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On the Reckoning of Time ( De <unk> ratione ) included an introduction to the traditional ancient and medieval view of the cosmos , including an explanation of how the spherical earth influenced the changing length of daylight , of how the seasonal motion of the Sun and Moon influenced the changing appearance of the New Moon at evening twilight , and a quantitative relation between the changes of the tides at a given place and the daily motion of the moon . Since the focus of his book was the computus , Bede gave instructions for computing the date of Easter and the related time of the Easter Full Moon , for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the zodiac , and for many other calculations related to the calendar . He gives some information about the months of the Anglo @-@ Saxon calendar in chapter XV . Any codex of Bede 's Easter cycle is normally found together with a codex of his " De Temporum Ratione " .
For calendric purposes , Bede made a new calculation of the age of the world since the creation , which he dated as <unk> BC . Due to his innovations in computing the age of the world , he was accused of heresy at the table of Bishop Wilfrid , his chronology being contrary to accepted calculations . Once informed of the accusations of these " lewd rustics , " Bede refuted them in his Letter to <unk> .
In addition to these works on astronomical timekeeping , he also wrote De natura rerum , or On the Nature of Things , modelled in part after the work of the same title by Isidore of Seville . His works were so influential that late in the 9th century <unk> the Stammerer , a monk of the Monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland , wrote that " God , the <unk> of natures , who raised the Sun from the East on the fourth day of Creation , in the sixth day of the world has made Bede rise from the West as a new Sun to illuminate the whole Earth " .
= = Educational works = =
Bede wrote some works designed to help teach grammar in the abbey school . One of these was his De arte metrica , a discussion of the composition of Latin verse , drawing on previous grammarians work . It was based on Donatus ' De <unk> and Servius ' De <unk> , and used examples from Christian poets as well as Virgil . It became a standard text for the teaching of Latin verse during the next few centuries . Bede dedicated this work to Cuthbert , apparently a student , for he is named " beloved son " in the dedication , and Bede says " I have laboured to educate you in divine letters and ecclesiastical statutes " Another textbook of Bede 's is the De <unk> , a work on orthography , designed to help a medieval reader of Latin with unfamiliar abbreviations and words from classical Latin works . Although it could serve as a textbook , it appears to have been mainly intended as a reference work . The exact date of composition for both of these works is unknown .
Another educational work is De <unk> et <unk> sacrae <unk> , which discusses the Bible 's use of rhetoric . Bede was familiar with pagan authors such as Virgil , but it was not considered appropriate to teach biblical grammar from such texts , and in De <unk> ... Bede argues for the superiority of Christian texts in understanding Christian literature . Similarly , his text on poetic metre uses only Christian poetry for examples .
= = Vernacular poetry = =
According to his disciple Cuthbert , Bede was also <unk> in nostris carminibus ( " learned in our songs " ) . Cuthbert 's letter on Bede 's death , the Epistola <unk> de <unk> <unk> , moreover , commonly is understood to indicate that Bede also composed a five line vernacular poem known to modern scholars as Bede 's Death Song
And he used to repeat that sentence from St. Paul " It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God , " and many other verses of Scripture , urging us thereby to awake from the slumber of the soul by thinking in good time of our last hour . And in our own language , — for he was familiar with English poetry , — speaking of the soul 's dread departure from the body :
As <unk> notes , however , it is not entirely clear that Cuthbert is attributing this text to Bede : most manuscripts of the letter do not use a finite verb to describe Bede 's presentation of the song , and the theme was relatively common in Old English and Anglo @-@ Latin literature . The fact that Cuthbert 's description places the performance of the Old English poem in the context of a series of quoted passages from Sacred Scripture , indeed , might be taken as evidence simply that Bede also cited analogous vernacular texts . On the other hand , the inclusion of the Old English text of the poem in Cuthbert 's Latin letter , the observation that Bede " was learned in our song , " and the fact that Bede composed a Latin poem on the same subject all point to the possibility of his having written it . By citing the poem directly , Cuthbert seems to imply that its particular wording was somehow important , either since it was a vernacular poem endorsed by a scholar who evidently frowned upon secular entertainment or because it is a direct quotation of Bede 's last original composition .
