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The mother tongue is a language that a child learns in the lap of his mother. It is the most useful lifelong skill that we learned without attending any academy. This is a language in which children live and learn in their community. The child plays a good role in education through learning their mother tongue. Therefore, it is the most powerful agent to change mental contact and change. The Mother tongue is resolved from all languages. There is a tool to think, and language thinking is impossible. The absorption of the mother is important, the change, development, loss of importance is important; therefore it is the ability to promote the ability of our student, knowledge, ability, and mother's ability to develop self-education in life. The realistic plan is its population language; images and expressions have given facts, and solely produce a form in your mother's language. |
Factor analysis and initial validation of the Personal Values Inventory
The study of values is central to the understanding of both individuals and cultures. Theorists in a number of fields have emphasized the importance of people's value priorities in understanding and predicting attitudinal and behavioral decisions. However, there is a lack of instruments specifically developed to measure core personal values. This study introduces the Personal Values Inventory (PVI). The PVI was designed to assess core personal values in adults in the area of moral conducts such as honesty, trust, commitment, discipline, forgiveness, sharing, and respecting. The sample for the investigation consisted of an archival sample of 860 respondents. A second independent sample with 221 respondents, was used for confirmatory factor analysis. Preliminary psychometric data based on 860 respondents show a meaningful factor structure. A 55 item purified version of the Personal Values Inventory was constructed based on results from exploratory factor analytic procedures. Exploratory factor analysis of the PVI revealed it has five subscales: Honesty and Responsibility, Trust and Fairness, Commitment and Discipline, and Sharing and Respecting. The total variance explained by the model was found to be 58% and accounted for reasonable amount of the proportion of the variance explained by the five factor model. An alpha coefficient for the purified scale was found to be 0.97. The factor structure displayed good internal consistency and construct validity. The confirmatory factor analysis from an independent sample adequately validated the factor structure found in sample 1. The comparison of descriptive statistics on the factor constructs showed no gender or age differences. Some of the educational categories were different for the ‘honesty and responsibility’ construct. The racial groups and salary levels were found to be significantly different on all value constructs except for ‘sharing and respecting others’. The years in the organization of a respondent had an effect on the constructs ‘commitment and discipline’ and ‘sharing and respecting others’. Value differences were also observed based on the level of the organization on all five value constructs.
"Factor analysis and initial validation of the Personal Values Inventory"
ETD Collection for Tennessee State University. |
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The Progressive Fence - Erik Kondo
This course will teach you the basics of the Progressive Fence which is a major tool of the Progressive Boundary Setting System. Course Prerequisites: 1. Pyramid of Personal Safety 2. Five Stages of Violent Crime 3. 7 Aspects of Self-Defense 4. Violence Dynamics
|Module 1||The Elements of the Progressive Fence|
|The Progressive Fence is a model that utilizes progressive (escalating responses) of the Visual Fence (body language), Verbal Fence (assertive phrases), Physical Fence (physical actions), and Institutional Fence (power of government) to control and limit unwanted behavior.|
|Unit 1||The Visual Fence|
|Unit 2||The Verbal Fence|
|Unit 3||The Physical Fence|
|Unit 4||Institutional Fence|
|Module 2||Using the Progressive Fence|
|This module will help you understand how to use the Progressive Fence in real life situations.|
|Unit 1||The Application of the Progressive Fence|
|Unit 2||Example Scenarios|
|Unit 3||Common Questions and Responses| |
HERE ARE JUST SOME OF THE FACTS ABOUT THE COST OF VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN IN SOUTH AFRICA*
PREVALENCE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN IN SOUTH AFRICA
(COST R28,6 BILLION)
(COST R57,5 BILLION)
(COST R103,8 BILLION)
(COST R6,3 BILLION)
And the physical and emotional cost of abuse is carried forward from one generation to the next. Victims of sexual abuse are 4,9 times more likely to abuse drugs later in life compared to those who were not sexually abused as children. Victims of physical abuse are 1.41% more likely to develop as serious mental illness. Victims of emotional abuse are 1.31% more likely to become obese. |
Spinal cord injury is an extremely serious type of physical trauma. A person’s sensory, motor and reflex messages are heavily getting damage and it often causes permanent changes in strength, sensation and other functions of the body.
