ReallyFloppyPenguin/HashedWikiText · Datasets at Hugging Face

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3 ) , zinkenite , jamesonite , and boulangerite . Antimony pentasulfide is non @-@ stoichiometric and features antimony in the + 3 oxidation state and S @-@ S bonds . Several thioantimonides are known , such as [ Sb	8bf317553b43bd77d3d88161f25e22b3	2,984
6S	9eff438ab38b8439f7ad52483e2d4283	2,985
10 ] 2 − and [ Sb	d47e620e0bdca0fbbb4dc3d602a9c235	2,986
8S	f829cf863a996c103aa21dcbc7be8bb2	2,987
13 ] 2 − .	250463721f70ecda51fc684ba2f19c6e	2,988
= = = Halides = = =	6743fecaee07c1e883fcf7a9af05b2df	2,990
Antimony forms two series of halides : SbX	7a0a3fcab13f01c6327ff5f1886d1441	2,992
3 and SbX	3e83af89ec15113db6b736d80ba86729	2,993
5 . The trihalides SbF	a1719a896c5dcdf1ed08949c6e54b05c	2,994
3 , SbCl	55067bd1fd2927ea0a0cb5263b6f592c	2,995
3 , SbBr	f7782145328104420564bbcf7369fc74	2,996
3 , and SbI	3b3ba17fcdf65cf746e663b1b0a881e2	2,997
3 are all molecular compounds having trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry .	2ad78ed925cf1068bbae81f10002397b	2,998
The trifluoride SbF	576c984c9b88e704f2fc5370c9318b15	2,999
3 is prepared by the reaction of Sb	f48360b238687998fd297070411efd13	3,000
2O	54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5	3,001
3 with HF :	86b0b6adce56ee00d0d41351315b8923	3,002
Sb	8eeaa6ba3c48edea9bf92a04d037985a	3,003
2O	54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5	3,004
3 + 6 HF → 2 SbF	684a01830f567f36451d2d3ec1207baf	3,005
3 + 3 H	46ca8a5a24feef8d3582616ecf5e6570	3,006
2O	54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5	3,007
It is Lewis acidic and readily accepts fluoride ions to form the complex anions SbF −	f440f030e8300068e23f2ef92d4d2a58	3,008
4 and SbF2 −	a7153ad3600d39337da65bfaa7c7a603	3,009
5 . Molten SbF	a019ac7730a67629bed8a2d02241d3b6	3,010
3 is a weak electrical conductor . The trichloride SbCl	a46feb95d910b4868a3280bf7e907ccf	3,011
3 is prepared by dissolving Sb	1de2591080f248eee4f9d63e29f3a6ac	3,012
2S	0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca	3,013
3 in hydrochloric acid :	bd053609e4283041247505cf81b69387	3,014
Sb	8eeaa6ba3c48edea9bf92a04d037985a	3,015
2S	0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca	3,016
3 + 6 HCl → 2 SbCl	59f8f5eecc0a78eb9bcb97007fc12162	3,017
3 + 3 H	46ca8a5a24feef8d3582616ecf5e6570	3,018
2S	0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca	3,019
The pentahalides SbF	f28fc2510f623818dba0a5315ce9cb75	3,020
5 and SbCl	614e0522b414116ac5da8ac3f505c965	3,021
5 have trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry in the gas phase , but in the liquid phase , SbF	48365127a62fe7741c5e6b452d3f7b89	3,022
5 is polymeric , whereas SbCl	592a89c4b511849f918519323174ee0b	3,023
5 is monomeric . SbF	d3a3874e8a88b1a916529f2156a8e9d6	3,024
5 is a powerful Lewis acid used to make the superacid fluoroantimonic acid ( " H2SbF7 " ) .	44af34e0dae5bc0d4e2e8d0d48fbbf29	3,025
Oxyhalides are more common for antimony than arsenic and phosphorus . Antimony trioxide dissolves in concentrated acid to form oxoantimonyl compounds such as SbOCl and ( SbO )	3c477cf7893f0e80559235c71dfb386e	3,026
2SO	aac9ea9b6ce1624d0e63ba2c69826da3	3,027
4 .	0dcf5f43e217d2f7f2c3a030a17fdb66	3,028
= = = Antimonides , hydrides , and organoantimony compounds = = =	2a76c0c8d79a7f0b1d49f25527b74e19	3,030
Compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of Sb3 − . Antimony forms antimonides with metals , such as indium antimonide ( InSb ) and silver antimonide ( Ag	4e65e075c8fd5f8b9ba5aecbb9f64c69	3,032
3Sb ) . The alkali metal and zinc antimonides , such as Na3Sb and Zn3Sb2 , are more reactive . Treating these antimonides with acid produces the unstable gas stibine , SbH	0c89acc3b787a5dfec2d77ca7ebd02f3	3,033
3 :	36910f52a7a570c70cca3633d3d6cdab	3,034
Sb3 − + 3 H + → SbH	dafd520b9e1447ef7173b6429bd1d337	3,035
3	a25f4a2d709972e093f529321eab46e6	3,036
Stibine can also be produced by treating Sb3 + salts with hydride reagents such as sodium borohydride.Stibine decomposes spontaneously at room temperature . Because stibine has a positive heat of formation , it is thermodynamically unstable and thus antimony does not react with hydrogen directly .	6801faea912ab5dde7db8f009e0e7f49	3,037
Organoantimony compounds are typically prepared by alkylation of antimony halides with Grignard reagents . A large variety of compounds are known with both Sb ( III ) and Sb ( V ) centers , including mixed chloro @-@ organic derivatives , anions , and cations . Examples include Sb ( C6H5 ) 3 ( triphenylstibine ) , Sb2 ( C6H5 ) 4 ( with an Sb @-@ Sb bond ) , and cyclic [ Sb ( C6H5 ) ] n . Pentacoordinated organoantimony compounds are common , examples being Sb ( C6H5 ) 5 and several related halides .	be596a283fb0340cb6cb7d52be6e71b9	3,038
