triplets
sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Earhart Light",
"located on terrain feature",
"Phoenix Islands"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Fort DeRussy Military Reservation",
"located on terrain feature",
"Oahu"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Philippine Trench",
"located on terrain feature",
"Philippine Sea"
] | The Philippine Trench (also called the Philippine Deep, Mindanao Trench, and the Mindanao Deep) is a submarine trench to the east of the Philippines. The trench is located in the Philippine sea of the western North Pacific Ocean and continues NNW-SSE. It has a length of approximately 1,320 kilometres (820 miles) and a width of about 30 km (19 mi) from the center of the Philippine island of Luzon trending southeast to the northern Maluku island of Halmahera in Indonesia. At its deepest point, the trench reaches 10,540 meters (34,580 ft or 5,760 fathoms). | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Heraion of Samos",
"located on terrain feature",
"Samos"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Heraion of Samos",
"different from",
"Ireo, Samos"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Tunnel of Eupalinos",
"located on terrain feature",
"Samos"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Tung Ping Chau Public Pier",
"located on terrain feature",
"Tung Ping Chau"
] | Tung Ping Chau (Chinese: 東平洲) is an island in Hong Kong, part of Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark. It is also known as Ping Chau (平洲). Tung (東, meaning east) is prepended to the name at times so as to avoid possible confusion with Peng Chau, another island in Hong Kong with an identically pronounced name in the Cantonese language. Administratively, the island is part of the Tai Po District in the New Territories. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Fishnish",
"located on terrain feature",
"Isle of Mull"
] | Fishnish (Scottish Gaelic: Finnsinis) is a ferry terminal on the Isle of Mull, roughly halfway between Tobermory and Craignure. It is owned and operated by Caledonian MacBrayne. It is served by the ferry that crosses the Sound of Mull to and from Lochaline.It consists of a slipway sticking out into the Sound of Mull with a vehicle queuing area stretching back onto the road, a car park next to the slipway, and a small café next to the slipway with public toilets and an electronic display showing ferry times and other information.
There is a forest open to the public for walks in and around Fishnish. Beside the current Fishnish is Ceadha Leth Torcail (Gaelic for "the pier of Torquil's half-share", an historic cattle harbour). | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Fishnish",
"owned by",
"Caledonian MacBrayne"
] | Fishnish (Scottish Gaelic: Finnsinis) is a ferry terminal on the Isle of Mull, roughly halfway between Tobermory and Craignure. It is owned and operated by Caledonian MacBrayne. It is served by the ferry that crosses the Sound of Mull to and from Lochaline.It consists of a slipway sticking out into the Sound of Mull with a vehicle queuing area stretching back onto the road, a car park next to the slipway, and a small café next to the slipway with public toilets and an electronic display showing ferry times and other information.
There is a forest open to the public for walks in and around Fishnish. Beside the current Fishnish is Ceadha Leth Torcail (Gaelic for "the pier of Torquil's half-share", an historic cattle harbour). | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Manoa Heritage Center",
"located on terrain feature",
"Oahu"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Alcatraz Dining Hall",
"located on terrain feature",
"Alcatraz Island"
] | Alcatraz Dining Hall, often referred to as the Mess Hall, is the dining hall of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary where the prisoners and staff ate their meals. It is a long wing on the west end of the Main Cellhouse of Alcatraz, situated in the center of the island. It is connected to the block by a corridor known as "Times Square", as it passes beneath a large clock approaching the entrance way to the dining hall. This wing includes the dining hall and the kitchen beyond it. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary",
"located on terrain feature",
"Alcatraz Island"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Recreation Yard (Alcatraz)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Alcatraz Island"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Puʻu o Mahuka Heiau State Monument",
"located on terrain feature",
"Oahu"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Alcatraz Library",
"located on terrain feature",
"Alcatraz Island"
] | Alcatraz Library was a library for inmates at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. It was located at the end of D-Block. On entering Alcatraz, every inmate received a library card and a catalog of books found in the library. An inmate would order a book by putting a slip with their card in a box at the entrance to the dining hall before breakfast, and a librarian took the order to and from their cell. The library, which used a closed-stack paging system, had a collection of 10,000 to 15,000 books, mainly left over from Alcatraz's army days.Inmates were permitted a maximum of three books in addition to up to 12 text books, a Bible, and a dictionary. They were permitted to subscribe to magazines but crime-related pages were torn out and newspapers were prohibited. Crime and violence were prohibited from all books and magazines, and the library was governed by a chaplain who regulated the censorship and the nature of the reading material to ensure that the material was wholesome. Failure to return books by the date given made the inmate liable to removal of privileges.A sign in the library today displays an extract from the Federal Bureau of Prisons booklet in 1960: "These men read more serious literature than does the ordinary person in the community. Philosophers such as Kant, Schopenhauer, Hegel, etc. are especially popular." Other authors include Jack London, Sinclair Lewis, Washington Irving, Zane Grey, Hamlin Garland, Alexandre Dumas, Daniel Defoe, Joseph Conrad, Miguel de Cervantes and magazines such as Adventure to Time, Better Homes and Gardens and Library Digest. A law library was later added to A-Block.A library scene in Alcatraz appeared in the 1979 Clint Eastwood film Escape from Alcatraz in which Eastwood's character of Frank Morris converses with another inmate. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Oahu National Wildlife Refuge Complex",
"located on terrain feature",
"Oahu"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Nisaean plain",
"located on terrain feature",
"Zagros Mountains"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Lindau",
"located on terrain feature",
"Allgäu"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Lindau",
"owner of",
