm to 100 ppm detergent additive;
the unleaded fuel composition comprising a total amount of additives of about 1000 ppm or less. 83. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 52 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 52. 84. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 61 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 61. 85. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 71 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 71. 86. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 82 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 82. 87. A method of operating a spark-induced combustion engine comprising:
feeding the unleaded fuel composition of claim 83 to the spark-induced combustion engine; and, operating the spark-induced combustion engine burning the unleaded fuel composition of claim 83.
| 1,700 |
1,819 | 13,843,110 | 1,733 |
The present invention is directed to composite metal foams comprising hollow metallic spheres and a solid metal matrix. The composite metal foams show high strength, particularly in comparison to previous metal foams, while maintaining a favorable strength to density ratio. The composite metal foams can be prepared by various techniques, such as powder metallurgy and casting.
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1-19. (canceled) 20. A method for providing protection against radiation energy comprising exposing a structure to radiation such that an energy absorption panel of the structure shields a first side thereof against radiation on a second side thereof, wherein the energy absorption panel comprises at least one layer including a composite metal foam comprising a plurality of hollow metallic spheres arranged with an interstitial space therebetween, the interstitial space being filled with a solid metal matrix. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the radiation is one or both of gamma radiation and neutron radiation. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 20 mm. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average wall porosity of less than about 12% and an average wall thickness of about 1% to about 15% of the average sphere diameter. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite metal foam has a strength, evaluated as the plateau stress, of at least about 25 MPa. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite metal foam has a density of less than about 4 g/cm3. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite metal foam has an energy absorption of at least about 20 MJ/m3. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of the same metal or metal alloy. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of different metals or metal alloys. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the solid metal matrix is a sintered mass of metal particles. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the solid metal matrix is a solidified mass of molten metal. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the structure is an aerospace vehicle. 32. The method of claim 20, wherein the structure is a nuclear fuel container. 33. The method of claim 20, wherein the energy absorption panel comprises one or more further layers. 34. A method for making a radiation shielding structure comprising forming the radiation shielding structure with an energy absorption panel that comprises at least one layer including a composite metal foam comprising a plurality of hollow metallic spheres arranged with an interstitial space therebetween, the interstitial space being filled with a solid metal matrix. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the structure effectively shields against one or both of gamma radiation and neutron radiation. 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 20 mm. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average wall porosity of less than about 12% and an average wall thickness of about 1% to about 15% of the average sphere diameter. 38. The method of claim 34, wherein the composite metal foam has a strength, evaluated as the plateau stress, of at least 25 MPa. 39. The method of claim 34, wherein the composite metal foam has a density of less than about 4 g/cm3. 40. The method of claim 34, wherein the composite metal foam has an energy absorption of at least about 20 MJ/m3. 41. The method of claim 34, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of the same metal or metal alloy. 42. The method of claim 34, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of different metals or metal alloys. 43. The method of claim 34, wherein the solid metal matrix is a sintered mass of metal particles. 44. The method of claim 34, wherein the solid metal matrix is a solidified mass of molten metal 45. The method of claim 34, wherein the structure is an aerospace vehicle. 46. The method of claim 34, wherein the structure is a nuclear fuel container. 47. The method of claim 34, wherein the energy absorption panel comprises one or more further layers. 48. A radiation shielding structure prepared according to the method of claim 34 so as to comprise at least one layer including a composite metal foam comprising a plurality of hollow metallic spheres arranged with an interstitial space therebetween, the interstitial space being filled with a solid metal matrix, the radiation shielding structure being effective shielding against one or both of gamma radiation and neutron radiation. 49. A radiation shielding structure comprising an energy absorption panel with at least one layer that includes a composite metal foam comprising a plurality of hollow metallic spheres arranged with an interstitial space therebetween, the interstitial space being filled with a solid metal matrix, the energy absorption panel being effective shielding against one or both of gamma radiation and neutron radiation. 50. The structure of claim 49, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 20 mm. 51. The structure of claim 50, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average wall porosity of less than about 12% and an average wall thickness of about 1% to about 15% of the average sphere diameter. 52. The structure of claim 49, wherein the composite metal foam has a strength, evaluated as the plateau stress, of at least 25 MPa. 53. The structure of claim 49, wherein the composite metal foam has a density of less than about 4 g/cm3. 54. The structure of claim 49, wherein the composite metal foam has an energy absorption of at least about 20 MJ/m3. 55. The structure of claim 49, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of the same metal or metal alloy. 56. The structure of claim 49, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of different metals or metal alloys.
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The present invention is directed to composite metal foams comprising hollow metallic spheres and a solid metal matrix. The composite metal foams show high strength, particularly in comparison to previous metal foams, while maintaining a favorable strength to density ratio. The composite metal foams can be prepared by various techniques, such as powder metallurgy and casting.1-19. (canceled) 20. A method for providing protection against radiation energy comprising exposing a structure to radiation such that an energy absorption panel of the structure shields a first side thereof against radiation on a second side thereof, wherein the energy absorption panel comprises at least one layer including a composite metal foam comprising a plurality of hollow metallic spheres arranged with an interstitial space therebetween, the interstitial space being filled with a solid metal matrix. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the radiation is one or both of gamma radiation and neutron radiation. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 20 mm. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average wall porosity of less than about 12% and an average wall thickness of about 1% to about 15% of the average sphere diameter. 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite metal foam has a strength, evaluated as the plateau stress, of at least about 25 MPa. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite metal foam has a density of less than about 4 g/cm3. 26. The method of claim 20, wherein the composite metal foam has an energy absorption of at least about 20 MJ/m3. 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of the same metal or metal alloy. 28. The method of claim 20, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of different metals or metal alloys. 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the solid metal matrix is a sintered mass of metal particles. 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the solid metal matrix is a solidified mass of molten metal. 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the structure is an aerospace vehicle. 32. The method of claim 20, wherein the structure is a nuclear fuel container. 33. The method of claim 20, wherein the energy absorption panel comprises one or more further layers. 34. A method for making a radiation shielding structure comprising forming the radiation shielding structure with an energy absorption panel that comprises at least one layer including a composite metal foam comprising a plurality of hollow metallic spheres arranged with an interstitial space therebetween, the interstitial space being filled with a solid metal matrix. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the structure effectively shields against one or both of gamma radiation and neutron radiation. 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 20 mm. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average wall porosity of less than about 12% and an average wall thickness of about 1% to about 15% of the average sphere diameter. 38. The method of claim 34, wherein the composite metal foam has a strength, evaluated as the plateau stress, of at least 25 MPa. 39. The method of claim 34, wherein the composite metal foam has a density of less than about 4 g/cm3. 40. The method of claim 34, wherein the composite metal foam has an energy absorption of at least about 20 MJ/m3. 41. The method of claim 34, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of the same metal or metal alloy. 42. The method of claim 34, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of different metals or metal alloys. 43. The method of claim 34, wherein the solid metal matrix is a sintered mass of metal particles. 44. The method of claim 34, wherein the solid metal matrix is a solidified mass of molten metal 45. The method of claim 34, wherein the structure is an aerospace vehicle. 46. The method of claim 34, wherein the structure is a nuclear fuel container. 47. The method of claim 34, wherein the energy absorption panel comprises one or more further layers. 48. A radiation shielding structure prepared according to the method of claim 34 so as to comprise at least one layer including a composite metal foam comprising a plurality of hollow metallic spheres arranged with an interstitial space therebetween, the interstitial space being filled with a solid metal matrix, the radiation shielding structure being effective shielding against one or both of gamma radiation and neutron radiation. 49. A radiation shielding structure comprising an energy absorption panel with at least one layer that includes a composite metal foam comprising a plurality of hollow metallic spheres arranged with an interstitial space therebetween, the interstitial space being filled with a solid metal matrix, the energy absorption panel being effective shielding against one or both of gamma radiation and neutron radiation. 50. The structure of claim 49, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average diameter of about 0.5 mm to about 20 mm. 51. The structure of claim 50, wherein the hollow metallic spheres have an average wall porosity of less than about 12% and an average wall thickness of about 1% to about 15% of the average sphere diameter. 52. The structure of claim 49, wherein the composite metal foam has a strength, evaluated as the plateau stress, of at least 25 MPa. 53. The structure of claim 49, wherein the composite metal foam has a density of less than about 4 g/cm3. 54. The structure of claim 49, wherein the composite metal foam has an energy absorption of at least about 20 MJ/m3. 55. The structure of claim 49, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of the same metal or metal alloy. 56. The structure of claim 49, wherein the hollow metallic spheres and the solid metal matrix are formed of different metals or metal alloys.
| 1,700 |
1,820 | 13,876,615 | 1,764 |
The methods of preparing hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesives include combining an elastomeric (meth)acrylate random copolymer contained within a thermoplastic pouch and greater than 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer of at least one tackifying resin in a hot melt mixing apparatus, and mixing to form a hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive. The elastomeric (meth)acrylate random copolymer may contain branching agents and photosensitive crosslinking agents. The hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesives can be used to prepare transfer tapes.
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1. A method of preparing an adhesive comprising:
providing a hot melt mixing apparatus; providing a hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer contained within a thermoplastic pouch, wherein the (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises at least 10 wt % of the adhesive formulation; providing greater than 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer of at least one tackifying resin; mixing the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer and the tackifying resin in the hot melt mixing apparatus to form a hot melt blend; and removing the hot melt blend from the hot melt mixing apparatus to form a hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt mixing apparatus comprises an extruder. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one tackifying resin comprises a mixture of two tackifying resins, wherein one of the tackifying resins comprises a high Tg tackifying resin with a glass transition temperature of at least 20° C., and the other comprises a low Tg tackifying resin with a glass transition temperature of no greater than 0° C. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises a copolymer of at least one (meth)acrylate monomer which as a homopolymer has a Tg of less than 20° C. and a reinforcing monomer, wherein the reinforcing monomer as a homopolymer has a Tg of greater than 20° C. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a difunctional (meth)acrylate branching agent. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a photosensitive crosslinking agent. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises a copolymer of iso-octyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate, or butyl acrylate and acrylic acid or N,N-dimethylacrylamide. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising crosslinking the formed hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the hot melt blend from the hot melt mixing apparatus to form the hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive article comprises hot melt coating the hot melt blend on a substrate. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the substrate comprises a release liner. 11. An adhesive comprising:
at least 10 wt % of a hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer based on the total weight of the adhesive; at least one tackifying resin comprising greater than 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer; and a thermoplastic material; wherein the adhesive comprises a hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive. 12. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the adhesive comprises a transfer tape. 13. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein in the at least one tackifying resin comprises a mixture of two tackifying resins, wherein one of the tackifying resins comprises a high Tg tackifying resin with a glass transition temperature of at least 20° C., and the other comprises a low Tg tackifying resin with a glass transition temperature of no greater than 0° C. 14. The adhesive of claim 11, where in the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises a copolymer of at least one (meth)acrylate monomer which as a homopolymer has a Tg of less than 20° C. 15. The adhesive of claim 14, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a reinforcing monomer, wherein the reinforcing monomer as a homopolymer has a Tg of greater than 20° C. 16. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a difunctional (meth)acrylate branching agent. 17. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a photosensitive crosslinking agent. 18. The adhesive of claim 14, wherein the at least one (meth)acrylate monomer comprises an alkyl (meth)acrylate wherein the alkyl group comprises a linear or branched alkyl group with from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. 19. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises a copolymer of iso-octyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate, or butyl acrylate and acrylic acid. 20. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic material comprises ethylene-acrylic acid or ethylene-vinyl acetate.
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The methods of preparing hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesives include combining an elastomeric (meth)acrylate random copolymer contained within a thermoplastic pouch and greater than 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer of at least one tackifying resin in a hot melt mixing apparatus, and mixing to form a hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive. The elastomeric (meth)acrylate random copolymer may contain branching agents and photosensitive crosslinking agents. The hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesives can be used to prepare transfer tapes.1. A method of preparing an adhesive comprising:
providing a hot melt mixing apparatus; providing a hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer contained within a thermoplastic pouch, wherein the (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises at least 10 wt % of the adhesive formulation; providing greater than 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer of at least one tackifying resin; mixing the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer and the tackifying resin in the hot melt mixing apparatus to form a hot melt blend; and removing the hot melt blend from the hot melt mixing apparatus to form a hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt mixing apparatus comprises an extruder. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one tackifying resin comprises a mixture of two tackifying resins, wherein one of the tackifying resins comprises a high Tg tackifying resin with a glass transition temperature of at least 20° C., and the other comprises a low Tg tackifying resin with a glass transition temperature of no greater than 0° C. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises a copolymer of at least one (meth)acrylate monomer which as a homopolymer has a Tg of less than 20° C. and a reinforcing monomer, wherein the reinforcing monomer as a homopolymer has a Tg of greater than 20° C. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a difunctional (meth)acrylate branching agent. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a photosensitive crosslinking agent. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises a copolymer of iso-octyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate, or butyl acrylate and acrylic acid or N,N-dimethylacrylamide. 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising crosslinking the formed hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the hot melt blend from the hot melt mixing apparatus to form the hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive article comprises hot melt coating the hot melt blend on a substrate. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the substrate comprises a release liner. 11. An adhesive comprising:
at least 10 wt % of a hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer based on the total weight of the adhesive; at least one tackifying resin comprising greater than 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer; and a thermoplastic material; wherein the adhesive comprises a hot melt processable pressure sensitive adhesive. 12. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the adhesive comprises a transfer tape. 13. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein in the at least one tackifying resin comprises a mixture of two tackifying resins, wherein one of the tackifying resins comprises a high Tg tackifying resin with a glass transition temperature of at least 20° C., and the other comprises a low Tg tackifying resin with a glass transition temperature of no greater than 0° C. 14. The adhesive of claim 11, where in the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises a copolymer of at least one (meth)acrylate monomer which as a homopolymer has a Tg of less than 20° C. 15. The adhesive of claim 14, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a reinforcing monomer, wherein the reinforcing monomer as a homopolymer has a Tg of greater than 20° C. 16. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a difunctional (meth)acrylate branching agent. 17. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer further comprises a photosensitive crosslinking agent. 18. The adhesive of claim 14, wherein the at least one (meth)acrylate monomer comprises an alkyl (meth)acrylate wherein the alkyl group comprises a linear or branched alkyl group with from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. 19. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the hot melt processable elastomeric (meth)acrylate random co-polymer comprises a copolymer of iso-octyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate, or butyl acrylate and acrylic acid. 20. The adhesive of claim 11, wherein the thermoplastic material comprises ethylene-acrylic acid or ethylene-vinyl acetate.
| 1,700 |
1,821 | 14,674,367 | 1,741 |
A pneumatic tire includes an integrated belt/overlay component having a plurality of individually dipped and tackified cords applied individually to the tire component.
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1. A pneumatic tire comprising an integrated belt/overlay component having a plurality of individually dipped and individually tackified cords applied individually to the tire. 2. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the component is a tread reinforcement structure at least partially including a plurality of individually dipped and tackified cords oriented from −7° to +7° relative to a circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire. 3. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cords are constructed of two or three twisted aramid yarns. 4. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein a finish is applied to dipped cords during or after a dipping process, the finish providing tack to the component. 5. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the component is disposed radially between a tread and a carcass ply. 6. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cords are applied directly on to another tire component during a building process of an uncured pneumatic tire. 7. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 6 wherein the tire component is a carcass ply. 8. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cords are constructed of one of the following materials: aramid, PEN, PET, PVA, PBO, POK, rayon, nylon, carbon, and glass fiber. 9. A method for constructing an integrated belt/overlay component of a pneumatic tire, said method comprising the steps of:
pretreating an individual cord by dipping the individual cord in a first solution or emulsion; drying the dipped individual cord; tackifying a surface of the dipped and dried individual cord with a second solution or emulsion; and applying the tackified individual cord on a surface of an uncured tire component. 10. The method as set forth in claim 9 wherein the tackified individual cord is applied to the uncured tire component on a tire building drum. 11. The method as set forth in claim 9 wherein the second solution or emulsion comprises a rubber compound dissolved in a solvent. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the solvent comprises a petroleum derivative. 13. The method as set forth in claim 9 wherein said applying step occurs without calendering of the individual cord. 14. The method as set forth in claim 9 wherein the dipping includes dipping the individual cord in the first solution or emulsion and dipping the dipped individual cord in a further solution or emulsion. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the further solution or emulsion is an aqueous emulsion comprising a rubber latex containing resorcinol formaldehyde (RFL) resin.
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A pneumatic tire includes an integrated belt/overlay component having a plurality of individually dipped and tackified cords applied individually to the tire component.1. A pneumatic tire comprising an integrated belt/overlay component having a plurality of individually dipped and individually tackified cords applied individually to the tire. 2. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the component is a tread reinforcement structure at least partially including a plurality of individually dipped and tackified cords oriented from −7° to +7° relative to a circumferential direction of the pneumatic tire. 3. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cords are constructed of two or three twisted aramid yarns. 4. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein a finish is applied to dipped cords during or after a dipping process, the finish providing tack to the component. 5. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the component is disposed radially between a tread and a carcass ply. 6. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cords are applied directly on to another tire component during a building process of an uncured pneumatic tire. 7. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 6 wherein the tire component is a carcass ply. 8. The pneumatic tire as set forth in claim 1 wherein the cords are constructed of one of the following materials: aramid, PEN, PET, PVA, PBO, POK, rayon, nylon, carbon, and glass fiber. 9. A method for constructing an integrated belt/overlay component of a pneumatic tire, said method comprising the steps of:
pretreating an individual cord by dipping the individual cord in a first solution or emulsion; drying the dipped individual cord; tackifying a surface of the dipped and dried individual cord with a second solution or emulsion; and applying the tackified individual cord on a surface of an uncured tire component. 10. The method as set forth in claim 9 wherein the tackified individual cord is applied to the uncured tire component on a tire building drum. 11. The method as set forth in claim 9 wherein the second solution or emulsion comprises a rubber compound dissolved in a solvent. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the solvent comprises a petroleum derivative. 13. The method as set forth in claim 9 wherein said applying step occurs without calendering of the individual cord. 14. The method as set forth in claim 9 wherein the dipping includes dipping the individual cord in the first solution or emulsion and dipping the dipped individual cord in a further solution or emulsion. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the further solution or emulsion is an aqueous emulsion comprising a rubber latex containing resorcinol formaldehyde (RFL) resin.
| 1,700 |
1,822 | 13,926,764 | 1,722 |
New photoresist compositions are provided that comprise a component that comprises an amide group and multiple hydroxyl groups. Preferred photoresists of the invention may comprise a resin with photoacid-labile groups; a photoacid generator compound; and an amide component with multiple hydroxyl groups that can function to decrease undesired photogenerated-acid diffusion out of unexposed regions of a photoresist coating layer
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1. A photoresist composition comprising:
(a) a resin; (b) a photoacid generator compound; and (c) an amide compound that comprises i) an amide group and ii) two or more hydroxyl groups. 2. The photoresist composition of claim 1 wherein the amide compound contains a single amide moiety. 3. The photoresist composition of claim 1 or 2 wherein the amide compound corresponds to a structure of the following Formula (I):
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently hydrogen or a non-hydrogen substituent; and R1, R2 and R3 together comprise two or more hydroxyl groups. 4. The photoresist composition of claim 3 wherein R1 is a non-hydrogen substituent and at least one of R2 and R3 are non-hydrogen substituents. 5. The photoresist composition of claim 3 wherein R1 is optionally substituted alkyl, and R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. 6. The photoresist composition of claim 3 wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each the same or different optionally substituted alkyl. 7. The photoresist of any one of claims 3 through 6 wherein 1) R1 and R2 are taken together to provide an optionally substituted lactam group and/or 2) R2 and R3 are taken together to provide a ring structure. 8. The photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 7 wherein the amide compound comprises three or more hydroxyl groups. 9. The photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 8 wherein the amide compound comprises at least one primary hydroxyl group. 10. The photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 9 wherein the amide compound comprises at least one secondary hydroxyl group. 11. The photoresist composition of any one of claim 1 through 10 wherein the amide compound comprises one or more cyano groups and/or one or more carboxyl groups. 12. The photoresist composition of claim 1 wherein the photoresist comprises one or more of the following compounds: 13. The photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 12 wherein the amide compound is polymeric. 14. A method for forming a photoresist relief image comprising:
(a) applying a coating layer of a photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 13 on a substrate; (b) exposing the photoresist coating layer to patterned activating radiation and developing the exposed photoresist layer to provide a relief image. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the photoresist coating layer is immersion exposed.
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New photoresist compositions are provided that comprise a component that comprises an amide group and multiple hydroxyl groups. Preferred photoresists of the invention may comprise a resin with photoacid-labile groups; a photoacid generator compound; and an amide component with multiple hydroxyl groups that can function to decrease undesired photogenerated-acid diffusion out of unexposed regions of a photoresist coating layer1. A photoresist composition comprising:
(a) a resin; (b) a photoacid generator compound; and (c) an amide compound that comprises i) an amide group and ii) two or more hydroxyl groups. 2. The photoresist composition of claim 1 wherein the amide compound contains a single amide moiety. 3. The photoresist composition of claim 1 or 2 wherein the amide compound corresponds to a structure of the following Formula (I):
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently hydrogen or a non-hydrogen substituent; and R1, R2 and R3 together comprise two or more hydroxyl groups. 4. The photoresist composition of claim 3 wherein R1 is a non-hydrogen substituent and at least one of R2 and R3 are non-hydrogen substituents. 5. The photoresist composition of claim 3 wherein R1 is optionally substituted alkyl, and R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. 6. The photoresist composition of claim 3 wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each the same or different optionally substituted alkyl. 7. The photoresist of any one of claims 3 through 6 wherein 1) R1 and R2 are taken together to provide an optionally substituted lactam group and/or 2) R2 and R3 are taken together to provide a ring structure. 8. The photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 7 wherein the amide compound comprises three or more hydroxyl groups. 9. The photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 8 wherein the amide compound comprises at least one primary hydroxyl group. 10. The photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 9 wherein the amide compound comprises at least one secondary hydroxyl group. 11. The photoresist composition of any one of claim 1 through 10 wherein the amide compound comprises one or more cyano groups and/or one or more carboxyl groups. 12. The photoresist composition of claim 1 wherein the photoresist comprises one or more of the following compounds: 13. The photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 12 wherein the amide compound is polymeric. 14. A method for forming a photoresist relief image comprising:
(a) applying a coating layer of a photoresist composition of any one of claims 1 through 13 on a substrate; (b) exposing the photoresist coating layer to patterned activating radiation and developing the exposed photoresist layer to provide a relief image. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the photoresist coating layer is immersion exposed.
| 1,700 |
1,823 | 14,122,753 | 1,712 |
Web lifter and/or stabilizer and method of lifting and/or stabilizing a travelling web and coating a web. The device creates a web hold down force via a negative pressure slot at its exit side, which draws the web down against the surface on the entry side. The device can be actuated to move the web relative to slot die coater off the die lips and stop the application of slurry to the web, thereby creating uncoated regions on the web surface. The device can be actuated to move the web back into contact with the coater to start the application of slurry to the web, creating coated regions on the web surface. Web lifting can be accomplished by rotating the device in first and second directions to lift the web off of the slot die coater and return the web back into contact with the coater.
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1. Web lifter or stabilizer device for lifting or stabilizing a travelling web, comprising a body having a first portion defining a leading edge of said device, and a second portion defining a trailing edge of said device, said first portion being spaced from said second portion so as to define an air entry slot between them for the entry of air upon the application of negative pressure to said body; a vacuum source in fluid communication with said body for receiving said air that enters said slot; said body being rotatable between a first position in which said web travels in an undeflected state, and a second position in which said web is deflected by said body so as to travel in a deflected state. 2. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, further comprising a shaft coupled to said body, wherein rotation of said shaft causes rotation of said body between said first and second positions. 3. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said first portion comprises a surface polished to a mirror finish to maintain a flat web through frictional forces and to not mark or crease the thin foil web. 4. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said first portion comprises a surface having an anti-friction coating thereon. 5. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said first portion is machine finished. 6. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said body has a plurality of slots that provide fluid communication between said air entry slot and a vacuum reservoir. 7. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said body has one or more hollow shafts that provide fluid communication between said air entry slot and a vacuum source. 8. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said air entry slot is downstream, in the direction of web travel, of the leading edge of said device. 9. A web lifter or stabilizer assembly for lifting or stabilizing a travelling web, comprising a body having a first portion defining a leading edge of said device, and a second portion defining a trailing edge of said device, said first portion being spaced from said second portion so as to define an air entry slot between them for the entry of air upon the application of negative pressure to said body; a vacuum source in fluid communication with said body for receiving said air that enters said slot; said body being rotatable between a first position in which said web travels in an undeflected state, and a second position in which said web is deflected by said body so as to travel in a deflected state; and a controller for moving said web lifter of stabilizer. 10. A method of stabilizing and deflecting a traveling web during a skip coating operation, comprising:
providing a coater for intermittently applying a coating to said web; providing a web lifter device upstream of said coater, in the direction opposite of web travel, in a first position, said web lifter device comprising a body having a first portion defining a leading edge of said device, and a second portion defining a trailing edge of said device, said first portion being spaced from said second portion so as to define an air entry slot between them for the entry of air upon the application of negative pressure to said body; and a vacuum source in fluid communication with said body for receiving said air that enters said slot; applying negative pressure to said body, causing air to enter said air entry slot and flow to said vacuum chamber; then rotating said body from said first position in a direction toward said web to deflect said web away from said coater to form a coating gap on said web; rotating said body back to said first position; and maintaining negative pressure to said body. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said body is rotated with a controller. 12. A system for applying a coating to a material, travelling in a path, comprising:
a nozzle to apply said coating; a supply valve in communication with said nozzle to allow the flow of coating to said nozzle; a bypass valve to direct the flow of coating away from said nozzle; a fluid displacement mechanism to draw coating away from said nozzle after said supply valve has been closed, wherein said fluid displacement mechanism comprises a chamber having a changeable volume; and an actuator positioned such that movement of said actuator causes a change in said volume; a web lifter moveable to deflect said material; and a controller in communication with said supply valve, said bypass valve, said actuator, said nozzle and said web lifter so as to control the application of said coating to said coating. 13. A method of applying a coating to a web using a system comprising a supply valve, a bypass valve, a nozzle, a web lifter and a controller to control said supply valve, said bypass valve and said nozzle, said method comprising:
inputting to said controller the reference positions on said web where said supply valve is to open and close; inputting to said controller the reference positions on said web where said bypass valve is to open and close; inputting to said controller the reference positions on said web where said web lifter is to be actuated to move said web toward and way from said nozzle; moving said web past said nozzle; tracking the position of said web; and using said controller to control said supply valve, said bypass valve, said nozzle and said web lifter based on said inputted reference positions to deposit said coating on said web. 14. Web stabilizer device for guiding and flattening the position of a travelling web, comprising a body having a first portion defining a leading edge of said device, and a second portion defining a trailing edge of said device, said first portion being spaced from said second portion so as to define an air entry slot between them for the entry of air upon the application of negative pressure to said body; and a vacuum source in fluid communication with said body for receiving said air that enters said slot.
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Web lifter and/or stabilizer and method of lifting and/or stabilizing a travelling web and coating a web. The device creates a web hold down force via a negative pressure slot at its exit side, which draws the web down against the surface on the entry side. The device can be actuated to move the web relative to slot die coater off the die lips and stop the application of slurry to the web, thereby creating uncoated regions on the web surface. The device can be actuated to move the web back into contact with the coater to start the application of slurry to the web, creating coated regions on the web surface. Web lifting can be accomplished by rotating the device in first and second directions to lift the web off of the slot die coater and return the web back into contact with the coater.1. Web lifter or stabilizer device for lifting or stabilizing a travelling web, comprising a body having a first portion defining a leading edge of said device, and a second portion defining a trailing edge of said device, said first portion being spaced from said second portion so as to define an air entry slot between them for the entry of air upon the application of negative pressure to said body; a vacuum source in fluid communication with said body for receiving said air that enters said slot; said body being rotatable between a first position in which said web travels in an undeflected state, and a second position in which said web is deflected by said body so as to travel in a deflected state. 2. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, further comprising a shaft coupled to said body, wherein rotation of said shaft causes rotation of said body between said first and second positions. 3. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said first portion comprises a surface polished to a mirror finish to maintain a flat web through frictional forces and to not mark or crease the thin foil web. 4. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said first portion comprises a surface having an anti-friction coating thereon. 5. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said first portion is machine finished. 6. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said body has a plurality of slots that provide fluid communication between said air entry slot and a vacuum reservoir. 7. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said body has one or more hollow shafts that provide fluid communication between said air entry slot and a vacuum source. 8. The web lifter or stabilizer of claim 1, wherein said air entry slot is downstream, in the direction of web travel, of the leading edge of said device. 9. A web lifter or stabilizer assembly for lifting or stabilizing a travelling web, comprising a body having a first portion defining a leading edge of said device, and a second portion defining a trailing edge of said device, said first portion being spaced from said second portion so as to define an air entry slot between them for the entry of air upon the application of negative pressure to said body; a vacuum source in fluid communication with said body for receiving said air that enters said slot; said body being rotatable between a first position in which said web travels in an undeflected state, and a second position in which said web is deflected by said body so as to travel in a deflected state; and a controller for moving said web lifter of stabilizer. 10. A method of stabilizing and deflecting a traveling web during a skip coating operation, comprising:
providing a coater for intermittently applying a coating to said web; providing a web lifter device upstream of said coater, in the direction opposite of web travel, in a first position, said web lifter device comprising a body having a first portion defining a leading edge of said device, and a second portion defining a trailing edge of said device, said first portion being spaced from said second portion so as to define an air entry slot between them for the entry of air upon the application of negative pressure to said body; and a vacuum source in fluid communication with said body for receiving said air that enters said slot; applying negative pressure to said body, causing air to enter said air entry slot and flow to said vacuum chamber; then rotating said body from said first position in a direction toward said web to deflect said web away from said coater to form a coating gap on said web; rotating said body back to said first position; and maintaining negative pressure to said body. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said body is rotated with a controller. 12. A system for applying a coating to a material, travelling in a path, comprising:
a nozzle to apply said coating; a supply valve in communication with said nozzle to allow the flow of coating to said nozzle; a bypass valve to direct the flow of coating away from said nozzle; a fluid displacement mechanism to draw coating away from said nozzle after said supply valve has been closed, wherein said fluid displacement mechanism comprises a chamber having a changeable volume; and an actuator positioned such that movement of said actuator causes a change in said volume; a web lifter moveable to deflect said material; and a controller in communication with said supply valve, said bypass valve, said actuator, said nozzle and said web lifter so as to control the application of said coating to said coating. 13. A method of applying a coating to a web using a system comprising a supply valve, a bypass valve, a nozzle, a web lifter and a controller to control said supply valve, said bypass valve and said nozzle, said method comprising:
inputting to said controller the reference positions on said web where said supply valve is to open and close; inputting to said controller the reference positions on said web where said bypass valve is to open and close; inputting to said controller the reference positions on said web where said web lifter is to be actuated to move said web toward and way from said nozzle; moving said web past said nozzle; tracking the position of said web; and using said controller to control said supply valve, said bypass valve, said nozzle and said web lifter based on said inputted reference positions to deposit said coating on said web. 14. Web stabilizer device for guiding and flattening the position of a travelling web, comprising a body having a first portion defining a leading edge of said device, and a second portion defining a trailing edge of said device, said first portion being spaced from said second portion so as to define an air entry slot between them for the entry of air upon the application of negative pressure to said body; and a vacuum source in fluid communication with said body for receiving said air that enters said slot.
| 1,700 |
1,824 | 14,122,495 | 1,784 |
A method for applying a protective layer resistant to high-temperature degradation by corrosion and erosion to a base metal, comprises: applying a MCrAlY-based bond layer to the base metal; coating, by overaluminizing with an Al diffusion layer, the bond layer; subjecting the Al diffusion layer ( 14 ) to abrasion treatment so that an outer build-up layer is removed from the Al diffusion layer; and applying a ceramic thermal barrier coating of yttria partially stabilized zirconia to the remaining Al diffusion layer. The ceramic thermal barrier coating is applied to the remaining Al diffusion layer by air plasma spraying. The applied bond layer is subjected to a polishing treatment before being overaluminized such that a surface roughness of Ra≦2 μm is produced at the bond layer.
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1-9. (canceled) 10. A method for applying a protective layer resistant to high-temperature degradation by corrosion and erosion to a base metal (11), the method comprising:
applying a MCrAlY-based bond layer (12) to the base metal (11); coating, by overaluminizing with an Al diffusion layer (14), the bond layer (12); subjecting the Al diffusion layer (14) to abrasion treatment so that an outer build-up layer (14.2) is removed from the Al diffusion layer (14); and applying a ceramic thermal barrier coating (13) of yttria partially stabilized zirconia to the remaining Al diffusion layer (14), wherein the ceramic thermal barrier coating (13) is applied to the remaining Al diffusion layer (14) by air plasma spraying, wherein the applied bond layer (12) is subjected to a polishing treatment before being overaluminized such that a surface roughness of Ra≦2 μm is produced at the bond layer (12). 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the bond layer (12) is applied to the base metal (11) by a thermal spraying method. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the Al diffusion layer (14) is subjected to a polishing treatment after the abrasion treatment such that a surface roughness of Ra≦2 μm is produced at the remaining Al diffusion layer (14). 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein a heat treatment is carried out after overaluminizing the bond layer (12) and before abrading the Al diffusion layer (14) in order to influence the mechanical properties of the base metal (11). 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein during overaluminizing an inner diffusion zone (14.1) with an Al content of about 20 weight percent is produced in the Al diffusion layer (14) and the outer build-up layer (14.2) with an Al content of about 30 weight percent is produced on the diffusion zone (14.1), and in that the outer build-up layer (14.2) of the Al diffusion layer (14) is removed by abrasion treatment until the Al content in a surface of the remaining Al diffusion layer (14) amounts to more than 18 weight percent and less than 30 weight percent. 15. A component part (10) for use in a hot gas region of a gas turbine (1), the component part (10) having a surface that is at least partially provided with a protective layer resistant to high-temperature degradation by corrosion and erosion and applied by the method according to claim 10. 16. A gas turbine (1) with a hot gas region, the gas turbine having a component part (10) according to claim 15.
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A method for applying a protective layer resistant to high-temperature degradation by corrosion and erosion to a base metal, comprises: applying a MCrAlY-based bond layer to the base metal; coating, by overaluminizing with an Al diffusion layer, the bond layer; subjecting the Al diffusion layer ( 14 ) to abrasion treatment so that an outer build-up layer is removed from the Al diffusion layer; and applying a ceramic thermal barrier coating of yttria partially stabilized zirconia to the remaining Al diffusion layer. The ceramic thermal barrier coating is applied to the remaining Al diffusion layer by air plasma spraying. The applied bond layer is subjected to a polishing treatment before being overaluminized such that a surface roughness of Ra≦2 μm is produced at the bond layer.1-9. (canceled) 10. A method for applying a protective layer resistant to high-temperature degradation by corrosion and erosion to a base metal (11), the method comprising:
applying a MCrAlY-based bond layer (12) to the base metal (11); coating, by overaluminizing with an Al diffusion layer (14), the bond layer (12); subjecting the Al diffusion layer (14) to abrasion treatment so that an outer build-up layer (14.2) is removed from the Al diffusion layer (14); and applying a ceramic thermal barrier coating (13) of yttria partially stabilized zirconia to the remaining Al diffusion layer (14), wherein the ceramic thermal barrier coating (13) is applied to the remaining Al diffusion layer (14) by air plasma spraying, wherein the applied bond layer (12) is subjected to a polishing treatment before being overaluminized such that a surface roughness of Ra≦2 μm is produced at the bond layer (12). 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the bond layer (12) is applied to the base metal (11) by a thermal spraying method. 12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the Al diffusion layer (14) is subjected to a polishing treatment after the abrasion treatment such that a surface roughness of Ra≦2 μm is produced at the remaining Al diffusion layer (14). 13. The method according to claim 10, wherein a heat treatment is carried out after overaluminizing the bond layer (12) and before abrading the Al diffusion layer (14) in order to influence the mechanical properties of the base metal (11). 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein during overaluminizing an inner diffusion zone (14.1) with an Al content of about 20 weight percent is produced in the Al diffusion layer (14) and the outer build-up layer (14.2) with an Al content of about 30 weight percent is produced on the diffusion zone (14.1), and in that the outer build-up layer (14.2) of the Al diffusion layer (14) is removed by abrasion treatment until the Al content in a surface of the remaining Al diffusion layer (14) amounts to more than 18 weight percent and less than 30 weight percent. 15. A component part (10) for use in a hot gas region of a gas turbine (1), the component part (10) having a surface that is at least partially provided with a protective layer resistant to high-temperature degradation by corrosion and erosion and applied by the method according to claim 10. 16. A gas turbine (1) with a hot gas region, the gas turbine having a component part (10) according to claim 15.
| 1,700 |
1,825 | 14,082,801 | 1,788 |
A fuser member including a substrate and a release layer disposed on the substrate is described. The release layer includes a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh wherein the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has pores of a size of from about 1 microns to about 50 microns and a fluoropolymer dispersed on and throughout the polymer matrix. A method of manufacturing the fuser member is also provided.
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1. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; and a release layer disposed on the substrate, the release layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores of a size of from about 1 microns to about 50 microns, and a fluoropolymer dispersed throughout the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 2. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprises from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent of the release layer. 3. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns. 4. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a material selected from the group consisting of a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof 5. The fuser member of claim 1 wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a fluorinated polyimide having a chemical structure as follows:
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 independently represent an aromatic group of from about 4 carbon atoms to about 100 carbon atoms; and wherein at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 further contains a fluoro-pendant group wherein n is from about 30 to about 1000. 6. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the release layer further comprises conductive particles selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, alumina, tin oxide, antimony dioxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and indium-doped tin trioxide, polyaniline and polythiophene dispersed in the release layer. 7. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 8. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has a thickness of from about 5 microns to about 100 microns. 9. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a fluoropolymer sheath. 10. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoroelastomer selected from the group consisting of copolymers of: vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer. 11. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoroplastic selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer; and mixtures thereof 12. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; an intermediate layer disposed on the substrate selected from the group consisting of fluoroelastomer and silicone; and a release layer disposed on the intermediate layer, the release layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores of a size of from about 1 microns to about 50 microns, and a fluoropolymer dispersed throughout the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 13. The fuser member of claim 12, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 14. The fuser member of claim 12, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has a thickness of from about 5 microns to about 100 microns. 15. The fuser member of claim 12, wherein polymer fibers of the non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a fluoropolymer sheath. 16. A method of manufacturing a fuser member comprising:
providing a conductive substrate electrospinning polymeric fibers on the conductive surface to form a non-woven polymer fiber layer; coating a metal particle dispersion on the polymeric fibers; annealing the metal particle dispersion to form a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores having a size of from about 1 microns to about 50 microns; coating a mixture of a fluoropolymer and a solvent on the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh; heating the mixture to remove the solvent and melt or cure the fluoropolymer thereby having the fluoropolymer penetrate the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the metal particle dispersion comprises, metal particles having a size of less than 10 nm, and organic solvent and stabilizer selectedfrom the group consisting of organoamines and organic carboxylates. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the metal of the metal particle dispersion is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein the metal particle dispersion has a solids content of from about 20 weight percent to about 60 weight percent. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
filtering the metal particle dispersion prior to coating the dispersion.
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A fuser member including a substrate and a release layer disposed on the substrate is described. The release layer includes a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh wherein the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has pores of a size of from about 1 microns to about 50 microns and a fluoropolymer dispersed on and throughout the polymer matrix. A method of manufacturing the fuser member is also provided.1. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; and a release layer disposed on the substrate, the release layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores of a size of from about 1 microns to about 50 microns, and a fluoropolymer dispersed throughout the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 2. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprises from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent of the release layer. 3. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns. 4. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a material selected from the group consisting of a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof 5. The fuser member of claim 1 wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a fluorinated polyimide having a chemical structure as follows:
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 independently represent an aromatic group of from about 4 carbon atoms to about 100 carbon atoms; and wherein at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 further contains a fluoro-pendant group wherein n is from about 30 to about 1000. 6. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the release layer further comprises conductive particles selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, alumina, tin oxide, antimony dioxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and indium-doped tin trioxide, polyaniline and polythiophene dispersed in the release layer. 7. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 8. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has a thickness of from about 5 microns to about 100 microns. 9. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a fluoropolymer sheath. 10. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoroelastomer selected from the group consisting of copolymers of: vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer. 11. The fuser member of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoroplastic selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); and tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer; and mixtures thereof 12. A fuser member comprising:
a substrate; an intermediate layer disposed on the substrate selected from the group consisting of fluoroelastomer and silicone; and a release layer disposed on the intermediate layer, the release layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores of a size of from about 1 microns to about 50 microns, and a fluoropolymer dispersed throughout the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 13. The fuser member of claim 12, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 14. The fuser member of claim 12, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has a thickness of from about 5 microns to about 100 microns. 15. The fuser member of claim 12, wherein polymer fibers of the non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a fluoropolymer sheath. 16. A method of manufacturing a fuser member comprising:
providing a conductive substrate electrospinning polymeric fibers on the conductive surface to form a non-woven polymer fiber layer; coating a metal particle dispersion on the polymeric fibers; annealing the metal particle dispersion to form a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores having a size of from about 1 microns to about 50 microns; coating a mixture of a fluoropolymer and a solvent on the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh; heating the mixture to remove the solvent and melt or cure the fluoropolymer thereby having the fluoropolymer penetrate the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the metal particle dispersion comprises, metal particles having a size of less than 10 nm, and organic solvent and stabilizer selectedfrom the group consisting of organoamines and organic carboxylates. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the metal of the metal particle dispersion is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein the metal particle dispersion has a solids content of from about 20 weight percent to about 60 weight percent. 20. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
filtering the metal particle dispersion prior to coating the dispersion.
| 1,700 |
1,826 | 13,295,908 | 1,783 |
A laminate sheet includes a base film formed from a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and/or compostable material, a metal or reflective film layer disposed over the base film, and heat resistant layer disposed over the base film.
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1. A laminate sheet, comprising:
a base film formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material; a metal or reflective film layer disposed over the base film; and a heat resistant layer disposed over the base film. 2. The sheet of claim 1, further comprising a substrate disposed over the heat resistant layer, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material with similar physical, thermal, and/or stability characteristics. 3. The sheet of claim 2, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed from polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyactide (“PLA”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (“PETG”), polyolefin (“PO”), polyvinyl alcohol (“PVOH”), polystyrene (“PS” and “HIPS”), polycaprolactone (“PCL”), films one or more of anhydride and amide linkages in the polymer backbone, films made from synthetic polymers containing additives that promote degradation, polyhydroxyalkonates (“PHA”), and/or cellulosic, starch, chitosan, and protein based films. 4. The sheet of claim 2, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed in a roll-to-sheet lamination process. 5. The sheet of claim 1, further comprising an adhesive layer disposed over the heat resistant layer. 6. The sheet of claim 1, wherein the heat resistant layer is at least one of a radiation, chemically, and thermally cured or cross-linked layer, a thermoplastic polymer with high temperature thermal transitions, and a polymer reinforced with inorganic material. 7. The sheet of claim 1, further comprising an emboss coat disposed between the base film and the metal or reflective film layer. 8. A laminate card, comprising:
a sheet that includes a base film and a metal or reflective film layer disposed over the base film; and one or more of an outer core and a protective coating disposed over the sheet, wherein the base film and the one or more outer core and protective coating are formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material with similar physical, thermal, and/or stability characteristics. 9. The card of claim 8, wherein the sheet further includes a substrate disposed over the metal or reflective film layer, wherein the base film, the substrate, and the one or more outer core and protective coating are formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material with similar physical, thermal, and/or stability characteristics. 10. The card of claim 9, wherein the base film, the substrate, and the one or more outer core and protective overlay or coating are formed from polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyactide (“PLA”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (“PETG”), polyolefin (“PO”), polyvinyl alcohol (“PVOH”), polystyrene (“PS” and “HIPS”), polycaprolactone (“PCL”), films with one or more of anhydride and amide linkages in the polymer backbone, films made from synthetic polymers containing additives that promote degradation, polyhydroxyalkonates (“PHA”), and/or cellulosic, starch, chitosan, and protein based films. 11. The card of claim 9, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed in a roll-to-sheet lamination process and the sheet and the one or more outer core and protective coating are formed in a thermal lamination process. 12. The card of claim 8, wherein the one or more outer core and protective coating disposed over the sheet form a non-symmetrical card construction. 13. The card of claim 8, wherein the sheet further includes an emboss coat, an adhesive layer, and a heat resistant layer disposed over base film. 14. The card of claim 13, wherein the heat resistant layer is at least one of a radiation, chemically, and thermally cured or cross-linked layer, a thermoplastic polymer with high temperature thermal transitions, and a polymer reinforced with inorganic material. 15. The card of claim 8, further comprising a varnish or lacquer coating disposed over the sheet. 16. The card of claim 8, further comprising an outer core disposed on opposing surfaces of the sheet and a protective overlay disposed over each outer core. 17. The card of claim 8, wherein the card has a thickness of less than or equal to about 33 mils. 18. A laminate sheet, comprising:
a base film; an emboss coat disposed over the base film; a metal or reflective film layer disposed over the emboss coat; a heat resistant layer disposed over the metal or reflective film layer; an adhesive layer disposed over the heat resistant layer; and a substrate disposed over the adhesive layer; wherein the base film and the substrate are formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material with similar physical, thermal, and/or stability characteristics. 19. The sheet of claim 18, wherein the base film, the emboss coat, the metal or reflective layer, the heat resistant layer, the adhesive layer, and the substrate are layered in successive order. 20. The sheet of claim 18, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed from polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyactide (“PLA”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (“PETG”), polyolefin (“PO”), polyvinyl alcohol (“PVOH”), polystyrene (“PS” and “HIPS”), polycaprolactone (“PCL”), films with one or more of anhydride and amide linkages in the polymer backbone, films made from synthetic polymers containing additives that promote degradation, polyhydroxyalkonates (“PHA”), cellulosic, starch, chitosan, and protein based films, and the heat resistant layer is at least one of a radiation, chemically, and thermally cured or cross-linked coating, a thermoplastic polymer with high temperature thermal transitions, and a polymer reinforced with inorganic material.
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A laminate sheet includes a base film formed from a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and/or compostable material, a metal or reflective film layer disposed over the base film, and heat resistant layer disposed over the base film.1. A laminate sheet, comprising:
a base film formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material; a metal or reflective film layer disposed over the base film; and a heat resistant layer disposed over the base film. 2. The sheet of claim 1, further comprising a substrate disposed over the heat resistant layer, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material with similar physical, thermal, and/or stability characteristics. 3. The sheet of claim 2, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed from polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyactide (“PLA”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (“PETG”), polyolefin (“PO”), polyvinyl alcohol (“PVOH”), polystyrene (“PS” and “HIPS”), polycaprolactone (“PCL”), films one or more of anhydride and amide linkages in the polymer backbone, films made from synthetic polymers containing additives that promote degradation, polyhydroxyalkonates (“PHA”), and/or cellulosic, starch, chitosan, and protein based films. 4. The sheet of claim 2, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed in a roll-to-sheet lamination process. 5. The sheet of claim 1, further comprising an adhesive layer disposed over the heat resistant layer. 6. The sheet of claim 1, wherein the heat resistant layer is at least one of a radiation, chemically, and thermally cured or cross-linked layer, a thermoplastic polymer with high temperature thermal transitions, and a polymer reinforced with inorganic material. 7. The sheet of claim 1, further comprising an emboss coat disposed between the base film and the metal or reflective film layer. 8. A laminate card, comprising:
a sheet that includes a base film and a metal or reflective film layer disposed over the base film; and one or more of an outer core and a protective coating disposed over the sheet, wherein the base film and the one or more outer core and protective coating are formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material with similar physical, thermal, and/or stability characteristics. 9. The card of claim 8, wherein the sheet further includes a substrate disposed over the metal or reflective film layer, wherein the base film, the substrate, and the one or more outer core and protective coating are formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material with similar physical, thermal, and/or stability characteristics. 10. The card of claim 9, wherein the base film, the substrate, and the one or more outer core and protective overlay or coating are formed from polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyactide (“PLA”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (“PETG”), polyolefin (“PO”), polyvinyl alcohol (“PVOH”), polystyrene (“PS” and “HIPS”), polycaprolactone (“PCL”), films with one or more of anhydride and amide linkages in the polymer backbone, films made from synthetic polymers containing additives that promote degradation, polyhydroxyalkonates (“PHA”), and/or cellulosic, starch, chitosan, and protein based films. 11. The card of claim 9, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed in a roll-to-sheet lamination process and the sheet and the one or more outer core and protective coating are formed in a thermal lamination process. 12. The card of claim 8, wherein the one or more outer core and protective coating disposed over the sheet form a non-symmetrical card construction. 13. The card of claim 8, wherein the sheet further includes an emboss coat, an adhesive layer, and a heat resistant layer disposed over base film. 14. The card of claim 13, wherein the heat resistant layer is at least one of a radiation, chemically, and thermally cured or cross-linked layer, a thermoplastic polymer with high temperature thermal transitions, and a polymer reinforced with inorganic material. 15. The card of claim 8, further comprising a varnish or lacquer coating disposed over the sheet. 16. The card of claim 8, further comprising an outer core disposed on opposing surfaces of the sheet and a protective overlay disposed over each outer core. 17. The card of claim 8, wherein the card has a thickness of less than or equal to about 33 mils. 18. A laminate sheet, comprising:
a base film; an emboss coat disposed over the base film; a metal or reflective film layer disposed over the emboss coat; a heat resistant layer disposed over the metal or reflective film layer; an adhesive layer disposed over the heat resistant layer; and a substrate disposed over the adhesive layer; wherein the base film and the substrate are formed from one or more of a recyclable, biodegradable, degradable, and compostable material with similar physical, thermal, and/or stability characteristics. 19. The sheet of claim 18, wherein the base film, the emboss coat, the metal or reflective layer, the heat resistant layer, the adhesive layer, and the substrate are layered in successive order. 20. The sheet of claim 18, wherein the base film and the substrate are formed from polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyactide (“PLA”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (“PETG”), polyolefin (“PO”), polyvinyl alcohol (“PVOH”), polystyrene (“PS” and “HIPS”), polycaprolactone (“PCL”), films with one or more of anhydride and amide linkages in the polymer backbone, films made from synthetic polymers containing additives that promote degradation, polyhydroxyalkonates (“PHA”), cellulosic, starch, chitosan, and protein based films, and the heat resistant layer is at least one of a radiation, chemically, and thermally cured or cross-linked coating, a thermoplastic polymer with high temperature thermal transitions, and a polymer reinforced with inorganic material.
| 1,700 |
1,827 | 12,276,947 | 1,768 |
The invention relates to a metal polymer composite having properties that are enhanced or increased in the composite. Such properties include color, magnetism, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, density, improved malleability and ductility and thermoplastic or injection molding properties.
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1. A metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 2. The composite of claim 1 wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of at least 100%. 3. The viscoelastic composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of at least 0.2 MPa and a thermoplastic shear of at least 5 sec−1. 4. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises a metal particle having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to about 1000 microns. 5. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particle comprises an alloy particle. 6. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particulate comprises a bimetallic particle. 7. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particulate comprises a tungsten carbide particle. 8. The composite of claim 4 wherein the composite contains about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns. 9. The composite of claim 8 wherein the particulate about at least 5 wt.-% of a particulate in the range of about 250 to 500. 10. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 11. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises about 0.005 to 4 wt % of an interfacial modifier. 12. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particle has an excluded volume of about 13 vol.-% to about 61 vol.-%. 13. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises zinc. 14. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises tin. 15. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises iron. 16. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises bismuth. 17. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten. 18. A metal fluoropolymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a fluoropolymer phase;
wherein the composite is free of an interfacial modifier and the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 19. The composite of claim 18 wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of at least 100%. 20. The viscoelastic composite of claim 18 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of at least 0.2 MPa and thermoplastic shear of at least 5 sec−1. 21. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises a metal particle having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to about 1000 microns. 22. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particle comprises an alloy particle. 23. The composite of claim 18 wherein the particulate comprises a bimetallic particle. 24. The composite of claim 18 wherein the particulate comprises a tungsten carbide particle or a silicon carbide particle. 25. The composite of claim 21 wherein the composite contains about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns. 26. The composite of claim 25 wherein the particulate further comprises about at least 5 wt.-% of a particulate in the range of about 250 to 500. 27. The composite of claim 18 wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoropolymer elastomer. 28. The composite of claim 18 wherein the composite comprises about 0.02 to 2 wt % of an interfacial modifier. 29. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particle has an excluded volume of about 13% to about 61%. 30. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises zinc. 31. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises tin. 32. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises iron. 33. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises bismuth. 34. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten. 35. A metal polymer composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the metal having a density greater than about 13 gm-cm−3 and a particle size greater than about 10 microns; and (b) a polymer phase;
wherein the metal comprises a particle having a distribution of particle size, the polymer in sufficient amounts to occupy substantially the excluded volume of the particulate and the composite density is greater than about 11 gm-cm−3. 36. The composite of claim 35 wherein the metal particulate comprises a circularity of greater than 13 and a density greater than 12 gm-cm−3. 37. The composite of claim 35 wherein the composite density is greater than 16 gm-cm−3. 38. The composite of claim 35 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 39. The composite of claim 35 wherein the composite comprises an organic or inorganic pigment. 40. The composite of claim 35 wherein the composite comprises an organic dye. 41. The composite of claim 35 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to 70 microns. 42. The composite of claim 41 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 43. The composite of claim 38 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 44. The composite of claim 35 wherein the metal particulate has an excluded volume about 13 vol.-% to about 61 vol.-%. 45. A metal polymer composite comprising a metal particulate in a polymer phase, the composite comprising:
(a) about 90 to 50 volume-% of a metal particulate, having a density greater than 13 gm-cm−3 and less than 23 gm-cm−3, a particle size greater than 10 microns, at least 5 wt.-% of particulate having a particle size distribution of 10 to 70 microns a circularity greater than 13 and an aspect ratio less than 3; (b) about 10 to 50 volume-% of a polymer phase; and (c) about 0.005 to 2 wt.-% of an interfacial modifier material;
wherein the composite density is greater than about 11 gm-cm−3. 46. The composite of claims 45 wherein the metal particulate comprises at least about 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns. 47. The composite of claims 45 wherein the composite comprises polymer blend or alloy and the interfacial modifier comprises about 0.005 to 1 wt.-% of the composite. 48. The composite of claims 45 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten. 49. The composite of claim 45 wherein the metal particulate is present in an amount of about 50 to 85 volume-% and the circularity is about 14 to 20. 50. The composite of claim 45 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.7 grams-cm−3. 51. The composite of claim 45 wherein the composite comprises an organic or inorganic pigment. 52. The composite of claim 45 wherein the composite comprises an organic fluorescent dye. 53. The composite of claim 45 wherein the metal has a density greater than 13 gm-cm−3. 54. A metal polymer composite comprising a metal particulate in a polymer phase, the composite comprising:
(a) about 50 to 90 volume-% of a metal particulate having a density greater than 13 gm-cm−3, the particulate comprising at least about 5 wt.-% having a particle size about 10 to 70 microns, at least about 5 wt.-% having a particle size about 70 to 250 microns and a circularity about 13 to 20; (b) about 50 to 10 volume-% of a polymer phase; and (c) about 0.005 to 2 volume-% of an interfacial modifier;
wherein the composite density is greater than about 11 gm-cm−3. 55. The composite of claim 54 wherein the interfacial modifier comprises an organic aluminate, an organic zirconate, an organic titanate, an organic silicate or mixtures thereof. 56. The composite of claims 54 wherein the metal comprises tungsten and the polymer comprises a vinyl polymer. 57. The composite of claim 54 wherein the metal particulate is present in an amount of about 75 to 85 volume-%. 58. The composite of claim 54 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 59. The composite of claim 54 wherein the composite comprises an organic or inorganic pigment. 60. The composite of claim 54 wherein the composite comprises an organic fluorescent dye. 61. The composite of claim 54 wherein the metal has a density greater than 13.2 gm-cm−3. 62. A metal polymer composite comprising a metal particulate in a polymer phase, the composite comprising:
(a) about 50 to 90 volume-% of a metal particulate having a density greater than 11 gm-cm−3, the particulate comprising at least about 5 wt.-% having a particle size about 10 to 70 microns, at least about 5 wt.-% having a particle size about 70 to 250 microns and a circularity about 14 to 20; (b) a fluoropolymer elastomer phase;
wherein the composite density is greater than about 11 gm-cm−3. 63. The composite of claims 62 wherein the composite comprises a metal oxide interfacial modified material. 64. The composite of claim 62 wherein the interfacial modifier comprises a zirconate. 65. The composite of claims 62 wherein the fluoropolymer comprises an elastomer with a density greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 66. The composite of claims 62 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten 67. The composite of claim 62 wherein the metal has a density greater than 11 gm-cm−3 and is present in an amount of about 80 to 90 volume-%. 68. The composite of claim 62 wherein the composite comprises an inorganic pigment. 69. The composite of claim 62 wherein the composite comprises an organic fluorescent dye. 70. A vascular stent comprising the composite of claim 1. 71. A vascular stent comprising the composite of claim 35. 72. A shotgun shot comprising the composite of claim 1. 73. The shot of claim 72 comprising molded dimples on the shot to reduce the drag and improve the flight during the travel of the shot. 74. A shotgun shot comprising the composite of claim 35. 75. The shot of claim 74 comprising molded dimples on the shot to reduce the drag and improve the flight during the travel of the shot. 76. A shotgun shot comprising the composite of claim 18. 77. The shot of claim 76 comprising molded dimples on the shot to reduce the drag and improve the flight during the travel of the shot. 78. A projectile comprising the composite of claim 1. 79. The projectile of claim 78 comprising a metal jacket. 80. The projectile of claim 78 wherein the jacket has a tapered leading end and an open following end. 81. A projectile comprising the composite of claim 35. 82. The projectile of claim 81 comprising a metal jacket. 83. The projectile of claim 82 wherein the jacket has a tapered leading end and an open following end. 84. A projectile comprising the composite of claim 35. 85. The projectile of claim 84 comprising a metal jacket. 86. The projectile of claim 85 wherein the jacket has a tapered leading end and an open following end. 87. A fishing jig comprising a hook and a sinker portion comprising the composite of claim 1. 88. A fishing jig comprising a hook and a sinker portion comprising the composite of claim 35. 89. The jig of claim 87 wherein the sinker is snap fit onto the hook. 90. The jig of claim 87 wherein the sinker is compression molded onto the hook. 91. A weight comprising attachment means and a article comprising the composite of claim 1. 92. The weight of claim 91 wherein the attachment means is a clip. 93. The weight of claim 91 wherein the attachment means is an adhesive layer. 94. A metal particle-polymer composite comprising a metal particulate having a range of particle sizes such that about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns, and a polymer, the composite having a van der Waals' dispersion bond strength between molecules in adjacent particles of less than about 4 kJ-mol−1 and a bond dimension of 1.4 to 1.9 Å. 95. The composite of claim 1 wherein the van der Waals' dispersion bond strength between molecules in adjacent particles of less than about 2 kJ-mol−1 and the van der Waals' bond dimension is about 1.5 to 1.8 Å. 96. The composite of claim 91, comprising an automotive wheel weight, crankshaft weight, driveshaft weight, or an aircraft ballast weight. 97. A battery comprising of the composite of claim 1. 98. A semiconductor comprising of the composite of claim 1. 99. A nuclear fuel rod comprising of the composite of claim 1.
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The invention relates to a metal polymer composite having properties that are enhanced or increased in the composite. Such properties include color, magnetism, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, density, improved malleability and ductility and thermoplastic or injection molding properties.1. A metal and polymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a polymer phase; wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 2. The composite of claim 1 wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of at least 100%. 3. The viscoelastic composite of claim 1 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of at least 0.2 MPa and a thermoplastic shear of at least 5 sec−1. 4. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises a metal particle having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to about 1000 microns. 5. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particle comprises an alloy particle. 6. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particulate comprises a bimetallic particle. 7. The composite of claim 1 wherein the particulate comprises a tungsten carbide particle. 8. The composite of claim 4 wherein the composite contains about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns. 9. The composite of claim 8 wherein the particulate about at least 5 wt.-% of a particulate in the range of about 250 to 500. 10. The composite of claim 1 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 11. The composite of claim 1 wherein the composite comprises about 0.005 to 4 wt % of an interfacial modifier. 12. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particle has an excluded volume of about 13 vol.-% to about 61 vol.-%. 13. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises zinc. 14. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises tin. 15. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises iron. 16. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises bismuth. 17. The composite of claim 1 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten. 18. A metal fluoropolymer viscoelastic composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the particulate having a particle size greater than about 10 microns, a particle size distribution such that there is an effective amount of particulate in the range of 10 to 70 microns and greater than 70 microns to form the composite and a circularity of greater than 13; and (b) a fluoropolymer phase;
wherein the composite is free of an interfacial modifier and the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of about at least 5%. 19. The composite of claim 18 wherein the viscoelastic composite has a tensile elongation of at least 100%. 20. The viscoelastic composite of claim 18 wherein the composite has a tensile strength of at least 0.2 MPa and thermoplastic shear of at least 5 sec−1. 21. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises a metal particle having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to about 1000 microns. 22. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particle comprises an alloy particle. 23. The composite of claim 18 wherein the particulate comprises a bimetallic particle. 24. The composite of claim 18 wherein the particulate comprises a tungsten carbide particle or a silicon carbide particle. 25. The composite of claim 21 wherein the composite contains about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns. 26. The composite of claim 25 wherein the particulate further comprises about at least 5 wt.-% of a particulate in the range of about 250 to 500. 27. The composite of claim 18 wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoropolymer elastomer. 28. The composite of claim 18 wherein the composite comprises about 0.02 to 2 wt % of an interfacial modifier. 29. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particle has an excluded volume of about 13% to about 61%. 30. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises zinc. 31. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises tin. 32. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises iron. 33. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises bismuth. 34. The composite of claim 18 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten. 35. A metal polymer composite comprising:
(a) a metal particulate, the metal having a density greater than about 13 gm-cm−3 and a particle size greater than about 10 microns; and (b) a polymer phase;
wherein the metal comprises a particle having a distribution of particle size, the polymer in sufficient amounts to occupy substantially the excluded volume of the particulate and the composite density is greater than about 11 gm-cm−3. 36. The composite of claim 35 wherein the metal particulate comprises a circularity of greater than 13 and a density greater than 12 gm-cm−3. 37. The composite of claim 35 wherein the composite density is greater than 16 gm-cm−3. 38. The composite of claim 35 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 39. The composite of claim 35 wherein the composite comprises an organic or inorganic pigment. 40. The composite of claim 35 wherein the composite comprises an organic dye. 41. The composite of claim 35 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten having a particle size distribution ranging from about 10 to 70 microns. 42. The composite of claim 41 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten having at least 5 wt.-% with a particle size ranging from about 70 to 250 microns. 43. The composite of claim 38 wherein the polymer comprises a fluoropolymer. 44. The composite of claim 35 wherein the metal particulate has an excluded volume about 13 vol.-% to about 61 vol.-%. 45. A metal polymer composite comprising a metal particulate in a polymer phase, the composite comprising:
(a) about 90 to 50 volume-% of a metal particulate, having a density greater than 13 gm-cm−3 and less than 23 gm-cm−3, a particle size greater than 10 microns, at least 5 wt.-% of particulate having a particle size distribution of 10 to 70 microns a circularity greater than 13 and an aspect ratio less than 3; (b) about 10 to 50 volume-% of a polymer phase; and (c) about 0.005 to 2 wt.-% of an interfacial modifier material;
wherein the composite density is greater than about 11 gm-cm−3. 46. The composite of claims 45 wherein the metal particulate comprises at least about 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns. 47. The composite of claims 45 wherein the composite comprises polymer blend or alloy and the interfacial modifier comprises about 0.005 to 1 wt.-% of the composite. 48. The composite of claims 45 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten. 49. The composite of claim 45 wherein the metal particulate is present in an amount of about 50 to 85 volume-% and the circularity is about 14 to 20. 50. The composite of claim 45 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.7 grams-cm−3. 51. The composite of claim 45 wherein the composite comprises an organic or inorganic pigment. 52. The composite of claim 45 wherein the composite comprises an organic fluorescent dye. 53. The composite of claim 45 wherein the metal has a density greater than 13 gm-cm−3. 54. A metal polymer composite comprising a metal particulate in a polymer phase, the composite comprising:
(a) about 50 to 90 volume-% of a metal particulate having a density greater than 13 gm-cm−3, the particulate comprising at least about 5 wt.-% having a particle size about 10 to 70 microns, at least about 5 wt.-% having a particle size about 70 to 250 microns and a circularity about 13 to 20; (b) about 50 to 10 volume-% of a polymer phase; and (c) about 0.005 to 2 volume-% of an interfacial modifier;
wherein the composite density is greater than about 11 gm-cm−3. 55. The composite of claim 54 wherein the interfacial modifier comprises an organic aluminate, an organic zirconate, an organic titanate, an organic silicate or mixtures thereof. 56. The composite of claims 54 wherein the metal comprises tungsten and the polymer comprises a vinyl polymer. 57. The composite of claim 54 wherein the metal particulate is present in an amount of about 75 to 85 volume-%. 58. The composite of claim 54 wherein the polymer is a halogen containing polymer having a density of greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 59. The composite of claim 54 wherein the composite comprises an organic or inorganic pigment. 60. The composite of claim 54 wherein the composite comprises an organic fluorescent dye. 61. The composite of claim 54 wherein the metal has a density greater than 13.2 gm-cm−3. 62. A metal polymer composite comprising a metal particulate in a polymer phase, the composite comprising:
(a) about 50 to 90 volume-% of a metal particulate having a density greater than 11 gm-cm−3, the particulate comprising at least about 5 wt.-% having a particle size about 10 to 70 microns, at least about 5 wt.-% having a particle size about 70 to 250 microns and a circularity about 14 to 20; (b) a fluoropolymer elastomer phase;
wherein the composite density is greater than about 11 gm-cm−3. 63. The composite of claims 62 wherein the composite comprises a metal oxide interfacial modified material. 64. The composite of claim 62 wherein the interfacial modifier comprises a zirconate. 65. The composite of claims 62 wherein the fluoropolymer comprises an elastomer with a density greater than 1.7 gm-cm−3. 66. The composite of claims 62 wherein the metal particulate comprises tungsten 67. The composite of claim 62 wherein the metal has a density greater than 11 gm-cm−3 and is present in an amount of about 80 to 90 volume-%. 68. The composite of claim 62 wherein the composite comprises an inorganic pigment. 69. The composite of claim 62 wherein the composite comprises an organic fluorescent dye. 70. A vascular stent comprising the composite of claim 1. 71. A vascular stent comprising the composite of claim 35. 72. A shotgun shot comprising the composite of claim 1. 73. The shot of claim 72 comprising molded dimples on the shot to reduce the drag and improve the flight during the travel of the shot. 74. A shotgun shot comprising the composite of claim 35. 75. The shot of claim 74 comprising molded dimples on the shot to reduce the drag and improve the flight during the travel of the shot. 76. A shotgun shot comprising the composite of claim 18. 77. The shot of claim 76 comprising molded dimples on the shot to reduce the drag and improve the flight during the travel of the shot. 78. A projectile comprising the composite of claim 1. 79. The projectile of claim 78 comprising a metal jacket. 80. The projectile of claim 78 wherein the jacket has a tapered leading end and an open following end. 81. A projectile comprising the composite of claim 35. 82. The projectile of claim 81 comprising a metal jacket. 83. The projectile of claim 82 wherein the jacket has a tapered leading end and an open following end. 84. A projectile comprising the composite of claim 35. 85. The projectile of claim 84 comprising a metal jacket. 86. The projectile of claim 85 wherein the jacket has a tapered leading end and an open following end. 87. A fishing jig comprising a hook and a sinker portion comprising the composite of claim 1. 88. A fishing jig comprising a hook and a sinker portion comprising the composite of claim 35. 89. The jig of claim 87 wherein the sinker is snap fit onto the hook. 90. The jig of claim 87 wherein the sinker is compression molded onto the hook. 91. A weight comprising attachment means and a article comprising the composite of claim 1. 92. The weight of claim 91 wherein the attachment means is a clip. 93. The weight of claim 91 wherein the attachment means is an adhesive layer. 94. A metal particle-polymer composite comprising a metal particulate having a range of particle sizes such that about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 10 to 70 microns and about at least 5 wt.-% of particulate in the range of about 70 to 250 microns, and a polymer, the composite having a van der Waals' dispersion bond strength between molecules in adjacent particles of less than about 4 kJ-mol−1 and a bond dimension of 1.4 to 1.9 Å. 95. The composite of claim 1 wherein the van der Waals' dispersion bond strength between molecules in adjacent particles of less than about 2 kJ-mol−1 and the van der Waals' bond dimension is about 1.5 to 1.8 Å. 96. The composite of claim 91, comprising an automotive wheel weight, crankshaft weight, driveshaft weight, or an aircraft ballast weight. 97. A battery comprising of the composite of claim 1. 98. A semiconductor comprising of the composite of claim 1. 99. A nuclear fuel rod comprising of the composite of claim 1.
| 1,700 |
1,828 | 13,094,940 | 1,726 |
A solar cell includes a base layer including a first conductive type impurity element, an upper surface, and a lower surface opposing the upper surface, an emitter layer disposed on the upper surface of the base layer and including a second conductive type impurity element opposing the first conductive type impurity element, a front electrode connected to the emitter layer, a first passivation layer disposed on the lower surface of the base layer, and a rear electrode disposed on the first passivation layer and connected to the base layer. The first passivation layer includes a silicon nitride group compound, and a refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is less than about 1.96.
