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[
"Rita Marley",
"religion or worldview",
"Rastafari movement"
] |
Alfarita Constantia Marley (née Anderson; born 25 July 1946) is a Cuban-born Jamaican singer, songwriter and entrepreneur. She is the widow of reggae legend Bob Marley. Along with Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt, she was a member of the reggae vocal group the I Threes, the backing vocalists for Bob Marley and the Wailers.
|
religion or worldview
| 40 |
[
"faith",
"belief system",
"creed",
"philosophy",
"ideology"
] | null | null |
[
"Rita Marley",
"place of birth",
"Santiago de Cuba"
] |
Alfarita Constantia Marley (née Anderson; born 25 July 1946) is a Cuban-born Jamaican singer, songwriter and entrepreneur. She is the widow of reggae legend Bob Marley. Along with Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt, she was a member of the reggae vocal group the I Threes, the backing vocalists for Bob Marley and the Wailers.Early life
Rita was born in Santiago de Cuba, to Leroy Anderson and Cynthia "Beda" Jarrett, her parents moved to Kingston, Jamaica, when she was three months old. In her memoir No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley, she describes how she was raised by her Aunt Viola after her parents separated. She was raised in Trenchtown in Kingston, Jamaica.
|
place of birth
| 42 |
[
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Rita Marley",
"genre",
"reggae"
] |
Alfarita Constantia Marley (née Anderson; born 25 July 1946) is a Cuban-born Jamaican singer, songwriter and entrepreneur. She is the widow of reggae legend Bob Marley. Along with Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt, she was a member of the reggae vocal group the I Threes, the backing vocalists for Bob Marley and the Wailers.
|
genre
| 85 |
[
"category",
"style",
"type",
"kind",
"class"
] | null | null |
[
"Rita Marley",
"child",
"Ziggy Marley"
] |
Children
Rita has six children, three with Bob and three from other relationships. Bob adopted Rita's two other children as his own and they have the Marley name. Bob has 11 children in total: three born to Rita, the two of Rita's that he adopted and the remaining six with separate women. Rita's children are, in order of birth:Sharon Marley, born 23 November 1964 (daughter of Rita from a previous relationship but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita)
Cedella Marley born 23 August 1967
"Ziggy Marley" (David Nesta Marley), born 17 October 1968
Stephen Marley, born 20 April 1972
Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 (from an extramarital affair with Owen “Ital Tacky” Stewart a former Jamaican soccer player) Nevertheless, Bob adopted her as one of his own, giving her official recognition as one of his children, thereby entitling her to his estate.
Serita Stewart, born 11 August 1985 (born after Bob's passing to Owen “Ital Tacky” Stewart, Stephanie biological father)
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Rita Marley",
"child",
"Cedella Marley"
] |
Sharon Marley, born 23 November 1964 (daughter of Rita from a previous relationship but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita)
Cedella Marley born 23 August 1967
"Ziggy Marley" (David Nesta Marley), born 17 October 1968
Stephen Marley, born 20 April 1972
Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 (from an extramarital affair with Owen “Ital Tacky” Stewart a former Jamaican soccer player) Nevertheless, Bob adopted her as one of his own, giving her official recognition as one of his children, thereby entitling her to his estate.
Serita Stewart, born 11 August 1985 (born after Bob's passing to Owen “Ital Tacky” Stewart, Stephanie biological father)
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Rita Marley",
"child",
"Sharon Marley"
] |
Children
Rita has six children, three with Bob and three from other relationships. Bob adopted Rita's two other children as his own and they have the Marley name. Bob has 11 children in total: three born to Rita, the two of Rita's that he adopted and the remaining six with separate women. Rita's children are, in order of birth:Sharon Marley, born 23 November 1964 (daughter of Rita from a previous relationship but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita)
Cedella Marley born 23 August 1967
"Ziggy Marley" (David Nesta Marley), born 17 October 1968
Stephen Marley, born 20 April 1972
Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 (from an extramarital affair with Owen “Ital Tacky” Stewart a former Jamaican soccer player) Nevertheless, Bob adopted her as one of his own, giving her official recognition as one of his children, thereby entitling her to his estate.
Serita Stewart, born 11 August 1985 (born after Bob's passing to Owen “Ital Tacky” Stewart, Stephanie biological father)
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Rita Marley",
"child",
"Stephen Marley"
] |
Children
Rita has six children, three with Bob and three from other relationships. Bob adopted Rita's two other children as his own and they have the Marley name. Bob has 11 children in total: three born to Rita, the two of Rita's that he adopted and the remaining six with separate women. Rita's children are, in order of birth:
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Rita Marley",
"sex or gender",
"female"
] |
Alfarita Constantia Marley (née Anderson; born 25 July 1946) is a Cuban-born Jamaican singer, songwriter and entrepreneur. She is the widow of reggae legend Bob Marley. Along with Marcia Griffiths and Judy Mowatt, she was a member of the reggae vocal group the I Threes, the backing vocalists for Bob Marley and the Wailers.
|
sex or gender
| 65 |
[
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Ann Druyan",
"occupation",
"film producer"
] |
Ann Druyan ( DREE-ann; born June 13, 1949) is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American documentary producer and director specializing in the communication of science. She co-wrote the 1980 PBS documentary series Cosmos, hosted by Carl Sagan, whom she married in 1981. She is the creator, producer, and writer of the 2014 sequel, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey and its sequel series, Cosmos: Possible Worlds, as well as the book of the same name. She directed episodes of both series.
In the late 1970s, she became the Creative Director of NASA's Voyager Interstellar Message Project, which produced the golden discs affixed to both the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft. She also published a novel, A Famous Broken Heart, in 1977, and later co-wrote several best selling non-fiction books with Sagan.
|
occupation
| 48 |
[
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Ann Druyan",
"place of birth",
"Queens"
] |
Early life
Druyan was born in Queens, New York, the daughter of Pearl A. (née Goldsmith) and Harry Druyan, who co-owned a knitwear firm. Her family was Jewish. Druyan's early interest in math and science was, in her word, "derailed" when a junior high-school teacher ridiculed a question she asked about the universality of π. "I raised my hand and said, 'You mean this applies to every circle in the universe?', and the teacher told me not to ask stupid questions. And there I was having this religious experience, and she made me feel like such a fool. I was completely flummoxed from then on until after college." Druyan characterized her three years at New York University as "disastrous", and it was only after she left school without graduating that she discovered the pre-Socratic philosophers and began educating herself, thus leading to a renewed interest in science.
|
place of birth
| 42 |
[
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Ann Druyan",
"spouse",
"Carl Sagan"
] |
Ann Druyan ( DREE-ann; born June 13, 1949) is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American documentary producer and director specializing in the communication of science. She co-wrote the 1980 PBS documentary series Cosmos, hosted by Carl Sagan, whom she married in 1981. She is the creator, producer, and writer of the 2014 sequel, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey and its sequel series, Cosmos: Possible Worlds, as well as the book of the same name. She directed episodes of both series.
In the late 1970s, she became the Creative Director of NASA's Voyager Interstellar Message Project, which produced the golden discs affixed to both the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft. She also published a novel, A Famous Broken Heart, in 1977, and later co-wrote several best selling non-fiction books with Sagan.
|
spouse
| 51 |
[
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Ann Druyan",
"child",
"Sasha Sagan"
] |
Personal life
Druyan and Sagan's working and resulting romantic relationship has been the subject of numerous treatments in popular culture, including the Radiolab episode "Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan's Ultimate Mix Tape" and a segment of the Comedy Central program Drunk History's episode "Space". The asteroid 4970 Druyan, which is in a companion orbit with asteroid 2709 Sagan named after Druyan's late husband, is named after Druyan. In 2015, it was announced that Warner Brothers was in development on a drama about Sagan and Druyan's relationship, to be produced by producer Lynda Obst and Druyan.In 2020, Sagan and Druyan's daughter Sasha Sagan released a book For Small Creatures Such As We: Rituals for Finding Meaning in our Unlikely World, which discusses life with her parents and her father's death when she was fourteen years old.Druyan also gave Sasha a recurring role in Cosmos: Possible Worlds, where she played her own grandmother, including in the episode Man of a Trillion Worlds, which featured the life of Carl Sagan.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Ann Druyan",
"family name",
"Druyan"
] |
Early life
Druyan was born in Queens, New York, the daughter of Pearl A. (née Goldsmith) and Harry Druyan, who co-owned a knitwear firm. Her family was Jewish. Druyan's early interest in math and science was, in her word, "derailed" when a junior high-school teacher ridiculed a question she asked about the universality of π. "I raised my hand and said, 'You mean this applies to every circle in the universe?', and the teacher told me not to ask stupid questions. And there I was having this religious experience, and she made me feel like such a fool. I was completely flummoxed from then on until after college." Druyan characterized her three years at New York University as "disastrous", and it was only after she left school without graduating that she discovered the pre-Socratic philosophers and began educating herself, thus leading to a renewed interest in science.
|
family name
| 54 |
[
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Lynn Margulis",
"member of",
"American Academy of Arts and Sciences"
] |
Awards and recognitions
Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975.
Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978.
Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983.
Guest Hagey Lecturer, University of Waterloo, 1985
Miescher-Ishida Prize in 1986.
1989, conferred the Commandeur de l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.
Has her papers permanently archived in the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1992, recipient of Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Faculty of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
1995, elected Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science.
1997, elected to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.
1998, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
1998, elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1999, recipient of the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement.
1999, recipient of the National Medal of Science, awarded by President William J. Clinton.
2001, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
2002–05, Alexander von Humboldt Prize.
2005, elected President of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
Profiled in Visionaries: The 20th Century's 100 Most Important Inspirational Leaders, published in 2007.
Founded Sciencewriters Books in 2006 with her son Dorion.
Was one of thirteen recipients in 2008 of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore bestowed every 50 years, by the Linnean Society of London.
2009, speaker at the Biological Evolution Facts and Theories Conference, held at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome aimed at promoting dialogue between evolutionary biology and Christianity.
2010, inductee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking at the University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona.
2010, NASA Public Service Award for Astrobiology.
2012, Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, 2012
2017, the Journal of Theoretical Biology 434, 1–114 commemorated the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" with a special issue
Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.
|
member of
| 55 |
[
"part of",
"belonging to",
"affiliated with",
"associated with",
"connected to"
] | null | null |
[
"Lynn Margulis",
"member of",
"National Academy of Sciences"
] |
Awards and recognitions
Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975.
Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978.
Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983.
Guest Hagey Lecturer, University of Waterloo, 1985
Miescher-Ishida Prize in 1986.
1989, conferred the Commandeur de l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.
Has her papers permanently archived in the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1992, recipient of Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Faculty of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
1995, elected Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science.
1997, elected to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.
1998, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
1998, elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1999, recipient of the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement.
1999, recipient of the National Medal of Science, awarded by President William J. Clinton.
2001, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
2002–05, Alexander von Humboldt Prize.
2005, elected President of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
Profiled in Visionaries: The 20th Century's 100 Most Important Inspirational Leaders, published in 2007.
Founded Sciencewriters Books in 2006 with her son Dorion.
Was one of thirteen recipients in 2008 of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore bestowed every 50 years, by the Linnean Society of London.
2009, speaker at the Biological Evolution Facts and Theories Conference, held at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome aimed at promoting dialogue between evolutionary biology and Christianity.
2010, inductee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking at the University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona.
2010, NASA Public Service Award for Astrobiology.
2012, Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, 2012
2017, the Journal of Theoretical Biology 434, 1–114 commemorated the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" with a special issue
Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.
|
member of
| 55 |
[
"part of",
"belonging to",
"affiliated with",
"associated with",
"connected to"
] | null | null |
[
"Lynn Margulis",
"notable work",
"On the origin of mitosing cells"
] |
Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; March 5, 1938 – November 22, 2011) was an American evolutionary biologist, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution. Historian Jan Sapp has said that "Lynn Margulis's name is as synonymous with symbiosis as Charles Darwin's is with evolution." In particular, Margulis transformed and fundamentally framed current understanding of the evolution of cells with nuclei – an event Ernst Mayr called "perhaps the most important and dramatic event in the history of life" – by proposing it to have been the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria. Margulis was also the co-developer of the Gaia hypothesis with the British chemist James Lovelock, proposing that the Earth functions as a single self-regulating system, and was the principal defender and promulgator of the five kingdom classification of Robert Whittaker.
Throughout her career, Margulis' work could arouse intense objection (one grant application elicited the response, "Your research is crap. Don't ever bother to apply again.") and her formative paper, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in 1967 after being rejected by about fifteen journals. Still a junior faculty member at Boston University at the time, her theory that cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria was largely ignored for another decade, becoming widely accepted only after it was powerfully substantiated through genetic evidence. Margulis was elected a member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1983. President Bill Clinton presented her the National Medal of Science in 1999. The Linnean Society of London awarded her the Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2008.
Called "science's unruly earth mother", a "vindicated heretic", or a scientific "rebel", Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism. Her position sparked lifelong debate with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, including Richard Dawkins, George C. Williams, and John Maynard Smith.: 30, 67, 74–78, 88–92 Margulis' work on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, going back to the mid-19th century – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – and Margulis, not only promoted greater recognition for their contributions, but personally oversaw the first English translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before her death. Many of her major works, particularly those intended for a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son Dorion Sagan.
In 2002, Discover magazine recognized Margulis as one of the 50 most important women in science.Contributions
Endosymbiosis theory
In 1966, as a young faculty member at Boston University, Margulis wrote a theoretical paper titled "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells". The paper, however, was "rejected by about fifteen scientific journals," she recalled. It was finally accepted by Journal of Theoretical Biology and is considered today a landmark in modern endosymbiotic theory. Weathering constant criticism of her ideas for decades, Margulis was famous for her tenacity in pushing her theory forward, despite the opposition she faced at the time. The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in 1978 by Robert Schwartz and Margaret Dayhoff. This formed the first experimental evidence for the symbiogenesis theory. The endosymbiosis theory of organogenesis became widely accepted in the early 1980s, after the genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts had been found to be significantly different from that of the symbiont's nuclear DNA.In 1995, English evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins had this to say about Lynn Margulis and her work:Journals
Margulis (Sagan), L (1967). "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 14 (3): 225–274. Bibcode:1967JThBi..14..225S. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3. PMID 11541392.