"Lindau Lamentation"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Lindau",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lindau (Bodensee)"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Kaufbeuren",
"located on terrain feature",
"Allgäu"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Kaufbeuren",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kaufbeuren"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Füssen",
"located on terrain feature",
"Allgäu"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Füssen",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Füssen"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Laurentian Channel",
"located on terrain feature",
"St. Lawrence River"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Laurentian Channel",
"located on terrain feature",
"Gulf of Saint Lawrence"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"KV1",
"located on terrain feature",
"Valley of the Kings"
] | Tomb KV1, located in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, was used for the burial of Pharaoh Ramesses VII of the Twentieth Dynasty. Although it has been open since antiquity, it was only properly investigated and cleared by Edwin Brock in 1984 and 1985. The single corridor tomb is located in Luxor's West Bank, and is small in comparison to other tombs of the Twentieth Dynasty.Tomb layout
Typical of tombs from this period, KV1 is laid out along a straight axis. The successors of Ramesses III constructed tombs that had followed this pattern and were all decorated in much the same manner as each other. It consists of four major parts: the entrance, a passageway, the burial chamber containing the sarcophagus, and a smaller room at the end.
Ramesses VII was in the seventh year of his reign when he died. There is evidence that the burial chamber was expanded from its original design as a corridor, and work on a subsequent room at the end of the tomb was halted.
The decoration within the passageway of the tomb contains illustrations from the Book of Gates, the Book of Caverns as well as the Book of the Earth. The walls of the burial chamber are decorated with extracts from the Book of the Earth. In terms of style and themes it closely follows that of its immediate predecessor, Ramesses VI's KV9, though the ceiling within the burial chamber contains a double image of the sky goddess Nut, reflecting a style used in tomb paintings used by pharaohs of the previous dynasty.Within the burial chamber a depression has been cut into the rock, with an inverted box of stone shaped roughly like a cartouche placed over it. This is the last known example of a sarcophagus placed in a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, all subsequent burials consisting of deeper pits which were covered by a lid. The tomb was robbed in antiquity, and the mummy presumably lost, though four cups inscribed with the pharaoh's name were found in the "royal cache" in DB320 along with the remains of other pharaohs. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Rubicon (titular see)",
"different from",
"Diœcesis Rubicensis"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Rubicon (titular see)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Lanzarote"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"State of the Presidi",
"located on terrain feature",
"península Itálica"
] | The State of the Presidi (Italian: Stato dei Presidi, meaning "state of the garrisons") was a small territory on the Tuscan coast of Italy that existed between 1557 and 1801. It consisted of remnants of the former Republic of Siena—the five towns of Porto Ercole and Porto Santo Stefano on the promontory of Monte Argentario, as well as Orbetello, Talamone and Ansedonia—and their hinterland, along with the islet of Giannutri and the fortress of Porto Longone on the island of Elba.The Presidi encompassed about 300 km2. They were effectively attached to the Kingdom of Naples and changed hands several times with it, resulting in three distinct historical periods. From 1557 to 1707, they were a possession of the Crown of Spain administered by the Spanish Habsburg viceroy of Naples; from 1708 to 1733, a possession of the Austrian Habsburgs administered by their viceroy in Naples; and from 1733 to 1801, a dependency of the Spanish Bourbon kings of Naples. By the Treaty of Florence of 28 March 1801, the king of Naples ceded the Presidi to the French Republic, which then ceded them to the new Kingdom of Etruria. After the downfall of France in 1814 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the territories were granted to the restored Grand Duchy of Tuscany. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"State of the Presidi",
"topic's main category",
"Category:State of the Presidios"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Los Mármoles National Park",
"located on terrain feature",
"Sierra Madre Oriental"
] | Los Mármoles National Park is a protected natural area in northeastern Mexico. It is located in the western Sierra Madre Oriental of northern Hidalgo. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Apulia",
"different from",
"Apulia"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Apulia",
"different from",
"Apulia"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Apulia",
"located on terrain feature",
"península Itálica"
] | null | null | null | null | 30 |
|
[
"Apulia",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Apulia"
] | null | null | null | null | 33 |
|
[
"Shivta",
"located on terrain feature",
"Negev"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Shivta",
"different from",
"Sobota"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Edisen Fishery",
"located on terrain feature",
"Isle Royale"
] | The Edisen Fishery is a fishery located in Rock Harbor in the Isle Royale National Park in Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1976 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev",
"located on terrain feature",
"Negev"
] | Location
The Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev site comprises the Negev, southern Israel, which connected Arabia to the Mediterranean in the Hellenistic-Roman period. During the period from 300 BC to 200 AD, four towns which prospered in the Negev Desert were Avdat, Haluza, Mamshit, and Shivta. These were linked directly with the Mediterranean terminus of both the Incense Road and spice trade routes. During the peak period of prosperity the route included cities, Qanat irrigation systems, fortresses, and caravanserai | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Kola Superdeep Borehole",
"different from",
"SG-3"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Kola Superdeep Borehole",
"located on terrain feature",
"Kola peninsula"
] | The Kola Superdeep Borehole (Russian: Кольская сверхглубокая скважина, romanized: Kol'skaya sverkhglubokaya skvazhina) SG-3
is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, near the Russian border with Norway, on the Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust.
