Datasets:
Reproducibility
/
naacl22_wikitext15M

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
text
stringlengths
0
7.06k
Sweet and sour chicken : deep @-@ fried balls of chicken breast in batter .
<unk> : Japanese tempura style fried chicken .
Chicken with chilies : ( <unk> ) , a Sichuan @-@ style dish with small deep @-@ fried pieces of chicken that are then stir @-@ fried with chilies .
Chicken lollipop : An Indian snack of fried chicken <unk> , coated in a spiced batter and fried .
= = Racial stereotype = =
In the United States , fried chicken has stereotypically been associated with African @-@ Americans . The reasons for this are various . Chicken dishes were popular among slaves before the Civil War , as chickens were generally the only animals slaves were allowed to raise on their own . With the prevalence of such a stereotype being due in large part to minstrel shows and the film Birth of a Nation .
On two occasions the golfer Tiger Woods has been the target of remarks regarding fried chicken . The first occurred in 1997 when golfer Fuzzy Zoeller said that Woods should avoid choosing fried chicken for the Masters champions ' dinner the following year ; the second when golfer Sergio García was asked in a press conference in 2013 whether he would invite Woods to dinner during the U.S. Open to settle their ongoing feud . García said : " We will have him round every night . . . We will serve fried chicken " , which Woods said was " wrong , hurtful and clearly inappropriate " . Both Zoeller and García subsequently apologized to Woods .
In 2009 , a Bangladeshi immigrant to the U.S. renamed his restaurant " Obama Fried Chicken " in honor of recently inaugurated President Barack Obama . Despite controversy at the time , the owner refused to change the name back , and the restaurant continues to operate under this name .
At a dinner during Black History Month , an NBC chef , Leslie Calhoun , served fried chicken . The drummer of the Roots , Questlove , was angered by this and thought it both offensive and ignorant .
In 2012 , Burger King withdrew a commercial which featured Mary J. Blige singing about a crispy chicken wrap , due to the racial stereotypes surrounding fried chicken .
= Clare Winger Harris =
Clare Winger Harris ( January 18 , 1891 – October 1968 ) was an early science fiction writer whose short stories were published during the 1920s . She is credited as the first woman to publish stories under her own name in science fiction magazines . Her stories often dealt with characters on the " borders of humanity " such as cyborgs .
Harris began publishing in 1926 , and soon became well liked by readers . She sold a total of eleven stories , which were collected in 1947 as Away From the Here and Now . Her gender was a surprise to Gernsback , the editor who first bought her work , as she was the first woman to publish science fiction stories under her own name . Her stories , which often feature strong female characters , have been occasionally reprinted and have received some positive critical response , including a recognition of her pioneering role as a woman writer in a male @-@ dominated field .
= = Life = =
Clare Winger was born on January 18 , 1891 , in Freeport , Illinois and later attended Smith College in Massachusetts . In 1912 she married Frank Clyde Harris . Her husband was an architect and engineer who served in World War I and was chief engineer with the Loudon Machinery Company in Iowa and one of the organizers of the American Monorail Company of Cleveland , Ohio .
Harris gave birth to three sons ( Clyde Winger , born 1915 ; Donald Stover , born 1916 ; and Lynn <unk> , born 1918 ) . She died in Pasadena , California in 1968 .
Harris wrote her most acclaimed works during the 1920s . In 1930 , she stopped writing to raise and educate her children .
= = Writing career = =
Harris published her first short story , " The Runaway World , " in the July 1926 issue of Weird Tales . In December of that year , she submitted a story for a contest being run by Amazing Stories editor Hugo Gernsback . Harris 's story , " The Fate of the Poseidonia " ( a space opera about Martians who steal earth 's water , placed third . Harris soon became one of <unk> 's most popular writers .
Harris eventually published eleven short stories in pulp magazines , most of them in Amazing Stories ( although she also published in other places such as Science Wonder Quarterly ) .
In 1947 Harris 's short stories were collected under the title Away from the Here and Now . Her stories have also been reprinted in anthologies such as Daughters of Earth : Feminist Science Fiction in the 20th Century ( with a critical essay ) , Sci @-@ Fi <unk> , Amazing Science Fiction Anthology : The Wonder Years 1926 @-@ 1935 , and Gosh Wow ! Sense of Wonder Science Fiction . She wrote one novel , Persephone of Eleusis : A Romance of Ancient Greece ( 1923 ) .