Margulis, L (1976). "Genetic and evolutionary consequences of symbiosis". Experimental Parasitology. 39 (2): 277–349. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(76)90127-2. PMID 816668.
Margulis, L (1980). "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". Biosystems. 12 (1–2): 105–108. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90041-6. PMID 7378551.
Margulis, L; Bermudes, D (1985). "Symbiosis as a mechanism of evolution: status of cell symbiosis theory". Symbiosis. 1: 101–124. PMID 11543608.
Sagan, D; Margulis, L (1987). "Gaia and the evolution of machines". Whole Earth Review. 55: 15–21. PMID 11542102.
Bermudes, D; Margulis, L; Tzertzinis, G (1987). "Prokaryotic origin of undulipodia. Application of the panda principle to the centriole enigma". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 503 (1): 187–197. Bibcode:1987NYASA.503..187B. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40608.x. PMID 3304075. S2CID 39709909.
Lazcano, A; Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Oró, J (1988). "The evolutionary transition from RNA to DNA in early cells". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 27 (4): 283–290. Bibcode:1988JMolE..27..283L. doi:10.1007/bf02101189. PMID 2464698. S2CID 21008416.
Margulis, L (1990). "Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis and the new field of endocytobiology". BioScience. 40 (9): 673–677. doi:10.2307/1311435. JSTOR 1311435. PMID 11541293.
Margulis, L (1996). "Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (3): 1071–1076. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.1071M. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071. PMC 40032. PMID 8577716.
Chapman, MJ; Margulis, L (1998). "Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis". International Microbiology. 1 (4): 319–26. PMID 10943381.
Margulis, L.; Dolan, M. F.; Guerrero, R. (2000). "The chimeric eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 6954–6959. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6954M. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6954. PMC 34369. PMID 10860956.
Wier, A.; Dolan, M.; Grimaldi, D.; Guerrero, R.; Wagensberg, J.; Margulis, L. (2002). "Spirochete and protist symbionts of a termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) in Miocene amber". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): 1410–1413. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.1410W. doi:10.1073/pnas.022643899. PMC 122204. PMID 11818534.
Dolan, Michael F.; Melnitsky, Hannah; Margulis, Lynn; Kolnicki, Robin (2002). "Motility proteins and the origin of the nucleus". The Anatomical Record. 268 (3): 290–301. doi:10.1002/ar.10161. PMID 12382325. S2CID 7405778.
Margulis, L (2005). "Hans Ris (1914–2004). Genophore, chromosomes and the bacterial origin of chloroplasts". International Microbiology. 8 (2): 145–8. PMID 16052465.
Margulis, L.; Chapman, M.; Guerrero, R.; Hall, J. (2006). "The last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquisition of cytoskeletal motility from aerotolerant spirochetes in the Proterozoic Eon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (35): 13080–13085. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10313080M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604985103. PMC 1559756. PMID 16938841.
Dolan, MF; Margulis, L (2007). "Advances in biology reveal truth about prokaryotes". Nature. 445 (7123): 21. Bibcode:2007Natur.445...21D. doi:10.1038/445021b. PMID 17203039. S2CID 4426413.
Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael; Dolan, Michael F. (2007). "Semes for analysis of evolution: de Duve's peroxisomes and Meyer's hydrogenases in the sulphurous Proterozoic eon". Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (10): 1. doi:10.1038/nrg2071-c1. PMID 17923858. S2CID 33808568.
Brorson, O.; Brorson, S.-H.; Scythes, J.; MacAllister, J.; Wier, A.; Margulis, L. (2009). "Destruction of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic Tigecycline". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (44): 18656–18661. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10618656B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908236106. PMC 2774030. PMID 19843691.
Wier, AM; Sacchi, L; Dolan, MF; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (2010). "Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications for the origin and evolution of cilia". The Biological Bulletin. 218 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1086/BBLv218n1p25. PMID 20203251. S2CID 21634272.
Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Berlanga, M; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (2013). "Symbiogenesis: the holobiont as a unit of evolution". International Microbiology. 16 (3): 133–143. doi:10.2436/20.1501.01.188. PMID 24568029.
|
notable work
| 73 |
[
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Lynn Margulis",
"award received",
"National Medal of Science"
] |
Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; March 5, 1938 – November 22, 2011) was an American evolutionary biologist, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution. Historian Jan Sapp has said that "Lynn Margulis's name is as synonymous with symbiosis as Charles Darwin's is with evolution." In particular, Margulis transformed and fundamentally framed current understanding of the evolution of cells with nuclei – an event Ernst Mayr called "perhaps the most important and dramatic event in the history of life" – by proposing it to have been the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria. Margulis was also the co-developer of the Gaia hypothesis with the British chemist James Lovelock, proposing that the Earth functions as a single self-regulating system, and was the principal defender and promulgator of the five kingdom classification of Robert Whittaker.
Throughout her career, Margulis' work could arouse intense objection (one grant application elicited the response, "Your research is crap. Don't ever bother to apply again.") and her formative paper, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in 1967 after being rejected by about fifteen journals. Still a junior faculty member at Boston University at the time, her theory that cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria was largely ignored for another decade, becoming widely accepted only after it was powerfully substantiated through genetic evidence. Margulis was elected a member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1983. President Bill Clinton presented her the National Medal of Science in 1999. The Linnean Society of London awarded her the Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2008.
Called "science's unruly earth mother", a "vindicated heretic", or a scientific "rebel", Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism. Her position sparked lifelong debate with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, including Richard Dawkins, George C. Williams, and John Maynard Smith.: 30, 67, 74–78, 88–92 Margulis' work on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, going back to the mid-19th century – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – and Margulis, not only promoted greater recognition for their contributions, but personally oversaw the first English translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before her death. Many of her major works, particularly those intended for a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son Dorion Sagan.
In 2002, Discover magazine recognized Margulis as one of the 50 most important women in science.
|
award received
| 62 |
[
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Lynn Margulis",
"award received",
"Guggenheim Fellowship"
] |
Awards and recognitions
Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975.
Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978.
Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983.
Guest Hagey Lecturer, University of Waterloo, 1985
Miescher-Ishida Prize in 1986.
1989, conferred the Commandeur de l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.
Has her papers permanently archived in the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1992, recipient of Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Faculty of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
1995, elected Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science.
1997, elected to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.
1998, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
1998, elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1999, recipient of the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement.
1999, recipient of the National Medal of Science, awarded by President William J. Clinton.
2001, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
2002–05, Alexander von Humboldt Prize.
2005, elected President of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
Profiled in Visionaries: The 20th Century's 100 Most Important Inspirational Leaders, published in 2007.
Founded Sciencewriters Books in 2006 with her son Dorion.
Was one of thirteen recipients in 2008 of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore bestowed every 50 years, by the Linnean Society of London.
2009, speaker at the Biological Evolution Facts and Theories Conference, held at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome aimed at promoting dialogue between evolutionary biology and Christianity.
2010, inductee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking at the University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona.
2010, NASA Public Service Award for Astrobiology.
2012, Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, 2012
2017, the Journal of Theoretical Biology 434, 1–114 commemorated the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" with a special issue
Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.
|
award received
| 62 |
[
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Lynn Margulis",
"educated at",
"University of Wisconsin–Madison"
] |
Biography
Lynn Margulis was born in Chicago, to a Jewish, Zionist family. Her parents were Morris Alexander and Leona Wise Alexander. She was the eldest of four daughters. Her father was an attorney who also ran a company that made road paints. Her mother operated a travel agency. She entered the Hyde Park Academy High School in 1952, describing herself as a bad student who frequently had to stand in the corner.A precocious child, she was accepted at the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools at the age of fifteen. In 1957, at age 19, she earned a BA from the University of Chicago in Liberal Arts. She joined the University of Wisconsin to study biology under Hans Ris and Walter Plaut, her supervisor, and graduated in 1960 with an MS in genetics and zoology. (Her first publication, published with Plaut in 1958 in the Journal of Protozoology, was on the genetics of Euglena, flagellates which have features of both animals and plants.) She then pursued research at the University of California, Berkeley, under the zoologist Max Alfert. Before she could complete her dissertation, she was offered research associateship and then lectureship at Brandeis University in Massachusetts in 1964. It was while working there that she obtained her PhD from the University of California, Berkeley in 1965. Her thesis was An Unusual Pattern of Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena. In 1966 she moved to Boston University, where she taught biology for twenty-two years. She was initially an Adjunct Assistant Professor, then was appointed to Assistant Professor in 1967. She was promoted to Associate Professor in 1971, to full Professor in 1977, and to University Professor in 1986. In 1988 she was appointed Distinguished Professor of Botany at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. She was Distinguished Professor of Biology in 1993. In 1997 she transferred to the Department of Geosciences at Amherst to become Distinguished Professor of Geosciences "with great delight", the post which she held until her death.
|
educated at
| 56 |
[
"studied at",
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"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Lynn Margulis",
"award received",
"Darwin–Wallace Medal"
] |
Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; March 5, 1938 – November 22, 2011) was an American evolutionary biologist, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution. Historian Jan Sapp has said that "Lynn Margulis's name is as synonymous with symbiosis as Charles Darwin's is with evolution." In particular, Margulis transformed and fundamentally framed current understanding of the evolution of cells with nuclei – an event Ernst Mayr called "perhaps the most important and dramatic event in the history of life" – by proposing it to have been the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria. Margulis was also the co-developer of the Gaia hypothesis with the British chemist James Lovelock, proposing that the Earth functions as a single self-regulating system, and was the principal defender and promulgator of the five kingdom classification of Robert Whittaker.
Throughout her career, Margulis' work could arouse intense objection (one grant application elicited the response, "Your research is crap. Don't ever bother to apply again.") and her formative paper, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in 1967 after being rejected by about fifteen journals. Still a junior faculty member at Boston University at the time, her theory that cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria was largely ignored for another decade, becoming widely accepted only after it was powerfully substantiated through genetic evidence. Margulis was elected a member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1983. President Bill Clinton presented her the National Medal of Science in 1999. The Linnean Society of London awarded her the Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2008.
Called "science's unruly earth mother", a "vindicated heretic", or a scientific "rebel", Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism. Her position sparked lifelong debate with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, including Richard Dawkins, George C. Williams, and John Maynard Smith.: 30, 67, 74–78, 88–92 Margulis' work on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, going back to the mid-19th century – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – and Margulis, not only promoted greater recognition for their contributions, but personally oversaw the first English translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before her death. Many of her major works, particularly those intended for a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son Dorion Sagan.
In 2002, Discover magazine recognized Margulis as one of the 50 most important women in science.Awards and recognitions
Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975.
Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978.
Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983.
Guest Hagey Lecturer, University of Waterloo, 1985
Miescher-Ishida Prize in 1986.
1989, conferred the Commandeur de l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.
Has her papers permanently archived in the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1992, recipient of Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Faculty of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
1995, elected Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science.
1997, elected to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.
1998, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
1998, elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1999, recipient of the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement.
1999, recipient of the National Medal of Science, awarded by President William J. Clinton.
2001, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
2002–05, Alexander von Humboldt Prize.
2005, elected President of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
Profiled in Visionaries: The 20th Century's 100 Most Important Inspirational Leaders, published in 2007.
Founded Sciencewriters Books in 2006 with her son Dorion.
Was one of thirteen recipients in 2008 of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore bestowed every 50 years, by the Linnean Society of London.
2009, speaker at the Biological Evolution Facts and Theories Conference, held at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome aimed at promoting dialogue between evolutionary biology and Christianity.
2010, inductee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking at the University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona.
2010, NASA Public Service Award for Astrobiology.
2012, Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, 2012
2017, the Journal of Theoretical Biology 434, 1–114 commemorated the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" with a special issue
Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.
|
award received
| 62 |
[
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Lynn Margulis",
"child",
"Jeremy Sagan"
] |
Personal life
Margulis married astronomer Carl Sagan in 1957 soon after she got her bachelor's degree. Sagan was then a graduate student in physics at the University of Chicago. Their marriage ended in 1964, just before she completed her PhD. They had two sons, Dorion Sagan, who later became a popular science writer and her collaborator, and Jeremy Sagan, software developer and founder of Sagan Technology. In 1967, she married Thomas N. Margulis, a crystallographer. They had a son named Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, a New York City criminal defense lawyer, and a daughter Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author. They divorced in 1980. She commented, "I quit my job as a wife twice," and, "it's not humanly possible to be a good wife, a good mother, and a first-class scientist. No one can do it — something has to go." In the 2000s she had a relationship with fellow biologist Ricardo Guerrero. Her sister Joan Alexander married Nobel Laureate Sheldon Glashow; another sister, Sharon, married mathematician Daniel Kleitman.
She was a religious agnostic, and a staunch evolutionist, but rejected the modern evolutionary synthesis, and said: "I remember waking up one day with an epiphanous revelation: I am not a neo-Darwinist! I recalled an earlier experience, when I realized that I wasn't a humanistic Jew. Although I greatly admire Darwin's contributions and agree with most of his theoretical analysis and I am a Darwinist, I am not a neo-Darwinist." She argued that "Natural selection eliminates and maybe maintains, but it doesn't create", and maintained that symbiosis was the major driver of evolutionary change.In 2013, Margulis was listed as having been a member of the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.Margulis died on 22 November 2011 at home in Amherst, Massachusetts, five days after suffering a hemorrhagic stroke. As her wish, she was cremated and her ashes were scattered in her favorite research areas, near her home.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Lynn Margulis",
"award received",
"William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement"
] |
Awards and recognitions
Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975.
Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978.
Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1983.
Guest Hagey Lecturer, University of Waterloo, 1985
Miescher-Ishida Prize in 1986.
1989, conferred the Commandeur de l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.
Has her papers permanently archived in the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1992, recipient of Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Faculty of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
1995, elected Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science.
1997, elected to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.
1998, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
1998, elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1999, recipient of the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement.
1999, recipient of the National Medal of Science, awarded by President William J. Clinton.
2001, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
2002–05, Alexander von Humboldt Prize.
2005, elected President of Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
Profiled in Visionaries: The 20th Century's 100 Most Important Inspirational Leaders, published in 2007.
Founded Sciencewriters Books in 2006 with her son Dorion.
Was one of thirteen recipients in 2008 of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore bestowed every 50 years, by the Linnean Society of London.
2009, speaker at the Biological Evolution Facts and Theories Conference, held at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome aimed at promoting dialogue between evolutionary biology and Christianity.
2010, inductee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking at the University of Advancing Technology in Tempe, Arizona.
2010, NASA Public Service Award for Astrobiology.
2012, Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life in Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, 2012
2017, the Journal of Theoretical Biology 434, 1–114 commemorated the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" with a special issue
Honorary doctorate from 15 universities.
|
award received
| 62 |
[
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Hortensia Bussi",
"spouse",
"Salvador Allende"
] |
Mercedes Hortensia Bussi Soto (22 July 1914 – 18 June 2009) was the wife of Chilean President Salvador Allende. She was married to him from 1940 until he committed suicide during the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, serving as First Lady of Chile from 1970 to 1973. Her daughters are Beatriz, Isabel and Carmen Paz.Life
Bussi, nicknamed "Tencha", was born in Rancagua to a well-off family. She was the daughter of Ciro Bussi Aguilera, an officer in the country's merchant marine and Mercedes Soto García. She graduated from the University of Chile as a teacher of History and Geography and worked as a librarian at the National Statistics Office.
Bussi met her future husband in the aftermath of the 1939 Chillán earthquake, in which more than 40.000 Chileans lost their lives. They were involved in the campaign for those made homeless by the earthquake. They married a year later, in 1940. Allende then became minister of health in the Popular Front government of Pedro Aguirre Cerda, at the start of his political career.After the military coup which overthrew her husband, Bussi went into exile in Mexico, and campaigned against the Pinochet regime. In 1975, she was a member of the jury at the 9th Moscow International Film Festival, and in 1977 she stood as candidate for Rector of the University of Glasgow, losing to the student John Bell. Bussi returned to Chile in 1988 after 17 years in exile and kept a quiet life. She died at the age of 94 in Santiago.
|
spouse
| 51 |
[
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Hortensia Bussi",
"educated at",
"University of Chile"
] |
Life
Bussi, nicknamed "Tencha", was born in Rancagua to a well-off family. She was the daughter of Ciro Bussi Aguilera, an officer in the country's merchant marine and Mercedes Soto García. She graduated from the University of Chile as a teacher of History and Geography and worked as a librarian at the National Statistics Office.
Bussi met her future husband in the aftermath of the 1939 Chillán earthquake, in which more than 40.000 Chileans lost their lives. They were involved in the campaign for those made homeless by the earthquake. They married a year later, in 1940. Allende then became minister of health in the Popular Front government of Pedro Aguirre Cerda, at the start of his political career.After the military coup which overthrew her husband, Bussi went into exile in Mexico, and campaigned against the Pinochet regime. In 1975, she was a member of the jury at the 9th Moscow International Film Festival, and in 1977 she stood as candidate for Rector of the University of Glasgow, losing to the student John Bell. Bussi returned to Chile in 1988 after 17 years in exile and kept a quiet life. She died at the age of 94 in Santiago.
|
educated at
| 56 |
[
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Hortensia Bussi",
"position held",
"First Lady of Chile"
] |
Mercedes Hortensia Bussi Soto (22 July 1914 – 18 June 2009) was the wife of Chilean President Salvador Allende. She was married to him from 1940 until he committed suicide during the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, serving as First Lady of Chile from 1970 to 1973. Her daughters are Beatriz, Isabel and Carmen Paz.Life
Bussi, nicknamed "Tencha", was born in Rancagua to a well-off family. She was the daughter of Ciro Bussi Aguilera, an officer in the country's merchant marine and Mercedes Soto García. She graduated from the University of Chile as a teacher of History and Geography and worked as a librarian at the National Statistics Office.
Bussi met her future husband in the aftermath of the 1939 Chillán earthquake, in which more than 40.000 Chileans lost their lives. They were involved in the campaign for those made homeless by the earthquake. They married a year later, in 1940. Allende then became minister of health in the Popular Front government of Pedro Aguirre Cerda, at the start of his political career.After the military coup which overthrew her husband, Bussi went into exile in Mexico, and campaigned against the Pinochet regime. In 1975, she was a member of the jury at the 9th Moscow International Film Festival, and in 1977 she stood as candidate for Rector of the University of Glasgow, losing to the student John Bell. Bussi returned to Chile in 1988 after 17 years in exile and kept a quiet life. She died at the age of 94 in Santiago.
|
position held
| 59 |
[
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Anne-Antoinette Diderot",
"place of death",
"Paris"
] |
Anne-Antoinette Diderot (born Anne-Antoinette Champion 22 February 1710 – 10 April 1796) was the wife of the pioneer encyclopedist Denis Diderot and the mother of his only surviving child, Marie-Angélique Diderot (1753–1824).The marriage took place despite parental opposition and after dark on a Wednesday night, under conditions of secrecy. Sources indicate that the couple's life together was not without incident, but the marriage nevertheless endured from 1743 until the death of the philosopher in 1784.
|
place of death
| 45 |
[
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"Anne-Antoinette Diderot",
"spouse",
"Denis Diderot"
] |
Anne-Antoinette Diderot (born Anne-Antoinette Champion 22 February 1710 – 10 April 1796) was the wife of the pioneer encyclopedist Denis Diderot and the mother of his only surviving child, Marie-Angélique Diderot (1753–1824).The marriage took place despite parental opposition and after dark on a Wednesday night, under conditions of secrecy. Sources indicate that the couple's life together was not without incident, but the marriage nevertheless endured from 1743 until the death of the philosopher in 1784.
|
spouse
| 51 |
[
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Anne-Antoinette Diderot",
"family name",
"Champion"
] |
Life
Provenance
Anne Antoinette's mother was born Marie de Malleville in 1676, the daughter of a soldier from Le Mans. In 1709 she married a manual worker called Ambroise Champion (ca.1665–1713), from the same region. The couple are known to have had six children. Ambroise Champion took work manufacturing "Étamine", a type of rough cloth used to make clothes and as a cheese cloth: he experienced money problems and died, financially ruined, in 1713, at a hospital in La Ferté-Bernard.
His widow now relocated to Paris, accompanied by her youngest daughter, Anne Antoinette. The girl attended a monastic school till 1729. In 1741, using the name Nanette, she was living with her mother Marie Champion in the Rue Boutebrie, where both women were supporting themselves with laundry, sewing and lace making.
|
family name
| 54 |
[
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Anne-Antoinette Diderot",
"family name",
"Diderot"
] |
Anne-Antoinette Diderot (born Anne-Antoinette Champion 22 February 1710 – 10 April 1796) was the wife of the pioneer encyclopedist Denis Diderot and the mother of his only surviving child, Marie-Angélique Diderot (1753–1824).The marriage took place despite parental opposition and after dark on a Wednesday night, under conditions of secrecy. Sources indicate that the couple's life together was not without incident, but the marriage nevertheless endured from 1743 until the death of the philosopher in 1784.The path to marriage
In 1741, it was found that Denis Diderot living in a room in the same house as Anne-Antoinette and her mother. Early in 1743, having known them for approximately two years, knowing that she was a Catholic but also fully aware that no dowry would be involved, the philosopher decided he wished to marry Anne-Antoinette. He sought his father's permission, who opposed the idea and obtained a lettre de cachet (royal injunction) against the proposed marriage; he had Denis locked up in Carmelite Monastery in the countryside outside Troyes where he might reflect further on the matter.Diderot was 29 at this time. The story of the prelude to the marriage between Denis and Anne-Antoinette Diderot is often repeated, incorporating the information that a decree of 1697 meant that a man marrying without his father's consent before he reached the age of 30 (or a girl marrying under a similar interdict before reaching the age of 25) must be disinherited by his (or her) parents. Other sources suggest that this simplifies the legal context to the point of misrepresenting it. In any event, after a few weeks Denis Diderot managed to escape his monastic imprisonment. In a letter written at the end of February 1743 to his future wife Diderot describes his incarceration, his monastic existence, the wickedness of the monks, and his overnight escape between a Sunday and a Monday. He had jumped out of a window and managed, at one stage, to find a stage coach connection to Troyes.His letter spelled out that getting away from the monastery had involved significant weight loss because of the amount of walking he had had to undertake in the cold rain. He also wrote that he had hidden some money in his shirt tail as a precaution. Then he reached the central burden of his letter, which was that the rest of his life was dependent on her decision for or against him. Finally he reached Paris. Anne-Antoinette let it be known unambiguously that she had no wish to marry into a family in which she was not welcome; and that he should stop trying to contact her. Later, however, mother and daughter had a change of heart, and during the night of 6 November 1743, one month after Diderot's thirtieth birthday, the two of them were secretly married in the church of Saint-Pierre-aux-Bœufs, one of the few Paris churches prepared to hold a marriage service without evidence of parental approval for the solemnisation ceremony. Didier Diderot only found out about his son's marriage six years later.Married life
The children
Once married the Diderots moved into their first home together, in the Rue Saint-Victor, close to the Place Maubert in what is today the 5th arrondissement of Paris. It was here that on 13 August 1744 she gave birth to their first child, their daughter Angelique who the next day, 14 August 1744, was christened at the church of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet. The godparents were Auguste Blanchard, an official of the church, and Marie-Catherine Léger, the widow of François Lefebvre. After six weeks Angelique died on 29 September 1744. By 1746 the family were living in the Rue Traversière, and that year they moved again to an address in the Rue Mouffetard, but they continued to live in the same part of Paris near the Place Maubert. Their two sons, François Jacques and Denis-Laurant, both died in infancy. Their fourth child, Marie Angélique Diderot (1753–1824) achieved some notability on her own account as a talented musician-instrumentalist. In 1772 she married Abel Caroillon de Vandeul (1746–1813), the son of an industrialist, and is sometimes identified in sources as Marie Angélique de Vandeul.
|
family name
| 54 |
[
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Anne-Antoinette Diderot",
"child",
"Angélique Didero"
] |
Anne-Antoinette Diderot (born Anne-Antoinette Champion 22 February 1710 – 10 April 1796) was the wife of the pioneer encyclopedist Denis Diderot and the mother of his only surviving child, Marie-Angélique Diderot (1753–1824).The marriage took place despite parental opposition and after dark on a Wednesday night, under conditions of secrecy. Sources indicate that the couple's life together was not without incident, but the marriage nevertheless endured from 1743 until the death of the philosopher in 1784.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Damon Salvatore",
"present in work",
"The Vampire Diaries"
] |
Damon Salvatore is a fictional character In L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Damon is the one of the two main protagonists along with Stefan Salvatore, especially in the story's main setting, Mystic Falls.
He is part of a love triangle between his brother Stefan (Paul Wesley) and a female vampire named Katherine Pierce (Nina Dobrev) whom they were both compelled to love when they were still human. A century after Damon and Stefan leave Mystic Falls, they both return and meet Elena Gilbert (also Nina Dobrev), a mortal who looks exactly like Katherine. Damon wants to ‘win’ Elena away from Stefan, but she chooses Stefan over Damon, then Elena later breaks up with Stefan after she develops feelings for Damon.Television series
Background
Damon Salvatore is a vampire, turned by Katherine Pierce 145 years prior to the series' debut. He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore, ripper Lily Salvatore and older brother of Stefan Salvatore. Damon is portrayed as charming but cruel, taking pleasure in killing and feeding on humans, while Stefan satisfies his vampiric hunger by feeding on animals.Season 1
In the first season, Damon appears as the older brother of Stefan Salvatore, and plays the main antagonist. He has brief moments of compassion, however, such as erasing Jeremy Gilbert's memory of vampires and removing his "suffering" so Jeremy can get his life back on track. Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong. Damon admits to Elena that he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it. The two begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted - it is later revealed that it was not Elena he kissed, but Katherine Pierce. Later in the season, it is also implied that he actually feels human emotions, such as pain and love.
|
present in work
| 69 |
[
"featured in work",
"appears in work",
"mentioned in work",
"depicted in work",
"portrayed in work"
] | null | null |
[
"Damon Salvatore",
"performer",
"Ian Somerhalder"
] |
Damon Salvatore is a fictional character In L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Damon is the one of the two main protagonists along with Stefan Salvatore, especially in the story's main setting, Mystic Falls.
He is part of a love triangle between his brother Stefan (Paul Wesley) and a female vampire named Katherine Pierce (Nina Dobrev) whom they were both compelled to love when they were still human. A century after Damon and Stefan leave Mystic Falls, they both return and meet Elena Gilbert (also Nina Dobrev), a mortal who looks exactly like Katherine. Damon wants to ‘win’ Elena away from Stefan, but she chooses Stefan over Damon, then Elena later breaks up with Stefan after she develops feelings for Damon.
|
performer
| 78 |
[
"actor",
"actress",
"performing artist",
"theater artist",
"stage artist"
] | null | null |
[
"Damon Salvatore",
"present in work",
"The Vampire Diaries"
] |
Damon Salvatore is a fictional character In L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Damon is the one of the two main protagonists along with Stefan Salvatore, especially in the story's main setting, Mystic Falls.