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1. A solar cell comprising:
a base layer including a first conductive type impurity element from a first Group of elements, an upper surface, and a lower surface opposing the upper surface; an emitter layer on the upper surface of the base layer and including a second conductive type impurity element from a second Group of elements different from the first Group; a front electrode connected to the emitter layer; a first passivation layer on the lower surface of the base layer; and a rear electrode on the first passivation layer and connected to the base layer, wherein the first passivation layer includes a silicon nitride group compound, and a refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is equal to or less than about 1.96. 2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein
the refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is in a range of about 1.8 to about 1.96. 3. The solar cell of claim 2, wherein
a light absorption coefficient of the first passivation layer is equal to or less than about 0.01. 4. The solar cell of claim 3, further comprising
a second passivation layer between the lower surface of the base layer and the first passivation layer. 5. The solar cell of claim 4, wherein
the second passivation layer includes of aluminum oxide. 6. The solar cell of claim 5, further comprising
a reflection prevention layer on the emitter layer. 7. The solar cell of claim 6, wherein
the front electrode is extended through the reflection prevention layer, and is connected to the emitter layer. 8. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein
a portion of the rear electrode is extended through the first passivation layer, and is connected to the base layer. 9. The solar cell of claim 8, further comprising
a rear electric field layer on the lower surface of the base layer, the first passivation layer being between the rear electric field layer and the base layer. 10. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the first Group and the second Group are selected from International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Groups III and V elements. 11. A method manufacturing a solar cell, the method comprising:
forming a base layer including a first conductive type impurity element from a first Group of elements, an upper surface, and a lower surface opposing the upper surface; forming an emitter layer on the upper surface of the base layer, and including a second conductive type impurity element from a second Group of elements opposing the first Group of elements; forming a first passivation layer on the lower surface of the base layer; forming a second passivation layer on the first passivation layer; and forming a front electrode connected to the emitter layer, and a rear electrode on the second passivation layer and connected to the base layer, wherein the second passivation layer includes a silicon nitride group compound, and a refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is equal to or less than about 1.96. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein
the refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is in a range of about 1.8 to about 1.96. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein
a light absorption coefficient of the second passivation layer is equal to or less than about 0.01. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising
forming a reflection prevention layer on the emitter layer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein
the first passivation layer is formed of aluminum oxide. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein
the forming a second passivation layer includes plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein
the forming a second passivation layer includes forming the silicon nitride group compound by using a raw gas including silane or ammonia. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein
the raw gas for the formation of the silicon nitride group compound further includes nitrogen. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein
the forming a second passivation layer includes a process condition that gas flows of the silane, the ammonia, and the nitrogen are respectively 1000 standard cubic centimeters, 15,000 standard cubic centimeters, and 18,000 standard cubic centimeters.
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A solar cell includes a base layer including a first conductive type impurity element, an upper surface, and a lower surface opposing the upper surface, an emitter layer disposed on the upper surface of the base layer and including a second conductive type impurity element opposing the first conductive type impurity element, a front electrode connected to the emitter layer, a first passivation layer disposed on the lower surface of the base layer, and a rear electrode disposed on the first passivation layer and connected to the base layer. The first passivation layer includes a silicon nitride group compound, and a refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is less than about 1.96.1. A solar cell comprising:
a base layer including a first conductive type impurity element from a first Group of elements, an upper surface, and a lower surface opposing the upper surface; an emitter layer on the upper surface of the base layer and including a second conductive type impurity element from a second Group of elements different from the first Group; a front electrode connected to the emitter layer; a first passivation layer on the lower surface of the base layer; and a rear electrode on the first passivation layer and connected to the base layer, wherein the first passivation layer includes a silicon nitride group compound, and a refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is equal to or less than about 1.96. 2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein
the refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is in a range of about 1.8 to about 1.96. 3. The solar cell of claim 2, wherein
a light absorption coefficient of the first passivation layer is equal to or less than about 0.01. 4. The solar cell of claim 3, further comprising
a second passivation layer between the lower surface of the base layer and the first passivation layer. 5. The solar cell of claim 4, wherein
the second passivation layer includes of aluminum oxide. 6. The solar cell of claim 5, further comprising
a reflection prevention layer on the emitter layer. 7. The solar cell of claim 6, wherein
the front electrode is extended through the reflection prevention layer, and is connected to the emitter layer. 8. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein
a portion of the rear electrode is extended through the first passivation layer, and is connected to the base layer. 9. The solar cell of claim 8, further comprising
a rear electric field layer on the lower surface of the base layer, the first passivation layer being between the rear electric field layer and the base layer. 10. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein the first Group and the second Group are selected from International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Groups III and V elements. 11. A method manufacturing a solar cell, the method comprising:
forming a base layer including a first conductive type impurity element from a first Group of elements, an upper surface, and a lower surface opposing the upper surface; forming an emitter layer on the upper surface of the base layer, and including a second conductive type impurity element from a second Group of elements opposing the first Group of elements; forming a first passivation layer on the lower surface of the base layer; forming a second passivation layer on the first passivation layer; and forming a front electrode connected to the emitter layer, and a rear electrode on the second passivation layer and connected to the base layer, wherein the second passivation layer includes a silicon nitride group compound, and a refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is equal to or less than about 1.96. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein
the refractive index of the silicon nitride group compound is in a range of about 1.8 to about 1.96. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein
a light absorption coefficient of the second passivation layer is equal to or less than about 0.01. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising
forming a reflection prevention layer on the emitter layer. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein
the first passivation layer is formed of aluminum oxide. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein
the forming a second passivation layer includes plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein
the forming a second passivation layer includes forming the silicon nitride group compound by using a raw gas including silane or ammonia. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein
the raw gas for the formation of the silicon nitride group compound further includes nitrogen. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein
the forming a second passivation layer includes a process condition that gas flows of the silane, the ammonia, and the nitrogen are respectively 1000 standard cubic centimeters, 15,000 standard cubic centimeters, and 18,000 standard cubic centimeters.
| 1,700 |
1,829 | 14,615,456 | 1,746 |
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for making an absorbent structure for an absorbent article, comprising a supporting sheet and thereon an absorbent layer, the absorbent layer comprising an absorbent material. According to the present invention a first endless moving surface is provided which has one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and the second endless moving surface is provided which has corresponding longitudinally extending second mating strips. Pressure is applied to the first and second supporting sheets, between the first and second mating strips, at least within a part of the area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets and form channels that are free of absorbent material.
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1. An apparatus for making an absorbent structure for an absorbent article, comprising a first and second supporting sheet and therebetween an absorbent layer, the absorbent layer comprising an absorbent material, the apparatus comprising:
a) transfer devices for transferring the first and second supporting sheets to first and second moving endless surfaces; b) a feeder for feeding the absorbent material onto at least the first supporting sheet at a depositing point on the first moving endless surface, the absorbent material forming absorbent regions upon the first supporting sheet, and one or more channels between the absorbent regions, the channels being substantially free of absorbent material; c) an adhesive applicator for applying adhesive to at least one of the first and second supporting sheets, at least within a region of the channels; wherein the first moving endless surface comprises one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and the second moving endless surface comprises corresponding longitudinally extending second mating strips, the first and second mating strips acting upon each other by applying pressure to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of an area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the first mating strips and the second mating strips are made from an elastic material or silicone. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first moving endless surface, comprises an outer shell that comprises one or more air permeable or partially air permeable receptacle(s) for receiving the first supporting sheet thereon, and whereby the outer shell is connected to one or more vacuum systems for facilitating retention of the first supporting sheet and/or the absorbent material thereon. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, whereby the receptacle further comprise a multitude of substantially longitudinally extending rods, spaced apart from one another in a transverse direction, each rod having a maximum width dimension of at least about 0.3 mm and less than about 2.5 mm, the rods each having an average height dimension of at least about 1 mm. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, whereby the feeder comprises a reservoir formed by a multitude of cavities. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5 whereby the cavities that are directly adjacent a raised strip, have a volume that is more than a volume of one or more, or all of neighboring cavities that are not directly adjacent the raised strip. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the feeder is a particulate superabsorbent polymer material feeder. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a second adhesive applicator downstream from the depositing point. 9. A method for making an absorbent structure comprising a first and second supporting sheet and thereon an absorbent layer of absorbent material, the method comprising the steps of:
a) transferring first and second supporting sheets to first and second moving endless surfaces; b) feeding the absorbent material onto at least the first supporting sheet at a depositing point on the first moving endless surface, the absorbent material forming absorbent regions and one or more channels between the absorbent regions, the channels being substantially free of absorbent material; c) applying adhesive to at least one of the first and second supporting sheets, at least within a region of the channels; wherein the first moving endless surface comprises one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and the second moving endless surface comprises corresponding longitudinally extending second mating strips, and wherein the method further comprises the step of applying pressure through the first and second mating strips to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of an area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets. 10. A method according to claim 9, whereby the absorbent material is a particulate superabsorbent polymer material. 11. A method according to claim 9, comprising the step of providing a first adhesive application unit, and applying an adhesive to the supporting sheet, prior to deposition of the absorbent material thereon. 12. A method according to claim 9 comprising the step of providing a second adhesive application unit, and applying an adhesive to the absorbent structure prior to removing it from the first moving endless surface, or immediately subsequent thereto.
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The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for making an absorbent structure for an absorbent article, comprising a supporting sheet and thereon an absorbent layer, the absorbent layer comprising an absorbent material. According to the present invention a first endless moving surface is provided which has one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and the second endless moving surface is provided which has corresponding longitudinally extending second mating strips. Pressure is applied to the first and second supporting sheets, between the first and second mating strips, at least within a part of the area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets and form channels that are free of absorbent material.1. An apparatus for making an absorbent structure for an absorbent article, comprising a first and second supporting sheet and therebetween an absorbent layer, the absorbent layer comprising an absorbent material, the apparatus comprising:
a) transfer devices for transferring the first and second supporting sheets to first and second moving endless surfaces; b) a feeder for feeding the absorbent material onto at least the first supporting sheet at a depositing point on the first moving endless surface, the absorbent material forming absorbent regions upon the first supporting sheet, and one or more channels between the absorbent regions, the channels being substantially free of absorbent material; c) an adhesive applicator for applying adhesive to at least one of the first and second supporting sheets, at least within a region of the channels; wherein the first moving endless surface comprises one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and the second moving endless surface comprises corresponding longitudinally extending second mating strips, the first and second mating strips acting upon each other by applying pressure to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of an area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the first mating strips and the second mating strips are made from an elastic material or silicone. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first moving endless surface, comprises an outer shell that comprises one or more air permeable or partially air permeable receptacle(s) for receiving the first supporting sheet thereon, and whereby the outer shell is connected to one or more vacuum systems for facilitating retention of the first supporting sheet and/or the absorbent material thereon. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1, whereby the receptacle further comprise a multitude of substantially longitudinally extending rods, spaced apart from one another in a transverse direction, each rod having a maximum width dimension of at least about 0.3 mm and less than about 2.5 mm, the rods each having an average height dimension of at least about 1 mm. 5. An apparatus according to claim 1, whereby the feeder comprises a reservoir formed by a multitude of cavities. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5 whereby the cavities that are directly adjacent a raised strip, have a volume that is more than a volume of one or more, or all of neighboring cavities that are not directly adjacent the raised strip. 7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the feeder is a particulate superabsorbent polymer material feeder. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a second adhesive applicator downstream from the depositing point. 9. A method for making an absorbent structure comprising a first and second supporting sheet and thereon an absorbent layer of absorbent material, the method comprising the steps of:
a) transferring first and second supporting sheets to first and second moving endless surfaces; b) feeding the absorbent material onto at least the first supporting sheet at a depositing point on the first moving endless surface, the absorbent material forming absorbent regions and one or more channels between the absorbent regions, the channels being substantially free of absorbent material; c) applying adhesive to at least one of the first and second supporting sheets, at least within a region of the channels; wherein the first moving endless surface comprises one or more substantially longitudinally extending first mating strips, and the second moving endless surface comprises corresponding longitudinally extending second mating strips, and wherein the method further comprises the step of applying pressure through the first and second mating strips to the first and second supporting sheets at least within a part of an area of the channels, so as to adhere together the first and second supporting sheets. 10. A method according to claim 9, whereby the absorbent material is a particulate superabsorbent polymer material. 11. A method according to claim 9, comprising the step of providing a first adhesive application unit, and applying an adhesive to the supporting sheet, prior to deposition of the absorbent material thereon. 12. A method according to claim 9 comprising the step of providing a second adhesive application unit, and applying an adhesive to the absorbent structure prior to removing it from the first moving endless surface, or immediately subsequent thereto.
| 1,700 |
1,830 | 14,092,038 | 1,783 |
Certain embodiments described herein are directed to composite materials comprising untwisted fibers. In some embodiments, the article can include a core layer comprising a thermoplastic polymer and reinforcing fibers. In other embodiments, untwisted fibers can be disposed on the core layer. In certain examples, the article is effective to provide a Class A finish when painted.
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1. A thermoplastic composite article comprising:
a fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer core layer comprising reinforcing fibers and a thermoplastic polymer; a surface layer disposed on the core layer and comprising a plurality of untwisted fibers. 2. The thermoplastic composite article of claim 1, in which the plurality of untwisted fibers comprise untwisted glass fibers. 3. The thermoplastic composite article of claim 1, in which fibers in the surface layer disposed on the core layer consist essentially of untwisted glass fibers. 4. The thermoplastic composite article of claim 1, in which fibers in the surface layer disposed on the core layer consist of untwisted glass fibers. 5. The composite article of claim 1, in which the core layer comprises a density of about 0.1 gm/cm3 to about 1.8 gm/cm3. 6. The composite article of claim 1, in which the core layer is fully consolidated. 7. The composite article of claim 1, in which the thermoplastic polymer of the core layer comprises at least one of a polyolefin resin, a thermoplastic polyolefin blend resin, a polyvinyl polymer resin, a butadiene polymer resin, an acrylic polymer resin, a polyamide resin, a polyester resin, a polycarbonate resin, a polyestercarbonate resin, a polystyrene resin, an acrylonitrylstyrene polymer resin, an acrylonitrile-butylacrylate-styrene polymer resin, a polyether imide resin, a polyphenylene ether resin, a polyphenylene oxide resin, a polyphenylenesulphide resin, a polyether resin, a polyetherketone resin, a polyacetal resin, a polyurethane resin, a polybenzimidazole resin, or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 8. The composite article of claim 1, in which the reinforcing fibers of the core layer comprise one or more of glass fibers, carbon fibers, graphite fibers, synthetic organic fibers, inorganic fibers, natural fibers, mineral fibers, metal fibers, metalized inorganic fibers, metalized synthetic fibers, ceramic fibers, or combinations thereof. 9. The composite article of claim 1, in which the plurality of untwisted fibers comprise one or more of untwisted carbon fibers, untwisted graphite fibers, untwisted synthetic organic fibers, untwisted inorganic fibers, untwisted natural fibers, untwisted mineral fibers, untwisted metal fibers, untwisted metalized inorganic fibers, untwisted metalized synthetic fibers, untwisted ceramic fibers, or combinations thereof. 10. The composite article of claim 1, in which the plurality of untwisted fibers comprises untwisted glass fibers and one or more of untwisted carbon fibers, untwisted graphite fibers, untwisted synthetic organic fibers, untwisted inorganic fibers, untwisted natural fibers, untwisted mineral fibers, untwisted metal fibers, untwisted metalized inorganic fibers, untwisted metalized synthetic fibers, untwisted ceramic fibers, or combinations thereof. 11. The composite article of claim 1, in which the plurality of untwisted fibers comprise untwisted glass fibers and the thermoplastic resin comprises polypropylene. 12. The composite article of claim 1, in which the reinforcing fibers of the core layer comprise untwisted fibers. 13. The composite article of claim 12, in which the untwisted fibers of the surface layer disposed on the core layer and the untwisted fibers of the core layer comprises at least one common type of untwisted fibers. 14. The composite article of claim 12, in which the untwisted fibers in the core layer are oriented in a similar direction as an orientation of the untwisted fibers in the surface layer disposed on the core layer. 15. The composite article of claim 12, in which the untwisted fibers in the core layer are oriented in a different direction as an orientation of the untwisted fibers in the surface layer disposed on the core layer. 16. The composite article of claim 1, in which the surface layer disposed on the core layer comprises untwisted fibers oriented orthogonal to each other in the surface layer. 17. The composite article of claim 1, in which the surface layer disposed on the core layer further comprises twisted fibers. 18. The composite article of claim 17, in which the twisted fibers are oriented substantially parallel to the machine direction and the untwisted fibers are oriented about ninety degrees from the machine direction. 19. The composite article of claim 1, in which the article has a wave scan number of at least 4. 20. The composite article of claim 1, further comprising an additional layer disposed on an opposite surface of the core layer. 21-94. (canceled)
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Certain embodiments described herein are directed to composite materials comprising untwisted fibers. In some embodiments, the article can include a core layer comprising a thermoplastic polymer and reinforcing fibers. In other embodiments, untwisted fibers can be disposed on the core layer. In certain examples, the article is effective to provide a Class A finish when painted.1. A thermoplastic composite article comprising:
a fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer core layer comprising reinforcing fibers and a thermoplastic polymer; a surface layer disposed on the core layer and comprising a plurality of untwisted fibers. 2. The thermoplastic composite article of claim 1, in which the plurality of untwisted fibers comprise untwisted glass fibers. 3. The thermoplastic composite article of claim 1, in which fibers in the surface layer disposed on the core layer consist essentially of untwisted glass fibers. 4. The thermoplastic composite article of claim 1, in which fibers in the surface layer disposed on the core layer consist of untwisted glass fibers. 5. The composite article of claim 1, in which the core layer comprises a density of about 0.1 gm/cm3 to about 1.8 gm/cm3. 6. The composite article of claim 1, in which the core layer is fully consolidated. 7. The composite article of claim 1, in which the thermoplastic polymer of the core layer comprises at least one of a polyolefin resin, a thermoplastic polyolefin blend resin, a polyvinyl polymer resin, a butadiene polymer resin, an acrylic polymer resin, a polyamide resin, a polyester resin, a polycarbonate resin, a polyestercarbonate resin, a polystyrene resin, an acrylonitrylstyrene polymer resin, an acrylonitrile-butylacrylate-styrene polymer resin, a polyether imide resin, a polyphenylene ether resin, a polyphenylene oxide resin, a polyphenylenesulphide resin, a polyether resin, a polyetherketone resin, a polyacetal resin, a polyurethane resin, a polybenzimidazole resin, or copolymers or mixtures thereof. 8. The composite article of claim 1, in which the reinforcing fibers of the core layer comprise one or more of glass fibers, carbon fibers, graphite fibers, synthetic organic fibers, inorganic fibers, natural fibers, mineral fibers, metal fibers, metalized inorganic fibers, metalized synthetic fibers, ceramic fibers, or combinations thereof. 9. The composite article of claim 1, in which the plurality of untwisted fibers comprise one or more of untwisted carbon fibers, untwisted graphite fibers, untwisted synthetic organic fibers, untwisted inorganic fibers, untwisted natural fibers, untwisted mineral fibers, untwisted metal fibers, untwisted metalized inorganic fibers, untwisted metalized synthetic fibers, untwisted ceramic fibers, or combinations thereof. 10. The composite article of claim 1, in which the plurality of untwisted fibers comprises untwisted glass fibers and one or more of untwisted carbon fibers, untwisted graphite fibers, untwisted synthetic organic fibers, untwisted inorganic fibers, untwisted natural fibers, untwisted mineral fibers, untwisted metal fibers, untwisted metalized inorganic fibers, untwisted metalized synthetic fibers, untwisted ceramic fibers, or combinations thereof. 11. The composite article of claim 1, in which the plurality of untwisted fibers comprise untwisted glass fibers and the thermoplastic resin comprises polypropylene. 12. The composite article of claim 1, in which the reinforcing fibers of the core layer comprise untwisted fibers. 13. The composite article of claim 12, in which the untwisted fibers of the surface layer disposed on the core layer and the untwisted fibers of the core layer comprises at least one common type of untwisted fibers. 14. The composite article of claim 12, in which the untwisted fibers in the core layer are oriented in a similar direction as an orientation of the untwisted fibers in the surface layer disposed on the core layer. 15. The composite article of claim 12, in which the untwisted fibers in the core layer are oriented in a different direction as an orientation of the untwisted fibers in the surface layer disposed on the core layer. 16. The composite article of claim 1, in which the surface layer disposed on the core layer comprises untwisted fibers oriented orthogonal to each other in the surface layer. 17. The composite article of claim 1, in which the surface layer disposed on the core layer further comprises twisted fibers. 18. The composite article of claim 17, in which the twisted fibers are oriented substantially parallel to the machine direction and the untwisted fibers are oriented about ninety degrees from the machine direction. 19. The composite article of claim 1, in which the article has a wave scan number of at least 4. 20. The composite article of claim 1, further comprising an additional layer disposed on an opposite surface of the core layer. 21-94. (canceled)
| 1,700 |
1,831 | 12,474,713 | 1,711 |
A method for cleaning a component having an undesired substance thereon includes exposing the component to a cleaning solution and irradiating the component with microwave radiation to assist in removing the undesired substance.
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1. A method for cleaning a component having an undesired substance thereon, comprising:
exposing the component to a cleaning solution; and irradiating the component with microwave radiation to assist in removing the undesired substance from the component. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution is acidic. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes hydrochloric acid. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes nitric acid. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes a ratio of 2-5 parts hydrochloric acid to 1 part nitric acid. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes about 39 vol % hydrochloric acid, about 13 vol % nitric acid, and about 48 vol % water. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes about 3.9 vol % hydrochloric acid, about 1.3 vol % nitric acid, and about 94.8 vol % of water. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, including irradiating the component for about 1-15 minutes. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising controlling the irradiating of the component in response to a temperature of the cleaning solution. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising establishing a temperature of the cleaning solution that is about 28-80° C. (82.4-176° F.). 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution consists essentially of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and water. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the exposing of the component to the cleaning solution includes immersing the component in a bath of the cleaning solution. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the undesired substance on the component is a sulphidation corrosion product of a substrate of the component. 14. A cleaning apparatus for cleaning a component having an undesired substance thereon, comprising:
a chamber configured to expose a component to a cleaning solution; and a microwave source for irradiating the chamber with microwave radiation to assist in removing an undesired substance from the component. 15. The cleaning apparatus as recited in claim 14, wherein the chamber is a tank for holding the cleaning solution. 16. The cleaning apparatus as recited in claim 14, further comprising a thermocouple at least partially within the chamber. 17. The cleaning apparatus as recited in claim 16, further comprising a controller in communication with the thermocouple and the microwave source, and the controller is configured to control the microwave source in response to a signal from the thermocouple that represents a temperature of the cleaning solution.
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A method for cleaning a component having an undesired substance thereon includes exposing the component to a cleaning solution and irradiating the component with microwave radiation to assist in removing the undesired substance.1. A method for cleaning a component having an undesired substance thereon, comprising:
exposing the component to a cleaning solution; and irradiating the component with microwave radiation to assist in removing the undesired substance from the component. 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution is acidic. 3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes hydrochloric acid. 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes nitric acid. 5. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes a ratio of 2-5 parts hydrochloric acid to 1 part nitric acid. 6. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes about 39 vol % hydrochloric acid, about 13 vol % nitric acid, and about 48 vol % water. 7. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution includes about 3.9 vol % hydrochloric acid, about 1.3 vol % nitric acid, and about 94.8 vol % of water. 8. The method as recited in claim 1, including irradiating the component for about 1-15 minutes. 9. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising controlling the irradiating of the component in response to a temperature of the cleaning solution. 10. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising establishing a temperature of the cleaning solution that is about 28-80° C. (82.4-176° F.). 11. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the cleaning solution consists essentially of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and water. 12. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the exposing of the component to the cleaning solution includes immersing the component in a bath of the cleaning solution. 13. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the undesired substance on the component is a sulphidation corrosion product of a substrate of the component. 14. A cleaning apparatus for cleaning a component having an undesired substance thereon, comprising:
a chamber configured to expose a component to a cleaning solution; and a microwave source for irradiating the chamber with microwave radiation to assist in removing an undesired substance from the component. 15. The cleaning apparatus as recited in claim 14, wherein the chamber is a tank for holding the cleaning solution. 16. The cleaning apparatus as recited in claim 14, further comprising a thermocouple at least partially within the chamber. 17. The cleaning apparatus as recited in claim 16, further comprising a controller in communication with the thermocouple and the microwave source, and the controller is configured to control the microwave source in response to a signal from the thermocouple that represents a temperature of the cleaning solution.
| 1,700 |
1,832 | 14,146,753 | 1,788 |
An adhesive-backed polymeric film assembly that comprises: a polymeric film having one layer or multiple layers, a back surface and a front surface, with an adhesive bonded to the back surface; and a release liner having an outer surface and an inner surface releaseably bonded to the adhesive, wherein the assembly is wound into a roll, with the outer surface of the release liner facing outwardly and the front surface of the polymeric film facing inwardly.
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1. An adhesive-backed polymeric film assembly comprising:
a polymeric film having a back surface and a front surface, with an adhesive bonded to said back surface, wherein said polymeric film has a surface area with a 2-dimensional shape and a peripheral edge that defines the 2-dimensional shape of said surface area, and said 2-dimensional shape is designed to cover a corresponding area of a substrate; and a release liner having an outer surface and an inner surface releaseably bonded to said adhesive, wherein said assembly is wound into a roll, with the outer surface of said release liner facing outwardly and the front surface of said polymeric film facing inwardly. 2. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film comprises polyurea. 3. The assembly according to claim 2, wherein said polymeric film comprises up to 10% polyurea, based on the total weight of said polymeric film. 4. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film comprises a polyurethane. 5. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film will elongate at least 3% when subjected to an applied tensile stress of at least 6 MPa. 6. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film will elongate at least 3% when subjected to an applied tensile stress of at least 5 MPa. 7. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film will elongate at least 3% when subjected to an applied tensile stress of at least 4 MPa. 8. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film is a transparent paint protection film, and said adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 9. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film is an opaque decorative film, and said adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 10. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film is an opaque and pigmented paint replacement film. 11. The assembly according to claim 10, wherein said adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 12. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film comprises multiple discrete adhesive-backed polymeric films, with the adhesive on the back surface of each said discrete film being releaseably bonded to the inner surface of said release liner, and each said discrete film having a surface area with a desired 2-dimensional shape and a peripheral edge that defines the 2-dimensional shape of said surface area. 13. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film has a surface area with a 2-dimensional shape and a peripheral edge that defines the 2-dimensional shape of said surface area, and said 2-dimensional shape is designed to cover a corresponding area of a substrate. 14. The assembly according to claim 13, wherein the substrate is at least one body part of a vehicle.
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An adhesive-backed polymeric film assembly that comprises: a polymeric film having one layer or multiple layers, a back surface and a front surface, with an adhesive bonded to the back surface; and a release liner having an outer surface and an inner surface releaseably bonded to the adhesive, wherein the assembly is wound into a roll, with the outer surface of the release liner facing outwardly and the front surface of the polymeric film facing inwardly.1. An adhesive-backed polymeric film assembly comprising:
a polymeric film having a back surface and a front surface, with an adhesive bonded to said back surface, wherein said polymeric film has a surface area with a 2-dimensional shape and a peripheral edge that defines the 2-dimensional shape of said surface area, and said 2-dimensional shape is designed to cover a corresponding area of a substrate; and a release liner having an outer surface and an inner surface releaseably bonded to said adhesive, wherein said assembly is wound into a roll, with the outer surface of said release liner facing outwardly and the front surface of said polymeric film facing inwardly. 2. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film comprises polyurea. 3. The assembly according to claim 2, wherein said polymeric film comprises up to 10% polyurea, based on the total weight of said polymeric film. 4. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film comprises a polyurethane. 5. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film will elongate at least 3% when subjected to an applied tensile stress of at least 6 MPa. 6. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film will elongate at least 3% when subjected to an applied tensile stress of at least 5 MPa. 7. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film will elongate at least 3% when subjected to an applied tensile stress of at least 4 MPa. 8. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film is a transparent paint protection film, and said adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 9. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film is an opaque decorative film, and said adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 10. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film is an opaque and pigmented paint replacement film. 11. The assembly according to claim 10, wherein said adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive. 12. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film comprises multiple discrete adhesive-backed polymeric films, with the adhesive on the back surface of each said discrete film being releaseably bonded to the inner surface of said release liner, and each said discrete film having a surface area with a desired 2-dimensional shape and a peripheral edge that defines the 2-dimensional shape of said surface area. 13. The assembly according to claim 1, wherein said polymeric film has a surface area with a 2-dimensional shape and a peripheral edge that defines the 2-dimensional shape of said surface area, and said 2-dimensional shape is designed to cover a corresponding area of a substrate. 14. The assembly according to claim 13, wherein the substrate is at least one body part of a vehicle.
| 1,700 |
1,833 | 14,401,233 | 1,731 |
A polishing liquid comprising an abrasive grain, an additive, and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, and produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %.
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1. A slurry comprising:
an abrasive grain; and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, and produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 2. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 50%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 3. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 95%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 4. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 1.000 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 5. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 0.010 or less for light having a wavelength of 450 to 600 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 6. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element is obtained by reacting a salt of a tetravalent metal element with an alkali source. 7. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the tetravalent metal element is tetravalent cerium. 8. A polishing-liquid set wherein constituent components of a polishing liquid are separately stored as a first liquid and a second liquid such that the first liquid and the second liquid are mixed to form the polishing liquid, the first liquid is the slurry according to claim 1, and the second liquid comprises an additive and water. 9. The polishing-liquid set according to claim 8, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol polymers and derivatives of the vinyl alcohol polymers. 10. The polishing-liquid set according to claim 8, wherein a content of the additive is 0.01 mass % or more based on a total mass of the polishing liquid. 11. A polishing liquid comprising:
an abrasive grain; an additive; and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, and produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 12. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 50%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 13. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 95%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 14. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 1.000 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 15. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 0.010 or less for light having a wavelength of 450 to 600 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 16. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element is obtained by reacting a salt of a tetravalent metal element with an alkali source. 17. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the tetravalent metal element is tetravalent cerium. 18. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol polymers and derivatives of the vinyl alcohol polymers. 19. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein a content of the additive is 0.01 mass % or more based on a total mass of the polishing liquid. 20. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the slurry according to claim 1 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 21. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; a step of obtaining the polishing liquid by mixing the first liquid and the second liquid of the polishing-liquid set according to claim 8; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the polishing liquid between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 22. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying each of the first liquid and the second liquid of the polishing-liquid set according to claim 8 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 23. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the polishing liquid according to claim 11 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 24. The polishing method according to claim 20, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 25. The polishing method according to claim 20, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 26. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 20. 27. The polishing method according to claim 21, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 28. The polishing method according to claim 21, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 29. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 21. 30. The polishing method according to claim 22, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 31. The polishing method according to claim 22, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 32. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 22. 33. The polishing method according to claim 23, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 34. The polishing method according to claim 23, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 35. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 23.
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A polishing liquid comprising an abrasive grain, an additive, and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, and produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %.1. A slurry comprising:
an abrasive grain; and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, and produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 2. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 50%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 3. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 95%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 4. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 1.000 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 5. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 0.010 or less for light having a wavelength of 450 to 600 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 6. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element is obtained by reacting a salt of a tetravalent metal element with an alkali source. 7. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the tetravalent metal element is tetravalent cerium. 8. A polishing-liquid set wherein constituent components of a polishing liquid are separately stored as a first liquid and a second liquid such that the first liquid and the second liquid are mixed to form the polishing liquid, the first liquid is the slurry according to claim 1, and the second liquid comprises an additive and water. 9. The polishing-liquid set according to claim 8, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol polymers and derivatives of the vinyl alcohol polymers. 10. The polishing-liquid set according to claim 8, wherein a content of the additive is 0.01 mass % or more based on a total mass of the polishing liquid. 11. A polishing liquid comprising:
an abrasive grain; an additive; and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, and produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 12. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 50%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 13. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 95%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 14. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 1.000 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 15. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 0.010 or less for light having a wavelength of 450 to 600 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 16. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element is obtained by reacting a salt of a tetravalent metal element with an alkali source. 17. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the tetravalent metal element is tetravalent cerium. 18. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol polymers and derivatives of the vinyl alcohol polymers. 19. The polishing liquid according to claim 11, wherein a content of the additive is 0.01 mass % or more based on a total mass of the polishing liquid. 20. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the slurry according to claim 1 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 21. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; a step of obtaining the polishing liquid by mixing the first liquid and the second liquid of the polishing-liquid set according to claim 8; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the polishing liquid between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 22. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying each of the first liquid and the second liquid of the polishing-liquid set according to claim 8 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 23. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the polishing liquid according to claim 11 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 24. The polishing method according to claim 20, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 25. The polishing method according to claim 20, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 26. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 20. 27. The polishing method according to claim 21, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 28. The polishing method according to claim 21, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 29. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 21. 30. The polishing method according to claim 22, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 31. The polishing method according to claim 22, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 32. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 22. 33. The polishing method according to claim 23, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 34. The polishing method according to claim 23, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 35. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 23.
| 1,700 |
1,834 | 13,904,545 | 1,772 |
The invention relates to processes for removing impurities, such as asphalt, from whole crude oil. The invention is accomplished by first deasphalting a feedstock, followed by processing resulting DAO and asphalt fractions. The DAO fraction is hydrocracked, resulting in removal of sulfur and hydrocarbons which boil at temperatures over 370° C., and gasifying the asphalt portion.
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1. A method for reducing impurities in a hydrocarbon containing feedstock, comprising:
(i) solvent deasphalting said feedstock to produce an asphalt fraction and a deasphalted oil (DAO) fraction, in a first reaction chamber; (ii) processing said DAO fraction and asphalt fraction in separate, second and third reaction chambers; (iii) hydrocracking said DAO fraction in said second reaction chamber to remove sulfur and nitrogen therefrom and to distillate any hydrocarbons contained in said DAO which have a boiling point over 370° C.; and (iv) gasifying said asphalt fraction via combining it with oxygen and steam, in said third reaction chamber, to produce hydrogen therefrom. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising introducing said hydrogen produced in said third reaction chamber into said second reaction chamber. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said solvent deasphalting comprises mixing said crude oil with a solvent containing C3-C7 carbon atoms, at a temperature and a pressure below critical temperature and critical pressure of said solvent. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said solvent comprises n-butane and isobutane. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting said crude oil with a solid adsorbent. 6. The method of claim 3, comprising mixing said crude oil and solvent at a temperature and pressure below the critical temperature and critical pressure of said solvent. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein said crude oil and solvent are combined at a weight ratio of from 10:1 to 200:1 w/w. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising hydrocracking said DAO at a pressure of from 100-200 bars, a temperature of from 350° C. to 500° C., an LHSV of from 0.1 to 4.0 h−1, and a hydrogen:DAO ratio of from 500 to 2,500 SLt/Lt. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising hydrocracking said DAO in a series of multiple chambers. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrocracking chamber is a fixed bed, ebullated bed, or slurry bed chamber. 11. The method of claim 1, comprising hydrocracking said DAO in the presence of a catalyst, which contains from 2-40 wt % active metal, a pore volume of from 0.33-1.50 cc/gm, a surface area of 250-450 m2/g, and an average pore diameter of at least 50 Angstroms. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said active metal is a Group VI, VII, or VIIIB metal. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said active metal comprises Co, Ni, W, or Mo. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said catalyst is presented on a support. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said support comprises alumina, silica, or a zeolite. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said support is a zeolite. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said zeolite has been modified by treatment with at least one of steam, ammonia, or acid, and contains at least one transition metal. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said at least one transition metal is Zn or Ti. 19. The method of claim 1, comprising gasifying said asphalt fraction at a temperature of from 900° C. to 1700° C., and a pressure of from 20 bars to 100 bars. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the amount of asphalt and at least one of oxygen and steam in said third reaction chamber to provide a stoichiometric balance therebetween which results in partial combustion of said asphalt. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein said stoichiometric ratio based on the oxygen:carbon ratio is from 0.2:1:0 to 10:0.2 by weight. 22. The method of claim 19, comprising introducing asphalt and steam to said third reaction chamber in a ratio of from 0.1 to 1.0 to 10:0.1 based upon weight of carbon in said crude oil.
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The invention relates to processes for removing impurities, such as asphalt, from whole crude oil. The invention is accomplished by first deasphalting a feedstock, followed by processing resulting DAO and asphalt fractions. The DAO fraction is hydrocracked, resulting in removal of sulfur and hydrocarbons which boil at temperatures over 370° C., and gasifying the asphalt portion.1. A method for reducing impurities in a hydrocarbon containing feedstock, comprising:
(i) solvent deasphalting said feedstock to produce an asphalt fraction and a deasphalted oil (DAO) fraction, in a first reaction chamber; (ii) processing said DAO fraction and asphalt fraction in separate, second and third reaction chambers; (iii) hydrocracking said DAO fraction in said second reaction chamber to remove sulfur and nitrogen therefrom and to distillate any hydrocarbons contained in said DAO which have a boiling point over 370° C.; and (iv) gasifying said asphalt fraction via combining it with oxygen and steam, in said third reaction chamber, to produce hydrogen therefrom. 2. The method of claim 1, comprising introducing said hydrogen produced in said third reaction chamber into said second reaction chamber. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said solvent deasphalting comprises mixing said crude oil with a solvent containing C3-C7 carbon atoms, at a temperature and a pressure below critical temperature and critical pressure of said solvent. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said solvent comprises n-butane and isobutane. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting said crude oil with a solid adsorbent. 6. The method of claim 3, comprising mixing said crude oil and solvent at a temperature and pressure below the critical temperature and critical pressure of said solvent. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein said crude oil and solvent are combined at a weight ratio of from 10:1 to 200:1 w/w. 8. The method of claim 1, comprising hydrocracking said DAO at a pressure of from 100-200 bars, a temperature of from 350° C. to 500° C., an LHSV of from 0.1 to 4.0 h−1, and a hydrogen:DAO ratio of from 500 to 2,500 SLt/Lt. 9. The method of claim 1, comprising hydrocracking said DAO in a series of multiple chambers. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said hydrocracking chamber is a fixed bed, ebullated bed, or slurry bed chamber. 11. The method of claim 1, comprising hydrocracking said DAO in the presence of a catalyst, which contains from 2-40 wt % active metal, a pore volume of from 0.33-1.50 cc/gm, a surface area of 250-450 m2/g, and an average pore diameter of at least 50 Angstroms. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said active metal is a Group VI, VII, or VIIIB metal. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said active metal comprises Co, Ni, W, or Mo. 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said catalyst is presented on a support. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said support comprises alumina, silica, or a zeolite. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said support is a zeolite. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said zeolite has been modified by treatment with at least one of steam, ammonia, or acid, and contains at least one transition metal. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said at least one transition metal is Zn or Ti. 19. The method of claim 1, comprising gasifying said asphalt fraction at a temperature of from 900° C. to 1700° C., and a pressure of from 20 bars to 100 bars. 20. The method of claim 1, further comprising adjusting the amount of asphalt and at least one of oxygen and steam in said third reaction chamber to provide a stoichiometric balance therebetween which results in partial combustion of said asphalt. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein said stoichiometric ratio based on the oxygen:carbon ratio is from 0.2:1:0 to 10:0.2 by weight. 22. The method of claim 19, comprising introducing asphalt and steam to said third reaction chamber in a ratio of from 0.1 to 1.0 to 10:0.1 based upon weight of carbon in said crude oil.
| 1,700 |
1,835 | 13,815,433 | 1,773 |
An antimicrobial structure surface therein wherein the structure surface includes an antimicrobial agent having a biocidal metal ion source and compound containing a hydantoin ring wherein the compound containing the hydantoin ring may or may not have antibacterial properties but the combination of the compound containing the hydantoin ring and the biocidal metal ion source when in the presence of a liquid coact to increase the level of available metal ions for killing microorganisms on the structure surface.
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1. An antimicrobial method for a structure surface comprising;
forming a structure surface; applying an antimicrobial agent containing a source of metallic ions and a compound containing a hydantoin ring, which may or may not have antimicrobial properties, to the structure surface whereby the compound containg a hydantoin ring increases the availability of the metallic ions when the antimicrobial agent is in the presence of a liquid. 2. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 wherein the source of metallic ions in the antimicrobial agent includes a transition metal, a transition metal oxide, a transition metal salt, or a combination thereof. 3. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 2 wherein the step of adding the transition metal, the transition metal oxide, the transition metal salt, or a combination thereof to the comprises adding silver, silver oxide, silver salt, or a combination thereof to the antimicrobial agent before applying the antimicrobial agent to the structure surface. 4. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 including the step of increasing the effectiveness of the antimicrobial agent through introduction of water to the antimicrobial agent. 5. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 4 wherein the antimicrobial agent is a water base solution containing silver chloride and applying the water base solution containing the silver chloride and a compound containing a hydantoin ring to a structure surface and allowing the water base solution to evaporate to leave the antimicrobial agent in an activateable state. 6. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 5 wherein the step of adding the antimicrobial agent to the structure surfaces comprises applying the antimicrobial agent to the structure surface and then enclosing the structure surface. 7. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 wherein the compound containing a hydantoin ring is a halogenated hydantoin selected from the group consisting of Bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (BCDMH), Dichlorodimethylhydatoin (DCDMH), and Dibromodimethylhydantoin (DBDMH). 8. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial agent is applied to the structure surfaces a water base solution and the water is allowed to evaporate leaving a coating of the antimicrobial agent on the structure surface. 9. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial agent is incorporated into structure surface during formation of the structure surface. 10. A building wherein the building includes a plurality of indoor and outdoor surfaces each having a structure surface with an antimicrobial agent located on the indoor and outdoor surfaces of the building wherein the antimicrobial agent comprise silver chloride with the solubility of silver in water limiting the concentration of available silver for killing bacteria on the indoor and outdoor surfaces and a compound containing a hydantoin ring comprising 5-5 dimethylhydantoin wherein the 5-5 dimethylhydantoin lacks biocidal properties but the combination of the sliver chloride and 5-5 dimethylhydantoin increases the ability of the antimicrobial agent to destroy harmful bacteria or microorganisms by increasing the availability of silver ions during the presence of moisture on the indoor or outdoor surface. 11. The building product of claim 10 wherein the building product surface is a component of the building. 12. The building product of claim 10 including a liquid on the structure surface whereby the liquid comprises a water based solution containing an antimicrobial agent and a compound containing a hydantoin ring. 13. The building product of claim 12 wherein the antimicrobial agent includes a source of silver ions. 14. The building product of claim 12 wherein the compound containing a hydantoin ring comprises 5,5-dimethylhydantoin and the biocidal metal comprises a source of silver. 15. A bacteria and microorganism killing zone proximate a structure surface wherein the killing zone includes a region on the structure surface; and
an antimicrobial agent located in the region on the structure surface with the antimicrobial agent including a source of metal ions and a compound containing a hydantoin ring, wherein the presence of water increase a level of metal ions in the killing zone. 16. The bacteria and microorganisms killing zone of claim 15 wherein the source of metal ions is silver chloride and the compound containing the hydantoin ring is dimethyl hydantoin. 17. The bacteria and microorganisms killing zone of claim 15 wherein the antimicrobial agent adheres to the structure surface and the region on the structure surface includes a water wetted structure surface whereby the level of metal ions in the water wetted structure surface is greater than if the surface were unwetted. 18. The bacteria and microorganisms killing zone of claim 17 wherein the water-wetted structure is an interior building surface. 19. The bacteria and microorganisms killing zone of claim 17 wherein the bacteria and microorganisms killing zone expands or contracts in response to an area of the water wetted structure surface. 20. The structure surface antimicrobial method of claim 1 wherein the structure surface is an article of furniture and the step of treatment to lessen or prevent growth of bacteria includes of applying an antimicrobial agent to the structure surface wherein the antimicrobial agent includes a biocidal meal and a compound containing a hydantoin ring.
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An antimicrobial structure surface therein wherein the structure surface includes an antimicrobial agent having a biocidal metal ion source and compound containing a hydantoin ring wherein the compound containing the hydantoin ring may or may not have antibacterial properties but the combination of the compound containing the hydantoin ring and the biocidal metal ion source when in the presence of a liquid coact to increase the level of available metal ions for killing microorganisms on the structure surface.1. An antimicrobial method for a structure surface comprising;
forming a structure surface; applying an antimicrobial agent containing a source of metallic ions and a compound containing a hydantoin ring, which may or may not have antimicrobial properties, to the structure surface whereby the compound containg a hydantoin ring increases the availability of the metallic ions when the antimicrobial agent is in the presence of a liquid. 2. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 wherein the source of metallic ions in the antimicrobial agent includes a transition metal, a transition metal oxide, a transition metal salt, or a combination thereof. 3. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 2 wherein the step of adding the transition metal, the transition metal oxide, the transition metal salt, or a combination thereof to the comprises adding silver, silver oxide, silver salt, or a combination thereof to the antimicrobial agent before applying the antimicrobial agent to the structure surface. 4. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 including the step of increasing the effectiveness of the antimicrobial agent through introduction of water to the antimicrobial agent. 5. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 4 wherein the antimicrobial agent is a water base solution containing silver chloride and applying the water base solution containing the silver chloride and a compound containing a hydantoin ring to a structure surface and allowing the water base solution to evaporate to leave the antimicrobial agent in an activateable state. 6. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 5 wherein the step of adding the antimicrobial agent to the structure surfaces comprises applying the antimicrobial agent to the structure surface and then enclosing the structure surface. 7. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 wherein the compound containing a hydantoin ring is a halogenated hydantoin selected from the group consisting of Bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (BCDMH), Dichlorodimethylhydatoin (DCDMH), and Dibromodimethylhydantoin (DBDMH). 8. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial agent is applied to the structure surfaces a water base solution and the water is allowed to evaporate leaving a coating of the antimicrobial agent on the structure surface. 9. The antimicrobial method for a structure surface of claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial agent is incorporated into structure surface during formation of the structure surface. 10. A building wherein the building includes a plurality of indoor and outdoor surfaces each having a structure surface with an antimicrobial agent located on the indoor and outdoor surfaces of the building wherein the antimicrobial agent comprise silver chloride with the solubility of silver in water limiting the concentration of available silver for killing bacteria on the indoor and outdoor surfaces and a compound containing a hydantoin ring comprising 5-5 dimethylhydantoin wherein the 5-5 dimethylhydantoin lacks biocidal properties but the combination of the sliver chloride and 5-5 dimethylhydantoin increases the ability of the antimicrobial agent to destroy harmful bacteria or microorganisms by increasing the availability of silver ions during the presence of moisture on the indoor or outdoor surface. 11. The building product of claim 10 wherein the building product surface is a component of the building. 12. The building product of claim 10 including a liquid on the structure surface whereby the liquid comprises a water based solution containing an antimicrobial agent and a compound containing a hydantoin ring. 13. The building product of claim 12 wherein the antimicrobial agent includes a source of silver ions. 14. The building product of claim 12 wherein the compound containing a hydantoin ring comprises 5,5-dimethylhydantoin and the biocidal metal comprises a source of silver. 15. A bacteria and microorganism killing zone proximate a structure surface wherein the killing zone includes a region on the structure surface; and
an antimicrobial agent located in the region on the structure surface with the antimicrobial agent including a source of metal ions and a compound containing a hydantoin ring, wherein the presence of water increase a level of metal ions in the killing zone. 16. The bacteria and microorganisms killing zone of claim 15 wherein the source of metal ions is silver chloride and the compound containing the hydantoin ring is dimethyl hydantoin. 17. The bacteria and microorganisms killing zone of claim 15 wherein the antimicrobial agent adheres to the structure surface and the region on the structure surface includes a water wetted structure surface whereby the level of metal ions in the water wetted structure surface is greater than if the surface were unwetted. 18. The bacteria and microorganisms killing zone of claim 17 wherein the water-wetted structure is an interior building surface. 19. The bacteria and microorganisms killing zone of claim 17 wherein the bacteria and microorganisms killing zone expands or contracts in response to an area of the water wetted structure surface. 20. The structure surface antimicrobial method of claim 1 wherein the structure surface is an article of furniture and the step of treatment to lessen or prevent growth of bacteria includes of applying an antimicrobial agent to the structure surface wherein the antimicrobial agent includes a biocidal meal and a compound containing a hydantoin ring.
| 1,700 |
1,836 | 13,817,224 | 1,778 |
Microfiltration membranes achieve high retention of bacteria and viruses by pore-size exclusion by the diameters of the fibers in the scaffold layer. The membranes have a high permeation flux as compared with conventional commercial micro filtration membranes under the same applied pressure. Ultra-fine nanofibers (fiber diameters from 3 nanometers to 50 nanometers and lengths from about 100 nanometers to about 5000 nanometers) are infused into, or deposited onto the surface of fibrous filtration media. Negatively charged ultra-fine nanofibers can include polysaccharide nanofibers prepared by a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)INaBrINaCIO oxidation system in aqueous solution. Ultra-fine polysaccharide nanofibers having a large number of carboxylate groups are produced. (0.7-1.0 mmol/g cellulose) The carboxylate groups are negatively charged, and can interact with positively charged polymers/molecules by forming a complex. Such ultra-fine polysaccharide nanofibers have positive charges, that are effective for the removal of bacteria and viruses through adsorption.
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1. A membrane comprising
a substrate layer; and a porous layer comprising a nanofibrous scaffold layer, the porous layer being on at least a portion of the substrate layer, wherein the substrate layer, the scaffold layer, or both, further comprise ultra-fine nanofibers having a diameter from about 3 nm to about 50 nm and a length from about 100 nm to about 5000 nm. 2. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the substrate layer comprises microfibers having diameters from about 1 μm to about 100 μm. 3. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer comprises nanofibers having diameters from about 50 nm to about 500 nm. 4. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer possesses pores with average pore sizes from about 10 nm to about 200 μm. 5. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, fluoropolymers, polyvinylidene fluorides, polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylonitriles, poly(meth)acrylates, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polysaccharides, cellulose, chitosan, chitin, hyaluronic acid, proteins, polyalkylene oxides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyvinyl chlorides, polyimines, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polysiloxanes, poly(ester-co-glycol)polymers, poly(ether-co-amide)polymers, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof, and copolymers thereof. 6. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer comprises nanofibers selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, fluoropolymers, polyvinylidene fluorides, polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylonitriles, poly(meth)acrylates, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polysaccharides, cellulose, chitosan, chitin, hyaluronic acid, proteins, polyalkylene oxides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyvinyl chlorides, polyimines, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polysiloxanes, poly(ester-co-glycol)polymers, poly(ether-co-amide)polymers, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof, and copolymers thereof. 7. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer has a thickness of from about 10 μm to about 300 μm. 8. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer has a thickness of from about 30 μm to about 150 μm. 9. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise polysaccharide nanofibers selected from the group consisting of cellulose, chitin, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and combinations thereof. 10. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise cellulose. 11. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise cellulose grafted with chelating groups. 12. The membrane of claim 11, wherein the chelating groups are selected from the group consisting of polyethylenimine, diamine, cystine, thiazolidine, and combinations thereof. 13. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers have a diameter from about 3 nm to about 50 nm and a length from about 100 nm to about 5000 nm. 14. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises non-woven fibers of a material selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene terephthalate), polypropylene, glass and cellulose. 15. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the substrate is woven, cast, extruded or combinations thereof. 16. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer, the substrate layer, or both, further comprise positively charged water-soluble components selected from the group consisting of polyethylenimine, polyvinylamine hydrochloride, polyvinyl trimethylammonium chloride/bromide, poly(vinyl tetraethylphosphonium)bromide, poly(1-vinyl-3-methylimidazolium)chloride, poly(4-vinylpyridium), poly(allylamine) chloride/bromide, chitosan, chitin, ethylamine/propylamine/ethylenediamine, tetraalkylammonium salts, and combinations thereof. 17. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer, the substrate layer, or both, further comprise negatively charged components selected from the group consisting of sodium polyacrylate, poly(sodium 4-vinylstyrene sulfonate), nitrocellulose, sodium acetate, sodium benzoate, terephthalic acid, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, and combinations thereof. 18. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a membrane of claim 1; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the membrane, wherein the fluid that has passed through the membrane has a log reduction value of bacteria of from about 4 to greater than about 6. 19. A filter comprising:
at least a first membrane comprising a substrate layer in combination with a porous layer comprising a scaffold layer on at least a portion of the substrate layer; at least a second membrane adjacent the first membrane, the second membrane comprising a substrate layer in combination with a scaffold layer on at least a portion of the substrate layer; wherein the substrate layer, the scaffold layer, or both, further comprise ultra-fine nanofibers. 20. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layer of the first membrane is adjacent the scaffold layer of the second membrane. 21. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layers comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, fluoropolymers, polyvinylidene fluorides, polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylonitriles, poly(meth)acrylates, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polysaccharides, cellulose, chitosan, chitin, hyaluronic acid, proteins, polyalkyleneoxides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyvinyl chlorides, polyimines, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polysiloxanes, poly(ester-co-glycol)polymers, poly(ether-co-amide)polymers, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof, and copolymers thereof. 22. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layers comprise polyacrylonitrile, polyethersulfone and combinations thereof. 23. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layers each have a thickness of from about 10 μm to about 300 μm. 24. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layers each have a thickness of from about 30 μm to about 150 μm. 25. The filter of claim 19, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise polysaccharide nanofibers selected from the list consisting of cellulose, chitin, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and combinations thereof. 26. The filter of claim 19, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise cellulose nanofibers. 27. The filter of claim 26, wherein the cellulose nanofibers have a thickness from about 3 nm to about 50 nm and a length from about 100 nm to about 5000 nm. 28. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layer, the substrate layer, or both, further comprise a positively charged water-soluble polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylenimine, chitosan, poly(1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium) bromine, polyvinylamine hydrochloride, and combinations thereof. 29. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the fluid that has passed through the filter has a log reduction value of bacteria of from about 4 to greater than about 6. 30. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the fluid that has passed through the filter has a log reduction value of viruses of greater than 4. 31. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the filter has the capacity for adsorption of greater than about 68 mg of a dye/gram membrane. 32. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the filter has the capacity for adsorption of greater than about 1.5 mg Cr(VI)/gram membrane. 33. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the filter has the capacity for adsorption of greater than about 167 mg UO2 2+/gram cellulose nanofibers.
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Microfiltration membranes achieve high retention of bacteria and viruses by pore-size exclusion by the diameters of the fibers in the scaffold layer. The membranes have a high permeation flux as compared with conventional commercial micro filtration membranes under the same applied pressure. Ultra-fine nanofibers (fiber diameters from 3 nanometers to 50 nanometers and lengths from about 100 nanometers to about 5000 nanometers) are infused into, or deposited onto the surface of fibrous filtration media. Negatively charged ultra-fine nanofibers can include polysaccharide nanofibers prepared by a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)INaBrINaCIO oxidation system in aqueous solution. Ultra-fine polysaccharide nanofibers having a large number of carboxylate groups are produced. (0.7-1.0 mmol/g cellulose) The carboxylate groups are negatively charged, and can interact with positively charged polymers/molecules by forming a complex. Such ultra-fine polysaccharide nanofibers have positive charges, that are effective for the removal of bacteria and viruses through adsorption.1. A membrane comprising
a substrate layer; and a porous layer comprising a nanofibrous scaffold layer, the porous layer being on at least a portion of the substrate layer, wherein the substrate layer, the scaffold layer, or both, further comprise ultra-fine nanofibers having a diameter from about 3 nm to about 50 nm and a length from about 100 nm to about 5000 nm. 2. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the substrate layer comprises microfibers having diameters from about 1 μm to about 100 μm. 3. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer comprises nanofibers having diameters from about 50 nm to about 500 nm. 4. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer possesses pores with average pore sizes from about 10 nm to about 200 μm. 5. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, fluoropolymers, polyvinylidene fluorides, polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylonitriles, poly(meth)acrylates, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polysaccharides, cellulose, chitosan, chitin, hyaluronic acid, proteins, polyalkylene oxides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyvinyl chlorides, polyimines, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polysiloxanes, poly(ester-co-glycol)polymers, poly(ether-co-amide)polymers, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof, and copolymers thereof. 6. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer comprises nanofibers selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, fluoropolymers, polyvinylidene fluorides, polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylonitriles, poly(meth)acrylates, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polysaccharides, cellulose, chitosan, chitin, hyaluronic acid, proteins, polyalkylene oxides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyvinyl chlorides, polyimines, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polysiloxanes, poly(ester-co-glycol)polymers, poly(ether-co-amide)polymers, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof, and copolymers thereof. 7. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer has a thickness of from about 10 μm to about 300 μm. 8. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer has a thickness of from about 30 μm to about 150 μm. 9. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise polysaccharide nanofibers selected from the group consisting of cellulose, chitin, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and combinations thereof. 10. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise cellulose. 11. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise cellulose grafted with chelating groups. 12. The membrane of claim 11, wherein the chelating groups are selected from the group consisting of polyethylenimine, diamine, cystine, thiazolidine, and combinations thereof. 13. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the nanofibers have a diameter from about 3 nm to about 50 nm and a length from about 100 nm to about 5000 nm. 14. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises non-woven fibers of a material selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene terephthalate), polypropylene, glass and cellulose. 15. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the substrate is woven, cast, extruded or combinations thereof. 16. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer, the substrate layer, or both, further comprise positively charged water-soluble components selected from the group consisting of polyethylenimine, polyvinylamine hydrochloride, polyvinyl trimethylammonium chloride/bromide, poly(vinyl tetraethylphosphonium)bromide, poly(1-vinyl-3-methylimidazolium)chloride, poly(4-vinylpyridium), poly(allylamine) chloride/bromide, chitosan, chitin, ethylamine/propylamine/ethylenediamine, tetraalkylammonium salts, and combinations thereof. 17. The membrane of claim 1, wherein the scaffold layer, the substrate layer, or both, further comprise negatively charged components selected from the group consisting of sodium polyacrylate, poly(sodium 4-vinylstyrene sulfonate), nitrocellulose, sodium acetate, sodium benzoate, terephthalic acid, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, and combinations thereof. 18. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a membrane of claim 1; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the membrane, wherein the fluid that has passed through the membrane has a log reduction value of bacteria of from about 4 to greater than about 6. 19. A filter comprising:
at least a first membrane comprising a substrate layer in combination with a porous layer comprising a scaffold layer on at least a portion of the substrate layer; at least a second membrane adjacent the first membrane, the second membrane comprising a substrate layer in combination with a scaffold layer on at least a portion of the substrate layer; wherein the substrate layer, the scaffold layer, or both, further comprise ultra-fine nanofibers. 20. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layer of the first membrane is adjacent the scaffold layer of the second membrane. 21. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layers comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, fluoropolymers, polyvinylidene fluorides, polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylonitriles, poly(meth)acrylates, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polysaccharides, cellulose, chitosan, chitin, hyaluronic acid, proteins, polyalkyleneoxides, polyurethanes, polyureas, polyvinyl chlorides, polyimines, polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, polysiloxanes, poly(ester-co-glycol)polymers, poly(ether-co-amide)polymers, cross-linked forms thereof, derivatives thereof, and copolymers thereof. 22. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layers comprise polyacrylonitrile, polyethersulfone and combinations thereof. 23. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layers each have a thickness of from about 10 μm to about 300 μm. 24. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layers each have a thickness of from about 30 μm to about 150 μm. 25. The filter of claim 19, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise polysaccharide nanofibers selected from the list consisting of cellulose, chitin, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and combinations thereof. 26. The filter of claim 19, wherein the ultra-fine nanofibers comprise cellulose nanofibers. 27. The filter of claim 26, wherein the cellulose nanofibers have a thickness from about 3 nm to about 50 nm and a length from about 100 nm to about 5000 nm. 28. The filter of claim 19, wherein the scaffold layer, the substrate layer, or both, further comprise a positively charged water-soluble polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylenimine, chitosan, poly(1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium) bromine, polyvinylamine hydrochloride, and combinations thereof. 29. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the fluid that has passed through the filter has a log reduction value of bacteria of from about 4 to greater than about 6. 30. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the fluid that has passed through the filter has a log reduction value of viruses of greater than 4. 31. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the filter has the capacity for adsorption of greater than about 68 mg of a dye/gram membrane. 32. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the filter has the capacity for adsorption of greater than about 1.5 mg Cr(VI)/gram membrane. 33. A method comprising:
passing a fluid through a filter of claim 19; and recovering the fluid that has passed through the filter, wherein the filter has the capacity for adsorption of greater than about 167 mg UO2 2+/gram cellulose nanofibers.
| 1,700 |
1,837 | 14,296,824 | 1,724 |
A battery is provided with a special form of conductive substrate that does not include the use of a conventional metal such that the overall weight of the battery is substantially reduced. Instead, the battery, such as the anode portion of the battery, includes a conductive base substrate made from a non-metallic, electrically conductive material. A coating material is deposited onto the base substrate, wherein the coating material includes at least one active material that is directly applied onto the base substrate.
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1. A battery comprising:
a conductive base substrate comprising a non-metal electrically conductive material; and a coating material applied onto at least a portion of said base substrate, wherein said coating material comprises at least one active material that is directly applied onto at least a portion of said base substrate. 2. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said non-metal electrically conductive material comprises crystalline carbon. 3. The battery in accordance with claim 2, wherein said crystalline carbon material comprises a graphene foam. 4. The battery in accordance with claim 3, wherein said graphene foam comprises a thickness in the range of 0.3 nanometers to 25 micrometers. 5. The battery in accordance with claim 3, wherein said graphene foam comprises a porous graphene foam having an average pore size of 580 microns. 6. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one active material comprises at least one type of component comprising at least one of silicon, germanium, tin, tungsten bronze, iron, aluminum, gold, silver, cobalt, nickel, manganese, sulfur, or molybdenum. 7. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said coating material further comprises silicon. 8. The battery in accordance with claim 1, further comprising an anode portion, wherein said conductive base substrate is configured to be at least partially positioned within said anode portion. 9. The battery in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a cathode portion, wherein said conductive base substrate is configured to be at least partially positioned within said cathode portion. 10. A system comprising:
a device configured to receive an energy flow during operation; and a battery coupled to said device and configured to provide the energy flow to said device, said battery comprising:
a conductive base substrate comprising a non-metal electrically conductive material; and
a coating material applied onto said base substrate, wherein said coating material comprises at least one active material that is directly applied onto at least a portion of said base substrate. 11. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said non-metal electrically conductive material comprises crystalline carbon. 12. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said crystalline carbon material comprises a graphene foam. 13. The system in accordance with claim 12, wherein said graphene foam comprises a porous graphene foam comprising a thickness in the range of 0.3 nanometers to 25 micrometers and an average pore size of 580 microns. 14. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said at least one active material comprises at least one type of component comprising at least one of silicon, germanium, tin, tungsten bronze, iron, aluminum, gold, silver, cobalt, nickel, manganese, sulfur, or molybdenum. 15. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said coating material further comprises silicon. 16. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said battery further comprises an anode portion, said conductive base substrate is configured to be at least partially positioned within said anode portion. 17. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said battery further comprises a cathode portion, said conductive base substrate is configured to be at least partially positioned within said cathode portion. 18. A method of assembling a battery, said method comprising:
providing a conductive base substrate that includes a non-metal electrically conductive material; and applying a coating material that includes at least one active material onto at least a portion of the base substrate such that the at least one active material is directly applied onto at least a portion of the base substrate and the coating material. 19. The method in accordance with claim 18, wherein providing a conductive base substrate comprises providing a conductive base substrate that includes a non-metal electrically conductive material including crystalline carbon. 20. The method in accordance with claim 18, wherein providing a conductive base substrate comprises providing a conductive base substrate that includes a porous graphene foam. 21. The method in accordance with claim 18, wherein applying a coating material comprises applying a coating material that includes at least one type of component that includes at least one of silicon, germanium, tin, tungsten bronze, iron, aluminum, gold, silver, cobalt, nickel, manganese, sulfur, or molybdenum. 22. The method in accordance with claim 18, wherein applying a coating material comprises applying a silicon coating. 23. The method in accordance with claim 22, wherein applying a silicon coating comprises applying a silicon coating via a pulsed laser deposition process or a gas phase deposition process.
