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President of the Historic and Geographic Institute of the Province of São Pedro ( Rio Grande do Sul ) .
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Honorary member of the Literary Parthenon of Porto Alegre .
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President of the Liberation Society .
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= = = Honors = = =
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Grand Cross of the Order of Christ .
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Dignitary of the Brazilian Order of the Southern Cross .
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Knight of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz .
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= = = Military honors = = =
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Medal of the Cisplatine Campaign ( 1811 and 1812 ) .
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Medal of the Cisplatine Campaign ( 1815 to 1820 ) .
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Medal of Monte Caseros .
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Medal of Uruguaiana .
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Medal of Merit due to military bravery .
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Medal of Paraguay .
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= = Endnotes = =
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= Dream Logic =
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" Dream Logic " is the fifth episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe , and the 25th episode overall . It was written by Josh Singer and directed by Paul A. Edwards . The episode follows several people seemingly dreaming while still awake , leading the Fringe team to investigate the dangerous side effects of a sleep study .
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On its initial American broadcast on October 15 , 2009 on the Fox network , " Dream Logic " was watched by an estimated 5 @.@ 78 million viewers . It received mixed reviews , with multiple critics noting it was considerably worse in quality than the previous week 's episode while at the same time praising the case 's ties to Peter 's past as well as the return of Sam Weiss .
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= = Plot = =
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In Seattle a man named Greg Leiter ( Jim Thorburn ) hallucinates that his boss and coworkers are demons , leading Greg to attack and murder the boss . Greg is hospitalized and falls asleep for sixteen hours ; when Olivia ( Anna Torv ) and Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) interview him in the hospital , he tells them his boss was a demon out of a bad dream before suffering a seizure and having his hair turn white . Walter ( John Noble ) posits that Greg died from " acute exhaustion " . However , believing Seattle to be like the mental institution , Walter desires to go home to Boston and run tests on the corpse from there .
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Olivia and Peter learn Greg was being treated for a sleep disorder , and that his dreams had involved demons until they stopped several months ago . Another hallucinating victim turns up in Seattle and dies . The Fringe team discover that both victims had a brain – computer interface chip attached to their thalamus , the part of the brain controlling dreams . Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) and Nina ( Blair Brown ) reveal new information leading to the sleep researcher Dr. Nayak ( Ravi Kapoor ) who implanted the chips . Another victim named Diana ( <unk> Huguet ) hallucinates at a restaurant and kills a coworker before similarly dying of exhaustion .
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Olivia and Peter first suspect Dr. Nayak 's research assistant Zach ( Jarrett Knowles ) but find him dead . Back in Boston Walter believes the chips lead to mind control and tests this on the FBI agent assigned to him while Peter and Olivia are away . However , during these tests Walter soon changes his theory ; the dreams are being stolen from their hosts to cause a " high " in Dr. Nayak , who is receiving them and has two personalities . Peter and Olivia shut down the dream equipment before Nayak kills another victim , but the doctor dies in the process . The final scene shows Peter dreaming about his childhood when Walter kidnaps him , an event Peter normally has no memory of ; Peter wakes up confused but still unaware of what his father did .
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In a sideplot , Olivia is grieving for her partner Charlie ( Kirk Acevedo ) , whom she discovered was murdered by a shapeshifter in the previous episode . Sam Weiss ( Kevin Corrigan ) helps her work through it by giving her a " project " that requires her to collect business cards from people wearing the color red . She is told to grab random letters from the names , that once unscrambled read " you 're gonna be fine " .
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= = Production = =
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" Dream Logic " was written by co @-@ executive producer Josh Singer and was directed by cinematographer Paul A. Edwards . It was filmed in August 2009 . Shooting partly took place in the basement of a semi @-@ functioning mental hospital in Vancouver , leading actress Anna Torv to remark during filming , " I heard this is where they kept dead bodies . Bad vibes in this place . " Actor Joshua Jackson noted that the hospital 's " patients are known to wander through a shot . This has the potential for being a very interesting day . "
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" Dream Logic " featured a guest appearance by recurring guest star Kevin Corrigan , as well as one time guest actors Ravi Kapoor , Jim Thorburn , Travis Schuldt , Drew Nelson , and Alex Zahara .