He is part of a love triangle between his brother Stefan (Paul Wesley) and a female vampire named Katherine Pierce (Nina Dobrev) whom they were both compelled to love when they were still human. A century after Damon and Stefan leave Mystic Falls, they both return and meet Elena Gilbert (also Nina Dobrev), a mortal who looks exactly like Katherine. Damon wants to ‘win’ Elena away from Stefan, but she chooses Stefan over Damon, then Elena later breaks up with Stefan after she develops feelings for Damon.Television series
Background
Damon Salvatore is a vampire, turned by Katherine Pierce 145 years prior to the series' debut. He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore, ripper Lily Salvatore and older brother of Stefan Salvatore. Damon is portrayed as charming but cruel, taking pleasure in killing and feeding on humans, while Stefan satisfies his vampiric hunger by feeding on animals.Season 1
In the first season, Damon appears as the older brother of Stefan Salvatore, and plays the main antagonist. He has brief moments of compassion, however, such as erasing Jeremy Gilbert's memory of vampires and removing his "suffering" so Jeremy can get his life back on track. Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong. Damon admits to Elena that he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it. The two begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted - it is later revealed that it was not Elena he kissed, but Katherine Pierce. Later in the season, it is also implied that he actually feels human emotions, such as pain and love.
|
present in work
| 69 |
[
"featured in work",
"appears in work",
"mentioned in work",
"depicted in work",
"portrayed in work"
] | null | null |
[
"Damon Salvatore",
"sibling",
"Stefan Salvatore"
] |
Damon Salvatore is a fictional character In L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Damon is the one of the two main protagonists along with Stefan Salvatore, especially in the story's main setting, Mystic Falls.
He is part of a love triangle between his brother Stefan (Paul Wesley) and a female vampire named Katherine Pierce (Nina Dobrev) whom they were both compelled to love when they were still human. A century after Damon and Stefan leave Mystic Falls, they both return and meet Elena Gilbert (also Nina Dobrev), a mortal who looks exactly like Katherine. Damon wants to ‘win’ Elena away from Stefan, but she chooses Stefan over Damon, then Elena later breaks up with Stefan after she develops feelings for Damon.Television series
Background
Damon Salvatore is a vampire, turned by Katherine Pierce 145 years prior to the series' debut. He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore, ripper Lily Salvatore and older brother of Stefan Salvatore. Damon is portrayed as charming but cruel, taking pleasure in killing and feeding on humans, while Stefan satisfies his vampiric hunger by feeding on animals.Season 1
In the first season, Damon appears as the older brother of Stefan Salvatore, and plays the main antagonist. He has brief moments of compassion, however, such as erasing Jeremy Gilbert's memory of vampires and removing his "suffering" so Jeremy can get his life back on track. Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong. Damon admits to Elena that he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it. The two begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted - it is later revealed that it was not Elena he kissed, but Katherine Pierce. Later in the season, it is also implied that he actually feels human emotions, such as pain and love.Stefan Salvatore
Damon has had a challenging relationship with his younger brother Stefan Salvatore for over a century. Before they became vampires, they both loved the vampire Katherine Pierce. Damon shows that he has nurtured a long-standing desire to reunite with Katherine throughout the first season. In the first season, we learn that it was Stefan who convinced Damon to feed and complete his transformation after Katherine turned both brothers into vampires. Despite the feud between the Salvatore brothers, both Damon and Stefan always have each other's backs. Damon is always there for Stefan when it really matters, e.g., saving him from being tortured, helping him through withdrawal, and working with him to kill common enemies. And Stefan will still give up his own life for Damon's survival. They both actually love each other but will not admit it.
|
sibling
| 37 |
[
"brother or sister",
"kin"
] | null | null |
[
"Damon Salvatore",
"instance of",
"literary character"
] |
Damon Salvatore is a fictional character In L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Damon is the one of the two main protagonists along with Stefan Salvatore, especially in the story's main setting, Mystic Falls.
He is part of a love triangle between his brother Stefan (Paul Wesley) and a female vampire named Katherine Pierce (Nina Dobrev) whom they were both compelled to love when they were still human. A century after Damon and Stefan leave Mystic Falls, they both return and meet Elena Gilbert (also Nina Dobrev), a mortal who looks exactly like Katherine. Damon wants to ‘win’ Elena away from Stefan, but she chooses Stefan over Damon, then Elena later breaks up with Stefan after she develops feelings for Damon.
|
instance of
| 5 |
[
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Damon Salvatore",
"instance of",
"vampire in a work of fiction"
] |
Damon Salvatore is a fictional character In L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Damon is the one of the two main protagonists along with Stefan Salvatore, especially in the story's main setting, Mystic Falls.
He is part of a love triangle between his brother Stefan (Paul Wesley) and a female vampire named Katherine Pierce (Nina Dobrev) whom they were both compelled to love when they were still human. A century after Damon and Stefan leave Mystic Falls, they both return and meet Elena Gilbert (also Nina Dobrev), a mortal who looks exactly like Katherine. Damon wants to ‘win’ Elena away from Stefan, but she chooses Stefan over Damon, then Elena later breaks up with Stefan after she develops feelings for Damon.Television series
Background
Damon Salvatore is a vampire, turned by Katherine Pierce 145 years prior to the series' debut. He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore, ripper Lily Salvatore and older brother of Stefan Salvatore. Damon is portrayed as charming but cruel, taking pleasure in killing and feeding on humans, while Stefan satisfies his vampiric hunger by feeding on animals.
|
instance of
| 5 |
[
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Damon Salvatore",
"family name",
"Salvatore"
] |
Damon Salvatore is a fictional character In L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Damon is the one of the two main protagonists along with Stefan Salvatore, especially in the story's main setting, Mystic Falls.
He is part of a love triangle between his brother Stefan (Paul Wesley) and a female vampire named Katherine Pierce (Nina Dobrev) whom they were both compelled to love when they were still human. A century after Damon and Stefan leave Mystic Falls, they both return and meet Elena Gilbert (also Nina Dobrev), a mortal who looks exactly like Katherine. Damon wants to ‘win’ Elena away from Stefan, but she chooses Stefan over Damon, then Elena later breaks up with Stefan after she develops feelings for Damon.Television series
Background
Damon Salvatore is a vampire, turned by Katherine Pierce 145 years prior to the series' debut. He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore, ripper Lily Salvatore and older brother of Stefan Salvatore. Damon is portrayed as charming but cruel, taking pleasure in killing and feeding on humans, while Stefan satisfies his vampiric hunger by feeding on animals.Season 1
In the first season, Damon appears as the older brother of Stefan Salvatore, and plays the main antagonist. He has brief moments of compassion, however, such as erasing Jeremy Gilbert's memory of vampires and removing his "suffering" so Jeremy can get his life back on track. Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong. Damon admits to Elena that he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it. The two begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted - it is later revealed that it was not Elena he kissed, but Katherine Pierce. Later in the season, it is also implied that he actually feels human emotions, such as pain and love.
|
family name
| 54 |
[
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Damon Salvatore",
"instance of",
"television character"
] |
Damon Salvatore is a fictional character In L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Damon is the one of the two main protagonists along with Stefan Salvatore, especially in the story's main setting, Mystic Falls.
He is part of a love triangle between his brother Stefan (Paul Wesley) and a female vampire named Katherine Pierce (Nina Dobrev) whom they were both compelled to love when they were still human. A century after Damon and Stefan leave Mystic Falls, they both return and meet Elena Gilbert (also Nina Dobrev), a mortal who looks exactly like Katherine. Damon wants to ‘win’ Elena away from Stefan, but she chooses Stefan over Damon, then Elena later breaks up with Stefan after she develops feelings for Damon.
|
instance of
| 5 |
[
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Damon Salvatore",
"residence",
"Mystic Falls"
] |
Damon Salvatore is a fictional character In L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Damon is the one of the two main protagonists along with Stefan Salvatore, especially in the story's main setting, Mystic Falls.
He is part of a love triangle between his brother Stefan (Paul Wesley) and a female vampire named Katherine Pierce (Nina Dobrev) whom they were both compelled to love when they were still human. A century after Damon and Stefan leave Mystic Falls, they both return and meet Elena Gilbert (also Nina Dobrev), a mortal who looks exactly like Katherine. Damon wants to ‘win’ Elena away from Stefan, but she chooses Stefan over Damon, then Elena later breaks up with Stefan after she develops feelings for Damon.
|
residence
| 49 |
[
"living place",
"dwelling",
"abode",
"habitat",
"domicile"
] | null | null |
[
"Marina Vlady",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Marina Vlady (born 10 May 1938) is a French actress.Biography
Vlady was born in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine to White Russian immigrant parents. Her father was an opera singer and her mother was a dancer. Her sisters, now all deceased, were the actresses Odile Versois, Hélène Vallier and Olga Baïdar-Poliakoff. The sisters began acting as children and, for a while, pursued a ballet career.
From 1955 to 1959, she was married to actor/director Robert Hossein. From 1963 to 1966, she was married to Jean-Claude Brouillet, a French entrepreneur, owner of two airlines and member of French Resistance. Vlady was married to Soviet poet/songwriter Vladimir Vysotsky from 1969 until his death in 1980. She lived with French oncologist Léon Schwartzenberg from the 1980s until his death in 2003.Vlady won the Best Actress Award at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival for The Conjugal Bed. In 1965, she was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.
|
instance of
| 5 |
[
"type of",
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"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Marina Vlady",
"country of citizenship",
"France"
] |
Marina Vlady (born 10 May 1938) is a French actress.
|
country of citizenship
| 63 |
[
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Marina Vlady",
"sibling",
"Odile Versois"
] |
Biography
Vlady was born in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine to White Russian immigrant parents. Her father was an opera singer and her mother was a dancer. Her sisters, now all deceased, were the actresses Odile Versois, Hélène Vallier and Olga Baïdar-Poliakoff. The sisters began acting as children and, for a while, pursued a ballet career.
From 1955 to 1959, she was married to actor/director Robert Hossein. From 1963 to 1966, she was married to Jean-Claude Brouillet, a French entrepreneur, owner of two airlines and member of French Resistance. Vlady was married to Soviet poet/songwriter Vladimir Vysotsky from 1969 until his death in 1980. She lived with French oncologist Léon Schwartzenberg from the 1980s until his death in 2003.Vlady won the Best Actress Award at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival for The Conjugal Bed. In 1965, she was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.
|
sibling
| 37 |
[
"brother or sister",
"kin"
] | null | null |
[
"Marina Vlady",
"sibling",
"Hélène Vallier"
] |
Biography
Vlady was born in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine to White Russian immigrant parents. Her father was an opera singer and her mother was a dancer. Her sisters, now all deceased, were the actresses Odile Versois, Hélène Vallier and Olga Baïdar-Poliakoff. The sisters began acting as children and, for a while, pursued a ballet career.
From 1955 to 1959, she was married to actor/director Robert Hossein. From 1963 to 1966, she was married to Jean-Claude Brouillet, a French entrepreneur, owner of two airlines and member of French Resistance. Vlady was married to Soviet poet/songwriter Vladimir Vysotsky from 1969 until his death in 1980. She lived with French oncologist Léon Schwartzenberg from the 1980s until his death in 2003.Vlady won the Best Actress Award at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival for The Conjugal Bed. In 1965, she was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.
|
sibling
| 37 |
[
"brother or sister",
"kin"
] | null | null |
[
"Marina Vlady",
"place of birth",
"Clichy"
] |
Marina Vlady (born 10 May 1938) is a French actress.Biography
Vlady was born in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine to White Russian immigrant parents. Her father was an opera singer and her mother was a dancer. Her sisters, now all deceased, were the actresses Odile Versois, Hélène Vallier and Olga Baïdar-Poliakoff. The sisters began acting as children and, for a while, pursued a ballet career.
From 1955 to 1959, she was married to actor/director Robert Hossein. From 1963 to 1966, she was married to Jean-Claude Brouillet, a French entrepreneur, owner of two airlines and member of French Resistance. Vlady was married to Soviet poet/songwriter Vladimir Vysotsky from 1969 until his death in 1980. She lived with French oncologist Léon Schwartzenberg from the 1980s until his death in 2003.Vlady won the Best Actress Award at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival for The Conjugal Bed. In 1965, she was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.
|
place of birth
| 42 |
[
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Marina Vlady",
"award received",
"Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress"
] |
Biography
Vlady was born in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine to White Russian immigrant parents. Her father was an opera singer and her mother was a dancer. Her sisters, now all deceased, were the actresses Odile Versois, Hélène Vallier and Olga Baïdar-Poliakoff. The sisters began acting as children and, for a while, pursued a ballet career.
From 1955 to 1959, she was married to actor/director Robert Hossein. From 1963 to 1966, she was married to Jean-Claude Brouillet, a French entrepreneur, owner of two airlines and member of French Resistance. Vlady was married to Soviet poet/songwriter Vladimir Vysotsky from 1969 until his death in 1980. She lived with French oncologist Léon Schwartzenberg from the 1980s until his death in 2003.Vlady won the Best Actress Award at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival for The Conjugal Bed. In 1965, she was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.
|
award received
| 62 |
[
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Marina Vlady",
"given name",
"Marina"
] |
Biography
Vlady was born in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine to White Russian immigrant parents. Her father was an opera singer and her mother was a dancer. Her sisters, now all deceased, were the actresses Odile Versois, Hélène Vallier and Olga Baïdar-Poliakoff. The sisters began acting as children and, for a while, pursued a ballet career.