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A battery is provided with a special form of conductive substrate that does not include the use of a conventional metal such that the overall weight of the battery is substantially reduced. Instead, the battery, such as the anode portion of the battery, includes a conductive base substrate made from a non-metallic, electrically conductive material. A coating material is deposited onto the base substrate, wherein the coating material includes at least one active material that is directly applied onto the base substrate.1. A battery comprising:
a conductive base substrate comprising a non-metal electrically conductive material; and a coating material applied onto at least a portion of said base substrate, wherein said coating material comprises at least one active material that is directly applied onto at least a portion of said base substrate. 2. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said non-metal electrically conductive material comprises crystalline carbon. 3. The battery in accordance with claim 2, wherein said crystalline carbon material comprises a graphene foam. 4. The battery in accordance with claim 3, wherein said graphene foam comprises a thickness in the range of 0.3 nanometers to 25 micrometers. 5. The battery in accordance with claim 3, wherein said graphene foam comprises a porous graphene foam having an average pore size of 580 microns. 6. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one active material comprises at least one type of component comprising at least one of silicon, germanium, tin, tungsten bronze, iron, aluminum, gold, silver, cobalt, nickel, manganese, sulfur, or molybdenum. 7. The battery in accordance with claim 1, wherein said coating material further comprises silicon. 8. The battery in accordance with claim 1, further comprising an anode portion, wherein said conductive base substrate is configured to be at least partially positioned within said anode portion. 9. The battery in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a cathode portion, wherein said conductive base substrate is configured to be at least partially positioned within said cathode portion. 10. A system comprising:
a device configured to receive an energy flow during operation; and a battery coupled to said device and configured to provide the energy flow to said device, said battery comprising:
a conductive base substrate comprising a non-metal electrically conductive material; and
a coating material applied onto said base substrate, wherein said coating material comprises at least one active material that is directly applied onto at least a portion of said base substrate. 11. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said non-metal electrically conductive material comprises crystalline carbon. 12. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said crystalline carbon material comprises a graphene foam. 13. The system in accordance with claim 12, wherein said graphene foam comprises a porous graphene foam comprising a thickness in the range of 0.3 nanometers to 25 micrometers and an average pore size of 580 microns. 14. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said at least one active material comprises at least one type of component comprising at least one of silicon, germanium, tin, tungsten bronze, iron, aluminum, gold, silver, cobalt, nickel, manganese, sulfur, or molybdenum. 15. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said coating material further comprises silicon. 16. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said battery further comprises an anode portion, said conductive base substrate is configured to be at least partially positioned within said anode portion. 17. The system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said battery further comprises a cathode portion, said conductive base substrate is configured to be at least partially positioned within said cathode portion. 18. A method of assembling a battery, said method comprising:
providing a conductive base substrate that includes a non-metal electrically conductive material; and applying a coating material that includes at least one active material onto at least a portion of the base substrate such that the at least one active material is directly applied onto at least a portion of the base substrate and the coating material. 19. The method in accordance with claim 18, wherein providing a conductive base substrate comprises providing a conductive base substrate that includes a non-metal electrically conductive material including crystalline carbon. 20. The method in accordance with claim 18, wherein providing a conductive base substrate comprises providing a conductive base substrate that includes a porous graphene foam. 21. The method in accordance with claim 18, wherein applying a coating material comprises applying a coating material that includes at least one type of component that includes at least one of silicon, germanium, tin, tungsten bronze, iron, aluminum, gold, silver, cobalt, nickel, manganese, sulfur, or molybdenum. 22. The method in accordance with claim 18, wherein applying a coating material comprises applying a silicon coating. 23. The method in accordance with claim 22, wherein applying a silicon coating comprises applying a silicon coating via a pulsed laser deposition process or a gas phase deposition process.
| 1,700 |
1,838 | 12,253,529 | 1,767 |
A method of inhibiting hydrates in a fluid comprising water and gas comprising adding to the fluid an effective hydrate-inhibiting amount of a composition comprising one or more homo- or co-polymers of N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide synthesized by polymerizing one or more N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide monomers in a solvent comprising a glycol ether of formula CH 3 —(CH 2 ) m —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) n —OH where m is an integer of 0-1, and n is an integer ≧1.
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1. A method of inhibiting hydrates in a fluid comprising water, gas and optionally liquid hydrocarbon comprising treating the fluid with an effective hydrate-inhibiting amount of an inhibitor composition comprising a polymer prepared by polymerizing one or more N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide monomers in a solvent comprising one or more glycol ether solvents of formula CH3—(CH2)m—(O—CH2—CH2)n—OH where m is an integer of 0-1, and n is an integer greater than or equal to 1. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said solvent comprises one or more glycol ether solvents of formula CH3—(CH2)m—(O—CH2—CH2)n—OH where m is an integer of 0-1, and n is an integer from 1-4. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide monomer is N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said free radical forming condition is initiated by thermal decomposition of one or more peroxides. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein said peroxides are selected from diacyl peroxides, hydrogen peroxide, hyroperoxides, dialkylperoxides and peroxyesters. 6. The method of claim 3 wherein said free radical forming conditions are initiated by redox decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or similar hydroperoxide with a redox co-catalyst. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein said peroxyesters are selected from t-butylperoxypivalate, t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate and OO-(t-butyl) O-isopropyl monoperoxycarbonate. 8. The method of claim 7 where the peroxyester is t-butyl peroctoate. 9. The method of claim 3 wherein the polymer is N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide homopolymer. 10. The method of claim 3 wherein said polymer is a copolymer of N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide and one or more comonomers selected from acrylamide, alkyl substituted acrylamides, acrylic acid, alkyl substituted acrylates, N,N-dialkylacrylamides, N,N-dialkylmethacrylamides, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylacrylates and alkyl chloride quaternary salts thereof, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylates and alkyl chloride quaternary salts thereof, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylacrylamides and alkyl chloride quaternary salts thereof, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamides and alkyl chloride quaternary salts thereof, hydroxyalkylacrylates, hydroxyalkylmethacrylates, acrylamido alkyl sulfonic acids and sodium or ammonium salts thereof. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the comonomers are selected methacrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(dimethylamino)propyl methacrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid, 2-(hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid sodium salt, methacryloyloxy(ethyltrimethyl)ammonium chloride, methacrylic acid and methacrylamide. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said polymer comprises 70-99 mole percent N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide repeat units and 1-30 mole percent of comonomer repeat units. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein said polymer comprises 85-95 mole percent of N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide derived repeat units and 5-15 mole percent of comonomer derived repeat units. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein said solvent further comprises one or more low molecular weight alcohols or glycol ethers. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein said low molecular weight alcohols or glycol ethers are selected from iso-propanol, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 2-ethoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein said glycol ether solvent is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein said solvent comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and one or more solvents selected from isopropanol, 2-ethoxyethanol and 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane. 18. The method of claim 17 where diethylene glycol monoethyl ether comprises 50%-99% of the solvent and additional solvents comprise 1%-50% of the solvent. 19. The method of claim 1 wherein said polymer has an average molecular weight of about 1,000 to 100,000 Dalton. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein said polymer has a distribution of molecular weights with about 60-100 percent in the range of 1,000 to 20,000 Dalton and 0-25 percent in the range from 20,000 to 6,000,000 Dalton. 21. The method of claim 1 wherein said hydrates comprise hydrates of Type 1. 22. A hydrate inhibitor composition comprising one or more N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide polymers in a solvent comprising one or more glycol ether solvents of formula CH3—(CH2)m—(O—CH2—CH2)n—OH where m is an integer of 0-1, and n is an integer ≧1.
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A method of inhibiting hydrates in a fluid comprising water and gas comprising adding to the fluid an effective hydrate-inhibiting amount of a composition comprising one or more homo- or co-polymers of N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide synthesized by polymerizing one or more N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide monomers in a solvent comprising a glycol ether of formula CH 3 —(CH 2 ) m —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) n —OH where m is an integer of 0-1, and n is an integer ≧1.1. A method of inhibiting hydrates in a fluid comprising water, gas and optionally liquid hydrocarbon comprising treating the fluid with an effective hydrate-inhibiting amount of an inhibitor composition comprising a polymer prepared by polymerizing one or more N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide monomers in a solvent comprising one or more glycol ether solvents of formula CH3—(CH2)m—(O—CH2—CH2)n—OH where m is an integer of 0-1, and n is an integer greater than or equal to 1. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said solvent comprises one or more glycol ether solvents of formula CH3—(CH2)m—(O—CH2—CH2)n—OH where m is an integer of 0-1, and n is an integer from 1-4. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide monomer is N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said free radical forming condition is initiated by thermal decomposition of one or more peroxides. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein said peroxides are selected from diacyl peroxides, hydrogen peroxide, hyroperoxides, dialkylperoxides and peroxyesters. 6. The method of claim 3 wherein said free radical forming conditions are initiated by redox decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or similar hydroperoxide with a redox co-catalyst. 7. The method of claim 5 wherein said peroxyesters are selected from t-butylperoxypivalate, t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate and OO-(t-butyl) O-isopropyl monoperoxycarbonate. 8. The method of claim 7 where the peroxyester is t-butyl peroctoate. 9. The method of claim 3 wherein the polymer is N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide homopolymer. 10. The method of claim 3 wherein said polymer is a copolymer of N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide and one or more comonomers selected from acrylamide, alkyl substituted acrylamides, acrylic acid, alkyl substituted acrylates, N,N-dialkylacrylamides, N,N-dialkylmethacrylamides, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylacrylates and alkyl chloride quaternary salts thereof, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylates and alkyl chloride quaternary salts thereof, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylacrylamides and alkyl chloride quaternary salts thereof, N,N-dialkylaminoalkylmethacrylamides and alkyl chloride quaternary salts thereof, hydroxyalkylacrylates, hydroxyalkylmethacrylates, acrylamido alkyl sulfonic acids and sodium or ammonium salts thereof. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the comonomers are selected methacrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 3-(dimethylamino)propyl methacrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid, 2-(hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid sodium salt, methacryloyloxy(ethyltrimethyl)ammonium chloride, methacrylic acid and methacrylamide. 12. The method of claim 10 wherein said polymer comprises 70-99 mole percent N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide repeat units and 1-30 mole percent of comonomer repeat units. 13. The method of claim 10 wherein said polymer comprises 85-95 mole percent of N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide derived repeat units and 5-15 mole percent of comonomer derived repeat units. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein said solvent further comprises one or more low molecular weight alcohols or glycol ethers. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein said low molecular weight alcohols or glycol ethers are selected from iso-propanol, 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 2-ethoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein said glycol ether solvent is diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. 17. The method of claim 1 wherein said solvent comprises diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and one or more solvents selected from isopropanol, 2-ethoxyethanol and 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane. 18. The method of claim 17 where diethylene glycol monoethyl ether comprises 50%-99% of the solvent and additional solvents comprise 1%-50% of the solvent. 19. The method of claim 1 wherein said polymer has an average molecular weight of about 1,000 to 100,000 Dalton. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein said polymer has a distribution of molecular weights with about 60-100 percent in the range of 1,000 to 20,000 Dalton and 0-25 percent in the range from 20,000 to 6,000,000 Dalton. 21. The method of claim 1 wherein said hydrates comprise hydrates of Type 1. 22. A hydrate inhibitor composition comprising one or more N-alkyl(alkyl)acrylamide polymers in a solvent comprising one or more glycol ether solvents of formula CH3—(CH2)m—(O—CH2—CH2)n—OH where m is an integer of 0-1, and n is an integer ≧1.
| 1,700 |
1,839 | 10,589,135 | 1,793 |
A method of preparing an animal feed component by mixing at least one ground pulse product with whole or intact oilseeds is herein described. The mixture is subjected to heat of between 230 F to 350 F and pressure of between 200 to 400 psi during an extrusion process. Also described is the use of the feed component in the production of animal products having increased levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
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1. A method of preparing an animal feed component comprising:
grinding a quantity of a pulse crop product into a powder; mixing a quantity of intact oilseeds with the powder, thereby forming a mixture; subjecting the mixture to a temperature between about 230 F to about 350 F and a pressure of between about 200 psi to about 400 psi, thereby gelatinizing the mixture; extruding the mixture; and forming the mixture into feed components. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the pulse crop product is selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chick peas, fababeans, white beans and mixtures thereof. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the oilseeds are selected from the group consisting of flax, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed, canola, soybean and combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the pulse crop product is ground to a consistency such that at least half of the pulse crop product has a diameter of 5 microns or less. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature is from between about 255 F to about 275 F. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature is from between about 265 F to about 268 F. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature is from between about 300 F to about 325 F. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature is from between about 325 F to about 335 F. 9. A method of increasing the amount of omega-3 fatty acids or CLA or DHA in an edible animal product comprising:
feeding an animal a standard feed ration wherein at least 1-40% of the feed ration is replaced by a feed prepared by
grinding a quantity of a pulse product into a powder;
mixing a quantity of intact oilseeds with the powder, thereby forming a mixture;
subjecting the mixture to a temperature between about 230 F to about 350 F and a pressure of between about 200 psi to about 400 psi, thereby gelatinizing the mixture;
extruding the mixture; and
forming the mixture into feed components; and
harvesting the edible animal product from the animal, characterized in that the edible animal product has at least 1.5-5 fold increased omega3 levels or at least 1.5-2 fold increased CLA levels compared to an edible animal product harvested from a similar animal fed a standard feed ration. 10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the pulse crop product is selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chick peas, fababeans, white beans and mixtures thereof. 11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the oilseeds are selected from the group consisting of flax, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed, canola, soybean and combinations thereof. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the pulse crop product is ground to a consistency such that at least half of the pulse crop product has a diameter of 5 microns or less. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the temperature is from between about 255 F to about 275 F. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the temperature is from between about 265 F to about 268 F. 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the temperature is from between about 300 F to about 325 F. 16. The method of claim 9 wherein the temperature is from between about 325 F to about 333 F.
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A method of preparing an animal feed component by mixing at least one ground pulse product with whole or intact oilseeds is herein described. The mixture is subjected to heat of between 230 F to 350 F and pressure of between 200 to 400 psi during an extrusion process. Also described is the use of the feed component in the production of animal products having increased levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.1. A method of preparing an animal feed component comprising:
grinding a quantity of a pulse crop product into a powder; mixing a quantity of intact oilseeds with the powder, thereby forming a mixture; subjecting the mixture to a temperature between about 230 F to about 350 F and a pressure of between about 200 psi to about 400 psi, thereby gelatinizing the mixture; extruding the mixture; and forming the mixture into feed components. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the pulse crop product is selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chick peas, fababeans, white beans and mixtures thereof. 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the oilseeds are selected from the group consisting of flax, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed, canola, soybean and combinations thereof. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the pulse crop product is ground to a consistency such that at least half of the pulse crop product has a diameter of 5 microns or less. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature is from between about 255 F to about 275 F. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature is from between about 265 F to about 268 F. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature is from between about 300 F to about 325 F. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature is from between about 325 F to about 335 F. 9. A method of increasing the amount of omega-3 fatty acids or CLA or DHA in an edible animal product comprising:
feeding an animal a standard feed ration wherein at least 1-40% of the feed ration is replaced by a feed prepared by
grinding a quantity of a pulse product into a powder;
mixing a quantity of intact oilseeds with the powder, thereby forming a mixture;
subjecting the mixture to a temperature between about 230 F to about 350 F and a pressure of between about 200 psi to about 400 psi, thereby gelatinizing the mixture;
extruding the mixture; and
forming the mixture into feed components; and
harvesting the edible animal product from the animal, characterized in that the edible animal product has at least 1.5-5 fold increased omega3 levels or at least 1.5-2 fold increased CLA levels compared to an edible animal product harvested from a similar animal fed a standard feed ration. 10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the pulse crop product is selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chick peas, fababeans, white beans and mixtures thereof. 11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the oilseeds are selected from the group consisting of flax, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed, canola, soybean and combinations thereof. 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the pulse crop product is ground to a consistency such that at least half of the pulse crop product has a diameter of 5 microns or less. 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the temperature is from between about 255 F to about 275 F. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the temperature is from between about 265 F to about 268 F. 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the temperature is from between about 300 F to about 325 F. 16. The method of claim 9 wherein the temperature is from between about 325 F to about 333 F.
| 1,700 |
1,840 | 14,565,137 | 1,747 |
An aerosol delivery device is provided that includes a housing, motion sensor and microprocessor. The motion sensor is within the housing and configured to detect a defined motion of the aerosol delivery device caused by user interaction with the housing to perform a gesture. The motion sensor may be configured to convert the defined motion to an electrical signal. The microprocessor or motion sensor, then, may be configured to receive the electrical signal, recognize the gesture and an operation associated with the gesture based on the electrical signal, and control at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation.
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1. An aerosol delivery device comprising:
a housing; a microprocessor; and a motion sensor within the housing and configured to detect a defined motion of the aerosol delivery device caused by user interaction with the housing to perform a gesture, the motion sensor being configured to convert the defined motion to an electrical signal, wherein the microprocessor or motion sensor is configured to receive the electrical signal, recognize the gesture and an operation associated with the gesture based on the electrical signal, and control at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation. 2. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the motion sensor includes a tilt sensor, microelectromechanical systems-based (MEMS-based) accelerometer, MEMS-based gyroscope or a combination of one or more thereof. 3. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the electrical signal conveys data about the defined motion of the aerosol delivery device, and
wherein the microprocessor is configured to recognize the gesture, including the microprocessor being configured to recognize a pattern in the data, the pattern being associated with the gesture. 4. The aerosol delivery device of claim 3, wherein the pattern is one of a plurality of patterns associated with a respective plurality of gestures associated with a respective plurality of operations. 5. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured to recognize the gesture,
wherein before the microprocessor is configured to recognize the gesture, the microprocessor is configured to receive user selection of the operation and learn to recognize the gesture with which the operation is associated based on training data conveyed by another electrical signal from the motion sensor, the other electrical signal being converted from a training motion that is the same as or substantially similar to the defined motion. 6. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the defined motion of the aerosol delivery device is caused by user interaction to trace a character with the housing. 7. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the operation comprises altering a power state of the aerosol delivery device. 8. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the operation comprises altering a locked state of the aerosol delivery device. 9. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1 further comprising a battery configured to supply power to the aerosol delivery device,
wherein the microprocessor is configured to control at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation, including the microprocessor being configured to control a sensory-feedback member to provide an indication of a charge-level of the battery. 10. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1 further comprising a reservoir configured to retain an aerosol precursor composition therein,
wherein the microprocessor is configured to control at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation, including the microprocessor being configured to control a sensory-feedback member to provide an indication of a level of the aerosol precursor composition retained in the reservoir. 11. A method of controlling operation of an aerosol delivery device including a motion sensor within a housing thereof, and including a microprocessor, the method comprising:
detecting with the motion sensor, a defined motion of the aerosol delivery device caused by user interaction with the housing to perform a gesture, the motion sensor converting the defined motion to an electrical signal; recognizing with the microprocessor or motion sensor, the gesture and an operation associated with the gesture based on the electrical signal; and controlling at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the motion sensor includes a tilt sensor, microelectromechanical systems-based (MEMS-based) accelerometer, MEMS-based gyroscope or a combination of one or more thereof. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the electrical signal conveys data about the defined motion of the aerosol delivery device, and
wherein recognizing the gesture includes recognizing a pattern in the data, the pattern being associated with the gesture. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pattern is one of a plurality of patterns associated with a respective plurality of gestures associated with a respective plurality of operations. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the gesture is recognized by the microprocessor, and before the microprocessor recognizes the gesture, the method further comprises:
receiving user selection of the operation at the microprocessor; and with the microprocessor, learning to recognize the gesture with which the operation is associated based on training data conveyed by another electrical signal from the motion sensor, the other electrical signal being converted from a training motion that is the same as or substantially similar to the defined motion. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the defined motion of the aerosol delivery device is caused by user interaction to trace a character with the housing. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the operation comprises altering a power state of the aerosol delivery device. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the operation comprises altering a locked state of the aerosol delivery device. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the aerosol delivery device further includes a battery configured to supply power to the aerosol delivery device, and
wherein controlling at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation includes controlling a sensory-feedback member to provide an indication of a charge-level of the battery. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the aerosol delivery device further includes a reservoir configured to retain an aerosol precursor composition therein, and
wherein controlling at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation includes controlling a sensory-feedback member to provide an indication of a level of the aerosol precursor composition retained in the reservoir.
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An aerosol delivery device is provided that includes a housing, motion sensor and microprocessor. The motion sensor is within the housing and configured to detect a defined motion of the aerosol delivery device caused by user interaction with the housing to perform a gesture. The motion sensor may be configured to convert the defined motion to an electrical signal. The microprocessor or motion sensor, then, may be configured to receive the electrical signal, recognize the gesture and an operation associated with the gesture based on the electrical signal, and control at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation.1. An aerosol delivery device comprising:
a housing; a microprocessor; and a motion sensor within the housing and configured to detect a defined motion of the aerosol delivery device caused by user interaction with the housing to perform a gesture, the motion sensor being configured to convert the defined motion to an electrical signal, wherein the microprocessor or motion sensor is configured to receive the electrical signal, recognize the gesture and an operation associated with the gesture based on the electrical signal, and control at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation. 2. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the motion sensor includes a tilt sensor, microelectromechanical systems-based (MEMS-based) accelerometer, MEMS-based gyroscope or a combination of one or more thereof. 3. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the electrical signal conveys data about the defined motion of the aerosol delivery device, and
wherein the microprocessor is configured to recognize the gesture, including the microprocessor being configured to recognize a pattern in the data, the pattern being associated with the gesture. 4. The aerosol delivery device of claim 3, wherein the pattern is one of a plurality of patterns associated with a respective plurality of gestures associated with a respective plurality of operations. 5. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the microprocessor is configured to recognize the gesture,
wherein before the microprocessor is configured to recognize the gesture, the microprocessor is configured to receive user selection of the operation and learn to recognize the gesture with which the operation is associated based on training data conveyed by another electrical signal from the motion sensor, the other electrical signal being converted from a training motion that is the same as or substantially similar to the defined motion. 6. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the defined motion of the aerosol delivery device is caused by user interaction to trace a character with the housing. 7. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the operation comprises altering a power state of the aerosol delivery device. 8. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1, wherein the operation comprises altering a locked state of the aerosol delivery device. 9. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1 further comprising a battery configured to supply power to the aerosol delivery device,
wherein the microprocessor is configured to control at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation, including the microprocessor being configured to control a sensory-feedback member to provide an indication of a charge-level of the battery. 10. The aerosol delivery device of claim 1 further comprising a reservoir configured to retain an aerosol precursor composition therein,
wherein the microprocessor is configured to control at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation, including the microprocessor being configured to control a sensory-feedback member to provide an indication of a level of the aerosol precursor composition retained in the reservoir. 11. A method of controlling operation of an aerosol delivery device including a motion sensor within a housing thereof, and including a microprocessor, the method comprising:
detecting with the motion sensor, a defined motion of the aerosol delivery device caused by user interaction with the housing to perform a gesture, the motion sensor converting the defined motion to an electrical signal; recognizing with the microprocessor or motion sensor, the gesture and an operation associated with the gesture based on the electrical signal; and controlling at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the motion sensor includes a tilt sensor, microelectromechanical systems-based (MEMS-based) accelerometer, MEMS-based gyroscope or a combination of one or more thereof. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the electrical signal conveys data about the defined motion of the aerosol delivery device, and
wherein recognizing the gesture includes recognizing a pattern in the data, the pattern being associated with the gesture. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the pattern is one of a plurality of patterns associated with a respective plurality of gestures associated with a respective plurality of operations. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the gesture is recognized by the microprocessor, and before the microprocessor recognizes the gesture, the method further comprises:
receiving user selection of the operation at the microprocessor; and with the microprocessor, learning to recognize the gesture with which the operation is associated based on training data conveyed by another electrical signal from the motion sensor, the other electrical signal being converted from a training motion that is the same as or substantially similar to the defined motion. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the defined motion of the aerosol delivery device is caused by user interaction to trace a character with the housing. 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the operation comprises altering a power state of the aerosol delivery device. 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the operation comprises altering a locked state of the aerosol delivery device. 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the aerosol delivery device further includes a battery configured to supply power to the aerosol delivery device, and
wherein controlling at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation includes controlling a sensory-feedback member to provide an indication of a charge-level of the battery. 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the aerosol delivery device further includes a reservoir configured to retain an aerosol precursor composition therein, and
wherein controlling at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device to perform the operation includes controlling a sensory-feedback member to provide an indication of a level of the aerosol precursor composition retained in the reservoir.
| 1,700 |
1,841 | 13,715,478 | 1,745 |
A method for manufacturing an image display, includes: preparing a roll of a long sheet of a pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate comprising a polarizer (P), a transparent protective film (E) provided on only one side of the polarizer (P) with an adhesive layer (G) interposed therebetween, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (B) provided on another side of the polarizer (P) with a protective layer (H) having a tensile modulus of 100 MPa or more interposed therebetween; cutting the pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate into a predetermined size, while feeding the sheet from the roll; and bonding the pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate to an optical display unit with the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (B) interposed therebetween after the cutting step.
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1. A method for manufacturing an image display, comprising the steps of:
preparing a roll of a long sheet of a pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate comprising a polarizer (P), a transparent protective film (E) provided on only one side of the polarizer (P) with an adhesive layer (G) interposed therebetween, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (B) provided on another side of the polarizer (P) with a protective layer (H) having a tensile modulus of 100 MPa or more interposed therebetween; cutting the pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate into a predetermined size with cutting means, while feeding the sheet from the roll; and bonding the pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate to an optical display unit with the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (B) interposed therebetween after the cutting step.
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A method for manufacturing an image display, includes: preparing a roll of a long sheet of a pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate comprising a polarizer (P), a transparent protective film (E) provided on only one side of the polarizer (P) with an adhesive layer (G) interposed therebetween, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (B) provided on another side of the polarizer (P) with a protective layer (H) having a tensile modulus of 100 MPa or more interposed therebetween; cutting the pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate into a predetermined size, while feeding the sheet from the roll; and bonding the pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate to an optical display unit with the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (B) interposed therebetween after the cutting step.1. A method for manufacturing an image display, comprising the steps of:
preparing a roll of a long sheet of a pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate comprising a polarizer (P), a transparent protective film (E) provided on only one side of the polarizer (P) with an adhesive layer (G) interposed therebetween, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (B) provided on another side of the polarizer (P) with a protective layer (H) having a tensile modulus of 100 MPa or more interposed therebetween; cutting the pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate into a predetermined size with cutting means, while feeding the sheet from the roll; and bonding the pressure-sensitive adhesive polarizing plate to an optical display unit with the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer (B) interposed therebetween after the cutting step.
| 1,700 |
1,842 | 14,401,246 | 1,731 |
A polishing liquid comprising an abrasive grain, an additive, and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %, and produces absorbance of 0.035 or more for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×10 5 G.
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1. A slurry comprising:
an abrasive grain; and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %, and produces absorbance of 0.035 or more for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×105 G. 2. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 50%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 3. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 95%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 4. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 1.000 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 5. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 0.010 or less for light having a wavelength of 450 to 600 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 6. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 10 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×105 G. 7. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element is obtained by reacting a salt of a tetravalent metal element with an alkali source. 8. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the tetravalent metal element is tetravalent cerium. 9. A polishing-liquid set wherein constituent components of a polishing liquid are separately stored as a first liquid and a second liquid such that the first liquid and the second liquid are mixed to form the polishing liquid, the first liquid is the slurry according to claim 1, and the second liquid comprises an additive and water. 10. The polishing-liquid set according to claim 9, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol polymers and derivatives of the vinyl alcohol polymers. 11. The polishing-liquid set according to claim 9, wherein a content of the additive is 0.01 mass % or more based on a total mass of the polishing liquid. 12. A polishing liquid comprising:
an abrasive grain; an additive; and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %, and produces absorbance of 0.035 or more for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×105 G. 13. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 50%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 14. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 95%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 15. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 1.000 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 16. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 0.010 or less for light having a wavelength of 450 to 600 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 17. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 10 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×105 G. 18. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element is obtained by reacting a salt of a tetravalent metal element with an alkali source. 19. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the tetravalent metal element is tetravalent cerium. 20. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol polymers and derivatives of the vinyl alcohol polymers. 21. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein a content of the additive is 0.01 mass % or more based on a total mass of the polishing liquid. 22. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the slurry according to claim 1 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 23. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; a step of obtaining the polishing liquid by mixing the first liquid and the second liquid of the polishing-liquid set according to claim 9; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the polishing liquid between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 24. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying each of the first liquid and the second liquid of the polishing-liquid set according to claim 9 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 25. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the polishing liquid according to claim 12 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 26. The polishing method according to claim 22, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 27. The polishing method according to claim 22, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 28. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 22. 29. The polishing method according to claim 23, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 30. The polishing method according to claim 23, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 31. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 23. 32. The polishing method according to claim 24, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 33. The polishing method according to claim 24, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 34. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 24. 35. The polishing method according to claim 25, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 36. The polishing method according to claim 25, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 37. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 25.
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A polishing liquid comprising an abrasive grain, an additive, and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %, and produces absorbance of 0.035 or more for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×10 5 G.1. A slurry comprising:
an abrasive grain; and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %, and produces absorbance of 0.035 or more for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×105 G. 2. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 50%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 3. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 95%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 4. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 1.000 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 5. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 0.010 or less for light having a wavelength of 450 to 600 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 6. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 10 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×105 G. 7. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element is obtained by reacting a salt of a tetravalent metal element with an alkali source. 8. The slurry according to claim 1, wherein the tetravalent metal element is tetravalent cerium. 9. A polishing-liquid set wherein constituent components of a polishing liquid are separately stored as a first liquid and a second liquid such that the first liquid and the second liquid are mixed to form the polishing liquid, the first liquid is the slurry according to claim 1, and the second liquid comprises an additive and water. 10. The polishing-liquid set according to claim 9, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol polymers and derivatives of the vinyl alcohol polymers. 11. The polishing-liquid set according to claim 9, wherein a content of the additive is 0.01 mass % or more based on a total mass of the polishing liquid. 12. A polishing liquid comprising:
an abrasive grain; an additive; and water, wherein the abrasive grain includes a hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element, produces absorbance of 1.00 or more and less than 1.50 for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %, and produces absorbance of 0.035 or more for light having a wavelength of 400 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×105 G. 13. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 50%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 14. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces light transmittance of 95%/cm or more for light having a wavelength of 500 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass %. 15. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 1.000 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 16. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 0.010 or less for light having a wavelength of 450 to 600 nm in an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 0.0065 mass %. 17. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the abrasive grain produces absorbance of 10 or more for light having a wavelength of 290 nm in a liquid phase obtained when centrifuging an aqueous dispersion having a content of the abrasive grain adjusted to 1.0 mass % for 50 minutes at a centrifugal acceleration of 1.59×105 G. 18. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the hydroxide of a tetravalent metal element is obtained by reacting a salt of a tetravalent metal element with an alkali source. 19. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the tetravalent metal element is tetravalent cerium. 20. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein the additive is at least one selected from the group consisting of vinyl alcohol polymers and derivatives of the vinyl alcohol polymers. 21. The polishing liquid according to claim 12, wherein a content of the additive is 0.01 mass % or more based on a total mass of the polishing liquid. 22. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the slurry according to claim 1 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 23. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; a step of obtaining the polishing liquid by mixing the first liquid and the second liquid of the polishing-liquid set according to claim 9; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the polishing liquid between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 24. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying each of the first liquid and the second liquid of the polishing-liquid set according to claim 9 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 25. A base substrate polishing method comprising:
a step of arranging a material to be polished of a base substrate having the material to be polished on a surface so as to be opposed to a polishing pad; and a step of polishing at least a part of the material to be polished by supplying the polishing liquid according to claim 12 between the polishing pad and the material to be polished. 26. The polishing method according to claim 22, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 27. The polishing method according to claim 22, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 28. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 22. 29. The polishing method according to claim 23, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 30. The polishing method according to claim 23, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 31. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 23. 32. The polishing method according to claim 24, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 33. The polishing method according to claim 24, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 34. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 24. 35. The polishing method according to claim 25, wherein the material to be polished includes silicon oxide. 36. The polishing method according to claim 25, wherein irregularities are formed on a surface of the material to be polished. 37. A base substrate polished by the polishing method according to claim 25.
| 1,700 |
1,843 | 14,400,918 | 1,788 |
An adhesive tape includes an adhesive layer on at least one surface of a foam base material, wherein the foam base material is a foam base material having a thickness of 300 μm or less and an interlaminar strength of 6 to 50 N/cm, and the adhesive layer is an adhesive layer having a thickness of 50 μm or less and a 180° peel adhesion force of 0.5 to 4 N/20 mm at a peel rate of 300 mm/min, where the adhesive tape is formed by disposing the adhesive layer having a thickness of 25 μm on a PET base material having a thickness of 25 μm. Favorable impact resistance and reworkability can be realized by this adhesive tape in spite of a small thickness.
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1. An adhesive tape comprising an adhesive layer on at least one surface of a foam base material,
wherein the foam base material is a foam base material having a thickness of 300 μm or less and an interlaminar strength of 6 to 50 N/cm, and the adhesive layer is an adhesive layer having a thickness of 50 μm or less and a 180° peel adhesion force of 0.5 to 4 N/20 mm at a peel rate of 300 mm/min, where the adhesive tape, which is formed by disposing the adhesive layer having a thickness of 25 μm on a PET base material having a thickness of 25 μm, is press-bonded to a SUS sheet in an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 65% RH by using a 2-kg roller with the number of press bonding cycles of one reciprocating motion and standing is performed for 1 hour in an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH. 2. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the 25% compressive strength of the foam base material is 30 kPa or more. 3. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the apparent density of the foam base material is 0.1 to 0.7 g/cm3. 4. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the foam base material is a polyolefin based foam base material. 5. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, comprising adhesive layers on both surfaces of the foam base material. 6. The adhesive tape according to claim 5, wherein the adhesive layer on one surface of the foam base material is an adhesive layer having a 180° peel adhesion force of 1 to 25 N/20 mm at a peel rate of 300 mm/min, where the adhesive tape, which is formed by disposing the adhesive layer having a thickness of 25 μm on a PET base material having a thickness of 25 μm, is press-bonded to a SUS sheet in an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH by using a 2-kg roller with the number of press bonding cycles of one reciprocating motion and standing is performed for 1 hour in an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH, and having an adhesion force higher than the adhesion force of the adhesive layer on the other surface. 7. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive tape is used for fixing a tabular rigid body.
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An adhesive tape includes an adhesive layer on at least one surface of a foam base material, wherein the foam base material is a foam base material having a thickness of 300 μm or less and an interlaminar strength of 6 to 50 N/cm, and the adhesive layer is an adhesive layer having a thickness of 50 μm or less and a 180° peel adhesion force of 0.5 to 4 N/20 mm at a peel rate of 300 mm/min, where the adhesive tape is formed by disposing the adhesive layer having a thickness of 25 μm on a PET base material having a thickness of 25 μm. Favorable impact resistance and reworkability can be realized by this adhesive tape in spite of a small thickness.1. An adhesive tape comprising an adhesive layer on at least one surface of a foam base material,
wherein the foam base material is a foam base material having a thickness of 300 μm or less and an interlaminar strength of 6 to 50 N/cm, and the adhesive layer is an adhesive layer having a thickness of 50 μm or less and a 180° peel adhesion force of 0.5 to 4 N/20 mm at a peel rate of 300 mm/min, where the adhesive tape, which is formed by disposing the adhesive layer having a thickness of 25 μm on a PET base material having a thickness of 25 μm, is press-bonded to a SUS sheet in an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 65% RH by using a 2-kg roller with the number of press bonding cycles of one reciprocating motion and standing is performed for 1 hour in an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH. 2. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the 25% compressive strength of the foam base material is 30 kPa or more. 3. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the apparent density of the foam base material is 0.1 to 0.7 g/cm3. 4. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the foam base material is a polyolefin based foam base material. 5. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, comprising adhesive layers on both surfaces of the foam base material. 6. The adhesive tape according to claim 5, wherein the adhesive layer on one surface of the foam base material is an adhesive layer having a 180° peel adhesion force of 1 to 25 N/20 mm at a peel rate of 300 mm/min, where the adhesive tape, which is formed by disposing the adhesive layer having a thickness of 25 μm on a PET base material having a thickness of 25 μm, is press-bonded to a SUS sheet in an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH by using a 2-kg roller with the number of press bonding cycles of one reciprocating motion and standing is performed for 1 hour in an environment at a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50% RH, and having an adhesion force higher than the adhesion force of the adhesive layer on the other surface. 7. The adhesive tape according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive tape is used for fixing a tabular rigid body.
| 1,700 |
1,844 | 14,237,741 | 1,794 |
The invention relates to a method for improving the transition resistance in an electrical connection, in particular a pressure connection, between two contact elements. With repeated mechanical or thermal loads, such connections, in particular connections having a small cross-section or comprising soft material, have a transition resistance which increases over time. According to the invention, the transition resistance is improved by there being applied to at least one contact face of a contact element a chemically reducing substance which activates the contact face and consequently increases the conductivity and the cold welding density.
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1-10. (canceled) 11. A method for producing an electrical connection by means of plastic deformation between at least one contact face of a first contact element, and the contact face of a second contact element, wherein a chemically reducing substance is applied to at least one of the contact faces. 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the chemically reducing substance is an acid. 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein the acid is an organic acid. 14. A method according to claim 11, wherein the chemically reducing substance is a fluxing agent. 15. A method according to claim 11, wherein the substance is encapsulated in submillimetre or submicrometre balls which are at least partially broken open in the plastically deformed state of one contact face. 16. A method according to claim 11, wherein the first contact element is a wire or a strand. 17. A component which contains at least two contact elements each having at least one contact face, respectively, at least one contact element having been plastically deformed, wherein a chemically reducing substance is present at least on a portion of a contact element. 18. An electrical component according to claim 17, wherein the chemically reducing substance is an acid. 19. An electrical component according to claim 17, wherein the chemically reducing substance is an organic acid. 20. An electrical component according to claim 17, wherein the chemically reducing substance is a fluxing agent. 21. An electrical component according to claim 17, wherein there are embedded in the chemically reducing substance submillimetre or submicrometre balls which break open under pressure.
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The invention relates to a method for improving the transition resistance in an electrical connection, in particular a pressure connection, between two contact elements. With repeated mechanical or thermal loads, such connections, in particular connections having a small cross-section or comprising soft material, have a transition resistance which increases over time. According to the invention, the transition resistance is improved by there being applied to at least one contact face of a contact element a chemically reducing substance which activates the contact face and consequently increases the conductivity and the cold welding density.1-10. (canceled) 11. A method for producing an electrical connection by means of plastic deformation between at least one contact face of a first contact element, and the contact face of a second contact element, wherein a chemically reducing substance is applied to at least one of the contact faces. 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the chemically reducing substance is an acid. 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein the acid is an organic acid. 14. A method according to claim 11, wherein the chemically reducing substance is a fluxing agent. 15. A method according to claim 11, wherein the substance is encapsulated in submillimetre or submicrometre balls which are at least partially broken open in the plastically deformed state of one contact face. 16. A method according to claim 11, wherein the first contact element is a wire or a strand. 17. A component which contains at least two contact elements each having at least one contact face, respectively, at least one contact element having been plastically deformed, wherein a chemically reducing substance is present at least on a portion of a contact element. 18. An electrical component according to claim 17, wherein the chemically reducing substance is an acid. 19. An electrical component according to claim 17, wherein the chemically reducing substance is an organic acid. 20. An electrical component according to claim 17, wherein the chemically reducing substance is a fluxing agent. 21. An electrical component according to claim 17, wherein there are embedded in the chemically reducing substance submillimetre or submicrometre balls which break open under pressure.
| 1,700 |
1,845 | 14,902,665 | 1,767 |
A method of alkoxylating a humus material comprising heating a reaction mixture comprising a humus material, a C3+ cyclic ether, a catalyst and an inert reaction solvent, and recovering a C3+ alkoxylated humus material from the reaction mixture. A method of alkoxylating a humus material comprising heating a reaction mixture comprising a humus material, a C3+ cyclic ether, a catalyst and an inert reaction solvent to a temperature of from about 130° C. to about 170° C., wherein the humus material comprises leonardite, the C3+ cyclic ether comprises propylene oxide, and the inert reaction solvent comprises xylene, and recovering a C3+ alkoxylated humus material from the reaction mixture. A C3+ alkoxylated humus material.
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1. A method of alkoxylating a humus material comprising:
heating a reaction mixture comprising a humus material, a C3+ cyclic ether, a catalyst and an inert reaction solvent; and recovering a C3+ alkoxylated humus material from the reaction mixture. 2-4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the humus material comprises brown coal, lignite, subbituminous coal, leonardite, humic acid, a compound characterized by Structure I, fulvic acid, humin, peat, lignin, or combinations thereof. 6-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the C3+ cyclic ether comprises oxetane as characterized by Structure II, a C3+ epoxide compound characterized by Structure III, or combinations thereof,
wherein the repeating methylene (—CH2—) unit may occur n times with the value of n ranging from about 0 to about 3. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the C3+ epoxide compound characterized by Structure III comprises propylene oxide as characterized by Structure IV, butylene oxide as characterized by Structure V, pentylene oxide as characterized by Structure VI, or combinations thereof. 11-12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 23 wherein the strong base catalyst comprises sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, or combinations thereof. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 23 wherein the strong acid catalyst comprises (a) a mixture of HF and at least one of a metal alkoxide and a mixed metal alkoxide; or (b) a mixture of esters of at least one of titanic and zirconic acid with monoalkanols and at least one of sulfuric acid, alkanesulfonic acids and aryloxysulfonic acids. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the inert reaction solvent comprises C6-C12 liquid aromatic hydrocarbons. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the C6-C12 liquid aromatic hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, trimethylbenzenes, cumene, mesitylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction mixture further comprises ethylene oxide. 22. (canceled) 23. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a strong base catalyst and a strong acid catalyst, wherein:
(a) when the catalyst is a strong base catalyst, the C3+ alkoxylated humus material comprises a compound characterized by Structure VII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; n is in the range of from about 0 to about 3; m is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; y is in the range of from about 0 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; z is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; and x and z cannot both be 0 at the same time; or
(b) when the catalyst is a strong acid catalyst, the C3+ alkoxylated humus material comprises a compound characterized by Structure VIII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; n is in the range of from about 0 to about 3; m1 is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x1 is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; y is in the range of from about 0 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; z is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; and x1 and z cannot both be 0 at the same time. 24-26. (canceled) 27. A method of alkoxylating a humus material comprising:
heating a reaction mixture comprising a humus material, a C3+ cyclic ether, a catalyst and an inert reaction solvent to a temperature of from about 130° C. to about 170° C., wherein the humus material comprises leonardite, the C3+ cyclic ether comprises propylene oxide, and the inert reaction solvent comprises xylene; and recovering a C3+ alkoxylated humus material from the reaction mixture. 28. (canceled) 29. The method of claim 27 wherein:
the reaction mixture comprises ethylene oxide and the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a strong base catalyst and a strong acid catalyst, wherein,
(a) when the catalyst comprises a strong base catalyst, the C3+ alkoxylated humus material comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXIV:
wherein HM represents the humus material; m is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x is in the range of from about 1 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 20; and y is in the range of from about 1 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; or
(b) when the catalyst comprises a strong acid catalyst, the C3+ alkoxylated humus material comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXVII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; m1 is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x1 is in the range of from about 1 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; and y is in the range of from about 1 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material. 30. (canceled) 31. A C3+ alkoxylated humus material. 32. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 31 characterized by:
(a) Structure VII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; n is in the range of from about 0 to about 3; m is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; y is in the range of from about 0 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; z is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; and x and z cannot both be 0 at the same time; or
(b) Structure VIII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; n is in the range of from about 0 to about 3; m1 is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x1 is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; y is in the range of from about 0 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; z is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; and x1 and z cannot both be 0 at the same time. 33-35. (canceled) 36. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 32 wherein y=0 and wherein:
(a) the compound characterized by Structure VII comprises a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XI, a propoxylated/butoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XII, a propoxylated/pentoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XIII, or combinations thereof
and
(b) wherein the compound characterized by Structure VIII comprises a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XIV, a propoxylated/butoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XV, a propoxylated/pentoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XVI, or combinations thereof 37-38. (canceled) 39. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 36 wherein z=0 and wherein:
(a) the compound characterized by Structure VII comprises a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XIX, a butoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XX, a pentoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXI, or combinations thereof
and
(b) wherein the compound characterized by Structure VIII comprises a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXII, a butoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXIII, a pentoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXIV, or combinations thereof 40-45. (canceled) 46. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 31 comprising a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXV:
wherein q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; and z is in the range of from about 1 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material. 47. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 32 wherein the compound characterized by Structure VII comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXVI, a butoxylated/propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXVII, a pentoxylated/propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXVIII, or combinations thereof 48-49. (canceled) 50. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 32 wherein z=0 and wherein:
(a) the compound characterized by Structure VII comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXIV, a butoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXV, a pentoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXVI, or combinations thereof
and
(b) wherein the compound characterized by Structure VIII comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXVII, a butoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXVIII, a pentoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXIX, or combinations thereof 51. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 32 wherein the compound characterized by Structure VIII comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXIX, a butoxylated/propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXX, a pentoxylated/propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXI, or combinations thereof 52-54. (canceled)
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A method of alkoxylating a humus material comprising heating a reaction mixture comprising a humus material, a C3+ cyclic ether, a catalyst and an inert reaction solvent, and recovering a C3+ alkoxylated humus material from the reaction mixture. A method of alkoxylating a humus material comprising heating a reaction mixture comprising a humus material, a C3+ cyclic ether, a catalyst and an inert reaction solvent to a temperature of from about 130° C. to about 170° C., wherein the humus material comprises leonardite, the C3+ cyclic ether comprises propylene oxide, and the inert reaction solvent comprises xylene, and recovering a C3+ alkoxylated humus material from the reaction mixture. A C3+ alkoxylated humus material.1. A method of alkoxylating a humus material comprising:
heating a reaction mixture comprising a humus material, a C3+ cyclic ether, a catalyst and an inert reaction solvent; and recovering a C3+ alkoxylated humus material from the reaction mixture. 2-4. (canceled) 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the humus material comprises brown coal, lignite, subbituminous coal, leonardite, humic acid, a compound characterized by Structure I, fulvic acid, humin, peat, lignin, or combinations thereof. 6-8. (canceled) 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the C3+ cyclic ether comprises oxetane as characterized by Structure II, a C3+ epoxide compound characterized by Structure III, or combinations thereof,
wherein the repeating methylene (—CH2—) unit may occur n times with the value of n ranging from about 0 to about 3. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the C3+ epoxide compound characterized by Structure III comprises propylene oxide as characterized by Structure IV, butylene oxide as characterized by Structure V, pentylene oxide as characterized by Structure VI, or combinations thereof. 11-12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 23 wherein the strong base catalyst comprises sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, or combinations thereof. 14-15. (canceled) 16. The method of claim 23 wherein the strong acid catalyst comprises (a) a mixture of HF and at least one of a metal alkoxide and a mixed metal alkoxide; or (b) a mixture of esters of at least one of titanic and zirconic acid with monoalkanols and at least one of sulfuric acid, alkanesulfonic acids and aryloxysulfonic acids. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the inert reaction solvent comprises C6-C12 liquid aromatic hydrocarbons. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the C6-C12 liquid aromatic hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, trimethylbenzenes, cumene, mesitylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene. 20. (canceled) 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction mixture further comprises ethylene oxide. 22. (canceled) 23. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a strong base catalyst and a strong acid catalyst, wherein:
(a) when the catalyst is a strong base catalyst, the C3+ alkoxylated humus material comprises a compound characterized by Structure VII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; n is in the range of from about 0 to about 3; m is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; y is in the range of from about 0 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; z is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; and x and z cannot both be 0 at the same time; or
(b) when the catalyst is a strong acid catalyst, the C3+ alkoxylated humus material comprises a compound characterized by Structure VIII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; n is in the range of from about 0 to about 3; m1 is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x1 is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; y is in the range of from about 0 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; z is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; and x1 and z cannot both be 0 at the same time. 24-26. (canceled) 27. A method of alkoxylating a humus material comprising:
heating a reaction mixture comprising a humus material, a C3+ cyclic ether, a catalyst and an inert reaction solvent to a temperature of from about 130° C. to about 170° C., wherein the humus material comprises leonardite, the C3+ cyclic ether comprises propylene oxide, and the inert reaction solvent comprises xylene; and recovering a C3+ alkoxylated humus material from the reaction mixture. 28. (canceled) 29. The method of claim 27 wherein:
the reaction mixture comprises ethylene oxide and the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a strong base catalyst and a strong acid catalyst, wherein,
(a) when the catalyst comprises a strong base catalyst, the C3+ alkoxylated humus material comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXIV:
wherein HM represents the humus material; m is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x is in the range of from about 1 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 20; and y is in the range of from about 1 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; or
(b) when the catalyst comprises a strong acid catalyst, the C3+ alkoxylated humus material comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXVII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; m1 is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x1 is in the range of from about 1 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; and y is in the range of from about 1 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material. 30. (canceled) 31. A C3+ alkoxylated humus material. 32. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 31 characterized by:
(a) Structure VII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; n is in the range of from about 0 to about 3; m is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; y is in the range of from about 0 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; z is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; and x and z cannot both be 0 at the same time; or
(b) Structure VIII:
wherein HM represents the humus material; n is in the range of from about 0 to about 3; m1 is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; x1 is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; p is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; y is in the range of from about 0 to about 200, per 100 g of humus material; q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; z is in the range of from about 0 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material; and x1 and z cannot both be 0 at the same time. 33-35. (canceled) 36. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 32 wherein y=0 and wherein:
(a) the compound characterized by Structure VII comprises a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XI, a propoxylated/butoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XII, a propoxylated/pentoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XIII, or combinations thereof
and
(b) wherein the compound characterized by Structure VIII comprises a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XIV, a propoxylated/butoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XV, a propoxylated/pentoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XVI, or combinations thereof 37-38. (canceled) 39. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 36 wherein z=0 and wherein:
(a) the compound characterized by Structure VII comprises a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XIX, a butoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XX, a pentoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXI, or combinations thereof
and
(b) wherein the compound characterized by Structure VIII comprises a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXII, a butoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXIII, a pentoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXIV, or combinations thereof 40-45. (canceled) 46. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 31 comprising a propoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXV:
wherein q is in the range of from about 1 to about 30; and z is in the range of from about 1 to about 300, per 100 g of humus material. 47. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 32 wherein the compound characterized by Structure VII comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXVI, a butoxylated/propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXVII, a pentoxylated/propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXVIII, or combinations thereof 48-49. (canceled) 50. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 32 wherein z=0 and wherein:
(a) the compound characterized by Structure VII comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXIV, a butoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXV, a pentoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXVI, or combinations thereof
and
(b) wherein the compound characterized by Structure VIII comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXVII, a butoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXVIII, a pentoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXIX, or combinations thereof 51. The C3+ alkoxylated humus material of claim 32 wherein the compound characterized by Structure VIII comprises a propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXIX, a butoxylated/propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXX, a pentoxylated/propoxylated/ethoxylated humus material characterized by Structure XXXI, or combinations thereof 52-54. (canceled)
| 1,700 |
1,846 | 13,938,589 | 1,717 |
Building panels, especially floor panels and a method to produce such building panels that include a decorative surface and a transparent protective layer, which is applied by a digital coating. Also, a vision control system that may be used to adapt a digital print or a digital embossing to a specific panel surface.
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1. A method of coating a building panel having a decorative surface of wood, comprising the steps of:
applying a UV curable coating layer with a digital print head on a decorative surface of wood of a building panel; and curing the UV curable coating layer with UV light, thereby forming a transparent protective surface layer, wherein said decorative surface is visible through said transparent protective surface layer. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the building panel is a floor panel. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the building panel is an individual panel having a size, which is essentially the same as the final building panel comprising machined edges. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the building panel comprises a mechanical locking system at two opposite edges. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the building panel comprises a bevel at an edge. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the UV curable coating layer is a liquid polyurethane substance. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the UV curable coating layer is water based UV curable polyurethane. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decorative surface comprises a print. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the digital print head is a Piezo print head. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the digital print head is designed to apply drops with a size of about 60-200 picolitres. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the UV curable coating layer comprises wear and/or scratch resistant particles. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the UV curable coating layer comprises a structured surface with cavities and protrusions. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the structured surface is in register with the decorative surface. 14. A floor panel having a core, a surface layer comprising a wood material surface, a print and transparent layers,
wherein a lower transparent layer is located below the print, and an upper transparent layer is located above the print, wherein the lower transparent layer comprises a UV curable polyurethane, and wherein a part of the wood material surface and the print form a part of a visible surface and the print is at least partly synchronized with the visible design and/or structure of an individual floor panel. 15. A floor panel as claimed in claim 14, wherein the upper transparent layer comprises water based polyurethane. 16. A floor panel as claimed in claim 14, wherein the upper transparent layer is embossed. 17. A floor panel as claimed in claim 14, wherein the upper transparent layer is embossed in register with the print. 18. A method of forming a decor on a building panel with a digital vision control system that provides digital input to a digital print head, comprising the steps of:
creating a digital image of a surface of a building panel by the digital vision control system; using the digital vision control system to provide digital input to the digital print head based on said digital image; digitally printing at least a part of said surface of the building panel with the digital print head and with a print that is at least partly adapted to the digital image of said surface of the building panel. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the building panel is a floor panel. 20. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the print comprise colour pigments. 21. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the surface of the building panel comprises a transparent substance that is UV cured and that after curing forms an embossed structure.
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Building panels, especially floor panels and a method to produce such building panels that include a decorative surface and a transparent protective layer, which is applied by a digital coating. Also, a vision control system that may be used to adapt a digital print or a digital embossing to a specific panel surface.1. A method of coating a building panel having a decorative surface of wood, comprising the steps of:
applying a UV curable coating layer with a digital print head on a decorative surface of wood of a building panel; and curing the UV curable coating layer with UV light, thereby forming a transparent protective surface layer, wherein said decorative surface is visible through said transparent protective surface layer. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the building panel is a floor panel. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the building panel is an individual panel having a size, which is essentially the same as the final building panel comprising machined edges. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the building panel comprises a mechanical locking system at two opposite edges. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the building panel comprises a bevel at an edge. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the UV curable coating layer is a liquid polyurethane substance. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the UV curable coating layer is water based UV curable polyurethane. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the decorative surface comprises a print. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the digital print head is a Piezo print head. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the digital print head is designed to apply drops with a size of about 60-200 picolitres. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the UV curable coating layer comprises wear and/or scratch resistant particles. 12. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the UV curable coating layer comprises a structured surface with cavities and protrusions. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the structured surface is in register with the decorative surface. 14. A floor panel having a core, a surface layer comprising a wood material surface, a print and transparent layers,
wherein a lower transparent layer is located below the print, and an upper transparent layer is located above the print, wherein the lower transparent layer comprises a UV curable polyurethane, and wherein a part of the wood material surface and the print form a part of a visible surface and the print is at least partly synchronized with the visible design and/or structure of an individual floor panel. 15. A floor panel as claimed in claim 14, wherein the upper transparent layer comprises water based polyurethane. 16. A floor panel as claimed in claim 14, wherein the upper transparent layer is embossed. 17. A floor panel as claimed in claim 14, wherein the upper transparent layer is embossed in register with the print. 18. A method of forming a decor on a building panel with a digital vision control system that provides digital input to a digital print head, comprising the steps of:
creating a digital image of a surface of a building panel by the digital vision control system; using the digital vision control system to provide digital input to the digital print head based on said digital image; digitally printing at least a part of said surface of the building panel with the digital print head and with a print that is at least partly adapted to the digital image of said surface of the building panel. 19. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the building panel is a floor panel. 20. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the print comprise colour pigments. 21. The method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the surface of the building panel comprises a transparent substance that is UV cured and that after curing forms an embossed structure.
| 1,700 |
1,847 | 13,653,666 | 1,788 |
The invention relates to a laminated decorative plate comprising a core made of a fiber or particle material, a resinous intermediate layer on at least one side of the core, a decorative layer not impregnated with resin and having a graphic image of the surface of the imitated material, and a transparent core layer, into which the relief-like reproduction of the surface structure of the imitated material is stamped. The intermediate layer is made of liquid glue, curable by pressure and/or heat, that is applied to the core.
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1. A laminated decorative plate comprising a core mode of a fiber or particle material, a resinous intermediate layer on at least one side of the core, a decorative layer not impregnated with resin and having a graphic image of the surface of an imitated material. 2. The decorative plate according to claim 1, wherein the core consists of a high density fiber material (HDF). 3. The decorative plate according to claim 1, wherein the decorative plate comprises a counteracting layer on the side opposite to the decorative layer. 4. The decorative plate according to claim 3, wherein the counteracting layer consists of a resinous intermediate layer and a paper not impregnated with a resin. 5. The decorative plate according to claim 1, wherein the decorative layer is printed paper. 6. The decorative plate according to claim 2, wherein the decorative plate comprises a counteracting layer on the side opposite to the decorative layer. 7. The decorative plate according to claim 6, wherein the counteracting layer consists of a resinous intermediate layer and a paper not impregnated with a resin. 8. The decorative plate according to claim 2, wherein the decorative layer is printed paper.
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The invention relates to a laminated decorative plate comprising a core made of a fiber or particle material, a resinous intermediate layer on at least one side of the core, a decorative layer not impregnated with resin and having a graphic image of the surface of the imitated material, and a transparent core layer, into which the relief-like reproduction of the surface structure of the imitated material is stamped. The intermediate layer is made of liquid glue, curable by pressure and/or heat, that is applied to the core.1. A laminated decorative plate comprising a core mode of a fiber or particle material, a resinous intermediate layer on at least one side of the core, a decorative layer not impregnated with resin and having a graphic image of the surface of an imitated material. 2. The decorative plate according to claim 1, wherein the core consists of a high density fiber material (HDF). 3. The decorative plate according to claim 1, wherein the decorative plate comprises a counteracting layer on the side opposite to the decorative layer. 4. The decorative plate according to claim 3, wherein the counteracting layer consists of a resinous intermediate layer and a paper not impregnated with a resin. 5. The decorative plate according to claim 1, wherein the decorative layer is printed paper. 6. The decorative plate according to claim 2, wherein the decorative plate comprises a counteracting layer on the side opposite to the decorative layer. 7. The decorative plate according to claim 6, wherein the counteracting layer consists of a resinous intermediate layer and a paper not impregnated with a resin. 8. The decorative plate according to claim 2, wherein the decorative layer is printed paper.
| 1,700 |
1,848 | 14,399,144 | 1,721 |
A novel lithium battery cathode, a lithium ion battery using the same and processes and preparation thereof are disclosed. The battery cathode is formed by force spinning. Fiber spinning allows for the formation of core-shell materials using material chemistries that would be incompatible with prior spinning techniques. A fiber spinning apparatus for forming a coated fiber and a method of forming a coated fiber are also disclosed.
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1. A lithium battery, comprising:
a cathode; an anode; an electrolyte between the anode and cathode; and a separator disposed between the anode and cathode; wherein the cathode comprises:
a plurality of fibers comprising a core surrounded by a shell;
wherein the fibers are formed by fiber spinning. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the core comprises a crystalline metal oxide material. 3. The battery of claim 1, wherein the crystalline metal oxide is LiMn2O4 or LiCoO2. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the shell comprises a metal oxide. 5. The battery of claim 4, wherein the metal oxide is ZrO2, 6. The battery of claim 1, wherein the core is formed of oxide particles having a particle size between 10 to about 100 nm. 7. A lithium battery cathode, comprising:
a plurality of fibers comprising a core surrounded by a shell; wherein the fibers are formed by fiber spinning. 8. The cathode of claim 7, wherein the core comprises a crystalline metal oxide material. 9. The cathode of claim 7, wherein the crystalline metal oxide is LiMn2O4 or LiCoO2. 10. The cathode of claim 7, wherein the shell comprises a metal oxide. 11. The cathode of claim 10, wherein the metal oxide is ZrO2. 12. The cathode of claim 7, wherein the core is formed of oxide particles having a particle size between 10 to about 100. 13. A method of forming a cathode, comprising:
forming a plurality of precursor fibers by fiber spinning a fiber comprising a core and shell; and calcinating the plurality of precursor fibers to form the cathode. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the core is formed of crystalline metal oxide precursors. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the precursor fibers have a diameter between about 200 nm to about 5 microns. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein fiber spinning is performed at a rotational speed between about 3,000 and about 10,000 rpm. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the shell is formed of metal oxide precursors. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein calcinating takes place between about 500° C. and about 900° C. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein calcinating forms the core having a spinel microstructure. 20. An apparatus for fiber spinning coated fibers, comprising:
a spinneret comprising an inner needle surrounded by an outer needle for forming the coated fibers; a material supply system providing a core precursor material to the inner needle and a shell precursor material to the outer needle; a collection system for collecting the coated fibers spun from the spinneret. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the spinneret comprises two or more nested nozzles. 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the spinneret is capable of rotating at a rotational speed greater than zero and up to about 20,000 rpm 23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the collection system comprises two or more pins. 24. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the collection system comprises a drum. 25. A method of fiber spinning a coated fiber, comprising:
providing a core precursor material to a spinneret; providing a shell precursor material to the spinneret; rotating the spinneret while spinning the core and shell precursor materials to form the coated fiber; and collecting the coated fiber. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the coated fiber has a diameter between about 200 nm to about 5 microns. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein spinneret is rotated and a rotational speed between about 3,000 to about 10,000 rpm. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the core precursor material and the shell precursor material form metal oxides after calcination.
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A novel lithium battery cathode, a lithium ion battery using the same and processes and preparation thereof are disclosed. The battery cathode is formed by force spinning. Fiber spinning allows for the formation of core-shell materials using material chemistries that would be incompatible with prior spinning techniques. A fiber spinning apparatus for forming a coated fiber and a method of forming a coated fiber are also disclosed.1. A lithium battery, comprising:
a cathode; an anode; an electrolyte between the anode and cathode; and a separator disposed between the anode and cathode; wherein the cathode comprises:
a plurality of fibers comprising a core surrounded by a shell;
wherein the fibers are formed by fiber spinning. 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the core comprises a crystalline metal oxide material. 3. The battery of claim 1, wherein the crystalline metal oxide is LiMn2O4 or LiCoO2. 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the shell comprises a metal oxide. 5. The battery of claim 4, wherein the metal oxide is ZrO2, 6. The battery of claim 1, wherein the core is formed of oxide particles having a particle size between 10 to about 100 nm. 7. A lithium battery cathode, comprising:
a plurality of fibers comprising a core surrounded by a shell; wherein the fibers are formed by fiber spinning. 8. The cathode of claim 7, wherein the core comprises a crystalline metal oxide material. 9. The cathode of claim 7, wherein the crystalline metal oxide is LiMn2O4 or LiCoO2. 10. The cathode of claim 7, wherein the shell comprises a metal oxide. 11. The cathode of claim 10, wherein the metal oxide is ZrO2. 12. The cathode of claim 7, wherein the core is formed of oxide particles having a particle size between 10 to about 100. 13. A method of forming a cathode, comprising:
forming a plurality of precursor fibers by fiber spinning a fiber comprising a core and shell; and calcinating the plurality of precursor fibers to form the cathode. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the core is formed of crystalline metal oxide precursors. 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the precursor fibers have a diameter between about 200 nm to about 5 microns. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein fiber spinning is performed at a rotational speed between about 3,000 and about 10,000 rpm. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the shell is formed of metal oxide precursors. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein calcinating takes place between about 500° C. and about 900° C. 19. The method of claim 13, wherein calcinating forms the core having a spinel microstructure. 20. An apparatus for fiber spinning coated fibers, comprising:
a spinneret comprising an inner needle surrounded by an outer needle for forming the coated fibers; a material supply system providing a core precursor material to the inner needle and a shell precursor material to the outer needle; a collection system for collecting the coated fibers spun from the spinneret. 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the spinneret comprises two or more nested nozzles. 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the spinneret is capable of rotating at a rotational speed greater than zero and up to about 20,000 rpm 23. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the collection system comprises two or more pins. 24. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the collection system comprises a drum. 25. A method of fiber spinning a coated fiber, comprising:
providing a core precursor material to a spinneret; providing a shell precursor material to the spinneret; rotating the spinneret while spinning the core and shell precursor materials to form the coated fiber; and collecting the coated fiber. 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the coated fiber has a diameter between about 200 nm to about 5 microns. 27. The method of claim 24, wherein spinneret is rotated and a rotational speed between about 3,000 to about 10,000 rpm. 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the core precursor material and the shell precursor material form metal oxides after calcination.
| 1,700 |
1,849 | 13,941,673 | 1,783 |
A coating, a coated turbine component, and a coating process are disclosed. The coating includes an epoxy-polyamide structure formed from a coating composition comprising a phenolic resin and a curing agent, the phenolic resin comprising a bisphenol F constituent and an epichlorohydrin constituent. The coating composition is solvent-free or substantially solvent-free. The cured coating is cross-linked from curing below 120° C., from curing using infrared-microwave radiation, or a combination thereof. The coated turbine component includes a surface and the coating. The coating process includes applying the coating and curing the coating.
