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Though Valmiki was the main inspiration for the Geet Ramayan , Madgulkar chose a different narrative format . He used a simple lyrical format with a flexible number of stanzas ( from five to eleven stanzas , with three or four lines of varying length ) . The metre used was similar to <unk> , with roughly the same number of <unk> in each line . The metre was also suited to the narration and the characters who sang the song . Madgulkar used various formats , including narrative , descriptive and communal songs . He was praised for his lyrics , and was called " <unk> Valmiki " ( the modern Valmiki ) ; and the Geet Ramayan is considered " the crescendo of Madgulkar 's literary vigour " .
Madgulkar 's narrative format was different from that of Valmiki 's where he did not end the series with the coronation of Rama and Sita , but included Sita 's abandonment by Rama , and her giving birth to the twins , Lava and Kusha . However , he chose not to include the last episode of Sita 's final confrontation in Rama 's court and her entering the earth . Madgulkar ended the series with the song " Gā Bāḷāno , Shrīrāmāyaṇ " which was voiced by Valmiki where he tells his disciples , Lava and Kusha , how they should recite the Ramayana in front of Rama . Evidently , this also completes the cycle of songs where it had begun , with Lava and Kusha singing in Rama 's court .
Madgulkar did not make any attempt to provide new interpretation or meaning to the Ramayana but told the same story in the simpler and poetic format . With inclusion of characters like Ahalya and Shabari , he included the sentiments of religious devotion ( Bhakti ) and also gave divine touch to the story while describing the marriage of Sita and Rama as a union of Maya and Brahman . He composed songs on all seven chapters or <unk> of Ramayana . Out of 56 songs , poet composed twelve songs on <unk> , seven on Ayodhya Kanda , fourteen on Aranya Kanda , three on Kishkindha Kanda , four on Sundara Kanda , twelve on Yuddha Kanda and three on Uttara Kanda .
As the series became popular , the daily newspapers in Pune began to print the text of the new song every week after its first airing . The first official edition of the text of these fifty @-@ six poems and their prose narrations came out on the occasion of Vijayadashami , 3 October 1957 , published for <unk> by the director of the Publications Division , Delhi , in pocketbook size .
= = Music and singing = =
Musical director Sudhir Phadke composed the songs based on the ragas of Hindustani classical music , including Bhopali , Bhimpalasi and <unk> . The raga and <unk> of a song was selected to suit the time of the incident and the narrative mood . For example , the song " Calā <unk> Calā " is composed as a <unk> ( morning ) raga , and the song describes an event taking place in the morning . The songs " <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> " and " <unk> , <unk> Nako <unk> " are not based on a specific raga , but include several ragas in each song .
The singers , which included <unk> Deshpande , Manik Varma , Suresh <unk> , Ram <unk> and Lata Mangeshkar , were familiar with the vocal style of Indian classical music . Phadke voiced all the songs for Rama , and well @-@ known Kirana gharana singer Manik Varma voiced the character of Sita . Lata Mangeshkar sang one song for Sita , " Maj <unk> <unk> " , in which Sita questions Rama about her abandonment but her question remains unanswered .
= = Characters = =
A total of 32 characters from the Ramayana were voiced in the Geet Ramayan . Madgulkar expressed the emotions of characters such as Rama , Sita , Hanuman – the monkey ( vanara ) god and devotee of Rama – and Lakshmana ( Rama 's brother ) ; he also attempted to give voice to the humblest characters in the epic . The vanara are given a song ( " <unk> <unk> Re <unk> " ) describing a bridge forming over the ocean so Rama and his army could cross to Lanka . The poet noted that the song described the sacrifice of joint labour and was an example of the principle , " Union is strength " . <unk> Guha ( King of <unk> , kingdom located by the banks of Ganges river ) and the boatmen who helped Rama in crossing the Ganges river expressed themselves in " <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> " . The author of the Ramayana , Valmiki , was also given a song ( the final song , " Gā Bāḷāno , Shrīrāmāyaṇ " ) with his advice to Rama 's sons Kusha and Lava before they appear before Rama .