From 1955 to 1959, she was married to actor/director Robert Hossein. From 1963 to 1966, she was married to Jean-Claude Brouillet, a French entrepreneur, owner of two airlines and member of French Resistance. Vlady was married to Soviet poet/songwriter Vladimir Vysotsky from 1969 until his death in 1980. She lived with French oncologist Léon Schwartzenberg from the 1980s until his death in 2003.Vlady won the Best Actress Award at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival for The Conjugal Bed. In 1965, she was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.
|
given name
| 60 |
[
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Marina Vlady",
"spouse",
"Jean-Claude Brouillet"
] |
Biography
Vlady was born in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine to White Russian immigrant parents. Her father was an opera singer and her mother was a dancer. Her sisters, now all deceased, were the actresses Odile Versois, Hélène Vallier and Olga Baïdar-Poliakoff. The sisters began acting as children and, for a while, pursued a ballet career.
From 1955 to 1959, she was married to actor/director Robert Hossein. From 1963 to 1966, she was married to Jean-Claude Brouillet, a French entrepreneur, owner of two airlines and member of French Resistance. Vlady was married to Soviet poet/songwriter Vladimir Vysotsky from 1969 until his death in 1980. She lived with French oncologist Léon Schwartzenberg from the 1980s until his death in 2003.Vlady won the Best Actress Award at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival for The Conjugal Bed. In 1965, she was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.
|
spouse
| 51 |
[
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"spouse",
"Napoleon"
] |
Joséphine Bonaparte (French: [ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt], born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was Empress of the French as the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also Queen of Italy from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as Joséphine de Beauharnais (French: [ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ]).
Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of the French emperor Napoleon III and the Brazilian empress Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Members of the current royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Norway and the grand ducal family of Luxembourg also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married Marie Louise of Austria. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.
A patron of art, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and Empire style at the Château de Malmaison. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting. The Château de Malmaison was noted for its rose garden, which she supervised closely.Name
Although she is often referred to as "Joséphine de Beauharnais", it is not a name she used in her lifetime. "Beauharnais" is the name of her first husband, which she ceased to use upon her marriage to Napoleon, taking the last name "Bonaparte". And she did not use the name "Joséphine" before meeting Napoleon, who was the first to call her such, perhaps from her middle name, Josèphe. In her life before Napoleon, she went by the name of Rose, or Marie-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, later de Beauharnais. She sometimes reverted to using her maiden name in later life. After her marriage to then-General Bonaparte, she adopted the name Joséphine Bonaparte. The misnomer "Joséphine de Beauharnais" emerged during the Bourbon restoration, who were hesitant to refer to her by either Napoleon's surname or her imperial title.
|
spouse
| 51 |
[
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"family name",
"Beauharnais"
] |
Joséphine Bonaparte (French: [ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt], born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was Empress of the French as the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also Queen of Italy from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as Joséphine de Beauharnais (French: [ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ]).
Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of the French emperor Napoleon III and the Brazilian empress Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Members of the current royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Norway and the grand ducal family of Luxembourg also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married Marie Louise of Austria. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.
A patron of art, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and Empire style at the Château de Malmaison. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting. The Château de Malmaison was noted for its rose garden, which she supervised closely.First marriage
Background
Joséphine's paternal aunt, Marie-Euphémie-Désirée Renaudin, was the mistress of a French naval officer, François de Beauharnais, from a less ancient but richer noble family. While living on Martinique, de Beauharnais had a son, Alexandre, by his wife. Soon, the parents returned to France, and left the infant with the Tascher family until 1766. When he had come of age, his father's mistress, who was also Alexandre's godmother, decided that it would be advantageous to her if he married one of her nieces. Aged seventeen, he judged fifteen-year-old Joséphine to be too close to him in age, and thus, Catherine-Désirée was chosen for him. As the bride's father was impoverished and the bridegroom was to become a wealthy man upon his marriage, he asked for no dowry.By the time Alexandre's father had proposed in a letter, however, Catherine-Désirée had died. Not wanting to lose the rich suitor, her father offered his youngest daughter instead, which was accepted by Alexandre. Marie-Françoise was not yet twelve, however, and her mother and grandmother were not willing to let her go. In the end, Joséphine was engaged to Alexandre.In October 1779, she went to France with her father. She married Alexandre on 13 December 1779, in Noisy-le-Grand. They had two children: a son, Eugène de Beauharnais, and a daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais (who later married Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte in 1802). Joséphine and Alexandre's marriage was not a happy one. Alexandre abandoned his family for over a year to live with a mistress and frequented brothels, leading to a court-ordered separation during which Joséphine and the children lived at Alexandre's expense in the Pentemont Abbey.Descendants
Hortense's son, Napoleon III, became Emperor of the French. Eugène's son Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg married into the Russian Imperial family, was granted the style of Imperial Highness and founded the Russian line of the Beauharnais family, while Eugene's daughter Joséphine married King Oscar I of Sweden, the son of Napoleon's one-time fiancée, Désirée Clary. Through her, Joséphine is a direct ancestor of the present heads of the royal houses of Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden and of the grandducal house of Baden.A number of jewels worn by modern-day royals are often said to have been worn by Joséphine. Through the Leuchtenberg inheritance, the Norwegian royal family possesses an emerald and diamond parure said to have been Joséphine's. The Swedish royal family owns several pieces of jewelry frequently linked to Joséphine, including the Leuchtenberg Sapphire Parure, a suite of amethyst jewels, and the Cameo Parure, worn by Sweden's royal brides. However, a number of these jewels were probably never a part of Joséphine's collection at all, but instead belonged to other members of her family.Another of Eugène's daughters, Amélie of Leuchtenberg, married Emperor Pedro I of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, and became Empress of Brazil, and they had one surviving daughter, Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil, who was briefly engaged to Archduke Maximilian of Austria, before he became Maximilian I of Mexico, before her early death.
|
family name
| 54 |
[
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"cause of death",
"pneumonia"
] |
Death
Joséphine died of pneumonia in Rueil-Malmaison on 29 May 1814, soon after walking with Emperor Alexander I of Russia in the gardens of Malmaison, where she allegedly begged to join Napoleon in exile. She was buried in the nearby church of Saint Pierre-Saint Paul in Rueil. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her.
Napoleon learned of her death via a French journal while in exile on Elba, and stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to see anyone. He claimed to a friend, while in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Joséphine, but I did not respect her." Despite her numerous affairs, eventual marriage annulment, and his remarriage, the Emperor's last words on his death bed at St. Helena were: "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Joséphine."("France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine").
|
cause of death
| 43 |
[
"manner of death",
"reason for death",
"mode of death",
"source of death",
"factors leading to death"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"child",
"Eugène de Beauharnais"
] |
First marriage
Background
Joséphine's paternal aunt, Marie-Euphémie-Désirée Renaudin, was the mistress of a French naval officer, François de Beauharnais, from a less ancient but richer noble family. While living on Martinique, de Beauharnais had a son, Alexandre, by his wife. Soon, the parents returned to France, and left the infant with the Tascher family until 1766. When he had come of age, his father's mistress, who was also Alexandre's godmother, decided that it would be advantageous to her if he married one of her nieces. Aged seventeen, he judged fifteen-year-old Joséphine to be too close to him in age, and thus, Catherine-Désirée was chosen for him. As the bride's father was impoverished and the bridegroom was to become a wealthy man upon his marriage, he asked for no dowry.By the time Alexandre's father had proposed in a letter, however, Catherine-Désirée had died. Not wanting to lose the rich suitor, her father offered his youngest daughter instead, which was accepted by Alexandre. Marie-Françoise was not yet twelve, however, and her mother and grandmother were not willing to let her go. In the end, Joséphine was engaged to Alexandre.In October 1779, she went to France with her father. She married Alexandre on 13 December 1779, in Noisy-le-Grand. They had two children: a son, Eugène de Beauharnais, and a daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais (who later married Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte in 1802). Joséphine and Alexandre's marriage was not a happy one. Alexandre abandoned his family for over a year to live with a mistress and frequented brothels, leading to a court-ordered separation during which Joséphine and the children lived at Alexandre's expense in the Pentemont Abbey.Descendants
Hortense's son, Napoleon III, became Emperor of the French. Eugène's son Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg married into the Russian Imperial family, was granted the style of Imperial Highness and founded the Russian line of the Beauharnais family, while Eugene's daughter Joséphine married King Oscar I of Sweden, the son of Napoleon's one-time fiancée, Désirée Clary. Through her, Joséphine is a direct ancestor of the present heads of the royal houses of Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden and of the grandducal house of Baden.A number of jewels worn by modern-day royals are often said to have been worn by Joséphine. Through the Leuchtenberg inheritance, the Norwegian royal family possesses an emerald and diamond parure said to have been Joséphine's. The Swedish royal family owns several pieces of jewelry frequently linked to Joséphine, including the Leuchtenberg Sapphire Parure, a suite of amethyst jewels, and the Cameo Parure, worn by Sweden's royal brides. However, a number of these jewels were probably never a part of Joséphine's collection at all, but instead belonged to other members of her family.Another of Eugène's daughters, Amélie of Leuchtenberg, married Emperor Pedro I of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, and became Empress of Brazil, and they had one surviving daughter, Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil, who was briefly engaged to Archduke Maximilian of Austria, before he became Maximilian I of Mexico, before her early death.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"place of death",
"Rueil-Malmaison"
] |
Death
Joséphine died of pneumonia in Rueil-Malmaison on 29 May 1814, soon after walking with Emperor Alexander I of Russia in the gardens of Malmaison, where she allegedly begged to join Napoleon in exile. She was buried in the nearby church of Saint Pierre-Saint Paul in Rueil. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her.
Napoleon learned of her death via a French journal while in exile on Elba, and stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to see anyone. He claimed to a friend, while in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Joséphine, but I did not respect her." Despite her numerous affairs, eventual marriage annulment, and his remarriage, the Emperor's last words on his death bed at St. Helena were: "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Joséphine."("France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine").
|
place of death
| 45 |
[
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"child",
"Hortense de Beauharnais"
] |
First marriage
Background
Joséphine's paternal aunt, Marie-Euphémie-Désirée Renaudin, was the mistress of a French naval officer, François de Beauharnais, from a less ancient but richer noble family. While living on Martinique, de Beauharnais had a son, Alexandre, by his wife. Soon, the parents returned to France, and left the infant with the Tascher family until 1766. When he had come of age, his father's mistress, who was also Alexandre's godmother, decided that it would be advantageous to her if he married one of her nieces. Aged seventeen, he judged fifteen-year-old Joséphine to be too close to him in age, and thus, Catherine-Désirée was chosen for him. As the bride's father was impoverished and the bridegroom was to become a wealthy man upon his marriage, he asked for no dowry.By the time Alexandre's father had proposed in a letter, however, Catherine-Désirée had died. Not wanting to lose the rich suitor, her father offered his youngest daughter instead, which was accepted by Alexandre. Marie-Françoise was not yet twelve, however, and her mother and grandmother were not willing to let her go. In the end, Joséphine was engaged to Alexandre.In October 1779, she went to France with her father. She married Alexandre on 13 December 1779, in Noisy-le-Grand. They had two children: a son, Eugène de Beauharnais, and a daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais (who later married Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte in 1802). Joséphine and Alexandre's marriage was not a happy one. Alexandre abandoned his family for over a year to live with a mistress and frequented brothels, leading to a court-ordered separation during which Joséphine and the children lived at Alexandre's expense in the Pentemont Abbey.Descendants
Hortense's son, Napoleon III, became Emperor of the French. Eugène's son Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg married into the Russian Imperial family, was granted the style of Imperial Highness and founded the Russian line of the Beauharnais family, while Eugene's daughter Joséphine married King Oscar I of Sweden, the son of Napoleon's one-time fiancée, Désirée Clary. Through her, Joséphine is a direct ancestor of the present heads of the royal houses of Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden and of the grandducal house of Baden.A number of jewels worn by modern-day royals are often said to have been worn by Joséphine. Through the Leuchtenberg inheritance, the Norwegian royal family possesses an emerald and diamond parure said to have been Joséphine's. The Swedish royal family owns several pieces of jewelry frequently linked to Joséphine, including the Leuchtenberg Sapphire Parure, a suite of amethyst jewels, and the Cameo Parure, worn by Sweden's royal brides. However, a number of these jewels were probably never a part of Joséphine's collection at all, but instead belonged to other members of her family.Another of Eugène's daughters, Amélie of Leuchtenberg, married Emperor Pedro I of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro, and became Empress of Brazil, and they had one surviving daughter, Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil, who was briefly engaged to Archduke Maximilian of Austria, before he became Maximilian I of Mexico, before her early death.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"noble title",
"empress"
] |
Joséphine Bonaparte (French: [ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt], born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was Empress of the French as the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also Queen of Italy from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as Joséphine de Beauharnais (French: [ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ]).
Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of the French emperor Napoleon III and the Brazilian empress Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Members of the current royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Norway and the grand ducal family of Luxembourg also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married Marie Louise of Austria. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.
A patron of art, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and Empire style at the Château de Malmaison. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting. The Château de Malmaison was noted for its rose garden, which she supervised closely.
|
noble title
| 61 |
[
"aristocratic title",
"rank of nobility",
"peerage",
"nobility rank",
"aristocratic rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"place of birth",
"Les Trois-Îlets"
] |
Early life
Childhood
Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de La Pagerie was born in Les Trois-Îlets, Martinique, to a wealthy French family who owned a sugarcane plantation, which is now a museum. The Taschers were an ancient French family of country gentry, and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in Le Carbet on Martinique in 1726. He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position as a page for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) in the household of the Dauphine of France, Maria Josepha of Saxony.After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish. Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the plantation, and the Tascher family home near Les Trois-Îlets was part of her dowry. Joséphine was their first child, and they had two more: Catherine-Désirée in 1764 and Marie-Françoise in 1766. Joseph-Gaspard earned his living as a plantation owner and a lieutenant of the Troupes de marine, apart from a small pension for his work in the royal household. He was almost always close to bankruptcy and suffered from ill health.Joséphine was raised by an enslaved nurse called Marion, whose freedom she would secure in 1807. At the age of ten, she and Catherine-Désirée were sent to a boarding school in Fort-Royal, run by the Bénédictines de la Providence. There, they learned to read, write, sing, dance, and embroider for four years. After the death of Catherine-Désirée, Joséphine returned to her parents' plantation.
|
place of birth
| 42 |
[
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"father",
"Joseph-Gaspard de Tascher de La Pagerie"
] |
Joséphine Bonaparte (French: [ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt], born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was Empress of the French as the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also Queen of Italy from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as Joséphine de Beauharnais (French: [ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ]).
Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of the French emperor Napoleon III and the Brazilian empress Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Members of the current royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Norway and the grand ducal family of Luxembourg also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married Marie Louise of Austria. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.
A patron of art, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and Empire style at the Château de Malmaison. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting. The Château de Malmaison was noted for its rose garden, which she supervised closely.Early life
Childhood
Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de La Pagerie was born in Les Trois-Îlets, Martinique, to a wealthy French family who owned a sugarcane plantation, which is now a museum. The Taschers were an ancient French family of country gentry, and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in Le Carbet on Martinique in 1726. He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position as a page for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) in the household of the Dauphine of France, Maria Josepha of Saxony.After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish. Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the plantation, and the Tascher family home near Les Trois-Îlets was part of her dowry. Joséphine was their first child, and they had two more: Catherine-Désirée in 1764 and Marie-Françoise in 1766. Joseph-Gaspard earned his living as a plantation owner and a lieutenant of the Troupes de marine, apart from a small pension for his work in the royal household. He was almost always close to bankruptcy and suffered from ill health.Joséphine was raised by an enslaved nurse called Marion, whose freedom she would secure in 1807. At the age of ten, she and Catherine-Désirée were sent to a boarding school in Fort-Royal, run by the Bénédictines de la Providence. There, they learned to read, write, sing, dance, and embroider for four years. After the death of Catherine-Désirée, Joséphine returned to her parents' plantation.First marriage
Background
Joséphine's paternal aunt, Marie-Euphémie-Désirée Renaudin, was the mistress of a French naval officer, François de Beauharnais, from a less ancient but richer noble family. While living on Martinique, de Beauharnais had a son, Alexandre, by his wife. Soon, the parents returned to France, and left the infant with the Tascher family until 1766. When he had come of age, his father's mistress, who was also Alexandre's godmother, decided that it would be advantageous to her if he married one of her nieces. Aged seventeen, he judged fifteen-year-old Joséphine to be too close to him in age, and thus, Catherine-Désirée was chosen for him. As the bride's father was impoverished and the bridegroom was to become a wealthy man upon his marriage, he asked for no dowry.By the time Alexandre's father had proposed in a letter, however, Catherine-Désirée had died. Not wanting to lose the rich suitor, her father offered his youngest daughter instead, which was accepted by Alexandre. Marie-Françoise was not yet twelve, however, and her mother and grandmother were not willing to let her go. In the end, Joséphine was engaged to Alexandre.In October 1779, she went to France with her father. She married Alexandre on 13 December 1779, in Noisy-le-Grand. They had two children: a son, Eugène de Beauharnais, and a daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais (who later married Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte in 1802). Joséphine and Alexandre's marriage was not a happy one. Alexandre abandoned his family for over a year to live with a mistress and frequented brothels, leading to a court-ordered separation during which Joséphine and the children lived at Alexandre's expense in the Pentemont Abbey.
|
father
| 57 |
[
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"mother",
"Rose Claire des Vergers de Sannois"
] |
Early life
Childhood
Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de La Pagerie was born in Les Trois-Îlets, Martinique, to a wealthy French family who owned a sugarcane plantation, which is now a museum. The Taschers were an ancient French family of country gentry, and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in Le Carbet on Martinique in 1726. He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position as a page for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) in the household of the Dauphine of France, Maria Josepha of Saxony.After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish. Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the plantation, and the Tascher family home near Les Trois-Îlets was part of her dowry. Joséphine was their first child, and they had two more: Catherine-Désirée in 1764 and Marie-Françoise in 1766. Joseph-Gaspard earned his living as a plantation owner and a lieutenant of the Troupes de marine, apart from a small pension for his work in the royal household. He was almost always close to bankruptcy and suffered from ill health.Joséphine was raised by an enslaved nurse called Marion, whose freedom she would secure in 1807. At the age of ten, she and Catherine-Désirée were sent to a boarding school in Fort-Royal, run by the Bénédictines de la Providence. There, they learned to read, write, sing, dance, and embroider for four years. After the death of Catherine-Désirée, Joséphine returned to her parents' plantation.
|
mother
| 52 |
[
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"spouse",
"Alexandre de Beauharnais"
] |
Joséphine Bonaparte (French: [ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt], born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was Empress of the French as the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also Queen of Italy from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as Joséphine de Beauharnais (French: [ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ]).
Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of the French emperor Napoleon III and the Brazilian empress Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Members of the current royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Norway and the grand ducal family of Luxembourg also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married Marie Louise of Austria. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.
A patron of art, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and Empire style at the Château de Malmaison. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting. The Château de Malmaison was noted for its rose garden, which she supervised closely.First marriage
Background
Joséphine's paternal aunt, Marie-Euphémie-Désirée Renaudin, was the mistress of a French naval officer, François de Beauharnais, from a less ancient but richer noble family. While living on Martinique, de Beauharnais had a son, Alexandre, by his wife. Soon, the parents returned to France, and left the infant with the Tascher family until 1766. When he had come of age, his father's mistress, who was also Alexandre's godmother, decided that it would be advantageous to her if he married one of her nieces. Aged seventeen, he judged fifteen-year-old Joséphine to be too close to him in age, and thus, Catherine-Désirée was chosen for him. As the bride's father was impoverished and the bridegroom was to become a wealthy man upon his marriage, he asked for no dowry.By the time Alexandre's father had proposed in a letter, however, Catherine-Désirée had died. Not wanting to lose the rich suitor, her father offered his youngest daughter instead, which was accepted by Alexandre. Marie-Françoise was not yet twelve, however, and her mother and grandmother were not willing to let her go. In the end, Joséphine was engaged to Alexandre.In October 1779, she went to France with her father. She married Alexandre on 13 December 1779, in Noisy-le-Grand. They had two children: a son, Eugène de Beauharnais, and a daughter, Hortense de Beauharnais (who later married Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte in 1802). Joséphine and Alexandre's marriage was not a happy one. Alexandre abandoned his family for over a year to live with a mistress and frequented brothels, leading to a court-ordered separation during which Joséphine and the children lived at Alexandre's expense in the Pentemont Abbey.
|
spouse
| 51 |
[
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Joséphine de Beauharnais",
"occupation",
"art collector"
] |
Joséphine Bonaparte (French: [ʒozefin bɔnapaʁt], born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was Empress of the French as the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also Queen of Italy from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as Joséphine de Beauharnais (French: [ʒozefin də boaʁnɛ]).
Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband, Alexandre de Beauharnais, was guillotined during the Reign of Terror, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of the French emperor Napoleon III and the Brazilian empress Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Members of the current royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Norway and the grand ducal family of Luxembourg also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married Marie Louise of Austria. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous love letters written by Napoleon, many of which still exist.
A patron of art, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and Empire style at the Château de Malmaison. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting. The Château de Malmaison was noted for its rose garden, which she supervised closely.
|
occupation
| 48 |
[
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Marie Pasteur",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Marie Pasteur, née Laurent (15 January 1826 in Clermont-Ferrand, France – 28 September 1910 in Paris), was the scientific assistant and co-worker of her spouse, the famous French chemist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur.Life
Marie Pasteur was one of the daughters of the Rector of the Strasbourg Academy. She married in Strasbourg 29 May 1849, aged 23, to Louis Pasteur, aged 26.
Marie worked as a secretary and science writer to her spouse and served as his amanuensis. She was his active assistant in his scientific experiments. She worked with him on expanding his first researches, around 1848, on the remarks previously made by Mitscherlich on the different optical properties concerning polarized light of tartaric acid when it came from natural wines, wine lees and when it was synthesized in a laboratory. The students and colleagues of Louis Pasteur acknowledged the importance she had for him in his work as his assistant. She grew the silkworms he needed for his experiment with their diseases, and she took care of the children he tried his famous experimental treatment on. She moved with him to his quarters at the Pasteur institute, and continued to live there after his death.
It seems that for years afterward, famous crystallographer, physicist and mathematician Jean Baptiste Biot, Madame Marie Pasteur and Louis' father, Jean Joseph cooperated in providing Louis with moral support. For instance, in a letter by Biot to Louis father: "your son is ours also and we share with Marie all our love for him, too". There was also philosopher Charles Chappuis in this support network around Louis.
Their eldest daughter, Jeanne, died from typhoid fever, aged 9, at Arbois. Then, in 1865, 2-year-old Camille also died of typhus, followed by 12-and-a-half-year-old Cécile on 23 May 1866. Only Jean Baptiste and Marie Louise lived to be adults. Jean Baptiste would be a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War between France and Prussia.
Marie Pasteur was buried in the crypt of the Pasteur Institute.
|
instance of
| 5 |
[
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Marie Pasteur",
"spouse",
"Louis Pasteur"
] |
Marie Pasteur, née Laurent (15 January 1826 in Clermont-Ferrand, France – 28 September 1910 in Paris), was the scientific assistant and co-worker of her spouse, the famous French chemist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur.Life
Marie Pasteur was one of the daughters of the Rector of the Strasbourg Academy. She married in Strasbourg 29 May 1849, aged 23, to Louis Pasteur, aged 26.
Marie worked as a secretary and science writer to her spouse and served as his amanuensis. She was his active assistant in his scientific experiments. She worked with him on expanding his first researches, around 1848, on the remarks previously made by Mitscherlich on the different optical properties concerning polarized light of tartaric acid when it came from natural wines, wine lees and when it was synthesized in a laboratory. The students and colleagues of Louis Pasteur acknowledged the importance she had for him in his work as his assistant. She grew the silkworms he needed for his experiment with their diseases, and she took care of the children he tried his famous experimental treatment on. She moved with him to his quarters at the Pasteur institute, and continued to live there after his death.
It seems that for years afterward, famous crystallographer, physicist and mathematician Jean Baptiste Biot, Madame Marie Pasteur and Louis' father, Jean Joseph cooperated in providing Louis with moral support. For instance, in a letter by Biot to Louis father: "your son is ours also and we share with Marie all our love for him, too". There was also philosopher Charles Chappuis in this support network around Louis.
Their eldest daughter, Jeanne, died from typhoid fever, aged 9, at Arbois. Then, in 1865, 2-year-old Camille also died of typhus, followed by 12-and-a-half-year-old Cécile on 23 May 1866. Only Jean Baptiste and Marie Louise lived to be adults. Jean Baptiste would be a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War between France and Prussia.
Marie Pasteur was buried in the crypt of the Pasteur Institute.
|
spouse
| 51 |
[
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Marie Pasteur",
"place of birth",
"Clermont-Ferrand"
] |
Marie Pasteur, née Laurent (15 January 1826 in Clermont-Ferrand, France – 28 September 1910 in Paris), was the scientific assistant and co-worker of her spouse, the famous French chemist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur.
|
place of birth
| 42 |
[
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Marie Pasteur",
"given name",
"Marie"
] |
Marie Pasteur, née Laurent (15 January 1826 in Clermont-Ferrand, France – 28 September 1910 in Paris), was the scientific assistant and co-worker of her spouse, the famous French chemist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur.Life
Marie Pasteur was one of the daughters of the Rector of the Strasbourg Academy. She married in Strasbourg 29 May 1849, aged 23, to Louis Pasteur, aged 26.
Marie worked as a secretary and science writer to her spouse and served as his amanuensis. She was his active assistant in his scientific experiments. She worked with him on expanding his first researches, around 1848, on the remarks previously made by Mitscherlich on the different optical properties concerning polarized light of tartaric acid when it came from natural wines, wine lees and when it was synthesized in a laboratory. The students and colleagues of Louis Pasteur acknowledged the importance she had for him in his work as his assistant. She grew the silkworms he needed for his experiment with their diseases, and she took care of the children he tried his famous experimental treatment on. She moved with him to his quarters at the Pasteur institute, and continued to live there after his death.
It seems that for years afterward, famous crystallographer, physicist and mathematician Jean Baptiste Biot, Madame Marie Pasteur and Louis' father, Jean Joseph cooperated in providing Louis with moral support. For instance, in a letter by Biot to Louis father: "your son is ours also and we share with Marie all our love for him, too". There was also philosopher Charles Chappuis in this support network around Louis.
Their eldest daughter, Jeanne, died from typhoid fever, aged 9, at Arbois. Then, in 1865, 2-year-old Camille also died of typhus, followed by 12-and-a-half-year-old Cécile on 23 May 1866. Only Jean Baptiste and Marie Louise lived to be adults. Jean Baptiste would be a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War between France and Prussia.
Marie Pasteur was buried in the crypt of the Pasteur Institute.
|
given name
| 60 |
[
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Marie Pasteur",
"occupation",
"chemist"
] |
Marie Pasteur, née Laurent (15 January 1826 in Clermont-Ferrand, France – 28 September 1910 in Paris), was the scientific assistant and co-worker of her spouse, the famous French chemist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur.
|
occupation
| 48 |
[
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Marie Pasteur",
"family name",
"Pasteur"
] |
Marie Pasteur, née Laurent (15 January 1826 in Clermont-Ferrand, France – 28 September 1910 in Paris), was the scientific assistant and co-worker of her spouse, the famous French chemist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur.Life
Marie Pasteur was one of the daughters of the Rector of the Strasbourg Academy. She married in Strasbourg 29 May 1849, aged 23, to Louis Pasteur, aged 26.