= = History = =	fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d	3,040
Antimony ( III ) sulfide , Sb2S3 , was recognized in predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic ( kohl ) as early as about 3100 BC , when the cosmetic palette was invented .	9f9de5fca122994168deceb892ccd6de	3,042
An artifact , said to be part of a vase , made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at Telloh , Chaldea ( part of present @-@ day Iraq ) , and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found in Egypt . Austen , at a lecture by Herbert Gladstone in 1892 commented that " we only know of antimony at the present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal , which could hardly be fashioned into a useful vase , and therefore this remarkable ' find ' ( artifact mentioned above ) must represent the lost art of rendering antimony malleable . "	419985ba06a925c4114307965c58b459	3,043
Moorey was unconvinced the artifact was indeed a vase , mentioning that Selimkhanov , after his analysis of the Tello object ( published in 1975 ) , " attempted to relate the metal to Transcaucasian natural antimony " ( i.e. native metal ) and that " the antimony objects from Transcaucasia are all small personal ornaments . " This weakens the evidence for a lost art " of rendering antimony malleable . "	679d97bf089601bd47544176371b3ccb	3,044
The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder described several ways of preparing antimony sulfide for medical purposes in his treatise Natural History . Pliny the Elder also made a distinction between " male " and " female " forms of antimony ; the male form is probably the sulfide , while the female form , which is superior , heavier , and less friable , has been suspected to be native metallic antimony .	8b137b6ec1b1b6862b6732aa18f202b1	3,045
The Roman naturalist Pedanius Dioscorides mentioned that antimony sulfide could be roasted by heating by a current of air . It is thought that this produced metallic antimony .	416bd990c203d286f109af57f7be1a0c	3,046
The first description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book De la pirotechnia of 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio ; this predates the more famous 1556 book by Agricola , De re metallica . In this context Agricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony . The book Currus Triumphalis Antimonii ( The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony ) , describing the preparation of metallic antimony , was published in Germany in 1604 . It was purported to have been written by a Benedictine monk , writing under the name Basilius Valentinus , in the 15th century ; if it were authentic , which it is not , it would predate Biringuccio .	7b6f405ef27428f3e76c7b966cd3e208	3,047
The metal antimony was known to German chemist Andreas Libavius in 1615 who obtained it by adding iron to a molten mixture of antimony sulfide , salt and potassium tartrate . This procedure produced antimony with a crystalline or starred surface .	5ba8d51013f2bfe1f351a95d6adc105b	3,048
With the advent of challenges to phlogiston theory it was recognized that antimony is an element forming sulfides , oxides , and other compounds , as is the case with other metals .	5d57e1374d651a8d83b31672e2128a6d	3,049
The first natural occurrence of pure antimony in the Earth 's crust was described by the Swedish scientist and local mine district engineer Anton von Swab in 1783 ; the type @-@ sample was collected from the Sala Silver Mine in the Bergslagen mining district of Sala , Västmanland , Sweden .	ba19feebb4f9fce047597190b894514b	3,050
= = = Etymology = = =	729e19d093732290e2cdfbb7270137b2	3,052
The ancient words for antimony mostly have , as their chief meaning , kohl , the sulfide of antimony .	8b8b3f970364d620b0c03417cc211566	3,054
The Egyptians called antimony mśdmt ; in hieroglyphs , the vowels are uncertain , but there is an Arabic tradition that the word is ميسديميت mesdemet . The Greek word , στίμμι stimmi , is probably a loan word from Arabic or from Egyptian stm	143fb2d50e13bb7311ab90be0b88c66a	3,055