Being hero of the Ramayana and Geet Ramayan , Madgulkar expressed the varied moods of Rama ; he was the most @-@ voiced character in the Geet Ramayan with ten songs , followed by Sita with eight . He portrayed Rama as a complex character full of emotions and passions , with some of the questionable deeds , yet bound by a traditional virtue and the sanctity of a promise . Madgulkar voiced Rama 's personal ethical dilemmas ( in " <unk> Nā , <unk> " and " Līnate , Cārūte , Sīte " ) along with his courage ( in " <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> " ) , and steadfastness ( in " Līnate , Cārūte , Sīte " ) . He was shown to be patient with his brothers and mothers ( in " <unk> <unk> <unk> Putra <unk> " ) , obedient of father and sages ( in " Calā <unk> Calā " ) , heroic on the battlefield , and diplomatic when dealing with the monkey king , Vali ( in " <unk> Nā , <unk> " ) . Madgulkar is said to have successfully shown Rama 's divinity alongside his human weaknesses . He was shown to be distracted at the loss Sita ( in " <unk> Sītā <unk> ? " ) , and wailed in Lakshmana 's presence ( in " <unk> <unk> <unk> Phule " ) . In another situation , he uttered some heart @-@ wrenching words to Sita , in front of his army with blaming her for all the happenings ( in " Līnate , Cārūte , Sīte " ) , and then he was also shown to explain his behavior with oaths and confessions of loyalty to Sita ( in " <unk> <unk> <unk> " ) .
Rama 's mother , Kausalya , sang three songs ; his brother Bharata , his father Dasharatha , Hanuman , Lakshmana , the demon <unk> ( sister of Ravana ) , Rama 's guru @-@ sage Vishvamitra and Kusha @-@ Lava have two songs each . The central antagonist of the Ramayana , the demon @-@ king Ravana , was not given a song ; his oppressive presence was expressed in prose narration , poetic descriptions and songs sung by the other characters ( such as Ravana 's demon brother Kumbhakarna in " <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> " ) .
= = List of songs = =
= = Performances = =
After Geet Ramayan 's original broadcast was over in March of 1956 , requests of re @-@ broadcast were flooding the radio station . All @-@ India Radio repeated the entire series of fifty @-@ six weekly songs due to popular demand . After the broadcast , Phadke produced public concerts of selected songs . The first public performance was held in the <unk> ' bungalow , " Panchavati " at <unk> , Pune on 28 May 1958 . In 1979 , a Silver Jubilee celebration of the programme took place at the New English School in Pune for eight nights . Atal Bihari Vajpayee , the then Minister of External Affairs , attended the show as the guest of honour along with the then Deputy Prime Minister of India <unk> Chavan , Bollywood film director Basu Bhattacharya , actor Dada <unk> , and celebrated classical singers such as <unk> Joshi and <unk> <unk> . Vajpayee also attended the Golden Jubilee celebration with Sharad Pawar and Bal Thackeray . National Award @-@ winning art director Nitin Chandrakant Desai designed the stage depicting scenes from the Ramayana . The event featured all the songs from the original Geet Ramayan now vocalized by Madgulkar 's son Anand Madgulkar , Shridhar Phadke , Suresh <unk> , Upendra Bhat , Padmaja <unk> <unk> and others .
= = Reception = =
As the radio programme became popular , daily newspapers in Pune began printing the lyrics of the new songs each week . The publication department of All India Radio also compiled the lyrics and excerpts from the introductory comments in a book form . The 179 @-@ page volume , then priced at ₹ 2 , was launched on 3 October 1957 on the occasion of Vijayadashami . In 1965 , the HMV released ten LPs featuring the voice of Sudhir Phadke . In 1968 , the Gramophone Company of India released a 10 @-@ cassette set , again featuring Phadke 's voice , and 50 @,@ 000 records were sold . Madgulkar 's son , Anand , produced a televised version showcasing twenty @-@ eight episodes of the Geet Ramayan on Zee Marathi which was well received by the audience . He has also written a book , Geet <unk> Ramayan , describing the birth of each Geet Ramayana <unk> book was extremely well received and is well into its second edition <unk> also did a radio program by the same name . Live shows of Geet Ramayan are still produced on occasion of Rama <unk> Madgulkar himself has religiously been performing ' geet <unk> ' concerts in India , USA , Australia , Canada , Europe and UAE for the last 30 years .