Drilling began on 24 May 1970 using the Uralmash-4E, and later the Uralmash-15000 series drilling rig, and it became the deepest manmade hole in history in 1979. The 23 centimetres (9 in) diameter boreholes were drilled by branching from a central hole. The deepest reached 12,262 metres (40,230 ft; 7.619 mi) in 1989, the deepest human-made hole on Earth, and remains so as of 2023.
In terms of true vertical depth, it remains the deepest borehole in the world. For two decades, it was also the world's longest borehole in terms of measured depth along the well bore (that is, borehole length) until it was surpassed in 2008 by the 12,289 metres (40,318 ft) long Al Shaheen Oil Well in Qatar. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Djupfjordstraumen Bridge",
"located on terrain feature",
"Hinnøya"
] | The Djupfjordstraumen Bridge (Norwegian: Djupfjordstraumen bru, also known as Djupfjordbrua) is a cantilever road bridge that crosses the Djupfjorden in Sortland Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The bridge is 346 metres (1,135 ft) long and the main span stretches 190 metres (620 ft). The bridge was opened in 1983. It is located on the west coast of the island of Hinnøya. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Second Arab Spring",
"located on terrain feature",
"Arab world"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Cottbus",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cottbus"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Cottbus",
"located on terrain feature",
"Lower Lusatia"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Gozo Region",
"located on terrain feature",
"Gozo"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Moni people",
"located on terrain feature",
"Flores Island"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Deerness",
"located on terrain feature",
"Mainland"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Niederlausitz (wine region)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Lower Lusatia"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands",
"located on terrain feature",
"Coral Sea Islands"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands",
"located on terrain feature",
"Cato Reef"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Despotiko",
"located on terrain feature",
"Cyclades"
] | Despotikó (Greek: Δεσποτικό), anciently, Prepesinthus or Prepesinthos (Ancient Greek: Πρεπέσινθος), is a small, uninhabited Greek island in the Cyclades. It is situated west of the island of Antiparos, and east of the smaller island of Strongyli (not to be confused with Strongyli Megistis).Geography
The small and dry island is located about 700 m southwest from the shores of Antiparos. Despotiko is situated almost exactly in the center of the Cyclades and during clear days it is possible to view the surrounding islands of Antiparos, Syros, Serifos, Sifnos, Kimolos, Folegandros, Sikinos and Ios (in anticlockwise order). Administratively, the island is part of the community of Antiparos. Currently, the island can only be reached by boats starting from the island of Antiparos. Boats leave either from the main village of Antiparos or from Agios Georgios (southwest Antiparos), just opposite Despotiko. Usually, the final destination for them lies on the southern part of the island where a large sandy beach is located.
