Datasets:
Reproducibility
/
naacl22_wikitext15M

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
text
stringlengths
0
7.06k
In 1911 , the Coleman DuPont Road , Inc. was established and construction on the highway began . By 1912 , construction was interrupted by litigation challenging both the constitutionality of the law establishing the road building corporation and the need for DuPont to acquire such a large right @-@ of @-@ way . DuPont would narrow the proposed right @-@ of @-@ way to 100 feet ( 30 m ) in order to compromise with opponents of the highway in addition to offering <unk> whose properties were affected by the highway five times the assessed value of the land five years after the highway was completed . The DuPont Highway would end up being built on a 60 @-@ foot ( 18 m ) alignment with a 32 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) wide roadway . The DuPont Highway north of Milford would be both designed and constructed by Delaware State Highway Department ( DSHD ) . A portion of the road north of Milford and from Frederica to Little Heaven were completed by 1920 . The portion of the DuPont Highway from north of Milford to Frederica was under construction in 1920 and completed by 1923 , the same year the last section of the entire Selbyville – Wilmington highway was completed near Odessa . When the U.S. Highway System was designated in 1926 , this portion of the DuPont Highway became a part of US 113 .
The portion of DE 1 between Little Heaven and Dover Air Force Base was built as part of a Dover bypass for US 113 . This bypass was built atop existing Bay Road north of the present @-@ day DE 9 interchange and on a new alignment south of there . The new highway between Little Heaven and Bay Road would cross the St. Jones River at a site called Barkers Landing . Between December 1931 and the end of 1933 , DSHD constructed a causeway across 3 @,@ 150 feet ( 960 m ) of the marsh on the east bank of the river , a process that required multiple applications of fill dirt and dynamite to create a stable surface for a modern highway . A Scherzer rolling lift bascule bridge was constructed across the St. Jones River in 1934 . Bay Road was widened and the new sections of highway were built with 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) wide concrete pavement starting in 1934 . US 113 was relocated to the bypass when the new highway opened for Memorial Day in 1935 .
US 113 was widened into a divided highway from north of Milford to south of Frederica and around Dover Air Force Base in 1959 . A four @-@ lane divided bypass to the east of Frederica was constructed in 1965 . US 113 between Frederica and Little Heaven was expanded in 1975 . US 113 between Little Heaven and Dover Air Force Base was expanded to a divided highway in 1984 and 1985 ; this project included replacing the two @-@ lane drawbridge over the St. Jones River with a four @-@ lane girder bridge .
What would become DE 1 between Milford and Rehoboth Beach was originally a county road by 1920 . By 1924 , the road was proposed as a state highway between Nassau and Rehoboth Beach . A year later , the state highway was completed between Milford and Cedar Creek and from Nassau to just west of Rehoboth Beach , with the sections between Cedar Creek and Nassau and into Rehoboth Beach under proposal . In 1927 , the state highway between Milford and Rehoboth Beach was completed with the construction of a bascule bridge over the Broadkill River . In 1931 , a state gravel road was extended from Bethany Beach to the Indian River Inlet , providing access to the inlet for recreational purposes . In January 1933 , bids were made for construction of a gravel road from Dewey Beach south to the Indian River Inlet as well as for a timber bridge across the inlet , connecting with the gravel road between the Indian River Inlet and Bethany Beach . This gravel road would provide a direct connection between Bethany Beach and Rehoboth Beach and would provide better access to the Atlantic coast for recreation . The Ocean Highway between Bethany Beach and Rehoboth Beach was completed in 1933 . In fall of that year , the roadway between Bethany Beach and Indian River Inlet was paved , with recommendations to pave the road north from the Indian River Inlet toward Rehoboth Beach . In 1934 , the Ocean Highway between the Indian River Inlet and Rehoboth Beach was paved . The same year , recommendations were made to extend the Ocean Highway south from Bethany Beach to Fenwick Island , where it would lead to a Maryland state highway continuing to Ocean City .
When Delaware designated its state highway system by 1936 , the state highway between Milford and Bethany Beach became a part of DE 14 , which continued west from Milford to the Maryland border near Burrsville , Maryland . In 1939 , a southern extension of DE 14 was built between Bethany Beach and the Maryland border in Fenwick Island as a gravel road . In 1940 , a swing bridge opened across the Indian River Inlet . The same year , work began for a bypass of the route between Dewey Beach and west of Rehoboth Beach , which included a bascule bridge over the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal . In 1942 , the Rehoboth Beach bypass for DE 14 was completed . In addition , the roadway was paved between Fenwick Island and Bethany Beach by that year . In 1952 , a new swing bridge opened across the Indian River Inlet after the previous bridge was destroyed by ice and tides in 1948 .