= = Other languages = =
Geet Ramayan has been translated into nine other languages including Bengali , English , <unk> , Kannada , Hindi , Konkani , Sanskrit , Sindhi and Telugu . It is also transliterated into Braille . This is the first and only collection of Marathi language songs got translated in so many languages . The translation is done in such a way that the basic the basic length and other specification of poem are unchanged . The translations are :
= Scarborough Day School =
The Scarborough Day School was a private school in Scarborough @-@ on @-@ Hudson , in Briarcliff Manor , New York . Frank and Narcissa Vanderlip established the school in 1913 at their estate , Beechwood . The school , a nonsectarian nonprofit college preparatory day school , taught students at pre @-@ kindergarten to twelfth grade levels and had small class sizes , with total enrollment rarely exceeding 150 students . Since 1980 , the buildings and property have been owned by The Clear View School , which runs a day treatment program for 83 students . The current school still uses the Scarborough School 's theater , which was opened in 1917 . The school campus is a contributing property to the Scarborough Historic District .
The Scarborough Day School was accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York . The school also was a member of the Cum Laude Society and the National Association of Independent Schools . Its seal copies that of Scarborough , North Yorkshire ; Scarborough @-@ on @-@ Hudson 's namesake .
= = History = =
The Scarborough School was founded in 1913 by Frank and Narcissa Vanderlip for their six children and the children of friends and neighbors . Having met educator Maria Montessori during their European travels , the Vanderlips pioneered the Montessori method at the Edward Harden Mansion in nearby Sleepy Hollow by creating the first Montessori school in the United States , in 1912 . Frank Vanderlip 's sister Ruth was married to Harden ; the families maintained close ties . After a year existing in two rooms of the Harden residence , the school moved to the River Gate House at the north end of River Road and the Beechwood estate .
The school moved to its final location in 1917 , at Vanderlip Hall , a building Vanderlip constructed in 1916 bordering Albany Post Road ( current U.S. Route 9 ) . The building was designed for classes of ten , to accommodate 120 children total . It was situated on Beechwood 's 80 @-@ acre ( 320 @,@ 000 m2 ) parkland designed by Frederick Law Olmsted for the Vanderlips . Throughout the school 's history , students were open to wander the woodlands and gardens , utilize the lawns and tennis courts , and swim in the Olympic @-@ sized pool . There were always farm animals nearby for the children to see and play with and a circus carousel to ride on . The school had a gymnasium class , amateur theater group , folk singing , a swimming pool , and an economic forum . Frank Vanderlip had spent about $ 500 @,@ 000 on the school ( $ 9 @,@ 235 @,@ 100 in 2015 ) . Regular art exhibits were held at the Scarborough School , including a sculpture exhibition in the Italian garden at Beechwood , which included works by Jose de <unk> , Jason <unk> ( a longtime professor of sculpture at Cornell ) , and Richard <unk> .
Early on in the school 's history , the Vanderlips decided to change the school 's system from the Montessori method to a more formal approach with more discipline , although students still had more freedom than the average school . In the 1930s , the school was considered progressive : students were not graded and were instructed to work at their own speed . As enrollment grew , another building was built for younger children , which burnt down in 1959 . In addition , a lunchroom , shop , and studio were built early in the school 's history . Frank Vanderlip enjoyed teaching simplified political economy at the school ; he would act out Swiss Family Robinson on an imaginary island with students to demonstrate the development of capitalism . Narcissa Vanderlip ran the school lunchroom , and it is recorded that she served good simple food . She named some of her foods artistically ( rice pudding with raisins was called <unk> Noire a la Bolshevik ) .