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= = Music and cultural references = =
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" Dream Logic " featured the song " From the Beginning " by the progressive rock trio Emerson , Lake & Palmer . Dr. Nayak 's lab assistant is named Zack Miller , which was perceived by some media outlets to be a reference to frequent Fringe writing partners Zack Stentz and Ashley Edward Miller . In the final scene set in the young Peter 's bedroom in the parallel universe , a poster depicts the Space Shuttle Challenger in its 11th mission ( 1984 ) . However , in the prime universe the Challenger exploded in its 10th mission two years later . One viewer noted this as yet another sign that the parallel universe is more technologically advanced than ours , as they began their space program earlier than ours .
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= = Reception = =
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= = = Ratings = = =
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On its initial American broadcast on October 15 , 2009 , an estimated 5 @.@ 78 million viewers watched " Dream Logic " , helping it earn a 3 @.@ 5 / 6 ratings share among all households and a 2 @.@ 2 / 6 ratings share in the important 18 – 49 demographic .
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= = = Reviews = = =
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AOL TV writer Jane Boursaw wrote , " The whole storyline with the creepy dual @-@ personality doc and the mind @-@ control @-@ dreams was good , though I sort of knew the doc must be involved from the beginning . I also wonder how it fits in with the alternate universe . " The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen graded the episode with a B- . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly believed that " in some ways , this was one of the less @-@ distinctive , more X @-@ Files @-@ ish episodes of Fringe on Thursday night ... But as usual , there was another narrative layer at work here " involving a grieving Olivia . IGN 's Ramsey Isler rated the episode 7 @.@ 4 / 10 , explaining the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week failed to have " excitement , surprise , and suspense " and lacked " what makes a typical Fringe episode unique and intriguing " . While calling certain parts " kind of boring " , Isler did however praise the episode 's directing , acting , sets , and other technical aspects . He concluded his review by noting the best part of " Dream Logic " was the ending depicting a young Peter , " It 's a haunting scene , and it adds yet another stone in this long pathway to revelation that the Fringe team is building up to ... But besides that great little scene at the end , I thought this was an average episode . Granted , Fringe 's ' average ' episodes are still better than a lot of the other stuff on TV . "
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MTV writer Josh Wigler thought the episode " nearly put [ him ] to sleep , " as it was " bland " and " a bit of a dud " . The episode however did lead Wigler to " start dig [ ging ] " Sam Weiss , and also to enjoying Olivia 's subplot , but believed the episode 's monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week could have been used to actually parallel her trauma ; Wigler appreciated how the Fringe case tied into Walter and Peter 's backstories . He concluded , " It wasn 't bad enough to make me concerned for the future of Fringe or anything , but it certainly didn 't keep me on the edge of my seat waiting for the next crazy twist like last week . I 'm still loving this season , but tonight 's episode was one of the weaker outings . " Newsarama 's Chanel Reeder stated " Dream Logic " " certainly put the brakes on the speed that Fringe had gained in the previous " episode , but praised the connection with Peter 's past as " one of the most interesting underlying parts " . Reeder 's favorite part was Sam Weiss , calling him " a fantastic dimension to the show " . Josie Kafka of Open Salon was more positive than other reviewers , and in particular highlighted the episode 's humor , " Almost all of the Cambridge scenes were funny : Astrid and Walter have a great rapport , especially when there 's a rube in the room for them to play with . " She concluded " I liked this one , more for the great Peter / Olivia and Walter / Astrid stuff than the plot of the week , " and gave the episode " Three out of four anagrams " .
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After the episode 's broadcast , Popular Mechanics published an article analyzing the science depicted . They concluded that the Brain – computer interface ( BCI ) chips , like the ones used in the episode to tie the victims ' brains to the computer used by Dr. <unk> Nayak , have also been used on real @-@ life human subjects , though not in relation to controlling sleep cycles . However , the article continued that it is " not currently possible " for BCI chips to " facilitate direct transfer of understandable information from one person 's brain to another " , nor is it possible for the chips to " directly read another person 's thoughts or dreams " and steal them . In addition , Popular Mechanics noted that Walter 's theory of the victims ' deaths being caused by exhaustion is " pure bunk " , as there are many long @-@ term experiments that have safely tested humans ' deprivation of REM sleep . According to one scientist interviewed , though chips shown in " Dream Logic " cause hallucinations , paranoid thoughts , and a disconnect from reality , these traits are " not even remotely possible " outside of fiction .