and is used by Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC ; later Greeks also used στἰβι stibi , as did Celsus and Pliny , writing in Latin , in the first century AD . Pliny also gives the names stimi [ sic ] , larbaris , alabaster , and the " very common " platyophthalmos , " wide @-@ eye " ( from the effect of the cosmetic ) . Later Latin authors adapted the word to Latin as stibium . The Arabic word for the substance , as opposed to the cosmetic , can appear as إثمد ithmid , athmoud , othmod , or uthmod . Littré suggests the first form , which is the earliest , derives from stimmida , an accusative for stimmi .	676e9b779f441b123fa197667c0c8aa5	3,056
The use of Sb as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to Jöns Jakob Berzelius , who used this abbreviation of the name stibium . The medieval Latin form , from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek take their names for antimony , is antimonium . The origin of this is uncertain ; all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation . The popular etymology , from ἀντίμοναχός anti @-@ monachos or French antimoine , still has adherents ; this would mean " monk @-@ killer " , and is explained by many early alchemists being monks , and antimony being poisonous .	d99e26d597f735e921d85342ecbaf442	3,057
Another popular etymology is the hypothetical Greek word ἀντίμόνος antimonos , " against aloneness " , explained as " not found as metal " , or " not found unalloyed " . Lippmann conjectured a hypothetical Greek word ανθήμόνιον anthemonion , which would mean " floret " , and cites several examples of related Greek words ( but not that one ) which describe chemical or biological efflorescence .	11f809900645db5e7c530fcc8bb00d0d	3,058
The early uses of antimonium include the translations , in 1050 – 1100 , by Constantine the African of Arabic medical treatises . Several authorities believe antimonium is a scribal corruption of some Arabic form ; Meyerhof derives it from ithmid ; other possibilities include athimar , the Arabic name of the metalloid , and a hypothetical as @-@ stimmi , derived from or parallel to the Greek .	baaabd4651792323f19acf40cf86c323	3,059
= = Production = =	faaebcbbaf42e685bce2a1bbbaaad33b	3,061
= = = Top producers and production volumes = = =	959b6fa0b2ab20ea594d8112f558497c	3,064
The British Geological Survey ( BGS ) reported that in 2005 , China was the top producer of antimony with an approximately 84 % world share , followed at a distance by South Africa , Bolivia and Tajikistan . Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan province has the largest deposits in China with an estimated deposit of 2 @.@ 1 million metric tons .	cd2c32ccc56ce6e7e6ad81fd079a2efd	3,066
In 2010 , according to the US Geological Survey , China accounted for 88 @.@ 9 % of total antimony production with South Africa , Bolivia and Russia sharing the second place .	6aaf8ed563ff26fb9bf6d86deeb628d8	3,067
However , Roskill Consulting estimates for primary production show that in 2010 China held a 76 @.@ 75 % share of world supply with 120 @,@ 462 tonnes ( 90 @,@ 000 tonnes of reported and 30 @,@ 464 tonnes of un @-@ reported production ) , followed by Russia ( 4 @.@ 14 % share , 6 @,@ 500 tonnes of production ) , Myanmar ( 3 @.@ 76 % share , 5 @,@ 897 tonnes ) , Canada ( 3 @.@ 61 % share , 5 @,@ 660 tonnes ) , Tajikistan ( 3 @.@ 42 % share , 5 @,@ 370 tonnes ) and Bolivia ( 3 @.@ 17 % share , 4 @,@ 980 tonnes ) .	d9e7e304048642b574b02cfce6ea35b7	3,068
Roskill estimates that secondary production globally in 2010 was 39 @,@ 540 tonnes .	f8500059308499f1f882f5f51abffffa	3,069
Antimony was ranked first in a Risk List published by the British Geological Survey in the second half of 2011 . The list provides an indication of the relative risk to the supply of chemical elements or element groups required to maintain the current British economy and lifestyle .	1b8e1e2b00df927947e6f4f022e80bc5	3,070
Also , antimony was identified as one of 12 critical raw materials for the EU in a report published in 2011 , primarily due to the lack of supply outside China .	1cf11cb9181a94b1deacb4609ea4ba3c	3,071
Reported production of antimony in China fell in 2010 and is unlikely to increase in the coming years , according to the Roskill report . No significant antimony deposits in China have been developed for about ten years , and the remaining economic reserves are being rapidly depleted .	45bd19159f2aa597eba948554101faea	3,072
The world 's largest antimony producers , according to Roskill , are listed below :	6a6b643f398f4e8d64f0d45bd17335fa	3,073
= = = Reserves = = =	c28db9b4c2da8755f9947b526f8a27bb	3,075