Members of the Vanderlip family , particularly Virginia Vanderlip <unk> , continued to administer the school for sixty years . A 1959 development plan made way for a new primary school in 1961 , new science facilities in 1962 , expansion of the library in 1963 , and the creation of an organization for alumni , of whom there were more than a thousand living in 1977 . The school was unable to obtain sufficient funding and closed in 1978 . In 1980 , the buildings and property were taken over by The Clear View School , which opened in September 1981 after major renovations . The school runs a day treatment program for 83 students from nursery school age to 21 , and is sponsored by the Association for Mentally Ill Children of Westchester ; its program involves education , treatment , and crisis intervention and parent involvement .
= = Campus = =
The main Scarborough School building , Vanderlip Hall , was designed by William W. Bosworth , known for landscaping Kykuit and restoring Versailles . The school building was constructed in a severe , all @-@ white Neoclassical style , and was completed early in 1917 . In addition to a grand porticoed entry , there were two wings that housed classes , a library , cafeteria and gymnasium , basement science labs , and an art room measuring 1 @,@ 000 square feet ( 93 m2 ) , ringed on three sides with French windows . In the 1960s , an additional Modernist structure was built across a stream that would ultimately house the school 's lower grades .
Rosemont , an estate and the birthplace of John Worden , was later used by Vanderlip as a dormitory for Scarborough School boarding students . Rosemont stood opposite the Beechwood estate , at the corner of Route 9 and Scarborough Road . Another campus building was Marie <unk> Hall , which was originally <unk> House , home to Dr. Percy Norman <unk> . Vanderlip built the house for him and his wife ; the house was later given to the Scarborough School and served as a girls ' dormitory in the 1940s and as a headmaster 's residence about thirty years later .
= = = Theater = = =
Beechwood Theater , a replica of the Little Theater on Broadway , was included in Wells Bosworth 's design of the primary school building because Vanderlip particularly wanted his own theater . Beechwood Theater , with 256 gold velvet seats , was designed by Winthrop Ames around 1917 . Details were closely examined upon construction ; the lighting equipment , the scene lofts and fly gallery , and the dressing rooms were well @-@ designed and state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art . The stage floor was designed especially for dancing , and the acoustics and theater proportions made varieties of productions possible .
The theater was used for assemblies , plays , concerts , and lectures . It was also home to the Beechwood Players , an adult performing arts group which had its origins in 1919 . The Players put on several plays a year , summer and winter , six plays a year and three @-@ night runs . They had started with three one @-@ act plays but had graduated to full @-@ length dramas . From its first years , Broadway actors used the theater when not otherwise engaged . Among them were Sylvia Sidney , Laurette Taylor , Lynn Fontanne , James Dean , Judson <unk> , and Parker <unk> . Lecturers and performers in the Beechwood Theater included Sarah Bernhardt , Robert Frost , John Masefield , Vachel Lindsay , Eleanor Roosevelt , H. G. Wells , Stephen Vincent Benét , and a King of Siam . Other notable appearances at the theater included Charles Coburn and Isadora Duncan . Audiences have included Franklin D. Roosevelt , John D. Rockefeller Jr . , Henry Ford and the last King of Poland .
The theater was opened and dedicated on January 2 , 1917 . The first concert took place on July 30 , 1916 , and was by Ignacy Jan Paderewski . During his performance , the Black Tom explosion took place at a munitions works in New Jersey , more than 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Scarborough . Frank Vanderlip Jr . , ten years old at the time , later recalled that he saw the detonation shake the jammed theater building , and that Paderewski had played on as if nothing had happened . The automatic fire doors at the top of the theater had sprung open , and two men were sent aloft to sit on them until the end of the performance to prevent a cold draft from entering the room .