Harris also wrote one of the first attempts to classify science fiction when , in the August 1931 issue of Wonder Stories , she listed 16 basic science fiction themes , including , " Interplanetary space travel , " " Adventures on other worlds , " and " The creation of synthetic life . "
= = Critical view and influence = =
When <unk> published Harris 's first short story in Amazing Stories , he praised her writing while also expressing amazement that a woman could write good scientifiction ( as science fiction was then called ) , saying " That the third prize winner should prove to be a woman was one of the surprises of the contest , for , as a rule , women do not make good <unk> writers , because their education and general tendencies on scientific matters are usually limited . But the exception , as usual , proves the rule , the exception in this case being extraordinarily impressive . "
For many years Harris claimed to have been the first woman science @-@ fiction writer in the United States . While this can be debated ( since Gertrude Barrows Bennett , writing under the pseudonym Francis Stevens , published science fiction stories as early as 1917 ) , Harris is recognized as the first woman to publish stories in science fiction magazines under her own name .
Even though Harris published only a handful of stories , almost all of them have been reprinted over the years . Of these , " The Miracle of the Lily " has been reprinted the most and praised by many critics , with Richard Lupoff saying the story would have " won the Hugo Award for best short story , if the award had existed then . " Lupoff also wrote that " [ w ] hile today 's reader may find her prose creaky and old @-@ fashioned , the stories positively teem with still @-@ fresh and provocative ideas .
" The Fate of the Poseidonia " has also been reprinted a number of times and is credited as an early example of a science fiction story with a heroic female lead character . Other of Harris 's stories are also noted for featuring strong female characters , such as Sylvia , the airplane pilot and mechanic in " The Ape Cycle " ( 1930 ) . Harris also wrote one story utilizing a female point of view ( in 1928 's " The Fifth Dimension " ) .
Because Harris was the first woman published in science fiction magazines , and because of her embrace of female characters and themes , she has been recognized in recent years as a pioneer of women 's and feminist science fiction .
= = = Novels = = =
Persephone of Eleusis : A Romance of Ancient Greece ( 1923 )
= = = Collections = = =
Away from the Here and Now : Stories in Pseudo @-@ Science ( Philadelphia : Dorrance , 1947 )
= = = Short stories = = =
( All stories included in Away from the Here and Now ) .
" A Runaway World " ( Weird Tales , July 1926 )
" The Fate of the Poseidonia " ( Amazing Stories , June 1927 )
" A Certain Soldier " ( Weird Tales , November 1927 )
" The Fifth Dimension " ( Amazing Stories , December 1928 )
" The Menace From Mars " ( Amazing Stories , October 1928 )
" The Miracle of the Lily " ( Amazing Stories , April 1928 )
" The Artificial Man " ( Science Wonder Quarterly , Fall 1929 )
" A Baby on Neptune " with Miles J. Breuer , M.D. ( Amazing Stories , December 1929 )
" The Diabolical Drug " ( Amazing Stories , May 1929 )
" The Evolutionary Monstrosity " ( Amazing Stories Quarterly , Winter 1929 )
" The Ape Cycle " ( Science Wonder Quarterly , Spring 1930 )
= = = Essays = = =
Letter ( Air Wonder Stories , September 1929 )
Letter ( Wonder Stories , August 1931 )
= Richard Rennison =
Richard Rennison ( 29 October 1889 – 5 August 1969 ) was the last " anvil priest " at Gretna Green , Scotland . Between 1926 and 1940 , he performed " irregular marriages " of couples over the anvil at the Old Blacksmith Shop , where the couple proclaimed that they were single and wanted to get married in front of witnesses . As " anvil priest " , Rennison generally requested a fee of £ 1 , but was known to earn up to £ 20 for a ceremony ( approximately £ 3 @,@ 030 in 2012 ) .
The popularity of the marriages grew whilst he was performing them , to the point that a special committee was formed to look at marriage in Scotland , to which Rennison was called as a witness . By the time " irregular marriages " were outlawed in Scotland by the Marriage ( Scotland ) Act 1939 , Rennison had conducted 5 @,@ 147 ceremonies .
= = Personal life = =
Richard Rennison was born on 29 October 1889 in <unk> , Northumberland to coalminer James Rennison and his wife Ann . He spent time working as a " General Dealer " and as a photographer . He also spent time as a Methodist preacher in Tyneside . In 1923 , he married Jessie Little in <unk> , Cumberland . The pair moved to Gretna in 1926 , by which time Rennison was describing himself as a saddler , an ironmonger and a boot maker . When he moved to Gretna , he initially set himself up as a saddler and opened a cafe , before being taken on by Hugh Mackie , the manager of the Old Blacksmith 's Shop . Rennison died on 5 August 1969 at <unk> , Northumberland .