According to statistics from the USGS , current global reserves of antimony will be depleted in 13 years . However , the USGS expects more resources will be found .	b008056724f22c772ea968ea4a08c703	3,077
= = = Production process = = =	b1308151c7d36e30fd7f731d8a1bda4b	3,079
The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality of the ore and composition of the ore . Most antimony is mined as the sulfide ; lower @-@ grade ores are concentrated by froth flotation , while higher @-@ grade ores are heated to 500 – 600 ° C , the temperature at which stibnite melts and is separated from the gangue minerals . Antimony can be isolated from the crude antimony sulfide by a reduction with scrap iron :	c5b7b365329b30af3afd987b2f29fb88	3,081
Sb	8eeaa6ba3c48edea9bf92a04d037985a	3,082
2S	0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca	3,083
3 + 3 Fe → 2 Sb + 3 FeS	21f70af55a06affffe4e5b93c457a774	3,084
The sulfide is converted to an oxide and advantage is often taken of the volatility of antimony ( III ) oxide , which is recovered from roasting . This material is often used directly for the main applications , impurities being arsenic and sulfide . Isolating antimony from its oxide is performed by a carbothermal reduction :	51c10f7abf45f170b3ce6df9f1592bf6	3,085
2 Sb	8ce871833ad7ca6ce3354101f024cfa9	3,086
2O	54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5	3,087
3 + 3 C → 4 Sb + 3 CO	10c61be9c310fe29a6200464dcd9dc1f	3,088
2	f41ce9bd6ef9d73c5f155e3317d47066	3,089
The lower @-@ grade ores are reduced in blast furnaces while the higher @-@ grade ores are reduced in reverberatory furnaces .	014cabb167ef92a790a9fba2b400a9f4	3,090
= = Applications = =	c0e0bedbcbecea5c5cafcbcb5ba54d8a	3,092
About 60 % of antimony is consumed in flame retardants , and 20 % is used in alloys for batteries , plain bearings and solders .	2c8ec275c1c5cc77f4bf1fb7520b0160	3,094
= = = Flame retardants = = =	c5681d0b42cf93fa39aaef4d085c66d1	3,096
Antimony is mainly used as its trioxide in making flame @-@ proofing compounds . It is nearly always used in combination with halogenated flame retardants , with the only exception being in halogen @-@ containing polymers . The formation of halogenated antimony compounds is the cause for the flame retarding effect of antimony trioxide , due to reaction of these compounds with hydrogen atoms and probably also with oxygen atoms and OH radicals , thus inhibiting fire . Markets for these flame @-@ retardant applications include children 's clothing , toys , aircraft and automobile seat covers . It is also used in the fiberglass composites industry as an additive to polyester resins for such items as light aircraft engine covers . The resin will burn while a flame is held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the flame is removed .	bba1b95e655bb7f3cc4c0e31889bf13a	3,098
= = = Alloys = = =	3d178337e73da25b917d126c2f616149	3,100
Antimony forms a highly useful alloy with lead , increasing its hardness and mechanical strength . For most applications involving lead , varying amounts of antimony are used as alloying metal . In lead – acid batteries , this addition improves the charging characteristics and reduces generation of unwanted hydrogen during charging . It is used in antifriction alloys ( such as Babbitt metal ) , in bullets and lead shot , cable sheathing , type metal ( for example , for linotype printing machines ) , solder ( some " lead @-@ free " solders contain 5 % Sb ) , in pewter , and in hardening alloys with low tin content in the manufacturing of organ pipes .	c9ed3d9987b5f4bed27204f9d3a0d375	3,102
= = = Other applications = = =	106f09dfd1ae6e66647136937661b295	3,104
Three other applications make up nearly all the rest of the consumption . One of these uses is as a stabilizer and a catalyst for the production of polyethyleneterephthalate . Another application is to serve as a fining agent to remove microscopic bubbles in glass , mostly for TV screens ; this is achieved by the interaction of antimony ions with oxygen , interfering the latter from forming bubbles . The third major application is the use as pigment .	6582823a21deace682bf8a8921f3f068	3,106
Antimony is being increasingly used in the semiconductor industry as a dopant for heavily doped n @-@ type silicon wafers in the production of diodes , infrared detectors , and Hall @-@ effect devices . In the 1950s , tiny beads of a lead @-@ antimony alloy were used to dope the emitters and collectors of n @-@ p @-@ n alloy junction transistors with antimony . Indium antimonide is used as a material for mid @-@ infrared detectors .	a63b1dbbd5f8054914e6f4a238de35e7	3,107