The strait separating Despotiko from Antiparos only has a minimum depth of about 1m, with the intervening islet of Tsimintiri. This extreme shallowness of the strait suggests the possibility of a link between Antiparos and Despotiko in former times. Indicators of previous sea-levels include archaeological remains on the sea-floor of Despotiko Bay such as Early Bronze Age cist graves off Koimitiri down to 3m water depths; additionally there are walls, a well-head, and an oven of unknown age at a 3m depth off-shore from Agios Georgios on Antiparos. Numerous parallel trenches occur west of the Panagia chapel on Despotiko which have not been excavated or dated so far, but can be compared with the almost identical, partly submerged, probably Hellenistic viticulture trenches from northeast Antiparos. These submerged archaeological structures, together with a Classical marble inscription from the sanctuary on Despotiko reading ΕΣΤΙΑΣ ΙΣΘΜΙΑΣ, (Hestias Isthmias, which essentially means "for Hestia of the Isthmus"), suggest that the relative sea-level in this area was at least 3m lower during the Early Bronze Age and still more than 1m lower during the Hellenistic time. This implies that an isthmus may have linked Despotiko, Koimitiri and Antiparos at least until the Hellenistic time. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Harstad Travpark",
"located on terrain feature",
"Hinnøya"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"QML",
"influenced by",
"JavaScript"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"QML",
"influenced by",
"JSON"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"QML",
"influenced by",
"Qt"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"QML",
"influenced by",
"Extensible Application Markup Language"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Catalan Centre",
"influenced by",
"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Carlos Ferrer Salat"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Lluís Figa i Faura"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Vicenç Oller i Company"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Jordi Planasdemunt i Gubert"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Carles Güell de Sentmenat"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Q Sharp",
"influenced by",
"C#"
] | Usage
Q# is available as a separately downloaded extension for Visual Studio, but it can also be run as an independent tool from the Command line or Visual Studio Code. The Quantum Development Kit ships with a quantum simulator which is capable of running Q#.In order to invoke the quantum simulator, another .NET programming language, usually C#, is used, which provides the (classical) input data for the simulator and reads the (classical) output data from the simulator. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Q Sharp",
"influenced by",
"F#"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Node.js",
"influenced by",
"JavaScript"
] | Node.js is a cross-platform, open-source server environment that can run on Windows, Linux, Unix, macOS, and more. Node.js is a back-end JavaScript runtime environment, runs on the V8 JavaScript Engine, and executes JavaScript code outside a web browser.
Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write command line tools and for server-side scripting. The ability to run JavaScript code on the server is often used to generate dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm, unifying web-application development around a single programming language, as opposed to using different languages for the server- versus client-side programming.
Node.js has an event-driven architecture capable of asynchronous I/O. These design choices aim to optimize throughput and scalability in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for real-time Web applications (e.g., real-time communication programs and browser games).The Node.js distributed development project was previously governed by the Node.js Foundation, and has now merged with the JS Foundation to form the OpenJS Foundation. OpenJS Foundation is facilitated by the Linux Foundation's Collaborative Projects program.Corporate users of Node.js software include GoDaddy, Groupon, IBM, LinkedIn, Microsoft, Netflix, PayPal, SAP, Walmart, Yahoo!, and Amazon Web Services.Platform architecture
Node.js brings event-driven programming to web servers, enabling development of fast web servers in JavaScript. Developers can create scalable servers without using threading, by using a simplified model of event-driven programming that uses callbacks to signal the completion of a task. Node.js connects the ease of a scripting language (JavaScript) with the power of Unix network programming.Node.js was built on top of Google's V8 JavaScript engine since it was open-sourced under the BSD license. It is proficient with internet fundamentals such as HTTP, DNS, and TCP. JavaScript was also a well-known language, making Node.js accessible to the web development community. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Node.js",
"has use",
"web development"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Node.js",
"has use",
"run-time system"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Node.js",
"uses",
"V8"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Node.js",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Node.js"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"P-Square",
"influenced by",
"Michael Jackson"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"P-Square",
"significant person",
"Paul Okoye"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"P-Square",
"significant person",
"Peter Okoye"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Sleeping Beauty Castle",
"influenced by",
"Neuschwanstein Castle"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Sleeping Beauty Castle",
"different from",
"Cinderella Castle"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Sleeping Beauty Castle",
"owned by",
"Disneyland, Inc."
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Sleeping Beauty Castle",
"different from",
"Sleeping Beauty Castle"
] | Hong Kong Disneyland
Hong Kong's Sleeping Beauty Castle was a nearly identical copy of the original in California. However, the two castles were differentiated through very subtle details. Hong Kong Disneyland used a different color scheme compared to that of Disneyland, with more natural white and pink colours for the accents and cornice. It also had fewer trees surrounding its castle, which allowed a more open view to accompany the nightly fireworks show.
The castle closed on January 1, 2018 for a redesign as part of the park's 15th anniversary celebration. This redesign is meant to pay tribute to 14 Disney princesses and heroines. It has been renamed Castle of Magical Dreams. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Sleeping Beauty Castle",
"different from",
"Sleeping Beauty Castle"
] | Hong Kong Disneyland
Hong Kong's Sleeping Beauty Castle was a nearly identical copy of the original in California. However, the two castles were differentiated through very subtle details. Hong Kong Disneyland used a different color scheme compared to that of Disneyland, with more natural white and pink colours for the accents and cornice. It also had fewer trees surrounding its castle, which allowed a more open view to accompany the nightly fireworks show.
The castle closed on January 1, 2018 for a redesign as part of the park's 15th anniversary celebration. This redesign is meant to pay tribute to 14 Disney princesses and heroines. It has been renamed Castle of Magical Dreams. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"New Jersey Register of Historic Places",
"applies to jurisdiction",
"New Jersey"
] | The New Jersey Register of Historic Places is the official list of historic resources of local, state, and national interest in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The program is administered by the New Jersey's state historic preservation office within the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.