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1. A cured coating, comprising:
an epoxy-polyamide structure formed from a coating composition comprising a phenolic resin and a curing agent, the phenolic resin comprising a bisphenol F constituent and an epichlorohydrin constituent; wherein the cured coating is cross-linked from curing below 120° C., from curing using infrared-microwave radiation, or a combination thereof; wherein the coating composition is solvent-free or substantially solvent-free. 2. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating has a thickness between about 50 micrometers and about 200 micrometers. 3. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating has a discrete porosity of less than about 3 percent, by volume. 4. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a surface roughness of between about 5 Ra and about 10 Ra. 5. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating is hydrophobic and oleophobic. 6. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the composition includes, by weight, between about 40% and about 45% being the phenolic resin, between about 8% and about 9% being the curing agent, between about 5% and about 10% being an anticorrosive agent, between about 10% and about 15% being a thixotropic agent, between about 15% and about 20% being an extender material, between about 1% and about 2% being an erosion-resistant filler, or a combination thereof. 7. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises a thixotropic agent selected from the group consisting of 2-1 clay, mica, silicon fumes, and combinations thereof. 8. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises an extender material selected from the group consisting of barium sulphate, calcium sulphate, talc, calcium carbonate, and combinations thereof. 9. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises an anticorrosive agent selected from the group consisting of zinc dust, zinc phosphate, iron sulphide, borate, precipitated silica, TiO2, iron oxide, ZrO2, and combinations thereof. 10. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises an erosion-resistant filler material selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, boron carbine, silicon carbide, titania, and combinations thereof. 11. The cured coating of claim 1, further comprising crack-resistant materials selected from the group consisting of glass flakes, milled glass fiber, and combinations thereof. 12. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating is positioned on a rusted surface. 13. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating is positioned on a treated substrate, the treated substrate being primed with zinc phosphate, blast-cleaned, sand-blasted, hydro-jetted, or a combination thereof. 14. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the curing agent is selected from the group consisting of polyamide, an aromatic amine, polyamidoamine, butyl titanate, phenalkamine, and combinations thereof. 15. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating includes physical features from being roll-coat-applied, spray-coat-applied, or dip-coat-applied. 16. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating includes physical features from intermediate heating for 15 to 30 minutes at a plurality incremental temperature level, at least two incremental levels of the plurality of the incremental temperature levels being different by at least 15° C. 17. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating is positioned on a turbine component, the turbine component being selected from the group consisting of an airfoil, a compressor blade, and combinations thereof. 18. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating includes a plurality of intermediate layers, a first layer of the plurality of the intermediate layers and a second layer of the plurality of the intermediate layers being cross-linked through an initial partial curing of the first layer and a subsequent curing of the first layer concurrent with an at least partial curing of the second layer. 19. A coated turbine component, comprising:
a substrate; and a cured coating positioned on the substrate, the cured coating comprising an epoxy-polyamide structure formed from a coating composition comprising a phenolic resin and a curing agent, the resin comprising a bisphenol F constituent and an epichlorohydrin constituent, wherein the cured coating is cross-linked from curing below 120° C., from curing using infrared-microwave radiation, or a combination thereof; wherein the composition includes, by weight, between about 40% and about 45% being the phenolic resin, between about 8% and about 9% being the curing agent, between about 5% and about 10% being an anticorrosive agent, between about 10% and about 15% being a thixotropic agent, between about 15% and about 20% being an extender material, between about 1% and about 2% being an erosion-resistant filler, or a combination thereof; wherein the extender material is selected from the group consisting of barium sulphate, calcium sulphate, talc, calcium carbonate, and combinations thereof; wherein the anticorrosive agent is selected from the group consisting of zinc dust, zinc phosphate, iron sulphide, borate, precipitated silica, TiO2, iron oxide, ZrO2, and combinations thereof; and wherein the erosion-resistant filler material is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, boron carbine, silicon carbide, titania, and combinations thereof. 20. A coating process, comprising:
applying a coating composition, the coating composition comprising a phenolic resin and a curing agent, the resin comprising a bisphenol F constituent and an epichlorohydrin constituent; and curing the coating composition through thermal curing below 120° C., through infrared-microwave radiation, or a combination thereof; wherein the coating composition is solvent-free or substantially solvent-free.
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A coating, a coated turbine component, and a coating process are disclosed. The coating includes an epoxy-polyamide structure formed from a coating composition comprising a phenolic resin and a curing agent, the phenolic resin comprising a bisphenol F constituent and an epichlorohydrin constituent. The coating composition is solvent-free or substantially solvent-free. The cured coating is cross-linked from curing below 120° C., from curing using infrared-microwave radiation, or a combination thereof. The coated turbine component includes a surface and the coating. The coating process includes applying the coating and curing the coating.1. A cured coating, comprising:
an epoxy-polyamide structure formed from a coating composition comprising a phenolic resin and a curing agent, the phenolic resin comprising a bisphenol F constituent and an epichlorohydrin constituent; wherein the cured coating is cross-linked from curing below 120° C., from curing using infrared-microwave radiation, or a combination thereof; wherein the coating composition is solvent-free or substantially solvent-free. 2. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating has a thickness between about 50 micrometers and about 200 micrometers. 3. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating has a discrete porosity of less than about 3 percent, by volume. 4. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating has a surface roughness of between about 5 Ra and about 10 Ra. 5. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating is hydrophobic and oleophobic. 6. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the composition includes, by weight, between about 40% and about 45% being the phenolic resin, between about 8% and about 9% being the curing agent, between about 5% and about 10% being an anticorrosive agent, between about 10% and about 15% being a thixotropic agent, between about 15% and about 20% being an extender material, between about 1% and about 2% being an erosion-resistant filler, or a combination thereof. 7. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises a thixotropic agent selected from the group consisting of 2-1 clay, mica, silicon fumes, and combinations thereof. 8. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises an extender material selected from the group consisting of barium sulphate, calcium sulphate, talc, calcium carbonate, and combinations thereof. 9. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises an anticorrosive agent selected from the group consisting of zinc dust, zinc phosphate, iron sulphide, borate, precipitated silica, TiO2, iron oxide, ZrO2, and combinations thereof. 10. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the coating composition further comprises an erosion-resistant filler material selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, boron carbine, silicon carbide, titania, and combinations thereof. 11. The cured coating of claim 1, further comprising crack-resistant materials selected from the group consisting of glass flakes, milled glass fiber, and combinations thereof. 12. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating is positioned on a rusted surface. 13. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating is positioned on a treated substrate, the treated substrate being primed with zinc phosphate, blast-cleaned, sand-blasted, hydro-jetted, or a combination thereof. 14. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the curing agent is selected from the group consisting of polyamide, an aromatic amine, polyamidoamine, butyl titanate, phenalkamine, and combinations thereof. 15. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating includes physical features from being roll-coat-applied, spray-coat-applied, or dip-coat-applied. 16. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating includes physical features from intermediate heating for 15 to 30 minutes at a plurality incremental temperature level, at least two incremental levels of the plurality of the incremental temperature levels being different by at least 15° C. 17. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating is positioned on a turbine component, the turbine component being selected from the group consisting of an airfoil, a compressor blade, and combinations thereof. 18. The cured coating of claim 1, wherein the cured coating includes a plurality of intermediate layers, a first layer of the plurality of the intermediate layers and a second layer of the plurality of the intermediate layers being cross-linked through an initial partial curing of the first layer and a subsequent curing of the first layer concurrent with an at least partial curing of the second layer. 19. A coated turbine component, comprising:
a substrate; and a cured coating positioned on the substrate, the cured coating comprising an epoxy-polyamide structure formed from a coating composition comprising a phenolic resin and a curing agent, the resin comprising a bisphenol F constituent and an epichlorohydrin constituent, wherein the cured coating is cross-linked from curing below 120° C., from curing using infrared-microwave radiation, or a combination thereof; wherein the composition includes, by weight, between about 40% and about 45% being the phenolic resin, between about 8% and about 9% being the curing agent, between about 5% and about 10% being an anticorrosive agent, between about 10% and about 15% being a thixotropic agent, between about 15% and about 20% being an extender material, between about 1% and about 2% being an erosion-resistant filler, or a combination thereof; wherein the extender material is selected from the group consisting of barium sulphate, calcium sulphate, talc, calcium carbonate, and combinations thereof; wherein the anticorrosive agent is selected from the group consisting of zinc dust, zinc phosphate, iron sulphide, borate, precipitated silica, TiO2, iron oxide, ZrO2, and combinations thereof; and wherein the erosion-resistant filler material is selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, boron carbine, silicon carbide, titania, and combinations thereof. 20. A coating process, comprising:
applying a coating composition, the coating composition comprising a phenolic resin and a curing agent, the resin comprising a bisphenol F constituent and an epichlorohydrin constituent; and curing the coating composition through thermal curing below 120° C., through infrared-microwave radiation, or a combination thereof; wherein the coating composition is solvent-free or substantially solvent-free.
| 1,700 |
1,850 | 14,674,303 | 1,747 |
A pneumatic tire includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead, and a single reinforcement disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The single reinforcement includes a continuous cord forming a generally zig zag pattern across the width of the crown portion. The continuous cord is part of a continuous strip with a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm.
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1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead; and a single reinforcement disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, the single reinforcement comprising a continuous cord forming a generally zig zag pattern across the width of the crown portion, the continuous cord being part of a continuous strip with a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord has a 2×0.295 high tensile steel construction. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord has a 2+2×0.22 ultra tensile steel construction. 4. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord is part of a group of cords of identical construction. 5. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises carbon fiber. 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises polyester. 7. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises polyamide. 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises aramid. 9. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises fused polyester. 10. A method for designing a pneumatic tire comprising:
replacing a first belt, a second belt, and an overlay with a single continuous reinforcement, the single continuous reinforcement comprising the continuous cord being part of a continuous strip with a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm.
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A pneumatic tire includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead, and a single reinforcement disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire. The single reinforcement includes a continuous cord forming a generally zig zag pattern across the width of the crown portion. The continuous cord is part of a continuous strip with a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm.1. A pneumatic tire comprising:
a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead; and a single reinforcement disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, the single reinforcement comprising a continuous cord forming a generally zig zag pattern across the width of the crown portion, the continuous cord being part of a continuous strip with a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm. 2. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord has a 2×0.295 high tensile steel construction. 3. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord has a 2+2×0.22 ultra tensile steel construction. 4. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord is part of a group of cords of identical construction. 5. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises carbon fiber. 6. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises polyester. 7. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises polyamide. 8. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises aramid. 9. The pneumatic tire of claim 1 wherein the continuous cord comprises fused polyester. 10. A method for designing a pneumatic tire comprising:
replacing a first belt, a second belt, and an overlay with a single continuous reinforcement, the single continuous reinforcement comprising the continuous cord being part of a continuous strip with a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm.
| 1,700 |
1,851 | 12,531,817 | 1,789 |
A sheet is produced by (i) producing a sheet by entangling woven or knitted material including a thread composed of a composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity are stuck together in a side-by-side type along the fiber length direction and/or of a core-in-sheath type composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity form an eccentric core-in-sheath structure, with a fiber capable of converting into ultra fine fibers composed of two kinds or more of polymeric substances different in solubility in solvent, (ii) developing an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less by treating the sheet with a solvent to thereafter provide elastomer having polyurethane as a main component by impregnating and solidifying solvent solution of elastomer having polyurethane as a main component into the sheet, or of providing elastomer having polyurethane as a main component by impregnating and solidifying solvent solution of elastomer having polyurethane as a main component into the sheet to thereafter develop an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less by treating the sheet with a solvent, and (iii) rubbing and shrinking the woven or knitted material under the condition of 110° C. or more.
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1) A method for producing a stretch sheet, including the following steps (i) to (iii) in this order;
(i) producing a sheet by entangling woven or knitted material including a thread composed of a composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity are stuck together in a side-by-side type along the fiber length direction and/or of a core-in-sheath type composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity form an eccentric core-in-sheath structure, with a fiber capable of converting into ultra fine fibers composed of two kinds or more of polymeric substances different in solubility in solvent, (ii) developing an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less by treating the sheet with a solvent to thereafter provide an elastomer having polyurethane as a main component by impregnating and solidifying a solvent solution of elastomer having polyurethane as a main component into the sheet, or of providing an elastomer having polyurethane as a main component by impregnating and solidifying a solvent solution of elastomer having polyurethane as a main component into the sheet to thereafter develop an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less by treating the sheet with a solvent, and (iii) rubbing and shrinking the woven or knitted material under the condition of 110° C. or more. 2) The method for producing a stretch sheet according to claim 1, in which elastomer having polyurethane as a main component is provided after developing an ultra fine fiber in step (ii). 3) The method for producing a stretch sheet according to claim 2, in which a water-soluble resin is provided to the sheet before step (ii). 4) A stretch sheet including woven or knitted material including thread composed of a composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity are stuck together in a side-by-side type along the fiber length direction and/or of a core-in-sheath type composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity form an eccentric core-in-sheath structure, an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less, and elastomer having polyurethane as a main component, in which the thread composing woven or knitted material has a structure having a cavity in its inside. 5) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which the elastomer is partially joined to the thread having a cavity. 6) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which stretch ratio in a longitudinal direction and/or a transversal direction is 15% or more and 35% or less, and a stretch-back ratio in the longitudinal direction and/or the transversal direction is 80% or more and 100% or less. 7) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which the content of the polyurethane is 10% by weight or more and 40% by weight or less with respect to the total weight of the ultra fine fiber and the woven or knitted material. 8) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which the polyurethane is polycarbonate polyurethane having a polycarbonate skeleton represented by the following general formulae (1) and (2):
wherein, R1 and R2 are aliphatic hydrocarbon groups with a carbon number of 7 to 11, and may be same or different; n and m are positive integers; and R1 and R2 are block copolymerization or random copolymerization in the case of being different;
wherein, R3 and R4 are aliphatic hydrocarbon groups with a carbon number of 3 to 6, and may be same or different; x and y are positive integers; and R3 and R4 are block copolymerization or random copolymerization in the case of being different. 9) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which the fiber length of the ultra fine fiber is 25 mm or more and 90 mm or less.
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A sheet is produced by (i) producing a sheet by entangling woven or knitted material including a thread composed of a composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity are stuck together in a side-by-side type along the fiber length direction and/or of a core-in-sheath type composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity form an eccentric core-in-sheath structure, with a fiber capable of converting into ultra fine fibers composed of two kinds or more of polymeric substances different in solubility in solvent, (ii) developing an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less by treating the sheet with a solvent to thereafter provide elastomer having polyurethane as a main component by impregnating and solidifying solvent solution of elastomer having polyurethane as a main component into the sheet, or of providing elastomer having polyurethane as a main component by impregnating and solidifying solvent solution of elastomer having polyurethane as a main component into the sheet to thereafter develop an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less by treating the sheet with a solvent, and (iii) rubbing and shrinking the woven or knitted material under the condition of 110° C. or more.1) A method for producing a stretch sheet, including the following steps (i) to (iii) in this order;
(i) producing a sheet by entangling woven or knitted material including a thread composed of a composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity are stuck together in a side-by-side type along the fiber length direction and/or of a core-in-sheath type composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity form an eccentric core-in-sheath structure, with a fiber capable of converting into ultra fine fibers composed of two kinds or more of polymeric substances different in solubility in solvent, (ii) developing an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less by treating the sheet with a solvent to thereafter provide an elastomer having polyurethane as a main component by impregnating and solidifying a solvent solution of elastomer having polyurethane as a main component into the sheet, or of providing an elastomer having polyurethane as a main component by impregnating and solidifying a solvent solution of elastomer having polyurethane as a main component into the sheet to thereafter develop an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less by treating the sheet with a solvent, and (iii) rubbing and shrinking the woven or knitted material under the condition of 110° C. or more. 2) The method for producing a stretch sheet according to claim 1, in which elastomer having polyurethane as a main component is provided after developing an ultra fine fiber in step (ii). 3) The method for producing a stretch sheet according to claim 2, in which a water-soluble resin is provided to the sheet before step (ii). 4) A stretch sheet including woven or knitted material including thread composed of a composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity are stuck together in a side-by-side type along the fiber length direction and/or of a core-in-sheath type composite fiber such that two kinds or more of polyethylene terephthalate polymers different in intrinsic viscosity form an eccentric core-in-sheath structure, an ultra fine fiber with an average single fiber fineness of 0.001 dtex or more and 0.5 dtex or less, and elastomer having polyurethane as a main component, in which the thread composing woven or knitted material has a structure having a cavity in its inside. 5) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which the elastomer is partially joined to the thread having a cavity. 6) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which stretch ratio in a longitudinal direction and/or a transversal direction is 15% or more and 35% or less, and a stretch-back ratio in the longitudinal direction and/or the transversal direction is 80% or more and 100% or less. 7) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which the content of the polyurethane is 10% by weight or more and 40% by weight or less with respect to the total weight of the ultra fine fiber and the woven or knitted material. 8) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which the polyurethane is polycarbonate polyurethane having a polycarbonate skeleton represented by the following general formulae (1) and (2):
wherein, R1 and R2 are aliphatic hydrocarbon groups with a carbon number of 7 to 11, and may be same or different; n and m are positive integers; and R1 and R2 are block copolymerization or random copolymerization in the case of being different;
wherein, R3 and R4 are aliphatic hydrocarbon groups with a carbon number of 3 to 6, and may be same or different; x and y are positive integers; and R3 and R4 are block copolymerization or random copolymerization in the case of being different. 9) The stretch sheet according to claim 4, in which the fiber length of the ultra fine fiber is 25 mm or more and 90 mm or less.
| 1,700 |
1,852 | 15,005,791 | 1,736 |
A method for vitrifying waste to prevent the formation of molybdate secondary phases includes forming a feed mixture that includes the waste, a source of vanadium, and at least one of glass frit or glass forming chemicals and vitrifying the feed mixture in a melter to produce a glass product that includes the waste.
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1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for vitrifying waste comprising:
forming a feed mixture that includes the waste, a source of vanadium oxide, and at least one of glass frit or glass forming chemicals; vitrifying the feed mixture in a melter to produce a glass product that includes the waste. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the glass product includes no more than 10 wt % vanadium oxide. 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the source of vanadium oxide is an additive that is combined with the waste. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the source of vanadium oxide is added as a separate component to form the feed mixture. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the glass frit includes the source of vanadium oxide. 26. The method of claim 21 wherein the waste, the source of vanadium oxide, and at least one of glass frit or glass forming chemicals are each fed separately to the melter. 27. The method of claim 21 wherein the waste, the source of vanadium oxide, and at least one of glass fit or glass forming chemicals are combined before being entering the melter. 28. The method of claim 21 wherein at least one of the source of vanadium oxide, glass frit, or glass forming chemicals is combined with the waste before entering the melter and at least one of the source of vanadium oxide, glass frit or glass forming chemicals is fed separately to the melter. 29. The method of claim 21 wherein the feed mixture includes glass frit and the glass frit includes glass heads, cylindrical glass fiber cartridges, glass powder, and/or glass flakes. 30. The method of claim 21 wherein the method reduces the formation of molybdate yellow phases. 31. The method of claim 21 wherein the method reduces the formation of sulfate salt phases. 32. The method of claim 21 wherein the method reduces the formation of salt phases that incorporate molybdate, sulfate, and pertechnetate. 33. The method of claim 21 wherein the method reduces the formation of salt with one or more of chlorine, fluorine, chromium (chromate), and phosphorous (phosphate). 34. The method of claim 21 wherein the melter includes a joule heated ceramic melter or a cold crucible induction melter or a hot wall induction melter. 35. The method of claim 21 comprising calcining the waste in a separate process step prior to vitrification. 36. The method of claim 21 wherein the method increases the waste loading in the glass product. 37. A method for vitrifying high level radioactive waste comprising:
forming a feed mixture that includes the high level radioactive waste, a source of vanadium oxide, and at least one of glass frit or glass forming chemicals; vitrifying the feed mixture in a melter to produce a glass product that includes the high level radioactive waste. 38. The method of claim 37 wherein the glass product includes no more than 0 wt % vanadium oxide. 39. The method of claim 37 wherein the source of vanadium oxide is an additive that is combined with the waste. 40. The method of claim 37 wherein the source of vanadium oxide is added as a separate component to form the feed mixture.
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A method for vitrifying waste to prevent the formation of molybdate secondary phases includes forming a feed mixture that includes the waste, a source of vanadium, and at least one of glass frit or glass forming chemicals and vitrifying the feed mixture in a melter to produce a glass product that includes the waste.1-20. (canceled) 21. A method for vitrifying waste comprising:
forming a feed mixture that includes the waste, a source of vanadium oxide, and at least one of glass frit or glass forming chemicals; vitrifying the feed mixture in a melter to produce a glass product that includes the waste. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the glass product includes no more than 10 wt % vanadium oxide. 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the source of vanadium oxide is an additive that is combined with the waste. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the source of vanadium oxide is added as a separate component to form the feed mixture. 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the glass frit includes the source of vanadium oxide. 26. The method of claim 21 wherein the waste, the source of vanadium oxide, and at least one of glass frit or glass forming chemicals are each fed separately to the melter. 27. The method of claim 21 wherein the waste, the source of vanadium oxide, and at least one of glass fit or glass forming chemicals are combined before being entering the melter. 28. The method of claim 21 wherein at least one of the source of vanadium oxide, glass frit, or glass forming chemicals is combined with the waste before entering the melter and at least one of the source of vanadium oxide, glass frit or glass forming chemicals is fed separately to the melter. 29. The method of claim 21 wherein the feed mixture includes glass frit and the glass frit includes glass heads, cylindrical glass fiber cartridges, glass powder, and/or glass flakes. 30. The method of claim 21 wherein the method reduces the formation of molybdate yellow phases. 31. The method of claim 21 wherein the method reduces the formation of sulfate salt phases. 32. The method of claim 21 wherein the method reduces the formation of salt phases that incorporate molybdate, sulfate, and pertechnetate. 33. The method of claim 21 wherein the method reduces the formation of salt with one or more of chlorine, fluorine, chromium (chromate), and phosphorous (phosphate). 34. The method of claim 21 wherein the melter includes a joule heated ceramic melter or a cold crucible induction melter or a hot wall induction melter. 35. The method of claim 21 comprising calcining the waste in a separate process step prior to vitrification. 36. The method of claim 21 wherein the method increases the waste loading in the glass product. 37. A method for vitrifying high level radioactive waste comprising:
forming a feed mixture that includes the high level radioactive waste, a source of vanadium oxide, and at least one of glass frit or glass forming chemicals; vitrifying the feed mixture in a melter to produce a glass product that includes the high level radioactive waste. 38. The method of claim 37 wherein the glass product includes no more than 0 wt % vanadium oxide. 39. The method of claim 37 wherein the source of vanadium oxide is an additive that is combined with the waste. 40. The method of claim 37 wherein the source of vanadium oxide is added as a separate component to form the feed mixture.
| 1,700 |
1,853 | 14,222,831 | 1,742 |
Disclosed is a bottle for containing a beverage which has plastic body. The bottle includes a bottom surface having a non-sliding element located to be in contact with a surface when the bottle is in the upright position. In addition or alternately, the bottle includes a neck portion which has at least two spaced apart circumferential ribs. Preferably, each of the ribs is disposed normal to a vertical axis of the bottle in its upright position. In another embodiment of the invention, the ribs are continuous along the exterior of the neck.
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1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 30 wherein each rib is continuous. 16. The method of claim 30 wherein at least one of the ribs is non-continuous. 17. The method of claim 30, wherein the neck portion further comprises a plurality of exterior threads, the threads positioned between the ribs and an opening of the bottle. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 30, wherein said ribs extend an equal distance away from said neck portion. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. A method for the manufacture of a plastic bottle comprising the step of forming a preform by injection molding, forming at least two ribs in a neck portion of the plastic bottle preform during the injection molding step, stretch molding the perform into a bottle, wherein the pair of ribs create a concave support ledge that acts as a handling mechanism for the preform and bottle during production, and wherein the handling equipment can grab the preform and bottle in between the ribs, a first rib forming a ledge and a second rib forming a support for the handling equipment. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the mold cavity includes a knurled base finish. 32. The method of claim 30 wherein each of said ribs is disposed substantially normal to a vertical axis of the bottle in an upright position. 33. The method of claim 30, wherein said ribs extend different distances away from said neck portion.
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Disclosed is a bottle for containing a beverage which has plastic body. The bottle includes a bottom surface having a non-sliding element located to be in contact with a surface when the bottle is in the upright position. In addition or alternately, the bottle includes a neck portion which has at least two spaced apart circumferential ribs. Preferably, each of the ribs is disposed normal to a vertical axis of the bottle in its upright position. In another embodiment of the invention, the ribs are continuous along the exterior of the neck.1. (canceled) 2. (canceled) 3. (canceled) 4. (canceled) 5. (canceled) 6. (canceled) 7. (canceled) 8. (canceled) 9. (canceled) 10. (canceled) 11. (canceled) 12. (canceled) 13. (canceled) 14. (canceled) 15. The method of claim 30 wherein each rib is continuous. 16. The method of claim 30 wherein at least one of the ribs is non-continuous. 17. The method of claim 30, wherein the neck portion further comprises a plurality of exterior threads, the threads positioned between the ribs and an opening of the bottle. 18. (canceled) 19. (canceled) 20. The method of claim 30, wherein said ribs extend an equal distance away from said neck portion. 21. (canceled) 22. (canceled) 23. (canceled) 24. (canceled) 25. (canceled) 26. (canceled) 27. (canceled) 28. (canceled) 29. (canceled) 30. A method for the manufacture of a plastic bottle comprising the step of forming a preform by injection molding, forming at least two ribs in a neck portion of the plastic bottle preform during the injection molding step, stretch molding the perform into a bottle, wherein the pair of ribs create a concave support ledge that acts as a handling mechanism for the preform and bottle during production, and wherein the handling equipment can grab the preform and bottle in between the ribs, a first rib forming a ledge and a second rib forming a support for the handling equipment. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the mold cavity includes a knurled base finish. 32. The method of claim 30 wherein each of said ribs is disposed substantially normal to a vertical axis of the bottle in an upright position. 33. The method of claim 30, wherein said ribs extend different distances away from said neck portion.
| 1,700 |
1,854 | 14,485,885 | 1,746 |
A method for applying fibre material on a vertical surface is provided. The method has the following steps: spraying an adhesive on the vertical surface; applying the fibre material on the sprayed surface; spraying additional adhesive on the fibre material for another layer of fibre material; applying another layer of fibre material on the sprayed fibre material; and injecting the layers of fibre material with a resin.
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1. A method for applying fibre material on a vertical surface, comprising:
spraying an adhesive on the vertical surface; applying the fibre material on the sprayed surface; spraying additional adhesive on the fibre material for another layer of fibre material; applying another layer of fibre material on the sprayed fibre material; and injecting the layers of fibre material with a resin. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fibre material is unrolled from a reel. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein
a glass fibre material and/or a carbon fibre material and or a synthetic fibre material is used as the fibre material. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein
a fibre material in the form of a mat or a fabric is used. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein
a vertical surface is used which is made of wood or foam. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein
fibre material is applied on both sides of the vertical surface. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein
the resin is injected in a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein
the step of spraying an adhesive and/or the step of applying a fibre material is performed by an automatic actuator or an industrial robot. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein
an actuator or a robot is used comprising a means for exerting pressure to an applied fibre material.
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A method for applying fibre material on a vertical surface is provided. The method has the following steps: spraying an adhesive on the vertical surface; applying the fibre material on the sprayed surface; spraying additional adhesive on the fibre material for another layer of fibre material; applying another layer of fibre material on the sprayed fibre material; and injecting the layers of fibre material with a resin.1. A method for applying fibre material on a vertical surface, comprising:
spraying an adhesive on the vertical surface; applying the fibre material on the sprayed surface; spraying additional adhesive on the fibre material for another layer of fibre material; applying another layer of fibre material on the sprayed fibre material; and injecting the layers of fibre material with a resin. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fibre material is unrolled from a reel. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein
a glass fibre material and/or a carbon fibre material and or a synthetic fibre material is used as the fibre material. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein
a fibre material in the form of a mat or a fabric is used. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein
a vertical surface is used which is made of wood or foam. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein
fibre material is applied on both sides of the vertical surface. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein
the resin is injected in a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein
the step of spraying an adhesive and/or the step of applying a fibre material is performed by an automatic actuator or an industrial robot. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein
an actuator or a robot is used comprising a means for exerting pressure to an applied fibre material.
| 1,700 |
1,855 | 14,193,993 | 1,789 |
Cushioning material for resilient, insulating or padding covering of objects or components, made of a double-pile fabric ( 1 ) being elastically impregnated by resin impregnation, in which an upper fabric ( 2 ) and a lower fabric ( 3 ) are connected in a spaced-apart manner by webs ( 14 ) that are formed by pile threads ( 4 ), wherein the elastically impregnated double-pile fabric ( 1 ) exhibits a shape resilience with a non-linear spring characteristic ( 5 ) due to the connecting webs ( 14 ), having a lower characteristic region ( 7 ), a medium characteristic region ( 6 ) and an upper characteristic region ( 8 ), the lower and the upper characteristic regions ( 7, 8 ) having an ascending profile respectively, while the medium characteristic region ( 6 ) has a less ascending hysteresis loop profile which gives the impregnated double-pile fabric ( 1 ) an internal damping capacity (W), and said internal damping capacity (W) is adjusted by the volume weight depending on the used pile threads ( 4 ) and/or the degree of hardness of the resin impregnation.
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1. Cushioning material for resilient, insulating or padding covering of objects or components, made of a double-pile fabric being elastically impregnated by resin impregnation, in which an upper fabric and a lower fabric are connected in a spaced-apart manner by webs that are formed by pile threads, wherein the elastically impregnated double-pile fabric exhibits a shape resilience with a non-linear spring characteristic due to the connecting webs, having a lower characteristic region, a medium characteristic region and an upper characteristic region, the lower and the upper characteristic regions having an ascending profile respectively, while the medium characteristic region has a less ascending hysteresis loop profile which gives the impregnated double-pile fabric an internal damping capacity, and said internal damping capacity is adjusted by the volume weight depending on the used pile threads and/or the degree of hardness of the resin impregnation. 2. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the magnitude of the restoring force in the medium characteristic region correlates with the degree of hardness of the resin impregnation and the magnitude of the volume weight. 3. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the degree of hardness of the resin impregnation is settable in a range from 30 to 90 Shore A. 4. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the double-pile fabric comprises yarns with a thread size in the range from 60 to 300 tex. 5. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the webs formed by the pile threads consist of helically twisted individual webs being axially loadable spring elements. 6. Cushioning material according to claim 5, wherein the two respective ends of the webs are attached to the upper fabric and the lower fabric with an axial offset. 7. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the webs formed by the pile threads define a spacing in the range of 5 to 20 mm. 8. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the upper fabric and lower fabric are woven fabrics or knitted fabrics. 9. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the double-pile fabric is connectable to a ventilation or heating system. 10. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the double-pile fabric is filled with a foam in a free space between the pile threads. 11. Cushioning material according to claim 10, wherein the foam is a soft foam including antimicrobial additives.
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Cushioning material for resilient, insulating or padding covering of objects or components, made of a double-pile fabric ( 1 ) being elastically impregnated by resin impregnation, in which an upper fabric ( 2 ) and a lower fabric ( 3 ) are connected in a spaced-apart manner by webs ( 14 ) that are formed by pile threads ( 4 ), wherein the elastically impregnated double-pile fabric ( 1 ) exhibits a shape resilience with a non-linear spring characteristic ( 5 ) due to the connecting webs ( 14 ), having a lower characteristic region ( 7 ), a medium characteristic region ( 6 ) and an upper characteristic region ( 8 ), the lower and the upper characteristic regions ( 7, 8 ) having an ascending profile respectively, while the medium characteristic region ( 6 ) has a less ascending hysteresis loop profile which gives the impregnated double-pile fabric ( 1 ) an internal damping capacity (W), and said internal damping capacity (W) is adjusted by the volume weight depending on the used pile threads ( 4 ) and/or the degree of hardness of the resin impregnation.1. Cushioning material for resilient, insulating or padding covering of objects or components, made of a double-pile fabric being elastically impregnated by resin impregnation, in which an upper fabric and a lower fabric are connected in a spaced-apart manner by webs that are formed by pile threads, wherein the elastically impregnated double-pile fabric exhibits a shape resilience with a non-linear spring characteristic due to the connecting webs, having a lower characteristic region, a medium characteristic region and an upper characteristic region, the lower and the upper characteristic regions having an ascending profile respectively, while the medium characteristic region has a less ascending hysteresis loop profile which gives the impregnated double-pile fabric an internal damping capacity, and said internal damping capacity is adjusted by the volume weight depending on the used pile threads and/or the degree of hardness of the resin impregnation. 2. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the magnitude of the restoring force in the medium characteristic region correlates with the degree of hardness of the resin impregnation and the magnitude of the volume weight. 3. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the degree of hardness of the resin impregnation is settable in a range from 30 to 90 Shore A. 4. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the double-pile fabric comprises yarns with a thread size in the range from 60 to 300 tex. 5. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the webs formed by the pile threads consist of helically twisted individual webs being axially loadable spring elements. 6. Cushioning material according to claim 5, wherein the two respective ends of the webs are attached to the upper fabric and the lower fabric with an axial offset. 7. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the webs formed by the pile threads define a spacing in the range of 5 to 20 mm. 8. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the upper fabric and lower fabric are woven fabrics or knitted fabrics. 9. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the double-pile fabric is connectable to a ventilation or heating system. 10. Cushioning material according to claim 1, wherein the double-pile fabric is filled with a foam in a free space between the pile threads. 11. Cushioning material according to claim 10, wherein the foam is a soft foam including antimicrobial additives.
| 1,700 |
1,856 | 11,512,453 | 1,712 |
The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for dry particle coating of cohesive powders, and to the dry coated particles/powders produced thereby. The present disclosure is further directed to systems and methods for dry coating of cohesive particles, particularly nanosized particles, to provide enhanced flowability and other advantageous physical and/or functional properties. The disclosed systems and methods offer downstream processing advantages, e.g., for purposes of subsequent fluidization, coating, granulation and/or other particle processing operations, and have applicability in wide ranging industries, including specifically paint-related applications, pharmaceutical applications, food-related applications, cosmetic applications, defense-related applications, electronics-related applications, toner and ink-related applications, and the like.
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1. A method for altering the physical properties of a cohesive powder, comprising:
a. providing a cohesive powder characterized by cohesive forces that inhibit downstream processing thereof; b. dry coating the cohesive powder with nanosized guest particles at a level effective to overcome said cohesive forces and enhance said downstream processing of the cohesive powder. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the dry coating of the cohesive powder is undertaken in equipment selected from the group consisting of a magnetic assisted impaction coating (MAIC) apparatus, a hybridizer (HB) and a V-blender (VB) apparatus. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nanosized guest particles are dry coated with respect to the cohesive powder at levels between about 0.04-2.0 wt %. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nanosized guest particles are hydrophilic. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nanosized guest particles are hydrophobic. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the cohesive powder comprises individual cohesive particles, and wherein the dry coating of the cohesive particles is effective to coat a surface area of said cohesive particles. 7. A method according to claim 1, further comprising downstream processing of said dry coated cohesive powder. 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein said downstream processing includes fluidization of said dry coated cohesive powder in a fluidized bed. 9. A method according to claim 8, further comprising coating of said fluidized, dry coated cohesive powder. 10. A method according to claim 8, wherein the mean particle size of said dry coated cohesive powder is less than about 15 microns. 11. A method according to claim 8, wherein the mean particle size of said dry coated cohesive powder is about 5 microns. 12. A method according to claim 8, further comprising granulating of said fluidized, dry coated cohesive powder. 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein said granulation is effected by a top spray or a bottom spray of a binder material. 14. A dry coated cohesive powder produced by the method of claim 1. 15. A dry coated cohesive powder produced by the method of claim 1, wherein said dry coated cohesive powder is adapted for fluidization in a fluidized bed. 16. A method for fluidizing a cohesive powder, comprising:
a. dry coating the cohesive powder with nanosized guest particles to define dry coated particles; b. fluidizing the dry coated particles in a fluidized bed. 17. A fluidization method according to claim 16, wherein the cohesive powder has a mean diameter of less than 50 microns. 18. A fluidization method according to claim 16, further comprising granulating or film coating the fluidized, dry coated particles. 19. A fluidization method according to claim 16, wherein the nanosized guest particles are dry coated onto the cohesive powder at a level of about 0.04 to about 2 wt %. 20. A fluidization method according to claim 16, wherein the cohesive powder behaves as a Geldart Group C powder prior to dry coating and behaves as a Geldart Group A powder after dry coating thereof.
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The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for dry particle coating of cohesive powders, and to the dry coated particles/powders produced thereby. The present disclosure is further directed to systems and methods for dry coating of cohesive particles, particularly nanosized particles, to provide enhanced flowability and other advantageous physical and/or functional properties. The disclosed systems and methods offer downstream processing advantages, e.g., for purposes of subsequent fluidization, coating, granulation and/or other particle processing operations, and have applicability in wide ranging industries, including specifically paint-related applications, pharmaceutical applications, food-related applications, cosmetic applications, defense-related applications, electronics-related applications, toner and ink-related applications, and the like.1. A method for altering the physical properties of a cohesive powder, comprising:
a. providing a cohesive powder characterized by cohesive forces that inhibit downstream processing thereof; b. dry coating the cohesive powder with nanosized guest particles at a level effective to overcome said cohesive forces and enhance said downstream processing of the cohesive powder. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the dry coating of the cohesive powder is undertaken in equipment selected from the group consisting of a magnetic assisted impaction coating (MAIC) apparatus, a hybridizer (HB) and a V-blender (VB) apparatus. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nanosized guest particles are dry coated with respect to the cohesive powder at levels between about 0.04-2.0 wt %. 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nanosized guest particles are hydrophilic. 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the nanosized guest particles are hydrophobic. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the cohesive powder comprises individual cohesive particles, and wherein the dry coating of the cohesive particles is effective to coat a surface area of said cohesive particles. 7. A method according to claim 1, further comprising downstream processing of said dry coated cohesive powder. 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein said downstream processing includes fluidization of said dry coated cohesive powder in a fluidized bed. 9. A method according to claim 8, further comprising coating of said fluidized, dry coated cohesive powder. 10. A method according to claim 8, wherein the mean particle size of said dry coated cohesive powder is less than about 15 microns. 11. A method according to claim 8, wherein the mean particle size of said dry coated cohesive powder is about 5 microns. 12. A method according to claim 8, further comprising granulating of said fluidized, dry coated cohesive powder. 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein said granulation is effected by a top spray or a bottom spray of a binder material. 14. A dry coated cohesive powder produced by the method of claim 1. 15. A dry coated cohesive powder produced by the method of claim 1, wherein said dry coated cohesive powder is adapted for fluidization in a fluidized bed. 16. A method for fluidizing a cohesive powder, comprising:
a. dry coating the cohesive powder with nanosized guest particles to define dry coated particles; b. fluidizing the dry coated particles in a fluidized bed. 17. A fluidization method according to claim 16, wherein the cohesive powder has a mean diameter of less than 50 microns. 18. A fluidization method according to claim 16, further comprising granulating or film coating the fluidized, dry coated particles. 19. A fluidization method according to claim 16, wherein the nanosized guest particles are dry coated onto the cohesive powder at a level of about 0.04 to about 2 wt %. 20. A fluidization method according to claim 16, wherein the cohesive powder behaves as a Geldart Group C powder prior to dry coating and behaves as a Geldart Group A powder after dry coating thereof.
| 1,700 |
1,857 | 13,798,544 | 1,721 |
An integrated circuit containing an embedded resistor in close proximity to an embedded thermoelectric device. An integrated circuit containing an embedded resistor in close proximity to an embedded thermoelectric device composed of thermoelectric elements and at least one switch to disconnect at least one thermoelectric element from the thermoelectric device. Methods for testing embedded thermoelectric devices.
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1. An integrated circuit, comprising:
an embedded thermoelectric device; and an embedded resistor in close proximity to the embedded thermoelectric device. 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the embedded resistor is a formed in an interconnect layer over the embedded thermoelectric device. 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the embedded resistor is a four terminal resistor. 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein a four terminal resistor is formed with the embedded thermoelectric device as a resistance element. 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the embedded thermoelectric device contains an array of thermoelectric elements with at least one switch that may disconnect at least one of the thermoelectric elements from the embedded thermoelectric device. 6. An integrated circuit, comprising:
an embedded thermoelectric device comprised of an array of thermoelectric elements; a switch capable of disconnecting at least one of the thermoelectric elements from the thermoelectric device; and an embedded resistor in close proximity to the embedded thermoelectric device. 7. The integrated circuit of claim 6, wherein the embedded resistor is formed in an interconnect layer over the embedded thermoelectric device. 8. The integrated circuit of claim 6, wherein the resistor is a four terminal resistor. 9. The integrated circuit of claim 6 where a four terminal resistor is formed with the embedded thermoelectric device as a resistance element. 10. A method of testing an integrated circuit, comprising:
forcing a least one current level through an embedded resistance heater in close proximity to an embedded thermoelectric generator; and measuring an output from the thermoelectric generator at each of the current levels. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the output is a voltage. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the voltage is an open circuit voltage. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the output is a current. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the current is a short circuit current. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
performing a first test of the embedded thermoelectric generator by forcing a current through the embedded resistance heater and measuring a first output; disconnecting a thermoelectric element from the thermoelectric generator; performing a second test of the embedded thermoelectric device by forcing the current through the embedded resistance heater and measuring a second output; and comparing the first output to the second output. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of measuring is a steady state measurement. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
forcing the at least one current level through the resistor for a fixed period of time; and measuring the output versus time after the fixed period of time. 18. A method of testing an integrated circuit, comprising:
forcing a current through an embedded thermoelectric device causing it to perform as a refrigerator; monitoring an electrically measured variable that changes with the temperature of the embedded thermoelectric device. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrically measured variable is a resistance an embedded resistor. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising calibrating the embedded resistor by forcing a series of current levels through the embedded resistor, measuring a voltage across the embedded resistor at each of the current levels and fitting an equation where the voltage is a dependent variable, current is an independent variable and where the equation is a cubic equation. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrically measured variable is a resistance of embedded the thermoelectric device. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrically measured variable is a subthreshold slope of a transistor. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrically measured variable is a bandgap voltage of a silicon diode. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the monitoring step is a steady state measurement. 25. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
forcing the current for a fixed period of time; and performing the monitoring step versus time after the fixed period of time. 26. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
performing a first test of the embedded thermoelectric device forcing a current through an embedded thermoelectric device and recording a first electrically measured variable; disconnecting a thermoelectric element from the thermoelectric generator; performing a second test of the embedded thermoelectric device by forcing the current through the embedded resistance device and measuring a second electrically measured variable; and comparing the first electrically measured variable to the second electrically measured variable.
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An integrated circuit containing an embedded resistor in close proximity to an embedded thermoelectric device. An integrated circuit containing an embedded resistor in close proximity to an embedded thermoelectric device composed of thermoelectric elements and at least one switch to disconnect at least one thermoelectric element from the thermoelectric device. Methods for testing embedded thermoelectric devices.1. An integrated circuit, comprising:
an embedded thermoelectric device; and an embedded resistor in close proximity to the embedded thermoelectric device. 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the embedded resistor is a formed in an interconnect layer over the embedded thermoelectric device. 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the embedded resistor is a four terminal resistor. 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein a four terminal resistor is formed with the embedded thermoelectric device as a resistance element. 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the embedded thermoelectric device contains an array of thermoelectric elements with at least one switch that may disconnect at least one of the thermoelectric elements from the embedded thermoelectric device. 6. An integrated circuit, comprising:
an embedded thermoelectric device comprised of an array of thermoelectric elements; a switch capable of disconnecting at least one of the thermoelectric elements from the thermoelectric device; and an embedded resistor in close proximity to the embedded thermoelectric device. 7. The integrated circuit of claim 6, wherein the embedded resistor is formed in an interconnect layer over the embedded thermoelectric device. 8. The integrated circuit of claim 6, wherein the resistor is a four terminal resistor. 9. The integrated circuit of claim 6 where a four terminal resistor is formed with the embedded thermoelectric device as a resistance element. 10. A method of testing an integrated circuit, comprising:
forcing a least one current level through an embedded resistance heater in close proximity to an embedded thermoelectric generator; and measuring an output from the thermoelectric generator at each of the current levels. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the output is a voltage. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the voltage is an open circuit voltage. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the output is a current. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the current is a short circuit current. 15. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
performing a first test of the embedded thermoelectric generator by forcing a current through the embedded resistance heater and measuring a first output; disconnecting a thermoelectric element from the thermoelectric generator; performing a second test of the embedded thermoelectric device by forcing the current through the embedded resistance heater and measuring a second output; and comparing the first output to the second output. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of measuring is a steady state measurement. 17. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
forcing the at least one current level through the resistor for a fixed period of time; and measuring the output versus time after the fixed period of time. 18. A method of testing an integrated circuit, comprising:
forcing a current through an embedded thermoelectric device causing it to perform as a refrigerator; monitoring an electrically measured variable that changes with the temperature of the embedded thermoelectric device. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrically measured variable is a resistance an embedded resistor. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising calibrating the embedded resistor by forcing a series of current levels through the embedded resistor, measuring a voltage across the embedded resistor at each of the current levels and fitting an equation where the voltage is a dependent variable, current is an independent variable and where the equation is a cubic equation. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrically measured variable is a resistance of embedded the thermoelectric device. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrically measured variable is a subthreshold slope of a transistor. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrically measured variable is a bandgap voltage of a silicon diode. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the monitoring step is a steady state measurement. 25. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
forcing the current for a fixed period of time; and performing the monitoring step versus time after the fixed period of time. 26. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
performing a first test of the embedded thermoelectric device forcing a current through an embedded thermoelectric device and recording a first electrically measured variable; disconnecting a thermoelectric element from the thermoelectric generator; performing a second test of the embedded thermoelectric device by forcing the current through the embedded resistance device and measuring a second electrically measured variable; and comparing the first electrically measured variable to the second electrically measured variable.
| 1,700 |
1,858 | 13,653,768 | 1,724 |
A battery cell according to the principles of the present disclosure includes a cell housing and a mounting member that is fixed to an outer surface of the cell housing. In one example, the mounting member is formed separate from the cell housing and attached to the outer surface of the cell housing. In another example, the mounting member is unitarily formed with the cell housing and protrudes from a planar surface of the cell housing.
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1. A battery cell comprising:
a cell housing; and a mounting member that is formed separate from the cell housing and attached to an outer surface of the cell housing. 2. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member includes an L-shaped bracket. 3. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member is welded to the outer surface of the cell housing. 4. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member is attached to the outer surface of the cell housing using an adhesive. 5. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member is attached to an end surface of the cell housing adjacent to a bottom surface of the cell housing. 6. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member includes a pair of mounting members attached to opposite ends of the cell housing. 7. A battery pack comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells of claim 6; a structural member; and a pair of mounting clamps that are fixed to the structural member and that engage the mounting members to secure the battery cells to the structural member. 8. A battery pack comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells of claim 6; and a structural member, wherein the battery cells are configured to be secured to the structural member using fasteners. 9. The battery pack of claim 8 further comprising a pair of mounting clamps that are configured to be fixed to the structural member using the fasteners and that engage the mounting members to secure the battery cells to the structural member. 10. The battery pack of claim 8 wherein the battery pack does not include plates that band the battery cells together. 11. A battery cell comprising:
a cell housing forming a rectangular cuboid having six planar faces; and a mounting member that is unitarily formed with the cell housing and that protrudes from at least one of the planar faces of the cell housing. 12. The battery cell of claim 11 wherein the mounting member includes a pair of mounting members protruding from opposite end faces of the cell housing. 13. A battery pack comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells of claim 12; and a structural member; and a plurality of snap fit mechanisms that are fixed to the structural member and that engage the mounting members to yield an interference fit that secures the battery cells to the structural member. 14. The battery pack of claim 13 wherein the snap fit mechanisms include flexible members that deflect outward away from the end faces of the cell housing to allow installation of the battery cells into the battery pack. 15. The battery pack of claim 14 wherein the flexible members deflect inward toward the end faces of the cell housing and engage the mounting members when the cell housing engages the structural member. 16. A battery cell comprising:
a cell housing forming a rectangular cuboid having six planar surfaces including a bottom surface and a pair of end surfaces at opposite longitudinal ends of the battery housing; and a pair of L-shaped brackets formed separate from the cell housing and attached to the end faces of the cell housing adjacent to the bottom surface of the cell housing. 17. The battery cell of claim 16 wherein the L-shaped brackets each include a first surface that engages one of the end faces of the cell housing and a second surface that is configured to engage a structural member of a battery pack. 18. A battery pack comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells of claim 16; a structural member; and a pair of clamping members that are fixed to the structural member and that overlap the L-shaped brackets to secure the battery cells to the structural member. 19. The battery pack of claim 18 wherein the clamping members extend along a length of the battery pack. 20. The battery pack of claim 18 wherein the clamping members are configured to be fixed to the structural member using fasteners.
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A battery cell according to the principles of the present disclosure includes a cell housing and a mounting member that is fixed to an outer surface of the cell housing. In one example, the mounting member is formed separate from the cell housing and attached to the outer surface of the cell housing. In another example, the mounting member is unitarily formed with the cell housing and protrudes from a planar surface of the cell housing.1. A battery cell comprising:
a cell housing; and a mounting member that is formed separate from the cell housing and attached to an outer surface of the cell housing. 2. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member includes an L-shaped bracket. 3. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member is welded to the outer surface of the cell housing. 4. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member is attached to the outer surface of the cell housing using an adhesive. 5. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member is attached to an end surface of the cell housing adjacent to a bottom surface of the cell housing. 6. The battery cell of claim 1 wherein the mounting member includes a pair of mounting members attached to opposite ends of the cell housing. 7. A battery pack comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells of claim 6; a structural member; and a pair of mounting clamps that are fixed to the structural member and that engage the mounting members to secure the battery cells to the structural member. 8. A battery pack comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells of claim 6; and a structural member, wherein the battery cells are configured to be secured to the structural member using fasteners. 9. The battery pack of claim 8 further comprising a pair of mounting clamps that are configured to be fixed to the structural member using the fasteners and that engage the mounting members to secure the battery cells to the structural member. 10. The battery pack of claim 8 wherein the battery pack does not include plates that band the battery cells together. 11. A battery cell comprising:
a cell housing forming a rectangular cuboid having six planar faces; and a mounting member that is unitarily formed with the cell housing and that protrudes from at least one of the planar faces of the cell housing. 12. The battery cell of claim 11 wherein the mounting member includes a pair of mounting members protruding from opposite end faces of the cell housing. 13. A battery pack comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells of claim 12; and a structural member; and a plurality of snap fit mechanisms that are fixed to the structural member and that engage the mounting members to yield an interference fit that secures the battery cells to the structural member. 14. The battery pack of claim 13 wherein the snap fit mechanisms include flexible members that deflect outward away from the end faces of the cell housing to allow installation of the battery cells into the battery pack. 15. The battery pack of claim 14 wherein the flexible members deflect inward toward the end faces of the cell housing and engage the mounting members when the cell housing engages the structural member. 16. A battery cell comprising:
a cell housing forming a rectangular cuboid having six planar surfaces including a bottom surface and a pair of end surfaces at opposite longitudinal ends of the battery housing; and a pair of L-shaped brackets formed separate from the cell housing and attached to the end faces of the cell housing adjacent to the bottom surface of the cell housing. 17. The battery cell of claim 16 wherein the L-shaped brackets each include a first surface that engages one of the end faces of the cell housing and a second surface that is configured to engage a structural member of a battery pack. 18. A battery pack comprising:
a plurality of the battery cells of claim 16; a structural member; and a pair of clamping members that are fixed to the structural member and that overlap the L-shaped brackets to secure the battery cells to the structural member. 19. The battery pack of claim 18 wherein the clamping members extend along a length of the battery pack. 20. The battery pack of claim 18 wherein the clamping members are configured to be fixed to the structural member using fasteners.
| 1,700 |
1,859 | 13,642,695 | 1,732 |
Porous inorganic oxide particles, such as porous silica particles, and compositions containing porous inorganic oxide particles are disclosed. Methods of making porous inorganic oxide particles and methods of using porous inorganic oxide particles are also disclosed.
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1. A method of making porous inorganic oxide particles, said method comprising the steps of:
forming precipitated inorganic oxide particles within a reaction mixture while mixing under high shear conditions; separating the precipitated inorganic oxide particles from liquid within the reaction mixture; washing the precipitated inorganic oxide particles to produce washed precipitated inorganic oxide particles; and rapid drying the washed precipitated inorganic oxide particles to form dried porous inorganic oxide particles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said forming step comprises:
introducing inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents into a reaction vessel, while mixing under high shear conditions, for a first length of time so as to result in a first reaction mixture; following the first length of time, halting introduction of inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents into the reaction vessel while continuing said mixing under high shear dispersion force for a second length of time; following the second length of time, introducing the inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents into the reaction vessel, while mixing under high shear, for a third length of time so as to result in a second reaction mixture; and following the third length of time, acidifying the second reaction mixture under high shear dispersion force so as to reduce a pH of the second reaction mixture to about 4.0 resulting in a third reaction mixture. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents comprise alkali metal silicate and sulfuric acid. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said mixing under high shear comprises utilizing a high shear disintegrator in a bypass mode to circulate the inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents through the reaction vessel and the high shear disintegrator. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the first length of time is less than about 15 minutes, the second length of time is less than about 120 minutes, and the third length of time is less than about 45 minutes. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first length of time is about 13 minutes, the second length of time is about 90 minutes, and the third length of time is about 43 minutes. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the precipitated inorganic oxide particles from said separating step are fed directly as a filter cake to a rapid dryer utilized in said rapid drying step without a re-slurrying step therebetween. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the precipitated inorganic oxide particles are subjected to a rapid drying temperature ranging from about 300° C. to about 700° C. for a rapid drying period of from about 2 seconds to about 2 minutes during said rapid drying step. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
milling or classifying the dried porous inorganic oxide particles to form finished porous inorganic oxide particles having an average particle size ranging less than about 30 microns. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said milling step comprises subjecting the dried porous inorganic oxide particles to a fluid energy milling step so as to form finished porous inorganic oxide particles having an average particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 30 microns, and a particle size distribution ranging from about less than 1 to about 100 microns. 11. Silica particles formed by the method of claim 1, wherein said silica particles are semi-finished and have:
(a) a median particle size of more than about 1.0 microns; and (b) a particle stability of at least about 55% as measured via the Particle Stability Test Method. 12. Silica particles formed by the method of claim 9, said silica particles having:
(a) a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of at least about 650 m2/g; and (b) a DOA oil absorption number of at least about 260 ml/100 g. 13. Silica particles formed by the method of claim 9, said silica particles having a porosity such that at least about 0.5 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 100 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 14. Silica particles formed by the method of claim 9, said silica particles having a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 15. A plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles, wherein the particles comprise:
(a) a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of at least about 650 m2/g; and (b) a DOA oil absorption number of at least about 260 ml/100 g. 16. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the particles comprise:
(a) a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of from about 675 to about 1000 m2/g; and (b) a DOA oil absorption number of from about 280 to about 360 ml/100 g. 17. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the particles comprise:
(a) a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of from about 650 to about 1000 m2/g; and (b) a DOA oil absorption number of from about 290 to about 350 ml/100 g. 18. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise silica particles. 19. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise precipitated particles. 20. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein said particles possess a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 21. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the particles comprise a porosity such that at least about 0.6 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 160 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 22. A plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles, wherein the particles comprise a porosity such that at least about 0.5 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 100 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 23. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the particles comprise a porosity such that at least about 0.6 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 160 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 24. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein said particles possess a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 25. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the particles comprise a total porosity of at least about 1.5 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry. 26. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the particles comprise a total porosity of at least about 1.7 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry. 27. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise silica particles. 28. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise precipitated particles. 29. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein said particles have a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 30. A plurality of semi-finished porous inorganic oxide particles, wherein the particles comprise:
(a) a median particle size of more than about 1 microns; and (b) a particle stability of at least about 55% as measured using the Particle Stability test method. 31. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the particle stability is at least about 60%. 32. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the particle stability is at least about 70%. 33. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the particles comprise a porosity such that at least about 0.6 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 100 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 34. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise silica particles. 35. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise precipitated particles. 36. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein said particles having a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 37. A plurality of precipitated porous inorganic oxide particles, wherein the particles comprise a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of at least about 650 m2/g. 38. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of from about 660 to about 1000 m2/g. 39. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of from about 670 to about 1000 m2/g. 40. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a DOA oil absorption number of at least about 260 ml/100 g. 41. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a DOA oil absorption number of from about 280 to about 360 ml/100 g. 42. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a DOA oil absorption number of from about 290 to about 350 ml/100 g. 43. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise silica particles. 44. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise precipitated particles. 45. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein said particles have a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 46. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein said particles are treated with an organic material. 47. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein said particles are treated with wax.
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Porous inorganic oxide particles, such as porous silica particles, and compositions containing porous inorganic oxide particles are disclosed. Methods of making porous inorganic oxide particles and methods of using porous inorganic oxide particles are also disclosed.1. A method of making porous inorganic oxide particles, said method comprising the steps of:
forming precipitated inorganic oxide particles within a reaction mixture while mixing under high shear conditions; separating the precipitated inorganic oxide particles from liquid within the reaction mixture; washing the precipitated inorganic oxide particles to produce washed precipitated inorganic oxide particles; and rapid drying the washed precipitated inorganic oxide particles to form dried porous inorganic oxide particles. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said forming step comprises:
introducing inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents into a reaction vessel, while mixing under high shear conditions, for a first length of time so as to result in a first reaction mixture; following the first length of time, halting introduction of inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents into the reaction vessel while continuing said mixing under high shear dispersion force for a second length of time; following the second length of time, introducing the inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents into the reaction vessel, while mixing under high shear, for a third length of time so as to result in a second reaction mixture; and following the third length of time, acidifying the second reaction mixture under high shear dispersion force so as to reduce a pH of the second reaction mixture to about 4.0 resulting in a third reaction mixture. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents comprise alkali metal silicate and sulfuric acid. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said mixing under high shear comprises utilizing a high shear disintegrator in a bypass mode to circulate the inorganic oxide particle-forming reagents through the reaction vessel and the high shear disintegrator. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the first length of time is less than about 15 minutes, the second length of time is less than about 120 minutes, and the third length of time is less than about 45 minutes. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first length of time is about 13 minutes, the second length of time is about 90 minutes, and the third length of time is about 43 minutes. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the precipitated inorganic oxide particles from said separating step are fed directly as a filter cake to a rapid dryer utilized in said rapid drying step without a re-slurrying step therebetween. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the precipitated inorganic oxide particles are subjected to a rapid drying temperature ranging from about 300° C. to about 700° C. for a rapid drying period of from about 2 seconds to about 2 minutes during said rapid drying step. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
milling or classifying the dried porous inorganic oxide particles to form finished porous inorganic oxide particles having an average particle size ranging less than about 30 microns. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said milling step comprises subjecting the dried porous inorganic oxide particles to a fluid energy milling step so as to form finished porous inorganic oxide particles having an average particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 30 microns, and a particle size distribution ranging from about less than 1 to about 100 microns. 11. Silica particles formed by the method of claim 1, wherein said silica particles are semi-finished and have:
(a) a median particle size of more than about 1.0 microns; and (b) a particle stability of at least about 55% as measured via the Particle Stability Test Method. 12. Silica particles formed by the method of claim 9, said silica particles having:
(a) a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of at least about 650 m2/g; and (b) a DOA oil absorption number of at least about 260 ml/100 g. 13. Silica particles formed by the method of claim 9, said silica particles having a porosity such that at least about 0.5 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 100 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 14. Silica particles formed by the method of claim 9, said silica particles having a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 15. A plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles, wherein the particles comprise:
(a) a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of at least about 650 m2/g; and (b) a DOA oil absorption number of at least about 260 ml/100 g. 16. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the particles comprise:
(a) a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of from about 675 to about 1000 m2/g; and (b) a DOA oil absorption number of from about 280 to about 360 ml/100 g. 17. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the particles comprise:
(a) a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of from about 650 to about 1000 m2/g; and (b) a DOA oil absorption number of from about 290 to about 350 ml/100 g. 18. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise silica particles. 19. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise precipitated particles. 20. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein said particles possess a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 21. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 14, wherein the particles comprise a porosity such that at least about 0.6 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 160 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 22. A plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles, wherein the particles comprise a porosity such that at least about 0.5 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 100 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 23. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the particles comprise a porosity such that at least about 0.6 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 160 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 24. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein said particles possess a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 25. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the particles comprise a total porosity of at least about 1.5 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry. 26. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the particles comprise a total porosity of at least about 1.7 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry. 27. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise silica particles. 28. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise precipitated particles. 29. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 21, wherein said particles have a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 30. A plurality of semi-finished porous inorganic oxide particles, wherein the particles comprise:
(a) a median particle size of more than about 1 microns; and (b) a particle stability of at least about 55% as measured using the Particle Stability test method. 31. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the particle stability is at least about 60%. 32. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the particle stability is at least about 70%. 33. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the particles comprise a porosity such that at least about 0.6 cc/g of pore volume, as measured by BJH nitrogen porosimetry, is from pores having a pore size of 100 Å or smaller, wherein the porosity of the particles is measured after drying the particles at 200° C. for at least 2 hours followed by an activation at 200° C. for two hours under vacuum. 34. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise silica particles. 35. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise precipitated particles. 36. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 29, wherein said particles having a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 37. A plurality of precipitated porous inorganic oxide particles, wherein the particles comprise a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of at least about 650 m2/g. 38. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of from about 660 to about 1000 m2/g. 39. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a single point nitrogen adsorption surface area of from about 670 to about 1000 m2/g. 40. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a DOA oil absorption number of at least about 260 ml/100 g. 41. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a DOA oil absorption number of from about 280 to about 360 ml/100 g. 42. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the particles comprise a DOA oil absorption number of from about 290 to about 350 ml/100 g. 43. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise silica particles. 44. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein the porous inorganic oxide particles comprise precipitated particles. 45. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein said particles have a median particle size in the range of about 1 to about 30 microns. 46. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein said particles are treated with an organic material. 47. The plurality of porous inorganic oxide particles of claim 36, wherein said particles are treated with wax.
| 1,700 |
1,860 | 14,711,102 | 1,783 |
Composition and method for making a flexible polymer film highly loaded with at least one plant-based organic particulate filler, and optionally an inorganic filler.
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1. A flexible polymer film comprising:
at least one layer, wherein said at least one layer comprises a polymer and at least 10% by weight of a plant-based organic particulate filler, wherein the plant-based organic particulate filler comprises a maximum particle size of 10 microns. 2. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein the plant-based organic particulate filler comprises at least one of oat hulls, soy flakes, rice hulls, and coconut hulls. 3. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein said at least one layer further comprises an inorganic particulate filler, wherein said inorganic particulate filler comprises at least one of talc, clays, silicon dioxide, diatamaceous earth, Kaolin, micas, gypsum, potassium nitrate, sodium chloride, metal chlorides, dolomite, bentonite, montmorillonite, metal sulfates, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, titanium dioxides, and calcium carbonate. 4. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein said polymer comprises a bio-based polymer. 5. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein said polymer comprises at least one of a poly lactic acid (PLA) polymer, a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer, or a polybutylene succinate (PBS) polymer. 6. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 further comprising a polymer chain extender. 7. The flexible polymer film of claim 6 wherein the polymer chain extender is an epoxy modified polymer. 8. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 further comprising a thickness of less than 2 mils. 9. The flexible polymer film of claim 3 wherein said inorganic particulate filler comprises at least 10% by weight of said at least one layer. 10. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein the at least one layer comprises at least 20% by weight of the plant-based organic particulate filler. 11. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein the at least one layer comprises at least 30% by weight of the plant-based organic particulate filler.
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Composition and method for making a flexible polymer film highly loaded with at least one plant-based organic particulate filler, and optionally an inorganic filler.1. A flexible polymer film comprising:
at least one layer, wherein said at least one layer comprises a polymer and at least 10% by weight of a plant-based organic particulate filler, wherein the plant-based organic particulate filler comprises a maximum particle size of 10 microns. 2. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein the plant-based organic particulate filler comprises at least one of oat hulls, soy flakes, rice hulls, and coconut hulls. 3. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein said at least one layer further comprises an inorganic particulate filler, wherein said inorganic particulate filler comprises at least one of talc, clays, silicon dioxide, diatamaceous earth, Kaolin, micas, gypsum, potassium nitrate, sodium chloride, metal chlorides, dolomite, bentonite, montmorillonite, metal sulfates, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, titanium dioxides, and calcium carbonate. 4. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein said polymer comprises a bio-based polymer. 5. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein said polymer comprises at least one of a poly lactic acid (PLA) polymer, a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer, or a polybutylene succinate (PBS) polymer. 6. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 further comprising a polymer chain extender. 7. The flexible polymer film of claim 6 wherein the polymer chain extender is an epoxy modified polymer. 8. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 further comprising a thickness of less than 2 mils. 9. The flexible polymer film of claim 3 wherein said inorganic particulate filler comprises at least 10% by weight of said at least one layer. 10. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein the at least one layer comprises at least 20% by weight of the plant-based organic particulate filler. 11. The flexible polymer film of claim 1 wherein the at least one layer comprises at least 30% by weight of the plant-based organic particulate filler.
| 1,700 |
1,861 | 14,360,766 | 1,795 |
The carbon dioxide permeation device in accordance with the present invention includes a first gas diffusion electrode, a second gas diffusion electrode, an electrolyte membrane which is between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode, and a DC power source. The carbon dioxide permeation device accelerates absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from gas in a vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode so as to decrease a carbon dioxide concentration of the gas in the vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode, and accelerates emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to gas in a vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode by causing an oxidation reaction of water in the electrolyte membrane so as to enrich carbon dioxide in the gas in the vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode.