3 ) , zinkenite , jamesonite , and boulangerite . Antimony pentasulfide is non @-@ stoichiometric and features antimony in the + 3 oxidation state and S @-@ S bonds . Several thioantimonides are known , such as [ Sb

8bf317553b43bd77d3d88161f25e22b3

2,984

6S

9eff438ab38b8439f7ad52483e2d4283

2,985

10 ] 2 − and [ Sb

d47e620e0bdca0fbbb4dc3d602a9c235

2,986

8S

f829cf863a996c103aa21dcbc7be8bb2

2,987

13 ] 2 − .

250463721f70ecda51fc684ba2f19c6e

2,988

= = = Halides = = =

6743fecaee07c1e883fcf7a9af05b2df

2,990

Antimony forms two series of halides : SbX

7a0a3fcab13f01c6327ff5f1886d1441

2,992

3 and SbX

3e83af89ec15113db6b736d80ba86729

2,993

5 . The trihalides SbF

a1719a896c5dcdf1ed08949c6e54b05c

2,994

3 , SbCl

55067bd1fd2927ea0a0cb5263b6f592c

2,995

3 , SbBr

f7782145328104420564bbcf7369fc74

2,996

3 , and SbI

3b3ba17fcdf65cf746e663b1b0a881e2

2,997

3 are all molecular compounds having trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry .

2ad78ed925cf1068bbae81f10002397b

2,998

The trifluoride SbF

576c984c9b88e704f2fc5370c9318b15

2,999

3 is prepared by the reaction of Sb

f48360b238687998fd297070411efd13

3,000

2O

54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5

3,001

3 with HF :

86b0b6adce56ee00d0d41351315b8923

3,002

Sb

8eeaa6ba3c48edea9bf92a04d037985a

3,003

2O

54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5

3,004

3 + 6 HF → 2 SbF

684a01830f567f36451d2d3ec1207baf

3,005

3 + 3 H

46ca8a5a24feef8d3582616ecf5e6570

3,006

2O

54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5

3,007

It is Lewis acidic and readily accepts fluoride ions to form the complex anions SbF −

f440f030e8300068e23f2ef92d4d2a58

3,008

4 and SbF2 −

a7153ad3600d39337da65bfaa7c7a603

3,009

5 . Molten SbF

a019ac7730a67629bed8a2d02241d3b6

3,010

3 is a weak electrical conductor . The trichloride SbCl

a46feb95d910b4868a3280bf7e907ccf

3,011

3 is prepared by dissolving Sb

1de2591080f248eee4f9d63e29f3a6ac

3,012

2S

0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca

3,013

3 in hydrochloric acid :

bd053609e4283041247505cf81b69387

3,014

Sb

8eeaa6ba3c48edea9bf92a04d037985a

3,015

2S

0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca

3,016

3 + 6 HCl → 2 SbCl

59f8f5eecc0a78eb9bcb97007fc12162

3,017

3 + 3 H

46ca8a5a24feef8d3582616ecf5e6570

3,018

2S

0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca

3,019

The pentahalides SbF

f28fc2510f623818dba0a5315ce9cb75

3,020

5 and SbCl

614e0522b414116ac5da8ac3f505c965

3,021

5 have trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry in the gas phase , but in the liquid phase , SbF