The register was established under the terms of the New Jersey Register of Historic Places Act of 1970. The New Jersey Register mirrors the National Register of Historic Places, and uses the same criteria for eligibility.Current listings not on the National List
Gloucester County
See National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester County, New Jersey for the national list.
Broad Street Historic District encompassing Broad Street (between Woodbury Creek and Courtland Street) and
Delaware Street (between Broad and Wood streets) was listed (#1429) on February 19, 1988. It includes the Gloucester County Courthouse. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"New Jersey Register of Historic Places",
"influenced by",
"National Register of Historic Places"
] | The New Jersey Register of Historic Places is the official list of historic resources of local, state, and national interest in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The program is administered by the New Jersey's state historic preservation office within the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.
The register was established under the terms of the New Jersey Register of Historic Places Act of 1970. The New Jersey Register mirrors the National Register of Historic Places, and uses the same criteria for eligibility.Current listings not on the National List
Gloucester County
See National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester County, New Jersey for the national list.
Broad Street Historic District encompassing Broad Street (between Woodbury Creek and Courtland Street) and
Delaware Street (between Broad and Wood streets) was listed (#1429) on February 19, 1988. It includes the Gloucester County Courthouse. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"New Jersey Register of Historic Places",
"topic's main category",
"Category:New Jersey Register of Historic Places"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Rastafari",
"influenced by",
"Christianity"
] | Rastafari, sometimes called Rastafarianism, is a religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion. There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas.
Rastafari beliefs are based on a specific interpretation of the Bible. Central to the religion is a monotheistic belief in a single God, referred to as Jah, who is deemed to partially reside within each individual. Rastas accord key importance to Haile Selassie, the emperor of Ethiopia between 1930 and 1974; many regard him as the Second Coming of Jesus and Jah incarnate, while others see him as a human prophet who fully recognised Jah's presence in every individual. Rastafari is Afrocentric and focuses attention on the African diaspora, which it believes is oppressed within Western society, or "Babylon". Many Rastas call for this diaspora's resettlement in Africa, a continent they consider the Promised Land, or "Zion". Some practitioners extend these views into black supremacism. Rastas refer to their practices as "livity". Communal meetings are known as "groundations", and are typified by music, chanting, discussions, and the smoking of cannabis, the latter regarded as a sacrament with beneficial properties. Rastas emphasise what they regard as living "naturally", adhering to ital dietary requirements, wearing their hair in dreadlocks, and following patriarchal gender roles.
Rastafari originated among impoverished and socially disenfranchised Afro-Jamaican communities in 1930s Jamaica. Its Afrocentric ideology was largely a reaction against Jamaica's then-dominant British colonial culture. It was influenced by both Ethiopianism and the Back-to-Africa movement promoted by black nationalist figures such as Marcus Garvey. The religion developed after several Protestant Christian clergymen, most notably Leonard Howell, proclaimed that Haile Selassie's crowning as Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 fulfilled a Biblical prophecy. By the 1950s, Rastafari's countercultural stance had brought the movement into conflict with wider Jamaican society, including violent clashes with law enforcement. In the 1960s and 1970s, it gained increased respectability within Jamaica and greater visibility abroad through the popularity of Rastafari-inspired reggae musicians, most notably Bob Marley. Enthusiasm for Rastafari declined in the 1980s, following the deaths of Haile Selassie and Marley, but the movement survived and has a presence in many parts of the world.
