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= = = Courts of law and legal enforcement = = =
The city high court complex is located along Dato ' Onn Road . The Sessions and Magistrate Courts is located on Ayer <unk> Road , while another court for Sharia law is located on Abu Bakar Road . The Johor Police Contingent Headquarters is located on Tebrau Road . There are two district headquarters in the city , the Johor Bahru North District police headquarters in Skudai , and the Johor Bahru South District headquarters on Meldrum Road . Both also operate as police stations . There are around eleven police stations and seven police substations ( Pondok Polis ) in the south district while five police stations is located in the north district with six police substations . The city 's north district traffic police headquarters is located along Tebrau Road while the south district is in Skudai . There is one main prison called Johor Bahru Prison located in the city along the Ayer <unk> road , but this has been closed down since 9 December 2005 . Other temporary lock @-@ ups or prison cells are available in most police stations in the city like other parts of Malaysia .
= = = Healthcare = = =
There are three public hospitals , four health clinics and thirteen 1Malaysia clinics in Johor Bahru . Sultanah Aminah Hospital , which is located along <unk> Road , is the largest public hospital in the state with 989 beds . Another government funded hospital is the Sultan Ismail Specialist Hospital with 700 beds . Regency Specialist Hospital in Masai is the largest private hospital with 218 beds . Another large private health facility is the KPJ Puteri Specialist Hospital with 158 beds . Further healthcare facilities are currently being expanded to improve healthcare services in the city .
= = = Education = = =
Many government or state schools are available in the city . The secondary schools include English College Johore Bahru , Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Engku Aminah , Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Ismail , Sekolah Menengah Infant Jesus Convent , Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan ( Perempuan ) Sultan Ibrahim and Sekolah Menengah Saint Joseph . In the district of Johor Bahru itself , there are a total of 41 secondary schools , one religious school , three vocational schools , one technical secondary school and one fully residential school . There are also a number of independent private schools in the city . These include Austin Heights , Excelsior International School , Foon Yew High School and the Sri Ara Schools . The Sri Ara Schools provide two curricula , the British @-@ based curriculum of International General Certificate of Secondary Education ( IGCSE ) under Cambridge International Examinations and the National Curriculum with emphasis on the English language that leads to the Malaysian Schools Certificate . Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has its main campus in the city and is the only public university there . The other private universities are University of Southampton Malaysian Campus , Raffles University Iskandar , Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia and Wawasan Open University . There are also a number of private college campuses and one polytechnic operating in the city ; these are Crescendo International College , KPJ College , Olympia College , Southern University College , Sunway College , Taylor 's College , College of Islamic Studies Johor and Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan .
= = = = Libraries = = = =
The Johor Public Library headquarters is the main library in the state , located off Yahya Awal Road . Another public library branch is the University Park in <unk> Road , while there are other libraries or private libraries in schools , colleges , and universities . Two village libraries are available in the district of Johor Bahru .
= = Culture and leisure = =
= = = Attractions and recreation spots = = =
= = = = Cultural attractions = = = =
There are a number of cultural attractions in Johor Bahru . The Royal Abu Bakar Museum located within the Grand Palace building is the main museum in the city . The Johor Bahru Kwong Siew Heritage located in Wong Ah Fook Street housed the former Cantonese clan house that was donated by Wong Ah Fook . The Foon Yew High School houses many historical documents of the city history with a Chinese cultural heritage . A Chinese Heritage Museum on Ibrahim Road includes the history of Chinese migration to Johor along with a collection of documents , photos , and other artefacts . The Arts Plaza ( Plaza Seni ) on the Wong Ah Fook Street features the state heritage and cultures with exhibitions of art , cultural performances , clothes , fashion accessories , travel agencies , and batik fabrics .
The Johor Art Gallery in Petrie Road is a house gallery built in 1910 , known as the house for the former third Chief Minister of Johor , Abdullah Jaafar . The house features old architecture and became the centre for the collection of artefacts related to Johor 's cultural history since its renovation in 2000 .
= = = = Historical attractions = = = =
The Grand Palace is one of the historical attractions in the city , and is an example of Victorian @-@ style architecture with a garden . <unk> Museum is another historical colonial building since 1886 which ever become the house for the Johor first Menteri Besar Jaafar Mohamed ; it is located on the top of Smile Hill ( Bukit Senyum ) overlooking the Johor Straits . The English College ( now Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar ) established in 1914 was located close to the Sungai Chat Palace before being moved to its present location at Sungai Chat Road ; some of the ruins are visible at the old site . The Sultan Ibrahim Building is another historical building in the city ; built in 1936 by British architect Palmer and Turner , it was the centre of the administration of Johor as since the relocation from Telok Blangah in Singapore , the Johor government never had its own building . Before the current railway station was built , there was Johor Bahru railway station ( formerly Wooden Railway ) which has now been turned into a museum after serving for 100 years since the British colonial era .
Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque , located along Skudai Road , is the main and the oldest mosque in the state . It was built with a combination of Victorian , Moorish and Malay architectures . The Johor Bahru Old Chinese temple , located on the <unk> Road , hosts the Gods of five Chinese dialects spoken in the city . It was built in 1875 and renovated by the <unk> Tiong Hua Johor Bahru ( Johor Bahru Tiong Hua Association ) in 1994 – 95 with the addition of a small L @-@ shaped museum in one corner of the square premises . The Wong Ah Fook Mansion , the home of the late Wong Ah Fook , was a former historical attraction . It stood for more than 150 years but was demolished illegally by its owner in 2014 to make way for a commercial housing development without informing the state government . Other historical religious buildings include the <unk> Sri <unk> Hindu Temple , Sri Raja Mariamman Hindu Temple , Gurdwara Sahib and Church of the Immaculate Conception .
= = = = Leisure and conservation areas = = = =
The Danga Bay is a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) area of recreational waterfront . There are around 15 established golf courses , of which two offer 36 @-@ hole facilities ; most of these are located within resorts . The city also features a number of paintball parks which are also used for off @-@ road motorsports activities .
The Johor Bahru Zoo is one of the oldest zoos in Malaysia ; built in 1928 covering 4 hectares ( 9 @.@ 9 acres ) of land , it was originally called " animal garden " before being handed to the state government for renovation in 1962 . The zoo has around 100 species of animals , including wild cats , camels , gorillas , orangutans , and tropical birds . Visitors can participate in activities such as horse riding or using <unk> .
= = = = Other attractions = = = =
Dataran Bandaraya was built after Johor Bahru was proclaimed as a city . The site features a clock tower , fountain and a large field . The <unk> Tun Sri Lanang ( Tun Sri Lanang Park ) , named after Tun Sri Lanang ( Bendahara of the royal Court of the Johor Sultanate in the 16th and 17th centuries ) is located in the centre of the city . The Wong Ah Fook Street is named after Wong Ah Fook . The Tam Hiok Nee Street is named after Tan Hiok Nee , who was the leader of the former Ngee Heng Kongsi , a secret society in Johor Bahru . Together with the <unk> Street , both are part of a trail known as Old Buildings Road ; they feature a mixture of Chinese and Indian heritages , reflected by their forms of ethnic business and architecture .
= = = = Shopping = = = =
Shopping malls in Johor Bahru include Johor Bahru City Square , Holiday Plaza , <unk> <unk> , KSL City , Plaza Pelangi , Sutera Mall , Plaza <unk> and Danga City Mall . New malls continue to be constructed in the city . The Mawar Handicrafts Centre , a government @-@ funded exhibition and sales centre , is located along the Sungai Chat road and sells various batik and songket clothes . Opposite this is the Johor Area Rehabilitation Organisation ( <unk> ) Handicrafts Centre which sells items such as hand @-@ made cane furniture , soft toys and rattan baskets made by the physically disabled .
= = = = Entertainment = = = =
The oldest cinema in the city is the Broadway Theatre which mostly screens Tamil and Hindi movies . There are around five new cinemas available in the city with most of them located inside shopping malls .
= = = Sports = = =
The city 's main football stadium , Tan Sri Dato Haji Hassan <unk> Stadium has a capacity of around 30 @,@ 000 . The stadium is the home ground of Johor Darul Ta <unk> F.C. , also known as <unk> . In Japan , this stadium is well known as the place of " the Joy of Johor Bahru " ; Japan National Football Team got the ticket to the FIFA World Cup at first in its history , by Masayuki Okano 's goal in 1997 .
There is also a futsal centre , known as Sports Prima , which has eight minimum @-@ sized FIFA approved futsal courts ; it is the largest indoor sports centre in the city .
= = = Radio stations = = =
Two radio stations have their offices in the city : Best FM ( 104 @.@ 1 ) and Johor FM ( 101 @.@ 9 ) .
= = International relations = =
Several countries have set up their consulates in Johor Bahru , including Indonesia and Singapore .
= = = Twin towns – Sister cities = = =
Johor Bahru currently has six sister cities :
= = Literature = =
Guinness , Patrick ( 1992 ) . On the Margin of Capitalism : People and development in <unk> <unk> , Johor , Malaysia . South @-@ East Asian social monographs . Singapore : Oxford University Press. p . 177 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 19 @-@ <unk> @-@ 9 . OCLC <unk> .
Lim , Patricia Pui <unk> ( 2002 ) . Wong Ah Fook : Immigrant , Builder and Entrepreneur . Singapore : Times Editions . ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 232 @-@ 369 @-@ 9 . OCLC <unk> .
Oakley , Mat ; Brown , Joshua Samuel ( 2009 ) . Singapore : city guide . Footscray , Victoria , Australia : Lonely Planet . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ 664 @-@ 9 . OCLC <unk> .