Research studies are ongoing around the world, but the complete repair of spinal cord injuries is not possible yet. The major reason behind this is the slow repair rate of damage nerve cells and these cells also stop repairing very soon.
Now a robotic harness combined with artificial intelligence (AI) software has its a solution. No, it will not repair the damage, but it could help spinal injury and stroke patients walk again.
The research comes from the Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
In this new study, researchers sought to develop an AI system that better mimicked the conditions that people might experience during everyday life, where they would have to move in more than one direction and vary their gaits.
“The idea is to provide the most appropriate environment for patients to be active during training,” says study co-author Grégoire Courtine, a neuroscientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne. “The goal of this rehabilitation is to have patients repeat natural activities for an extended amount of time.”
Recovery plans for spinal cord injuries and strokes typically require usually many hours of supported walking, using devices like treadmills, with the walking aid pre-programmed by a medic to provide a steady pace. This one-size-fits-all approach does not account for each patient moving around in different directions and having different gaits, both varying according to the individual.
What this new technology improves on is the use of AI and robotics to help simulate the forces people will encounter in various real-world situations.
Dr. Jean-Baptiste Mignardot used digital technology to developed a robotic harness that controls the amount of upward and forward force that patients feel while also permitting them to walk forward, backward, and side to side.
The robotic harness is controlled by the AI system that personalized the multi-directional forces that each patient experienced depending on their specific problems.
To customize patient experiences, this system relied on an artificial neural network, where components known as artificial neurons are supplied data and work together to solve a problem.
This neural net can then alter the pattern of links among those neurons to change the way they interact, and the network tries solving the problem again. Over time, the neural net learns which patterns are best at computing solutions, an AI strategy that imitates the human brain.
The machine is able to assess 120 different variables relating to body movement, such as how fast they could walk, and then computed what kind of support they should need.
“The amount of support that patients receive is calculated precisely for each patient,” Courtine says. “If patients need only as much gravity as they would experience walking on the moon, the harness creates a moon-like feeling of gravity, and if the patients are stronger, it creates, says, a Mars-like feeling of gravity.”
As part of a clinical trial of this “neurorobotic platform,” the researchers experimented with 26 volunteers recovering from spinal cord injuries or strokes, whose disability ranged from being able to walk without assistance to be able to neither stand nor walk independently.
The participants were tested on four tasks—standing on two separate plates, walking on a straight path, walking on a wavy path, or walking on a ladder with irregularly positioned rungs. Each patient who took part in the first trial was able to walk with motor abilities comparable to healthy individuals.
After the volunteers walked roughly 20 meters using the neurorobotic platform to familiarize themselves with the apparatus, three patients with spinal cord injuries who previously could not stand independently could, immediately after such practice, walk with or without assistance.
Four of 10 patients with spinal cord injuries who previously could only move with crutches or a walker could, immediately after such practice, do so without assistance. Similar or even superior findings were seen with stroke patients, the researchers say.
Furthermore, after a one-hour training session with the neurorobotic platform, four out of five patients with chronic spinal cord injuries who previously could only walk with the assistance of a device experienced significant improvements, such as the increase in speed, the researchers say.
In contrast, the same amount of time on just a treadmill actually impaired the ability to walk without robotic assistance in one patient.
“It’s striking how a system that applies force in directions other than just vertical can make a world of difference,” Courtine says.
The scientists are also exploring how spinal cord stimulation can improve patient mobility. They are combining that approach with their neurorobotic platform, Courtine says.
The new development has been described in the journal Science Translational Medicine, with the research paper headed “A multidirectional gravity-assist algorithm that enhances locomotor control in patients with stroke or spinal cord injury.”
Going forward, the plan is for the technology to be commercialized for use in rehabilitation centers as part of the clinical routine.
More in AI : |
This article was originally published on May 30, 2020.
Impact craters are the most common geological feature on Mars. Impact craters are roughly circular, excavated holes that are created when a meteor collides with the surface of a planet. In fact, impact craters can be seen on just about every rocky planet, moon and asteroid in our Solar System.