The Rastafari movement is decentralised and organised on a largely sectarian basis. There are several denominations, or "Mansions of Rastafari", the most prominent of which are the Nyahbinghi, Bobo Ashanti, and the Twelve Tribes of Israel, each offering a different interpretation of Rastafari belief. There are an estimated 700,000 to one million Rastafari across the world. The largest population is in Jamaica, although small communities can be found in most of the world's major population centres. Most Rastafari are of black African descent, and some groups accept only black members.Beliefs
Rastas refer to the totality of their religion's ideas and beliefs as "Rastalogy". Edmonds described Rastafari as having "a fairly cohesive worldview"; however, the scholar Ernest Cashmore thought that its beliefs were "fluid and open to interpretation". Within the movement, attempts to summarise Rastafari belief have never been accorded the status of a catechism or creed. Rastas place great emphasis on the idea that personal experience and intuitive understanding should be used to determine the truth or validity of a particular belief or practice. No Rasta, therefore, has the authority to declare which beliefs and practices are orthodox and which are heterodox. The conviction that Rastafari has no dogma "is so strong that it has itself become something of a dogma", according to the sociologist of religion Peter B. Clarke.Rastafari is deeply influenced by Judeo-Christian religion, and shares many commonalities with Christianity. The scholar Michael Barnett observed that its theology is "essentially Judeo-Christian", representing "an Afrocentralized blend of Christianity and Judaism". Some followers openly describe themselves as Christians. Rastafari accords the Bible a central place in its belief system, regarding it as a holy book, and adopts a literalist interpretation of its contents. According to the anthropologist Stephen D. Glazier, Rasta approaches to the Bible result in the religion adopting an outlook very similar to that of some forms of Protestantism. Rastas regard the Bible as an authentic account of early black African history and of their place as God's favoured people. They believe the Bible to be key to understanding both the past and the present and for predicting the future, while also regarding it as a source book from which they can form and justify their beliefs and practices. Rastas commonly perceive the final book of the Bible, the Book of Revelation, as the most important part, because they see its contents as having particular significance for the world's present situation.Contrary to scholarly understandings of how the Bible was compiled, Rastas commonly believe it was originally written on stone in the Ethiopian language of Amharic. They also believe that the Bible's true meaning has been warped, both through mistranslation into other languages and by deliberate manipulation by those seeking to deny black Africans their history. They also regard it as cryptographic, meaning that it has many hidden meanings. They believe that its true teachings can be revealed through intuition and meditation on the "book within" which allows them to commune with God. Because of what they regard as the corruption of the Bible, Rastas also turn to other sources that they believe shed light on black African history. Common texts used for this purpose include Leonard Howell's 1935 work The Promised Key, Robert Athlyi Rogers' 1924 book Holy Piby, and Fitz Balintine Pettersburg's 1920s work, the Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy. Many Rastas also treat the Kebra Nagast, a 14th-century Ethiopian text, as a source through which to interpret the Bible.Ethiopianism, Back to Africa, and Marcus Garvey
Rastafari owed much to intellectual frameworks arising in the 19th and early 20th centuries. One key influence on Rastafari was Christian Revivalism, with the Great Revival of 1860–61 drawing many Afro-Jamaicans to join churches. Increasing numbers of Pentecostal missionaries from the United States arrived in Jamaica during the early 20th century, climaxing in the 1920s.Further contributing significantly to Rastafari's development were Ethiopianism and the Back to Africa ethos, both traditions with 18th-century roots. In the 19th century, there were growing calls for the African diaspora located in Western Europe and the Americas to be resettled in Africa, with some of this diaspora establishing colonies in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Based in Liberia, the black Christian preacher Edward Wilmot Blyden began promoting African pride and the preservation of African tradition, customs, and institutions. Also spreading throughout Africa was Ethiopianism, a movement that accorded special status to the east African nation of Ethiopia because it was mentioned in various Biblical passages. For adherents of Ethiopianism, "Ethiopia" was regarded as a synonym of Africa as a whole.Of significant influence on Rastafari was the Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey, who spent much of his adult life in the US and Britain. Garvey supported the idea of global racial separatism and called for part of the African diaspora to relocate to Africa. His ideas faced opposition from civil rights activists like W. E. B. Du Bois who supported racial integration, and as a mass movement, Garveyism declined in the Great Depression of the 1930s. A rumour later spread that in 1916, Garvey had called on his supporters to "look to Africa" for the crowning of a black king; this quote was never verified. However, in August 1930, Garvey's play, Coronation of an African King, was performed in Kingston. Its plot revolved around the crowning of the fictional Prince Cudjoe of Sudan, although it anticipated the crowning of Haile Selassie later that year. Rastas hold Garvey in great esteem, with many regarding him as a prophet. Garvey knew of Rastafari, but took a largely negative view of the religion; he also became a critic of Haile Selassie, calling him "a great coward" who rules a "country where black men are chained and flogged".Mansions of Rastafari
Sub-divisions of Rastafari are often referred to as "houses" or "mansions", in keeping with a passage from the Gospel of John (14:2): as translated in the King James Bible, Jesus states "In my father's house are many mansions". The three most prominent branches are the House of Nyabinghi, the Bobo Ashanti, and the Twelve Tribes of Israel, although other important groups include the Church of Haile Selassie I, Inc., and the Fulfilled Rastafari. By fragmenting into different houses without any single leader, Rastafari became more resilient amid opposition from Jamaica's government during the early decades of the movement.Probably the largest Rastafari group, the House of Nyabinghi is an aggregate of more traditional and militant Rastas who seek to retain the movement close to the way in which it existed during the 1940s. They stress the idea that Haile Selassie was Jah and the reincarnation of Jesus. The wearing of dreadlocks is regarded as indispensable and patriarchal gender roles are strongly emphasised, while, according to Cashmore, they are "vehemently anti-white". Nyabinghi Rastas refuse to compromise with Babylon and are often critical of reggae musicians like Marley, whom they regard as having collaborated with the commercial music industry.The Bobo Ashanti sect was founded in Jamaica by Emanuel Charles Edwards through the establishment of his Ethiopia Africa Black International Congress (EABIC) in 1958. The group established a commune in Bull Bay, where they were led by Edwards until his death in 1994. The group hold to a highly rigid ethos. Edwards advocated the idea of a new trinity, with Haile Selassie as the living God, himself as the Christ, and Garvey as the prophet. Male members are divided into two categories: the "priests" who conduct religious services and the "prophets" who take part in reasoning sessions. It places greater restrictions on women than most other forms of Rastafari; women are regarded as impure because of menstruation and childbirth and so are not permitted to cook for men. The group teaches that black Africans are God's chosen people and are superior to white Europeans, with members often refusing to associate with white people. Bobo Ashanti Rastas are recognisable by their long, flowing robes and turbans.