<unk> , Richard Olof ; Kim , Khoo Kay ( 1992 ) . A History of Johore , 1365 – 1941 . M. B. R. A. S. Reprints ( 6 ) ( Reprint ed . ) . Kuala Lumpur : Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . ISBN 978 @-@ 983 @-@ <unk> @-@ 6 @-@ 1 . OCLC <unk> .
John Drysdale ( 15 December 2008 ) . Singapore Struggle for Success . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. pp. 287 – . ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ <unk> @-@ 67 @-@ 7 .
A Halim Hassan ( September 2013 ) . <unk> <unk> ( in Malay ) . Trafford Publishing. pp. 84 – . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ 1 .
Jamie Han ( 2014 ) . " Communal riots of 1964 " . National Library Board . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 .
= Virginia =
Virginia ( / <unk> / <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> , UK / <unk> / <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ ee @-@ ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state located in the Mid @-@ Atlantic and / or Southern regions of the United States . Virginia is nicknamed the " Old Dominion " due to its status as the first colonial possession established in mainland British America , and " Mother of Presidents " because eight U.S. presidents were born there , more than any other state . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2014 is over 8 @.@ 3 million .
The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War , during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia 's northwestern counties seceded to form the state of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one @-@ party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia .
The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law @-@ making body in the New World . The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 . It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally , manages local roads , and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms . Virginia 's economy has many sectors : agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley ; federal agencies in Northern Virginia , including the headquarters of the Department of Defense and CIA ; and military facilities in Hampton Roads , the site of the region 's main seaport . Virginia 's economy changed from primarily agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s , and in 2002 computer chips became the state 's leading export .
= = Geography = =
Virginia has a total area of 42 @,@ 774 @.@ 2 square miles ( 110 @,@ 784 @.@ 7 km2 ) , including 3 @,@ 180 @.@ 13 square miles ( 8 @,@ 236 @.@ 5 km2 ) of water , making it the 35th @-@ largest state by area . Virginia is bordered by Maryland and Washington , D.C. to the north and east ; by the Atlantic Ocean to the east ; by North Carolina and Tennessee to the south ; by Kentucky to the west ; and by West Virginia to the north and west . Virginia 's boundary with Maryland and Washington , D.C. extends to the low @-@ water mark of the south shore of the Potomac River . The southern border is defined as the 36 ° 30 ′ parallel north , though surveyor error led to deviations of as much as three arcminutes . The border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893 , when their dispute was brought to the U.S. Supreme Court .
= = = Geology and terrain = = =
The Chesapeake Bay separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two @-@ county peninsula of Virginia 's Eastern Shore . The bay was formed from the drowned river valleys of the Susquehanna River and the James River . Many of Virginia 's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay , including the Potomac , Rappahannock , York , and James , which create three peninsulas in the bay .
The Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line . It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay . The Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock @-@ based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era . The region , known for its heavy clay soil , includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville . The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state , the tallest being Mount Rogers at 5 @,@ 729 feet ( 1 @,@ 746 m ) . The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley . The region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain . The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia , south of the Allegheny Plateau . In this region , rivers flow northwest , with a dendritic drainage system , into the Ohio River basin .
The Virginia Seismic Zone has not had a history of regular earthquake activity . Earthquakes are rarely above 4 @.@ 5 in magnitude , because Virginia is located away from the edges of the North American Plate . The largest earthquake , at an estimated 5 @.@ 9 magnitude , was in 1897 near Blacksburg . A 5 @.@ 8 magnitude earthquake struck central Virginia on August 23 , 2011 , near Mineral . The earthquake was reportedly felt as far away as Toronto , Atlanta and Florida .
Coal mining takes place in the three mountainous regions at 45 distinct coal beds near Mesozoic basins . Over 62 million tons of other non @-@ fuel resources , such as slate , <unk> , sand , or gravel , were also mined in Virginia in 2012 . The state 's carbonate rock is filled with more than 4 @,@ 000 caves , ten of which are open for tourism . 35 million years ago , a bolide impacted what is now eastern Virginia . The resulting crater may explain sinking and earthquakes in the region .
= = = Climate = = =
The climate of Virginia becomes increasingly warmer and more humid farther south and east . Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 26 ° F ( − 3 ° C ) in January to average highs of 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) in July . The Atlantic ocean has a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas of the state . Influenced by the Gulf Stream , coastal weather is subject to hurricanes , most pronouncedly near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay . In spite of its position adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean , even the coastal areas have a significant continental influence with quite large temperature differences between summer and winter , particularly given the state climate 's subtropical classification .
Virginia has an annual average of 35 – 45 days of thunderstorm activity , particularly in the western part of the state , and an average annual precipitation of 42 @.@ 7 inches ( 108 cm ) . Cold air masses arriving over the mountains in winter can lead to significant snowfalls , such as the Blizzard of 1996 and winter storms of 2009 – 2010 . The interaction of these elements with the state 's topography creates distinct microclimates in the Shenandoah Valley , the mountainous southwest , and the coastal plains . Virginia averages seven tornadoes annually , most F2 or lower on the Fujita scale .