Impact Craters on Mars
Researchers have estimated that Mars is bombarded by more than 200 small asteroids or bits of comets every year forming impact craters at least 12.8 feet (3.9 meters) across. This estimate is calculated based on the number of impact craters found in a systematic survey of a portion of Mars.
After analysing before and after pictures of Martian terrain, researchers of the UA-led HiRISE imaging experiment have identified 248 new impact craters on the red planet. Images were taken using the HiRISE camera onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Largest Impact Craters on Mars
The Hellas Planitia impact crater is located in the southern hemisphere of Mars. This impact basin is roughly 2,300 kilometres (1,400 miles) in diameter and 9 kilometres (5 miles) deep.
Utopia Planitia is the largest confirmed impact crater on Mars and in the entire Solar System with an estimated diameter of 3300 kilometres (2,100 miles).
Mars Crater Database
University of Colorado Boulder research team has catalogued 635,000 impact craters on Mars that are roughly a kilometre (0.6 miles) or more in diameter. It is the largest single database ever compiled of impact craters on a planet or a moon in our solar system. The Global Mars Crater Database will help in dating the age and geology of particular regions of Mars.
The research on the subject by Stuart Robbins and University of Colorado Boulder faculty member Brian Hynek was published in June 2012 in the Journal of Geophysical Research – Planets, a publication of the American Geophysical Union.
Why Study Impact Craters on Mars?
Mars has a stable crust, low erosion rate and no active lava sources. So impact craters on Mars are not obliterated as they are on Earth. Using the size of an impact crater we can determine the mass and velocity of the meteor that collided there.
Impact craters are like windows that allow us to look into the past and present of Mars. Scientists record the size and number of impact craters and how eroded they are. Using that information they will determine the age and geological history of Mars.
1. NASA Probe Counts Space Rock Impacts on Mars.
2. Impact atlas catalogs over 635,000 Martian craters.
3. A new global database of Mars impact craters ≥1 km.
4. HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment. |
|Origin and development|
|Qur'an and Sunnah|
|Views on the Qur'an|
Tajwīd (تجويد) is an Arabic word for elocution, meaning proper pronunciation during recitation, as well as recitation at a moderate speed. It is a set of rules which govern how the Qur'an should be read. It is derived from the triliteral root j-w-d, meaning to make well, make better, or improve. It is required by fard. There are seven schools of tajwid, the most popular school being the school of Hafs.
Rules of Tajwid Edit
Manners of the heartEdit
- One should understand that the Qur'an is not the word of man.
- The reader should throw away all other thoughts.
- One should understand the meaning.
- One should be humble with fear and hope in heart.
- One should feel that every message in the Qur’an is meant personally for himself or herself.
- One should understand the proper pronunciation of Arabic alphabet.
- One should be vigilant of the purity of body, clothes, and place.
- One is encouraged to face the Qiblah.
- One should stop at a verse of warning and seeking protection with Allah.
- One should stop at a verse of mercy and asking Allah for mercy.
- One should use pure classical Arabic pronunciation, without foreign or dialectic influence.
Emission points of the lettersEdit
The emission points of the letters, or Makharijul Huruf, is the study of where the sounds of the different letters are emitted from. There are 17 places, in various regions of the throat, tongue, lips, nose, as well as the mouth as a whole for the prolonged (Mudd) letters.
Characteristics of the lettersEdit
The characteristics of the letters, or Siffat al Huruf, refer to the different attributes of the letters. Some of the characteristics have opposites, while some are individual. An example of a characteristic would be the whistling (Safeer), which is an attribute sound of air escaping from a tube.
Rules of the letter NUN and tanweenEdit
The NUN sakinah and tanween (vowels that produces a "nnn" sound immediately after it) can be pronounced in four different ways: Clear (Idhar))(ء،ه،ع ،ح،غ،خ), Merged with the next letter (Idgham), Hidden (Ikhfa), and changed from a "nnn" sound to a "mmm" sound (Iqlaab).
Rules of the letter MIMEdit
The MIM sakinah can be pronounced in three different ways, clear (Idhar), prolonged nasalization (Ghunnah), and uncloselipped (ikhfaa shafawee).