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= = = Awards and nominations = = =
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Director Paul A. Edwards submitted " Dream Logic " for consideration in the Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series category at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards . He did not receive a nomination .
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= Charles McKnight =
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Charles McKnight ( October 10 , 1750 – November 16 , 1791 ) was an American physician during and after the American Revolutionary War . He served as a surgeon and physician in the Hospital Department of the Continental Army under General George Washington and other subordinate commanders . McKnight was one of the most respected surgeons of his day and was remembered by one colleague as " particularly distinguished as a practical surgeon … at the time of his death ( he ) was without a rival in that branch of his profession . "
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= = Early life = =
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McKnight was born in Cranbury Township in the colonial Province of New Jersey in 1750 . His only sibling was his younger brother , Richard . His father , also named Charles McKnight , emigrated to the colonies from Ireland sometime around 1740 and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1742 . He became a minister of some note , and was one of the founders and trustees of the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) . Reverend McKnight opposed British governance in Colonial America and was a loud voice for opposition and overthrow of the British government in New Jersey . According to Martha J. Lamb , Reverend McKnight received a severe saber cut to his head in the slashing melee that mortally wounded General Hugh Mercer at the Battle of Princeton . His church at Middletown Point was burned in 1777 and Reverend McKnight was arrested . While in custody aboard the British prison ship HMS Jersey in New York City , Rev. McKnight 's health rapidly failed , and he was released shortly before his death on January 1 , 1778 .
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The younger McKnight attended schools in New Jersey and graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1771 , in the same class as James Madison , Gunning Bedford , Jr . , Henry Brackenridge , and Philip Freneau . He was one of the founders of the American Whig Society , along with Brackenridge , Madison , Samuel Stanhope Smith , Bedford , Freneau , John Beatty , John Henry of Maryland , and William Bradford . McKnight studied medicine and surgery privately with eminent Philadelphia surgeon William Shippen , but left before he completed his studies and entered the Continental Army in 1775 .
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= = Continental Army surgeon = =
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In late 1775 , Benjamin Church , the Director General , assigned McKnight to the Putnam House building , one of six hospitals of the army 's Hospital Department in Cambridge , Massachusetts . He remained in that division , which supported Washington 's army , until , during a period of great scarcity of medical and surgical supplies for the sick and wounded , McKnight went with other surgeons and physicians to North Castle , New York with Washington 's army when the Battle of White Plains began in October 1776 . The Continental Army lost the battle , and the British took Fort Washington and Fort Lee , which pushed Washington 's ragged army south toward New Jersey in December 1776 , which set the stage for the Battle of Trenton .
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McKnight remained at North Castle until John Morgan , the Director General , ordered him and Samuel Adams , Jr . ( the son of Samuel Adams of Massachusetts ) to set up a new hospital near Peekskill , New York , for more than 300 sick soldiers of General William Heath 's division . Unable to find an acceptable site for a hospital , the two surgeons took over accommodations in Fishkill , New York , twenty miles north of Peekskill . Washington , however , sent convalescents to Peekskill because Morgan told him the hospital was there . Morgan was dismissed as Director General soon thereafter , in January 1777 , due to rancor with Washington over supplies and a rampant smallpox epidemic then raging its way through the army . Morgan 's management style rankled the surgeons , including McKnight , as Morgan was wrestling with Shippen , McKnight 's mentor , over control of the hospitals in New Jersey . Isaac Foster took over temporary supervision of the hospitals on the east side of the Hudson River after Morgan 's dismissal at Washington 's request .
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McKnight served later as a surgeon in the Pennsylvania Battalion of the Flying Camp . On April 11 , 1777 , He was appointed Surgeon General ( also called Senior Surgeon , a subordinate position to Physician General and Director General , not to be confused with Surgeon General of the United States Army ) of the Flying Hospital of the Middle Department , which moved with the army during the New York and New Jersey campaign . He served as Senior Surgeon for three years . In December 1779 , McKnight was in Morristown , New Jersey with Washington , at the encampment near Jockey Hollow , during the worst winter of the Revolutionary War .