The route was widened into a divided highway between DE 18 ( now US 9 ) in Nassau and Rehoboth Beach in 1954 in order to provide relief to traffic heading to the beaches . Channelized intersections were built at DE 18 and the entrance to Rehoboth Beach . As part of this widening , DE 14 was moved to a new alignment to bypass <unk> Corner , removing a concurrency with DE 18 ( now US 9 Bus . ) . In 1965 , a new dual bridge was constructed across the Indian River Inlet . By 1966 , DE 14A was designated onto the former alignment of DE 14 through Rehoboth Beach . The divided highway portion of DE 14 was extended north to DE 16 , which included a bypass of Nassau , and between the Indian River Inlet and South Bethany in 1967 . By 1967 , a divided bypass of Milford running from DE 14 southeast of Milford to US 113 north of Milford was under proposal . Structural design on the Milford Bypass began in 1968 . In 1969 , design work began on widening DE 14 into a divided highway between DE 16 and the Milford Bypass . The route was widened into a divided highway between Dewey Beach and the Indian River Inlet the same year . In 1971 , the divided <unk> Bypass between DE 14 southeast of Milford and US 113 north of Milford was completed . In 1971 , a contract was awarded to widen DE 14 to a divided highway between Fenwick Island and South Bethany . This widening project was completed a year later . In 1973 , construction was underway to make DE 14 a divided highway from the Milford Bypass to DE 16 , which included a bypass of Argos Corner ; this was completed in 1974 .
In 1974 , DE 1 was signed concurrent with DE 14 east of Milford and on the Milford Bypass . Work began in 1975 to widen the portion of DE 14 bypassing Rehoboth Beach , which included a new bridge over the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal . In 1977 , DE 14 was truncated to Milford , with DE 1 replacing the route between Fenwick Island and the south end of the Milford Bypass . As a result of this , DE 14A was renumbered to DE 1A . A new high @-@ level bridge carrying DE 1 over the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal opened in 1978 . By 1981 , DE 1 was widened to a divided highway between Dewey Beach and southwest of Rehoboth Beach except for the crossing of the canal . In 1985 , the crossing over the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal was dualized with a high @-@ level bridge constructed for northbound traffic . DE 1 was designated along US 113 between Milford and Dover in 1988 . In 2004 , the concurrent US 113 designation along DE 1 between Milford and Dover Air Force Base was removed . On September 11 , 2006 , work began on a $ 9 @.@ 7 million project to widen DE 1 between DE 24 in Midway and US 9 in Five Points by adding a third southbound lane and a multi @-@ use lane in both directions . The project was completed on June 9 , 2008 .
In 2009 , work began to replace the steel @-@ girder Indian River Inlet Bridge with a cable @-@ stayed span due to scouring that had occurred to the steel girder bridge . The new Indian River Inlet Bridge opened to southbound traffic on January 20 , 2012 . Delaware Governor Jack Markell , U.S. Senator Tom Carper , and DelDOT Secretary Shailen Bhatt rode in the first car across the bridge . On January 30 , 2012 , one northbound lane of the new bridge opened . All four lanes of the bridge as well as the pedestrian and bicycle walkway opened in spring 2012 . Demolition of the 1965 bridge began in spring 2012 and was completed in spring 2013 .
In September 2014 , a $ 7 @.@ 2 million project began for pedestrian improvements to the stretch of DE 1 between the bridge over the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal in Rehoboth Beach and Nassau , which sees heavy pedestrian and bicycle traffic during the summer months . The project added a continuous sidewalk along this segment of road , multiple new crosswalks , and new and improved bus stops . The pedestrian improvement project was completed on June 13 , 2016 , with Governor Markell , DelDOT secretary Jennifer Cohan , State Representative Peter <unk> , and State Senator Ernesto Lopez in attendance at a ceremony to mark the completion of the project .