The Twelve Tribes of Israel group was founded in 1968 in Kingston by Vernon Carrington. He proclaimed himself the reincarnation of the Old Testament prophet Gad and his followers call him "Prophet Gad", "Brother Gad", or "Gadman". It is commonly regarded as the most liberal form of Rastafari and the closest to Christianity. Practitioners are often dubbed "Christian Rastas" because they believe Jesus is the only saviour; Haile Selassie is accorded importance, but is not viewed as the second coming of Jesus. The group divides its members into twelve groups according to which Hebrew calendar month they were born in; each month is associated with a particular colour, body part, and mental function. Maintaining dreadlocks and an ital diet are considered commendable but not essential, while adherents are called upon to read a chapter of the Bible each day. Membership is open to individuals of any racial background.The Twelve Tribes peaked in popularity during the 1970s, when it attracted artists, musicians, and many middle-class followers—Marley among them—resulting in the terms "middle-class Rastas" and "uptown Rastas" being applied to members of the group. Carrington died in 2005, since which time the Twelve Tribes of Israel have been led by an executive council. As of 2010, it was recorded as being the largest of the centralised Rasta groups. It remains headquartered in Kingston, although it has followers outside Jamaica; the group was responsible for establishing the Rasta community in Shashamane, Ethiopia.The Church of Haile Selassie, Inc., was founded by Abuna Foxe and operated much like a mainstream Christian church, with a hierarchy of functionaries, weekly services, and Sunday schools. In adopting this broad approach, the Church seeks to develop Rastafari's respectability in wider society. Fulfilled Rastafari is a multi-ethnic movement that has spread in popularity during the 21st century, in large part through the Internet. The Fulfilled Rastafari group accept Haile Selassie's statements that he was a man and that he was a devout Christian, and so place emphasis on worshipping Jesus through the example set forth by Haile Selassie. The wearing of dreadlocks and the adherence to an ital diet are considered issues up to the individual. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
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Rastas refer to the totality of their religion's ideas and beliefs as "Rastalogy". Edmonds described Rastafari as having "a fairly cohesive worldview"; however, the scholar Ernest Cashmore thought that its beliefs were "fluid and open to interpretation". Within the movement, attempts to summarise Rastafari belief have never been accorded the status of a catechism or creed. Rastas place great emphasis on the idea that personal experience and intuitive understanding should be used to determine the truth or validity of a particular belief or practice. No Rasta, therefore, has the authority to declare which beliefs and practices are orthodox and which are heterodox. The conviction that Rastafari has no dogma "is so strong that it has itself become something of a dogma", according to the sociologist of religion Peter B. Clarke.Rastafari is deeply influenced by Judeo-Christian religion, and shares many commonalities with Christianity. The scholar Michael Barnett observed that its theology is "essentially Judeo-Christian", representing "an Afrocentralized blend of Christianity and Judaism". Some followers openly describe themselves as Christians. Rastafari accords the Bible a central place in its belief system, regarding it as a holy book, and adopts a literalist interpretation of its contents. According to the anthropologist Stephen D. Glazier, Rasta approaches to the Bible result in the religion adopting an outlook very similar to that of some forms of Protestantism. Rastas regard the Bible as an authentic account of early black African history and of their place as God's favoured people. They believe the Bible to be key to understanding both the past and the present and for predicting the future, while also regarding it as a source book from which they can form and justify their beliefs and practices. Rastas commonly perceive the final book of the Bible, the Book of Revelation, as the most important part, because they see its contents as having particular significance for the world's present situation.Contrary to scholarly understandings of how the Bible was compiled, Rastas commonly believe it was originally written on stone in the Ethiopian language of Amharic. They also believe that the Bible's true meaning has been warped, both through mistranslation into other languages and by deliberate manipulation by those seeking to deny black Africans their history. They also regard it as cryptographic, meaning that it has many hidden meanings. They believe that its true teachings can be revealed through intuition and meditation on the "book within" which allows them to commune with God. Because of what they regard as the corruption of the Bible, Rastas also turn to other sources that they believe shed light on black African history. Common texts used for this purpose include Leonard Howell's 1935 work The Promised Key, Robert Athlyi Rogers' 1924 book Holy Piby, and Fitz Balintine Pettersburg's 1920s work, the Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy. Many Rastas also treat the Kebra Nagast, a 14th-century Ethiopian text, as a source through which to interpret the Bible. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
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[