Following the Scarborough School 's closing , the Beechwood Theater had stood empty for many years , and was restored in 1983 by the Greater Ossining Area Community Theater . On March 17 , 1984 , The Clear View School presented a solo performance of Currier Bell , Esquire ( a dramatization of Charlotte Brontë 's life ) performed by Julie Harris . The performance was a $ 100 @-@ a @-@ ticket benefit for the school . Also on that day , the theater was rededicated as the Julie Harris Theater . Briarcliff High School used the theater until its own was constructed in 1998 .
= = Alumni = =
Notable alumni of the Scarborough School include Secretary of the Army Stephen Ailes , Benjamin Cheever , a writer ; and Daniel and Margaret Da Silva , children of Ossining resident Howard Da Silva ( actor in the musical 1776 and the film of the same name ) . Richard <unk> @-@ Dart , an Abstract Expressionist artist , graduated from the school in 1935 . Anna Roosevelt Halsted lived with Curtis Bean Dall on nearby Sleepy Hollow Road ; their children Eleanor " <unk> " and Curtis " Buzzie " ( grandchildren of President and Mrs. Roosevelt ) attended the Scarborough School . Other notable alumni include Mark Helprin , a writer who graduated in 1965 ; the three children of Ely Jacques Kahn , Jr . ; John Kelvin <unk> , a U.S. Navy officer during the Korean War and the first helicopter pilot to receive the Medal of Honor , who also lived in Scarborough ; Musical theater composer Henry Krieger and his sister lived in Ossining and attended the school together . Tina Louise , an actress and singer ; Ralph J. <unk> , a <unk> sculptor ; Ilyasah Shabazz , an author and a daughter of Malcolm X ; and Richard Yates , a writer who attended from 1937 to 1939 while his mother taught sculpture there .
= = Headmasters = =
Headmasters included :
= = Gallery = =
= Edward Said =
Edward Wadie Said ( Arabic pronunciation : [ <unk> <unk> ] Arabic : <unk> <unk> <unk> , <unk> <unk> <unk> ; 1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003 ) was a Palestinian @-@ American literary theoretician , professor of English , history and comparative literature at Columbia University , and a public intellectual who was a founder of post @-@ colonial studies . A Palestinian Arab born in Jerusalem in the days of Mandatory Palestine , Edward W. Said was an American citizen by way of his father , Wadir Said , a U.S. Army veteran of the First World War ; having moved from Jerusalem as a young boy , Said would later advocate for the political and human rights of the Palestinian people .
As a cultural critic , Said is known for his 1978 book Orientalism , a critical analysis of what he believed to be the culturally inaccurate representations that are the bases of Orientalism — the Western study of the Eastern world that presents how Westerners perceive and represent Orientals . Said argued that because Orientalist scholarship was and remains inextricably tied to the imperialist societies that produced it , much of the work is inherently political and servile to power , and so is intellectually suspect . The thesis of Orientalism is that Orientalism is defined by the presuppositions of the political culture out of which it arises , and that it shapes that political culture in its turn . In his book , Said shows how European imperialists thought about people in their colony , and by doing so , he shows how the political culture of imperialists shapes that of the colony .
The analytical model of Orientalism much influenced the humanities ( e.g. , literary theory and literary criticism ) and especially the field of Middle Eastern studies , where it transformed the academic discourse of the researchers — how they examine , describe and define the cultures of the Middle East . Some academic historians disagreed with his thesis , especially the Anglo – American Orientalist and historian Bernard Lewis . Orientalism derived from Said 's knowledge of colonial literature ( such as that of Joseph Conrad ) , the literary theories of R. P. Blackmur and Raymond Williams , the post @-@ structuralist theories of Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida , and the critical works of Giambattista Vico , Antonio Gramsci and Theodor Adorno . Educated in the Western canon at a British school in Egypt and in the U.S. , Said wrote in his autobiography Out of Place ( 1999 ) that he applied his education and cultural heritages to narrowing the perceptual gaps of political and cultural understanding between the West and the Middle East , improving Western understanding of the Israeli – Palestinian conflict and telling of how a decade @-@ long membership in the Palestinian National Council made him a controversial public intellectual .