Rules of prolongation [muddud]Edit
These rules refer to the number of beats that are pronounced when voweled letter is followed by a MUDD letter. The MUDD letters are Alif, Yaah, and Waw. The number of beats can range from 2 counts to 6 counts.
Rules of the letter LAMEdit
The Arabic word for "the" is al- (the letters alif and lam). The lam in al- is pronounced if the letter after is "qamariyya" (lunar), but silent if the letter after is "shamsiyya" (solar).
Thickness and Thinness of the lettersEdit
Some of the arabic letters are always pronounced thick with a heavy accent (Tafkhim). Some letters are pronounced thin with a light accent (Tarqeeq). The first category of letters are called "mufakham", the latter "muraqqaq". Some letters depend on the scenario, and are sometimes pronounced thick, and sometimes thin.
Articles on Tajwid in English:
- Chapter in "The Art of Reciting the Qur'an" by Kristina Nelson, American University in Cairo Press (Cairo, NY) 2001. This book is widely read and respected among Islamic communities, and can be found on Amazon.
- “Theory and Practice of Tajwid,” Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, IV, Leiden, Brill, 2007 (or still in press)
- youtube.com-Articulation of the Arabic Alphabet in Order of Articulation based upon the rules of Tajwid
- Recitation in Tajwid
- Tajweed in English - A Tajweed podcast in iTunes in English for English and French speakers.[ New videos on makharij [(points of articulations)] ]
- Tajweed Podcast - A Tajweed podcast in iTunes in English for English speakers
- Tajweed videos
- www.AlQuranAcademy.com - Online 1-to-1 Tajwid classes.
- Pronunciation diagram - in Arabic
- AboutTajweed.com - Rules of Tajweed
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Tajwid. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.| |
By Randy Lee Loftis
Texas Climate News
Think of the biggest Texas things that emit climate-warming carbon dioxide and the usual sources – coal-burning power plants, oil refineries and chemical plants – come to mind.
Another type of sprawling industrial complex gets less attention: airports. A new status for the state’s biggest, Dallas/Fort Worth International, could change that.
This month, DFW became the first North American airport declared “carbon neutral.”
The label, the highest given by the nonprofit Airport Carbon Accreditation, means the world’s third-busiest airport in aircraft operations – and the 10th biggest globally in passenger traffic – is counted as having emitted no net CO2 for a year. There’s some bookkeeping involved, since absolute carbon neutrality is nearly impossible given current technology, the accreditation group acknowledges.
But the group says that through a combination of lower onsite emissions and emission-reduction credits earned offsite – by investing in renewable energy, for example – DFW has met the standard. That’s further than any North American peer has gone in making the ground-based part of air travel climate-friendly.
The airport reports cutting its CO2 emissions per passenger by 29 percent since 2010, due in part to a 15 percent passenger-traffic increase. DFW says it has reduced energy costs by 38 percent and absolute CO2 emissions by 18 percent in the same period. It buys 100 percent renewable electricity and makes some solar power onsite.
DFW defines big; plopped on nearly 27 square miles between co-owner cities Dallas and Fort Worth, it covers more area than Manhattan. It’s the home base of American Airlines.
Energy for and emissions from buildings and operations, plane-servicing vehicles, fuel systems and other sources count in an airport’s carbon footprint. CO2 emissions from aircraft engines don’t count because airports don’t control them.
Neither does anyone else; there’s no limit on jet engines’ emissions, although this month the EPA took the first step toward possible future regulations and the industry is close to adopting guidelines. It’s also discussing climate change’s effects on the physics of flight.
Air transport overall emits about 2 percent of worldwide greenhouse gases, the United Nations says. International goals are to halt emissions growth by 2020 and halve them from 2005 levels by 2050. But the goals are soft; specifics on air transport were left out of the climate agreement reached in Paris last December.
Randy Lee Loftis, an independent journalist in Dallas, is senior editor of Texas Climate News. |
The U.S. has added 10,000 of these budget retail outlets since 2001. But some towns and cities are trying to push back.
It has become an increasingly common story: A dollar store opens up in an economically depressed area with scarce healthy and affordable food options, sometimes with the help of local tax incentives. It advertises hard-to-beat low prices but it offers little in terms of fresh produce and nutritious items—further trapping residents in a cycle of poverty and ill-health.