DelDOT has replaced several at @-@ grade intersections along DE 1 south of Dover with grade @-@ separated interchanges . The intersection with DE 9 near Dover Air Force Base was rebuilt into an interchange in 2009 . In November 2009 , construction began for a grade @-@ separated interchange with DE 12 in Frederica ; the interchange was completed in June 2011 . In November 2012 , construction began on an interchange at DE 30 southeast of Milford . The interchange between DE 1 and DE 30 was completed in July 2014 . On January 31 , 2015 , groundbreaking took place for an interchange at Thompsonville Road north of Milford , with Governor Markell and DelDOT secretary Bhatt in attendance . Completion of this interchange is expected by winter 2016 . On November 9 , 2015 , construction began on an interchange at Bowers Beach Road in Little Heaven , with Governor Markell , DelDOT secretary Cohan , U.S. Senators Carper and Chris Coons , and Speaker of the Delaware House of Representatives Peter <unk> in attendance at the groundbreaking ceremony . Work on the interchange at Bowers Beach Road will build service roads to the east and west of the current route with a bridge carrying DE 1 over Bowers Beach Road ; construction is expected to last until 2018 . On March 18 , 2016 , a groundbreaking ceremony took place to build an interchange at Frederica Road south of Frederica , with Governor Markell , Senator Carper , and Kent County Administrator Michael J. Petit de Mange present at the ceremony . Construction of this interchange is expected to be finished in mid @-@ 2018 .
There are plans to replace two more at @-@ grade intersections along the route with grade separated interchanges . The two intersections to be upgraded to interchanges are DE 14 in Milford and DE 16 east of Milton . Construction on the interchange at DE 14 in Milford is expected to begin in fall 2017 and be completed in 2019 . The proposed interchange at DE 16 is in the early design stage with construction not projected to begin until 2020 .
= = = Korean War Veterans Memorial Highway = = =
Between 1958 and 1971 , studies were conducted for a bypass of the segment of US 13 through Dover along with a connector between Dover and Frederica . The proposed routing began at US 113 and DE 12 north of Frederica and continued northwest to Woodside , where it was planned to cross US 13 . From here , the bypass was to run to the west of Dover and head north to its terminus at US 13 north of Cheswold . As part of planning of the Dover Bypass , an archaeological survey had to be conducted along part of the proposed route between 1972 and 1975 . By 1976 , construction of the Dover Bypass was postponed indefinitely . From 1971 to 1978 , a north @-@ south extension of the Delaware Turnpike between Wilmington and Dover was studied . This extension was proposed to run from north of I @-@ 95 in Ogletown south to US 13 near Camden . The toll road would head south from Ogletown and cross the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal on the Summit Bridge to reach a connector to US 301 near the Maryland border . From here , the turnpike would bypass Middletown , Clayton , Smyrna , and Dover to the west before coming to US 13 . Intermediate interchanges were to be located west of Dover , at DE 6 west of Smyrna , west of Middletown , at DE 896 south of the Summit Bridge , DE 71 north of the Summit Bridge , US 40 , and I @-@ 95 . The north @-@ south extension of the Delaware Turnpike was to have a combination of ramp tolls and mainline toll barriers . Three mainline toll barriers were to be located between I @-@ 95 and US 40 , between Middletown and Smyrna , and north of Camden . The projected cost of the project in 1972 was $ 107 million .
In 1983 , studies began for a " Relief Route " of US 13 between Dover and Wilmington . The new highway was proposed in order to relieve US 13 of traffic heading to the Delaware Beaches in the summer . The Relief Route for US 13 was planned as a toll road in order to help pay for the cost of the construction of the highway . Prior to the beginning of construction , an archaeological survey was conducted along the proposed route of the freeway in 1986 . The same year , plans were unveiled for the route , which would begin at US 113 south of Dover and head north to US 13 in Tybouts Corner . The Relief Route would cross US 13 several times , passing to the east of Dover and Smyrna and to the west of Odessa . The section of DE 1 between Tybouts Corner and Christiana had originally been planned as relief route for DE 7 , a two @-@ lane road that connected US 13 to I @-@ 95 that saw a lot of congestion .
In July 1987 , construction began on the first segment of the freeway between US 40 in Bear and DE 273 in Christiana . In 1988 , the US 13 Relief Route was given the DE 1 designation . DE 1 was extended from its northern terminus in Milford to follow US 113 between Milford and Dover and US 13 between Dover and Tybouts Corner . Construction on the freeway between US 13 in Tybouts Corner and US 40 in Bear began in March 1988 . In August of that year , groundbreaking took place for the section of the DE 1 toll road between Dover and Smyrna . Construction commenced on DE 1 between DE 273 and I @-@ 95 in Christiana in August 1990 . The first section of the DE 1 freeway opened in August 1991 between US 13 in Tybouts Corner and US 40 in Bear . Three months later , the freeway opened north to DE 273 in Christiana .