= = Veneration = =
There is no evidence for cult being paid to Bede in England in the 8th century . One reason for this may be that he died on the feast day of Augustine of Canterbury . Later , when he was venerated in England , he was either commemorated after Augustine on 26 May , or his feast was moved to 27 May . However , he was venerated outside England , mainly through the efforts of Boniface and Alcuin , both of whom promoted the cult on the Continent . Boniface wrote repeatedly back to England during his missionary efforts , requesting copies of Bede 's theological works . Alcuin , who was taught at the school set up in York by Bede 's pupil Egbert , praised Bede as an example for monks to follow and was instrumental in disseminating Bede 's works to all of Alcuin 's friends . Bede 's cult became prominent in England during the 10th @-@ century revival of monasticism , and by the 14th century had spread to many of the cathedrals of England . Wulfstan , Bishop of Worcester ( c . 1008 – 1095 ) was a particular devotee of Bede 's , dedicating a church to him in 1062 , which was Wulfstan 's first undertaking after his consecration as bishop .
His body was ' translated ' ( the ecclesiastical term for relocation of relics ) from Jarrow to Durham Cathedral around 1020 , where it was placed in the same tomb with Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne . Later Bede 's remains were moved to a shrine in the Galilee Chapel at Durham Cathedral in 1370 . The shrine was destroyed during the English Reformation , but the bones were reburied in the chapel . In 1831 the bones were dug up and then reburied in a new tomb , which is still there . Other relics were claimed by York , Glastonbury and Fulda .
His scholarship and importance to Catholicism were recognised in 1899 when he was declared a Doctor of the Church . He is the only Englishman named a Doctor of the Church . He is also the only Englishman in Dante 's Paradise ( Paradiso <unk> ) , mentioned among theologians and doctors of the church in the same canto as Isidore of Seville and the Scot Richard of St. Victor .
His feast day was included in the General Roman Calendar in 1899 , for celebration on 27 May rather than on his date of death , 26 May , which was then the feast day of Pope Saint Gregory VII . He is venerated in both the Anglican and Roman Catholic Church , with a feast day of 25 May , and in the Eastern Orthodox Church , with a feast day on 27 May .
Bede became known as Venerable Bede ( Lat . : Beda <unk> ) by the 9th century because of his holiness , but this was not linked to consideration for sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church . According to a legend the epithet was miraculously supplied by angels , thus completing his unfinished epitaph . It is first utilised in connection with Bede in the 9th century , where Bede was grouped with others who were called " venerable " at two ecclesiastical councils held at Aachen in 816 and 836 . Paul the Deacon then referred to him as venerable consistently . By the 11th and 12th century , it had become commonplace . However , there are no descriptions of Bede by that term right after his death .
= = = Modern legacy = = =
Bede 's reputation as a historian , based mostly on the Historia Ecclesiastica , remains strong ; historian Walter Goffart says of Bede that he " holds a privileged and unrivalled place among first historians of Christian Europe " . His life and work have been celebrated with the annual Jarrow Lecture , held at St. Paul 's Church , Jarrow , since 1958 .
= Treehouse of Horror III =
" Treehouse of Horror III " is the fifth episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 29 , 1992 . In the third annual Treehouse of Horror episode , Homer buys Bart an evil talking Krusty doll , King Homer is captured by Mr. Burns , and Bart and Lisa inadvertently cause zombies to attack Springfield . The episode was written by Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Jay Kogen , Wallace Wolodarsky , Sam Simon , and Jon Vitti , and directed by Carlos Baeza .
= = Plot = =
The Simpsons are having a Halloween party for the children of Springfield . Lisa , Grampa and Bart each tell a horror story .
= = = Clown Without Pity = = =
In a parody of the Twilight Zone episode , Living Doll , Homer realizes that he forgot to buy Bart a present for his birthday . He rushes to the House of Evil , where he purchases a talking Krusty the Clown doll . The shopkeeper warns him that the doll is cursed , but Homer dismisses his concerns . He returns to the party and gives Bart the doll . Grandpa exclaims that the doll is evil , but admits that he is just doing it to get attention .
Later , Homer is playing with the doll when it starts saying that it is going to kill him . He dismisses this until the doll threatens to stab him . After numerous attempts on Homer ’ s life , he captures the evil Krusty doll , locks it in a suitcase , and drops it in a " Bottomless Pit " . Returning home , Homer is ambushed by the escaped doll , who tackles him into the kitchen and tries to drown him in Santa 's Little Helper 's dog bowl . Marge calls the consumer service hotline . A repairman arrives and discovers that the doll has been set to " Evil " mode . He flips the switch to " Good " and the Krusty doll becomes friends with Homer .
A few hours later , the Krusty doll is working as Homer 's slave . The Krusty doll returns to his girlfriend ( a Malibu Stacy doll ) in Lisa 's dollhouse .