= = The last " anvil priest " = =
Before 1940 , marriage in Scotland was based on Celtic customs , rather than Catholic religious customs . As such , marriage only required a couple to agree to be married in front of witnesses . The simplicity of these " irregular marriages " meant that they were used by couples who wished to elope , and Gretna Green became a hotspot for elopement because it was the village in Scotland nearest to the English border . The marriages were provided by the blacksmith as he was certain to be a citizen of Scotland and was easy to find at the forge .
Hugh Mackie purchased the Old Blacksmith 's Shop at Gretna Green in 1890 and resided there as " anvil priest " until 1926 when he was looking to retire and find a replacement . Mackie found Richard Rennison , who had recently joined the community , and by October 1927 , Rennison was presiding over marriages and acting as caretaker of the shop . The shop had ceased any metalwork in 1900 and was solely used for marriage ceremonies . A natural showman , Rennison soon became the resident " anvil priest " and set about marrying people . He would regularly point out that , although he was not a member of the clergy , he could marry people as he was " No Sinner " – the reverse of his surname ! In his first ten years , he married around 2000 couples , the majority of whom were couples between 40 and 60 years old . By 1939 , the number of marriages he had performed had increased past 4000 due to the many young men who wanted to get married before starting their service in World War II .
Marriages at the blacksmith shop were inconsistent during Rennison 's time as " anvil priest " . Although they followed the same pattern , and both parties were to declare in front of witnesses they were single and that one had lived in Scotland for 21 days , there are documented cases where these requirements were not confirmed . At this point , Rennison would strike the hammer on the anvil , and the couple would be married . Rennison 's wife often acted as a witness to the couples getting married , and sometimes performed the ceremonies herself . The marriage fee was supposedly £ 1 , but Rennison would sometimes perform the ceremony for free or however much he was given ; in one case he received £ 20 ( worth approximately £ 3 @,@ 030 in 2012 ) . If witnesses were required , they would be provided at the cost of 2s 6d each .
Rennison travelled to London in 1931 for a " sight @-@ seeing visit " , and he brought the anvil with him to protect it from theft . The anvil never left his side , despite weighing 240 pounds ( 110 kg ) . The Leader @-@ Post suggested that , since the cost of a new anvil was much less than the cost of transporting the old one , this was more likely to be a publicity stunt .
In 1935 , due to the increasing popularity of the Gretna Green " irregular marriages " , a special committee headed by Lord Morison was appointed to look at marriage in Scotland . Rennison gave evidence before the committee in 1936 . There he claimed that he was known as " the Gretna priest " , but did not dress like one and stated that he knew he was not one . He also confirmed that he had been removing the word " priest " from marriage certificates and telling couples that they needed to confirm their marriage with the registrar at Dumfries . The committee 's findings led to the Marriage ( Scotland ) Act 1939 , which outlawed the process of " irregular marriages " . When the new law came into force in 1940 , Rennison had performed 5 @,@ 147 marriages . His role then changed to a symbolic one , " blessing " marriages and acting as caretaker of the forge . He also regularly appeared at court to ensure the marriages he performed were judicially recognised .
= Finite subdivision rule =
In mathematics , a finite subdivision rule is a recursive way of dividing a polygon or other two @-@ dimensional shape into smaller and smaller pieces . Subdivision rules in a sense are generalizations of fractals . Instead of repeating exactly the same design over and over , they have slight variations in each stage , allowing a richer structure while maintaining the elegant style of fractals . Subdivision rules have been used in architecture , biology , and computer science , as well as in the study of hyperbolic manifolds . Substitution tilings are a well @-@ studied type of subdivision rule .
= = Definition = =
A subdivision rule takes a tiling of the plane by polygons and turns it into a new tiling by subdividing each polygon into smaller polygons . It is finite if there are only finitely many ways that every polygon can subdivide . Each way of subdividing a tile is called a tile type . Each tile type is represented by a label ( usually a letter ) . Every tile type subdivides into smaller tile types . Each edge also gets subdivided according to finitely many edge types . Finite subdivision rules can only subdivide tilings that are made up of polygons labelled by tile types . Such tilings are called subdivision complexes for the subdivision rule . Given any subdivision complex for a subdivision rule , we can subdivide it over and over again to get a sequence of tilings .
For instance , binary subdivision has one tile type and one edge type :
Since the only tile type is a quadrilateral , binary subdivision can only subdivide tilings made up of quadrilaterals . This means that the only subdivision complexes are tilings by quadrilaterals . The tiling can be regular , but doesn 't have to be :
Here we start with a complex made of four quadrilaterals and subdivide it twice . All quadrilaterals are type A tiles .
= = Examples of finite subdivision rules = =