Marie worked as a secretary and science writer to her spouse and served as his amanuensis. She was his active assistant in his scientific experiments. She worked with him on expanding his first researches, around 1848, on the remarks previously made by Mitscherlich on the different optical properties concerning polarized light of tartaric acid when it came from natural wines, wine lees and when it was synthesized in a laboratory. The students and colleagues of Louis Pasteur acknowledged the importance she had for him in his work as his assistant. She grew the silkworms he needed for his experiment with their diseases, and she took care of the children he tried his famous experimental treatment on. She moved with him to his quarters at the Pasteur institute, and continued to live there after his death.
It seems that for years afterward, famous crystallographer, physicist and mathematician Jean Baptiste Biot, Madame Marie Pasteur and Louis' father, Jean Joseph cooperated in providing Louis with moral support. For instance, in a letter by Biot to Louis father: "your son is ours also and we share with Marie all our love for him, too". There was also philosopher Charles Chappuis in this support network around Louis.
Their eldest daughter, Jeanne, died from typhoid fever, aged 9, at Arbois. Then, in 1865, 2-year-old Camille also died of typhus, followed by 12-and-a-half-year-old Cécile on 23 May 1866. Only Jean Baptiste and Marie Louise lived to be adults. Jean Baptiste would be a soldier in the Franco-Prussian War between France and Prussia.
Marie Pasteur was buried in the crypt of the Pasteur Institute.
|
family name
| 54 |
[
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Early life
Adèle Foucher was born in Paris, the daughter of Pierre Foucher, a friend of Victor Hugo's parents. Adèle's brother, Paul Foucher, assisted Hugo by posing as the author of Hugo's play Amy Robsart, which was never published. Paul later produced a successful stage adaptation of Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris.
During their courtship, Hugo wrote about 200 love letters to Adèle, most of which have been published. The couple married in a Catholic ceremony on 12 October 1822. Victor's brother, Eugène Hugo, also loved Adèle, and had a mental breakdown when she married Victor.Adèle and Victor's first child, Léopold, was born in 1823, but died in infancy. Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in Contemplations.Another son, Charles, was born in 1826, followed by François-Victor in 1828, and another daughter, Adèle Hugo, in 1830. By this time Hugo had made his reputation as a poet and novelist. It was shortly after her youngest child's birth that Adèle ceased to have sexual relations with her husband. She then began her affair with Hugo's friend Sainte-Beuve, which lasted until around 1837.
|
instance of
| 5 |
[
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"place of birth",
"Paris"
] |
Early life
Adèle Foucher was born in Paris, the daughter of Pierre Foucher, a friend of Victor Hugo's parents. Adèle's brother, Paul Foucher, assisted Hugo by posing as the author of Hugo's play Amy Robsart, which was never published. Paul later produced a successful stage adaptation of Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris.
During their courtship, Hugo wrote about 200 love letters to Adèle, most of which have been published. The couple married in a Catholic ceremony on 12 October 1822. Victor's brother, Eugène Hugo, also loved Adèle, and had a mental breakdown when she married Victor.Adèle and Victor's first child, Léopold, was born in 1823, but died in infancy. Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in Contemplations.Another son, Charles, was born in 1826, followed by François-Victor in 1828, and another daughter, Adèle Hugo, in 1830. By this time Hugo had made his reputation as a poet and novelist. It was shortly after her youngest child's birth that Adèle ceased to have sexual relations with her husband. She then began her affair with Hugo's friend Sainte-Beuve, which lasted until around 1837.
|
place of birth
| 42 |
[
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"country of citizenship",
"France"
] |
Early life
Adèle Foucher was born in Paris, the daughter of Pierre Foucher, a friend of Victor Hugo's parents. Adèle's brother, Paul Foucher, assisted Hugo by posing as the author of Hugo's play Amy Robsart, which was never published. Paul later produced a successful stage adaptation of Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris.
During their courtship, Hugo wrote about 200 love letters to Adèle, most of which have been published. The couple married in a Catholic ceremony on 12 October 1822. Victor's brother, Eugène Hugo, also loved Adèle, and had a mental breakdown when she married Victor.Adèle and Victor's first child, Léopold, was born in 1823, but died in infancy. Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in Contemplations.Another son, Charles, was born in 1826, followed by François-Victor in 1828, and another daughter, Adèle Hugo, in 1830. By this time Hugo had made his reputation as a poet and novelist. It was shortly after her youngest child's birth that Adèle ceased to have sexual relations with her husband. She then began her affair with Hugo's friend Sainte-Beuve, which lasted until around 1837.
|
country of citizenship
| 63 |
[
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"place of death",
"City of Brussels"
] |
Later life
In 1833, Victor Hugo had become involved with Juliette Drouet, who would become his long-term mistress. In response, Adèle gradually ended her relationship with Sainte-Beuve. Although he did consider leaving Adèle at one point, they remained married, and in later life, when living on the island of Guernsey, a kind of friendship grew up between the wife and the mistress.After a period of political activity in the 1840s, Victor Hugo fell foul of France's new leader, Napoleon III, and he left the country, going first to Brussels and then to the island of Jersey. In October 1855, he found a permanent home at Hauteville House in St Peter Port, Guernsey, and brought his family to live there with him. While living in Brussels, Adèle bought a greyhound, which after death was stuffed and preserved as an exhibit.Adèle's biography of her husband, Victor Hugo raconté par un témoin de sa vie, was published in 1863, and was notable for excluding any mention of Victor's sexual adventures.Adèle died of a "cerebral congestion" at the age of 64, while staying in Brussels, and was buried at Villequier, near the grave of her daughter Léopoldine; her sons accompanied the body on its journey for burial.
|
place of death
| 45 |
[
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"given name",
"Adèle"
] |
Early life
Adèle Foucher was born in Paris, the daughter of Pierre Foucher, a friend of Victor Hugo's parents. Adèle's brother, Paul Foucher, assisted Hugo by posing as the author of Hugo's play Amy Robsart, which was never published. Paul later produced a successful stage adaptation of Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris.
During their courtship, Hugo wrote about 200 love letters to Adèle, most of which have been published. The couple married in a Catholic ceremony on 12 October 1822. Victor's brother, Eugène Hugo, also loved Adèle, and had a mental breakdown when she married Victor.Adèle and Victor's first child, Léopold, was born in 1823, but died in infancy. Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in Contemplations.Another son, Charles, was born in 1826, followed by François-Victor in 1828, and another daughter, Adèle Hugo, in 1830. By this time Hugo had made his reputation as a poet and novelist. It was shortly after her youngest child's birth that Adèle ceased to have sexual relations with her husband. She then began her affair with Hugo's friend Sainte-Beuve, which lasted until around 1837.
|
given name
| 60 |
[
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"family name",
"Foucher"
] |
Early life
Adèle Foucher was born in Paris, the daughter of Pierre Foucher, a friend of Victor Hugo's parents. Adèle's brother, Paul Foucher, assisted Hugo by posing as the author of Hugo's play Amy Robsart, which was never published. Paul later produced a successful stage adaptation of Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris.
During their courtship, Hugo wrote about 200 love letters to Adèle, most of which have been published. The couple married in a Catholic ceremony on 12 October 1822. Victor's brother, Eugène Hugo, also loved Adèle, and had a mental breakdown when she married Victor.Adèle and Victor's first child, Léopold, was born in 1823, but died in infancy. Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in Contemplations.Another son, Charles, was born in 1826, followed by François-Victor in 1828, and another daughter, Adèle Hugo, in 1830. By this time Hugo had made his reputation as a poet and novelist. It was shortly after her youngest child's birth that Adèle ceased to have sexual relations with her husband. She then began her affair with Hugo's friend Sainte-Beuve, which lasted until around 1837.
|
family name
| 54 |
[
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"sibling",
"Paul Foucher"
] |
Early life
Adèle Foucher was born in Paris, the daughter of Pierre Foucher, a friend of Victor Hugo's parents. Adèle's brother, Paul Foucher, assisted Hugo by posing as the author of Hugo's play Amy Robsart, which was never published. Paul later produced a successful stage adaptation of Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris.
During their courtship, Hugo wrote about 200 love letters to Adèle, most of which have been published. The couple married in a Catholic ceremony on 12 October 1822. Victor's brother, Eugène Hugo, also loved Adèle, and had a mental breakdown when she married Victor.Adèle and Victor's first child, Léopold, was born in 1823, but died in infancy. Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in Contemplations.Another son, Charles, was born in 1826, followed by François-Victor in 1828, and another daughter, Adèle Hugo, in 1830. By this time Hugo had made his reputation as a poet and novelist. It was shortly after her youngest child's birth that Adèle ceased to have sexual relations with her husband. She then began her affair with Hugo's friend Sainte-Beuve, which lasted until around 1837.
|
sibling
| 37 |
[
"brother or sister",
"kin"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"child",
"Adèle Hugo"
] |
Early life
Adèle Foucher was born in Paris, the daughter of Pierre Foucher, a friend of Victor Hugo's parents. Adèle's brother, Paul Foucher, assisted Hugo by posing as the author of Hugo's play Amy Robsart, which was never published. Paul later produced a successful stage adaptation of Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris.
During their courtship, Hugo wrote about 200 love letters to Adèle, most of which have been published. The couple married in a Catholic ceremony on 12 October 1822. Victor's brother, Eugène Hugo, also loved Adèle, and had a mental breakdown when she married Victor.Adèle and Victor's first child, Léopold, was born in 1823, but died in infancy. Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in Contemplations.Another son, Charles, was born in 1826, followed by François-Victor in 1828, and another daughter, Adèle Hugo, in 1830. By this time Hugo had made his reputation as a poet and novelist. It was shortly after her youngest child's birth that Adèle ceased to have sexual relations with her husband. She then began her affair with Hugo's friend Sainte-Beuve, which lasted until around 1837.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"child",
"François-Victor Hugo"
] |
Early life
Adèle Foucher was born in Paris, the daughter of Pierre Foucher, a friend of Victor Hugo's parents. Adèle's brother, Paul Foucher, assisted Hugo by posing as the author of Hugo's play Amy Robsart, which was never published. Paul later produced a successful stage adaptation of Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris.
During their courtship, Hugo wrote about 200 love letters to Adèle, most of which have been published. The couple married in a Catholic ceremony on 12 October 1822. Victor's brother, Eugène Hugo, also loved Adèle, and had a mental breakdown when she married Victor.Adèle and Victor's first child, Léopold, was born in 1823, but died in infancy. Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in Contemplations.Another son, Charles, was born in 1826, followed by François-Victor in 1828, and another daughter, Adèle Hugo, in 1830. By this time Hugo had made his reputation as a poet and novelist. It was shortly after her youngest child's birth that Adèle ceased to have sexual relations with her husband. She then began her affair with Hugo's friend Sainte-Beuve, which lasted until around 1837.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Adèle Foucher",
"child",
"Léopoldine Hugo"
] |
Early life
Adèle Foucher was born in Paris, the daughter of Pierre Foucher, a friend of Victor Hugo's parents. Adèle's brother, Paul Foucher, assisted Hugo by posing as the author of Hugo's play Amy Robsart, which was never published. Paul later produced a successful stage adaptation of Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris.
During their courtship, Hugo wrote about 200 love letters to Adèle, most of which have been published. The couple married in a Catholic ceremony on 12 October 1822. Victor's brother, Eugène Hugo, also loved Adèle, and had a mental breakdown when she married Victor.Adèle and Victor's first child, Léopold, was born in 1823, but died in infancy. Next came a daughter, Léopoldine, born in 1824. Léopoldine's death in 1843, shortly after her marriage, would cause great distress to her parents, and inspired many of her father's poems, especially those in Contemplations.Another son, Charles, was born in 1826, followed by François-Victor in 1828, and another daughter, Adèle Hugo, in 1830. By this time Hugo had made his reputation as a poet and novelist. It was shortly after her youngest child's birth that Adèle ceased to have sexual relations with her husband. She then began her affair with Hugo's friend Sainte-Beuve, which lasted until around 1837.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.
|
instance of
| 5 |
[
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"Italian"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.
|
languages spoken, written or signed
| 38 |
[
"linguistic abilities",
"language proficiency",
"language command"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"country of citizenship",
"Brazil"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.
|
country of citizenship
| 63 |
[
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"Portuguese"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.
|
languages spoken, written or signed
| 38 |
[
"linguistic abilities",
"language proficiency",
"language command"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"spouse",
"Giuseppe Garibaldi"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.Life with Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi, a Niçois sailor of Ligurian descent turned Italian nationalist revolutionary, had fled Europe in 1836 and was fighting on behalf of the separatist Riograndense Republic in southern Brazil (the Ragamuffin War). When young Garibaldi first saw Anita, he could only whisper to her, "You must be mine." She joined Garibaldi on his ship, the Rio Pardo, in October 1839. A month later, she first saw action in battles at Imbituba and Laguna, fighting at the side of her lover.