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1. A carbon dioxide permeation device, comprising:
a first gas diffusion electrode; a second gas diffusion electrode; an electrolyte membrane which is in contact with and between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second diffusion electrode and includes an anion-conducting resin; and a DC power source configured to apply a voltage between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second diffusion electrode, the carbon dioxide permeation device being configured to: accelerate absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from gas in a vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode so as to decrease a carbon dioxide concentration of the gas in the vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode; and accelerate emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to gas in a vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode by causing an oxidation reaction of water in the electrolyte membrane so as to enrich carbon dioxide in the gas in the vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode. 2. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising a catalyst,
wherein: the electrolyte membrane has opposite faces which are in contact with the first diffusion electrode and the second diffusion electrode, respectively; and the catalyst is supported on at least one of the opposite faces of the electrolyte membrane. 3. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising an O2 reduction catalyst,
wherein: the electrolyte membrane has a face in contact with the first gas diffusion electrode; and the O2 reduction catalyst is supported on the face of the electrolyte membrane. 4. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising an O2 evolution catalyst,
wherein: the electrolyte membrane has a further face in contact with the second gas diffusion electrode; and the O2 evolution catalyst is supported on the further face of the electrolyte membrane. 5. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising a set of an O2 reduction catalyst and an O2 evolution catalyst, and a further set of an O2 reduction catalyst and an O2 evolution catalyst,
wherein: the electrolyte membrane has a face in contact with the first gas diffusion electrode, and a further face in contact with the second gas diffusion electrode; the set of the O2 reduction catalyst and the O2 evolution catalyst is supported on the face of the electrolyte membrane; the further set of the O2 reduction catalyst and the O2 evolution catalyst is supported on the further face of the electrolyte membrane; and the DC power source is configured to alter polarity of the voltage applied between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode. 6. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to of claim 1, wherein
at least one of the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode includes a microporous layer which is in contact with the electrolyte membrane. 7. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to of claim 1, further comprising
a first gas holding chamber configured to accommodate gas which is in contact with the first gas diffusion electrode. 8. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising
a second gas holding chamber configured to accommodate gas which is in contact with the second gas diffusion electrode. 9. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising
a water supplier for supplying the water to the electrolyte membrane. 10. A method of transporting carbon dioxide, comprising steps of:
preparing a carbon dioxide permeation device including a first gas diffusion electrode, a second gas diffusion electrode, an electrolyte membrane which is in contact with and between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode and includes an anion-conducting resin, and a DC power source configured to apply a voltage between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode; and selecting the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode as a cathode and an anode respectively and applying the voltage between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode to accelerate absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from gas in a vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode and to accelerate emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to gas in a vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode by causing an oxidation reaction of water in the electrolyte membrane. 11. The method of transporting carbon dioxide according to claim 10, further comprising a step of selecting the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode as the anode and the cathode, respectively and applying the voltage between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode to accelerate absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from the gas in the vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode and to accelerate emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to the gas in the vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode by causing the oxidation reaction of the water in the electrolyte membrane. 12. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, wherein
the carbon dioxide permeation device is configured to allow permeation of carbon dioxide in gas at a room temperature supplied to the first gas diffusion electrode to cause emission of carbon dioxide at a room temperature from the second gas diffusion electrode.
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The carbon dioxide permeation device in accordance with the present invention includes a first gas diffusion electrode, a second gas diffusion electrode, an electrolyte membrane which is between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode, and a DC power source. The carbon dioxide permeation device accelerates absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from gas in a vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode so as to decrease a carbon dioxide concentration of the gas in the vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode, and accelerates emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to gas in a vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode by causing an oxidation reaction of water in the electrolyte membrane so as to enrich carbon dioxide in the gas in the vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode.1. A carbon dioxide permeation device, comprising:
a first gas diffusion electrode; a second gas diffusion electrode; an electrolyte membrane which is in contact with and between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second diffusion electrode and includes an anion-conducting resin; and a DC power source configured to apply a voltage between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second diffusion electrode, the carbon dioxide permeation device being configured to: accelerate absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from gas in a vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode so as to decrease a carbon dioxide concentration of the gas in the vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode; and accelerate emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to gas in a vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode by causing an oxidation reaction of water in the electrolyte membrane so as to enrich carbon dioxide in the gas in the vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode. 2. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising a catalyst,
wherein: the electrolyte membrane has opposite faces which are in contact with the first diffusion electrode and the second diffusion electrode, respectively; and the catalyst is supported on at least one of the opposite faces of the electrolyte membrane. 3. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising an O2 reduction catalyst,
wherein: the electrolyte membrane has a face in contact with the first gas diffusion electrode; and the O2 reduction catalyst is supported on the face of the electrolyte membrane. 4. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising an O2 evolution catalyst,
wherein: the electrolyte membrane has a further face in contact with the second gas diffusion electrode; and the O2 evolution catalyst is supported on the further face of the electrolyte membrane. 5. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising a set of an O2 reduction catalyst and an O2 evolution catalyst, and a further set of an O2 reduction catalyst and an O2 evolution catalyst,
wherein: the electrolyte membrane has a face in contact with the first gas diffusion electrode, and a further face in contact with the second gas diffusion electrode; the set of the O2 reduction catalyst and the O2 evolution catalyst is supported on the face of the electrolyte membrane; the further set of the O2 reduction catalyst and the O2 evolution catalyst is supported on the further face of the electrolyte membrane; and the DC power source is configured to alter polarity of the voltage applied between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode. 6. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to of claim 1, wherein
at least one of the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode includes a microporous layer which is in contact with the electrolyte membrane. 7. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to of claim 1, further comprising
a first gas holding chamber configured to accommodate gas which is in contact with the first gas diffusion electrode. 8. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising
a second gas holding chamber configured to accommodate gas which is in contact with the second gas diffusion electrode. 9. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, further comprising
a water supplier for supplying the water to the electrolyte membrane. 10. A method of transporting carbon dioxide, comprising steps of:
preparing a carbon dioxide permeation device including a first gas diffusion electrode, a second gas diffusion electrode, an electrolyte membrane which is in contact with and between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode and includes an anion-conducting resin, and a DC power source configured to apply a voltage between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode; and selecting the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode as a cathode and an anode respectively and applying the voltage between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode to accelerate absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from gas in a vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode and to accelerate emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to gas in a vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode by causing an oxidation reaction of water in the electrolyte membrane. 11. The method of transporting carbon dioxide according to claim 10, further comprising a step of selecting the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode as the anode and the cathode, respectively and applying the voltage between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode to accelerate absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from the gas in the vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode and to accelerate emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to the gas in the vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode by causing the oxidation reaction of the water in the electrolyte membrane. 12. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1, wherein
the carbon dioxide permeation device is configured to allow permeation of carbon dioxide in gas at a room temperature supplied to the first gas diffusion electrode to cause emission of carbon dioxide at a room temperature from the second gas diffusion electrode.
| 1,700 |
1,862 | 14,692,288 | 1,792 |
A method is proposed for producing a milk product, preferably a cream product having an average particle size less than 3 μm, which has a shelf life of at least 4 weeks, but does not contain preservatives.
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1. A method for producing oil-in-water emulsions having an average particle size of less than 3 μm, comprising the following steps:
(a) subjecting an oil-in-water emulsion to a first high-pressure homogenization at a temperature in the range from about 50° C. to about 100° C.,
(b) heating the product obtained in step a) to about 135° C. up to about 150° C.,
(c) cooling the product obtained in step b) to a temperature below 100° C.,
(d) subjecting the product obtained in step c) to a second high-pressure homogenization at a temperature in the range from about 50° C. to about 80° C. and a pressure in the range from about 60 to about 100 bar,
(e) cooling the product obtained in step d) to a temperature from about 0° C. to about 10° C., wherein the cooling temperature is reached in a time interval from 1 to 10 seconds, and
(f) packaging the product obtained in step e). 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oil-in-water emulsion of step a) is a milk product. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the oil-in-water emulsion of step a) is a cream product. 4. The method of to claim 3, wherein the cream product of step a) has a fat content not greater than 40% by weight. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the homogenization temperature of step a) is in the range from about 50° C. to about 80° C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the homogenization pressure of step a) is in the range from about 10 to about 150 bar. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the homogenization pressure of step a) is in the range from about 10 to about 100 bar, and the homogenization temperature is in the range from about 60° C. to about 75° C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of step b) is between about 135° C. and about 145° C. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of step c) is between about 60° C. and about 75° C. 10-12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the cooling temperature of step e) is between 0° C. and 6° C. 14. The method of claim 4, wherein
(a) the cream product is subjected to a first high-pressure homogenization, wherein the temperature is between 60° C. and 75° C. and the pressure is between 10 and 100 bar, (b) the product of step (a) is subjected to an ultra heat treatment, wherein the temperature is between 135° C. and 145° C., (c) the product of step (b) is subjected to a first cooling stage, in which the temperature is between 60° C. and 75° C., (d) the product of step (c) is subjected to a second high-pressure homogenization, wherein the temperature is between 60° C. and 75° C. and the pressure is between 70 bar and 90 bar, and (e) the product of step (d) is subjected to a second cooling stage, wherein the temperature is a maximum of 6° C. and the cooling temperature is reached in a time interval of at most 6 seconds. 15. A milk product having an average particle size below 3 μm, and prepared by the method of claim 1.
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A method is proposed for producing a milk product, preferably a cream product having an average particle size less than 3 μm, which has a shelf life of at least 4 weeks, but does not contain preservatives.1. A method for producing oil-in-water emulsions having an average particle size of less than 3 μm, comprising the following steps:
(a) subjecting an oil-in-water emulsion to a first high-pressure homogenization at a temperature in the range from about 50° C. to about 100° C.,
(b) heating the product obtained in step a) to about 135° C. up to about 150° C.,
(c) cooling the product obtained in step b) to a temperature below 100° C.,
(d) subjecting the product obtained in step c) to a second high-pressure homogenization at a temperature in the range from about 50° C. to about 80° C. and a pressure in the range from about 60 to about 100 bar,
(e) cooling the product obtained in step d) to a temperature from about 0° C. to about 10° C., wherein the cooling temperature is reached in a time interval from 1 to 10 seconds, and
(f) packaging the product obtained in step e). 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oil-in-water emulsion of step a) is a milk product. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the oil-in-water emulsion of step a) is a cream product. 4. The method of to claim 3, wherein the cream product of step a) has a fat content not greater than 40% by weight. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the homogenization temperature of step a) is in the range from about 50° C. to about 80° C. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the homogenization pressure of step a) is in the range from about 10 to about 150 bar. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the homogenization pressure of step a) is in the range from about 10 to about 100 bar, and the homogenization temperature is in the range from about 60° C. to about 75° C. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of step b) is between about 135° C. and about 145° C. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature of step c) is between about 60° C. and about 75° C. 10-12. (canceled) 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the cooling temperature of step e) is between 0° C. and 6° C. 14. The method of claim 4, wherein
(a) the cream product is subjected to a first high-pressure homogenization, wherein the temperature is between 60° C. and 75° C. and the pressure is between 10 and 100 bar, (b) the product of step (a) is subjected to an ultra heat treatment, wherein the temperature is between 135° C. and 145° C., (c) the product of step (b) is subjected to a first cooling stage, in which the temperature is between 60° C. and 75° C., (d) the product of step (c) is subjected to a second high-pressure homogenization, wherein the temperature is between 60° C. and 75° C. and the pressure is between 70 bar and 90 bar, and (e) the product of step (d) is subjected to a second cooling stage, wherein the temperature is a maximum of 6° C. and the cooling temperature is reached in a time interval of at most 6 seconds. 15. A milk product having an average particle size below 3 μm, and prepared by the method of claim 1.
| 1,700 |
1,863 | 13,940,527 | 1,788 |
In one embodiment, a selectively-releasable adhesive includes a base adhesive compound and a releasing compound that is blended with the base adhesive compound, the releasing compound being capable of decreasing the adhesive strength of the base adhesive compound when a releasing agent is applied to the selectively-releasable adhesive.
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1. A selectively-releasable adhesive comprising:
a base adhesive compound; and a releasing compound that is blended with the base adhesive compound, the releasing compound being capable of decreasing the adhesive strength of the base adhesive compound when a releasing agent is applied to the selectively-releasable adhesive. 2. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the base adhesive compound comprises approximately 50 to 95 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive and the releasing compound comprises approximately 5 to 50 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive. 3. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the base adhesive compound comprises approximately 80 to 90 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive and the releasing compound comprises approximately 20 to 10 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive. 4. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the base adhesive compound is an acrylic polymer adhesive, a silicone adhesive, a rubber adhesive, a polyurethane adhesive, a hydrocolloid blended with an adhesive, or a mixture thereof. 5. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the base adhesive compound is an acrylic polymer adhesive. 6. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound is an uncured prepolymer formed from a multifunctional alcohol and a multifunctional carboxylic acid. 7. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 6, wherein the multifunctional alcohol is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, monomeric carbohydrates such as glucose and mannose, small polyols such as oligo(vinyl alcohol), and combinations thereof. 8. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 6, wherein the multifunctional carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of diacids such as sebacic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, and malic acid, triacids such as citric acid, and mixtures thereof. 9. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound comprises oglio(glycerol-sebacate). 10. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound has a crosslink density significantly less than 1%. 11. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound has a crosslink density of 0 to approximately 0.05%. 12. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound is capable of decreasing the adhesive strength of the base adhesive compound when one or more of an alcohol, ether, amide, or ester solution is applied to the selectively-releasable adhesive. 13. An adhesive article comprising:
a substrate; and an adhesive layer applied to the substrate, the adhesive layer comprising a selectively-releasable adhesive having a blend of a base adhesive compound and a releasing compound, the releasing compound being capable of decreasing the adhesive strength of the base adhesive compound when a releasing agent is applied to the selectively-releasable adhesive. 14. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the base adhesive compound comprises approximately 50 to 95 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive and the releasing compound comprises approximately 5 to 50 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive. 15. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the base adhesive compound is an acrylic polymer adhesive. 16. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the releasing compound is an uncured prepolymer formed from a multifunctional alcohol and a multifunctional carboxylic acid. 17. The adhesive article of claim 16, wherein the multifunctional alcohol is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, monomeric carbohydrates such as glucose and mannose, small polyols such as oligo(vinyl alcohol), and combinations thereof. 18. The adhesive article of claim 16, wherein the multifunctional carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of diacids such as sebacic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, and malic acid, triacids such as citric acid, and mixtures thereof. 19. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the releasing compound comprises oglio(glycerol-sebacate). 20. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the releasing compound has a crosslink density of 0 to approximately 0.05%. 21. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises one or more layers of paper, textile, polymer, foam, or foil. 22. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the substrate and adhesive layer are perforated. 23. The adhesive article of claim 22, wherein the perforations extend from an outer side to an inner side of the article so as to enable the releasing agent to pass from the outer side of the article to an interface at which the article contacts an object to which it is adhered. 24. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the article is medical tape. 25. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the article is a medical dressing. 26. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the article is an adhesive bandage strip. 27. A method for producing a selectively-releasable adhesive, the method comprising:
mixing a multifunctional alcohol and a multifunctional carboxylic acid to form an uncured prepolymer releasing compound; and mixing the prepolymer releasing compound with an acrylic polymer adhesive. 28. A method for producing a selectively-releasable article, the method comprising:
mixing a multifunctional alcohol and a multifunctional carboxylic acid to form an uncured prepolymer releasing compound; and mixing the prepolymer releasing compound with an acrylic polymer adhesive to form a selectively-releasable adhesive mixture; applying the mixture to a substrate to form a coated substrate; and perforating the coated substrate.
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In one embodiment, a selectively-releasable adhesive includes a base adhesive compound and a releasing compound that is blended with the base adhesive compound, the releasing compound being capable of decreasing the adhesive strength of the base adhesive compound when a releasing agent is applied to the selectively-releasable adhesive.1. A selectively-releasable adhesive comprising:
a base adhesive compound; and a releasing compound that is blended with the base adhesive compound, the releasing compound being capable of decreasing the adhesive strength of the base adhesive compound when a releasing agent is applied to the selectively-releasable adhesive. 2. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the base adhesive compound comprises approximately 50 to 95 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive and the releasing compound comprises approximately 5 to 50 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive. 3. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the base adhesive compound comprises approximately 80 to 90 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive and the releasing compound comprises approximately 20 to 10 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive. 4. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the base adhesive compound is an acrylic polymer adhesive, a silicone adhesive, a rubber adhesive, a polyurethane adhesive, a hydrocolloid blended with an adhesive, or a mixture thereof. 5. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the base adhesive compound is an acrylic polymer adhesive. 6. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound is an uncured prepolymer formed from a multifunctional alcohol and a multifunctional carboxylic acid. 7. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 6, wherein the multifunctional alcohol is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, monomeric carbohydrates such as glucose and mannose, small polyols such as oligo(vinyl alcohol), and combinations thereof. 8. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 6, wherein the multifunctional carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of diacids such as sebacic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, and malic acid, triacids such as citric acid, and mixtures thereof. 9. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound comprises oglio(glycerol-sebacate). 10. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound has a crosslink density significantly less than 1%. 11. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound has a crosslink density of 0 to approximately 0.05%. 12. The selectively-releasable adhesive of claim 1, wherein the releasing compound is capable of decreasing the adhesive strength of the base adhesive compound when one or more of an alcohol, ether, amide, or ester solution is applied to the selectively-releasable adhesive. 13. An adhesive article comprising:
a substrate; and an adhesive layer applied to the substrate, the adhesive layer comprising a selectively-releasable adhesive having a blend of a base adhesive compound and a releasing compound, the releasing compound being capable of decreasing the adhesive strength of the base adhesive compound when a releasing agent is applied to the selectively-releasable adhesive. 14. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the base adhesive compound comprises approximately 50 to 95 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive and the releasing compound comprises approximately 5 to 50 percent weight of the selectively-releasable adhesive. 15. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the base adhesive compound is an acrylic polymer adhesive. 16. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the releasing compound is an uncured prepolymer formed from a multifunctional alcohol and a multifunctional carboxylic acid. 17. The adhesive article of claim 16, wherein the multifunctional alcohol is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, monomeric carbohydrates such as glucose and mannose, small polyols such as oligo(vinyl alcohol), and combinations thereof. 18. The adhesive article of claim 16, wherein the multifunctional carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of diacids such as sebacic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, and malic acid, triacids such as citric acid, and mixtures thereof. 19. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the releasing compound comprises oglio(glycerol-sebacate). 20. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the releasing compound has a crosslink density of 0 to approximately 0.05%. 21. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the substrate comprises one or more layers of paper, textile, polymer, foam, or foil. 22. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the substrate and adhesive layer are perforated. 23. The adhesive article of claim 22, wherein the perforations extend from an outer side to an inner side of the article so as to enable the releasing agent to pass from the outer side of the article to an interface at which the article contacts an object to which it is adhered. 24. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the article is medical tape. 25. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the article is a medical dressing. 26. The adhesive article of claim 13, wherein the article is an adhesive bandage strip. 27. A method for producing a selectively-releasable adhesive, the method comprising:
mixing a multifunctional alcohol and a multifunctional carboxylic acid to form an uncured prepolymer releasing compound; and mixing the prepolymer releasing compound with an acrylic polymer adhesive. 28. A method for producing a selectively-releasable article, the method comprising:
mixing a multifunctional alcohol and a multifunctional carboxylic acid to form an uncured prepolymer releasing compound; and mixing the prepolymer releasing compound with an acrylic polymer adhesive to form a selectively-releasable adhesive mixture; applying the mixture to a substrate to form a coated substrate; and perforating the coated substrate.
| 1,700 |
1,864 | 14,818,727 | 1,765 |
Rigid polystyrene foams contain thermally treated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles. Such athermanous materials permit a more energy-efficient grinding process, wherein the ground particles are yielded in the desired platelet form and these ground particles also disperse well in a polystyrene matrix. Therefore the rigid polystyrene foams containing the anthracite coke particles have a density of less than 40 kg/m 3 and a thermal conductivity of less than 40 mW/m·K which provides desired thermal insulation properties.
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1. A rigid polystyrene foam, comprising:
thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles. 2. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 1, wherein the rigid polystyrene foam is an extruded rigid polystyrene foam (XPS) or a polystyrene particle foam (EPS). 3. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 1, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles are distributed homogeneously in the rigid polystyrene foam. 4. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 3, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles have a platelet form. 5. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 4, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles have an aspect ratio greater than 2. 6. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 5, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles have a diameter d50 of 0.2 to 20 μm. 7. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 6, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles have anthracite coke present as either gas-calcined anthracite or electrocalcinated anthracite. 8. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 7, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles are contained in a quantity of 0.5 wt % to 10 wt % with regard to a quantity of the rigid polystyrene foam. 9. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 8, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles are ground in jet mills selected from the group consisting of air mills, gas mills and steam jet mills. 10. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 9, wherein the air jet mill constitutes a spiral jet mill or an opposed jet mill. 11. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 10, further comprising flame retardants. 12. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 11, wherein said flame retardants constitute at least one of organic halogen compounds or phosphorus compounds. 13. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 12, wherein the rigid polystyrene foam has a density of 1 to 20 kg/m3 and a thermal conductivity of 20 mW/m·K to 40 mW/m·K. 14. A molded body, comprising:
a rigid polystyrene foam containing thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles. 15. An insulation, comprising:
a rigid polystyrene foam containing thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles.
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Rigid polystyrene foams contain thermally treated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles. Such athermanous materials permit a more energy-efficient grinding process, wherein the ground particles are yielded in the desired platelet form and these ground particles also disperse well in a polystyrene matrix. Therefore the rigid polystyrene foams containing the anthracite coke particles have a density of less than 40 kg/m 3 and a thermal conductivity of less than 40 mW/m·K which provides desired thermal insulation properties.1. A rigid polystyrene foam, comprising:
thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles. 2. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 1, wherein the rigid polystyrene foam is an extruded rigid polystyrene foam (XPS) or a polystyrene particle foam (EPS). 3. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 1, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles are distributed homogeneously in the rigid polystyrene foam. 4. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 3, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles have a platelet form. 5. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 4, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles have an aspect ratio greater than 2. 6. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 5, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles have a diameter d50 of 0.2 to 20 μm. 7. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 6, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles have anthracite coke present as either gas-calcined anthracite or electrocalcinated anthracite. 8. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 7, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles are contained in a quantity of 0.5 wt % to 10 wt % with regard to a quantity of the rigid polystyrene foam. 9. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 8, wherein said thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles are ground in jet mills selected from the group consisting of air mills, gas mills and steam jet mills. 10. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 9, wherein the air jet mill constitutes a spiral jet mill or an opposed jet mill. 11. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 10, further comprising flame retardants. 12. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 11, wherein said flame retardants constitute at least one of organic halogen compounds or phosphorus compounds. 13. The rigid polystyrene foam according to claim 12, wherein the rigid polystyrene foam has a density of 1 to 20 kg/m3 and a thermal conductivity of 20 mW/m·K to 40 mW/m·K. 14. A molded body, comprising:
a rigid polystyrene foam containing thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles. 15. An insulation, comprising:
a rigid polystyrene foam containing thermally pretreated non-graphitic anthracite coke particles.
| 1,700 |
1,865 | 14,240,595 | 1,734 |
The present invention is to produce press hardened parts having excellent properties while avoiding a peeling of a plated layer or an intergranular cracking of a base material during a press forming, in such a manner that when a surface-treated steel sheet in which a Zn—Fe-based plated layer is formed on a surface of a base steel sheet is manufactured by a press hardening process, the forming is started after the surface-treated steel sheet is heated to a temperature that is not lower than an Ac 1 transformation point of the base steel sheet and 950° C. or lower and the surface-treated steel sheet is then cooled to a temperature that is not higher than a solidifying point of the plated layer depending on the content of Fe in the plated layer.
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1. A method for producing a press hardened part, the method comprising:
heating a surface-treated steel sheet manufactured by a press hardening process to a temperature not lower than an Ac1 transformation point of a base steel sheet and 950° C. or lower; subsequently forming a Zn—Fe-based plated layer on a surface of the base steel sheet; and subsequently cooling the surface-treated steel sheet to a temperature not higher than a solidifying point of the plated layer depending on a content of Fe in the plated layer. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the content of Fe in the plated layer is from 5 to 80 mass %. 3. The method according to claim 1,
wherein said cooling occurs at an average cooling rate of 20° C./s or more. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein
said forming starts at a temperature higher than a martensitic transformation start temperature, and said cooling finishes at a temperature lower than the martensitic transformation start temperature. 5. A press hardened part produced by the method according to claim 1. 6. A press hardened part produced by the method according to claim 2. 7. A press hardened part produced by the method according to claim 3. 8. A press hardened part produced by the method according to claim 4.
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The present invention is to produce press hardened parts having excellent properties while avoiding a peeling of a plated layer or an intergranular cracking of a base material during a press forming, in such a manner that when a surface-treated steel sheet in which a Zn—Fe-based plated layer is formed on a surface of a base steel sheet is manufactured by a press hardening process, the forming is started after the surface-treated steel sheet is heated to a temperature that is not lower than an Ac 1 transformation point of the base steel sheet and 950° C. or lower and the surface-treated steel sheet is then cooled to a temperature that is not higher than a solidifying point of the plated layer depending on the content of Fe in the plated layer.1. A method for producing a press hardened part, the method comprising:
heating a surface-treated steel sheet manufactured by a press hardening process to a temperature not lower than an Ac1 transformation point of a base steel sheet and 950° C. or lower; subsequently forming a Zn—Fe-based plated layer on a surface of the base steel sheet; and subsequently cooling the surface-treated steel sheet to a temperature not higher than a solidifying point of the plated layer depending on a content of Fe in the plated layer. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the content of Fe in the plated layer is from 5 to 80 mass %. 3. The method according to claim 1,
wherein said cooling occurs at an average cooling rate of 20° C./s or more. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein
said forming starts at a temperature higher than a martensitic transformation start temperature, and said cooling finishes at a temperature lower than the martensitic transformation start temperature. 5. A press hardened part produced by the method according to claim 1. 6. A press hardened part produced by the method according to claim 2. 7. A press hardened part produced by the method according to claim 3. 8. A press hardened part produced by the method according to claim 4.
| 1,700 |
1,866 | 13,851,555 | 1,783 |
A structural component for an aircraft or spacecraft, comprising: a planar member; a reinforcing member which projects from the planar member and is rigidly connected thereto; the reinforcing member comprising at least a foam layer and a cover layer, a plurality of pins extending at least through the foam layer and the cover layer, and at least the pins and the cover layer comprising a curable matrix.
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1. A structural component for an aircraft or spacecraft, comprising: a planar member; a reinforcing member which projects from the planar member and is rigidly connected thereto; the reinforcing member comprising at least a foam layer and a cover layer, a plurality of pins extending at least through the foam layer and the cover layer, and at least the pins and the cover layer comprising a curable matrix. 2. The structural component of claim 1, wherein the pins also extend through the planar member, at least in part. 3. The structural component of claim 1, wherein the foam layer or the pins or the foam layer and the pins are connected directly to the planar member. 4. The structural component of claim 3, wherein the foam layer or the pins or the foam layer and the pins are glued directly to the planar member. 5. The structural component of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing member comprises a further cover layer, which is arranged between the planar member and the foam layer and connected thereto, the further cover layer likewise comprising a curable matrix. 6. The structural component of claim 5, wherein the pins extend through the further cover layer. 7. The structural component of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cover layer, the further cover layer, the planar member or the pins comprise a fibrous material, which is infiltrated by the respective matrix. 8. The structural component of claim 7, wherein the fibrous material comprises at least one of an interlaid scrim, woven fabrics or rovings. 9. The structural component of claim 7, wherein two of the reinforcing members are provided, and cross at a crossing point, and at the crossing points, fibres of the fibrous material which extend in the longitudinal direction of the respective reinforcing members are exclusively those which extend over the entire length of a respective reinforcing member. 10. The structural component of claim 1, wherein the planar member is formed as a skin portion. 11. The structural component of claim 1, wherein a plurality of the reinforcing members are provided and together form a grid structure. 12. The structural component of claim 11, wherein a plurality of the reinforcing members together form a diamond structure. 13. An aircraft or spacecraft comprising a structural component of claim 1. 14. A method for manufacturing a structural component, comprising the steps of: applying a cover layer to a foam layer; introducing a plurality of pins into the foam layer and the cover layer; arranging the foam layer, the cover layer and the pins on a planar member so as to form a reinforcing member projecting from the planar member; infiltrating at least the cover layer and the pins with a curable matrix and curing said matrix; and connecting the reinforcing member to the planar member. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the pins are introduced by at least one of inserting prefabricated rigid pins, stitching in fibres or incorporating fibres at least into the foam layer and the cover layer. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein a further cover layer is provided between the foam layer and the planar member and connected thereto. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the pins are initially inserted at least into the foam layer and the cover layer and if applicable into the further cover layer, subsequently the foam layer or if applicable the further cover layer is connected to the planar member or the foam layer and the cover layer and if applicable the further cover layer are arranged on the planar member, and subsequently the pins are introduced into the foam layer, the cover layer, the planar member and if applicable the further cover layer. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the cover layer and if applicable the further cover layer are formed from a fibrous material, in particular a fibrous interlaid scrim or fibrous woven fabrics, fibres of the fibrous material in particular extending exclusively in a respective longitudinal direction of two reinforcing members which are to be manufactured and parallel to this direction, triangular, diamond or rectangular regions being cut out of the fibrous material, longitudinal edges of the regions extending parallel to the respective longitudinal directions of the reinforcing members. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the cover layer, the pins and if applicable the further cover layer are infiltrated with the curable matrix and cured at a first time, and the planar member is infiltrated with a curable matrix and cured at a second time, the first and second times being the same or different times.
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A structural component for an aircraft or spacecraft, comprising: a planar member; a reinforcing member which projects from the planar member and is rigidly connected thereto; the reinforcing member comprising at least a foam layer and a cover layer, a plurality of pins extending at least through the foam layer and the cover layer, and at least the pins and the cover layer comprising a curable matrix.1. A structural component for an aircraft or spacecraft, comprising: a planar member; a reinforcing member which projects from the planar member and is rigidly connected thereto; the reinforcing member comprising at least a foam layer and a cover layer, a plurality of pins extending at least through the foam layer and the cover layer, and at least the pins and the cover layer comprising a curable matrix. 2. The structural component of claim 1, wherein the pins also extend through the planar member, at least in part. 3. The structural component of claim 1, wherein the foam layer or the pins or the foam layer and the pins are connected directly to the planar member. 4. The structural component of claim 3, wherein the foam layer or the pins or the foam layer and the pins are glued directly to the planar member. 5. The structural component of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing member comprises a further cover layer, which is arranged between the planar member and the foam layer and connected thereto, the further cover layer likewise comprising a curable matrix. 6. The structural component of claim 5, wherein the pins extend through the further cover layer. 7. The structural component of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cover layer, the further cover layer, the planar member or the pins comprise a fibrous material, which is infiltrated by the respective matrix. 8. The structural component of claim 7, wherein the fibrous material comprises at least one of an interlaid scrim, woven fabrics or rovings. 9. The structural component of claim 7, wherein two of the reinforcing members are provided, and cross at a crossing point, and at the crossing points, fibres of the fibrous material which extend in the longitudinal direction of the respective reinforcing members are exclusively those which extend over the entire length of a respective reinforcing member. 10. The structural component of claim 1, wherein the planar member is formed as a skin portion. 11. The structural component of claim 1, wherein a plurality of the reinforcing members are provided and together form a grid structure. 12. The structural component of claim 11, wherein a plurality of the reinforcing members together form a diamond structure. 13. An aircraft or spacecraft comprising a structural component of claim 1. 14. A method for manufacturing a structural component, comprising the steps of: applying a cover layer to a foam layer; introducing a plurality of pins into the foam layer and the cover layer; arranging the foam layer, the cover layer and the pins on a planar member so as to form a reinforcing member projecting from the planar member; infiltrating at least the cover layer and the pins with a curable matrix and curing said matrix; and connecting the reinforcing member to the planar member. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the pins are introduced by at least one of inserting prefabricated rigid pins, stitching in fibres or incorporating fibres at least into the foam layer and the cover layer. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein a further cover layer is provided between the foam layer and the planar member and connected thereto. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the pins are initially inserted at least into the foam layer and the cover layer and if applicable into the further cover layer, subsequently the foam layer or if applicable the further cover layer is connected to the planar member or the foam layer and the cover layer and if applicable the further cover layer are arranged on the planar member, and subsequently the pins are introduced into the foam layer, the cover layer, the planar member and if applicable the further cover layer. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the cover layer and if applicable the further cover layer are formed from a fibrous material, in particular a fibrous interlaid scrim or fibrous woven fabrics, fibres of the fibrous material in particular extending exclusively in a respective longitudinal direction of two reinforcing members which are to be manufactured and parallel to this direction, triangular, diamond or rectangular regions being cut out of the fibrous material, longitudinal edges of the regions extending parallel to the respective longitudinal directions of the reinforcing members. 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the cover layer, the pins and if applicable the further cover layer are infiltrated with the curable matrix and cured at a first time, and the planar member is infiltrated with a curable matrix and cured at a second time, the first and second times being the same or different times.
| 1,700 |
1,867 | 14,362,954 | 1,731 |
The present invention relates to a method for providing modified gypsum plaster or filling compositions having reduced agglomeration in comparison to gypsum plaster or filling compositions comprising cellulose ether in a specific amount from 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent, based on the total dry weight of said composition. Also provided are dry mortars comprising cellulose ether, gelatin and gypsum for use in such methods, and gypsum-free mixtures comprising cellulose ether and gelatin which may be added to gypsum binder for use a for use in such methods.
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1. A method for providing a modified gypsum plaster or filling composition having reduced agglomeration in comparison to a gypsum plaster or filling composition comprising a water soluble cellulose ether in a specified amount X, where the specified amount is from 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent based on the total dry weight of said composition components, said method comprising:
a) forming a dry mortar comprising gypsum binder; water soluble cellulose ether in an amount of X minus Y; and gelatin in an amount Y, wherein Y is from 0.02X to 0.30X; and b) combining said dry mortar with water to form a modified gypsum plaster or filling composition. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cellulose ether is an alkylhydroxyalkylcellulose, a hydroxyalkyl cellulose, an alkyl cellulose or a mixture thereof. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said alkylhydroxyalkylcellulose is selected from a methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC), an ethylhydroxyethylcellulose (EHEC), a methyl hydroxypropylcellulose (MHPC), a methylethylhydroxyethylcellulose (MEHEC), a methylhydroxy-ethylhydroxypropylcellulose (MHEHPC) and mixtures thereof. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein, when said cellulose ether is an alkylhydroxyalkylcellulose, said alkylhydroxyalkylcellulose has a DS(alkyl) of from >1 to 1.99 and an MS (hydroxyalkyl) of from 0.01 to <1, provided that the sum total of DS plus MS is less than or equal to 2.0. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cellulose ether has a median particle diameter DOP (50,3) of from 25 μm to 45 μm. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cellulose ether has a median particle diameter of the equivalent particle circle EQPC (50,3) of from 65 μm to 100 μm. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cellulose ether has a viscosity grade of from 1000 to 500,000 mPa s, measured as a 2% aqueous solution at 20° C. using an Ubbelohde tube viscometer. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of cellulose ether and gelatin present in said modified gypsum plaster or filling composition is from 0.1 to 0.5 weight percent, based on the total dry weight of said composition. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said dry mortar comprises gypsum in an amount not less than 10 weight percent, based on the total dry weight of its components. 10. A dry mortar comprising gypsum binder, cellulose ether and gelatin for use in a method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said dry mortar comprises 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of said dry mortar, of a mixture consisting of cellulose ether and gelatin, wherein the weight ratio of cellulose ether to gelatin is from 49:1 to 7:3. 11. A gypsum-free mixture comprising cellulose ether and gelatin, which may be added to gypsum binder for use in the method according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of cellulose ether to gelatin is from 49:1 to 7:3.
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The present invention relates to a method for providing modified gypsum plaster or filling compositions having reduced agglomeration in comparison to gypsum plaster or filling compositions comprising cellulose ether in a specific amount from 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent, based on the total dry weight of said composition. Also provided are dry mortars comprising cellulose ether, gelatin and gypsum for use in such methods, and gypsum-free mixtures comprising cellulose ether and gelatin which may be added to gypsum binder for use a for use in such methods.1. A method for providing a modified gypsum plaster or filling composition having reduced agglomeration in comparison to a gypsum plaster or filling composition comprising a water soluble cellulose ether in a specified amount X, where the specified amount is from 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent based on the total dry weight of said composition components, said method comprising:
a) forming a dry mortar comprising gypsum binder; water soluble cellulose ether in an amount of X minus Y; and gelatin in an amount Y, wherein Y is from 0.02X to 0.30X; and b) combining said dry mortar with water to form a modified gypsum plaster or filling composition. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cellulose ether is an alkylhydroxyalkylcellulose, a hydroxyalkyl cellulose, an alkyl cellulose or a mixture thereof. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said alkylhydroxyalkylcellulose is selected from a methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC), an ethylhydroxyethylcellulose (EHEC), a methyl hydroxypropylcellulose (MHPC), a methylethylhydroxyethylcellulose (MEHEC), a methylhydroxy-ethylhydroxypropylcellulose (MHEHPC) and mixtures thereof. 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein, when said cellulose ether is an alkylhydroxyalkylcellulose, said alkylhydroxyalkylcellulose has a DS(alkyl) of from >1 to 1.99 and an MS (hydroxyalkyl) of from 0.01 to <1, provided that the sum total of DS plus MS is less than or equal to 2.0. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cellulose ether has a median particle diameter DOP (50,3) of from 25 μm to 45 μm. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cellulose ether has a median particle diameter of the equivalent particle circle EQPC (50,3) of from 65 μm to 100 μm. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cellulose ether has a viscosity grade of from 1000 to 500,000 mPa s, measured as a 2% aqueous solution at 20° C. using an Ubbelohde tube viscometer. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of cellulose ether and gelatin present in said modified gypsum plaster or filling composition is from 0.1 to 0.5 weight percent, based on the total dry weight of said composition. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said dry mortar comprises gypsum in an amount not less than 10 weight percent, based on the total dry weight of its components. 10. A dry mortar comprising gypsum binder, cellulose ether and gelatin for use in a method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said dry mortar comprises 0.1 to 1.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of said dry mortar, of a mixture consisting of cellulose ether and gelatin, wherein the weight ratio of cellulose ether to gelatin is from 49:1 to 7:3. 11. A gypsum-free mixture comprising cellulose ether and gelatin, which may be added to gypsum binder for use in the method according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of cellulose ether to gelatin is from 49:1 to 7:3.
| 1,700 |
1,868 | 13,624,073 | 1,791 |
Described are food products such as ready to eat cereal having a base and a coating; examples include a base, a slurry layer over the base produced by applying a slurry coating to the base, the slurry layer having less than about 80% sucrose on a dry weight basis, and a particulate layer on the slurry layer. The particulate layer can be produced by dry charging particulates onto the slurry coated base. Particulates include be one or more of pregel starch, high molecular weight dextrin, high molecular weight soluble fiber, partially soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, protein, low solubility non-sugar compound, or sucrose, for example.
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1. A ready to eat cereal comprising:
a base; a slurry layer on the base produced by applying a slurry coating to the base, the slurry layer having less than about 80% sucrose on a dry weight basis; a particulate coating on the slurry layer. 2. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the cereal has about 32 weight percent or less sugar. 3. The ready to eat cereal of claim 2 wherein the slurry layer has about 40-79% sucrose. 4. The ready to eat cereal of claim 2 wherein the slurry coating is provided in a sufficient amount and to adhere the particulate coating to the cereal base and slurry without a coating layer around the particulate layer. 5. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the particulate comprises pregel starch, whole grain flour, non-whole grain flour, high molecular weight dextrin, high molecular weight soluble fiber, partially soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, protein, low solubility non-sugar compound, sucrose, flavorant such as cocoa or vanilla or cinnamon, or a combination thereof. 6. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the particulate layer is a pregel starch. 7. The ready to eat cereal of claim 6 wherein the pregel starch comprises cereal regrinds. 8. The ready to eat cereal of claim 6 wherein at least a portion of the pregel starch is supplied by a pregel whole grain flour. 9. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the slurry comprises high conversion maltodextin and/or low conversion glucose syrup having a dextrose equivalent of about 1 to less than about 10. 10-15. (canceled) 16. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise sucrose. 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. The cereal of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise at least 60 weight percent sucrose particulates. 20. The cereal of claim 19 wherein the sucrose particulates have a mean particle size (volume average) of about 150 microns or less (≦150 μm). 21-27. (canceled) 28. The cereal of claim 1 wherein the combined slurry layer and particulate layer coating comprises less than 5% moisture and less than 80% sucrose. 29. A method of preparing a ready to eat cereal comprising:
providing a cereal base; coating the base with a slurry, the slurry having a less than about 80% sucrose on a dry basis; and dry charging the shiny-coated base with particulates. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the particulates form a particulate layer as an outermost layer of the cereal. 31. The method of claim 29 wherein the particulates adhere to the cereal without the use of an overcoating layer. 32. The method of claim 29 wherein the particulates are selected from the group consisting of pregel starch, high molecular weight dextrin, high molecular weight soluble fiber, partially soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, protein, low solubility non-sugar compound, and sucrose. 33-35. (canceled) 36. The method of claim 29 wherein the slurry is applied at a moisture content of at least 5%, the method comprising a drying the slurry such that the combined slurry layer and particulates coating comprises less than 5% moisture and less than 80% sucrose. 37-59. (canceled) 60. The food product of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise from 0.1 to 10 weight percent flavorant. 61. The food product of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise from 0.1 to 10 weight percent insoluble solid selected from calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, and a combination thereof. 62. The food product of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise at least 80 weight percent sucrose particulates and up to about 10 weight percent flavorant particulates. 63. The food product of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise at least 50 weight percent flour particulates and up to about 25 weight percent sucrose particulates.
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Described are food products such as ready to eat cereal having a base and a coating; examples include a base, a slurry layer over the base produced by applying a slurry coating to the base, the slurry layer having less than about 80% sucrose on a dry weight basis, and a particulate layer on the slurry layer. The particulate layer can be produced by dry charging particulates onto the slurry coated base. Particulates include be one or more of pregel starch, high molecular weight dextrin, high molecular weight soluble fiber, partially soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, protein, low solubility non-sugar compound, or sucrose, for example.1. A ready to eat cereal comprising:
a base; a slurry layer on the base produced by applying a slurry coating to the base, the slurry layer having less than about 80% sucrose on a dry weight basis; a particulate coating on the slurry layer. 2. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the cereal has about 32 weight percent or less sugar. 3. The ready to eat cereal of claim 2 wherein the slurry layer has about 40-79% sucrose. 4. The ready to eat cereal of claim 2 wherein the slurry coating is provided in a sufficient amount and to adhere the particulate coating to the cereal base and slurry without a coating layer around the particulate layer. 5. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the particulate comprises pregel starch, whole grain flour, non-whole grain flour, high molecular weight dextrin, high molecular weight soluble fiber, partially soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, protein, low solubility non-sugar compound, sucrose, flavorant such as cocoa or vanilla or cinnamon, or a combination thereof. 6. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the particulate layer is a pregel starch. 7. The ready to eat cereal of claim 6 wherein the pregel starch comprises cereal regrinds. 8. The ready to eat cereal of claim 6 wherein at least a portion of the pregel starch is supplied by a pregel whole grain flour. 9. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the slurry comprises high conversion maltodextin and/or low conversion glucose syrup having a dextrose equivalent of about 1 to less than about 10. 10-15. (canceled) 16. The ready to eat cereal of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise sucrose. 17. (canceled) 18. (canceled) 19. The cereal of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise at least 60 weight percent sucrose particulates. 20. The cereal of claim 19 wherein the sucrose particulates have a mean particle size (volume average) of about 150 microns or less (≦150 μm). 21-27. (canceled) 28. The cereal of claim 1 wherein the combined slurry layer and particulate layer coating comprises less than 5% moisture and less than 80% sucrose. 29. A method of preparing a ready to eat cereal comprising:
providing a cereal base; coating the base with a slurry, the slurry having a less than about 80% sucrose on a dry basis; and dry charging the shiny-coated base with particulates. 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the particulates form a particulate layer as an outermost layer of the cereal. 31. The method of claim 29 wherein the particulates adhere to the cereal without the use of an overcoating layer. 32. The method of claim 29 wherein the particulates are selected from the group consisting of pregel starch, high molecular weight dextrin, high molecular weight soluble fiber, partially soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, protein, low solubility non-sugar compound, and sucrose. 33-35. (canceled) 36. The method of claim 29 wherein the slurry is applied at a moisture content of at least 5%, the method comprising a drying the slurry such that the combined slurry layer and particulates coating comprises less than 5% moisture and less than 80% sucrose. 37-59. (canceled) 60. The food product of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise from 0.1 to 10 weight percent flavorant. 61. The food product of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise from 0.1 to 10 weight percent insoluble solid selected from calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, and a combination thereof. 62. The food product of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise at least 80 weight percent sucrose particulates and up to about 10 weight percent flavorant particulates. 63. The food product of claim 1 wherein the particulates comprise at least 50 weight percent flour particulates and up to about 25 weight percent sucrose particulates.
| 1,700 |
1,869 | 15,029,656 | 1,712 |
A process for obtaining an item including a substrate made of glass or glass ceramic coated on at least one portion of at least one of its faces with a stack of thin-layers including no silver layers and including at least one thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide, the process including: a step of depositing the stack, in which step the thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide and at least one thin homogenizing layer are deposited, the thin homogenizing layer being a metal layer or a layer based on a metal nitride other than aluminum nitride, or a layer based on metal carbide; then a heat treatment step in which the stack is exposed to radiation.
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1. A process for obtaining an item comprising a substrate made of glass or glass ceramic coated on at least one portion of at least one of its faces with a stack of thin-layers comprising no silver layers and comprising at least one thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide, said process comprising:
a step of depositing said stack, in which step said thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide and at least one thin homogenizing layer are deposited, said thin homogenizing layer being a metal layer or a layer based on a metal nitride other than aluminum nitride, or a layer based on a metal carbide; then a heat treatment step in which said stack is exposed to radiation. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transparent conductive oxide is chosen from indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, antimony- or fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum- and/or gallium- and/or titanium-doped zinc oxide, niobium- and/or tantalum-doped titanium oxide and zinc or cadmium stannate. 3. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the transparent conductive oxide is indium tin oxide. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein a physical thickness of the thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide is at least 30 nm. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein a ratio of the light absorption to a physical thickness of the thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide is comprised in a range extending from 0.1 to 0.9 μm−1 before heat treatment. 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the stack comprises a plurality of layers of a transparent conductive oxide. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin homogenizing layer is located above the layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin homogenizing layer is a metal layer chosen from layers of a metal chosen from titanium, tin, zirconium, zinc, aluminum, cerium or any one of their alloys. 9. The process as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal is titanium. 10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin homogenizing layer is based on a metal nitride chosen from titanium nitride, hafnium nitride, zirconium nitride or any one of their solid solutions, 11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin homogenizing layer is based on a metal carbide chosen from titanium carbide, tungsten carbide or any one of their solid solutions. 12. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein a physical thickness of the thin homogenizing layer is at most 15 nm. 13. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the radiation is emitted by at least one flash lamp. 14. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the radiation is laser radiation focused on said coating in the form of at least one laser line. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein a wavelength of the laser radiation is comprised in a range extending from 500 to 2000 nm. 16. An item obtainable by way of the process of claim 1. 17. A single, multiple or laminated glazing unit, a mirror, a glass wall coating, an oven door or a fireplace insert comprising at least one item according to claim 16. 18. A photovoltaic cell, display screen or active glazing unit comprising at least one item according to claim 16, the coating being used as an electrode. 19. The process as claimed in claim 4, wherein the physical thickness of the thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide is at least 50 nm. 20. The process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the ratio is in the range extending from 0.2 to 0.7 μm−1 before heat treatment. 21. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the stack comprises two or three layers of a transparent conductive oxide. 22. The process as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal layer is an alloy of tin and zinc. 23. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the physical thickness of the thin homogenizing layer is at most 8 nm. 24. The process as claimed in claim 13, wherein the at least one flash lamp is a xenon flash lamp. 25. The process as claimed in claim 15, wherein the wavelength of the laser radiation is comprised in the range extending from 700 to 1100 nm.
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A process for obtaining an item including a substrate made of glass or glass ceramic coated on at least one portion of at least one of its faces with a stack of thin-layers including no silver layers and including at least one thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide, the process including: a step of depositing the stack, in which step the thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide and at least one thin homogenizing layer are deposited, the thin homogenizing layer being a metal layer or a layer based on a metal nitride other than aluminum nitride, or a layer based on metal carbide; then a heat treatment step in which the stack is exposed to radiation.1. A process for obtaining an item comprising a substrate made of glass or glass ceramic coated on at least one portion of at least one of its faces with a stack of thin-layers comprising no silver layers and comprising at least one thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide, said process comprising:
a step of depositing said stack, in which step said thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide and at least one thin homogenizing layer are deposited, said thin homogenizing layer being a metal layer or a layer based on a metal nitride other than aluminum nitride, or a layer based on a metal carbide; then a heat treatment step in which said stack is exposed to radiation. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transparent conductive oxide is chosen from indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, antimony- or fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum- and/or gallium- and/or titanium-doped zinc oxide, niobium- and/or tantalum-doped titanium oxide and zinc or cadmium stannate. 3. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the transparent conductive oxide is indium tin oxide. 4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein a physical thickness of the thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide is at least 30 nm. 5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein a ratio of the light absorption to a physical thickness of the thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide is comprised in a range extending from 0.1 to 0.9 μm−1 before heat treatment. 6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the stack comprises a plurality of layers of a transparent conductive oxide. 7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin homogenizing layer is located above the layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide. 8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin homogenizing layer is a metal layer chosen from layers of a metal chosen from titanium, tin, zirconium, zinc, aluminum, cerium or any one of their alloys. 9. The process as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal is titanium. 10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin homogenizing layer is based on a metal nitride chosen from titanium nitride, hafnium nitride, zirconium nitride or any one of their solid solutions, 11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thin homogenizing layer is based on a metal carbide chosen from titanium carbide, tungsten carbide or any one of their solid solutions. 12. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein a physical thickness of the thin homogenizing layer is at most 15 nm. 13. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the radiation is emitted by at least one flash lamp. 14. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the radiation is laser radiation focused on said coating in the form of at least one laser line. 15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein a wavelength of the laser radiation is comprised in a range extending from 500 to 2000 nm. 16. An item obtainable by way of the process of claim 1. 17. A single, multiple or laminated glazing unit, a mirror, a glass wall coating, an oven door or a fireplace insert comprising at least one item according to claim 16. 18. A photovoltaic cell, display screen or active glazing unit comprising at least one item according to claim 16, the coating being used as an electrode. 19. The process as claimed in claim 4, wherein the physical thickness of the thin layer of a transparent electrically conductive oxide is at least 50 nm. 20. The process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the ratio is in the range extending from 0.2 to 0.7 μm−1 before heat treatment. 21. The process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the stack comprises two or three layers of a transparent conductive oxide. 22. The process as claimed in claim 8, wherein the metal layer is an alloy of tin and zinc. 23. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the physical thickness of the thin homogenizing layer is at most 8 nm. 24. The process as claimed in claim 13, wherein the at least one flash lamp is a xenon flash lamp. 25. The process as claimed in claim 15, wherein the wavelength of the laser radiation is comprised in the range extending from 700 to 1100 nm.
| 1,700 |
1,870 | 14,229,882 | 1,791 |
Nutrition beverage compositions including high concentrations of protein are provided. Methods of making nutrition beverage compositions including high concentrations of protein are provided.
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1. A clear high protein beverage comprising:
water; between about 4% and about 8% by weight protein; and a flavorant. 2. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, having a turbidity of less than 10 nephelometric units. 3. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein comprises one or both of alpha-lactalbumin and hydrolyzed collagen. 4. The clear high protein beverage of claim 3, wherein the alpha-lactalbumin and the hydrolyzed collagen are present in a ratio of between about 60:40 to about 70:30 alpha-lactalbumin:hydrolyzed collagen. 5. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein is alpha-lactalbumin. 6. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein comprises one or both of whey protein hydrolysate and collagen. 7. The clear high protein beverage of claim 6, wherein the whey protein hydrolysate and the collagen are present in a ratio of between about 95:5 to about 85:15 whey protein hydrolysate: collagen. 8. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the flavorant is selected from one or more fruit flavors and botanical flavors. 9. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of at least about 0.9. 10. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of about 1.0. 11. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 4 fluid ounce serving. 12. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, having a protein content of about 7 grams of protein per 4 fluid ounce serving. 13. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, having a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 14. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, further comprising lactose. 15. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the clear high protein beverage is substantially lactose-free. 16. A clear high protein beverage comprising:
water; and between about 4% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate and hydrolyzed collagen, wherein the high protein beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 17. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, wherein the whey protein isolate is alpha-lactalbumin. 18. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of at least about 0.9. 19. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of about 1.0. 20. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 4 fluid ounce serving. 21. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, having a protein content of about 7 grams protein of per 4 fluid ounce serving. 22. A method for making a clear high protein beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; between about 4% and about 8% by weight protein; and a flavorant. 23. A method for making a clear high protein beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; and between about 4% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate and hydrolyzed collagen, wherein the high protein beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 24. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the clear high protein beverage is unsweetened. 25. A clear high protein water beverage comprising:
water; between about 4% and about 8% by weight protein; and an optional flavorant. 26. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 25, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 8 fluid ounce serving. 27. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 25, having a protein content of about 7 grams of protein per 8 fluid ounce serving. 28. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 25, further comprising a sweetener. 29. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 25, wherein the clear high protein water beverage is unsweetened. 30. A clear high protein water beverage comprising:
water; between about 4% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate, wherein the high protein water beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix; and an optional flavorant. 31. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 30, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 8 fluid ounce serving. 32. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 30, having a protein content of about 7 grams of protein per 8 fluid ounce serving. 33. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 30, further comprising a sweetener. 34. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 30, wherein the clear high protein beverage is unsweetened. 35. A method for making a clear high protein water beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; between about 5% and about 8% by weight protein; and an optional flavorant. 36. A method for making a clear high protein water beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; an optional flavorant; and between about 5% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate, wherein the clear high protein water beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 37. A method for making a clear, unsweetened, high protein water beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; between about 5% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate; and an optional flavorant. 38. A clear high protein water beverage comprising:
water; between about 2% and about 4% by weight whey protein isolate; one or more L-amino acids; and an optional flavorant, wherein the clear high protein water beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 39. A clear high protein beverage comprising:
water; and between about 4% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate, wherein the high protein beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 40. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, wherein the whey protein isolate is alpha-lactalbumin. 41. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of at least about 0.9. 42. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of about 1.0. 43. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 4 fluid ounce serving. 44. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, having a protein content of about 7 grams protein of per 4 fluid ounce serving.
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Nutrition beverage compositions including high concentrations of protein are provided. Methods of making nutrition beverage compositions including high concentrations of protein are provided.1. A clear high protein beverage comprising:
water; between about 4% and about 8% by weight protein; and a flavorant. 2. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, having a turbidity of less than 10 nephelometric units. 3. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein comprises one or both of alpha-lactalbumin and hydrolyzed collagen. 4. The clear high protein beverage of claim 3, wherein the alpha-lactalbumin and the hydrolyzed collagen are present in a ratio of between about 60:40 to about 70:30 alpha-lactalbumin:hydrolyzed collagen. 5. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein is alpha-lactalbumin. 6. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein comprises one or both of whey protein hydrolysate and collagen. 7. The clear high protein beverage of claim 6, wherein the whey protein hydrolysate and the collagen are present in a ratio of between about 95:5 to about 85:15 whey protein hydrolysate: collagen. 8. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the flavorant is selected from one or more fruit flavors and botanical flavors. 9. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of at least about 0.9. 10. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of about 1.0. 11. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 4 fluid ounce serving. 12. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, having a protein content of about 7 grams of protein per 4 fluid ounce serving. 13. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, having a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 14. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, further comprising lactose. 15. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the clear high protein beverage is substantially lactose-free. 16. A clear high protein beverage comprising:
water; and between about 4% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate and hydrolyzed collagen, wherein the high protein beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 17. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, wherein the whey protein isolate is alpha-lactalbumin. 18. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of at least about 0.9. 19. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of about 1.0. 20. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 4 fluid ounce serving. 21. The clear high protein beverage of claim 16, having a protein content of about 7 grams protein of per 4 fluid ounce serving. 22. A method for making a clear high protein beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; between about 4% and about 8% by weight protein; and a flavorant. 23. A method for making a clear high protein beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; and between about 4% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate and hydrolyzed collagen, wherein the high protein beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 24. The clear high protein beverage of claim 1, wherein the clear high protein beverage is unsweetened. 25. A clear high protein water beverage comprising:
water; between about 4% and about 8% by weight protein; and an optional flavorant. 26. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 25, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 8 fluid ounce serving. 27. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 25, having a protein content of about 7 grams of protein per 8 fluid ounce serving. 28. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 25, further comprising a sweetener. 29. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 25, wherein the clear high protein water beverage is unsweetened. 30. A clear high protein water beverage comprising:
water; between about 4% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate, wherein the high protein water beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix; and an optional flavorant. 31. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 30, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 8 fluid ounce serving. 32. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 30, having a protein content of about 7 grams of protein per 8 fluid ounce serving. 33. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 30, further comprising a sweetener. 34. The clear high protein water beverage of claim 30, wherein the clear high protein beverage is unsweetened. 35. A method for making a clear high protein water beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; between about 5% and about 8% by weight protein; and an optional flavorant. 36. A method for making a clear high protein water beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; an optional flavorant; and between about 5% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate, wherein the clear high protein water beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 37. A method for making a clear, unsweetened, high protein water beverage comprising combining, in any order:
water; between about 5% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate; and an optional flavorant. 38. A clear high protein water beverage comprising:
water; between about 2% and about 4% by weight whey protein isolate; one or more L-amino acids; and an optional flavorant, wherein the clear high protein water beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 39. A clear high protein beverage comprising:
water; and between about 4% and about 8% by weight whey protein isolate, wherein the high protein beverage has a sweetness of less than about 6° Brix. 40. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, wherein the whey protein isolate is alpha-lactalbumin. 41. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of at least about 0.9. 42. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, wherein the protein has a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score of about 1.0. 43. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, having a protein content of at least about 5 grams of protein per 4 fluid ounce serving. 44. The clear high protein beverage of claim 39, having a protein content of about 7 grams protein of per 4 fluid ounce serving.
| 1,700 |
1,871 | 14,861,549 | 1,795 |
The wastewater treatment apparatus of present invention has an electro-coagulation unit for removing contaminants with at least one anode and at least one cathode and an electro-oxidation unit for oxidizing contaminants with at least one anode and at least one cathode wherein oxidants are electrochemically generated. Based on the type of wastewater, the apparatus can have an electro-flotation unit between the electrocoagulation unit and the electro-oxidation unit. The apparatus also has an oxidant removal unit which can have a metal ion-liberating electrode for reacting with and removing residual oxidants. In some cases, portions of effluent from the oxidant removal unit can be recirculated to the electro-coagulation unit for increased efficiency.
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1. A process for treating wastewater comprising:
electro-coagulating contaminants of said wastewater in an electro-coagulation unit; electro-oxidizing contaminants of said wastewater in an electro-oxidation unit; and liberating metal ions from an electrode to react with residual oxidants and produce metal oxides that can be separated from the wastewater in an oxidant removal unit. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the residual oxidant comprises at least one chlorine-based oxidant. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said metal electrode essentially liberates iron ions. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein said metal electrode essentially liberates aluminum ions. 5. The process of claim 1 further comprising passing the wastewater through an electro-flotation unit after the electro-coagulation unit or before the electro-oxidation unit. 6. The process of claim 1 further comprising passing the wastewater through a dissolved flotation unit after the electro-coagulation unit or before the electro-oxidation unit. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein an oily wastewater contains more than 15 ppm of oil content and the treated wastewater complies with the international maritime discharge standard for oil content of less than 15 ppm. 8. The process of claim 1 further comprising providing and influent containing more than 35 ppm Total Suspended Solids (TSS), more than 125 ppm Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), more than 25 ppm Biological Oxygen Demands (BOD) and more than 100 CFU/100 ml Fecal Coliform (F.C.), treating said influent and discharging an effluent containing TSS lower than 35 ppm, COD lower than 125 ppm, BOD lower than 25 ppm, pH between 6 and 8.5, Chlorine lower than 0.5 ppm and F.C. lower than 100 CFU/100 ml. 9. The process of claim 1 further comprising providing and influent combining oily water and sewage and containing more than 15 ppm oil content, more than 35 ppm TSS, more than 25 ppm BOD and more than 100 CFU/100 ml F.C., treating said combined influent and discharging an effluent containing TSS lower than 35 ppm, COD lower than 125 ppm, BOD lower than 25 ppm, pH between 6 and 8.5, Chlorine lower than 0.5 ppm and F.C. lower than 100 CFU/100 ml and Oil content lower than 15 ppm. 10. The process of claim 1 further comprising re-circulating at least part of said metal oxides from said oxidant removal unit to said electro-coagulation unit or any location upstream of oxidant removal unit. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein all treatment agents are generated in-situ, in the wastewater. 12. The process of claim 1 further comprising generating mixed wastewaters composed of any one or combination of blackwater, graywater and oily water and treating said wastewaters as they are generated on a watercraft. 13. The process of claim 1 further comprising characterizing the physico-chemical properties of said wastewater with various sensors, and, based on said characterization, determining treatment modalities, such as adjusting duration and level of treatment, adjusting the amount of oxidants and bypassing a specific unit. 14. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of measuring one or more of pH, chlorine content in the liquid and amount of carbon dioxide in the gas evacuated from said oxidation chamber and using the result as a level of decontamination of said wastewater. 15. The process of claim 1 further comprising adjusting electrochemical parameters such as current and voltage, pulse frequency and duration in each unit based on the level of decontamination of said wastewater in each unit. 16. The process of claim 1 further comprising adjusting flow rate of wastewater to and from each unit. 17. The process of claim 1 further comprising adjusting time spent in each unit and allowing progression of wastewater to a subsequent unit. 18. A method for treating a wastewater comprising:
submitting said wastewater to an oxidation step wherein oxidant level can be controlled; and submitting oxidized wastewater to an oxidant removal step by passing said wastewater between electrodes connected to an electric source, said electric source causing an at least one sacrificial electrode to release metal ions into said wastewater wherein said metal ions will react with oxidants to generate metal oxides. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising, in said oxidant removal step, decreasing oxidizing molecules by forming metal oxides in said wastewater. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step of separating said metal oxide from the treated wastewater.
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The wastewater treatment apparatus of present invention has an electro-coagulation unit for removing contaminants with at least one anode and at least one cathode and an electro-oxidation unit for oxidizing contaminants with at least one anode and at least one cathode wherein oxidants are electrochemically generated. Based on the type of wastewater, the apparatus can have an electro-flotation unit between the electrocoagulation unit and the electro-oxidation unit. The apparatus also has an oxidant removal unit which can have a metal ion-liberating electrode for reacting with and removing residual oxidants. In some cases, portions of effluent from the oxidant removal unit can be recirculated to the electro-coagulation unit for increased efficiency.1. A process for treating wastewater comprising:
electro-coagulating contaminants of said wastewater in an electro-coagulation unit; electro-oxidizing contaminants of said wastewater in an electro-oxidation unit; and liberating metal ions from an electrode to react with residual oxidants and produce metal oxides that can be separated from the wastewater in an oxidant removal unit. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the residual oxidant comprises at least one chlorine-based oxidant. 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said metal electrode essentially liberates iron ions. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein said metal electrode essentially liberates aluminum ions. 5. The process of claim 1 further comprising passing the wastewater through an electro-flotation unit after the electro-coagulation unit or before the electro-oxidation unit. 6. The process of claim 1 further comprising passing the wastewater through a dissolved flotation unit after the electro-coagulation unit or before the electro-oxidation unit. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein an oily wastewater contains more than 15 ppm of oil content and the treated wastewater complies with the international maritime discharge standard for oil content of less than 15 ppm. 8. The process of claim 1 further comprising providing and influent containing more than 35 ppm Total Suspended Solids (TSS), more than 125 ppm Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), more than 25 ppm Biological Oxygen Demands (BOD) and more than 100 CFU/100 ml Fecal Coliform (F.C.), treating said influent and discharging an effluent containing TSS lower than 35 ppm, COD lower than 125 ppm, BOD lower than 25 ppm, pH between 6 and 8.5, Chlorine lower than 0.5 ppm and F.C. lower than 100 CFU/100 ml. 9. The process of claim 1 further comprising providing and influent combining oily water and sewage and containing more than 15 ppm oil content, more than 35 ppm TSS, more than 25 ppm BOD and more than 100 CFU/100 ml F.C., treating said combined influent and discharging an effluent containing TSS lower than 35 ppm, COD lower than 125 ppm, BOD lower than 25 ppm, pH between 6 and 8.5, Chlorine lower than 0.5 ppm and F.C. lower than 100 CFU/100 ml and Oil content lower than 15 ppm. 10. The process of claim 1 further comprising re-circulating at least part of said metal oxides from said oxidant removal unit to said electro-coagulation unit or any location upstream of oxidant removal unit. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein all treatment agents are generated in-situ, in the wastewater. 12. The process of claim 1 further comprising generating mixed wastewaters composed of any one or combination of blackwater, graywater and oily water and treating said wastewaters as they are generated on a watercraft. 13. The process of claim 1 further comprising characterizing the physico-chemical properties of said wastewater with various sensors, and, based on said characterization, determining treatment modalities, such as adjusting duration and level of treatment, adjusting the amount of oxidants and bypassing a specific unit. 14. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step of measuring one or more of pH, chlorine content in the liquid and amount of carbon dioxide in the gas evacuated from said oxidation chamber and using the result as a level of decontamination of said wastewater. 15. The process of claim 1 further comprising adjusting electrochemical parameters such as current and voltage, pulse frequency and duration in each unit based on the level of decontamination of said wastewater in each unit. 16. The process of claim 1 further comprising adjusting flow rate of wastewater to and from each unit. 17. The process of claim 1 further comprising adjusting time spent in each unit and allowing progression of wastewater to a subsequent unit. 18. A method for treating a wastewater comprising:
submitting said wastewater to an oxidation step wherein oxidant level can be controlled; and submitting oxidized wastewater to an oxidant removal step by passing said wastewater between electrodes connected to an electric source, said electric source causing an at least one sacrificial electrode to release metal ions into said wastewater wherein said metal ions will react with oxidants to generate metal oxides. 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising, in said oxidant removal step, decreasing oxidizing molecules by forming metal oxides in said wastewater. 20. The method of claim 18 further comprising the step of separating said metal oxide from the treated wastewater.
| 1,700 |
1,872 | 12,191,842 | 1,718 |
A method for the manufacture of a hydrogen-permeable membrane, which includes a proton-conducting ceramic material and a electron-conducting metallic component. The membrane is deposited by means of plasma spraying as a layer on a substrate, wherein a starting material is sprayed onto a surface of the substrate in the form of a process beam and wherein the starting material is injected into a plasma at a low process pressure, which is 10 000 Pa at the most, which defocuses the process beam at a low process pressure, and is melted partly or completely there.