In April 1992 , groundbreaking took place for the section of DE 1 across the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal . It was decided that the highway would cross the canal on a cable @-@ stayed bridge . The section of DE 1 between DE 273 and I @-@ 95 in Christiana opened in April 1993 . The section of the tollway between US 113 at Dover Air Force Base and US 13 north of Smyrna opened on December 21 , 1993 , with Governor Tom Carper in attendance at the opening ceremony . This section opened with a mainline toll barrier and ramp tolls . Following the completion of this section , DE 1 was rerouted off US 113 and US 13 between Dover and Smyrna .
When the portion of DE 1 between Dover and Smyrna opened , road signs , with the exception of speed limit signs , were in metric units in anticipation of the United States converting to the metric system . The section of DE 1 between Dover and Smyrna had exit numbers based on <unk> while the section between Tybouts Corner and Christiana originally had exit numbers based on mileposts . In 1997 , the exit numbers along the portion of the route between Tybouts Corner and Christiana were changed to reflect <unk> .
In December 1995 , the section of DE 1 between US 13 in St. Georges and US 13 in Tybouts Corner opened , which included the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Bridge . Prior to the opening of this section , a bridge walk was held over the canal . Following the completion of this segment , DE 1 was rerouted off the surface alignment of US 13 that crossed the St. Georges Bridge . Subsequently , US 13 was rerouted to follow the new DE 1 between the DE 72 interchange and Tybouts Corner . Construction of the new DE 1 had severed US 13 south of Tybouts Corner , with part of the former alignment north of the DE 7 intersection becoming a two @-@ lane road while the section south of there became an extended DE 7 to the intersection with US 13 and DE 72 . In building DE 1 across the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal , there were initially plans to demolish the aging St. Georges Bridge that carried US 13 over the canal . The plan drew concerns from residents in St. Georges who feared the community would be split in half . The St. Georges Bridge was instead kept and was refurbished . A southbound exit and northbound entrance at US 13 south of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Bridge along DE 1 was built as required by federal legislation that gave the state $ 115 million toward construction of the new canal bridge .
Construction of an interchange at the Dover Air Force Base main gate commenced in February 1996 . This project resulted in the relocation of the main gate further back in order to build the interchange and the overpass linking the main gate to base housing . This construction resulted in facilities having to be constructed at the north gate in order to be able to handle base traffic . In May of that year , groundbreaking took place for the DE 1 toll road between Odessa and St. Georges . The segment of DE 1 between US 13 south of Odessa and US 13 in St. Georges opened in November 1999 . DE 1 was subsequently rerouted off US 13 between those two points .
In March 2000 , groundbreaking took place for the final segment of the DE 1 freeway between Smyrna and Odessa . The interchange at the Dover Air Force Base main gate was completed in July of that year . The construction of the final segment resulted in a portion of US 13 south of Odessa being shifted further east as DE 1 would be built on top of the road . A service road would serve properties on the southbound side of US 13 . In October 2001 , northbound US 13 was realigned to the new alignment south of Odessa in order to build DE 1 in that area . In May 2002 , US 13 was shifted to a new southbound alignment south of Odessa , with the former portion of the route in that area becoming a service road known as Harris Road . On September 5 , 2002 , a partial interchange opened at DE 8 in Dover , utilizing existing emergency vehicle ramps . This interchange was included in the initial plans for the highway but was dropped due to low traffic volumes . As part of building the interchange , DelDOT purchased development rights to adjacent land parcels in order to prevent additional development in the area of the interchange .
On May 19 , 2003 , Governor Ruth Ann Minner cut the ribbon for the final section of the DE 1 toll road between US 13 north of Smyrna and US 13 south of Odessa . This section opened to traffic two days later . As a result , DE 1 was moved off US 13 between Smyrna and Odessa . The total cost to build the toll road was $ 900 million and it was the largest public works project in Delaware history . As part of building DE 1 , DelDOT created new wetlands to replace the ones that were lost in construction of the highway . As a result of the completion of the final section , the northbound exit and southbound entrance with US 13 south of Odessa was removed .