48365127a62fe7741c5e6b452d3f7b89

3,022

5 is polymeric , whereas SbCl

592a89c4b511849f918519323174ee0b

3,023

5 is monomeric . SbF

d3a3874e8a88b1a916529f2156a8e9d6

3,024

5 is a powerful Lewis acid used to make the superacid fluoroantimonic acid ( " H2SbF7 " ) .

44af34e0dae5bc0d4e2e8d0d48fbbf29

3,025

Oxyhalides are more common for antimony than arsenic and phosphorus . Antimony trioxide dissolves in concentrated acid to form oxoantimonyl compounds such as SbOCl and ( SbO )

3c477cf7893f0e80559235c71dfb386e

3,026

2SO

aac9ea9b6ce1624d0e63ba2c69826da3

3,027

4 .

0dcf5f43e217d2f7f2c3a030a17fdb66

3,028

= = = Antimonides , hydrides , and organoantimony compounds = = =

2a76c0c8d79a7f0b1d49f25527b74e19

3,030

Compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of Sb3 − . Antimony forms antimonides with metals , such as indium antimonide ( InSb ) and silver antimonide ( Ag

4e65e075c8fd5f8b9ba5aecbb9f64c69

3,032

3Sb ) . The alkali metal and zinc antimonides , such as Na3Sb and Zn3Sb2 , are more reactive . Treating these antimonides with acid produces the unstable gas stibine , SbH

0c89acc3b787a5dfec2d77ca7ebd02f3

3,033

3 :

36910f52a7a570c70cca3633d3d6cdab

3,034

Sb3 − + 3 H + → SbH

dafd520b9e1447ef7173b6429bd1d337

3,035

3

a25f4a2d709972e093f529321eab46e6

3,036

Stibine can also be produced by treating Sb3 + salts with hydride reagents such as sodium borohydride.Stibine decomposes spontaneously at room temperature . Because stibine has a positive heat of formation , it is thermodynamically unstable and thus antimony does not react with hydrogen directly .

6801faea912ab5dde7db8f009e0e7f49

3,037

Organoantimony compounds are typically prepared by alkylation of antimony halides with Grignard reagents . A large variety of compounds are known with both Sb ( III ) and Sb ( V ) centers , including mixed chloro @-@ organic derivatives , anions , and cations . Examples include Sb ( C6H5 ) 3 ( triphenylstibine ) , Sb2 ( C6H5 ) 4 ( with an Sb @-@ Sb bond ) , and cyclic [ Sb ( C6H5 ) ] n . Pentacoordinated organoantimony compounds are common , examples being Sb ( C6H5 ) 5 and several related halides .

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= = History = =

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Antimony ( III ) sulfide , Sb2S3 , was recognized in predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic ( kohl ) as early as about 3100 BC , when the cosmetic palette was invented .

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An artifact , said to be part of a vase , made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at Telloh , Chaldea ( part of present @-@ day Iraq ) , and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found in Egypt . Austen , at a lecture by Herbert Gladstone in 1892 commented that " we only know of antimony at the present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal , which could hardly be fashioned into a useful vase , and therefore this remarkable ' find ' ( artifact mentioned above ) must represent the lost art of rendering antimony malleable . "

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Moorey was unconvinced the artifact was indeed a vase , mentioning that Selimkhanov , after his analysis of the Tello object ( published in 1975 ) , " attempted to relate the metal to Transcaucasian natural antimony " ( i.e. native metal ) and that " the antimony objects from Transcaucasia are all small personal ornaments . " This weakens the evidence for a lost art " of rendering antimony malleable . "

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The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder described several ways of preparing antimony sulfide for medical purposes in his treatise Natural History . Pliny the Elder also made a distinction between " male " and " female " forms of antimony ; the male form is probably the sulfide , while the female form , which is superior , heavier , and less friable , has been suspected to be native metallic antimony .