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1. A method for the manufacture of a hydrogen-permeable membrane, comprising: a proton-conducting ceramic material and a electron-conducting metallic component, wherein the membrane is deposited by means of plasma spraying as a layer on a substrate, wherein a starting material is sprayed onto a surface of the substrate in the form of a process beam and wherein the starting material is injected into a plasma at a process less than 10 000 Pa the plasma defocussing the process beam, and the starting material being at least melted partly. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1, in which a spraying distance between an outlet nozzle for the process beam and the substrate is at least 200 mm. 3. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which the ceramic material is an oxide of the perovskite type. 4. A method in accordance with claim 3, in which the ceramic material of the perovskite type has the form ABO3, wherein A is selected from the group which consists of barium (Ba), Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and strontium (Sr) and B has the form CexZryM1-x y whereby x and y are respectively smaller than or equal to 1 and larger than or equal to zero and M is selected from the group which consists of yttrium (Y), ytterbium (Yb), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), indium (In), neodymium (Nd), thulium (Tm), holmium (Ho), rhodium (Rh), samarium (Sm), titanium (Ti) and scandium (Sc). 5. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the metallic component is of one of the metals palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum Ta) or zirconium (Zr) or an alloy of at least one of these metals. 6. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein a process pressure in the plasma spraying method is at least 10. 7. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein a total flow rate of e a process gas during plasma spraying is smaller than 200 SLPM. 8. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein a supply rate of 10 to 200 g/min is selected for the process beam. 9. A starting material for the manufacture of a hydrogen permeable membrane in accordance with claim 1 which contains a proton-conducting ceramic material and a electron-conducting metallic component and which is a powder which can be deposited on a substrate by means of plasma spraying. 10. A starting material in accordance with claim 9 in which the ceramic material is an oxide of the perovskite type. 11. A starting material in accordance with claim 10 in which the ceramic material of the perovskite type has the form ABO3, wherein A is selected from the group which consists of barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and strontium (Sr) and B has the form CexZryM1-x-y whereby x and y are respectively smaller than or equal to 1 and larger than or equal to zero and M is selected from the group which consists of yttrium (Y), ytterbium (Yb), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), indium (In), neodymium (Nd), thulium (Tm), holmium (Ho), rhodium (Rh), samarium (Sm), titanium (Ti) and scandium (Sc). 12. A starting material in accordance with claim 9 in which the metallic component is one of the metals: palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) or zirconium (Zr) or an alloy of at least one of these metals. 13. A hydrogen permeable membrane manufactured in accordance with a method in accordance with claim 9. 14. A substrate with a hydrogen-permeable membrane in accordance with claim 13, wherein the substrate is made plate-shaped or tubular. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein a spray distance between an outlet nozzle for the process beam and the substrate is at least 400 nm. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the process pressure in the plasma spraying method is between 50 Pa and 1000 Pa. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein a total flow rate of a process gas during plasma spraying is between 60 SLPM and 180 SLPM. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein a supply rate of 40-120 g/min is selected for the process beam.
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A method for the manufacture of a hydrogen-permeable membrane, which includes a proton-conducting ceramic material and a electron-conducting metallic component. The membrane is deposited by means of plasma spraying as a layer on a substrate, wherein a starting material is sprayed onto a surface of the substrate in the form of a process beam and wherein the starting material is injected into a plasma at a low process pressure, which is 10 000 Pa at the most, which defocuses the process beam at a low process pressure, and is melted partly or completely there.1. A method for the manufacture of a hydrogen-permeable membrane, comprising: a proton-conducting ceramic material and a electron-conducting metallic component, wherein the membrane is deposited by means of plasma spraying as a layer on a substrate, wherein a starting material is sprayed onto a surface of the substrate in the form of a process beam and wherein the starting material is injected into a plasma at a process less than 10 000 Pa the plasma defocussing the process beam, and the starting material being at least melted partly. 2. A method in accordance with claim 1, in which a spraying distance between an outlet nozzle for the process beam and the substrate is at least 200 mm. 3. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which the ceramic material is an oxide of the perovskite type. 4. A method in accordance with claim 3, in which the ceramic material of the perovskite type has the form ABO3, wherein A is selected from the group which consists of barium (Ba), Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and strontium (Sr) and B has the form CexZryM1-x y whereby x and y are respectively smaller than or equal to 1 and larger than or equal to zero and M is selected from the group which consists of yttrium (Y), ytterbium (Yb), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), indium (In), neodymium (Nd), thulium (Tm), holmium (Ho), rhodium (Rh), samarium (Sm), titanium (Ti) and scandium (Sc). 5. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the metallic component is of one of the metals palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum Ta) or zirconium (Zr) or an alloy of at least one of these metals. 6. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein a process pressure in the plasma spraying method is at least 10. 7. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein a total flow rate of e a process gas during plasma spraying is smaller than 200 SLPM. 8. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein a supply rate of 10 to 200 g/min is selected for the process beam. 9. A starting material for the manufacture of a hydrogen permeable membrane in accordance with claim 1 which contains a proton-conducting ceramic material and a electron-conducting metallic component and which is a powder which can be deposited on a substrate by means of plasma spraying. 10. A starting material in accordance with claim 9 in which the ceramic material is an oxide of the perovskite type. 11. A starting material in accordance with claim 10 in which the ceramic material of the perovskite type has the form ABO3, wherein A is selected from the group which consists of barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and strontium (Sr) and B has the form CexZryM1-x-y whereby x and y are respectively smaller than or equal to 1 and larger than or equal to zero and M is selected from the group which consists of yttrium (Y), ytterbium (Yb), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), indium (In), neodymium (Nd), thulium (Tm), holmium (Ho), rhodium (Rh), samarium (Sm), titanium (Ti) and scandium (Sc). 12. A starting material in accordance with claim 9 in which the metallic component is one of the metals: palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) or zirconium (Zr) or an alloy of at least one of these metals. 13. A hydrogen permeable membrane manufactured in accordance with a method in accordance with claim 9. 14. A substrate with a hydrogen-permeable membrane in accordance with claim 13, wherein the substrate is made plate-shaped or tubular. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein a spray distance between an outlet nozzle for the process beam and the substrate is at least 400 nm. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the process pressure in the plasma spraying method is between 50 Pa and 1000 Pa. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein a total flow rate of a process gas during plasma spraying is between 60 SLPM and 180 SLPM. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein a supply rate of 40-120 g/min is selected for the process beam.
| 1,700 |
1,873 | 14,268,231 | 1,745 |
A method for treating a tension member in the production of a belt. The belt includes at least a belt body made of a polymer material having elastic properties, a cover layer as a belt backing, and a substructure having a force-transmission zone. The tension member has a ribbed design and is embedded in the belt body. The tension member is treated with an overall treatment mixture which forms a cross-linked polymer that on the one hand enters into a mechanical connection with the tension member and on the other hand forms an adhesive connection with the belt body.
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1. A method of treating a tensile member for fabricating a belt comprising:
wetting a tensile member having voids and being in cord construction with an overall treatment mixture including at least a prepolymer, a crosslinker, and at least one of an inert solvent or dispersant in a single treatment stage, thereby filling at least some of the tensile member voids with the overall treatment mixture to form a treated tensile member; drying the treated tensile member to form a dried tensile member; and, embedding the dried tensile member in a belt body composed of a polymeric material having elastic properties; the belt body having a top ply as belt backing and a substructure having a power transmission zone; and, the overall treatment mixture forming a crosslinked polymer having both a mechanical attachment to the tensile member and an adherent bond with the belt body. 2. A method of treating a tensile member for fabricating a belt comprising:
wetting a tensile member having voids and being in cord construction with an overall treatment mixture including at least a prepolymer, a crosslinker, and at least one of an inert solvent or dispersant in two or more treatment stages, thereby filling at least some of the tensile member voids with the overall treatment mixture to form a treated tensile member; drying the treated tensile member to form a dried tensile member; and, embedding the dried tensile member in a belt body composed of a polymeric material having elastic properties; the belt body having a top ply as belt backing and a substructure having a power transmission zone; and, the overall treatment mixture forming a crosslinked polymer having both a mechanical attachment to the tensile member and an adherent bond with the belt body. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein each of the two or more treatment stages employs the same overall treatment mixture. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein each of the two or more treatment stages employs a different overall treatment mixture. 5. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein a drying operation is performed between each of the two or more treatment stages. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tensile member is wetted such that, after drying, the crosslinked polymer fills at least 20% of the tensile member voids. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a diol is used to crosslink the prepolymer. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein a butanediol is used to crosslink the prepolymer. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a polyurethane prepolymer is employed. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein before the treatment of the tensile member is started, the individual components of the overall treatment mixture are initially dissolved and/or dispersed independently of each other in a solvent or dispersant, respectively, which may be the same or different, and are then combined at the start of the treatment of the tensile member to form a still low-viscosity overall treatment mixture. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tensile member comprises a fibrous material. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fibrous material is selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, and basalt fibers or a mixture thereof. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the fibrous material consists of carbon fibers. 14. A method of fabricating a belt having a belt body including a crosslinked polyurethane, the method comprising embedding the treated tensile member as claimed in claim 1 in the belt body. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the belt is fabricated for drive technology. 16. The method of fabricating a belt as claimed in claim 15 for fabricating a toothed belt or a V-ribbed belt.
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A method for treating a tension member in the production of a belt. The belt includes at least a belt body made of a polymer material having elastic properties, a cover layer as a belt backing, and a substructure having a force-transmission zone. The tension member has a ribbed design and is embedded in the belt body. The tension member is treated with an overall treatment mixture which forms a cross-linked polymer that on the one hand enters into a mechanical connection with the tension member and on the other hand forms an adhesive connection with the belt body.1. A method of treating a tensile member for fabricating a belt comprising:
wetting a tensile member having voids and being in cord construction with an overall treatment mixture including at least a prepolymer, a crosslinker, and at least one of an inert solvent or dispersant in a single treatment stage, thereby filling at least some of the tensile member voids with the overall treatment mixture to form a treated tensile member; drying the treated tensile member to form a dried tensile member; and, embedding the dried tensile member in a belt body composed of a polymeric material having elastic properties; the belt body having a top ply as belt backing and a substructure having a power transmission zone; and, the overall treatment mixture forming a crosslinked polymer having both a mechanical attachment to the tensile member and an adherent bond with the belt body. 2. A method of treating a tensile member for fabricating a belt comprising:
wetting a tensile member having voids and being in cord construction with an overall treatment mixture including at least a prepolymer, a crosslinker, and at least one of an inert solvent or dispersant in two or more treatment stages, thereby filling at least some of the tensile member voids with the overall treatment mixture to form a treated tensile member; drying the treated tensile member to form a dried tensile member; and, embedding the dried tensile member in a belt body composed of a polymeric material having elastic properties; the belt body having a top ply as belt backing and a substructure having a power transmission zone; and, the overall treatment mixture forming a crosslinked polymer having both a mechanical attachment to the tensile member and an adherent bond with the belt body. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein each of the two or more treatment stages employs the same overall treatment mixture. 4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein each of the two or more treatment stages employs a different overall treatment mixture. 5. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein a drying operation is performed between each of the two or more treatment stages. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tensile member is wetted such that, after drying, the crosslinked polymer fills at least 20% of the tensile member voids. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a diol is used to crosslink the prepolymer. 8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein a butanediol is used to crosslink the prepolymer. 9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a polyurethane prepolymer is employed. 10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein before the treatment of the tensile member is started, the individual components of the overall treatment mixture are initially dissolved and/or dispersed independently of each other in a solvent or dispersant, respectively, which may be the same or different, and are then combined at the start of the treatment of the tensile member to form a still low-viscosity overall treatment mixture. 11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tensile member comprises a fibrous material. 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fibrous material is selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, and basalt fibers or a mixture thereof. 13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the fibrous material consists of carbon fibers. 14. A method of fabricating a belt having a belt body including a crosslinked polyurethane, the method comprising embedding the treated tensile member as claimed in claim 1 in the belt body. 15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the belt is fabricated for drive technology. 16. The method of fabricating a belt as claimed in claim 15 for fabricating a toothed belt or a V-ribbed belt.
| 1,700 |
1,874 | 13,636,255 | 1,794 |
Disclosed is an oxide for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, which, when used in a thin film transistor that includes an oxide semiconductor in the semiconductor layer, imparts good switching characteristics and stress resistance to the transistor. Specifically disclosed is an oxide for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, which is used for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor and contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of In, Ga and Zn and at least one element selected from the group X consisting of Al, Si, Ni, Ge, Sn, Hf, Ta and W.
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1. An oxide for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, which is used for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, the oxide comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of In, Ga, and Zn; and at least one element selected from the group X consisting of Al, Si, Ni, Ge, Sn, Hf, Ta, and W. 2. The oxide according to claim 1, wherein, when the oxide contains Al as the element of the group X, Al/(In+Ga+Zn+Al)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the oxide contains Si as the element of the group X, Si/(In+Ga+Zn+Si)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the oxide contains Ni as the element of the group X, Ni/(In+Ga+Zn+Ni)×100=0.1 to 5 at %;
when the oxide contains Ge as the element of the group X, Ge/(In+Ga+Zn+Ge)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the oxide contains Sn as the element of the group X, Sn/(In+Ga+Zn+Sn)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the oxide contains Hf as the element of the group X, Hf/(In+Ga+Zn+Hf)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the oxide contains Ta as the element of the group X, Ta/(In+Ga+Zn+Ta)×100=0.1 to 10 at %; and
when the oxide contains W as the element of the group X, W/(In+Ga+Zn+W)×100=0.1 to 10 at %. 3. A thin film transistor comprising the oxide according to claim 1 for a semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor. 4. The thin film transistor comprising the oxide according to claim 2 for a semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor. 5. The thin film transistor according to claim 3, wherein the semiconductor layer has a density of 5.8 g/cm3 or more. 6. The thin film transistor according to claim 4, wherein the semiconductor layer has a density of 5.8 g/cm3 or more. 7. A sputtering target for forming the oxide according to claim 1, the sputtering target comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of In, Ga, and Zn; and at least one element selected from the group X consisting of Al, Si, Ni, Ge, Sn, Hf, Ta, and W. 8. A sputtering target for forming the oxide according to claim 2, characterized by comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of In, Ga, and Zn; and
at least one element selected from the group X consisting of Al, Si, Ni, Ge, Sn, Hf, Ta, and W. 9. The sputtering target according to claim 7, wherein, when the sputtering target contains Al as the element of the group X, Al/(In+Ga+Zn+Al)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Si as the element of the group X, Si/(In+Ga+Zn+Si)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ni as the element of the group X, Ni/(In+Ga+Zn+Ni)×100=0.1 to 5 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ge as the element of the group X, Ge/(In+Ga+Zn+Ge)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Sn as the element of the group X, Sn/(In+Ga+Zn+Sn)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Hf as the element of the group X, Hf/(In+Ga+Zn+Hf)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ta as the element of the group X, Ta/(In+Ga+Zn+Ta)×100=0.1 to 10 at %; and
when the sputtering target contains W as the element of the group X, W/(In+Ga+Zn+W)×100=0.1 to 10 at %. 10. The sputtering target according to claim 8, wherein, when the sputtering target contains Al as the element of the group X, Al/(In+Ga+Zn+Al)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Si as the element of the group X, Si/(In+Ga+Zn+Si)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ni as the element of the group X, Ni/(In+Ga+Zn+Ni)×100=0.1 to 5 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ge as the element of the group X, Ge/(In+Ga+Zn+Ge)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Sn as the element of the group X, Sn/(In+Ga+Zn+Sn)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Hf as the element of the group X, Hf/(In+Ga+Zn+Hf)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ta as the element of the group X, Ta/(In+Ga+Zn+Ta)×100=0.1 to 10 at %; and
when the sputtering target contains W as the element of the group X, W/(In+Ga+Zn+W)×100=0.1 to 10 at %.
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Disclosed is an oxide for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, which, when used in a thin film transistor that includes an oxide semiconductor in the semiconductor layer, imparts good switching characteristics and stress resistance to the transistor. Specifically disclosed is an oxide for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, which is used for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor and contains at least one element selected from the group consisting of In, Ga and Zn and at least one element selected from the group X consisting of Al, Si, Ni, Ge, Sn, Hf, Ta and W.1. An oxide for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, which is used for a semiconductor layer of a thin film transistor, the oxide comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of In, Ga, and Zn; and at least one element selected from the group X consisting of Al, Si, Ni, Ge, Sn, Hf, Ta, and W. 2. The oxide according to claim 1, wherein, when the oxide contains Al as the element of the group X, Al/(In+Ga+Zn+Al)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the oxide contains Si as the element of the group X, Si/(In+Ga+Zn+Si)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the oxide contains Ni as the element of the group X, Ni/(In+Ga+Zn+Ni)×100=0.1 to 5 at %;
when the oxide contains Ge as the element of the group X, Ge/(In+Ga+Zn+Ge)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the oxide contains Sn as the element of the group X, Sn/(In+Ga+Zn+Sn)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the oxide contains Hf as the element of the group X, Hf/(In+Ga+Zn+Hf)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the oxide contains Ta as the element of the group X, Ta/(In+Ga+Zn+Ta)×100=0.1 to 10 at %; and
when the oxide contains W as the element of the group X, W/(In+Ga+Zn+W)×100=0.1 to 10 at %. 3. A thin film transistor comprising the oxide according to claim 1 for a semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor. 4. The thin film transistor comprising the oxide according to claim 2 for a semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor. 5. The thin film transistor according to claim 3, wherein the semiconductor layer has a density of 5.8 g/cm3 or more. 6. The thin film transistor according to claim 4, wherein the semiconductor layer has a density of 5.8 g/cm3 or more. 7. A sputtering target for forming the oxide according to claim 1, the sputtering target comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of In, Ga, and Zn; and at least one element selected from the group X consisting of Al, Si, Ni, Ge, Sn, Hf, Ta, and W. 8. A sputtering target for forming the oxide according to claim 2, characterized by comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of In, Ga, and Zn; and
at least one element selected from the group X consisting of Al, Si, Ni, Ge, Sn, Hf, Ta, and W. 9. The sputtering target according to claim 7, wherein, when the sputtering target contains Al as the element of the group X, Al/(In+Ga+Zn+Al)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Si as the element of the group X, Si/(In+Ga+Zn+Si)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ni as the element of the group X, Ni/(In+Ga+Zn+Ni)×100=0.1 to 5 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ge as the element of the group X, Ge/(In+Ga+Zn+Ge)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Sn as the element of the group X, Sn/(In+Ga+Zn+Sn)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Hf as the element of the group X, Hf/(In+Ga+Zn+Hf)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ta as the element of the group X, Ta/(In+Ga+Zn+Ta)×100=0.1 to 10 at %; and
when the sputtering target contains W as the element of the group X, W/(In+Ga+Zn+W)×100=0.1 to 10 at %. 10. The sputtering target according to claim 8, wherein, when the sputtering target contains Al as the element of the group X, Al/(In+Ga+Zn+Al)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Si as the element of the group X, Si/(In+Ga+Zn+Si)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ni as the element of the group X, Ni/(In+Ga+Zn+Ni)×100=0.1 to 5 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ge as the element of the group X, Ge/(In+Ga+Zn+Ge)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Sn as the element of the group X, Sn/(In+Ga+Zn+Sn)×100=0.1 to 15 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Hf as the element of the group X, Hf/(In+Ga+Zn+Hf)×100=0.1 to 10 at %;
when the sputtering target contains Ta as the element of the group X, Ta/(In+Ga+Zn+Ta)×100=0.1 to 10 at %; and
when the sputtering target contains W as the element of the group X, W/(In+Ga+Zn+W)×100=0.1 to 10 at %.
| 1,700 |
1,875 | 14,294,488 | 1,729 |
A battery cooling apparatus includes a case for housing battery cells and a fan device disposed in the case for blowing air through a circulation passage to cool the battery cells. The case includes a discharge passage which makes communication between inside and outside of the case to allow part of the air circulating through the circulation passage to leak to outside the case. The fan device includes a first inflow passage and a second inflow passage. The first inflow passage, which is part of the circulation passage, is provided to allow the air having cooled the battery cells to be sucked into the fan device. The second inflow passage makes communication between the outside of the case and the fan device to allow air outside the case to be sucked into the circulation passage by suction force of the fan device.
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1. A battery cooling apparatus comprising:
a case for housing battery cells; a fan device disposed in the case for blowing air to cool the battery cells; a circulation passage formed inside the case, the air blown from the fan device being sucked into the fan device after having circulated through the circulation passage and having exchanged heat with the battery cells; and a discharge passage making communication between inside and outside of the case to allow part of the air circulating through the circulation passage to leak to outside the case through the discharge passage after having exchanged heat with the battery cells; wherein the fan device includes a first inflow passage and a second inflow passage, the first inflow passage being part of the circulation passage and allowing the air having exchanged heat with the battery cells to be sucked into the fan device through the first inflow passage, the second inflow passage making communication between the outside of the case and the fan device to allow air outside the case to be sucked into the circulation passage through the second inflow passage by suction force of the fan device. 2. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the discharge passage is disposed downstream of a first passage part of the circulation passage and upstream of the first inflow passage, the air blown from the fan device exchanging heat with the battery cells while passing through the first passage part. 3. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the circulation passage includes a second passage part, the air blown from the fan device passing through the second passage part while contacting at least one of wall surfaces constituting the case. 4. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the discharge passage penetrates through one of the wall surfaces except the wall surface which the air blown from the fan device contacts while passing through the second passage part. 5. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the second inflow passage penetrates through one of the wall surfaces except the wall surface which the air blown from the fan device contacts while passing through the second passage part. 6. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the wall surface which the air blown from the fan device contacts while passing through the second passage part has the largest surface area of all the wall surfaces constituting the case. 7. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the wall surface which the air blown from the fan device contacts while passing through the second passage part is at least one of side surfaces of the case and a top surface of the case perpendicular to the side surfaces.
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A battery cooling apparatus includes a case for housing battery cells and a fan device disposed in the case for blowing air through a circulation passage to cool the battery cells. The case includes a discharge passage which makes communication between inside and outside of the case to allow part of the air circulating through the circulation passage to leak to outside the case. The fan device includes a first inflow passage and a second inflow passage. The first inflow passage, which is part of the circulation passage, is provided to allow the air having cooled the battery cells to be sucked into the fan device. The second inflow passage makes communication between the outside of the case and the fan device to allow air outside the case to be sucked into the circulation passage by suction force of the fan device.1. A battery cooling apparatus comprising:
a case for housing battery cells; a fan device disposed in the case for blowing air to cool the battery cells; a circulation passage formed inside the case, the air blown from the fan device being sucked into the fan device after having circulated through the circulation passage and having exchanged heat with the battery cells; and a discharge passage making communication between inside and outside of the case to allow part of the air circulating through the circulation passage to leak to outside the case through the discharge passage after having exchanged heat with the battery cells; wherein the fan device includes a first inflow passage and a second inflow passage, the first inflow passage being part of the circulation passage and allowing the air having exchanged heat with the battery cells to be sucked into the fan device through the first inflow passage, the second inflow passage making communication between the outside of the case and the fan device to allow air outside the case to be sucked into the circulation passage through the second inflow passage by suction force of the fan device. 2. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the discharge passage is disposed downstream of a first passage part of the circulation passage and upstream of the first inflow passage, the air blown from the fan device exchanging heat with the battery cells while passing through the first passage part. 3. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the circulation passage includes a second passage part, the air blown from the fan device passing through the second passage part while contacting at least one of wall surfaces constituting the case. 4. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the discharge passage penetrates through one of the wall surfaces except the wall surface which the air blown from the fan device contacts while passing through the second passage part. 5. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the second inflow passage penetrates through one of the wall surfaces except the wall surface which the air blown from the fan device contacts while passing through the second passage part. 6. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the wall surface which the air blown from the fan device contacts while passing through the second passage part has the largest surface area of all the wall surfaces constituting the case. 7. The battery cooling apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the wall surface which the air blown from the fan device contacts while passing through the second passage part is at least one of side surfaces of the case and a top surface of the case perpendicular to the side surfaces.
| 1,700 |
1,876 | 13,976,105 | 1,722 |
A fuel pressure regulator unit is mounted on a manifold. The fuel pressure regulator unit includes a housing providing a fuel inlet passage, a regulated fuel outlet passage, a sense pressure passage, a recycle passage and a mixed fuel passage. A pressure regulator is provided in the housing and is arranged fluidly between the fuel inlet passage and the regulated fuel outlet passage. The sense passage fluidly interconnects the mixed fuel passage and the pressure regulator. The pressure regulator is configured to regulate the flow of fuel from the fuel inlet passage to regulated fuel passage in response to a pressure from the sense pressure passage. An ejector is arranged within the housing and fluidly between the regulated fuel outlet passage and the mixed fuel passage. An ejector is configured to receive recycled fuel from the recycle passage.
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1. A fuel pressure regulator unit for a fuel cell comprising:
a housing providing a fuel inlet passage, regulated fuel outlet passage, a sense pressure passage, a recycle passage and a mixed fuel passage; a pressure regulator provided in the housing and arranged fluidly between the fuel inlet passage and the regulated fuel outlet passage, the sense passage fluidly interconnecting the mixed fuel passage and the pressure regulator, and the pressure regulator configured to regulate the flow of fuel from the fuel inlet passage to the regulated fuel passage in response to a pressure from the sense pressure passage; and an ejector arranged within the housing fluidly between the regulated fuel outlet passage and the mixed fuel passage, the ejector configured to receive recycled fuel from the recycle passage. 2. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 1, comprising a heater engaging the fuel pressure regulator unit. 3. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 2, wherein the housing includes a heater cavity, and the heater is arranged within the heater cavity. 4. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 2, wherein the heater is wrapped around the housing. 5. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 2, comprising a controller in communication with the heater and a temperature sensor, the controller programmed to command the heater in response to a freeze condition to heat the housing. 6. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing includes an installed orientation, and the sense line is arranged at an angle and the ejector is arranged generally vertically in the installed orientation. 7. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 6, comprising a recycle line including first and second recycle fitting at opposing ends, the first recycle fitting connected to housing at the recycle passage, and the second recycle fitting including an angled passage in the installed orientation. 8. A fuel cell comprising:
a fuel cell stack including an anode and a cathode configured to respectively receive a fuel and an oxidant, a manifold in fluid communication with the anode; and fuel pressure regulator unit mounted on the manifold and including:
a housing providing a fuel inlet passage, regulated fuel outlet passage, a sense pressure passage, a recycle passage and a mixed fuel passage;
a pressure regulator provided in the housing and arranged fluidly between the fuel inlet passage and the regulated fuel outlet passage, the sense passage fluidly interconnecting the mixed fuel passage and the pressure regulator, and the pressure regulator configured to regulate the flow of fuel from the fuel inlet passage to the regulated fuel passage in response to a pressure from the sense pressure passage; and
an ejector arranged within the housing fluidly between the regulated fuel outlet passage and the mixed fuel passage, the ejector configured to receive recycled fuel from the recycle passage. 9. The fuel cell according to claim 8, wherein the manifold includes a boss, and a recycle line is fluidly connected between the boss and the recycle passage, the recycle line including a fitting secured to the boss, the fitting having a fitting passage angled toward the fuel stack assembly. 10. The fuel cell according to claim 8, wherein the manifold has an upper wall, the fuel pressure regulator unit is mounted on the upper wall. 11. The fuel cell according to claim 10, comprising a hydrogen concentration sensor and a fuel inlet pressure sensor mounted on the upper wall vertically in an installed orientation. 12. The fuel cell according to claim 8, comprising a heater engaging the fuel pressure regulator unit. 13. The fuel cell according to claim 8, comprising a recycle line including first and second recycle fitting at opposing ends, the first recycle fitting connected to housing at the recycle passage, and the second recycle fitting including an angled passage in the installed orientation.
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A fuel pressure regulator unit is mounted on a manifold. The fuel pressure regulator unit includes a housing providing a fuel inlet passage, a regulated fuel outlet passage, a sense pressure passage, a recycle passage and a mixed fuel passage. A pressure regulator is provided in the housing and is arranged fluidly between the fuel inlet passage and the regulated fuel outlet passage. The sense passage fluidly interconnects the mixed fuel passage and the pressure regulator. The pressure regulator is configured to regulate the flow of fuel from the fuel inlet passage to regulated fuel passage in response to a pressure from the sense pressure passage. An ejector is arranged within the housing and fluidly between the regulated fuel outlet passage and the mixed fuel passage. An ejector is configured to receive recycled fuel from the recycle passage.1. A fuel pressure regulator unit for a fuel cell comprising:
a housing providing a fuel inlet passage, regulated fuel outlet passage, a sense pressure passage, a recycle passage and a mixed fuel passage; a pressure regulator provided in the housing and arranged fluidly between the fuel inlet passage and the regulated fuel outlet passage, the sense passage fluidly interconnecting the mixed fuel passage and the pressure regulator, and the pressure regulator configured to regulate the flow of fuel from the fuel inlet passage to the regulated fuel passage in response to a pressure from the sense pressure passage; and an ejector arranged within the housing fluidly between the regulated fuel outlet passage and the mixed fuel passage, the ejector configured to receive recycled fuel from the recycle passage. 2. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 1, comprising a heater engaging the fuel pressure regulator unit. 3. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 2, wherein the housing includes a heater cavity, and the heater is arranged within the heater cavity. 4. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 2, wherein the heater is wrapped around the housing. 5. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 2, comprising a controller in communication with the heater and a temperature sensor, the controller programmed to command the heater in response to a freeze condition to heat the housing. 6. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 1, wherein the housing includes an installed orientation, and the sense line is arranged at an angle and the ejector is arranged generally vertically in the installed orientation. 7. The fuel pressure regulator unit according to claim 6, comprising a recycle line including first and second recycle fitting at opposing ends, the first recycle fitting connected to housing at the recycle passage, and the second recycle fitting including an angled passage in the installed orientation. 8. A fuel cell comprising:
a fuel cell stack including an anode and a cathode configured to respectively receive a fuel and an oxidant, a manifold in fluid communication with the anode; and fuel pressure regulator unit mounted on the manifold and including:
a housing providing a fuel inlet passage, regulated fuel outlet passage, a sense pressure passage, a recycle passage and a mixed fuel passage;
a pressure regulator provided in the housing and arranged fluidly between the fuel inlet passage and the regulated fuel outlet passage, the sense passage fluidly interconnecting the mixed fuel passage and the pressure regulator, and the pressure regulator configured to regulate the flow of fuel from the fuel inlet passage to the regulated fuel passage in response to a pressure from the sense pressure passage; and
an ejector arranged within the housing fluidly between the regulated fuel outlet passage and the mixed fuel passage, the ejector configured to receive recycled fuel from the recycle passage. 9. The fuel cell according to claim 8, wherein the manifold includes a boss, and a recycle line is fluidly connected between the boss and the recycle passage, the recycle line including a fitting secured to the boss, the fitting having a fitting passage angled toward the fuel stack assembly. 10. The fuel cell according to claim 8, wherein the manifold has an upper wall, the fuel pressure regulator unit is mounted on the upper wall. 11. The fuel cell according to claim 10, comprising a hydrogen concentration sensor and a fuel inlet pressure sensor mounted on the upper wall vertically in an installed orientation. 12. The fuel cell according to claim 8, comprising a heater engaging the fuel pressure regulator unit. 13. The fuel cell according to claim 8, comprising a recycle line including first and second recycle fitting at opposing ends, the first recycle fitting connected to housing at the recycle passage, and the second recycle fitting including an angled passage in the installed orientation.
| 1,700 |
1,877 | 14,568,230 | 1,768 |
Pressure sensitive adhesives produced from naturally occurring fats and oils are described. Also described are methods of producing the pressure sensitive adhesives. Generally, one or more naturally occurring fats or oils are epoxidized, and then reacted with certain alcohols or amines to thereby obtain the noted pressure sensitive adhesives.
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1. A method of forming a pressure sensitive adhesive, the method comprising:
providing an epoxidized naturally occurring oil or fat; reacting the epoxidized naturally occurring oil or fat with at least one multifunctional agent selected from the group consisting of (i) alcohols, (ii) amines, (iii) amino alcohols, and (iv) combinations thereof, to thereby form a pressure sensitive adhesive. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the naturally occurring oil or fat is selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, palm oil, olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, tall oil, lard, tallow, fish oil, and combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the multifunctional agent is alcohols. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the alcohols are dihydric alcohols. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the alcohols are selected from the group consisting of as glycerol, propanediol, butanediol, hexanediol, polyethyleneglycol, tetraethyleneglycol, diethyleneglycol, 2-methylpropanediol, methylbutanediol, methylpentanediol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, fatty alcohols having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms derived from triglycerides, and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one monohydric alcohol is included in the reacting step(s). 7. The method of claim 3 wherein the alcohols are polymeric difunctional or polymeric multifunctional alcohols. 8. The method of claim 3 wherein the alcohols are bio-based or derived from vegetable oils. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the alcohols are selected from the group consisting of (i) castor oil with pendant hydroxyl groups, (ii) dimer diols formed from dimer acids, and (iii) biobasedpolyols formed from epoxidized oils. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the multifunctional agent is amines. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the amines are diamines. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the amines are diamines and are selected from the group consisting of hydrazine, ethylene diamine (1,2-diaminoethane), 1,3-diaminopropane (propane-1,3-diamine), putrescine (butane-1,4-diamine), cadaverine (pentane-1,5-diamine), hexamethylenediamine (hexane-1,6-diamine, o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine; o-xylylenediamine, m-xylylenediamine, p-xylylenediamine, and Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine; N,N′-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, diphenylethylenediamine, 1,8-diaminophthalene, and combinations thereof. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one mono amine is included in the reacting step(s). 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the multifunctional agent is amino alcohols. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the amino alcohols are selected from the group consisting of ethanolamines, propanolamines, butanolamines, pentanolamines, heptanolamines, hexanolamines, amines based on cresol and phenol, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein reacting is performed by a technique selected from the group consisting of (i) bulk polymerization, (ii) solvent polymerization, (iii) water based polymerization, (iv) web polymerization, and (v) combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein bulk polymerization is selected. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein solvent polymerization is selected. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein water based polymerization is selected. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein web polymerization is selected. 21. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an epoxidized fatty acid and including the epoxidized fatty acid in the reacting step. 22. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an epoxidized fatty ester and including the epoxidized fatty ester in the reacting step. 23. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an acrylate component and including the acrylate component in the reacting step. 24. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing a vinyl carboxylic acid and including the vinyl carboxylic acid in the reacting step. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the vinyl carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and combinations thereof. 26. The method of claim 1 wherein the epoxidized naturally occurring oil or fat contains at least one acrylate group. 27. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an agent containing one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acids, sulfates, phosphonates, and combinations thereof, and including the agent in the reacting step. 28. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing a material selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylacrylate, hydroxylethylmethacrylate, hydroxypropylacrylate, hydroxypropylmethacrylate, hydroxybutylacrylate, hydroxybutylmethacrylate, glycidylmethacrylate, and combinations thereof, and including the material in the reacting step. 29. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
adding at least one additive selected from the group consisting of fillers, bio-based tackifiers, plasticizers, and combinations thereof. 30. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing a component obtained from fossil fuels including the component in the reacting step. 31. The pressure sensitive adhesive produced by the method of claim 1. 32. A method of forming a pressure sensitive adhesive, the method comprising:
initiating polymerization by providing an effective amount of bio-based glycerol esters, the glycerol esters including a majority proportion of C8 to C22 fatty acids; incorporating epoxide functionality into at least a majority proportion of the glycerol esters, to thereby produce an epoxidized glycerol ester intermediate; reacting the epoxidized glycerol ester intermediate with at least one multifunctional agent selected from the group consisting of (i) alcohols, (ii) amines, (iii) amino alcohols, and (iv) combinations thereof, to thereby form a partially polymerized composition; disposing the partially polymerized composition on a receiving surface; and fully polymerizing the partially polymerized composition to form a pressure sensitive adhesive. 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the glycerol esters are obtained from naturally occurring oil and fat. 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the naturally occurring oil or fat is selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, palm oil, olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, tall oil, lard, tallow, fish oil, and combinations thereof. 35. The method of claim 32 wherein the multifunctional agent is alcohols. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the alcohols are dihydric alcohols. 37. The method of claim 35 wherein the alcohols are selected from the group consisting of as glycerol, propanediol, butanediol, hexanediol, polyethyleneglycol, tetraethyleneglycol, diethyleneglycol, 2-methylpropanediol, methylbutanediol, methylpentanediol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, fatty alcohols having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms derived from triglycerides, and combinations thereof. 38. The method of claim 32 wherein at least one monohydric alcohol is included in the reacting step(s). 39. The method of claim 35 wherein the alcohols are polymeric difunctional or polymeric multifunctional alcohols. 40. The method of claim 35 wherein the alcohols are bio-based or derived from vegetable oils. 41. The method of claim 40 wherein the alcohols are selected from the group consisting of (i) castor oil with pendant hydroxyl groups, (ii) dimer diols formed from dimer acids, and (iii) biobasedpolyols formed from epoxidized oils. 42. The method of claim 32 wherein the multifunctional agent is amines. 43. The method of claim 42 wherein the amines are diamines. 44. The method of claim 42 wherein the amines are diamines and are selected from the group consisting of hydrazine, ethylene diamine (1,2-diaminoethane), 1,3-diaminopropane (propane-1,3-diamine), putrescine (butane-1,4-diamine), cadaverine (pentane-1,5-diamine), hexamethylenediamine (hexane-1,6-diamine, o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine; o-xylylenediamine, m-xylylenediamine, p-xylylenediamine, and Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine; N,N′-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, diphenylethylenediamine, 1,8-diaminophthalene, and combinations thereof. 45. The method of claim 32 wherein at least one mono amine is included in the reacting step(s). 46. The method of claim 32 wherein the multifunctional agent is amino alcohols. 47. The method of claim 46 wherein the amino alcohols are selected from the group consisting of ethanolamines, propanolamines, butanolamines, pentanolamines, heptanolamines, hexanolamines, amines based on cresol and phenol, and combinations thereof. 48. The method of claim 32 wherein reacting is performed by a technique selected from the group consisting of (i) bulk polymerization, (ii) solvent polymerization, (iii) water based polymerization, (iv) web polymerization, and (v) combinations thereof. 49. The method of claim 48 wherein bulk polymerization is selected. 50. The method of claim 48 wherein solvent polymerization is selected. 51. The method of claim 48 wherein water based polymerization is selected. 52. The method of claim 48 wherein web polymerization is selected. 53. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing an epoxidized fatty acid and including the epoxidized fatty acid in the reacting step. 54. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing an epoxidized fatty ester and including the epoxidized fatty ester in the reacting step. 55. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing an acrylate component and including the acrylate component in the reacting step. 56. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing a vinyl carboxylic acid and including the vinyl carboxylic acid in the reacting step. 57. The method of claim 56 wherein the vinyl carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and combinations thereof. 58. The method of claim 33 wherein the epoxidized naturally occurring oil or fat contains at least one acrylate group. 59. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing an agent containing one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acids, sulfates, phosphonates, and combinations thereof, and including the agent in the reacting step. 60. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing a material selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylacrylate, hydroxylethylmethacrylate, hydroxypropylacrylate, hydroxypropylmethacrylate, hydroxybutylacrylate, hydroxybutylmethacrylate, glycidylmethacrylate, and combinations thereof, and including the material in the reacting step. 61. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
adding at least one additive selected from the group consisting of fillers, bio-based tackifiers, plasticizers, and combinations thereof. 62. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing a component obtained from fossil fuels and including the component in the reacting step. 63. The method of claim 32 wherein the glycerol esters include at least one of (i) monoglycerides, (ii) diglycerides, (iii) triglycerides, and (iv) combinations thereof. 64. The method of claim 32 wherein the glycerol esters include a majority proportion of triglycerides. 65. The pressure sensitive adhesive produced by the method of claim 32. 66. The method of claim 32 wherein fully polymerizing is performed in the presence of a catalyst. 67. The method of claim 66 wherein the catalyst is a photocatalyst.
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Pressure sensitive adhesives produced from naturally occurring fats and oils are described. Also described are methods of producing the pressure sensitive adhesives. Generally, one or more naturally occurring fats or oils are epoxidized, and then reacted with certain alcohols or amines to thereby obtain the noted pressure sensitive adhesives.1. A method of forming a pressure sensitive adhesive, the method comprising:
providing an epoxidized naturally occurring oil or fat; reacting the epoxidized naturally occurring oil or fat with at least one multifunctional agent selected from the group consisting of (i) alcohols, (ii) amines, (iii) amino alcohols, and (iv) combinations thereof, to thereby form a pressure sensitive adhesive. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the naturally occurring oil or fat is selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, palm oil, olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, tall oil, lard, tallow, fish oil, and combinations thereof. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the multifunctional agent is alcohols. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the alcohols are dihydric alcohols. 5. The method of claim 3 wherein the alcohols are selected from the group consisting of as glycerol, propanediol, butanediol, hexanediol, polyethyleneglycol, tetraethyleneglycol, diethyleneglycol, 2-methylpropanediol, methylbutanediol, methylpentanediol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, fatty alcohols having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms derived from triglycerides, and combinations thereof. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one monohydric alcohol is included in the reacting step(s). 7. The method of claim 3 wherein the alcohols are polymeric difunctional or polymeric multifunctional alcohols. 8. The method of claim 3 wherein the alcohols are bio-based or derived from vegetable oils. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the alcohols are selected from the group consisting of (i) castor oil with pendant hydroxyl groups, (ii) dimer diols formed from dimer acids, and (iii) biobasedpolyols formed from epoxidized oils. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the multifunctional agent is amines. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the amines are diamines. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the amines are diamines and are selected from the group consisting of hydrazine, ethylene diamine (1,2-diaminoethane), 1,3-diaminopropane (propane-1,3-diamine), putrescine (butane-1,4-diamine), cadaverine (pentane-1,5-diamine), hexamethylenediamine (hexane-1,6-diamine, o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine; o-xylylenediamine, m-xylylenediamine, p-xylylenediamine, and Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine; N,N′-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, diphenylethylenediamine, 1,8-diaminophthalene, and combinations thereof. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one mono amine is included in the reacting step(s). 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the multifunctional agent is amino alcohols. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein the amino alcohols are selected from the group consisting of ethanolamines, propanolamines, butanolamines, pentanolamines, heptanolamines, hexanolamines, amines based on cresol and phenol, and combinations thereof. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein reacting is performed by a technique selected from the group consisting of (i) bulk polymerization, (ii) solvent polymerization, (iii) water based polymerization, (iv) web polymerization, and (v) combinations thereof. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein bulk polymerization is selected. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein solvent polymerization is selected. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein water based polymerization is selected. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein web polymerization is selected. 21. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an epoxidized fatty acid and including the epoxidized fatty acid in the reacting step. 22. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an epoxidized fatty ester and including the epoxidized fatty ester in the reacting step. 23. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an acrylate component and including the acrylate component in the reacting step. 24. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing a vinyl carboxylic acid and including the vinyl carboxylic acid in the reacting step. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the vinyl carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and combinations thereof. 26. The method of claim 1 wherein the epoxidized naturally occurring oil or fat contains at least one acrylate group. 27. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing an agent containing one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acids, sulfates, phosphonates, and combinations thereof, and including the agent in the reacting step. 28. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing a material selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylacrylate, hydroxylethylmethacrylate, hydroxypropylacrylate, hydroxypropylmethacrylate, hydroxybutylacrylate, hydroxybutylmethacrylate, glycidylmethacrylate, and combinations thereof, and including the material in the reacting step. 29. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
adding at least one additive selected from the group consisting of fillers, bio-based tackifiers, plasticizers, and combinations thereof. 30. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
providing a component obtained from fossil fuels including the component in the reacting step. 31. The pressure sensitive adhesive produced by the method of claim 1. 32. A method of forming a pressure sensitive adhesive, the method comprising:
initiating polymerization by providing an effective amount of bio-based glycerol esters, the glycerol esters including a majority proportion of C8 to C22 fatty acids; incorporating epoxide functionality into at least a majority proportion of the glycerol esters, to thereby produce an epoxidized glycerol ester intermediate; reacting the epoxidized glycerol ester intermediate with at least one multifunctional agent selected from the group consisting of (i) alcohols, (ii) amines, (iii) amino alcohols, and (iv) combinations thereof, to thereby form a partially polymerized composition; disposing the partially polymerized composition on a receiving surface; and fully polymerizing the partially polymerized composition to form a pressure sensitive adhesive. 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the glycerol esters are obtained from naturally occurring oil and fat. 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the naturally occurring oil or fat is selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, palm oil, olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil, rapeseed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, tall oil, lard, tallow, fish oil, and combinations thereof. 35. The method of claim 32 wherein the multifunctional agent is alcohols. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the alcohols are dihydric alcohols. 37. The method of claim 35 wherein the alcohols are selected from the group consisting of as glycerol, propanediol, butanediol, hexanediol, polyethyleneglycol, tetraethyleneglycol, diethyleneglycol, 2-methylpropanediol, methylbutanediol, methylpentanediol, pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, sorbitol, fatty alcohols having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms derived from triglycerides, and combinations thereof. 38. The method of claim 32 wherein at least one monohydric alcohol is included in the reacting step(s). 39. The method of claim 35 wherein the alcohols are polymeric difunctional or polymeric multifunctional alcohols. 40. The method of claim 35 wherein the alcohols are bio-based or derived from vegetable oils. 41. The method of claim 40 wherein the alcohols are selected from the group consisting of (i) castor oil with pendant hydroxyl groups, (ii) dimer diols formed from dimer acids, and (iii) biobasedpolyols formed from epoxidized oils. 42. The method of claim 32 wherein the multifunctional agent is amines. 43. The method of claim 42 wherein the amines are diamines. 44. The method of claim 42 wherein the amines are diamines and are selected from the group consisting of hydrazine, ethylene diamine (1,2-diaminoethane), 1,3-diaminopropane (propane-1,3-diamine), putrescine (butane-1,4-diamine), cadaverine (pentane-1,5-diamine), hexamethylenediamine (hexane-1,6-diamine, o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine; o-xylylenediamine, m-xylylenediamine, p-xylylenediamine, and Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine; N,N′-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, diphenylethylenediamine, 1,8-diaminophthalene, and combinations thereof. 45. The method of claim 32 wherein at least one mono amine is included in the reacting step(s). 46. The method of claim 32 wherein the multifunctional agent is amino alcohols. 47. The method of claim 46 wherein the amino alcohols are selected from the group consisting of ethanolamines, propanolamines, butanolamines, pentanolamines, heptanolamines, hexanolamines, amines based on cresol and phenol, and combinations thereof. 48. The method of claim 32 wherein reacting is performed by a technique selected from the group consisting of (i) bulk polymerization, (ii) solvent polymerization, (iii) water based polymerization, (iv) web polymerization, and (v) combinations thereof. 49. The method of claim 48 wherein bulk polymerization is selected. 50. The method of claim 48 wherein solvent polymerization is selected. 51. The method of claim 48 wherein water based polymerization is selected. 52. The method of claim 48 wherein web polymerization is selected. 53. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing an epoxidized fatty acid and including the epoxidized fatty acid in the reacting step. 54. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing an epoxidized fatty ester and including the epoxidized fatty ester in the reacting step. 55. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing an acrylate component and including the acrylate component in the reacting step. 56. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing a vinyl carboxylic acid and including the vinyl carboxylic acid in the reacting step. 57. The method of claim 56 wherein the vinyl carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and combinations thereof. 58. The method of claim 33 wherein the epoxidized naturally occurring oil or fat contains at least one acrylate group. 59. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing an agent containing one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acids, sulfates, phosphonates, and combinations thereof, and including the agent in the reacting step. 60. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing a material selected from the group consisting of hydroxyethylacrylate, hydroxylethylmethacrylate, hydroxypropylacrylate, hydroxypropylmethacrylate, hydroxybutylacrylate, hydroxybutylmethacrylate, glycidylmethacrylate, and combinations thereof, and including the material in the reacting step. 61. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
adding at least one additive selected from the group consisting of fillers, bio-based tackifiers, plasticizers, and combinations thereof. 62. The method of claim 32 further comprising:
providing a component obtained from fossil fuels and including the component in the reacting step. 63. The method of claim 32 wherein the glycerol esters include at least one of (i) monoglycerides, (ii) diglycerides, (iii) triglycerides, and (iv) combinations thereof. 64. The method of claim 32 wherein the glycerol esters include a majority proportion of triglycerides. 65. The pressure sensitive adhesive produced by the method of claim 32. 66. The method of claim 32 wherein fully polymerizing is performed in the presence of a catalyst. 67. The method of claim 66 wherein the catalyst is a photocatalyst.
| 1,700 |
1,878 | 13,443,316 | 1,745 |
Joints are formed for articles of manufacture such as transportation vehicles (e.g., automotive vehicles). The joints typically include a connector that is adhered to a first member and a second member with a structural adhesive, which may be a foam.
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1. A method of forming a joint of an automotive vehicle comprising:
providing a first member of the automotive vehicle, the first member having a distal end; providing a second member of the automotive vehicle, the second member having a distal end; and providing a connector having a base portion, a first portion extending away from the base portion and a second portion extending away from the base portion, the connector also having activatable material disposed within a cavity of the first portion and a cavity of the second portion, the cavity of the first portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the first member and the cavity of the second portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the second member; locating the first portion adjacent the distal end of the first member and the second portion adjacent the distal end of the second member; attaching the first member to the second member via a temporary attachment structure so that the first and second member remain connected prior to activation of the activatable material; and activating the activatable material to form a structural adhesive foam adhered to the first portion of the connector and the distal end of the first member and adhered to the second portion of the connector and the distal end of the second member; wherein the foam provides sufficient strength to the joint whereby the first member is free of direct contact with the second member after activating the activatable material and the first and second members are connected to each another without any welds directly or indirectly connecting the members. 2. (canceled) 3. A method as in claim 1 wherein the first member and second member are part of a frame of the automotive vehicle. 4. A method as in claim 1 wherein at least one of the first member and the second member is a B-pillar. 5. (canceled) 6. A method as in claim 1 wherein the step of providing the first member includes hydroforming a first tubular structure defined by the first member. 7. A method as in claim 1 wherein the connector is formed of a plastic material. 8. A method as in claim 1 wherein the connector define's a plurality of intersecting ribs. 9. A method as in claim 1 wherein the first portion of the connector extends away from the base portion in a first direction and the second portion extends away from the base portion in a second direction and the first direction is at an angle of less than 170° relative to the second direction. 10. A method as in claim 1 wherein the connector includes a third portion extending away from the base portion, the third portion also having activatable material disposed thereon wherein the step of activating the activatable material includes adhering the third portion of the connector to a third member of the automotive vehicle. 11. A method of forming a joint of an automotive vehicle comprising:
providing a first member of the automotive vehicle, the first member having a distal end, wherein the first member is provided by hydroforming a first tubular structure defined by the first member, the first tubular structure having a tunnel extending along its length and including at least one hydroformed contour; providing a second member of the automotive vehicle, the second member having a distal end wherein the second member is provided by hydroforming a second tubular structure defined by the second member, the first tubular structure having a tunnel extending along its length and including at least one hydroformed contour; and providing a connector having a base portion, a first portion extending away from the base portion and a second portion extending away from the base portion, the connector also having activatable material disposed within a cavity of the first portion and a cavity of the second portion, the cavity of the first portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the first member and the cavity of the second portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the second member; locating the first portion over the tunnel of the first tubular structure at the distal end of the first member and the second portion over the tunnel of the second tubular structure adjacent the distal end of the second member; attaching the first member to the second member via a temporary attachment structure so that the first and second member remain connected prior to activation of the activatable material; and activating the activatable material to form a structural adhesive foam adhered to the first portion of the connector and an interior exterior surface of the first tubular structure at the distal end of the first member and adhered to the second portion of the connector and an exterior surface of the second tubular structure at the distal end of the second member, the interior surface of the first tubular structure at least partially defining the tunnel of the first tubular structure and the interior surface of the second tubular structure at least partially defining the tunnel of the second tubular structure; wherein the first member is free of direct contact with the second member and wherein the foam provides sufficient strength to the joint whereby the first member is free of direct contact with the second member after activating the activatable material and the first and second members are connected to each another without any welds directly or indirectly connecting the members. 12. A method as in claim 11 wherein the first member and second member are part of a frame of the automotive vehicle. 13. A method as in claim 11 wherein at least one of the first member and the second member is a B-pillar. 14. A method as in claim 11 wherein the step of locating the first portion includes fastening the first portion to the distal end of the first member with a mechanical fastener. 15. A method as in claim 11 wherein the connector is formed of a plastic material. 16. A method as in claim 11 wherein the connector defines a plurality of intersecting ribs. 17. A method as in claim 11 wherein the first portion of the connector extends away from the base portion in a first direction and the second portion extends away from the base portion in a second direction and the first direction is at an angle of less than 170° relative to the second direction. 18. A method as in claim 1 wherein the connector includes a third portion extending away from the base portion, the third portion also having activatable material disposed thereon wherein the step of activating the activatable material includes adhering the third portion of the connector to a third member of the automotive vehicle. 19. A method of forming a joint of an automotive vehicle comprising:
providing a first member of the automotive vehicle, the first member having a distal end, wherein the first member is provided by hydroforming a first tubular structure defined by the first member, the first tubular structure having a tunnel extending along its length and including at least one hydroformed contour; providing a second member of the automotive vehicle, the second member having a distal end wherein the second member is provided by hydroforming a second tubular structure defined by the second member, the first tubular structure having a tunnel extending along its length and including at least one hydroformed contour; and providing a connector having a base portion, a first portion extending away from the base portion and a second portion extending away from the base portion, the connector also having activatable material disposed within a cavity of the first portion and a cavity of the second portion, the cavity of the first portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the first member and the cavity of the second portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the second member; locating the first portion within over the tunnel of the first tubular structure at the distal end of the first member and the second portion within over the tunnel of the second tubular structure adjacent the distal end of the second member; attaching the first member to the second member via a temporary attachment structure so that the first and second member remain connected prior to activation of the activatable material; and activating the activatable material to form a structural adhesive foam adhered to the first portion of the connector and an interior exterior sulfate of the first tubular structure at the distal end of the first member and adhered to the second portion of the connector and an interior exterior surface of the second tubular structure at the distal end of the second member, the interior surface of the first tubular structure at least partially defining the tunnel of the first tubular structure and the interior surface of the second tubular structure at least partially defining the tunnel of the second tubular structure; wherein: i. the first member is free of direct contact with the second member; ii. the first member and second member are part of a frame of the automotive vehicle; iii. at least one of the first member and the second member is a B-pillar; iv. the step of locating the first portion includes fastening the first, portion to the distal end of the first member with a mechanical fastener; v. the connector is formed of a plastic material; vi. the connector defines a plurality of intersecting ribs; vii. the first portion of the connector extends away from the base portion in a first direction and the second portion extends away from the base portion in a second direction and the first direction is at an angle of less than 170° relative to the second direction; and viii. the connector includes a third portion extending away from the base portion, the third portion also having activatable material disposed thereon wherein the step of activating the activatable material includes adhering the third portion of the connector to a third member of the automotive vehicle. 20. A method as in claim 19 wherein the connector includes a first plurality of ribs extending transversely and intersecting a second plurality of ribs and wherein the activatable material is thermosettable.
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Joints are formed for articles of manufacture such as transportation vehicles (e.g., automotive vehicles). The joints typically include a connector that is adhered to a first member and a second member with a structural adhesive, which may be a foam.1. A method of forming a joint of an automotive vehicle comprising:
providing a first member of the automotive vehicle, the first member having a distal end; providing a second member of the automotive vehicle, the second member having a distal end; and providing a connector having a base portion, a first portion extending away from the base portion and a second portion extending away from the base portion, the connector also having activatable material disposed within a cavity of the first portion and a cavity of the second portion, the cavity of the first portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the first member and the cavity of the second portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the second member; locating the first portion adjacent the distal end of the first member and the second portion adjacent the distal end of the second member; attaching the first member to the second member via a temporary attachment structure so that the first and second member remain connected prior to activation of the activatable material; and activating the activatable material to form a structural adhesive foam adhered to the first portion of the connector and the distal end of the first member and adhered to the second portion of the connector and the distal end of the second member; wherein the foam provides sufficient strength to the joint whereby the first member is free of direct contact with the second member after activating the activatable material and the first and second members are connected to each another without any welds directly or indirectly connecting the members. 2. (canceled) 3. A method as in claim 1 wherein the first member and second member are part of a frame of the automotive vehicle. 4. A method as in claim 1 wherein at least one of the first member and the second member is a B-pillar. 5. (canceled) 6. A method as in claim 1 wherein the step of providing the first member includes hydroforming a first tubular structure defined by the first member. 7. A method as in claim 1 wherein the connector is formed of a plastic material. 8. A method as in claim 1 wherein the connector define's a plurality of intersecting ribs. 9. A method as in claim 1 wherein the first portion of the connector extends away from the base portion in a first direction and the second portion extends away from the base portion in a second direction and the first direction is at an angle of less than 170° relative to the second direction. 10. A method as in claim 1 wherein the connector includes a third portion extending away from the base portion, the third portion also having activatable material disposed thereon wherein the step of activating the activatable material includes adhering the third portion of the connector to a third member of the automotive vehicle. 11. A method of forming a joint of an automotive vehicle comprising:
providing a first member of the automotive vehicle, the first member having a distal end, wherein the first member is provided by hydroforming a first tubular structure defined by the first member, the first tubular structure having a tunnel extending along its length and including at least one hydroformed contour; providing a second member of the automotive vehicle, the second member having a distal end wherein the second member is provided by hydroforming a second tubular structure defined by the second member, the first tubular structure having a tunnel extending along its length and including at least one hydroformed contour; and providing a connector having a base portion, a first portion extending away from the base portion and a second portion extending away from the base portion, the connector also having activatable material disposed within a cavity of the first portion and a cavity of the second portion, the cavity of the first portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the first member and the cavity of the second portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the second member; locating the first portion over the tunnel of the first tubular structure at the distal end of the first member and the second portion over the tunnel of the second tubular structure adjacent the distal end of the second member; attaching the first member to the second member via a temporary attachment structure so that the first and second member remain connected prior to activation of the activatable material; and activating the activatable material to form a structural adhesive foam adhered to the first portion of the connector and an interior exterior surface of the first tubular structure at the distal end of the first member and adhered to the second portion of the connector and an exterior surface of the second tubular structure at the distal end of the second member, the interior surface of the first tubular structure at least partially defining the tunnel of the first tubular structure and the interior surface of the second tubular structure at least partially defining the tunnel of the second tubular structure; wherein the first member is free of direct contact with the second member and wherein the foam provides sufficient strength to the joint whereby the first member is free of direct contact with the second member after activating the activatable material and the first and second members are connected to each another without any welds directly or indirectly connecting the members. 12. A method as in claim 11 wherein the first member and second member are part of a frame of the automotive vehicle. 13. A method as in claim 11 wherein at least one of the first member and the second member is a B-pillar. 14. A method as in claim 11 wherein the step of locating the first portion includes fastening the first portion to the distal end of the first member with a mechanical fastener. 15. A method as in claim 11 wherein the connector is formed of a plastic material. 16. A method as in claim 11 wherein the connector defines a plurality of intersecting ribs. 17. A method as in claim 11 wherein the first portion of the connector extends away from the base portion in a first direction and the second portion extends away from the base portion in a second direction and the first direction is at an angle of less than 170° relative to the second direction. 18. A method as in claim 1 wherein the connector includes a third portion extending away from the base portion, the third portion also having activatable material disposed thereon wherein the step of activating the activatable material includes adhering the third portion of the connector to a third member of the automotive vehicle. 19. A method of forming a joint of an automotive vehicle comprising:
providing a first member of the automotive vehicle, the first member having a distal end, wherein the first member is provided by hydroforming a first tubular structure defined by the first member, the first tubular structure having a tunnel extending along its length and including at least one hydroformed contour; providing a second member of the automotive vehicle, the second member having a distal end wherein the second member is provided by hydroforming a second tubular structure defined by the second member, the first tubular structure having a tunnel extending along its length and including at least one hydroformed contour; and providing a connector having a base portion, a first portion extending away from the base portion and a second portion extending away from the base portion, the connector also having activatable material disposed within a cavity of the first portion and a cavity of the second portion, the cavity of the first portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the first member and the cavity of the second portion is suitable for receipt of the distal end of the second member; locating the first portion within over the tunnel of the first tubular structure at the distal end of the first member and the second portion within over the tunnel of the second tubular structure adjacent the distal end of the second member; attaching the first member to the second member via a temporary attachment structure so that the first and second member remain connected prior to activation of the activatable material; and activating the activatable material to form a structural adhesive foam adhered to the first portion of the connector and an interior exterior sulfate of the first tubular structure at the distal end of the first member and adhered to the second portion of the connector and an interior exterior surface of the second tubular structure at the distal end of the second member, the interior surface of the first tubular structure at least partially defining the tunnel of the first tubular structure and the interior surface of the second tubular structure at least partially defining the tunnel of the second tubular structure; wherein: i. the first member is free of direct contact with the second member; ii. the first member and second member are part of a frame of the automotive vehicle; iii. at least one of the first member and the second member is a B-pillar; iv. the step of locating the first portion includes fastening the first, portion to the distal end of the first member with a mechanical fastener; v. the connector is formed of a plastic material; vi. the connector defines a plurality of intersecting ribs; vii. the first portion of the connector extends away from the base portion in a first direction and the second portion extends away from the base portion in a second direction and the first direction is at an angle of less than 170° relative to the second direction; and viii. the connector includes a third portion extending away from the base portion, the third portion also having activatable material disposed thereon wherein the step of activating the activatable material includes adhering the third portion of the connector to a third member of the automotive vehicle. 20. A method as in claim 19 wherein the connector includes a first plurality of ribs extending transversely and intersecting a second plurality of ribs and wherein the activatable material is thermosettable.
| 1,700 |
1,879 | 13,130,688 | 1,733 |
A steel contains, by weight: C: 0.2% to 0.5%, Si: 0.1% to 0.5%, Mn: 0.1% to 1%, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0.005% or less, Cr: 0.3% to 1.5%, Mo: 0.3% to 1%, Al: 0.01% to 0.1%, V: 0.1% to 0.5%, Nb: 0.01% to 0.05%, Ti: 0 to 0.01%, W: 0.3% to 1%, N: 0.01% or less, the remainder of the chemical composition of the steel being constituted by Fe and impurities or residuals resulting from or necessary to steel production and casting processes. The steel can be used to produce seamless tubes with a yield strength after heat treatment of 861 MPa or more.
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1. A low alloy steel with a high yield strength and excellent sulphide stress cracking behaviour, comprising the following components, by weight:
C: 0.2% to 0.5% Si: 0.1% to 0.5% Mn: 0.1% to 1% P: 0.03% or less S: 0.005% or less Cr: 0.3% to 1.5% Mo: 0.3% to 1% Al: 0.01% to 0.1% V: 0.1% to 0.5% Nb: 0.01% to 0.05% Ti: 0 to 0.01% W: 0.3% to 1% N: 0.01% or less, the remainder of the chemical composition of said steel comprising Fe and impurities or residuals resulting from or necessary to steel production and casting processes. 2. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its C content is in the range of from 0.3% to 0.4%. 3. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Mn content is in the range of from 0.3% to 0.6%. 4. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Cr content is in the range of from 0.4% to 0.6%. 5. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Mo content is in the range of from 0.4% to 0.6%. 6. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its S content is 0.003% or less. 7. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Al content is in the range of from 0.01% to 0.05%. 8. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its V content is in the range of from 0.1% to 0.2%. 9. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Nb content is in the range of from 0.01% to 0.03%. 10. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its W content is in the range of from 0.3% to 0.6%. 11. A steel product according to claim 1, wherein said steel is heat treated so that its yield strength is 861 MPa (125 ksi) or more. 12. A low alloy steel with a high yield strength and excellent sulphide stress cracking behaviour, consisting essentially of the following components, by weight:
C: 0.2% to 0.5% Si: 0.1% to 0.5% Mn: 0.1% to 1% P: 0.03% or less S: 0.005% or less Cr: 0.3% to 1.5% Mo: 0.3% to 1% Al: 0.01% to 0.1% V: 0.1% to 0.5% Nb: 0.01% to 0.05% Ti: 0 to 0.01% W: 0.3% to 1% N: 0.01% or less, the remainder of the chemical composition of said steel consisting essentially of Fe and impurities or residuals resulting from or necessary to steel production and casting processes.