= = = King Homer = = =
In a parody of King Kong , Marge joins Mr. Burns and Smithers on an expedition to Ape Island to find the legendary King Homer . After landing on the island , Mr. Burns , Smithers , and Marge stealthily approach a native tribe , but are spotted due to Marge ’ s hair protruding over the bushes . The villagers agree that " The blue haired woman would make a good sacrifice " and tie her to a post as an offering . The sound of drums summons King Homer . Marge is initially terrified but sees the friendly side of Homer when he is attracted to Marge 's perfume and the two form a friendship . Nonetheless , Mr. Burns is determined to capture King Homer and Smithers knocks Homer unconscious with a gas bomb . Returning to New York , the group display King Homer at the Broadway theatre . The photographers ' flashes enrage King Homer , who breaks free from his restraints . He abducts Marge then attempts to climb the Empire State Building , but is unable to get past the second story of the building . King Homer collapses in exhaustion . In the end , King Homer and Marge get married . The story ends with the wedding .
= = = Dial " Z " For Zombies = = =
While in the Springfield Elementary library , Bart finds a book of black magic and gets attached to it . That night , when Lisa reminisces about the family ’ s dead cat , Snowball I , Bart suggests that he could use the book he found to resurrect Snowball . At the Springfield pet cemetery with Lisa , Bart utters an incantation from the book but accidentally reanimates corpses from the nearby human cemetery instead . The zombies terrorize Springfield , turning many people into zombies . Meanwhile , the Simpson family has barricaded all the doors and windows except for the back door , which Homer forgot to do . Several zombies break into the house : Homer sacrifices himself to give the others time to escape , but the zombies leave him when they realize he does not have enough brains for them to eat . Lisa realizes that the school library must have a book that can reverse the spell .
The Simpsons arrive at the Springfield Elementary library and Bart casts the appropriate counter spell , causing all zombies to return to their graves .
= = Production = =
This episode originally encountered trouble when the color version came back from Korea . With only six weeks to the airdate the writers made almost 100 line changes , a very rare occurrence . It was decided to completely overhaul the episode after a poorly received screening with the writing staff . The tombstones that appeared at the start of and during the episode were abandoned in later episodes because it was becoming increasingly difficult to think of ideas . A subtle tombstone joke in this episode is in the scene where two zombies are crawling out of their graves . The names Jay Kogen and Wolodarsky ( two of The Simpsons writers who worked on the episode ) are written on the tombstones , but both are misspelled . The " King Homer " segment is one of Matt Groening 's all @-@ time favorite stories from the Treehouse of Horror series . Al Jean was also quite worried about this segment because it was the longest running black @-@ and @-@ white segment they had ever aired , and he thought that some people might be concerned that their televisions were broken . The " He ( Flanders ) was a zombie ? " line , created by Mike Reiss , is , in the opinions of the writers , one of the all @-@ time classic lines from the series .
= = Cultural references = =
The opening sequence where Homer walks into Alfred Hitchcock 's silhouette is a parody of Alfred Hitchcock Presents . It was meant to show Homer 's stomach bigger than that of the outline , but it was so subtle that not many people realised the joke . In the episode 's wraparounds , Bart is dressed as Alex from the film A Clockwork Orange . The " Clown Without Pity " segment is based on the Twilight Zone episode " Living Doll " and the film Trilogy of Terror . The title itself is a play on the song " Town Without Pity " by Gene Pitney . The man that gives Homer the Krusty doll is based on Mr. Wing from the film Gremlins . The Krusty doll riding under Homer 's car is a reference to the 1991 film Cape Fear . The " King Homer " segment is a parody of the 1933 film King Kong . In " King Homer " , the tribal leader is heard saying ' Mosi Tatupu , Mosi Tatupu ' , which means they will sacrifice the blue @-@ haired lady . The title " Dial " Z " for Zombies " is a play on the title of the 1954 Hitchcock film Dial M for Murder . Some aspects of " Dial " Z " for Zombies " are from the film Night of the Living Dead . In the pet cemetery , there are tombstones that read Fish Police , Capitol Critters and Family Dog , each a short @-@ lived animated series intended to capitalize on The Simpsons ' success .
When raising the dead from their graves , Bart wears Michael Jackson 's record album cover Thriller on his head . This is both a reference to Jackson 's famous music video , in which he dances with zombies .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Treehouse of Horror III " finished 20th in ratings for the week of October 26 – November 1 , 1992 , with a Nielsen rating of 14 @.@ 7 , equivalent to approximately 13 @.@ 7 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , beating In Living Color . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , thoroughly enjoyed the episode . They described the episode as " Another seasonal treat . Dial Z for Zombies is particularly impressive ( ' Dad , you killed the zombie Flanders ! ' ' He was a zombie ? ' ) . " In 2006 , IGN voted " Dial Z For Zombies " as the second best segment of the Treehouse of Horror episodes . " Clown Without Pity " was also rated sixth .