Traffic congestion at the cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 95 in Christiana led to DelDOT to improve the interchange . The project included adding flyover connecting ramps from northbound DE 1 to northbound I @-@ 95 and from southbound I @-@ 95 to southbound DE 1 which allowed for easier merging patterns and the elimination of lengthy backups on the former ramp design . Construction of a new " ring access road " around Christiana Mall began in February 2011 and was completed in March 2012 , with a newly built bridge over DE 1 , just south of the I @-@ 95 interchange . The ramp from southbound I @-@ 95 to southbound DE 1 / DE 7 opened on August 27 , 2013 and the ramp from northbound DE 1 / DE 7 to northbound I @-@ 95 opened on October 17 , 2013 , with a ribbon cutting ceremony attended by Governor Markell and DelDOT secretary Bhatt .
DelDOT has plans to widen DE 1 by an additional lane in each direction between the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Bridge and the DE 273 interchange in Christiana . The project will involve widening bridges and reconfiguring interchanges . Construction is currently delayed due to funding issues . A project began on September 21 , 2015 to construct a northbound auxiliary lane between the US 40 and DE 273 interchanges in order to reduce congestion , which was completed shortly before Thanksgiving 2015 . On April 29 , 2016 , Governor Markell , DelDOT secretary Cohan , and local officials attended a groundbreaking ceremony for a $ 7 million project that will rebuild the DE 72 interchange into a diverging diamond interchange , the first such interchange in Delaware .
= = Major intersections = =
= = Bannered and suffixed routes = =
= = = DE 1A = = =
Delaware Route 1A ( DE 1A ) is a state highway in Sussex County . The route runs 2 @.@ 92 mi ( 4 @.@ 70 km ) from DE 1 in Dewey Beach to another intersection with DE 1 west of Rehoboth Beach . The route provides access to Rehoboth Beach from DE 1 , heading north before turning to the west . DE 1A follows King Charles Avenue , Bayard Avenue , 2nd Street ( southbound ) , Christian Street ( northbound ) , and Rehoboth Avenue .
What is now DE 1A was originally a part of DE 14 between 1936 and 1942 . The road was designated DE 14A by 1966 . In the 1970s , DE 1A was designated along DE 14A for a few years before DE 14A was decommissioned in favor of DE 1A . Between 2002 and 2006 , a streetscape project revitalized the Rehoboth Avenue portion of the route and a roundabout was added at the entrance to Rehoboth Beach .
= = = DE 1B = = =
Delaware Route 1B ( DE 1B ) is a 1 @.@ 11 miles ( 1 @.@ 79 km ) state highway spur of DE 1 that allows access to and from Rehoboth Beach . DE 1B starts at the southern approach to the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal bridge on DE 1 , with right @-@ in / right @-@ out ramps providing access to both directions of DE 1 . From this point , DE 1B heads west from DE 1 as a two @-@ lane undivided road , curving north and passing under the DE 1 bridge over the canal . The route intersects State Road , which provides access to and from the northbound lanes of DE 1 , at which point it heads northeast away from the canal on State Road . DE 1B continues into Rehoboth Beach and passes homes before reaching its terminus at DE 1A . At this intersection , left turns are prohibited from DE 1B to DE 1A northbound .
Major intersections
The entire route is in Rehoboth Beach , Sussex County .
= = = DE 1D = = =
Delaware Route 1D ( DE 1D ) is an auxiliary route of DE 1 in Sussex County . The route begins at DE 1 in Midway , where it heads southwest concurrent with DE 24 on four @-@ lane divided John J. Williams Highway . The road passes homes and businesses as it transitions into a three @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane . DE 1D splits from DE 24 by heading northwest onto two @-@ lane undivided Plantation Road concurrent with DE 24 Alt . The road heads through a mix of farmland and residential development . Upon reaching Five Points , the road curves southwest and comes to an intersection with DE 23 . At this point , DE 1D ends while the road continues southwest as DE 23 and DE 24 Alt . DE 23 heads north at this point to immediately intersect US 9 / DE 404 , which head east to provide access to DE 1 . DE 1D was designated by 1996 . The portion of the route along Plantation Road became concurrent with DE 24 Alt. by 2006 .
Major intersections
The entire route is in Sussex County .
= = = DE 1 Business = = =
Delaware Route 1 Business ( DE 1 Bus . ) is a business route of DE 1 that runs through Milford . DE 1 Bus. starts at a partial interchange with DE 1 southeast of Milford in Sussex County , with access to southbound DE 1 and from northbound DE 1 . From this interchange , the route heads northwest into Milford as two @-@ lane undivided Rehoboth Boulevard , passing residential subdivisions . The road continues past homes and some businesses , passing to the east of Marshall <unk> before reaching an intersection with DE 36 . DE 1 Bus. curves north before it heads northwest into wooded areas and passes over the Mispillion River on a drawbridge , at which point it enters Kent County . The route heads into business areas and crosses DE 14 . The road continues past commercial establishments and turns north onto North Walnut Street . DE 1 Bus. passes to the west of Milford High School and heads north to an intersection with US 113 , at which point it becomes concurrent with that route on four @-@ lane divided Dupont Boulevard . US 113 and DE 1 Bus. continue north for a short distance and end at which point the road merges onto northbound DE 1 at a partial interchange at the north end of Milford .