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Not counting the ancient precursors of mechanical reasoning in mythology, philosophy, and mathematics, advances in the modern mathematical logic led directly to Alan Turing's theory of computation, which suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as "0" and "1", could simulate both mathematical deduction and formal reasoning, which is known as the Church–Turing thesis. This, along with at the time new discoveries in cybernetics and information theory, led researchers to consider the possibility of using electronic components to simulate human problem-solving.Written in 1943 by McCullouch and Pitts, the formal design for Turing-complete "artificial neurons" is generally recognized as the first paper in AI.More than a decade later, in 1956, the field of AI research was officially born at a workshop at Dartmouth College. The attendees and their students produced programs that the press described as "astonishing": computers were learning checkers strategies, solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the Department of Defense and laboratories had been established around the world. Herbert Simon predicted, "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do". Marvin Minsky agreed, writing, "within a generation ... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved".They have, however, underestimated the vastness and probabilistic nature of most human knowledge, implicit in the "remaining" tasks.Both the U.S. and British governments cut off exploratory research in response to the criticism of Sir James Lighthill and ongoing pressure from the US Congress to fund more productive projects. Additionally, Minsky's and Papert's book Perceptrons was understood as proving that artificial neural networks approach would never be useful for solving real-world tasks, thus discrediting the approach altogether. The "AI winter", a period when obtaining funding for AI projects was difficult, followed.In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success of expert systems, a form of AI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of human experts. By 1985, the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same time, Japan's fifth generation computer project inspired the U.S. and British governments to restore funding for academic research. However, beginning with the collapse of the Lisp Machine market in 1987, AI once again fell into disrepute, and a second, longer-lasting winter began.Many researchers began to doubt that the current practices would be able to imitate all the processes of human cognition, especially perception, robotics, learning and pattern recognition. A number of researchers began to look into "sub-symbolic" approaches to specific machine learning problems. Robotics researchers, such as Rodney Brooks, rejected the discredited rule-based approaches and trained robots that learned to move in their environment based on sensory information, using reasonable guesses (known as "soft computing") to deal with uncertain sensory information.Outside of academic discipline AI, which abandoned artificial neural networks altogether from its toolbox until the 1990s, people from other disciplines, such as psychologist Geoffrey Hinton and David Rumelhart, kept it alive under the name "connectionism".In the 1990s, Yann LeCun successfully showed that convolutional neural networks can recognize handwritten digits, which made the neural networks approach a "safe choice" again.In the late 1990s and early 2000s, advanced mathematical methods and specific solutions to specific problems has emerged as a new academic discipline named machine learning. Machine learning researchers produced verifiable results and collaborated with other fields, such as statistics, economics and mathematics, culminating in
deep learning. Deep learning's success was based on both hardware improvements (faster computers, graphics processing units, cloud computing)
and access to large amounts of data (including curated datasets, such as ImageNet).
Deep learning soon proved to be highly successful at a wide range of tasks and was adopted throughout the field. For many specific tasks, other methods were abandoned.The machine learning achievements made it safe for media and businesses to refer to them as "AI" again.
The number of software projects that use machine learning at Google increased from a "sporadic usage" in 2012 to more than 2,700 projects in 2015.In a 2017 survey, one in five companies reported they had incorporated "AI" in some offerings or processes".
The amount of machine learning research (measured by total publications) increased by 50% in the years 2015–2019. According to 'AI Impacts', about $50 billion annually was invested in "AI" around 2022 in the US alone and about 20% of new US Computer Science PhD graduates have specialized in "AI";
about 800,000 "AI"-related US job openings existed in 2022.In 2016, issues of fairness and the misuse of technology were catapulted into center stage at machine learning conferences, publications vastly increased, funding became available, and many researchers re-focussed their careers on these issues. The alignment problem became a serious field of academic study.Computationalism and functionalism
Computationalism is the position in the philosophy of mind that the human mind is an information processing system and that thinking is a form of computing. Computationalism argues that the relationship between mind and body is similar or identical to the relationship between software and hardware and thus may be a solution to the mind–body problem. This philosophical position was inspired by the work of AI researchers and cognitive scientists in the 1960s and was originally proposed by philosophers Jerry Fodor and Hilary Putnam.Philosopher John Searle characterized this position as "strong AI": "The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds."
Searle counters this assertion with his Chinese room argument, which attempts to show that, even if a machine perfectly simulates human behavior, there is still no reason to suppose it also has a mind. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
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