In the film 28 Days Later , there is a scene where Sgt. Ferrell mentions that his favorite joke from The Simpsons was the line " Women and seamen ( semen ) don 't mix " , said by Smithers during the " King Homer " segment . The episode 's reference to Night of the Living Dead was named the 16th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum .
= Slipknot ( album ) =
Slipknot is the self titled debut studio album by American heavy metal band Slipknot . It was released on 29 June 1999 through Roadrunner Records , following a demo containing a few of the songs which had been released in 1998 , and was reissued in December 1999 with a slightly altered track listing and mastering as the result of a lawsuit . It was the first release by the band to be produced by Ross Robinson , who sought to refine Slipknot 's sound rather than alter the group 's musical direction .
The album spans several genres , but is generally noted for its extensive percussion and overall heavy sound . It was well received by fans and critics alike and was responsible for bringing Slipknot a large increase in popularity . The album peaked at number 51 on the Billboard 200 , and has gone on to become certified double platinum in the United States , making it the band 's best selling album . It was voted the best debut album of the last 25 years by readers of Metal Hammer magazine .
= = Recording and production = =
In 1997 , following the band 's demo release Mate . Feed . Kill . Repeat . , the members of Slipknot continued to write new material and work in SR Audio , a local studio , with new vocalist Corey Taylor . The band had started work on a follow @-@ up but never got further than pre @-@ production . Songs written and recorded in this period include " Slipknot " , " Gently " , " Do Nothing " , " Tattered and Torn " , " Heartache and a Pair of Scissors " , " Me Inside " , " <unk> " , " <unk> " , " Windows " and " May 17th " . In 1998 , Slipknot was receiving growing attention from record labels including Epic and Hollywood Records .
On September 29 , 1998 , Slipknot left Des Moines , Iowa for Indigo Ranch Studios in Malibu , California , anxious to record an album after a long wait to be signed . They released this demo to prospective labels and producers ; the track " Spit It Out " was the main focus of the demo and , with help from their manager Sophia John , they were able to get a copy of the eponymous demo to Ross Robinson . The band wanted him to work with them on their debut album and after meeting with the band Robinson signed them to his own label , I Am , but later helped sign them to Roadrunner Records .
The album 's recording process was " very aggressive and chaotic " , as producer Robinson strove to capture the intensity that the band created when performing live . Within three days all the drums were recorded , which contributed to the raw , live sound on the album that the band considers integral to its musical direction . By November 11 , 1998 , the recording of the album seemed complete and the band returned to Des Moines . During the Christmas period , guitarist Josh Brainard , who recorded on all the tracks to that point , decided to leave the band . The reasons for his departure are unclear ; it was widely thought to have been because of family constraints , however , Brainard dispels these rumours , explaining that " some decisions were made that I wasn 't particularly happy with . " His replacement was Jim Root , with whom the band returned to the studio in February 1999 . Slipknot finished recording during this period , with two extra songs : a re @-@ recording of " Me Inside " , and a new track called " Purity " . The mixing stages were very challenging , as drummer Joey Jordison and producer Robinson mastered the entire album with analog equipment , instead of the then more common method of using digital formats . " Wait and Bleed " and " Spit It Out " , which had appeared on the demo prior to the album , were released on the album , also ; the demo songs " <unk> " and " <unk> " are available on the digipak version of the same album . " Snap " was featured on the soundtrack for the film Freddy vs. Jason and " Eyeless " appeared on an episode of The Sopranos .
= = Musical and lyrical themes = =
The musical style of Slipknot is a constantly contested issue and the genres that the band are categorized in vary depending on the source , however , this album is generally regarded as nu metal , while showing influences of many different genres . The influence of death metal on the album is clear , and on the subject Jordison stated ; " the roots are death metal , thrash , speed metal , and I could go on and on about all those bands . " The album also shows influences from alternative metal and even rap metal . Critics have also noted an industrial influence . Due to the band 's large line @-@ up consisting of additional percussionists and electronics , the album has a very dense , layered sound . Alternative Press stated that the album used " inventive sampling , creative guitar work and an absolute percussive overload " , while Q magazine described the album as " a terrifying racket " . Slipknot also includes melody , most notably in the single " Wait and Bleed " .
" <unk> " is the intro track to the album . It contains some guitar scratches and abstract sound samples from the sampler Craig Jones . Some of the dialogue was reportedly taken from a Charles Manson documentary . The dialogue is " The whole thing , I think it 's sick . " In an interview shortly after the album was released , Joey Jordison claimed the voice is Corey Taylor 's , sped up . <unk> was the barcode number on their 1996 self @-@ released album Mate . Feed . Kill . Repeat . All of the band members wear that number on their jumpsuits .