What is now DE 1 Bus. south of DE 36 and along North Walnut Street and US 113 was completed as a state highway by 1925 . In 1926 , suggestions were made to build a bypass east of Milford connecting DuPont Boulevard ( US 113 ) north of town to the state highway leading southeast to Rehoboth Beach in order to provide a better route to the beaches and reduce traffic congestion in Milford during the summer months . In 1928 , plans were made to build the bypass , which included a drawbridge over the Mispillion River . Construction on the drawbridge was underway in 1929 . The bypass to the east of Milford , along with the drawbridge , were completed in 1930 . When Delaware designated its state highways by 1936 , DE 14 was designated along Rehoboth Boulevard south of Northeast Front Street , where the route turned to the west . The divided Milford Bypass to the east of the city was completed in 1971 . In 1977 , DE 1 Bus. was designated onto its current alignment , running concurrent with DE 14 southeast of Northeast Front Street . The DE 14 concurrency was removed by 1984 when that route was realigned to follow Northeast Front Street to DE 1 .
Major intersections
The entire route is in Milford .
= = Work cited = =
= Action of 15 November 1810 =
The Action of 15 November 1810 was a minor naval engagement fought during the British Royal Navy blockade of the French Channel ports in the Napoleonic Wars . British dominance at sea , enforced by a strategy of close blockade , made it difficult for the French Navy to operate even in their own territorial waters . In the autumn of 1810 , a British squadron assigned to patrol the Baie de la Seine was effectively isolating two French squadrons in the ports of Le Havre and Cherbourg . On 12 November , the squadron in Le Havre , consisting of frigates Elisa and Amazone attempted to reach Cherbourg at night in order to united the squadrons . This squadron was spotted in the early hours of 13 November by the patrolling British frigates HMS Diana and HMS Niobe , which gave chase .
The French ships took shelter at the heavily fortified Iles Saint @-@ Marcouf , sailing the following morning for the anchorage at Saint @-@ Vaast @-@ la @-@ Hougue . For two days the British frigates kept watch , until two ships of the line from the blockade of Cherbourg , HMS Donegal and HMS Revenge , arrived . On 15 November , the British squadron attacked the anchored French ships , which were defended by shore batteries at La Hougue and <unk> . After four attempts to close with the French the British squadron , under heavy fire , withdrew . During the night , the British commander , Captain Pulteney Malcolm , sent his ship 's boats close inshore to attack the French ships with Congreve rockets , a newly issued weapon . None are recorded as landing on target , but by morning both frigates had been forced to change position , becoming grounded on the shore . The French ships were later refloated , and Malcolm 's squadron maintained the blockade until 27 November when Amazone successfully escaped back to Le Havre . The damaged Elisa remained at anchor until 6 December , when an attack by a British bomb vessel forced the frigate to move further inshore , becoming grounded once more . Elisa remained in this position until 23 December , when the boats of Diana entered the anchorage at night and set the beached ship on fire , destroying her .
= = Baie de la Seine in 1810 = =
By 1810 the French Navy fleet based in the Atlantic ports had been prevented from launching any major operations for four years , penned into harbour by the British strategy of close blockade . A failed attempt by a French fleet to sail had been defeated at the Battle of Basque Roads in 1809 , and the main operations still carried out by the Navy were undertaken by privateers and frigate squadrons operating commerce raiders operating from smaller ports , such as those on the English Channel . In November 1810 squadrons were based at Cherbourg , with two ships of the line and the newly built frigate Iphigénie , and Le Havre , with the frigates Elisa and Amazone , commanded by Captains Louis @-@ Henri <unk> @-@ <unk> and Bernard @-@ Louis Rosseau respectively . To blockade these squadrons , the Royal Navy 's Channel Fleet had assigned the ships of the line HMS Donegal under Captain Pulteney Malcolm and HMS Revenge under Captain Charles Paget to patrol the entrance to Cherbourg , while frigates HMS Diana under Captain Charles Grant and HMS Niobe under Captain John Wentworth Loring kept watch on Le Havre . The blockade had achieved some minor successes ; in October 1810 Revenge had captured the privateer Vengeur from Dieppe , and on 6 November Donegal ran down and seized the privateer Surcouf from Cherbourg .