Drawing from the experiences of his family as Palestinian Christians in the Middle East at the time of the establishment of the State of Israel , Said argued for the establishment of a Palestinian state to ensure equal political and human rights for the Palestinians in Israel , including the right of return , by way of U.S. political pressure upon Israel to recognize , grant and respect human rights . In that vein , Said also criticized the political and cultural policies of the Arab and Muslim regimes who acted against the national interests of their peoples . Said remained intellectually active late in life , before dying of leukemia in September 2003 . In a 2001 interview , Said summarized his oppositional role to the status quo , the remit of which is " to sift , to judge , to criticize , to choose , so that choice and agency return to the individual . " He stated his ideal community does not exalt " commodified interests and profitable commercial goals " , but values " survivability and sustainability in a human and decent way " , while acknowledging that " those are difficult goals to achieve . But I think they are achievable . "
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Edward W. Said was born on 1 November 1935 , to Hilda Said and Wadir Said , a businessman , in Jerusalem in the British Mandate of Palestine . Wadir Said , a native Palestinian , was an Arab Christian man who soldiered in the U.S. Army component of the American Expeditionary Forces ( 1917 – 19 ) , commanded by General John J. Pershing , in the First World War ; that war @-@ time military service granted Said père U.S. citizenship to him and to family . His mother Hilda was born to a Lebanese mother and raised in Nazareth .
In 1919 , after the war had ended , Wadir Said established a stationery business in Cairo , in partnership with a cousin . Like her husband , Hilda Said was an Arab Christian . Although the Said family practiced the Jerusalemite variety of Greek Orthodox Christianity , Edward was agnostic ; his sister Rosemarie Saïd <unk> ( 1937 – 2006 ) pursued an academic career , much like her brother .
= = = Education = = =
Said described his early life as a boy 's life lived " between worlds " , in Cairo and in Jerusalem , until he was a young man of twelve years . In 1947 , Said enrolled in the Anglican St. George 's School , Jerusalem ; he would later describe the experience :
With an <unk> Arab family name like " Saïd " , connected to an improbably British first name ( my mother much admired [ Edward VIII ] the Prince of Wales in 1935 , the year of my birth ) , I was an uncomfortably anomalous student all through my early years : a Palestinian going to school in Egypt , with an English first name , an American passport , and no certain identity , at all . To make matters worse , Arabic , my native language , and English , my school language , were inextricably mixed : I have never known which was my first language , and have felt fully at home in neither , although I dream in both . Every time I speak an English sentence , I find myself echoing it in Arabic , and vice versa .
In the late 1940s , his latter school days included the Egyptian branch of Victoria College ( VC ) , where one classmate was Michel Shaloub ( later the actor Omar Sharif ) whom he remembered as a sadistic and physically abusive Head Boy ; other classmates included King Hussein of Jordan , and Egyptian , Syrian , Jordanian , and Saudi Arabian boys whose academic careers progressed to their becoming ministers , prime ministers , and leading businessmen in their respective countries . In that colonial time , the VC school educated a selection of Arab and Levantine young men to become the Anglicized ruling @-@ class who , in due course of their careers , were to rule their respective countries , upon British decolonization . VC would be the last school Edward Said attended before being sent to school in the U.S. :
The moment one became a student at [ Victoria College ] , one was given the student handbook , a series of regulations governing every aspect of school life — the kind of uniform we were to wear , what equipment was needed for sports , the dates of school holidays , bus schedules , and so on . But the school 's first rule , emblazoned on the opening page of the handbook , read : " English is the language of the school ; students caught speaking any other language will be punished . " Yet , there were no native speakers of English among the students . Whereas the masters were all British , we were a motley crew of Arabs of various kinds , Armenians , Greeks , Italians , Jews , and Turks , each of whom had a native language that the school had explicitly outlawed . Yet all , or nearly all , of us spoke Arabic — many spoke Arabic and French — and so we were able to take refuge in a common language , in defiance of what we perceived as an unjust colonial stricture .