A skilled horsewoman, Anita is said to have taught Giuseppe about the gaucho culture of the Pampas of southern Brazil. One of Garibaldi's comrades described Anita as "an amalgam of two elemental forces…the strength and courage of a man and the charm and tenderness of a woman, manifested by the daring and vigor with which she had brandished her sword and the beautiful oval of her face that trimmed the softness of her extraordinary eyes."
|
spouse
| 51 |
[
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"given name",
"Anita"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.
|
given name
| 60 |
[
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"manner of death",
"natural causes"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.Campaign in Italy and death
Anita accompanied Garibaldi and his red-shirted legionnaires back to Italy to join in the revolutions of 1848, where he fought against the forces of the Austrian Empire. In February 1849, Garibaldi joined in the defense of the newly proclaimed Roman Republic against Neapolitan and French intervention aimed at the restoration of the Papal States. Anita joined her husband in the defense of Rome, which fell to a French siege on June 30. She then fled from French and Austrian troops with the Garibaldian Legion. Pregnant and sick from malaria, she died on August 4, 1849, at 7:45 pm in the arms of her husband at Guiccioli Farm in Mandriole, near Ravenna, Italy, during the tragic retreat. Her body had to be hurriedly buried and was later dug up by a dog.Anita remained a presence in Garibaldi's heart for the rest of his life. It was perhaps with her memory in mind that, while traveling in Peru in the early 1850s, he sought out the exiled and destitute Manuela Sáenz, the fabled companion of Simón Bolívar. Years later, in 1860, when Garibaldi rode out to Teano to hail Victor Emanuel II as king of a united Italy, he wore Anita's striped scarf over his gray South American poncho.
|
manner of death
| 44 |
[
"cause of death",
"mode of death",
"method of death",
"way of dying",
"circumstances of death"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"native language",
"Portuguese"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.
|
native language
| 46 |
[
"mother tongue",
"first language",
"mother language",
"primary language",
"L1"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"family name",
"Garibaldi"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.Life with Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi, a Niçois sailor of Ligurian descent turned Italian nationalist revolutionary, had fled Europe in 1836 and was fighting on behalf of the separatist Riograndense Republic in southern Brazil (the Ragamuffin War). When young Garibaldi first saw Anita, he could only whisper to her, "You must be mine." She joined Garibaldi on his ship, the Rio Pardo, in October 1839. A month later, she first saw action in battles at Imbituba and Laguna, fighting at the side of her lover.
A skilled horsewoman, Anita is said to have taught Giuseppe about the gaucho culture of the Pampas of southern Brazil. One of Garibaldi's comrades described Anita as "an amalgam of two elemental forces…the strength and courage of a man and the charm and tenderness of a woman, manifested by the daring and vigor with which she had brandished her sword and the beautiful oval of her face that trimmed the softness of her extraordinary eyes."
|
family name
| 54 |
[
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"sex or gender",
"female"
] |
Anita Garibaldi (Portuguese: [ɐˈnitɐ ɡɐɾiˈbawdʒi], Italian: [aˈniːta ɡariˈbaldi]; 30 August 1821 – 4 August 1849), born Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro, was a Brazilian republican revolutionary. She was the wife and comrade-in-arms of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. Their partnership epitomized the spirit of the 19th century's Age of Romanticism and revolutionary liberalism.
|
sex or gender
| 65 |
[
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"child",
"Ricciotti Garibaldi"
] |
At the Battle of Curitibanos, Garibaldi became separated from the front, losing contact with Anita, who was captured by the rival group. In captivity the guards told Anita that Garibaldi had died, at which Anita was very distraught, as much for her loved one as for her child they were expecting, whom Garibaldi was never going to see. Anita asked if she could search among the dead in battle. She was allowed to search, but did not find him. This gave hope to Anita, who, after a while, crept up on a camp horse, mounted it, and escaped at a gallop. The soldiers chased her. On the orders of her captors' superior, they were to return, dead or alive. They shot and killed her horse. Anita then came upon the river Canoas, into which she waded. The soldiers thought she would not survive and left her for dead. Anita spent four days wandering without food or drink in the woods, until she found a group of people who offered her food. Finally, she was able to contact the rebels and was reunited with Garibaldi in Vacaria. A few months later, their first child, Menotti (1840–1903), was born. He was born with a skull deformity due to a blow that Anita received when she fell from her horse in the flight from the Brazilian camp. Menotti also became a fighter for freedom and accompanied his father on his campaigns in Italy. His name was given in honor of Ciro Menotti. They had three more children born in Montevideo, Rosita (born 1843–1845 ), Teresita (born 1845–1903) and Ricciotti (born 1847–1924). Despite having some quarrels because Garibaldi was a womanizer, the truth is that it was a passionate love.
In 1841, the couple moved to the Uruguayan capital of Montevideo, where Giuseppe Garibaldi worked as a trader and schoolmaster before taking command of the Uruguayan fleet in 1842 and raising an "Italian Legion" for that country's war against Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas. Anita participated in Garibaldi's 1847 defense of Montevideo against Argentina and his Uruguayan allied former president Manuel Oribe.
Anita and Giuseppe were married on March 26, 1842, in Montevideo.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"child",
"Teresa Garibaldi"
] |
At the Battle of Curitibanos, Garibaldi became separated from the front, losing contact with Anita, who was captured by the rival group. In captivity the guards told Anita that Garibaldi had died, at which Anita was very distraught, as much for her loved one as for her child they were expecting, whom Garibaldi was never going to see. Anita asked if she could search among the dead in battle. She was allowed to search, but did not find him. This gave hope to Anita, who, after a while, crept up on a camp horse, mounted it, and escaped at a gallop. The soldiers chased her. On the orders of her captors' superior, they were to return, dead or alive. They shot and killed her horse. Anita then came upon the river Canoas, into which she waded. The soldiers thought she would not survive and left her for dead. Anita spent four days wandering without food or drink in the woods, until she found a group of people who offered her food. Finally, she was able to contact the rebels and was reunited with Garibaldi in Vacaria. A few months later, their first child, Menotti (1840–1903), was born. He was born with a skull deformity due to a blow that Anita received when she fell from her horse in the flight from the Brazilian camp. Menotti also became a fighter for freedom and accompanied his father on his campaigns in Italy. His name was given in honor of Ciro Menotti. They had three more children born in Montevideo, Rosita (born 1843–1845 ), Teresita (born 1845–1903) and Ricciotti (born 1847–1924). Despite having some quarrels because Garibaldi was a womanizer, the truth is that it was a passionate love.
In 1841, the couple moved to the Uruguayan capital of Montevideo, where Giuseppe Garibaldi worked as a trader and schoolmaster before taking command of the Uruguayan fleet in 1842 and raising an "Italian Legion" for that country's war against Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas. Anita participated in Garibaldi's 1847 defense of Montevideo against Argentina and his Uruguayan allied former president Manuel Oribe.
Anita and Giuseppe were married on March 26, 1842, in Montevideo.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"place of birth",
"Laguna"
] |
Early life
Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro was born on August 30, 1821 in Laguna, a part of the Kingdom of Brazil, a constituent kingdom of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves — a year prior to the country's independence — into a poor family of Azorean Portuguese descent. She was the third of ten children born to Maria Antonia de Jesus Antunes and Bento Ribeiro da Silva, a tropeiro. In 1835, at the young age of fourteen years, Anita was forced to marry Manuel Duarte Aguiar, who abandoned her in order to join the Imperial Army.
|
place of birth
| 42 |
[
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"child",
"Menotti Garibaldi"
] |
At the Battle of Curitibanos, Garibaldi became separated from the front, losing contact with Anita, who was captured by the rival group. In captivity the guards told Anita that Garibaldi had died, at which Anita was very distraught, as much for her loved one as for her child they were expecting, whom Garibaldi was never going to see. Anita asked if she could search among the dead in battle. She was allowed to search, but did not find him. This gave hope to Anita, who, after a while, crept up on a camp horse, mounted it, and escaped at a gallop. The soldiers chased her. On the orders of her captors' superior, they were to return, dead or alive. They shot and killed her horse. Anita then came upon the river Canoas, into which she waded. The soldiers thought she would not survive and left her for dead. Anita spent four days wandering without food or drink in the woods, until she found a group of people who offered her food. Finally, she was able to contact the rebels and was reunited with Garibaldi in Vacaria. A few months later, their first child, Menotti (1840–1903), was born. He was born with a skull deformity due to a blow that Anita received when she fell from her horse in the flight from the Brazilian camp. Menotti also became a fighter for freedom and accompanied his father on his campaigns in Italy. His name was given in honor of Ciro Menotti. They had three more children born in Montevideo, Rosita (born 1843–1845 ), Teresita (born 1845–1903) and Ricciotti (born 1847–1924). Despite having some quarrels because Garibaldi was a womanizer, the truth is that it was a passionate love.
In 1841, the couple moved to the Uruguayan capital of Montevideo, where Giuseppe Garibaldi worked as a trader and schoolmaster before taking command of the Uruguayan fleet in 1842 and raising an "Italian Legion" for that country's war against Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas. Anita participated in Garibaldi's 1847 defense of Montevideo against Argentina and his Uruguayan allied former president Manuel Oribe.
Anita and Giuseppe were married on March 26, 1842, in Montevideo.
|
child
| 39 |
[
"offspring",
"progeny",
"issue",
"descendant",
"heir"
] | null | null |
[
"Anita Garibaldi",
"place of death",
"Mandriole"
] |
Campaign in Italy and death
Anita accompanied Garibaldi and his red-shirted legionnaires back to Italy to join in the revolutions of 1848, where he fought against the forces of the Austrian Empire. In February 1849, Garibaldi joined in the defense of the newly proclaimed Roman Republic against Neapolitan and French intervention aimed at the restoration of the Papal States. Anita joined her husband in the defense of Rome, which fell to a French siege on June 30. She then fled from French and Austrian troops with the Garibaldian Legion. Pregnant and sick from malaria, she died on August 4, 1849, at 7:45 pm in the arms of her husband at Guiccioli Farm in Mandriole, near Ravenna, Italy, during the tragic retreat. Her body had to be hurriedly buried and was later dug up by a dog.Anita remained a presence in Garibaldi's heart for the rest of his life. It was perhaps with her memory in mind that, while traveling in Peru in the early 1850s, he sought out the exiled and destitute Manuela Sáenz, the fabled companion of Simón Bolívar. Years later, in 1860, when Garibaldi rode out to Teano to hail Victor Emanuel II as king of a united Italy, he wore Anita's striped scarf over his gray South American poncho.
|
place of death
| 45 |
[
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"Joachim Sauer",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Joachim Sauer (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːaxɪm ˈzaʊɐ]; born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and professor emeritus of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the former chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. He is one of the seven members of the board of trustees of the Friede Springer Foundation, together with former German president Horst Köhler and others.
|
instance of
| 5 |
[
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Joachim Sauer",
"country of citizenship",
"Germany"
] |
Joachim Sauer (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːaxɪm ˈzaʊɐ]; born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and professor emeritus of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the former chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. He is one of the seven members of the board of trustees of the Friede Springer Foundation, together with former German president Horst Köhler and others.
|
country of citizenship
| 63 |
[
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Joachim Sauer",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"German"
] |
Joachim Sauer (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːaxɪm ˈzaʊɐ]; born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and professor emeritus of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the former chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. He is one of the seven members of the board of trustees of the Friede Springer Foundation, together with former German president Horst Köhler and others.
|
languages spoken, written or signed
| 38 |
[
"linguistic abilities",
"language proficiency",
"language command"
] | null | null |
[
"Joachim Sauer",
"writing language",
"German"
] |
Joachim Sauer (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːaxɪm ˈzaʊɐ]; born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and professor emeritus of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the former chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. He is one of the seven members of the board of trustees of the Friede Springer Foundation, together with former German president Horst Köhler and others.
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Joachim Sauer (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːaxɪm ˈzaʊɐ]; born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and professor emeritus of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the former chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. He is one of the seven members of the board of trustees of the Friede Springer Foundation, together with former German president Horst Köhler and others.Personal life
From his previous marriage to a fellow chemist, Sauer has two sons: Daniel and Adrian. On 30 December 1998, he married Angela Merkel (herself a doctor of physics who had once worked in quantum chemistry research), who later became the chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union. Due to the fact that Merkel became the first female chancellor of Germany on 22 November 2005, Sauer also assumed a role in diplomatic protocol as third-highest ranking spouse. In German order of precedence, the chancellor is the third-highest ranking office behind the President of Germany and the President of the Bundestag.
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Education and early life
Joachim Sauer was born in Hosena, a small town in the marshy Lusatian countryside between Dresden and Cottbus. He grew up with his twin sister and an elder brother. His father, Richard Sauer, had trained as a confectioner, but worked as an insurance representative. Sauer excelled at school.
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Awards and honours
1991: Chemistry Prize of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1995: Member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
2006: External scientific member of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
2007: Member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
2009: Member of the Academia Europaea
2010: Liebig Medal
2013: Honorary Doctor of Science, University College London
2018: Foreign Member of the Royal Society
2019: Schrödinger Medal
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Joachim Sauer (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːaxɪm ˈzaʊɐ]; born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and professor emeritus of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the former chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. He is one of the seven members of the board of trustees of the Friede Springer Foundation, together with former German president Horst Köhler and others.
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Joachim Sauer (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːaxɪm ˈzaʊɐ]; born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and professor emeritus of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the former chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. He is one of the seven members of the board of trustees of the Friede Springer Foundation, together with former German president Horst Köhler and others.Career and research
Sauer studied chemistry from 1967 to 1972 at the Humboldt University of Berlin and was awarded a doctorate in chemistry in 1974. He continued to do research there until 1977, when he joined the Academy of Sciences, Central Institute of Physical Chemistry in Berlin, one of the leading scientific institutes of the former GDR (East Germany)
For a brief time during and after the German reunification (1990–1991) he was the deputy technical director (catalysis and sorption) for BIOSYM Technologies in San Diego, California (now BIOVIA). He remained an advisor for BIOSYM until 2002.
In 1992, he joined the Max Planck Society as head of the Quantum Chemistry Group in Berlin. In 1993, he became full professor of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He retired from his chair in October 2017 and was succeeded by Martin Schütz, who died the following year. Sauer remains affiliated with the university as a senior research fellow.He is an active research scientist in quantum chemistry and computational chemistry. His computational studies have allowed for a better understanding of the structures and activities of some catalysts such as zeolites, specifically their acid sites, as well as the interpretation of solid state NMR spectra of nucleus Si-29, and quadrupolar nuclei such as Na-23, Al-27 and O-17.
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Joachim Sauer (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːaxɪm ˈzaʊɐ]; born 19 April 1949) is a German quantum chemist and professor emeritus of physical and theoretical chemistry at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He is the husband of the former chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel. He is one of the seven members of the board of trustees of the Friede Springer Foundation, together with former German president Horst Köhler and others.
|
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