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The Hospital Department of the army was reorganized in 1780 , and McKnight was promoted to Chief Hospital Physician , the highest medical position of the Middle Department . He served there until he left the army in January 1782 . According to records , he was one of the original members of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati .
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= = Later years and death = =
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After the war ended , McKnight settled in New York City , where he married Mary Morin Scott , daughter of General John Morin Scott . He opened a private practice and was one of the first physicians to use a carriage to visit his patients . McKnight published only one article , the surgical removal of an ectopic pregnancy , but the piece was cited later by the Medical Society of London in its London Medical Observations and Inquiries .
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On November 26 , 1784 , McKnight was appointed one of the first regents of the University of the State of New York . In 1785 , McKnight became professor of anatomy and surgery at Columbia College ( now the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ) , which his father @-@ in @-@ law co @-@ founded . He also was appointed Port Physician of New York . McKnight maintained a steady surgical practice and held his professorship until his death from pneumonia , the result of an old war injury , on November 16 , 1791 at age 41 .
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McKnight was interred at the corner of Wall Street and Broadway in Lower Manhattan , just beyond the gates of the historic Trinity Churchyard , next to his wife , Mary , and her father . They left four daughters and one son , John Morin Scott McKnight , who also became a physician .
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= Boys ( Britney Spears song ) =
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" Boys " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her third studio album , Britney ( 2001 ) . It was written and produced by Chad Hugo and Pharrell Williams ( known collectively as The Neptunes ) . A version of the song , entitled the " The Co @-@ Ed Remix " , was released as the sixth and final single from Britney on July 29 , 2002 . The new version also served as the second single from the soundtrack of Austin Powers in Goldmember . " Boys " is a R & B and hip hop song , including funk influences . The remix carries a slower tempo than the album version , and both versions are noted to be reminiscent of Janet Jackson . Some critics praised Williams and Spears ' chemistry , as well as the production on the track , while others did not think the song worked well .
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While the song did not perform well on the Billboard charts in the United States , it reached the top ten on the Belgian charts and in Ireland and the United Kingdom , and charted in the top 20 in Australia , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Sweden , Finland , and Denmark . The song would later be certified Gold in Australia . The song 's accompanying music video , directed by Dave Meyers , was nominated at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards for " Best Video from a Film . " The clip features Spears and Williams at a party . The singer has performed " Boys " a number of times including at the 2002 NBA All @-@ Star Game , on Saturday Night Live , and on several of her concert tours .
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= = Background = =
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" Boys " was originally recorded by Janet Jackson before it was given to Spears . The song was originally included on Spears ' third , self @-@ titled studio album . It was written and produced by The Neptunes ( Chad Hugo and Pharrell Williams ) — members of American rap group N.E.R.D .. The song was re @-@ recorded as " The Co @-@ Ed Remix " , with a slightly different sound , and added featured vocals from Pharrell Williams . Following its inclusion on the Austin Powers in Goldmember OST , it was released as the second single from the soundtrack , following " Work It Out " , performed by one of the film 's stars ' , Beyoncé . The release also made it the sixth single release to come from Britney . A press release for Maverick Records called the track a standout from the film 's soundtrack , and said that Spears ' cameo in the film " brings superstar status to the Fembot brigade . " The release also stated that the song and video " stays true to the fractured funk [ at ] the heart of the film . " AOL Music premiered the new track on June 13 , 2002 , and it was streamed more than 1 @.@ 35 million times , setting a new record an AOL Music " First Listen . "
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= = Composition = =
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" Boys " is a song that combines R & B with hip hop . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , it is set in the time signature of common time and has a tempo of 108 beats per minute . While the original Britney version features Spears solely , " The Co @-@ ed Remix " which was released as a single , sees the singer and the song 's co @-@ producer , rapper Pharrell Williams trading lines . The remix version of the track contains a slower tempo then that of the original . According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , Williams and Spears put on a " rap @-@ lite teen @-@ pop tease . " The song also includes influences of funk music . During the time of the album 's release , her official site stated that the song had aspects of 70 's soul music and influences of Prince 's music . According to Alex Needham of New Musical Express , the track takes influence from Janet Jackson . David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said the song was " cut @-@ rate ' 80s Janet Jackson . " Lyrical content sees Spears eying a guy with an intent to " get nasty . "
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= = Reception = =
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