= = = Pursuit of Amazone and Elisa = = =
At 22 : 00 on 12 November Amazone and Elisa sailed from Le Havre to unite with the force at Cherbourg , hoping to evade the blockade in the darkness . They successfully passed the patrolling Diana and Niobe but were spotted sailing northwest at 00 : 30 by the British ships which gave chase , Niobe turning inshore in an attempt to cut off the French line of advance . With the wind in the northeast , the French frigates were unable to pass Cape Barfleur under pursuit , and Rosseau instead turned his squadron towards the Iles Saint @-@ Marcouf at 04 : 00 , using superior local knowledge to bypass the pursuing British ships . The heavily fortified islands had been under British control during the French Revolutionary Wars , but reverted to the French at the Peace of Amiens in 1802 . Diana and Niobe attempted to intercept the French frigates before they came under the shelter of the guns , but were only able to fire two long @-@ distance broadsides at the trailing Elisa .
At 11 : 00 , Rosseau gave orders for the French frigates to sail once more , slipping away from the British ships which had drifted to the north and anchoring safely between the batteries at Saint @-@ Vaast @-@ la @-@ Hougue and the island of <unk> . Observing the strong position the French frigates had taken up , Grant sent messages to Malcolm 's force at Cherbourg requesting reinforcements . Malcolm brought Donegal and Revenge to support the frigates on 14 November , maintaining position off the anchorage despite a strong gale which caused Elisa to drag her anchors . Captain <unk> @-@ <unk> was forced to throw much of the ship 's stores overboard to prevent his frigate from being wrecked on the shore . The following day , Diana took advantage of the rising tide to attack the anchored Amazone , Captain Rosseau withdrawing deeper into the sheltered anchorage under protection from the batteries . Twice more Grant launched probing attacks on the French frigate , each time beaten off by heavy fire from the batteries . Joined by Malcolm and the remainder of the British force , four successive attacks were launched against Amazone , each one driven back by cannon fire . At 13 : 00 , with the tide falling , the British squadron was compelled to retreat to deeper water , out of range of the French . All four British ships had suffered under fire , with two killed and five wounded on Revenge , three wounded on Donegal and one wounded on Diana . French losses were a single man killed on Amazone .
On the evening of 15 November Malcolm ordered the ship 's boats of the squadron to approach the anchorage under cover of darkness , commanded by Lieutenant Joseph Needham Taylor . The boats had been equipped with Congreve rockets , a recently invented artillery system which was not then widely in use by the Royal Navy . None of the rockets fired during the night appeared to have hit their targets , but they seem to have panicked the French crews ; dawn the following morning revealed that both frigates had cut their anchors and drifted onto the shore , Elisa in particular had struck hard and heeled over onto her side . Both ships were however successfully refloated by the rising tide on 16 November , and the situation reached an impasse , with Malcolm 's forces blockading Saint @-@ Vaast @-@ la @-@ Hougue to prevent the French from sailing .
= = = Destruction of Elisa = = =
For nearly two weeks the French frigates remained at anchor , Malcolm and Grant drawing up plans for an attack with fireships , when Amazone successfully slipped out of harbour on 27 November , returning successfully to Le Havre before dawn the following day . With Amazone gone , Grant maintained a closer watch on Elisa , calling up a bomb vessel to attack the anchorage on 6 December . This proved no more accurate than the rockets , but Elisa was again driven into shallow waters to avoid the attack , this time becoming irretrievably grounded on a shoal . Over the next two weeks Elisa remained grounded , the frigate gradually being reduced to the state of a total wreck . On 23 December Grant sent his boats , commanded by Lieutenant Thomas Rowe , into the anchorage under cover of darkness and set the wreck on fire to ensure that the frigate 's stores could not be salvaged .
With the destruction of Elisa , the British squadrons returned to their blockade duties off Cherbourg and Le Havre . The blockade remained in place throughout the remainder of the Napoleonic Wars ; Rosseau in Amazone made another attempt to join the squadron in Cherbourg in March 1811 , only to be run down and destroyed by a squadron led by the ship of the line HMS Berwick . The new Iphigénie survived a little longer , being intercepted and captured in the Atlantic during a raiding mission in January 1814 .