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The Roman naturalist Pedanius Dioscorides mentioned that antimony sulfide could be roasted by heating by a current of air . It is thought that this produced metallic antimony .

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The first description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book De la pirotechnia of 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio ; this predates the more famous 1556 book by Agricola , De re metallica . In this context Agricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony . The book Currus Triumphalis Antimonii ( The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony ) , describing the preparation of metallic antimony , was published in Germany in 1604 . It was purported to have been written by a Benedictine monk , writing under the name Basilius Valentinus , in the 15th century ; if it were authentic , which it is not , it would predate Biringuccio .

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The metal antimony was known to German chemist Andreas Libavius in 1615 who obtained it by adding iron to a molten mixture of antimony sulfide , salt and potassium tartrate . This procedure produced antimony with a crystalline or starred surface .

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3,048

With the advent of challenges to phlogiston theory it was recognized that antimony is an element forming sulfides , oxides , and other compounds , as is the case with other metals .

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The first natural occurrence of pure antimony in the Earth 's crust was described by the Swedish scientist and local mine district engineer Anton von Swab in 1783 ; the type @-@ sample was collected from the Sala Silver Mine in the Bergslagen mining district of Sala , Västmanland , Sweden .

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= = = Etymology = = =

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The ancient words for antimony mostly have , as their chief meaning , kohl , the sulfide of antimony .

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The Egyptians called antimony mśdmt ; in hieroglyphs , the vowels are uncertain , but there is an Arabic tradition that the word is ميسديميت mesdemet . The Greek word , στίμμι stimmi , is probably a loan word from Arabic or from Egyptian stm

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and is used by Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC ; later Greeks also used στἰβι stibi , as did Celsus and Pliny , writing in Latin , in the first century AD . Pliny also gives the names stimi [ sic ] , larbaris , alabaster , and the " very common " platyophthalmos , " wide @-@ eye " ( from the effect of the cosmetic ) . Later Latin authors adapted the word to Latin as stibium . The Arabic word for the substance , as opposed to the cosmetic , can appear as إثمد ithmid , athmoud , othmod , or uthmod . Littré suggests the first form , which is the earliest , derives from stimmida , an accusative for stimmi .

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The use of Sb as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to Jöns Jakob Berzelius , who used this abbreviation of the name stibium . The medieval Latin form , from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek take their names for antimony , is antimonium . The origin of this is uncertain ; all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation . The popular etymology , from ἀντίμοναχός anti @-@ monachos or French antimoine , still has adherents ; this would mean " monk @-@ killer " , and is explained by many early alchemists being monks , and antimony being poisonous .

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Another popular etymology is the hypothetical Greek word ἀντίμόνος antimonos , " against aloneness " , explained as " not found as metal " , or " not found unalloyed " . Lippmann conjectured a hypothetical Greek word ανθήμόνιον anthemonion , which would mean " floret " , and cites several examples of related Greek words ( but not that one ) which describe chemical or biological efflorescence .

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The early uses of antimonium include the translations , in 1050 – 1100 , by Constantine the African of Arabic medical treatises . Several authorities believe antimonium is a scribal corruption of some Arabic form ; Meyerhof derives it from ithmid ; other possibilities include athimar , the Arabic name of the metalloid , and a hypothetical as @-@ stimmi , derived from or parallel to the Greek .

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= = Production = =

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= = = Top producers and production volumes = = =

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The British Geological Survey ( BGS ) reported that in 2005 , China was the top producer of antimony with an approximately 84 % world share , followed at a distance by South Africa , Bolivia and Tajikistan . Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan province has the largest deposits in China with an estimated deposit of 2 @.@ 1 million metric tons .

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In 2010 , according to the US Geological Survey , China accounted for 88 @.@ 9 % of total antimony production with South Africa , Bolivia and Russia sharing the second place .

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However , Roskill Consulting estimates for primary production show that in 2010 China held a 76 @.@ 75 % share of world supply with 120 @,@ 462 tonnes ( 90 @,@ 000 tonnes of reported and 30 @,@ 464 tonnes of un @-@ reported production ) , followed by Russia ( 4 @.@ 14 % share , 6 @,@ 500 tonnes of production ) , Myanmar ( 3 @.@ 76 % share , 5 @,@ 897 tonnes ) , Canada ( 3 @.@ 61 % share , 5 @,@ 660 tonnes ) , Tajikistan ( 3 @.@ 42 % share , 5 @,@ 370 tonnes ) and Bolivia ( 3 @.@ 17 % share , 4 @,@ 980 tonnes ) .