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A steel contains, by weight: C: 0.2% to 0.5%, Si: 0.1% to 0.5%, Mn: 0.1% to 1%, P: 0.03% or less, S: 0.005% or less, Cr: 0.3% to 1.5%, Mo: 0.3% to 1%, Al: 0.01% to 0.1%, V: 0.1% to 0.5%, Nb: 0.01% to 0.05%, Ti: 0 to 0.01%, W: 0.3% to 1%, N: 0.01% or less, the remainder of the chemical composition of the steel being constituted by Fe and impurities or residuals resulting from or necessary to steel production and casting processes. The steel can be used to produce seamless tubes with a yield strength after heat treatment of 861 MPa or more.1. A low alloy steel with a high yield strength and excellent sulphide stress cracking behaviour, comprising the following components, by weight:
C: 0.2% to 0.5% Si: 0.1% to 0.5% Mn: 0.1% to 1% P: 0.03% or less S: 0.005% or less Cr: 0.3% to 1.5% Mo: 0.3% to 1% Al: 0.01% to 0.1% V: 0.1% to 0.5% Nb: 0.01% to 0.05% Ti: 0 to 0.01% W: 0.3% to 1% N: 0.01% or less, the remainder of the chemical composition of said steel comprising Fe and impurities or residuals resulting from or necessary to steel production and casting processes. 2. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its C content is in the range of from 0.3% to 0.4%. 3. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Mn content is in the range of from 0.3% to 0.6%. 4. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Cr content is in the range of from 0.4% to 0.6%. 5. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Mo content is in the range of from 0.4% to 0.6%. 6. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its S content is 0.003% or less. 7. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Al content is in the range of from 0.01% to 0.05%. 8. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its V content is in the range of from 0.1% to 0.2%. 9. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its Nb content is in the range of from 0.01% to 0.03%. 10. A steel according to claim 1, wherein its W content is in the range of from 0.3% to 0.6%. 11. A steel product according to claim 1, wherein said steel is heat treated so that its yield strength is 861 MPa (125 ksi) or more. 12. A low alloy steel with a high yield strength and excellent sulphide stress cracking behaviour, consisting essentially of the following components, by weight:
C: 0.2% to 0.5% Si: 0.1% to 0.5% Mn: 0.1% to 1% P: 0.03% or less S: 0.005% or less Cr: 0.3% to 1.5% Mo: 0.3% to 1% Al: 0.01% to 0.1% V: 0.1% to 0.5% Nb: 0.01% to 0.05% Ti: 0 to 0.01% W: 0.3% to 1% N: 0.01% or less, the remainder of the chemical composition of said steel consisting essentially of Fe and impurities or residuals resulting from or necessary to steel production and casting processes.
| 1,700 |
1,880 | 14,534,444 | 1,771 |
Disclosed herein are marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil compositions which comprises (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN of about 100 to about 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 5 to about 120.
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1. A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition is provided which comprises (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a total base number (TBN) of about 100 to about 250, and (ii) one or more of a high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 5 to about 120. 2. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 20 to about 60. 3. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 30 to about 50. 4. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid are one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxybenzoic carboxylic acid. 5. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid are one or more calcium salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid. 6. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid are one or more calcium salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxybenzoic carboxylic acid. 7. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C10 to C40 alkyl group. 8. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C12 to C28 alkyl group. 9. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C20 to C28 alkyl group. 10. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof are one or more high overbased alkaline earth metal alkyl aromatic sulfonates. 11. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof are one or more high overbased calcium alkyl aromatic sulfonates. 12. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 11, wherein the one or more high overbased calcium alkyl aromatic sulfonates are one or more high overbased calcium alkyl toluene sulfonates. 13. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonates have a TBN of greater than 250. 14. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, comprising:
about 0.1 to about 35 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN of about 100 to about 250, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition; and about 0.1 to about 34 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition. 15. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition additives selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant, ashless dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, dehazing agent, demulsifying agent, metal deactivating agent, friction modifier, pour point depressant, antifoaming agent, co-solvent, package compatibiliser, corrosion-inhibitor, dyes, extreme pressure agent and mixtures thereof. 16. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is substantially free of an unsulfurized tetrapropenyl phenol and its unsulfurized metal salt. 17. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is substantially free of any dispersants and/or zinc compounds. 18. A method for lubricating a marine two-stroke crosshead diesel engine with a marine diesel cylinder lubricant composition having improved high temperature detergency; wherein the method comprises operating the engine with a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN of about 100 to about 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 10 to about 120. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of from about 30 to about 60. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprises:
about 0.1 to about 35 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN of about 100 to about 250, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition; and about 0.1 to about 34 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition further comprises a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition additive selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant, ashless dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, dehazing agent, demulsifying agent, metal deactivating agent, friction modifier, pour point depressant, antifoaming agent, co-solvent, package compatibilizer, corrosion-inhibitor, dyes, extreme pressure agent and mixtures thereof.
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Disclosed herein are marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil compositions which comprises (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN of about 100 to about 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 5 to about 120.1. A marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition is provided which comprises (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a total base number (TBN) of about 100 to about 250, and (ii) one or more of a high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 5 to about 120. 2. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 20 to about 60. 3. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, having a TBN of from about 30 to about 50. 4. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid are one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxybenzoic carboxylic acid. 5. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid are one or more calcium salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid. 6. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid are one or more calcium salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxybenzoic carboxylic acid. 7. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C10 to C40 alkyl group. 8. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C12 to C28 alkyl group. 9. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the alkyl-substituted moiety of the alkaline earth metal salt of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid is a C20 to C28 alkyl group. 10. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof are one or more high overbased alkaline earth metal alkyl aromatic sulfonates. 11. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof are one or more high overbased calcium alkyl aromatic sulfonates. 12. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 11, wherein the one or more high overbased calcium alkyl aromatic sulfonates are one or more high overbased calcium alkyl toluene sulfonates. 13. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonates have a TBN of greater than 250. 14. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, comprising:
about 0.1 to about 35 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN of about 100 to about 250, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition; and about 0.1 to about 34 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition. 15. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition additives selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant, ashless dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, dehazing agent, demulsifying agent, metal deactivating agent, friction modifier, pour point depressant, antifoaming agent, co-solvent, package compatibiliser, corrosion-inhibitor, dyes, extreme pressure agent and mixtures thereof. 16. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is substantially free of an unsulfurized tetrapropenyl phenol and its unsulfurized metal salt. 17. The marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition of claim 1, which is substantially free of any dispersants and/or zinc compounds. 18. A method for lubricating a marine two-stroke crosshead diesel engine with a marine diesel cylinder lubricant composition having improved high temperature detergency; wherein the method comprises operating the engine with a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprising (a) a major amount of one or more Group II basestocks, and (b) a detergent composition comprising (i) one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN of about 100 to about 250, and (ii) one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof; wherein the aromatic moiety of the alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof contains no hydroxyl groups; and wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of about 10 to about 120. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition has a TBN of from about 30 to about 60. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition comprises:
about 0.1 to about 35 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid having a TBN of about 100 to about 250, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition; and about 0.1 to about 34 wt. % on an actives basis of the one or more high overbased alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids or salts thereof, based on the total weight of the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition further comprises a marine diesel cylinder lubricating oil composition additive selected from the group consisting of an antioxidant, ashless dispersant, detergent, rust inhibitor, dehazing agent, demulsifying agent, metal deactivating agent, friction modifier, pour point depressant, antifoaming agent, co-solvent, package compatibilizer, corrosion-inhibitor, dyes, extreme pressure agent and mixtures thereof.
| 1,700 |
1,881 | 14,241,357 | 1,791 |
[Problem] To provide a sweetener for obtaining a food and beverage that more closely approximates a food and beverage in which sucrose is used than a food and beverage in which sugar alcohol or an intense sweetener is used. In other words, to provide a sweetener having satisfactory sweetness similar to sucrose, and to provide a food and beverage with low saccharide or sucrose free, and having a quality of taste approximate to when sucrose is used, there being no adverse effect on the flavor of the food and beverage.
[Solution] Provided are: a sweetener having a sucrose-like sweetness, comprising sugar alcohol and/or an intense sweetener, and a yeast extract containing a peptide; and a food and beverage containing the sweetener.
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1. A sweetener having sucrose-like sweet taste quality, comprising a sugar alcohol and/or an intense sweetener and a yeast extract. 2. The sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the yeast extract contains a peptide. 3. The sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the yeast extract contains a peptide of 10% or more. 4. The sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the yeast extract contains sodium chloride of 7% or less, nucleic acids of 17% or less and free amino acids of 7% or less. 5. A food comprising the sweetener according to claim 1. 6. A beverage comprising the sweetener according to claim 1
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[Problem] To provide a sweetener for obtaining a food and beverage that more closely approximates a food and beverage in which sucrose is used than a food and beverage in which sugar alcohol or an intense sweetener is used. In other words, to provide a sweetener having satisfactory sweetness similar to sucrose, and to provide a food and beverage with low saccharide or sucrose free, and having a quality of taste approximate to when sucrose is used, there being no adverse effect on the flavor of the food and beverage.
[Solution] Provided are: a sweetener having a sucrose-like sweetness, comprising sugar alcohol and/or an intense sweetener, and a yeast extract containing a peptide; and a food and beverage containing the sweetener.1. A sweetener having sucrose-like sweet taste quality, comprising a sugar alcohol and/or an intense sweetener and a yeast extract. 2. The sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the yeast extract contains a peptide. 3. The sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the yeast extract contains a peptide of 10% or more. 4. The sweetener according to claim 1, wherein the yeast extract contains sodium chloride of 7% or less, nucleic acids of 17% or less and free amino acids of 7% or less. 5. A food comprising the sweetener according to claim 1. 6. A beverage comprising the sweetener according to claim 1
| 1,700 |
1,882 | 14,009,891 | 1,791 |
Process for the stabilizing of alcoholic drinks and precursors and derivatives thereof, consisting in adding thereto a solution containing polyglutamate and/or polyaspartate. The stabilization obtained is not only against tartrate precipitation, but also for colour stability and against oxidation. Such process basically provides the use of a composition containing polyglutamate, polyaspartate or a mixture of the two substances.
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1) Process for the stabilizing of alcoholic drinks and precursors and derivatives thereof, consisting in adding thereto a composition containing polyglutamate and/or polyasparate. 2) Process as claimed in claim 1), characterized in that such alcoholic drink is chosen form the group consisting of wines, vermouth, liqueurs, beers, whiskey, cider. 3) Process as claimed in claim 1), characterized in that such precursor is chosen from the group consisting of fruit juices and musts. 4) Process as claimed in claim 1), characterized in that such alcoholic drink derivative is vinegar. 5) Process as claimed in claim 1), characterized in that said polyglutamate and polyaspartate have an average numeral molecular weight ranging between 1,000 and 30,000. 6) Process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the composition concentration ranges between 1 and 100 g/hl. 7) Process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said composition is added after the finishing clarifications.
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Process for the stabilizing of alcoholic drinks and precursors and derivatives thereof, consisting in adding thereto a solution containing polyglutamate and/or polyaspartate. The stabilization obtained is not only against tartrate precipitation, but also for colour stability and against oxidation. Such process basically provides the use of a composition containing polyglutamate, polyaspartate or a mixture of the two substances.1) Process for the stabilizing of alcoholic drinks and precursors and derivatives thereof, consisting in adding thereto a composition containing polyglutamate and/or polyasparate. 2) Process as claimed in claim 1), characterized in that such alcoholic drink is chosen form the group consisting of wines, vermouth, liqueurs, beers, whiskey, cider. 3) Process as claimed in claim 1), characterized in that such precursor is chosen from the group consisting of fruit juices and musts. 4) Process as claimed in claim 1), characterized in that such alcoholic drink derivative is vinegar. 5) Process as claimed in claim 1), characterized in that said polyglutamate and polyaspartate have an average numeral molecular weight ranging between 1,000 and 30,000. 6) Process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the composition concentration ranges between 1 and 100 g/hl. 7) Process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said composition is added after the finishing clarifications.
| 1,700 |
1,883 | 11,691,278 | 1,731 |
Various systems and methods are provided for the conditioning and/or colorization of a coating. In one embodiment, a packet is provided that is constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating. The packet contains a quantity of dry powder substance, the dry powder substance being pretreated to disperse in the coating. The quantity of the dry powder substance in the packet imparts a predefined quality to a predefined volume of the coating when the packet is added to the predefined volume of the coating, the integrity of the packet is compromised by at least partial dissolution so that the dry powder substance is released, and the dry powder substance is substantially dispersed in the coating.
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1. A system for the colorization of a coating, comprising:
a packet constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating; and a quantity of dry powder pigment in the packet, the dry powder pigment being pretreated to disperse in the coating, wherein the quantity of the dry powder pigment in the packet imparts a predefined color to a predefined volume of the coating when the packet is added to the predefined volume of the coating, the integrity of the packet is compromised by at least partial dissolution so that the dry powder pigment is at least partially released, and the dry powder pigment is substantially dispersed in the coating. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment is completely released upon a complete dissolution of the packet in the coating. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment is substantially released upon a substantial dissolution of the packet in the coating. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the material substantially dissolves in the predefined volume of the coating in less than 3 minutes of stirring by hand. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the material substantially dissolves in the predefined volume of the coating after less than approximately 3 minutes of agitation using an industrial agitation apparatus. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a carrier that is taken from a group of carriers consisting of water, solvent, oil, or a water/solvent hybrid. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment comprises an organic pigment. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment comprises an inorganic pigment. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment comprises a blend of at least two colors. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the predefined volume of the coating is associated with the packet. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein a label is associated with the packet, the predefined volume appears on the label. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the predefined color appears on the label. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the label is associated with a package within which the packet is contained. 14. A method for coloring a predefined volume of a coating, comprising the steps of:
adding at least one packet constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating to the predefined volume of the coating, the packet containing a quantity of dry powder pigment, the dry powder pigment being pretreated to disperse in the coating; and agitating the predefined volume of the coating after the at least one packet is added to compromise the integrity of the packet by at least partial dissolution so as to at least partially release the dry powder pigment and to disperse the dry powder pigment in the coating, thereby imparting a predefined color to the coating. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the material of the packet is substantially dissolvable in less than approximately 3 minutes. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the coating is neutral. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the coating includes an initial amount of preexisting pigment imparting an initial color thereto. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the predefined volume of the coating is in a container, and the step of adding the at least one packet to the predefined volume of the coating is performed by dropping the at least one packet into the coating in the container. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of distributing the predefined volume of the coating from a bulk container to the container, the bulk container having a volume greater than a volume of the container. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of agitating the predefined volume of the coating further comprises the step of stirring the predefined volume of coating. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the predefined volume of the coating is stirred by hand. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of agitating the predefined volume of the coating further comprises the step of mixing the predefined volume of coating using a mixing apparatus. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of adding the at least one packet to the predefined volume of coating further comprises the step of adding a plurality of packets to the volume of coating, wherein the dry powder pigment in a first one of the packets is of a first color and the dry powder pigment in a second one of the packets is of a second color, wherein the first color is different than the second color. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of adding the at least one packet to the predefined volume of coating further comprises the step of adding a plurality of packets to the volume of coating, wherein at least one of the packets contains a first dry powder pigment of a first color and a second dry powder pigment of a second color, where the first color is different that the second color. 25. A system for the colorization of a coating, comprising:
at least one packet constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating, and a quantity of dry powder pigment contained in the at least one packet, the dry powder pigment being pretreated to disperse in the coating; and a label associated with the at least one packet, the label indicating a volume of the coating to which the at least one packet is to be applied, wherein the dry powder pigment contained in the at least one packet imparts a predefined color to the volume of the coating when the at least one packet is added to the volume of the coating, the integrity of the packet is compromised by at least partial dissolution, and the dry powder pigment is released and substantially dispersed in the coating. 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the at least one packet is contained in a package, wherein the label is associated with the at least one packet by being presented on the package. 27. The system of claim 25, wherein the label further comprises a swatch of predefined color. 28. The system of claim 25, wherein the label further comprises a description of the predefined color. 29. The system of claim 25, wherein the dry powder pigment contained in the at least one packet comprises a plurality of colors. 30. The system of claim 25, wherein the at least one packet further comprises a plurality of packets, wherein a standard quantity of the dry powder pigment is contained in each of the packets. 31. A system for conditioning a coating, comprising:
a packet constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating; and a quantity of a dry powder substance in the packet, the dry powder substance being pretreated to disperse in the coating, wherein the quantity of the dry powder substance in the packet imparts a predefined quality to a predefined volume of the coating when the packet is added to the predefined volume of the coating, the integrity of the packet is compromised by at least partial dissolution so that the dry powder substance is at least partially released, and the dry powder substance is substantially dispersed in the coating. 32. The system of claim 31, wherein the dry power substance imparts a degree of ultraviolet protection to the coating. 33. The system of claim 31, wherein the dry powder substance is completely released upon a complete dissolution of the packet in the coating. 34. The system of claim 31, wherein the dry powder substance is substantially released upon a substantial dissolution of the packet in the coating. 35. The system of claim 31, wherein the coating comprises a carrier that is taken from a group of carriers consisting of water, solvent, oil, or a water/solvent hybrid. 36. The system of claim 31, wherein at least a portion of the dry powder substance further comprises a dry powder pigment.
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Various systems and methods are provided for the conditioning and/or colorization of a coating. In one embodiment, a packet is provided that is constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating. The packet contains a quantity of dry powder substance, the dry powder substance being pretreated to disperse in the coating. The quantity of the dry powder substance in the packet imparts a predefined quality to a predefined volume of the coating when the packet is added to the predefined volume of the coating, the integrity of the packet is compromised by at least partial dissolution so that the dry powder substance is released, and the dry powder substance is substantially dispersed in the coating.1. A system for the colorization of a coating, comprising:
a packet constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating; and a quantity of dry powder pigment in the packet, the dry powder pigment being pretreated to disperse in the coating, wherein the quantity of the dry powder pigment in the packet imparts a predefined color to a predefined volume of the coating when the packet is added to the predefined volume of the coating, the integrity of the packet is compromised by at least partial dissolution so that the dry powder pigment is at least partially released, and the dry powder pigment is substantially dispersed in the coating. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment is completely released upon a complete dissolution of the packet in the coating. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment is substantially released upon a substantial dissolution of the packet in the coating. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the material substantially dissolves in the predefined volume of the coating in less than 3 minutes of stirring by hand. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the material substantially dissolves in the predefined volume of the coating after less than approximately 3 minutes of agitation using an industrial agitation apparatus. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises a carrier that is taken from a group of carriers consisting of water, solvent, oil, or a water/solvent hybrid. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment comprises an organic pigment. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment comprises an inorganic pigment. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the dry powder pigment comprises a blend of at least two colors. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the predefined volume of the coating is associated with the packet. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein a label is associated with the packet, the predefined volume appears on the label. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the predefined color appears on the label. 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the label is associated with a package within which the packet is contained. 14. A method for coloring a predefined volume of a coating, comprising the steps of:
adding at least one packet constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating to the predefined volume of the coating, the packet containing a quantity of dry powder pigment, the dry powder pigment being pretreated to disperse in the coating; and agitating the predefined volume of the coating after the at least one packet is added to compromise the integrity of the packet by at least partial dissolution so as to at least partially release the dry powder pigment and to disperse the dry powder pigment in the coating, thereby imparting a predefined color to the coating. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the material of the packet is substantially dissolvable in less than approximately 3 minutes. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the coating is neutral. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the coating includes an initial amount of preexisting pigment imparting an initial color thereto. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the predefined volume of the coating is in a container, and the step of adding the at least one packet to the predefined volume of the coating is performed by dropping the at least one packet into the coating in the container. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of distributing the predefined volume of the coating from a bulk container to the container, the bulk container having a volume greater than a volume of the container. 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of agitating the predefined volume of the coating further comprises the step of stirring the predefined volume of coating. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the predefined volume of the coating is stirred by hand. 22. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of agitating the predefined volume of the coating further comprises the step of mixing the predefined volume of coating using a mixing apparatus. 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of adding the at least one packet to the predefined volume of coating further comprises the step of adding a plurality of packets to the volume of coating, wherein the dry powder pigment in a first one of the packets is of a first color and the dry powder pigment in a second one of the packets is of a second color, wherein the first color is different than the second color. 24. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of adding the at least one packet to the predefined volume of coating further comprises the step of adding a plurality of packets to the volume of coating, wherein at least one of the packets contains a first dry powder pigment of a first color and a second dry powder pigment of a second color, where the first color is different that the second color. 25. A system for the colorization of a coating, comprising:
at least one packet constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating, and a quantity of dry powder pigment contained in the at least one packet, the dry powder pigment being pretreated to disperse in the coating; and a label associated with the at least one packet, the label indicating a volume of the coating to which the at least one packet is to be applied, wherein the dry powder pigment contained in the at least one packet imparts a predefined color to the volume of the coating when the at least one packet is added to the volume of the coating, the integrity of the packet is compromised by at least partial dissolution, and the dry powder pigment is released and substantially dispersed in the coating. 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the at least one packet is contained in a package, wherein the label is associated with the at least one packet by being presented on the package. 27. The system of claim 25, wherein the label further comprises a swatch of predefined color. 28. The system of claim 25, wherein the label further comprises a description of the predefined color. 29. The system of claim 25, wherein the dry powder pigment contained in the at least one packet comprises a plurality of colors. 30. The system of claim 25, wherein the at least one packet further comprises a plurality of packets, wherein a standard quantity of the dry powder pigment is contained in each of the packets. 31. A system for conditioning a coating, comprising:
a packet constructed from a material dissolvable in the coating; and a quantity of a dry powder substance in the packet, the dry powder substance being pretreated to disperse in the coating, wherein the quantity of the dry powder substance in the packet imparts a predefined quality to a predefined volume of the coating when the packet is added to the predefined volume of the coating, the integrity of the packet is compromised by at least partial dissolution so that the dry powder substance is at least partially released, and the dry powder substance is substantially dispersed in the coating. 32. The system of claim 31, wherein the dry power substance imparts a degree of ultraviolet protection to the coating. 33. The system of claim 31, wherein the dry powder substance is completely released upon a complete dissolution of the packet in the coating. 34. The system of claim 31, wherein the dry powder substance is substantially released upon a substantial dissolution of the packet in the coating. 35. The system of claim 31, wherein the coating comprises a carrier that is taken from a group of carriers consisting of water, solvent, oil, or a water/solvent hybrid. 36. The system of claim 31, wherein at least a portion of the dry powder substance further comprises a dry powder pigment.
| 1,700 |
1,884 | 14,190,422 | 1,712 |
A method of forming an abradable coating on a gas turbine engine component comprising, in sequence: placing dry lubricant particles and trapping particles in a channel having a spraying end and containing a gas; causing at least one shockwave in the gas to travel in the channel toward the spraying end, the at least one shockwave causing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles to travel in the channel with it, the at least one shockwave reducing interparticle spacing and increasing particles density; directing a resulting flow of the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles from the spraying end at a supersonic velocity to impact the component; and then plastically deforming the trapping particles upon impacting the component with the resulting flow thereby trapping the dry lubricant particles with the deformed trapping particles onto the component to provide the abradable coating.
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1. A method of forming an abradable coating on a gas turbine engine component, the method comprising, in sequence:
placing dry lubricant particles and trapping particles in a channel having a spraying end and containing a gas; causing at least one shockwave in the gas to travel in the channel toward the spraying end, the at least one shockwave causing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles to travel in the channel with it, the at least one shockwave reducing interparticle spacing and increasing particles density; directing a resulting flow of the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles from the spraying end at a supersonic velocity to impact the component; and then plastically deforming the trapping particles upon impacting the component with the resulting flow thereby trapping the dry lubricant particles with the deformed trapping particles onto the component to provide the abradable coating. 2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein plastically deforming the trapping particles upon impacting the component comprises deforming the trapping particles to have a surface area larger than that of the dry lubricant particles. 3. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein placing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing a composition of at least 50% of trapping particles. 4. The method as defined in claim 4, wherein placing dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing a composition of 80% of trapping particles and 20% of dry lubricant particles. 5. The method as defined in claim 4, wherein placing dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing a composition of 50% of trapping particles and 50% of dry lubricant particles. 6. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein trapping the dry lubricant particles onto the component with the plastically deformed trapping particles is a result of creating at least one of a metallurgical and mechanical bond between the dry lubricant and trapping particles and the component. 7. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein placing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing a composition of talc and aluminum in the channel. 8. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein placing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing dry lubricant particles of one of hexagonal boron nitride and talc. 9. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein placing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing metal trapping particles in the channel. 10. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising causing a plurality of compression waves to coalesce into at least one shockwave in the gas before causing the at least one shockwave to travel in the channel toward the spraying end. 11. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising repeating the method with a different proportion of dry lubricant particles to trapping particles to obtain a graded abradable coating. 12. A method of forming an abradable coating on a gas turbine engine component, the method comprising supersonically spraying dry lubricant particles and trapping particles at the component to plastically deform the trapping particles upon the component to trap the dry lubricant particles, the trapped dry particles providing the abradable coating. 13. The method as defined in claim 12, wherein supersonically spraying dry lubricant particles and trapping particles at the component comprises causing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles to travel in with a shockwave thereby reducing interparticle spacing and increasing particle density. 14. The method as defined in claim 12, wherein supersonically spraying dry lubricant particles and trapping particles at the component comprises supersonically spraying a composition of at least 50% of trapping particles at the component. 15. The method as defined in claim 12, wherein supersonically spraying dry lubricant particles and trapping particles at the component comprises supersonically spraying a composition of 80% of trapping particles and 20% of dry lubricant particles at the component. 16. The method as defined in claim 12, further comprising plastically deform the trapping particles upon the component to trap the dry lubricant particles is a result of creating at least one of a metallurgical and mechanical bond between the dry lubricant and trapping particles and the component. 17. The method as defined in claim 12, wherein plastically deforming the trapping particles upon the component comprises deforming the trapping particles to have a larger surface area than that of the dry lubricant particles.
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A method of forming an abradable coating on a gas turbine engine component comprising, in sequence: placing dry lubricant particles and trapping particles in a channel having a spraying end and containing a gas; causing at least one shockwave in the gas to travel in the channel toward the spraying end, the at least one shockwave causing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles to travel in the channel with it, the at least one shockwave reducing interparticle spacing and increasing particles density; directing a resulting flow of the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles from the spraying end at a supersonic velocity to impact the component; and then plastically deforming the trapping particles upon impacting the component with the resulting flow thereby trapping the dry lubricant particles with the deformed trapping particles onto the component to provide the abradable coating.1. A method of forming an abradable coating on a gas turbine engine component, the method comprising, in sequence:
placing dry lubricant particles and trapping particles in a channel having a spraying end and containing a gas; causing at least one shockwave in the gas to travel in the channel toward the spraying end, the at least one shockwave causing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles to travel in the channel with it, the at least one shockwave reducing interparticle spacing and increasing particles density; directing a resulting flow of the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles from the spraying end at a supersonic velocity to impact the component; and then plastically deforming the trapping particles upon impacting the component with the resulting flow thereby trapping the dry lubricant particles with the deformed trapping particles onto the component to provide the abradable coating. 2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein plastically deforming the trapping particles upon impacting the component comprises deforming the trapping particles to have a surface area larger than that of the dry lubricant particles. 3. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein placing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing a composition of at least 50% of trapping particles. 4. The method as defined in claim 4, wherein placing dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing a composition of 80% of trapping particles and 20% of dry lubricant particles. 5. The method as defined in claim 4, wherein placing dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing a composition of 50% of trapping particles and 50% of dry lubricant particles. 6. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein trapping the dry lubricant particles onto the component with the plastically deformed trapping particles is a result of creating at least one of a metallurgical and mechanical bond between the dry lubricant and trapping particles and the component. 7. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein placing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing a composition of talc and aluminum in the channel. 8. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein placing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing dry lubricant particles of one of hexagonal boron nitride and talc. 9. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein placing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles in the channel comprises placing metal trapping particles in the channel. 10. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising causing a plurality of compression waves to coalesce into at least one shockwave in the gas before causing the at least one shockwave to travel in the channel toward the spraying end. 11. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising repeating the method with a different proportion of dry lubricant particles to trapping particles to obtain a graded abradable coating. 12. A method of forming an abradable coating on a gas turbine engine component, the method comprising supersonically spraying dry lubricant particles and trapping particles at the component to plastically deform the trapping particles upon the component to trap the dry lubricant particles, the trapped dry particles providing the abradable coating. 13. The method as defined in claim 12, wherein supersonically spraying dry lubricant particles and trapping particles at the component comprises causing the dry lubricant particles and the trapping particles to travel in with a shockwave thereby reducing interparticle spacing and increasing particle density. 14. The method as defined in claim 12, wherein supersonically spraying dry lubricant particles and trapping particles at the component comprises supersonically spraying a composition of at least 50% of trapping particles at the component. 15. The method as defined in claim 12, wherein supersonically spraying dry lubricant particles and trapping particles at the component comprises supersonically spraying a composition of 80% of trapping particles and 20% of dry lubricant particles at the component. 16. The method as defined in claim 12, further comprising plastically deform the trapping particles upon the component to trap the dry lubricant particles is a result of creating at least one of a metallurgical and mechanical bond between the dry lubricant and trapping particles and the component. 17. The method as defined in claim 12, wherein plastically deforming the trapping particles upon the component comprises deforming the trapping particles to have a larger surface area than that of the dry lubricant particles.
| 1,700 |
1,885 | 11,855,988 | 1,726 |
A method for the production of a photovoltaic device, for instance a solar cell, is disclosed. In one aspect, the method comprises providing a substrate having a front main surface and a rear surface. The method further comprises depositing a dielectric layer on the rear surface, wherein the dielectric layer has a thickness larger than about 100 nm. The method further comprises depositing a passivation layer comprising hydrogenated SiN on top of the dielectric layer and forming back contacts through the dielectric layer and the passivation layer. In another aspect, corresponding photovoltaic devices, for instance solar cell devices, are also disclosed.
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1. A method of producing a photovoltaic device comprising:
i. providing a semiconductor substrate having a front main surface for collecting impinging light and a rear surface opposite to the front main surface; ii. depositing a dielectric layer or a wide bandgap semiconductor layer on the rear surface, the dielectric layer having a thickness larger than about 100 nm; iii. depositing a passivation layer comprising hydrogenated SiN on top of the dielectric layer or the wide bandgap semiconductor layer; and iv. forming back contacts through the dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer and the passivation layer. 2. A method of producing a photovoltaic device comprising:
i. providing a semiconductor substrate having a front main surface for collecting impinging light and a rear surface opposite to the front main surface; ii. depositing a dielectric layer stack on the rear surface, wherein the dielectric layer stack comprises a sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers, the sub-stack having a thickness larger than about 100 nm, the dielectric layer stack having a thickness larger than about 200 nm; and iii. forming back contacts through the dielectric layer stack. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein depositing a dielectric layer stack on the rear surface comprises:
depositing the sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers on the rear surface; and depositing a passivation layer on top of the sub-stack. 4. The method according to claim 2, further comprising forming a high quality layer or an aluminium oxide layer in between the substrate and the sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the thickness of the sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers is approximately between 100 nm and 1500 nm, preferably between 150 nm and 1200 nm, more preferably between 200 nm and 1200 nm, still more preferably between 400 nm and 800 nm or between 800 nm and 1200 nm. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein depositing a sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers comprises depositing one or more low quality dielectric layers or SiN layers. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein depositing a low quality dielectric layer comprises depositing a low quality oxide or a low quality amorphous oxide. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the low-quality amorphous oxide is APCVD pyrolithic oxide, spin-on oxide, spray-on oxide or dip oxide. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein forming back contacts comprises:
forming holes in the dielectric layer stack; and depositing a layer of contacting material onto the dielectric layer stack, hereby filling the holes. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the layer of contacting material is discontinuous. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein after the depositing of the layer of contacting material, the contacting material is deposited essentially in the holes. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein depositing a layer of contacting material is performed by evaporation, sputtering or screen printing. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the forming of holes is performed by applying an etching paste, by scribing or by laser ablation. 14. The method according to claim 9, further comprising applying a high temperature process at a temperature approximately between 600 and 1000 degrees Celsius to the layer of contacting material. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the high temperature process is a contact firing process performed at a temperature approximately higher than 730 degrees Celsius and below 960 degrees Celsius. 16. The method according to claim 2, further comprising performing diffusion and emitter removal prior to the depositing of the dielectric layer stack. 17. The method according to claim 2, further comprising performing diffusion after the depositing of a sub-stack of a dielectric layer or a wide bandgap semiconductor layer and before the depositing of a passivation layer. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the sub-stack of a dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer is used as a diffusion mask. 19. The method according to claim 2, wherein the front main surface has undergone a typical solar cell front surface processing. 20. The method according to claim 2, wherein the substrate is thinner than about 250 micron, or thinner than about 200 or thinner than about 150 micron. 21. The method according to claim 2 wherein the substrate is thinner than about 250 micron, or thinner than about 200 or thinner than about 150 micron. 22. A photovoltaic device obtainable by a process comprising the method according to claim 2. 23. A photovoltaic device comprising
i. a semiconductor substrate having a front main surface for collecting impinging light and a rear surface opposite to the front main surface, ii. a dielectric layer or a wide bandgap semiconductor layer on the rear surface, the dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer having a thickness larger than 100 nm, iii. a passivation layer comprising hydrogenated SiN on top of the dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer, and iv. back contacts through the dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer and the hydrogenated SiN. 24. A photovoltaic device comprising
i. a semiconductor substrate having a front main surface for collecting impinging light and a rear surface opposite to the front main surface, ii. a dielectric layer stack on the rear surface, wherein the dielectric layer stack comprises a sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers, the sub-stack having a thickness larger than 100 nm, the dielectric layer stack having a thickness larger than 200 nm, and iii. back contacts through the dielectric layer stack.
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A method for the production of a photovoltaic device, for instance a solar cell, is disclosed. In one aspect, the method comprises providing a substrate having a front main surface and a rear surface. The method further comprises depositing a dielectric layer on the rear surface, wherein the dielectric layer has a thickness larger than about 100 nm. The method further comprises depositing a passivation layer comprising hydrogenated SiN on top of the dielectric layer and forming back contacts through the dielectric layer and the passivation layer. In another aspect, corresponding photovoltaic devices, for instance solar cell devices, are also disclosed.1. A method of producing a photovoltaic device comprising:
i. providing a semiconductor substrate having a front main surface for collecting impinging light and a rear surface opposite to the front main surface; ii. depositing a dielectric layer or a wide bandgap semiconductor layer on the rear surface, the dielectric layer having a thickness larger than about 100 nm; iii. depositing a passivation layer comprising hydrogenated SiN on top of the dielectric layer or the wide bandgap semiconductor layer; and iv. forming back contacts through the dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer and the passivation layer. 2. A method of producing a photovoltaic device comprising:
i. providing a semiconductor substrate having a front main surface for collecting impinging light and a rear surface opposite to the front main surface; ii. depositing a dielectric layer stack on the rear surface, wherein the dielectric layer stack comprises a sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers, the sub-stack having a thickness larger than about 100 nm, the dielectric layer stack having a thickness larger than about 200 nm; and iii. forming back contacts through the dielectric layer stack. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein depositing a dielectric layer stack on the rear surface comprises:
depositing the sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers on the rear surface; and depositing a passivation layer on top of the sub-stack. 4. The method according to claim 2, further comprising forming a high quality layer or an aluminium oxide layer in between the substrate and the sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers. 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the thickness of the sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers is approximately between 100 nm and 1500 nm, preferably between 150 nm and 1200 nm, more preferably between 200 nm and 1200 nm, still more preferably between 400 nm and 800 nm or between 800 nm and 1200 nm. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein depositing a sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers comprises depositing one or more low quality dielectric layers or SiN layers. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein depositing a low quality dielectric layer comprises depositing a low quality oxide or a low quality amorphous oxide. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the low-quality amorphous oxide is APCVD pyrolithic oxide, spin-on oxide, spray-on oxide or dip oxide. 9. The method according to claim 2, wherein forming back contacts comprises:
forming holes in the dielectric layer stack; and depositing a layer of contacting material onto the dielectric layer stack, hereby filling the holes. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the layer of contacting material is discontinuous. 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein after the depositing of the layer of contacting material, the contacting material is deposited essentially in the holes. 12. The method according to claim 9, wherein depositing a layer of contacting material is performed by evaporation, sputtering or screen printing. 13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the forming of holes is performed by applying an etching paste, by scribing or by laser ablation. 14. The method according to claim 9, further comprising applying a high temperature process at a temperature approximately between 600 and 1000 degrees Celsius to the layer of contacting material. 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the high temperature process is a contact firing process performed at a temperature approximately higher than 730 degrees Celsius and below 960 degrees Celsius. 16. The method according to claim 2, further comprising performing diffusion and emitter removal prior to the depositing of the dielectric layer stack. 17. The method according to claim 2, further comprising performing diffusion after the depositing of a sub-stack of a dielectric layer or a wide bandgap semiconductor layer and before the depositing of a passivation layer. 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the sub-stack of a dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer is used as a diffusion mask. 19. The method according to claim 2, wherein the front main surface has undergone a typical solar cell front surface processing. 20. The method according to claim 2, wherein the substrate is thinner than about 250 micron, or thinner than about 200 or thinner than about 150 micron. 21. The method according to claim 2 wherein the substrate is thinner than about 250 micron, or thinner than about 200 or thinner than about 150 micron. 22. A photovoltaic device obtainable by a process comprising the method according to claim 2. 23. A photovoltaic device comprising
i. a semiconductor substrate having a front main surface for collecting impinging light and a rear surface opposite to the front main surface, ii. a dielectric layer or a wide bandgap semiconductor layer on the rear surface, the dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer having a thickness larger than 100 nm, iii. a passivation layer comprising hydrogenated SiN on top of the dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer, and iv. back contacts through the dielectric layer or wide bandgap semiconductor layer and the hydrogenated SiN. 24. A photovoltaic device comprising
i. a semiconductor substrate having a front main surface for collecting impinging light and a rear surface opposite to the front main surface, ii. a dielectric layer stack on the rear surface, wherein the dielectric layer stack comprises a sub-stack of dielectric layers and/or wide bandgap semiconductor layers, the sub-stack having a thickness larger than 100 nm, the dielectric layer stack having a thickness larger than 200 nm, and iii. back contacts through the dielectric layer stack.
| 1,700 |
1,886 | 13,796,593 | 1,797 |
A method of monitoring a respiratory stream can be provided by monitoring color change of a color change material to determine a CO2 level of the respiratory stream in contact with the color change material by emitting visible light onto the color change material. Related devices, systems, and compositions are also disclosed.
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1. A device comprising:
a visible light emitter circuit configured to provide emitted visible light into a breathing circuit; a first visible light sensor circuit configured to receive a first portion of the emitted visible light; a second visible light sensor circuit configured to receive a second portion of the emitted visible light; and a processor circuit, coupled to the visible light emitter circuit and to the first and second visible light sensor circuits, the processor circuit configured to determine a CO2 level of a respiratory stream in the breathing circuit based on the first and second portions of the emitted visible light. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the first visible light sensor circuit is configured to provide a reactive signal to the processor circuit as a color indication of the CO2 level based on the first portion of the emitted visible light. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein the second visible light sensor circuit is configured to provide a control signal to the processor circuit as a color indication irrespective of the CO2 level based on the second portion of the emitted visible light. 4. The device of claim 3 wherein the control signal comprises an ambient light control component and color control component. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the first visible light sensor circuit is configured to provide a reactive signal to the processor circuit as a color indication of the CO2 level based on the first portion of the emitted visible light; and
wherein the second visible light sensor circuit is configured to provide a control signal to the processor circuit as a color indication irrespective of the CO2 level based on the second portion of the emitted visible light. 6. The device of claim 5 wherein the processor circuit is configured to apply the control signal to compensate the reactive signal for ambient light in the breathing circuit. 7. The device of claim 6 wherein the processor circuit is configured to apply the control signal to the reactive signal to provide a reduced color change indication responsive to the CO2 level in the breathing circuit. 8. The device of claim 5 wherein the processor circuit is configured to compare the color indication irrespective of the CO2 level to the reactive signal to provide a maintenance indication. 9. The device of claim 1 wherein the visible light emitter circuit is located on a first side of the breathing circuit and the first and second visible light sensor circuits are located on a second side of the breathing circuit, opposite the first side. 10. The device of claim 1 wherein the visible light emitter circuit and the first and second visible light sensor circuits are located on a first side of the breathing circuit spaced apart from one another, the device further comprising:
a reflector on a second side of the breathing circuit, opposite the first side, positioned to reflect the emitted visible light from the visible light emitter circuit to the first and second visible light sensor circuits. 11. The device of claim 1 further comprising:
a color change material inside the breathing circuit overlying the first and second visible light sensor circuits, wherein the emitted visible light impinges a first surface of the color change material and the first and second portions of the emitted visible light exit a second surface of the color change material to impinge the first and second visible light sensor circuits, respectively. 12. The device of claim 11 wherein the color change material comprises at least a reactive portion configured to indicate a first color based on the CO2 level and an unreactive portion configured to indicate a second color irrespective of the CO2 level. 13. The device of claim 12 wherein the reactive portion and the unreactive portion are separated from one another on the color change material and the reactive portion overlies the first visible light sensor circuit and the unreactive portion overlies the second visible light sensor circuit. 14. The device of claim 1 wherein the processor circuit is configured to determine the CO2 level based on a comparison of at least two color components of the first portion of the emitted visible light. 15. The device of claim 14 wherein the at least two color components comprise red and green or red and blue. 16. The device of claim 12 wherein the processor circuit is configured to determine the CO2 level by adjusting a signal from the second visible light sensor circuit with an ambient signal from the first visible light sensor circuit to compensate for an ambient light component included in the signal. 17. The device of claim 12 wherein the processor circuit is configured to determine functionality of the reactive portion by comparing a color component signal from the second visible light sensor circuit to a color component signal from the first visible light sensor circuit. 18.-37. (canceled) 38. An apparatus to monitor a respiratory stream comprising:
a visible light emitter circuit configured to provide emitted visible light into a breathing circuit; a first visible light sensor circuit configured to receive a first portion of the emitted visible light; a second visible light sensor circuit configured to receive a second portion of the emitted visible light; a processor circuit, coupled to the visible light emitter circuit and to the first and second visible light sensor circuits, the processor circuit configured to determine a CO2 level of a respiratory stream in the breathing circuit based on the first and second portions of the emitted visible light; and a pump, configured for coupling to the breathing circuit to provide the respiratory stream. 39.-57. (canceled) 58. A composition comprising:
a dye present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 0.1% by weight of the composition; a buffer present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the composition; an alkaline material present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the composition; and a nitrogen containing compound configured to provide an increase in a colorific response present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 2% by weight of the composition. 59.-101. (canceled)
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A method of monitoring a respiratory stream can be provided by monitoring color change of a color change material to determine a CO2 level of the respiratory stream in contact with the color change material by emitting visible light onto the color change material. Related devices, systems, and compositions are also disclosed.1. A device comprising:
a visible light emitter circuit configured to provide emitted visible light into a breathing circuit; a first visible light sensor circuit configured to receive a first portion of the emitted visible light; a second visible light sensor circuit configured to receive a second portion of the emitted visible light; and a processor circuit, coupled to the visible light emitter circuit and to the first and second visible light sensor circuits, the processor circuit configured to determine a CO2 level of a respiratory stream in the breathing circuit based on the first and second portions of the emitted visible light. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the first visible light sensor circuit is configured to provide a reactive signal to the processor circuit as a color indication of the CO2 level based on the first portion of the emitted visible light. 3. The device of claim 1 wherein the second visible light sensor circuit is configured to provide a control signal to the processor circuit as a color indication irrespective of the CO2 level based on the second portion of the emitted visible light. 4. The device of claim 3 wherein the control signal comprises an ambient light control component and color control component. 5. The device of claim 1 wherein the first visible light sensor circuit is configured to provide a reactive signal to the processor circuit as a color indication of the CO2 level based on the first portion of the emitted visible light; and
wherein the second visible light sensor circuit is configured to provide a control signal to the processor circuit as a color indication irrespective of the CO2 level based on the second portion of the emitted visible light. 6. The device of claim 5 wherein the processor circuit is configured to apply the control signal to compensate the reactive signal for ambient light in the breathing circuit. 7. The device of claim 6 wherein the processor circuit is configured to apply the control signal to the reactive signal to provide a reduced color change indication responsive to the CO2 level in the breathing circuit. 8. The device of claim 5 wherein the processor circuit is configured to compare the color indication irrespective of the CO2 level to the reactive signal to provide a maintenance indication. 9. The device of claim 1 wherein the visible light emitter circuit is located on a first side of the breathing circuit and the first and second visible light sensor circuits are located on a second side of the breathing circuit, opposite the first side. 10. The device of claim 1 wherein the visible light emitter circuit and the first and second visible light sensor circuits are located on a first side of the breathing circuit spaced apart from one another, the device further comprising:
a reflector on a second side of the breathing circuit, opposite the first side, positioned to reflect the emitted visible light from the visible light emitter circuit to the first and second visible light sensor circuits. 11. The device of claim 1 further comprising:
a color change material inside the breathing circuit overlying the first and second visible light sensor circuits, wherein the emitted visible light impinges a first surface of the color change material and the first and second portions of the emitted visible light exit a second surface of the color change material to impinge the first and second visible light sensor circuits, respectively. 12. The device of claim 11 wherein the color change material comprises at least a reactive portion configured to indicate a first color based on the CO2 level and an unreactive portion configured to indicate a second color irrespective of the CO2 level. 13. The device of claim 12 wherein the reactive portion and the unreactive portion are separated from one another on the color change material and the reactive portion overlies the first visible light sensor circuit and the unreactive portion overlies the second visible light sensor circuit. 14. The device of claim 1 wherein the processor circuit is configured to determine the CO2 level based on a comparison of at least two color components of the first portion of the emitted visible light. 15. The device of claim 14 wherein the at least two color components comprise red and green or red and blue. 16. The device of claim 12 wherein the processor circuit is configured to determine the CO2 level by adjusting a signal from the second visible light sensor circuit with an ambient signal from the first visible light sensor circuit to compensate for an ambient light component included in the signal. 17. The device of claim 12 wherein the processor circuit is configured to determine functionality of the reactive portion by comparing a color component signal from the second visible light sensor circuit to a color component signal from the first visible light sensor circuit. 18.-37. (canceled) 38. An apparatus to monitor a respiratory stream comprising:
a visible light emitter circuit configured to provide emitted visible light into a breathing circuit; a first visible light sensor circuit configured to receive a first portion of the emitted visible light; a second visible light sensor circuit configured to receive a second portion of the emitted visible light; a processor circuit, coupled to the visible light emitter circuit and to the first and second visible light sensor circuits, the processor circuit configured to determine a CO2 level of a respiratory stream in the breathing circuit based on the first and second portions of the emitted visible light; and a pump, configured for coupling to the breathing circuit to provide the respiratory stream. 39.-57. (canceled) 58. A composition comprising:
a dye present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 0.1% by weight of the composition; a buffer present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the composition; an alkaline material present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10% by weight of the composition; and a nitrogen containing compound configured to provide an increase in a colorific response present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 2% by weight of the composition. 59.-101. (canceled)
| 1,700 |
1,887 | 14,711,881 | 1,741 |
A method is provided for preparing transparent workpieces for separation. The method includes generating aligned filament formations extending transversely through the workpiece along an intended breaking line using ultra-short laser pulses.
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1. A method for generating a series of line-shaped damage formations in a transparent workpiece along a line, comprising:
providing a laser processing device including an ultra-short pulsed laser and a focusing optic system, the laser processing device illuminating laser radiation with a wavelength that is within a transmission range of the workpiece; providing a workpiece table and a displacement device for directing the focusing optic system onto the workpiece during generation of the damage formations and incrementally displacing the focusing optic system and the workpiece table relative to each other according to the line; and emitting, while the focusing optic system is directed to each location of the damage formations, laser pulses in two or more successive periods, wherein the laser pulses have an energy during each period that is dimensioned so that a corresponding filament formation is produced in the workpiece, and wherein the successive periods produce consecutively aligned filament formations extending transversely through the workpiece. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein each filament formation comprises a plurality of focusing and defocusing points aligned transversely to the workpiece like a string of pearls. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the increments of displacement of the focusing optic system relative to the workpiece are in the order of magnitude of the lateral dimension of the filament formations along the series of damage formations. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of successive periods at each location of damage formation is a function of a local thickness of the workpiece. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the focusing optic system generates a radiation beam having a cross-sectional shape with a larger dimension in a direction along the line of locations of line-shaped damage formations than transverse to the direction. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the focusing optic system is adjustable with respect to the larger cross-sectional dimension of the radiation beam, so that alignment of the larger cross-sectional dimension is adjusted to follow the line of damage formations. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein during the generation of the series of line-shaped damage formations, the workpiece is exposed to a neutral atmosphere to prevent premature fracture along the line of locations of the damage formations. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising exposing the damage formations to a gas that includes a content of hydroxyl (OH) ions to promote the separating and cleaving of the workpiece along the line. 9. A method for separating a workpiece by focused laser radiation, comprising:
exposing the workpiece to a first atmosphere including protective gas; directing ultra-short pulsed laser radiation onto the workpiece, the workpiece being transparent in a range of wavelengths of the laser radiation to cause a filamentary material modification in depth in the workpiece; moving the workpiece and/or laser radiation with respect to one another to define a separation area in the workpiece; exposing, after the laser irradiation, the workpiece to a second atmosphere including a content of hydroxyl (OH) ions that is higher than that of the protective gas atmosphere; breaking the workpiece along the separation area defined by the material modification. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the workpiece comprises toughened glass or glass ceramics. 11. An apparatus for separating glass or glass ceramics by focused laser radiation, comprising:
a workpiece chamber for accommodating the glass or glass ceramics; a workpiece feeder that feed the glass or glass ceramics into the workpiece chamber; an ultra-short pulsed laser light source that generates a filamentary material modification in depth in the glass or glass ceramics by laser irradiation; a displacing device that moves the workpiece and/or the laser light source relative to each another; wet steam feed device that feeds a gas stream into the workpiece chamber; and a separating device that separates the workpiece along a separation line defined by the material modification.
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A method is provided for preparing transparent workpieces for separation. The method includes generating aligned filament formations extending transversely through the workpiece along an intended breaking line using ultra-short laser pulses.1. A method for generating a series of line-shaped damage formations in a transparent workpiece along a line, comprising:
providing a laser processing device including an ultra-short pulsed laser and a focusing optic system, the laser processing device illuminating laser radiation with a wavelength that is within a transmission range of the workpiece; providing a workpiece table and a displacement device for directing the focusing optic system onto the workpiece during generation of the damage formations and incrementally displacing the focusing optic system and the workpiece table relative to each other according to the line; and emitting, while the focusing optic system is directed to each location of the damage formations, laser pulses in two or more successive periods, wherein the laser pulses have an energy during each period that is dimensioned so that a corresponding filament formation is produced in the workpiece, and wherein the successive periods produce consecutively aligned filament formations extending transversely through the workpiece. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein each filament formation comprises a plurality of focusing and defocusing points aligned transversely to the workpiece like a string of pearls. 3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the increments of displacement of the focusing optic system relative to the workpiece are in the order of magnitude of the lateral dimension of the filament formations along the series of damage formations. 4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of successive periods at each location of damage formation is a function of a local thickness of the workpiece. 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the focusing optic system generates a radiation beam having a cross-sectional shape with a larger dimension in a direction along the line of locations of line-shaped damage formations than transverse to the direction. 6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the focusing optic system is adjustable with respect to the larger cross-sectional dimension of the radiation beam, so that alignment of the larger cross-sectional dimension is adjusted to follow the line of damage formations. 7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein during the generation of the series of line-shaped damage formations, the workpiece is exposed to a neutral atmosphere to prevent premature fracture along the line of locations of the damage formations. 8. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising exposing the damage formations to a gas that includes a content of hydroxyl (OH) ions to promote the separating and cleaving of the workpiece along the line. 9. A method for separating a workpiece by focused laser radiation, comprising:
exposing the workpiece to a first atmosphere including protective gas; directing ultra-short pulsed laser radiation onto the workpiece, the workpiece being transparent in a range of wavelengths of the laser radiation to cause a filamentary material modification in depth in the workpiece; moving the workpiece and/or laser radiation with respect to one another to define a separation area in the workpiece; exposing, after the laser irradiation, the workpiece to a second atmosphere including a content of hydroxyl (OH) ions that is higher than that of the protective gas atmosphere; breaking the workpiece along the separation area defined by the material modification. 10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the workpiece comprises toughened glass or glass ceramics. 11. An apparatus for separating glass or glass ceramics by focused laser radiation, comprising:
a workpiece chamber for accommodating the glass or glass ceramics; a workpiece feeder that feed the glass or glass ceramics into the workpiece chamber; an ultra-short pulsed laser light source that generates a filamentary material modification in depth in the glass or glass ceramics by laser irradiation; a displacing device that moves the workpiece and/or the laser light source relative to each another; wet steam feed device that feeds a gas stream into the workpiece chamber; and a separating device that separates the workpiece along a separation line defined by the material modification.
| 1,700 |
1,888 | 14,469,363 | 1,711 |
A device for processing wafer-shaped articles comprises a closed process chamber that provides a gas-tight enclosure. A rotary chuck is located within the closed process chamber. A heater is positioned relative to the chuck so as to heat a wafer shaped article held on the chuck from one side only and without contacting the wafer shaped article. The heater emits radiation having a maximum intensity in a wavelength range from 390 nm to 550 nm. At least one first liquid dispenser is positioned relative to the chuck so as to dispense a process liquid onto a side of a wafer shaped article that is opposite the side of the wafer-shaped article facing the heater.
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1. Device for processing wafer-shaped articles, comprising a closed process chamber, said closed process chamber comprising a housing providing a gas-tight enclosure, a rotary chuck located within said closed process chamber, said rotary chuck being adapted to hold a wafer shaped article of a predetermined diameter thereon, a heater positioned relative to said chuck so as to heat a wafer shaped article held on said chuck from one side only and without contacting the wafer shaped article, said heater emitting radiation having a maximum intensity in a wavelength range from 390 nm to 550 nm, and at least one first liquid dispenser positioned relative to said chuck so as to dispense a process liquid onto a side of a wafer shaped article that is opposite the side of the wafer-shaped article facing the heater. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the chuck is a magnetic ring rotor positioned inside said chamber, and surrounded by a stator positioned outside said chamber. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein said chuck is driven by a motor whose output is transmitted to a rotary shaft connected to said chuck. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein said chamber comprises an upper region in which an outlet of said at least one first liquid dispenser is located and a lower region in which or adjacent to which said heater is located, whereby said heater is configured to heat a wafer shaped article from an underside thereof and said at least one first liquid dispenser is configured to dispense process liquid onto an upper side thereof. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein said heater emits radiation having a maximum intensity in a wavelength range from 400 nm to 500 nm. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein said heater comprises an array of blue light-emitting diodes. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein said array of blue light-emitting diodes is substantially coextensive with a wafer shaped article of said predetermined diameter. 8. The device according to claim 1, further comprising an ozone generator configured to deliver ozone gas to a gas inlet that leads into said chamber. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein said gas inlet is positioned relative to said chuck so as to deliver ozone gas toward a side of a wafer shaped article that is opposite the side of the wafer-shaped article facing the heater. 10. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a first plate between said heater and a wafer shaped article when held on said chuck, said first plate being substantially transparent to radiation emitted by said heater. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein said first plate is made of quartz or sapphire. 12. The device according to claim 10, wherein said first plate forms at least part of a wall of said chamber, said heater being mounted outside of said chamber. 13. The device according to claim 10, wherein said first plate is disposed above a base body of said chuck and below a wafer shaped article when held on said chuck, said first plate being mounted on said chuck inside said chamber. 14. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a second plate mounted on said chuck for rotation therewith, said second plate being on a same side of the wafer shaped article as said at least one first liquid dispenser, said second plate shielding an interior of one side of said chamber from liquid droplets flung off of the wafer shaped article. 15. The device according to claim 1, further comprising at least one second liquid dispenser mounted on a same side of the wafer shaped article as said heater. 16. The device according to claim 1, wherein said heater is configured to heat a silicon wafer of said predetermined diameter to a temperature in excess of 300° C. 17. A method for processing wafer-shaped articles, comprising positioning a wafer-shaped article of a predetermined diameter on a rotary chuck located within a closed process chamber, heating the wafer shaped article from one side only and without contacting the wafer, with radiation having a maximum intensity in a wavelength range from 390 nm to 550 nm, and dispensing process liquid onto a side of the wafer shaped article that is opposite the side of the wafer-shaped article facing the heater. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising introducing ozone that is primarily in gaseous form into said closed process chamber. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the introducing of ozone and the dispensing of process liquid are performed sequentially without intervening removal of the wafer shaped article from the closed process chamber. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the introducing of ozone and the dispensing of process liquid are performed simultaneously. 21. The method according to claim 17, wherein the wafer shaped article is a semiconductor wafer having semiconductor device components formed on a side of the wafer that is opposite the side facing the heater. 22. The method according to claim 17, wherein said process liquid is substantially free of sulphuric acid. 23. The method according to claim 17, wherein the heating of the wafer shaped article results in the wafer shaped article attaining a temperature in excess of 300° C.
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A device for processing wafer-shaped articles comprises a closed process chamber that provides a gas-tight enclosure. A rotary chuck is located within the closed process chamber. A heater is positioned relative to the chuck so as to heat a wafer shaped article held on the chuck from one side only and without contacting the wafer shaped article. The heater emits radiation having a maximum intensity in a wavelength range from 390 nm to 550 nm. At least one first liquid dispenser is positioned relative to the chuck so as to dispense a process liquid onto a side of a wafer shaped article that is opposite the side of the wafer-shaped article facing the heater.1. Device for processing wafer-shaped articles, comprising a closed process chamber, said closed process chamber comprising a housing providing a gas-tight enclosure, a rotary chuck located within said closed process chamber, said rotary chuck being adapted to hold a wafer shaped article of a predetermined diameter thereon, a heater positioned relative to said chuck so as to heat a wafer shaped article held on said chuck from one side only and without contacting the wafer shaped article, said heater emitting radiation having a maximum intensity in a wavelength range from 390 nm to 550 nm, and at least one first liquid dispenser positioned relative to said chuck so as to dispense a process liquid onto a side of a wafer shaped article that is opposite the side of the wafer-shaped article facing the heater. 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the chuck is a magnetic ring rotor positioned inside said chamber, and surrounded by a stator positioned outside said chamber. 3. The device according to claim 1, wherein said chuck is driven by a motor whose output is transmitted to a rotary shaft connected to said chuck. 4. The device according to claim 1, wherein said chamber comprises an upper region in which an outlet of said at least one first liquid dispenser is located and a lower region in which or adjacent to which said heater is located, whereby said heater is configured to heat a wafer shaped article from an underside thereof and said at least one first liquid dispenser is configured to dispense process liquid onto an upper side thereof. 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein said heater emits radiation having a maximum intensity in a wavelength range from 400 nm to 500 nm. 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein said heater comprises an array of blue light-emitting diodes. 7. The device according to claim 1, wherein said array of blue light-emitting diodes is substantially coextensive with a wafer shaped article of said predetermined diameter. 8. The device according to claim 1, further comprising an ozone generator configured to deliver ozone gas to a gas inlet that leads into said chamber. 9. The device according to claim 8, wherein said gas inlet is positioned relative to said chuck so as to deliver ozone gas toward a side of a wafer shaped article that is opposite the side of the wafer-shaped article facing the heater. 10. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a first plate between said heater and a wafer shaped article when held on said chuck, said first plate being substantially transparent to radiation emitted by said heater. 11. The device according to claim 1, wherein said first plate is made of quartz or sapphire. 12. The device according to claim 10, wherein said first plate forms at least part of a wall of said chamber, said heater being mounted outside of said chamber. 13. The device according to claim 10, wherein said first plate is disposed above a base body of said chuck and below a wafer shaped article when held on said chuck, said first plate being mounted on said chuck inside said chamber. 14. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a second plate mounted on said chuck for rotation therewith, said second plate being on a same side of the wafer shaped article as said at least one first liquid dispenser, said second plate shielding an interior of one side of said chamber from liquid droplets flung off of the wafer shaped article. 15. The device according to claim 1, further comprising at least one second liquid dispenser mounted on a same side of the wafer shaped article as said heater. 16. The device according to claim 1, wherein said heater is configured to heat a silicon wafer of said predetermined diameter to a temperature in excess of 300° C. 17. A method for processing wafer-shaped articles, comprising positioning a wafer-shaped article of a predetermined diameter on a rotary chuck located within a closed process chamber, heating the wafer shaped article from one side only and without contacting the wafer, with radiation having a maximum intensity in a wavelength range from 390 nm to 550 nm, and dispensing process liquid onto a side of the wafer shaped article that is opposite the side of the wafer-shaped article facing the heater. 18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising introducing ozone that is primarily in gaseous form into said closed process chamber. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the introducing of ozone and the dispensing of process liquid are performed sequentially without intervening removal of the wafer shaped article from the closed process chamber. 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the introducing of ozone and the dispensing of process liquid are performed simultaneously. 21. The method according to claim 17, wherein the wafer shaped article is a semiconductor wafer having semiconductor device components formed on a side of the wafer that is opposite the side facing the heater. 22. The method according to claim 17, wherein said process liquid is substantially free of sulphuric acid. 23. The method according to claim 17, wherein the heating of the wafer shaped article results in the wafer shaped article attaining a temperature in excess of 300° C.
| 1,700 |
1,889 | 13,203,006 | 1,766 |
A heat-curable adhesive composition comprising an epoxy-resin, a combination of core-shell toughening agents, a first curing agent being a linear aliphatic amined and a second curing agent being a cyclic aliphatic amine and a filler wherein the composition can be cured to form structural adhesives of high mechanical strength over a temperature range from −55° C. to up to 135° C.
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1. A precursor composition for a curable adhesive, said precursor composition comprising two parts, part (A) and part (B), which are separated from each other,
wherein part (B) comprises the following components: (i) one or more epoxy resins, wherein part (A) comprises the following components: (ii) a combination of at least two curing agents, the first curing agent comprising a cycloaliphatic amine and the second curing agent being different from the first curing agent comprising a linear aliphatic amine, the precursor composition further comprising either in part (A) or in part (B) or in both (A) and (B) (iii) a first core-shell polymer toughening agent (iv) a second core-shell polymer toughening agent (v) a filler material selected from particles having a particle size from about 0.5 to about 500 μm, with the first core-shell polymer having a core comprising a silicone polymer or copolymer and the second core shell polymer having a core comprising a diene polymer or copolymer. 2. The precursor composition of claim 1 further comprising a liquid polymer comprising repeating units derived from butadiene. 3. The precursor composition of claim 1 wherein the epoxy resin comprises repeating units that are aromatic or cylcoaliphatic. 4. The precursor composition claim 1 wherein the linear aliphatic amine curing agent is a polyether amine. 5. The precursor composition of claim 1 wherein the cycloaliphatic amine curing agent is a primary amine containing one or more cycloaliphatic residues selected from cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentyl residues or combinations thereof. 6. The precursor composition of claim 1 wherein the filler particles are amorphous silica particles. 7. (canceled) 8. An adhesive composition comprising
(i) the reaction product of an epoxy resin with a linear aliphatic amine and a cycloaliphatic amine, (ii) a first core-shell polymer toughening agent (iii) a second core-shell polymer toughening agent (iv) a filler material selected from particles having a particle size from about 0.5 to about 500 μm, wherein the first core-shell polymer has a core comprising a silicone polymer or copolymer and the second core-shell polymer has a core comprising a diene polymer or copolymer. 9. The adhesive composition of claim 8 further comprising a polymer having repeating units derived from butadiene. 10. The adhesive composition of claim 8 having a peel strength of at least 80 N at −55° C.,+23° C. and +90° C. as measured according to DIN 2243-2 (2005) for a bond thickness of 150 μm on an aluminum substrate. 11. (canceled) 12. An article comprising the composition of claim 8. 13. Use of composition according to claim 1 in the bonding of components of an aircraft or in bonding of components to an airplane or a motor vehicle. 14. A process for joining parts comprising combining the two parts of a precursor composition according to claim 1 to from an adhesive composition, applying the adhesive composition to a first substrate, placing the second substrate that is to be joined with first substrate on the adhesive composition and curing the adhesive composition. 15. A process of making a curable adhesive composition comprising
providing a two part precursor composition according to claim 1, combining the two parts of the precursor composition to form an adhesive composition. 16. A process for joining parts comprising combining the two parts of a precursor composition according to claim 8 to from an adhesive composition, applying the adhesive composition to a first substrate, placing the second substrate that is to be joined with first substrate on the adhesive composition and curing the adhesive composition. 17. A process of making a curable adhesive composition comprising providing a two part precursor composition according to claim 8, combining the two parts of the precursor composition to form an adhesive composition.