Despite high intelligence and academic achievements , Said proved a troublesome student and was expelled from Victoria College in 1951 , and was sent from Egypt to the eastern U.S. , where he attended Northfield Mount Hermon School , Massachusetts , an elite college @-@ prep boarding @-@ school where he endured a psychologically difficult year of social alienation . Nonetheless , Said excelled academically , and achieved the rank of either first ( valedictorian ) or second ( salutatorian ) in a class of one hundred sixty students .
He would later say that , in retrospect , his parents ' decision to send him so far from the Middle East was much influenced by " the prospects of <unk> people , like us , being so uncertain that it would be best to send me as far away as possible " . The realities of a peripatetic life — of interwoven cultures , of feeling out of place , and of being far from home — affected the schoolboy Said to the degree that , in adult life , the themes of dissonance continually arose in the academic , political , and intellectual works wrote . Said matured as an intellectual — a polyglot young man , fluent in English , French and Arabic , earning his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees from Princeton University in 1957 and 1960 respectively , followed by a Doctor of Philosophy in English Literature from Harvard University in 1964 . Despite his many intellectual achievements , Said 's battle with his identity as it related to language ( Arabic and English specifically ) continued throughout his adult life . He discusses the battle with language in both Out of Place ( 1999 ) and Reflections on Exile ( 2002 ) by it describing as something he had to carry with him throughout his life and career . Many of his peers also examined this particular aspect of his identity as intellectual porter ( of language , briefcases , among other things ) .
= = = Career = = =
In 1963 , Said joined Columbia University , as a member of the English and Comparative Literature faculties , where he taught and worked until 2003 . In 1974 , he was Visiting Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard ; during 1975 – 76 , he was a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science , at Stanford University . In 1977 , he became the Parr Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University , and subsequently was the Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities , and then in 1979 was Visiting Professor of Humanities at Johns Hopkins University . Said also worked as a visiting professor at Yale University , and lectured at other universities . Said lectured at over 200 universities in the Middle East , Canada , United States , and Europe . He has published more twenty books in his lifetime . In 1992 , Said was promoted to " Professor " , the highest @-@ rank academic job at Columbia University . <unk> , Prof. Said served as president of the Modern Language Association , editor of the Arab Studies Quarterly in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , on the executive board of International PEN , and was a member in the American Academy of Arts and Letters , the Royal Society of Literature , the Council of Foreign Relations the American Philosophical Society . In 1993 , Said presented the BBC 's annual Reith Lectures , a six @-@ lecture series titled Representation of the Intellectual , wherein he examined the role of the public intellectual in contemporary society , which the BBC published in 2011 .
= = Literary production = =
Said 's first published book , Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography ( 1966 ) , was an expansion of the dissertation he presented to earn his PhD ; later , in Edward Saïd : Criticism and Society ( 2010 ) , <unk> Hussein would remark that Conrad 's novella Heart of Darkness ( 1899 ) was " foundational to Said 's entire career and project " . Afterwards , Said redacted ideas gleaned from the works of the 17th @-@ century philosopher Giambattista Vico , and other intellectuals , in the book Beginnings : Intention and Method ( 1974 ) , about the theoretical bases of literary criticism . Said 's later works include The World , the Text , and the Critic ( 1983 ) , Nationalism , Colonialism , and Literature : Yeats and Decolonization ( 1988 ) , Culture and Imperialism ( 1993 ) , Representations of the Intellectual : The 1993 Reith Lectures ( 1994 ) , Humanism and Democratic Criticism ( 2004 ) , and On Late Style ( 2006 ) .
Like his post @-@ modern intellectual mentors , the philosophers Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault , Said was fascinated by how the people of the Western world perceive the peoples of and the things from a different culture , as well as the effects of society , politics , and power upon literature ; these preoccupations led him to become a founding intellectual of post @-@ colonial criticism . While Orientalism remains his principal cultural contribution , Said 's influential critical interpretations of the works of Joseph Conrad , Jane Austen , Rudyard Kipling , William Butler Yeats and others further bolstered his intellectual reputation .