= Lihou =
Lihou ( / <unk> / ) is a small tidal island located just off the west coast of the island of Guernsey , in the English Channel , between Great Britain and France . Administratively , Lihou forms part of the Parish of St. Peter 's in the Bailiwick of Guernsey , and is now owned by the Parliament of Guernsey ( officially known as the States of Guernsey ) , although there have been a number of owners in the past . Since 2006 , the island has been jointly managed by the Guernsey Environment Department and the Lihou Charitable Trust . In the past the island was used by locals for the collection of seaweed for use as a fertiliser , but today Lihou is mainly used for tourism , including school trips . Lihou is also an important centre for conservation , forming part of a Ramsar wetland site for the preservation of rare birds and plants as well as historic ruins of a priory and a farmhouse .
= = Etymology = =
In common with several nearby islands such as Jethou and <unk> , the name contains the Norman suffix " <unk> " which means a small hill or a mound . The name could have developed from the Breton words <unk> or <unk> , which means in or near water . Historically , there have also been a number of alternative forms of the name including <unk> , which was attested as early as the twelfth century , and <unk> , which was mentioned in the sixteenth century .
Lihou is also a common family name on Guernsey , with records suggesting that the name has been in use in the Channel Islands since at least the eighteenth century , including Royal Navy Captain John Lihou , who discovered and named the Australian Port Lihou Island and Lihou Reef . The name is also attested further afield , in a number of other countries such as Australia , where for example , Sergeant James Lihou , the son of a migrant from Guernsey , enlisted in the Australian forces in 1916 and was killed in action in 1918 in France . There are also numerous instances of people with the surname having migrated from the Channel Islands to the United States .
= = Geography and climate = =
Lihou is the furthest west of the Channel Islands and at low tide it is linked to the nearby L <unk> headland , on Guernsey , by a 400 m ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) stone causeway . Apart from shingle beaches , the island has a 20 m ( 66 ft ) high ridge running approximately north @-@ south . Lihou is mainly composed of weathered rock below which are found granite and gneiss bedrock . The island has a mild oceanic climate like other Channel Islands , due to being buffered by the nearby English and French coastlines . Lihou shares the weather features of Guernsey , with winter temperatures falling to 4 @.@ 4 ° C ( 39 @.@ 9 ° F ) in February and summers with a high of 19 @.@ 5 ° C ( 67 @.@ 1 ° F ) in August .
Two small islets , close to the island , called <unk> and <unk> , are breeding places for a number of endangered species of birds , including Eurasian oystercatchers and common ringed plovers . Numerous other species of birds and plants are found on Lihou such as peregrine falcons and sea <unk> . The Guernsey Environment Department does not allow visitors to go to the two islets and the shingle bank at certain times of the year in order to allow the birds to breed . Approximately 800 metres ( 2 @,@ 600 ft ) north of the island is a submerged ledge called Grand <unk> , which was considered to be a hazard to navigation in the nineteenth century .
Lihou island was identified as a " Site of Nature Conservation Importance " in 1989 , and as part of an " Important Bird Area " which includes parts of the shoreline of Guernsey . On 1 March 2006 , Lihou and the L <unk> headland were designated a part of Guernsey 's first Ramsar wetland site , covering about 427 hectares ( 1 @,@ 060 acres ) of land and sea . This has created a marine reserve for the extensive variety of wildlife including more than 200 species of seaweed on the shores of Lihou , and more than 150 species of birds observed in the area .
The geology of Lihou Island is rather complex , but closely associated with neighbouring Guernsey .
= = History = =
The history of Lihou is closely linked to the history of Guernsey in particular and the Channel Islands in general . The earliest evidence of habitation are Mesolithic era objects recovered from archaeological digs of the 1990s , along with Neolithic era tombs on the nearby mainland . The recorded history of Lihou began in 933 AD when the Channel Islands were seized from Brittany by the ruler of Normandy . Lihou and the nearby Neolithic tombs were traditionally believed to have been meeting places for local witches , and fairies . This led to conflict with church authorities , especially when a priory was established on Lihou , dedicated to St. Mary ( known locally as Our Lady of Lihou ) . A number of dates have been suggested for the establishment of the priory , with estimates ranging from as early as 1114 , to as late as 1156 . Records suggest that the priory was an <unk> @-@ fief of the Benedictine abbey of Mont St. Michel under whose authority it operated . Ownership of the island was granted to the abbey by Robert I , Duke of Normandy , in the early part of the eleventh century . The priory is thought to have been constructed with contributions from the islanders , who appear to have been fairly affluent at the time .