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A heat-curable adhesive composition comprising an epoxy-resin, a combination of core-shell toughening agents, a first curing agent being a linear aliphatic amined and a second curing agent being a cyclic aliphatic amine and a filler wherein the composition can be cured to form structural adhesives of high mechanical strength over a temperature range from −55° C. to up to 135° C.1. A precursor composition for a curable adhesive, said precursor composition comprising two parts, part (A) and part (B), which are separated from each other,
wherein part (B) comprises the following components: (i) one or more epoxy resins, wherein part (A) comprises the following components: (ii) a combination of at least two curing agents, the first curing agent comprising a cycloaliphatic amine and the second curing agent being different from the first curing agent comprising a linear aliphatic amine, the precursor composition further comprising either in part (A) or in part (B) or in both (A) and (B) (iii) a first core-shell polymer toughening agent (iv) a second core-shell polymer toughening agent (v) a filler material selected from particles having a particle size from about 0.5 to about 500 μm, with the first core-shell polymer having a core comprising a silicone polymer or copolymer and the second core shell polymer having a core comprising a diene polymer or copolymer. 2. The precursor composition of claim 1 further comprising a liquid polymer comprising repeating units derived from butadiene. 3. The precursor composition of claim 1 wherein the epoxy resin comprises repeating units that are aromatic or cylcoaliphatic. 4. The precursor composition claim 1 wherein the linear aliphatic amine curing agent is a polyether amine. 5. The precursor composition of claim 1 wherein the cycloaliphatic amine curing agent is a primary amine containing one or more cycloaliphatic residues selected from cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentyl residues or combinations thereof. 6. The precursor composition of claim 1 wherein the filler particles are amorphous silica particles. 7. (canceled) 8. An adhesive composition comprising
(i) the reaction product of an epoxy resin with a linear aliphatic amine and a cycloaliphatic amine, (ii) a first core-shell polymer toughening agent (iii) a second core-shell polymer toughening agent (iv) a filler material selected from particles having a particle size from about 0.5 to about 500 μm, wherein the first core-shell polymer has a core comprising a silicone polymer or copolymer and the second core-shell polymer has a core comprising a diene polymer or copolymer. 9. The adhesive composition of claim 8 further comprising a polymer having repeating units derived from butadiene. 10. The adhesive composition of claim 8 having a peel strength of at least 80 N at −55° C.,+23° C. and +90° C. as measured according to DIN 2243-2 (2005) for a bond thickness of 150 μm on an aluminum substrate. 11. (canceled) 12. An article comprising the composition of claim 8. 13. Use of composition according to claim 1 in the bonding of components of an aircraft or in bonding of components to an airplane or a motor vehicle. 14. A process for joining parts comprising combining the two parts of a precursor composition according to claim 1 to from an adhesive composition, applying the adhesive composition to a first substrate, placing the second substrate that is to be joined with first substrate on the adhesive composition and curing the adhesive composition. 15. A process of making a curable adhesive composition comprising
providing a two part precursor composition according to claim 1, combining the two parts of the precursor composition to form an adhesive composition. 16. A process for joining parts comprising combining the two parts of a precursor composition according to claim 8 to from an adhesive composition, applying the adhesive composition to a first substrate, placing the second substrate that is to be joined with first substrate on the adhesive composition and curing the adhesive composition. 17. A process of making a curable adhesive composition comprising providing a two part precursor composition according to claim 8, combining the two parts of the precursor composition to form an adhesive composition.
| 1,700 |
1,890 | 13,731,275 | 1,765 |
Process for producing a flame-retardant polyurethane foam of density from 5 to 50 g/L, by mixing (a) organic polyisocyanate with (b) polymeric compounds having at least two hydrogen atoms reactive toward isocyanates, (c) optionally chain extender and/or crosslinking agent, (d) flame retardant, (e) blowing agent, (f) catalysts, and optionally (g) auxiliary and additives to give a reaction mixture and permitting said reaction mixture to react completely, where the flame retardant (d) comprises expandable graphite and oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant. The present invention further relates to a flame-retardant polyurethane foam which can be produced by a process of the invention, and also to the use of this foam in vehicles for acoustic insulation.
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1. A process for producing a flame-retardant polyurethane foam of density from 5 to 50 g/L, by mixing
a) organic polyisocyanate with b) polymeric compounds having at least two hydrogen atoms reactive toward isocyanates, c) optionally chain extender and/or crosslinking agent, d) flame retardant, e) blowing agent, f) catalysts, and optionally g) auxiliary and additives to give a reaction mixture and permitting said reaction mixture to react completely, where the flame retardant (d) comprises expandable graphite and oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant comprises at least 3 phosphorus ester units and at least 5% by weight of phosphorus, based on the total weight of the oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant. 3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant has the general formula (I)
RO—[P(X)(O)—O—R′—O—]n—(P(O)(X)(OR) (I),
wherein n is a natural number from 2 to 25, —X is mutually independently —OR or —R, —R is mutually independently an organic moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and hydroxyalkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R′ is an alkylene group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein X is —OR. 5. The process according to claim 3 or 4, wherein —R is an ethyl moiety and —R′ is an ethylene moiety. 6. The process according to any of claims 3 to 5, wherein the oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant is a mixture made of two or more compounds of the formula (I) which differ by different values for n. 7. The process according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the proportion of expandable graphite is from 1 to 15% by weight and the proportion of oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant is from 0.1 to 10% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of components (a) to (g). 8. The process according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the polymeric compounds (b) having at least two hydrogen atoms reactive toward isocyanates comprise polyetherols. 9. The process according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the organic polyisocyanate (a) comprises a mixture of diphenylmethane diisocyanates and of polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanates. 10. The process according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the blowing agent (e) is water. 11. A flame-retardant polyurethane foam obtainable by a process according to any of claims 1 to 10. 12. The use of a polyurethane foam according to claim 11 in vehicles for acoustic insulation of bulkheads, doors and roofs, or in the engine compartment.
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Process for producing a flame-retardant polyurethane foam of density from 5 to 50 g/L, by mixing (a) organic polyisocyanate with (b) polymeric compounds having at least two hydrogen atoms reactive toward isocyanates, (c) optionally chain extender and/or crosslinking agent, (d) flame retardant, (e) blowing agent, (f) catalysts, and optionally (g) auxiliary and additives to give a reaction mixture and permitting said reaction mixture to react completely, where the flame retardant (d) comprises expandable graphite and oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant. The present invention further relates to a flame-retardant polyurethane foam which can be produced by a process of the invention, and also to the use of this foam in vehicles for acoustic insulation.1. A process for producing a flame-retardant polyurethane foam of density from 5 to 50 g/L, by mixing
a) organic polyisocyanate with b) polymeric compounds having at least two hydrogen atoms reactive toward isocyanates, c) optionally chain extender and/or crosslinking agent, d) flame retardant, e) blowing agent, f) catalysts, and optionally g) auxiliary and additives to give a reaction mixture and permitting said reaction mixture to react completely, where the flame retardant (d) comprises expandable graphite and oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant. 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant comprises at least 3 phosphorus ester units and at least 5% by weight of phosphorus, based on the total weight of the oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant. 3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant has the general formula (I)
RO—[P(X)(O)—O—R′—O—]n—(P(O)(X)(OR) (I),
wherein n is a natural number from 2 to 25, —X is mutually independently —OR or —R, —R is mutually independently an organic moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and hydroxyalkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R′ is an alkylene group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein X is —OR. 5. The process according to claim 3 or 4, wherein —R is an ethyl moiety and —R′ is an ethylene moiety. 6. The process according to any of claims 3 to 5, wherein the oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant is a mixture made of two or more compounds of the formula (I) which differ by different values for n. 7. The process according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the proportion of expandable graphite is from 1 to 15% by weight and the proportion of oligomeric organophosphorus flame retardant is from 0.1 to 10% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of components (a) to (g). 8. The process according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the polymeric compounds (b) having at least two hydrogen atoms reactive toward isocyanates comprise polyetherols. 9. The process according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the organic polyisocyanate (a) comprises a mixture of diphenylmethane diisocyanates and of polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanates. 10. The process according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the blowing agent (e) is water. 11. A flame-retardant polyurethane foam obtainable by a process according to any of claims 1 to 10. 12. The use of a polyurethane foam according to claim 11 in vehicles for acoustic insulation of bulkheads, doors and roofs, or in the engine compartment.
| 1,700 |
1,891 | 14,574,564 | 1,731 |
Provided are a heat-insulating film and a heat-insulating film structure with improved heat insulating effects. Also provided are a porous plate-shaped filler included in the heat-insulating film and a coating composition for forming the heat-insulating film. In a heat-insulating film of the present invention, porous plate-shaped fillers are dispersedly arranged in a matrix for binding the porous plate-shaped fillers. In the heat-insulating film, the porous plate-shaped fillers are preferred to be arranged (stacked) in a layered state. The porous plate-shaped filler is a plate with an aspect ratio of 3 or more, and has a minimum length of 0.1 to 50 μm and a porosity of 20 to 99%. The heat-insulating film using the porous plate-shaped fillers ensures a longer length of heat transfer path compared with the case where spherical or cubic fillers are used. Accordingly, the thermal conductivity can be reduced.
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1. A porous plate-shaped filler being a plate with an aspect ratio of 3 or more, wherein
the porous plate-shaped filler has a minimum length of 0.1 to 50 μm and a porosity of 20 to 99%. 2. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1 having a thermal conductivity of 1 W/(m·K) or less. 3. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1 having a heat capacity of 10 to 3000 kJ/(m3·K). 4. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising nano-order pores, nano-order particles, or nano-order crystal grains. 5. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising pores with a pore diameter of 10 to 500 nm. 6. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising a metal oxide. 7. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 6, wherein
the metal oxide is an oxide of one element or a composite oxide of two or more elements, the element being selected from the group consisting of Zr, Y, Al, Si, Ti, Nb, Sr, and La. 8. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising particles with a particle diameter of 1 nm to 10 μm. 9. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising a coating layer with a thickness of 1 nm to 1 μm on at least a part of the substrate. 10. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 9, wherein
the coating layer is a thermal resistance film that reduces heat transfer and/or reflects radiation heat. 11. A coating composition, comprising:
the porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1; and one or more of members selected from the group consisting of an inorganic binder, an inorganic polymer, an organic-inorganic hybrid material, an oxide sol, and a liquid glass. 12. A heat-insulating film, comprising:
the porous plate-shaped fillers according to claim 1; and a matrix for binding the porous plate-shaped fillers, wherein the porous plate-shaped fillers are dispersedly arranged in the matrix. 13. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12, wherein
the porous plate-shaped fillers are arranged in a layered state. 14. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12, comprising at least one of ceramic, glass, and resin as the matrix. 15. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12 having a thickness of 1 μm to 5 mm. 16. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12 having a heat capacity of 1500 kJ/(m3·K) or less. 17. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12 having a thermal conductivity of 1.5 W/(m·K) or less. 18. A heat-insulating film structure, comprising
the heat-insulating film according to claim 12, the heat-insulating film being formed on a substrate. 19. The heat-insulating film structure according to claim 18, comprising
a dense surface layer on the surface of the heat-insulating film, wherein the dense surface layer contains ceramic and/or glass and has a porosity of 5% or less. 20. The heat-insulating film structure according to claim 19, comprising
a buffer bonding layer disposed between the substrate and the heat-insulating film and/or between the heat-insulating film and the dense surface layer, wherein the buffer bonding layer has a thickness thinner than a thickness of the heat-insulating film.
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Provided are a heat-insulating film and a heat-insulating film structure with improved heat insulating effects. Also provided are a porous plate-shaped filler included in the heat-insulating film and a coating composition for forming the heat-insulating film. In a heat-insulating film of the present invention, porous plate-shaped fillers are dispersedly arranged in a matrix for binding the porous plate-shaped fillers. In the heat-insulating film, the porous plate-shaped fillers are preferred to be arranged (stacked) in a layered state. The porous plate-shaped filler is a plate with an aspect ratio of 3 or more, and has a minimum length of 0.1 to 50 μm and a porosity of 20 to 99%. The heat-insulating film using the porous plate-shaped fillers ensures a longer length of heat transfer path compared with the case where spherical or cubic fillers are used. Accordingly, the thermal conductivity can be reduced.1. A porous plate-shaped filler being a plate with an aspect ratio of 3 or more, wherein
the porous plate-shaped filler has a minimum length of 0.1 to 50 μm and a porosity of 20 to 99%. 2. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1 having a thermal conductivity of 1 W/(m·K) or less. 3. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1 having a heat capacity of 10 to 3000 kJ/(m3·K). 4. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising nano-order pores, nano-order particles, or nano-order crystal grains. 5. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising pores with a pore diameter of 10 to 500 nm. 6. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising a metal oxide. 7. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 6, wherein
the metal oxide is an oxide of one element or a composite oxide of two or more elements, the element being selected from the group consisting of Zr, Y, Al, Si, Ti, Nb, Sr, and La. 8. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising particles with a particle diameter of 1 nm to 10 μm. 9. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1, comprising a coating layer with a thickness of 1 nm to 1 μm on at least a part of the substrate. 10. The porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 9, wherein
the coating layer is a thermal resistance film that reduces heat transfer and/or reflects radiation heat. 11. A coating composition, comprising:
the porous plate-shaped filler according to claim 1; and one or more of members selected from the group consisting of an inorganic binder, an inorganic polymer, an organic-inorganic hybrid material, an oxide sol, and a liquid glass. 12. A heat-insulating film, comprising:
the porous plate-shaped fillers according to claim 1; and a matrix for binding the porous plate-shaped fillers, wherein the porous plate-shaped fillers are dispersedly arranged in the matrix. 13. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12, wherein
the porous plate-shaped fillers are arranged in a layered state. 14. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12, comprising at least one of ceramic, glass, and resin as the matrix. 15. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12 having a thickness of 1 μm to 5 mm. 16. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12 having a heat capacity of 1500 kJ/(m3·K) or less. 17. The heat-insulating film according to claim 12 having a thermal conductivity of 1.5 W/(m·K) or less. 18. A heat-insulating film structure, comprising
the heat-insulating film according to claim 12, the heat-insulating film being formed on a substrate. 19. The heat-insulating film structure according to claim 18, comprising
a dense surface layer on the surface of the heat-insulating film, wherein the dense surface layer contains ceramic and/or glass and has a porosity of 5% or less. 20. The heat-insulating film structure according to claim 19, comprising
a buffer bonding layer disposed between the substrate and the heat-insulating film and/or between the heat-insulating film and the dense surface layer, wherein the buffer bonding layer has a thickness thinner than a thickness of the heat-insulating film.
| 1,700 |
1,892 | 13,755,078 | 1,762 |
The present disclosure provides pre-treatment compositions and related methods. As such, a pre-treatment coating for a print medium can include an evaporable solvent, a matrix, and a wax. The matrix can include from 50 wt % to 80 wt % of a fixer and from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of a low Tg latex. The wax can be present at from 5 wt % to 30 wt %. The weight percentages of the matrix and the wax are based on a total amount present in the pre-treatment coating after removal of the solvent.
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1. A pre-treatment coating for an uncoated print medium, comprising:
an evaporable solvent; a matrix, including:
from 50 wt % to 80 wt % of a fixer, and
from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of a low Tg latex; and
a wax at from 5 wt % to 30 wt %,
wherein weight percentages of the matrix and the wax are based on a total amount present in the pre-treatment coating after removal of the evaporable solvent. 2. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the fixer is a polyvalent salt. 3. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the matrix further includes from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of a binder based on a total amount of binder present in the pre-treatment coating after removal of solvent, wherein the binder is selected from the group of polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, water soluble cellulose derivatives, polyacrylamides, casein, gelatin, soybean protein, conjugated diene copolymers, functional group-modified polymers, acrylic polymers, vinyl polymers, cationic polymers, aqueous binders of thermosetting resins, synthetic resin binders, starch or modified starch, and mixtures thereof. 4. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the low Tg latex is selected from the group of polyacrylates, polyvinyls, polyurethanes, ethylene vinyl acetates, styrene acrylic copolymers, styrene butadienes, polymethacrylates, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, and mixtures thereof. 5. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the low Tg latex is an acrylate-urethane latex. 6. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the wax is selected from the group of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, carnuba, and mixtures thereof. 7. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the matrix further comprises a surfactant. 8. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the evaporable solvent is water. 9. A printable medium, comprising:
an uncoated media substrate; and a pre-treatment coating applied to the uncoated media substrate to form a the printable medium, the pre-treatment coating, comprising:
a matrix, including:
from 50 wt % to 80 wt % of a fixer, and
from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of a low Tg latex; and
wax particles present at from 5 wt % to 30 wt %, the wax particles having an average particle size from 0.5 μm to 50 μm, and wherein at least a portion of the wax particles have a particle size that is greater than a thickness of the matrix applied to the media substrate. 10. The printable medium of claim 9, wherein at least 50% of the wax particles have a particle size greater than the thickness of the matrix. 11. The printable medium of claim 9, wherein the wax particles have an average spacing in the matrix that is at least twice an average diameter of the wax particles. 12. The printable medium of claim 9, wherein an average diameter of wax particles to thickness of the matrix is at a ratio from 10:1 to 1.01:1. 13. The printable medium of claim 9, wherein the uncoated media substrate is an open cell medium. 14. A method of providing a durable coating to an uncoated print medium, comprising:
coating an uncoated media substrate with a pre-treatment coating, the pre-treatment coating including:
solvent,
a matrix including fixer and low Tg latex, and
wax particles; and
drying the pre-treatment coating to remove the solvent such that the matrix is reduced to a thickness, wherein at least a portion of the wax particles have a particle size that is greater than the thickness of the matrix. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein at least 50% of the wax particles have a particle size greater than the thickness of the matrix.
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The present disclosure provides pre-treatment compositions and related methods. As such, a pre-treatment coating for a print medium can include an evaporable solvent, a matrix, and a wax. The matrix can include from 50 wt % to 80 wt % of a fixer and from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of a low Tg latex. The wax can be present at from 5 wt % to 30 wt %. The weight percentages of the matrix and the wax are based on a total amount present in the pre-treatment coating after removal of the solvent.1. A pre-treatment coating for an uncoated print medium, comprising:
an evaporable solvent; a matrix, including:
from 50 wt % to 80 wt % of a fixer, and
from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of a low Tg latex; and
a wax at from 5 wt % to 30 wt %,
wherein weight percentages of the matrix and the wax are based on a total amount present in the pre-treatment coating after removal of the evaporable solvent. 2. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the fixer is a polyvalent salt. 3. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the matrix further includes from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of a binder based on a total amount of binder present in the pre-treatment coating after removal of solvent, wherein the binder is selected from the group of polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, water soluble cellulose derivatives, polyacrylamides, casein, gelatin, soybean protein, conjugated diene copolymers, functional group-modified polymers, acrylic polymers, vinyl polymers, cationic polymers, aqueous binders of thermosetting resins, synthetic resin binders, starch or modified starch, and mixtures thereof. 4. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the low Tg latex is selected from the group of polyacrylates, polyvinyls, polyurethanes, ethylene vinyl acetates, styrene acrylic copolymers, styrene butadienes, polymethacrylates, polyacrylic acids, polymethacrylic acids, and mixtures thereof. 5. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the low Tg latex is an acrylate-urethane latex. 6. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the wax is selected from the group of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, carnuba, and mixtures thereof. 7. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the matrix further comprises a surfactant. 8. The pre-treatment coating of claim 1, wherein the evaporable solvent is water. 9. A printable medium, comprising:
an uncoated media substrate; and a pre-treatment coating applied to the uncoated media substrate to form a the printable medium, the pre-treatment coating, comprising:
a matrix, including:
from 50 wt % to 80 wt % of a fixer, and
from 5 wt % to 20 wt % of a low Tg latex; and
wax particles present at from 5 wt % to 30 wt %, the wax particles having an average particle size from 0.5 μm to 50 μm, and wherein at least a portion of the wax particles have a particle size that is greater than a thickness of the matrix applied to the media substrate. 10. The printable medium of claim 9, wherein at least 50% of the wax particles have a particle size greater than the thickness of the matrix. 11. The printable medium of claim 9, wherein the wax particles have an average spacing in the matrix that is at least twice an average diameter of the wax particles. 12. The printable medium of claim 9, wherein an average diameter of wax particles to thickness of the matrix is at a ratio from 10:1 to 1.01:1. 13. The printable medium of claim 9, wherein the uncoated media substrate is an open cell medium. 14. A method of providing a durable coating to an uncoated print medium, comprising:
coating an uncoated media substrate with a pre-treatment coating, the pre-treatment coating including:
solvent,
a matrix including fixer and low Tg latex, and
wax particles; and
drying the pre-treatment coating to remove the solvent such that the matrix is reduced to a thickness, wherein at least a portion of the wax particles have a particle size that is greater than the thickness of the matrix. 15. The method of claim 11, wherein at least 50% of the wax particles have a particle size greater than the thickness of the matrix.
| 1,700 |
1,893 | 13,799,395 | 1,766 |
Flame-retardant polycarbonate compositions and methods for increasing the flame-retardancy of polycarbonate compositions are disclosed. A glass fiber, alumina particles, and wollastonite particles are added to polycarbonate compositions. The addition of the glass fiber, alumina particles, and wollastonite particles to the polycarbonate composition produces a polycarbonate composition having a frame-retardance rating of UL 94 5V-A at 2.3 mm thickness or less. The inventive compositions retain good surface quality.
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1. A composition comprising:
50.0 wt. % to 65.0 wt. % polycarbonate; 5.0 wt. % to 15.0 wt. % styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer; 5.0 wt. % to 15.0 wt. % acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer; 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % glass fiber; 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % alumina particles; and 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % wollastonite particles;
wherein the wt. %, all instances, is based on total weight of the composition and wherein the composition exhibits a flame-retardance rating of UL 94 5V-A at 2.3 mm thickness or less. 2. The composition according to claim 1, comprising 1.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % glass fiber, 1.0 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 1.0 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 3. The composition according to claim 1, comprising 1.0 wt. % to 1.5 wt. % glass fiber, 1.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 2.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 4. The composition according to claim 1, comprising 1.0 wt. % glass fiber, 2.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 5. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising bisphenol diphosphate. 6. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising a bisphenol A-based oligophosphate. 7. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising a tetrabromobisphenol A carbonate oligomer. 8. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising polytetrafluoroethylene. 9. A composition comprising:
40.0 wt. % to 70.0 wt. % polycarbonate; 5.0 wt. % to 30.0 wt. % vinyl copolymer; greater than 0 wt. % to 10.0 wt. % glass fiber; greater than 0 wt. % to 10.0 wt. % alumina particles; and greater than 0 wt. % to 10.0 wt. % wollastonite particles;
wherein the total amount of glass fiber, alumina particles, and wollastonite particles is no greater than 25% of the composition by weight; wherein the composition exhibits a flame-retardance rating of UL 94 5V-A at 2.3 mm thickness or less; and wherein the wt. %, all instances, are based on total weight of the composition. 10. The composition according to claim 9, comprising 1.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % glass fiber, 1.0 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 1.0 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 11. The composition according to claim 9, comprising 1.0 wt. % to 1.5 wt. % glass fiber, 1.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 2.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 12. The composition according to claim 9, comprising 1.0 wt. % glass fiber, 2.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 13. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the vinyl copolymer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, and combinations thereof. 14. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the vinyl copolymer comprises:
5.0 wt. % to 15.0 wt. % styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer; and 5.0 wt. % to 15.0 wt. % acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer; wherein the wt. %, all instances, are based on total weight of the composition. 15. The composition according to claim 9, further comprising bisphenol diphosphate. 16. The composition according to claim 9, further comprising a bisphenol A-based oligophosphate. 17. The composition according to claim 9, further comprising a tetrabromobisphenol A carbonate oligomer. 18. The composition according to claim 9, further comprising polytetrafluoroethylene.
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Flame-retardant polycarbonate compositions and methods for increasing the flame-retardancy of polycarbonate compositions are disclosed. A glass fiber, alumina particles, and wollastonite particles are added to polycarbonate compositions. The addition of the glass fiber, alumina particles, and wollastonite particles to the polycarbonate composition produces a polycarbonate composition having a frame-retardance rating of UL 94 5V-A at 2.3 mm thickness or less. The inventive compositions retain good surface quality.1. A composition comprising:
50.0 wt. % to 65.0 wt. % polycarbonate; 5.0 wt. % to 15.0 wt. % styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer; 5.0 wt. % to 15.0 wt. % acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer; 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % glass fiber; 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % alumina particles; and 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % wollastonite particles;
wherein the wt. %, all instances, is based on total weight of the composition and wherein the composition exhibits a flame-retardance rating of UL 94 5V-A at 2.3 mm thickness or less. 2. The composition according to claim 1, comprising 1.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % glass fiber, 1.0 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 1.0 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 3. The composition according to claim 1, comprising 1.0 wt. % to 1.5 wt. % glass fiber, 1.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 2.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 4. The composition according to claim 1, comprising 1.0 wt. % glass fiber, 2.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 5. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising bisphenol diphosphate. 6. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising a bisphenol A-based oligophosphate. 7. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising a tetrabromobisphenol A carbonate oligomer. 8. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising polytetrafluoroethylene. 9. A composition comprising:
40.0 wt. % to 70.0 wt. % polycarbonate; 5.0 wt. % to 30.0 wt. % vinyl copolymer; greater than 0 wt. % to 10.0 wt. % glass fiber; greater than 0 wt. % to 10.0 wt. % alumina particles; and greater than 0 wt. % to 10.0 wt. % wollastonite particles;
wherein the total amount of glass fiber, alumina particles, and wollastonite particles is no greater than 25% of the composition by weight; wherein the composition exhibits a flame-retardance rating of UL 94 5V-A at 2.3 mm thickness or less; and wherein the wt. %, all instances, are based on total weight of the composition. 10. The composition according to claim 9, comprising 1.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % glass fiber, 1.0 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 1.0 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 11. The composition according to claim 9, comprising 1.0 wt. % to 1.5 wt. % glass fiber, 1.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 2.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 12. The composition according to claim 9, comprising 1.0 wt. % glass fiber, 2.0 wt. % to 3.0 wt. % alumina particles, and 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % wollastonite particles. 13. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the vinyl copolymer is selected from the group consisting of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, and combinations thereof. 14. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the vinyl copolymer comprises:
5.0 wt. % to 15.0 wt. % styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer; and 5.0 wt. % to 15.0 wt. % acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer; wherein the wt. %, all instances, are based on total weight of the composition. 15. The composition according to claim 9, further comprising bisphenol diphosphate. 16. The composition according to claim 9, further comprising a bisphenol A-based oligophosphate. 17. The composition according to claim 9, further comprising a tetrabromobisphenol A carbonate oligomer. 18. The composition according to claim 9, further comprising polytetrafluoroethylene.
| 1,700 |
1,894 | 14,232,938 | 1,788 |
The present application is directed to articles useful as graphic films. Specifically, the present application is directed to a multilayer film, at least one layer of the multilayer film comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a cellulose ester. In some embodiments, a second layer of the multilayer film comprises thermoplastic polyurethane and the cellulose ester. In some embodiments, a second layer of the multilayer film comprises a material different from the polymer blend.
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1. A multilayer film, at least one layer of the multilayer film comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a cellulose ester. 2. The multilayer film of claim 1 wherein a second layer of the multilayer film comprises thermoplastic polyurethane and the cellulose ester. 3. The multilayer film of claim 1 wherein a second layer of the multilayer film comprises a material different from the polymer blend. 4. The multilayer film of claim 1 comprising a pigment in at least one layer of the multilayer film. 5. The multilayer film of claim 1 comprising a print receptive layer on one major surface of the multilayer film. 6. The article of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester is a cellulose acetate butyrate. 7. The article of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester is a cellulose acetate propionate. 8. The article of claim 1 wherein the film comprises a polyester. 9. The article of claim 1 wherein the film comprises a styrene copolymer. 10. The article of claim 5 wherein the styrene copolymer is a styrene acrylonitrile copolymer. 11. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a plasticizer. 12. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a poly(meth)acrylate. 13. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer is made by a hot melt process. 14. The article of claim 1 comprising an adhesive layer adjacent the multilayer film. 15. The article of claim 1 comprising an ink layer adjacent at least one surface of the multilayer film. 16. The article of claim 1 wherein a second layer of the multilayer film is clear.
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The present application is directed to articles useful as graphic films. Specifically, the present application is directed to a multilayer film, at least one layer of the multilayer film comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a cellulose ester. In some embodiments, a second layer of the multilayer film comprises thermoplastic polyurethane and the cellulose ester. In some embodiments, a second layer of the multilayer film comprises a material different from the polymer blend.1. A multilayer film, at least one layer of the multilayer film comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a cellulose ester. 2. The multilayer film of claim 1 wherein a second layer of the multilayer film comprises thermoplastic polyurethane and the cellulose ester. 3. The multilayer film of claim 1 wherein a second layer of the multilayer film comprises a material different from the polymer blend. 4. The multilayer film of claim 1 comprising a pigment in at least one layer of the multilayer film. 5. The multilayer film of claim 1 comprising a print receptive layer on one major surface of the multilayer film. 6. The article of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester is a cellulose acetate butyrate. 7. The article of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester is a cellulose acetate propionate. 8. The article of claim 1 wherein the film comprises a polyester. 9. The article of claim 1 wherein the film comprises a styrene copolymer. 10. The article of claim 5 wherein the styrene copolymer is a styrene acrylonitrile copolymer. 11. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a plasticizer. 12. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a poly(meth)acrylate. 13. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer is made by a hot melt process. 14. The article of claim 1 comprising an adhesive layer adjacent the multilayer film. 15. The article of claim 1 comprising an ink layer adjacent at least one surface of the multilayer film. 16. The article of claim 1 wherein a second layer of the multilayer film is clear.
| 1,700 |
1,895 | 13,932,721 | 1,721 |
A solar mounting system includes at least one solar panel with a panel frame and a support structure including at least one elongated support rail configured to support the panel frame of the at least one solar panel. The elongated support rail includes a grounding structure with a raised edge formed from material of the at least one elongated support rail. The raised edge is configured to cut through a protective coating surrounding a conductive material forming the panel frame, thereby grounding the solar panel by providing direct electrical contact between the panel frame and the at least one elongated support rail. This automatic grounding does not require additional grounding equipment or elements to be added to the solar mounting system.
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1. A solar mounting system, comprising:
at least one solar panel including at least one photovoltaic cell and a panel frame manufactured from a conductive material and supporting the at least one photovoltaic cell; and a support structure including a plurality of support members configured to support the at least one solar panel above a base surface and at least one elongated support rail supported by at least one of the plurality of support members and including a grounding structure defining a raised edge formed from material of the at least one elongated support rail, the raised edge projecting outwardly from the at least one elongated support rail, wherein when the at least one solar panel is secured with the at least one elongated support rail, the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail provides direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame to ground the at least one solar panel. 2. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one elongated support rail comprises a purlin having a first supporting surface provided with the grounding structure, a second supporting surface spaced from the first supporting surface and configured to be mounted on at least one of the plurality of support members, and at least one wall extending between and connecting the first and second supporting surfaces. 3. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure includes at least one of a serrated leading end or a discontinuous leading end. 4. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the conductive material of the panel frame is coated with a protective coating configured to protect the conductive material from environmental conditions, and wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail is configured to cut through the protective coating on the panel frame when the at least one solar panel is secured with the at least one elongated support rail, thereby providing the direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 5. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes at least one fastener aperture formed therethrough and defined by a periphery, the raised edge of the grounding structure being located proximate at least a portion of the periphery, and wherein the panel frame of the at least one solar panel includes a mounting aperture formed therethrough such that the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture of the at least one elongated support rail are configured to receive a fastener used to secure the panel frame with the at least one elongated support rail. 6. The solar mounting system of claim 5, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes a plurality of fastener apertures, and the at least one solar panel of the solar mounting system is a plurality of solar panels each having a respective panel frame including the mounting aperture aligned with a respective one of the plurality of fastener apertures, such that the at least one elongated support rail supports the plurality of solar panels. 7. The solar mounting system of claim 5, further comprising:
a bolt sized for insertion through the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture of the at least one elongated support rail; and a nut configured to engage the bolt to apply a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 8. The solar mounting system of claim 5, wherein the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture includes a plurality of side edges, and wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is provided proximate at least one of the plurality of side edges. 9. The solar mounting system of claim 5, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is located proximate an entirety of the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture. 10. The solar mounting system of claim 5, further comprising:
a rivet fastener sized for insertion through the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture of the at least one elongated support rail, the rivet fastener configured to apply a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one fastener aperture of the at least one elongated support rail. 11. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes at least one clamp aperture formed therethrough, the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one clamp aperture, and the solar mounting system further comprises:
a clamp including a clamp fastener configured for insertion through the at least one clamp aperture of the at least one elongated support rail, the clamp configured to force the panel frame of the at least one solar panel to engage with the at least one elongated support rail when the clamp fastener is tightened into engagement with the clamp and the at least one elongated support rail. 12. An elongated support rail configured to be used to support at least one solar panel in a solar mounting system, wherein the at least one solar panel includes a panel frame manufactured from a conductive material and supporting at least one photovoltaic cell, the elongated support rail comprising:
a first supporting surface including a grounding structure defining a raised edge formed from material of the first supporting surface, the raised edge projecting outwardly from the first supporting surface; a second supporting surface configured to be supported by a support structure of the solar mounting system; and at least one wall extending between and connecting the first and second supporting surfaces, wherein when the at least one solar panel is secured with the first supporting surface, the raised edge of the grounding structure on the first supporting surface provides direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame to ground the at least one solar panel. 13. The elongated support rail of claim 12, further comprising:
at least one fastener aperture formed through the first supporting surface and defined by a periphery, the raised edge of the grounding structure being located proximate at least a portion of the periphery, wherein the panel frame of the at least one solar panel includes a mounting aperture formed therethrough such that the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture are configured to receive a fastener used to secure the panel frame with the first supporting surface. 14. The elongated support rail of claim 13, further comprising:
a rivet fastener sized for insertion through the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture, the rivet fastener configured to apply a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the first supporting surface into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one fastener aperture. 15. The elongated support rail of claim 12, further comprising:
at least one clamp aperture formed through the first supporting surface, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one clamp aperture; and a clamp including a clamp fastener configured for insertion through the at least one clamp aperture on the first supporting surface, the clamp configured to force the panel frame of the at least one solar panel to engage with the first supporting surface when the clamp fastener is tightened into engagement with the clamp and the elongated support rail. 16. A method of installing a solar mounting system, comprising:
establishing a support structure on a base surface, the support structure including a plurality of support members and at least one elongated support rail supported by the plurality of support members and including a grounding structure defining a raised edge formed from material of the at least one elongated support rail, the raised edge projecting outwardly from the at least one elongated support rail; positioning at least one solar panel having a panel frame adjacent to the at least one elongated support rail of the support structure, the panel frame manufactured from a conductive material; securing the panel frame with the at least one elongated support rail; and grounding the at least one solar panel by providing direct electrical contact between the raised edge on the at least one elongated support rail with the conductive material of the panel frame when the panel frame is secured with the at least one elongated support rail. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the conductive material of the panel frame is coated with a protective coating configured to protect the conductive material from environmental conditions, and wherein grounding the at least one solar panel further comprises:
cutting through the protective coating on the panel frame with the raised edge on the at least one elongated support rail when the at least one solar panel is secured with the at least one elongated support rail. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes at least one fastener aperture formed therethrough and defined by a periphery, the raised edge of the grounding structure being located proximate at least a portion of the periphery, and securing the panel frame further comprises:
aligning a mounting aperture formed through the panel frame with the at least one fastener aperture on the at least one elongated support rail; and inserting a fastener through the mounting aperture and the at least one fastener aperture. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the fastener includes a bolt and a nut, and securing the panel frame further comprises:
engaging and tightening the nut onto the bolt after the bolt has been inserted through the mounting aperture and the at least one fastener aperture, thereby applying a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the fastener includes a rivet fastener, the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one fastener aperture, and securing the panel frame further comprises:
deforming the rivet fastener after insertion of the rivet fastener through the mounting aperture and the at least one fastener aperture, thereby applying a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein establishing the support structure further includes:
counterform punching the at least one fastener aperture through a sheet of material such that a portion of the sheet of material is removed to define the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture and another portion of the sheet of material is deformed to produce the raised edge proximate to the periphery; bending the sheet of material into the at least one elongated support rail by forming a first supporting surface including the at least one fastener aperture following the counterform punching, a second supporting surface spaced from the first supporting surface, and at least one wall extending between and connecting the first and second supporting surfaces; and attaching the at least one elongated support rail to the plurality of support members such that the second supporting surface is contacted and supported by the plurality of support members. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes at least one clamp aperture formed therethrough, the raised edge of the grounding structure being located spaced from the at least one clamp aperture, and securing the panel frame further comprises:
positioning a clamp adjacent to the panel frame and the at least one elongated support rail; inserting a clamp fastener through the clamp and the at least one clamp aperture in the at least one elongated support rail; and tightening the clamp fastener to force the panel frame of the at least one solar panel to engage with the at least one elongated support rail, thereby applying a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 23. A method of manufacturing at least one elongated support rail for a solar mounting system, comprising:
counterform punching a grounding structure into a sheet of material such that a portion of the sheet of material is deformed to produce a raised edge formed from the sheet of material; and bending the sheet of material into the at least one elongated support rail by forming a first supporting surface configured to include the grounding structure following the counterform punching, a second supporting surface spaced from the first supporting surface, and at least one wall extending between and connecting the first and second supporting surfaces, wherein when the elongated support rail is secured with a panel frame of at least one solar panel, the raised edge on the at least one elongated support rail provides direct electrical contact with conductive material of the panel frame to ground the solar panel. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein counterform punching the grounding structure into the sheet of material further comprises:
counterform punching the sheet of material such that another portion of the sheet of material is removed to define at least one fastener aperture with a periphery, wherein the raised edge is located proximate at least a portion of the periphery, and wherein the at least one fastener aperture is sized to receive a fastener used to secure the at least one elongated support rail with the panel frame of the at least one solar panel. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein counterform punching the sheet of material further comprises:
positioning the sheet of material within a counterform press between a hollow die button and an upper forming die and a punch; driving the punch into the hollow die button to remove a portion of the sheet of material and define the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture; and driving the upper forming die towards the hollow die button to cause deformation of another portion of the sheet of material around the hollow die button to form the raised edge of the grounding structure proximate to the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture.
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A solar mounting system includes at least one solar panel with a panel frame and a support structure including at least one elongated support rail configured to support the panel frame of the at least one solar panel. The elongated support rail includes a grounding structure with a raised edge formed from material of the at least one elongated support rail. The raised edge is configured to cut through a protective coating surrounding a conductive material forming the panel frame, thereby grounding the solar panel by providing direct electrical contact between the panel frame and the at least one elongated support rail. This automatic grounding does not require additional grounding equipment or elements to be added to the solar mounting system.1. A solar mounting system, comprising:
at least one solar panel including at least one photovoltaic cell and a panel frame manufactured from a conductive material and supporting the at least one photovoltaic cell; and a support structure including a plurality of support members configured to support the at least one solar panel above a base surface and at least one elongated support rail supported by at least one of the plurality of support members and including a grounding structure defining a raised edge formed from material of the at least one elongated support rail, the raised edge projecting outwardly from the at least one elongated support rail, wherein when the at least one solar panel is secured with the at least one elongated support rail, the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail provides direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame to ground the at least one solar panel. 2. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one elongated support rail comprises a purlin having a first supporting surface provided with the grounding structure, a second supporting surface spaced from the first supporting surface and configured to be mounted on at least one of the plurality of support members, and at least one wall extending between and connecting the first and second supporting surfaces. 3. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure includes at least one of a serrated leading end or a discontinuous leading end. 4. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the conductive material of the panel frame is coated with a protective coating configured to protect the conductive material from environmental conditions, and wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail is configured to cut through the protective coating on the panel frame when the at least one solar panel is secured with the at least one elongated support rail, thereby providing the direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 5. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes at least one fastener aperture formed therethrough and defined by a periphery, the raised edge of the grounding structure being located proximate at least a portion of the periphery, and wherein the panel frame of the at least one solar panel includes a mounting aperture formed therethrough such that the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture of the at least one elongated support rail are configured to receive a fastener used to secure the panel frame with the at least one elongated support rail. 6. The solar mounting system of claim 5, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes a plurality of fastener apertures, and the at least one solar panel of the solar mounting system is a plurality of solar panels each having a respective panel frame including the mounting aperture aligned with a respective one of the plurality of fastener apertures, such that the at least one elongated support rail supports the plurality of solar panels. 7. The solar mounting system of claim 5, further comprising:
a bolt sized for insertion through the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture of the at least one elongated support rail; and a nut configured to engage the bolt to apply a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 8. The solar mounting system of claim 5, wherein the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture includes a plurality of side edges, and wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is provided proximate at least one of the plurality of side edges. 9. The solar mounting system of claim 5, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is located proximate an entirety of the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture. 10. The solar mounting system of claim 5, further comprising:
a rivet fastener sized for insertion through the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture of the at least one elongated support rail, the rivet fastener configured to apply a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one fastener aperture of the at least one elongated support rail. 11. The solar mounting system of claim 1, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes at least one clamp aperture formed therethrough, the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one clamp aperture, and the solar mounting system further comprises:
a clamp including a clamp fastener configured for insertion through the at least one clamp aperture of the at least one elongated support rail, the clamp configured to force the panel frame of the at least one solar panel to engage with the at least one elongated support rail when the clamp fastener is tightened into engagement with the clamp and the at least one elongated support rail. 12. An elongated support rail configured to be used to support at least one solar panel in a solar mounting system, wherein the at least one solar panel includes a panel frame manufactured from a conductive material and supporting at least one photovoltaic cell, the elongated support rail comprising:
a first supporting surface including a grounding structure defining a raised edge formed from material of the first supporting surface, the raised edge projecting outwardly from the first supporting surface; a second supporting surface configured to be supported by a support structure of the solar mounting system; and at least one wall extending between and connecting the first and second supporting surfaces, wherein when the at least one solar panel is secured with the first supporting surface, the raised edge of the grounding structure on the first supporting surface provides direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame to ground the at least one solar panel. 13. The elongated support rail of claim 12, further comprising:
at least one fastener aperture formed through the first supporting surface and defined by a periphery, the raised edge of the grounding structure being located proximate at least a portion of the periphery, wherein the panel frame of the at least one solar panel includes a mounting aperture formed therethrough such that the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture are configured to receive a fastener used to secure the panel frame with the first supporting surface. 14. The elongated support rail of claim 13, further comprising:
a rivet fastener sized for insertion through the mounting aperture of the panel frame and the at least one fastener aperture, the rivet fastener configured to apply a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the first supporting surface into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one fastener aperture. 15. The elongated support rail of claim 12, further comprising:
at least one clamp aperture formed through the first supporting surface, wherein the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one clamp aperture; and a clamp including a clamp fastener configured for insertion through the at least one clamp aperture on the first supporting surface, the clamp configured to force the panel frame of the at least one solar panel to engage with the first supporting surface when the clamp fastener is tightened into engagement with the clamp and the elongated support rail. 16. A method of installing a solar mounting system, comprising:
establishing a support structure on a base surface, the support structure including a plurality of support members and at least one elongated support rail supported by the plurality of support members and including a grounding structure defining a raised edge formed from material of the at least one elongated support rail, the raised edge projecting outwardly from the at least one elongated support rail; positioning at least one solar panel having a panel frame adjacent to the at least one elongated support rail of the support structure, the panel frame manufactured from a conductive material; securing the panel frame with the at least one elongated support rail; and grounding the at least one solar panel by providing direct electrical contact between the raised edge on the at least one elongated support rail with the conductive material of the panel frame when the panel frame is secured with the at least one elongated support rail. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the conductive material of the panel frame is coated with a protective coating configured to protect the conductive material from environmental conditions, and wherein grounding the at least one solar panel further comprises:
cutting through the protective coating on the panel frame with the raised edge on the at least one elongated support rail when the at least one solar panel is secured with the at least one elongated support rail. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes at least one fastener aperture formed therethrough and defined by a periphery, the raised edge of the grounding structure being located proximate at least a portion of the periphery, and securing the panel frame further comprises:
aligning a mounting aperture formed through the panel frame with the at least one fastener aperture on the at least one elongated support rail; and inserting a fastener through the mounting aperture and the at least one fastener aperture. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the fastener includes a bolt and a nut, and securing the panel frame further comprises:
engaging and tightening the nut onto the bolt after the bolt has been inserted through the mounting aperture and the at least one fastener aperture, thereby applying a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the fastener includes a rivet fastener, the raised edge of the grounding structure is located spaced from the at least one fastener aperture, and securing the panel frame further comprises:
deforming the rivet fastener after insertion of the rivet fastener through the mounting aperture and the at least one fastener aperture, thereby applying a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein establishing the support structure further includes:
counterform punching the at least one fastener aperture through a sheet of material such that a portion of the sheet of material is removed to define the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture and another portion of the sheet of material is deformed to produce the raised edge proximate to the periphery; bending the sheet of material into the at least one elongated support rail by forming a first supporting surface including the at least one fastener aperture following the counterform punching, a second supporting surface spaced from the first supporting surface, and at least one wall extending between and connecting the first and second supporting surfaces; and attaching the at least one elongated support rail to the plurality of support members such that the second supporting surface is contacted and supported by the plurality of support members. 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one elongated support rail includes at least one clamp aperture formed therethrough, the raised edge of the grounding structure being located spaced from the at least one clamp aperture, and securing the panel frame further comprises:
positioning a clamp adjacent to the panel frame and the at least one elongated support rail; inserting a clamp fastener through the clamp and the at least one clamp aperture in the at least one elongated support rail; and tightening the clamp fastener to force the panel frame of the at least one solar panel to engage with the at least one elongated support rail, thereby applying a tightening force to engage the raised edge of the grounding structure on the at least one elongated support rail into direct electrical contact with the conductive material of the panel frame. 23. A method of manufacturing at least one elongated support rail for a solar mounting system, comprising:
counterform punching a grounding structure into a sheet of material such that a portion of the sheet of material is deformed to produce a raised edge formed from the sheet of material; and bending the sheet of material into the at least one elongated support rail by forming a first supporting surface configured to include the grounding structure following the counterform punching, a second supporting surface spaced from the first supporting surface, and at least one wall extending between and connecting the first and second supporting surfaces, wherein when the elongated support rail is secured with a panel frame of at least one solar panel, the raised edge on the at least one elongated support rail provides direct electrical contact with conductive material of the panel frame to ground the solar panel. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein counterform punching the grounding structure into the sheet of material further comprises:
counterform punching the sheet of material such that another portion of the sheet of material is removed to define at least one fastener aperture with a periphery, wherein the raised edge is located proximate at least a portion of the periphery, and wherein the at least one fastener aperture is sized to receive a fastener used to secure the at least one elongated support rail with the panel frame of the at least one solar panel. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein counterform punching the sheet of material further comprises:
positioning the sheet of material within a counterform press between a hollow die button and an upper forming die and a punch; driving the punch into the hollow die button to remove a portion of the sheet of material and define the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture; and driving the upper forming die towards the hollow die button to cause deformation of another portion of the sheet of material around the hollow die button to form the raised edge of the grounding structure proximate to the periphery of the at least one fastener aperture.
| 1,700 |
1,896 | 14,082,811 | 1,788 |
Described is provided a composition of matter that includes a layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. The metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has pores of a size of from about 1 micron to about 50 microns, and a fluoropolymer dispersed on and throughout the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. A method of manufacturing is also provided.
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1. A composition of matter comprising:
a layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores of a size of from about 1 micron to about 50 microns; and a fluoropolymer dispersed on and throughout the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 2. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprises from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent of the layer. 3. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 micron. 4. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a material selected from the group consisting of: a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof. 5. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a fluorinated polyimide having a chemical structure as follows:
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 independently represent an aromatic group of from about 4 carbon atoms to about 100 carbon atoms; wherein at least one of Ar1 or Ar2 further contains a fluoro-pendant group, and wherein n is from about 30 to about 1000. 6. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the layer further comprises conductive particles selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, alumina, tin oxide, antimony dioxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and indium-doped tin trioxide, polyaniline and polythiophene dispersed in the release layer. 7. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 8. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has a thickness of from about 5 microns to about 100 microns. 9. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a fluoropolymer sheath. 10. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoroelastomer selected from the group consisting of: copolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; and tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer. 11. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoroplastic selected from the group consisting of: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer; and mixtures thereof. 12. A composition of matter comprising:
a layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores of a size of from about 1 micron to about 50 microns. 13. The composition of matter of claim 12, wherein the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprises from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent of the layer. 14. The composition of matter of claim 12, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns. 15. The composition of matter of claim 12, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a material selected from the group consisting of: a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof. 16. A method of manufacturing a mesh comprising:
providing a conductive substrate; electrospinning polymeric fibers on the conductive substrate to form a non-woven polymer fiber layer; coating a metal particle dispersion on the polymeric fibers; and annealing the metal particle dispersion to form a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores having a size of from about 1 micron to about 40 microns. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
coating a mixture of a fluoropolymer and a solvent on the metal of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber coated fiber mesh; heating the mixture to remove the solvent and melt or cure the fluoropolymer thereby having the fluoropolymer penetrate the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal particle dispersion comprises, metal particles having a size of less than 10 nm, and organic solvent and astabilizer agent selected from the group consisting of: organoamines and organic carboxylates. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal of the metal particle dispersion is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal particle dispersion has a solids content of from about 20 weight percent to about 60 weight percent.
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Described is provided a composition of matter that includes a layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. The metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has pores of a size of from about 1 micron to about 50 microns, and a fluoropolymer dispersed on and throughout the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. A method of manufacturing is also provided.1. A composition of matter comprising:
a layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores of a size of from about 1 micron to about 50 microns; and a fluoropolymer dispersed on and throughout the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 2. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprises from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent of the layer. 3. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 micron. 4. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a material selected from the group consisting of: a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof. 5. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a fluorinated polyimide having a chemical structure as follows:
wherein Ar1 and Ar2 independently represent an aromatic group of from about 4 carbon atoms to about 100 carbon atoms; wherein at least one of Ar1 or Ar2 further contains a fluoro-pendant group, and wherein n is from about 30 to about 1000. 6. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the layer further comprises conductive particles selected from the group consisting of: carbon black, graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, alumina, tin oxide, antimony dioxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and indium-doped tin trioxide, polyaniline and polythiophene dispersed in the release layer. 7. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 8. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the metal in the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh has a thickness of from about 5 microns to about 100 microns. 9. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a fluoropolymer sheath. 10. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoroelastomer selected from the group consisting of: copolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; terpolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene; and tetrapolymers of vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and a cure site monomer. 11. The composition of matter of claim 1, wherein the fluoropolymer comprises a fluoroplastic selected from the group consisting of: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); perfluoroalkoxy polymer resin (PFA); copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); copolymers of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidene fluoride (VDF or VF2); terpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP); tetrapolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VF2), and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and a cure site monomer; and mixtures thereof. 12. A composition of matter comprising:
a layer having a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores of a size of from about 1 micron to about 50 microns. 13. The composition of matter of claim 12, wherein the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprises from about 1 weight percent to about 80 weight percent of the layer. 14. The composition of matter of claim 12, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh have a diameter of from about 5 nm to about 50 microns. 15. The composition of matter of claim 12, wherein polymer fibers of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh comprise a material selected from the group consisting of: a polyamide, a polyester, a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polyurethane, a polyether, a polyoxadazole, a polybenzimidazole, a polyacrylonitrile, a polycaprolactone, a polyethylene, a polypropylene, a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polybutadiene, a polystyrene, a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), a poly(vinyl alcohol), a poly(ethylene oxide), a polylactide, a poly(caprolactone), a poly(ether imide), a poly(ether urethane), a poly(arylene ether), a poly(arylene ether ketone), a poly(ester urethane), a poly(p-phenylene terephthalate), a cellulose acetate, a poly(vinyl acetate), a poly(acrylic acid), a polyacrylamide, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose, a poly(vinyl butyral), a poly(alkly acrylate), a poly(alkyl methacrylate), polyhydroxybutyrate, fluoropolymer, a poly(vinylidene fluoride), a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropyl vinyl ether), a poly((perfluoroalkyl)ethyl methacrylate), a cellulose, a chitosan, a gelatin, a protein, and mixtures thereof. 16. A method of manufacturing a mesh comprising:
providing a conductive substrate; electrospinning polymeric fibers on the conductive substrate to form a non-woven polymer fiber layer; coating a metal particle dispersion on the polymeric fibers; and annealing the metal particle dispersion to form a metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh having pores having a size of from about 1 micron to about 40 microns. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising:
coating a mixture of a fluoropolymer and a solvent on the metal of the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber coated fiber mesh; heating the mixture to remove the solvent and melt or cure the fluoropolymer thereby having the fluoropolymer penetrate the metal coated non-woven polymer fiber mesh. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal particle dispersion comprises, metal particles having a size of less than 10 nm, and organic solvent and astabilizer agent selected from the group consisting of: organoamines and organic carboxylates. 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal of the metal particle dispersion is selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, zinc, gold, palladium, platinum. 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the metal particle dispersion has a solids content of from about 20 weight percent to about 60 weight percent.
| 1,700 |
1,897 | 13,658,866 | 1,717 |
A method for epitaxial addition of repair material onto a process surface ( 38 ) of a directionally solidified component ( 30 ). The component is positioned in a fluidized bed ( 34 ) to drift particles of a repair material over the process surface as laser energy ( 36 ) is rastered across the surface to melt the particles and to fuse repair material onto the entire surface simultaneously. The component is moved downward ( 39 ) in the bed in a direction parallel to the grain orientation in the component as material is added to the surface, thereby providing continuous epitaxial addition of material to the surface without recrystallization.
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1. A method for epitaxial additional of repair material to a surface of a directionally solidified substrate material, the method comprising:
mobilizing a continuous supply of particles of repair material onto an entire process surface of the substrate material; applying energy across the entire process surface in a manner effective to melt and fuse the repair material epitaxially onto the entire process surface simultaneously such that a solidification process interface of the fused particles progresses in a direction parallel to a grain orientation direction of the substrate material; and providing relative motion between the continuous supply of repair material particles, a source of the energy, and the substrate material effective to maintain conditions for the continuous epitaxial addition of the repair material at the solidification process interface until a desired thickness of the repair material is added. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of mobilizing a continuous supply of repair material particles comprises disposing the substrate material in a fluidized bed of the repair material particles. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising using an inert gas as a mobilizing fluid in the fluidized bed. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of mobilizing a continuous supply of repair material particles comprises applying the repair material particles by a broadcast spray. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of mobilizing a continuous supply of repair material particles comprises vibrating the substrate material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of mobilizing a continuous supply of repair material particles comprises disposing the substrate material in a bed of the repair material particles and vibrating the bed. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying energy comprises rastering a laser beam across the entire process surface. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying energy comprises directing laser energy through optics to the entire process surface simultaneously. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of providing relative motion comprises lowering the substrate material relative to a particle surface in a fluidized bed of the particles of repair material. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising using an inert gas as a mobilizing fluid in the fluidized bed. 11. The method of claim 1 used to add material to a squealer tip of a gas turbine blade formed of directionally solidified superalloy material. 12. A method for repair of a directionally solidified gas turbine engine component, the method comprising:
disposing the component in a fluidized bed of repair material particles; activating the fluidized bed to mobilize movement of a flow of the particles onto a repair surface of the component; rastering laser energy across the repair surface to melt and fuse particles epitaxially onto the entire repair surface simultaneously such that a solidification process interface of the fused particles progresses along an axis parallel to a grain orientation direction of the component; and moving the component downward in the fluidized bed along the axis as the solidification process interface progresses to maintain a continuous epitaxial extension of grain microstructure on the component. 13. The method of claim 12 applied to repair a squealer tip of a gas turbine blade. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising using an inert gas as a mobilizing fluid in the fluidized bed. 15. A method for epitaxial additional of material to a surface of a directionally solidified substrate, the method comprising:
mobilizing particles of material over a process surface of the substrate; applying energy across the entire process surface in a manner effective to melt and fuse the material epitaxially onto the entire process surface simultaneously; and maintaining the substrate in a position relative to the particles of material and the applied energy effective to maintain conditions for continuous epitaxial addition of the material to the substrate until a desired thickness of the material is added. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising mobilizing the particles of material in a fluidized bed to drift the particles onto the process surface. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising lowering the substrate in the fluidized bed as the material is added to the substrate to maintain a position of the process surface relative to a surface of the particles in the fluidized bed. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying the energy by rastering a laser beam across the process surface in a continuous manner. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising using an inert gas as the mobilizing fluid in the fluidized bed.
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A method for epitaxial addition of repair material onto a process surface ( 38 ) of a directionally solidified component ( 30 ). The component is positioned in a fluidized bed ( 34 ) to drift particles of a repair material over the process surface as laser energy ( 36 ) is rastered across the surface to melt the particles and to fuse repair material onto the entire surface simultaneously. The component is moved downward ( 39 ) in the bed in a direction parallel to the grain orientation in the component as material is added to the surface, thereby providing continuous epitaxial addition of material to the surface without recrystallization.1. A method for epitaxial additional of repair material to a surface of a directionally solidified substrate material, the method comprising:
mobilizing a continuous supply of particles of repair material onto an entire process surface of the substrate material; applying energy across the entire process surface in a manner effective to melt and fuse the repair material epitaxially onto the entire process surface simultaneously such that a solidification process interface of the fused particles progresses in a direction parallel to a grain orientation direction of the substrate material; and providing relative motion between the continuous supply of repair material particles, a source of the energy, and the substrate material effective to maintain conditions for the continuous epitaxial addition of the repair material at the solidification process interface until a desired thickness of the repair material is added. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of mobilizing a continuous supply of repair material particles comprises disposing the substrate material in a fluidized bed of the repair material particles. 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising using an inert gas as a mobilizing fluid in the fluidized bed. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of mobilizing a continuous supply of repair material particles comprises applying the repair material particles by a broadcast spray. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of mobilizing a continuous supply of repair material particles comprises vibrating the substrate material. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of mobilizing a continuous supply of repair material particles comprises disposing the substrate material in a bed of the repair material particles and vibrating the bed. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying energy comprises rastering a laser beam across the entire process surface. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying energy comprises directing laser energy through optics to the entire process surface simultaneously. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of providing relative motion comprises lowering the substrate material relative to a particle surface in a fluidized bed of the particles of repair material. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising using an inert gas as a mobilizing fluid in the fluidized bed. 11. The method of claim 1 used to add material to a squealer tip of a gas turbine blade formed of directionally solidified superalloy material. 12. A method for repair of a directionally solidified gas turbine engine component, the method comprising:
disposing the component in a fluidized bed of repair material particles; activating the fluidized bed to mobilize movement of a flow of the particles onto a repair surface of the component; rastering laser energy across the repair surface to melt and fuse particles epitaxially onto the entire repair surface simultaneously such that a solidification process interface of the fused particles progresses along an axis parallel to a grain orientation direction of the component; and moving the component downward in the fluidized bed along the axis as the solidification process interface progresses to maintain a continuous epitaxial extension of grain microstructure on the component. 13. The method of claim 12 applied to repair a squealer tip of a gas turbine blade. 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising using an inert gas as a mobilizing fluid in the fluidized bed. 15. A method for epitaxial additional of material to a surface of a directionally solidified substrate, the method comprising:
mobilizing particles of material over a process surface of the substrate; applying energy across the entire process surface in a manner effective to melt and fuse the material epitaxially onto the entire process surface simultaneously; and maintaining the substrate in a position relative to the particles of material and the applied energy effective to maintain conditions for continuous epitaxial addition of the material to the substrate until a desired thickness of the material is added. 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising mobilizing the particles of material in a fluidized bed to drift the particles onto the process surface. 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising lowering the substrate in the fluidized bed as the material is added to the substrate to maintain a position of the process surface relative to a surface of the particles in the fluidized bed. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising applying the energy by rastering a laser beam across the process surface in a continuous manner. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising using an inert gas as the mobilizing fluid in the fluidized bed.
| 1,700 |
1,898 | 14,232,947 | 1,788 |
The present application is directed to articles useful as graphic films. Specifically, the present application is directed to an article comprising a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a cellulose ester, and an adhesive layer adjacent the film layer.
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1. An article comprising
a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising
a thermoplastic polyurethane and a cellulose ester; and
an adhesive layer adjacent the film layer. 2. The article of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester is a cellulose acetate butyrate. 3. The article of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester is a cellulose acetate propionate. 4. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises polyester. 5. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a plasticizer. 6. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a poly(meth)acrylate. 7. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer is hot melt processable. 8. The article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer is a structured adhesive layer. 9. The article of claim 1 comprising a primer layer between the adhesive layer and the film layer. 10. The article of claim 1 comprising a release liner adjacent the adhesive layer opposite the film layer. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is fixed to a substrate. 12. The article of claim 11 wherein the substrate is a vehicle. 13. The article of claim 11 wherein the substrate is a rough surface. 14. The article of claim 11 wherein the substrate has a curved surface.
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The present application is directed to articles useful as graphic films. Specifically, the present application is directed to an article comprising a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising a thermoplastic polyurethane and a cellulose ester, and an adhesive layer adjacent the film layer.1. An article comprising
a film layer, the film layer comprising a polymer blend comprising
a thermoplastic polyurethane and a cellulose ester; and
an adhesive layer adjacent the film layer. 2. The article of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester is a cellulose acetate butyrate. 3. The article of claim 1 wherein the cellulose ester is a cellulose acetate propionate. 4. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises polyester. 5. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a plasticizer. 6. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer comprises a poly(meth)acrylate. 7. The article of claim 1 wherein the film layer is hot melt processable. 8. The article of claim 1 wherein the adhesive layer is a structured adhesive layer. 9. The article of claim 1 comprising a primer layer between the adhesive layer and the film layer. 10. The article of claim 1 comprising a release liner adjacent the adhesive layer opposite the film layer. 11. The article of claim 1, wherein the article is fixed to a substrate. 12. The article of claim 11 wherein the substrate is a vehicle. 13. The article of claim 11 wherein the substrate is a rough surface. 14. The article of claim 11 wherein the substrate has a curved surface.
| 1,700 |
1,899 | 13,895,149 | 1,747 |
A tire includes a circumferential tread constructed of a base material. The circumferential tread has a plurality of bars, each of the plurality of bars having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces. The circumferential tread further has a plurality of valleys disposed between the plurality of bars. A laminate covers at least some of the plurality of valleys. The laminate has a greater elongation at break than the base material.
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1. A tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber, the circumferential tread having a plurality of bars and a plurality of valleys disposed between the plurality of bars; and a polymeric laminate disposed on the circumferential tread, such that the polymeric laminate covers the plurality of bars and the plurality of valleys, wherein the polymeric laminate has a greater hardness than the base rubber, and wherein the polymeric laminate has a greater elongation at break than the base rubber. 2. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a nominal thickness of between 1 millimeters and 10 millimeters. 3. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate is configured to wear off of a top surface of at least some of the plurality of bars during the life of the tire. 4. The tire of claim 4, wherein the polymeric laminate is configured to continue to cover the plurality of valleys after the polymeric laminate has worn off of a top surface of at least some of the plurality of bars. 5. The tire of claim 1, wherein the tire is an agricultural tire. 6. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate covers at least one of the pair of sidewalls. 7. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a hardness that is at least 10% greater than the hardness of the base rubber. 8. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has an elongation at break that is at least 10% greater than the elongation at break of the base rubber. 9. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread constructed of a base material,
wherein the circumferential tread has a plurality of bars, each of the plurality of bars having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces, and
wherein the circumferential tread further has a plurality of valleys disposed between the plurality of bars; and
a laminate covering at least some of the plurality of valleys, wherein the laminate has a greater elongation at break than the base material. 10. The tire of claim 9, wherein the laminate covers at least some sidewalls of at least some of the plurality of bars. 11. The tire of claim 10, wherein the laminate covers at least some of the top surfaces of at least some of the plurality of bars. 12. The tire of claim 9, wherein the tire is constructed by coextruding the laminate with the base material. 13. The tire of claim 9, wherein the tire is constructed by placing a calendered sheet of laminate on a green tire. 14. The tire of claim 13, wherein the tire is constructed by stitching the sheet of laminate to the green tire. 15. The tire of claim 9, wherein the laminate has a greater hardness than the base material. 16. An agricultural tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber,
wherein the circumferential tread has a plurality of bars, each of the plurality of bars having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces, and
wherein the circumferential tread further has a plurality of valleys disposed between the plurality of bars; and
a laminate disposed on the circumferential tread, such that the laminate covers at least a portion of the side surfaces of the plurality of bars and further covers the plurality of valleys, wherein the base rubber has a lower elongation at break than the polymeric laminate. 17. The agricultural tire of claim 16, wherein the base rubber has a lower hardness than the laminate. 18. The agricultural tire of claim 16, wherein the laminate covers the top surface of at least some of the plurality of bars. 19. The agricultural tire of claim 16, wherein the laminate has a color different from a color of the base rubber. 20. The agricultural tire of claim 16, wherein the laminate is a rubber fabric composite.
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A tire includes a circumferential tread constructed of a base material. The circumferential tread has a plurality of bars, each of the plurality of bars having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces. The circumferential tread further has a plurality of valleys disposed between the plurality of bars. A laminate covers at least some of the plurality of valleys. The laminate has a greater elongation at break than the base material.1. A tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber, the circumferential tread having a plurality of bars and a plurality of valleys disposed between the plurality of bars; and a polymeric laminate disposed on the circumferential tread, such that the polymeric laminate covers the plurality of bars and the plurality of valleys, wherein the polymeric laminate has a greater hardness than the base rubber, and wherein the polymeric laminate has a greater elongation at break than the base rubber. 2. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a nominal thickness of between 1 millimeters and 10 millimeters. 3. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate is configured to wear off of a top surface of at least some of the plurality of bars during the life of the tire. 4. The tire of claim 4, wherein the polymeric laminate is configured to continue to cover the plurality of valleys after the polymeric laminate has worn off of a top surface of at least some of the plurality of bars. 5. The tire of claim 1, wherein the tire is an agricultural tire. 6. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate covers at least one of the pair of sidewalls. 7. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has a hardness that is at least 10% greater than the hardness of the base rubber. 8. The tire of claim 1, wherein the polymeric laminate has an elongation at break that is at least 10% greater than the elongation at break of the base rubber. 9. A tire comprising:
a circumferential tread constructed of a base material,
wherein the circumferential tread has a plurality of bars, each of the plurality of bars having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces, and
wherein the circumferential tread further has a plurality of valleys disposed between the plurality of bars; and
a laminate covering at least some of the plurality of valleys, wherein the laminate has a greater elongation at break than the base material. 10. The tire of claim 9, wherein the laminate covers at least some sidewalls of at least some of the plurality of bars. 11. The tire of claim 10, wherein the laminate covers at least some of the top surfaces of at least some of the plurality of bars. 12. The tire of claim 9, wherein the tire is constructed by coextruding the laminate with the base material. 13. The tire of claim 9, wherein the tire is constructed by placing a calendered sheet of laminate on a green tire. 14. The tire of claim 13, wherein the tire is constructed by stitching the sheet of laminate to the green tire. 15. The tire of claim 9, wherein the laminate has a greater hardness than the base material. 16. An agricultural tire comprising:
a pair of sidewalls; a circumferential tread constructed of a base rubber,
wherein the circumferential tread has a plurality of bars, each of the plurality of bars having a top surface and a plurality of side surfaces, and
wherein the circumferential tread further has a plurality of valleys disposed between the plurality of bars; and
a laminate disposed on the circumferential tread, such that the laminate covers at least a portion of the side surfaces of the plurality of bars and further covers the plurality of valleys, wherein the base rubber has a lower elongation at break than the polymeric laminate. 17. The agricultural tire of claim 16, wherein the base rubber has a lower hardness than the laminate. 18. The agricultural tire of claim 16, wherein the laminate covers the top surface of at least some of the plurality of bars. 19. The agricultural tire of claim 16, wherein the laminate has a color different from a color of the base rubber. 20. The agricultural tire of claim 16, wherein the laminate is a rubber fabric composite.
| 1,700 |
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