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Roskill estimates that secondary production globally in 2010 was 39 @,@ 540 tonnes .

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Antimony was ranked first in a Risk List published by the British Geological Survey in the second half of 2011 . The list provides an indication of the relative risk to the supply of chemical elements or element groups required to maintain the current British economy and lifestyle .

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Also , antimony was identified as one of 12 critical raw materials for the EU in a report published in 2011 , primarily due to the lack of supply outside China .

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Reported production of antimony in China fell in 2010 and is unlikely to increase in the coming years , according to the Roskill report . No significant antimony deposits in China have been developed for about ten years , and the remaining economic reserves are being rapidly depleted .

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The world 's largest antimony producers , according to Roskill , are listed below :

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= = = Reserves = = =

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According to statistics from the USGS , current global reserves of antimony will be depleted in 13 years . However , the USGS expects more resources will be found .

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3,077

= = = Production process = = =

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The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality of the ore and composition of the ore . Most antimony is mined as the sulfide ; lower @-@ grade ores are concentrated by froth flotation , while higher @-@ grade ores are heated to 500 – 600 ° C , the temperature at which stibnite melts and is separated from the gangue minerals . Antimony can be isolated from the crude antimony sulfide by a reduction with scrap iron :

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Sb

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3,082

2S

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3 + 3 Fe → 2 Sb + 3 FeS

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The sulfide is converted to an oxide and advantage is often taken of the volatility of antimony ( III ) oxide , which is recovered from roasting . This material is often used directly for the main applications , impurities being arsenic and sulfide . Isolating antimony from its oxide is performed by a carbothermal reduction :

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2 Sb

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3,086

2O

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3 + 3 C → 4 Sb + 3 CO

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2

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The lower @-@ grade ores are reduced in blast furnaces while the higher @-@ grade ores are reduced in reverberatory furnaces .

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= = Applications = =

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About 60 % of antimony is consumed in flame retardants , and 20 % is used in alloys for batteries , plain bearings and solders .

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= = = Flame retardants = = =

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Antimony is mainly used as its trioxide in making flame @-@ proofing compounds . It is nearly always used in combination with halogenated flame retardants , with the only exception being in halogen @-@ containing polymers . The formation of halogenated antimony compounds is the cause for the flame retarding effect of antimony trioxide , due to reaction of these compounds with hydrogen atoms and probably also with oxygen atoms and OH radicals , thus inhibiting fire . Markets for these flame @-@ retardant applications include children 's clothing , toys , aircraft and automobile seat covers . It is also used in the fiberglass composites industry as an additive to polyester resins for such items as light aircraft engine covers . The resin will burn while a flame is held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the flame is removed .

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= = = Alloys = = =

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Antimony forms a highly useful alloy with lead , increasing its hardness and mechanical strength . For most applications involving lead , varying amounts of antimony are used as alloying metal . In lead – acid batteries , this addition improves the charging characteristics and reduces generation of unwanted hydrogen during charging . It is used in antifriction alloys ( such as Babbitt metal ) , in bullets and lead shot , cable sheathing , type metal ( for example , for linotype printing machines ) , solder ( some " lead @-@ free " solders contain 5 % Sb ) , in pewter , and in hardening alloys with low tin content in the manufacturing of organ pipes .

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= = = Other applications = = =

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Three other applications make up nearly all the rest of the consumption . One of these uses is as a stabilizer and a catalyst for the production of polyethyleneterephthalate . Another application is to serve as a fining agent to remove microscopic bubbles in glass , mostly for TV screens ; this is achieved by the interaction of antimony ions with oxygen , interfering the latter from forming bubbles . The third major application is the use as pigment .

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Antimony is being increasingly used in the semiconductor industry as a dopant for heavily doped n @-@ type silicon wafers in the production of diodes , infrared detectors , and Hall @-@ effect devices . In the 1950s , tiny beads of a lead @-@ antimony alloy were used to dope the emitters and collectors of n @-@ p @-@ n alloy junction transistors with antimony . Indium antimonide is used as a material for mid @-@ infrared detectors .

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