The album features Corey Taylor as lead vocalist ; he had previously appeared on their second demo , which , in turn , resulted in them signing to Roadrunner Records . Rick Anderson of AllMusic noted that on " Scissors " , Taylor " actually sounds like he 's about to burst into tears . Taylor 's aggressive , expletive @-@ filled lyrics were noted by AllMusic ; " [ the ] lyrics that are discernible are not generally quotable on a family website ; suffice it to say that the members of Slipknot are not impressed with their fathers , their hometown or most anything else . " " Eeyore " , a hidden track placed at the end of " Scissors " , begins after dialogue shared among the band members that was recorded while they were viewing a scene in a pornographic film that involved coprophilia , is heard . It has been played live many times and appears on both the DVD Disasterpieces and the live album 9 @.@ 0 : Live .
= = Critical reception = =
Slipknot was well received by critics and fans ; following its release the band gained popularity beyond their own expectations . Reviewing for AllMusic , Rick Anderson awarded the album four out of five stars , calling it " an auspicious debut " and proclaimed , " You thought Limp Bizkit was hard ? They 're The <unk> . These guys are something else entirely . And it 's pretty impressive . " The album 's aggression and heavy sound was widely praised ; Rolling Stone stated Slipknot is " metal with a capital m " , Kerrang ! added " raw and wholly uncompromising , each track delivered a powerful blow to the senses " , and in 2001 , Q magazine included the album in their list " 50 Heaviest Albums of All Time " . CMJ ranked the album as the twelfth highest " Editorial Pick " for 1999 . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die by Robert Dimery .
A single from the album , " Wait and Bleed " , was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 2001 Grammy Awards , but lost to Deftones ' " Elite " . The song was also named the 36th greatest metal song of all time by VH1 . The release of the album and the touring which followed greatly increased the band 's popularity . The album became the " biggest selling extreme metal album at the time . " It was ranked by American Soundscan as the fastest @-@ selling metal debut in Soundscan 's history . On May 2 , 2000 , the album was certified platinum in the United States , a first for any album released by Roadrunner Records . On February 5 , 2005 , the RIAA certified it Double Platinum . In Canada , the Canadian Recording Industry Association certified the album as Platinum on October 10 , 2000 . The British Phonographic Industry certified the album as Platinum on October 17 , 2008 in the UK .
= = = Controversy = = =
After the release of the album , the band was accused of copyright infringement regarding the concept of the song " Purity " . Corey Taylor , during a Q & A , claimed that the song 's lyrics had been written five years prior to the song 's release and that only the song 's name had been inspired by the Purity Knight story , which was claimed by the authoring website as being fictional . Taylor , to his defense , said the song 's inspiration came from films such as Boxing Helena and The Collector , and not the story itself . The short track , " Frail Limb Nursery " , which serves as a prelude to " Purity " , contains audio samples of the imprisoned Purity Knight as recorded by a young boy , posted as evidence on the authoring website . Slipknot , in an effort to prevent the entire album from being pulled , removed " Purity " and " Frail Limb Nursery " from the album until the case could be settled . As a result , the band released slightly remastered standard and digipak versions of the album in December 1999 , replacing both tracks with " Me Inside " . The band later won their case , and was subsequently able to still play the song during live performances . It is included in the band 's second DVD Disasterpieces ( the studio version appears here as well ) as well as the live album 9 @.@ 0 : Live and Antennas to Hell , and the 10th anniversary edition of the self @-@ titled album .
= = 10th Anniversary Edition = =
On September 9 , 2009 , Slipknot released a Special Edition version of the album to commemorate the tenth anniversary of its release . It was released in two forms , a digipak and a box set . The release date ( 09 / 09 / 09 ) is a reference to the fact that the band had nine band members and have sustained the same lineup since the original release of the album . The Special Edition box set includes : a CD and DVD set featuring all new digipak packaging , with a total of 25 songs , including the original album plus several previously unreleased cuts , demo tracks and " Purity " . The DVD , which was directed by percussionist Shawn Crahan , features footage of the band in 1999 and 2000 , titled Of the Sic : Your Nightmares , Our Dreams . The DVD also features all three music videos released in support of the album , an entire live concert recorded at the Dynamo Open Air , 2000 and " other surprises " . A " super deluxe " box set version of the re @-@ release contains a T @-@ shirt , patch , collectible cards , key chain , beanie and a note from vocalist Corey Taylor , and comes in packaging that resembles a safety deposit box .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Shawn Crahan , Paul Gray , Joey Jordison , Mick Thomson and Corey Taylor