A recent research brief by the Institute of Local Self Reliance (ILSR), a nonprofit supporting local economies, sheds light on the massive growth of this budget enterprise. Since 2001, outlets of Dollar General and Dollar Tree (which bought Family Dollar in 2015) have grown from 20,000 to 30,000 in number. Though these “small-box” retailers carry only a limited stock of prepared foods, they’re now feeding more people than grocery chains like Whole Foods, which has around 400-plus outlets in the country. In fact, the number of dollar-store outlets nationwide exceeds that of Walmart and McDonalds put together—and they’re still growing at a breakneck pace. That, ILSR says, is bad news.
“While dollar stores sometimes fill a need in cash-strapped communities, growing evidence suggests these stores are not merely a byproduct of economic distress,” the authors of the brief write. “They’re a cause of it.”
The rest of the story on Pocket is here Dollar General |
What Is Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting?
Coronary Artery Bypass grafting surgery involves opening the chest impermanent govern the blood through a heart-lung machine, which takes care of circulation during the heart is cooled, stopped, and repaired. Blockages in the coronary arteries are bypassed by collecting a blood vessel from elsewhere in the body and patching it against the coronary artery so as to reroute the blood flow around the blockage. A single time the repair is complete, the heart is warmed and restarted, and the chest is closed.
An order to fix different heart problems of a patient, medical science has come up with numerous types of heart surgeries. Below is the brief description of these heart surgeries:
In such type of coronary artery disease, a fatty material referred to as ‘Plaque’ gets accumulated inside the coronary arteries of a patient, which then blocks the arteries and reduces the flow of blood in the heart muscle.
In this type of heart surgery, a surgeon usually takes an artery or a vein from the leg, chest or any other body part of a patient. He then grafts or connects them (veins /arteries) with the blocked artery. With this, the CABG helps to bypass the blockage. In one surgery, the surgeon can bypass the maximum of four blocked coronary arteries.
It is one of the most common types of heart surgeries. CABG is usually borne on a person with a deliberate coronary artery disease.
Ways to treat coronary heart disease
- One of the most adequate ways of treating coronary artery disease is with medication. Chest pain due can be successively treated with nitrates and calcium channel blockers.
- When medication cannot treat coronary artery disease, doctors implement more tests to see how harsh the disease is. As a rule tests like stress Thallium scintigraphy, echocardiogram and coronary angiogram are meeting to check the severity of the disease.
- If the disease induces one or two arteries but is limited in nature, doctors will implement an angioplasty. This is a non-surgical agenda which involves using a medical balloon to open the hamper arteries.
Some surgeons simply are not capable in cases that they do not occasionally do on a weekly or monthly basis. Examples of some of these cases are: reoperations, combination reoperations and concomitant valve surgery, myectomy for IHSS, and primary CABG.
Reasons a surgeon may not be surgically skilful in agenda that are more difficult are the lack of volume of cases and type of cases that a surgeon does in a year’s time, as well the ancillary resources. Smaller hospitals tend to do very healthy first time surgeries with practically no other serious disease factors and/or processes in play. |
ETI analysis has shown that hydrogen has the potential to play a highly versatile role in a future low carbon energy system. This is because hydrogen can be used in many different applications including industry high-temperature heat, peak power generation, fuel cell vehicles and potentially for heating buildings. We believe this versatility makes investment in de-risking hydrogen a low regrets option.
Today, hydrogen is mostly used as a high-value feedstock in the chemical and refining industries, and most production is via Steam Methane Reforming, resulting in a sizeable carbon footprint. For hydrogen to make sense in a decarbonised context, it must be produced using low carbon methods. From our assessment of the full range of technology options, the most cost-effective solutions for large-scale production involve the use of carbon-based feedstocks such as gas, coal, biomass and so rely on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology to reduce the emissions impact. In the case of biomass gasification this results in producing negative emissions which in itself is as valuable to the wider energy system as the hydrogen product itself.
Industry appears to be an obvious first choice for a nascent hydrogen market. This sector is already familiar with handling hydrogen as a process feedstock. Additionally, there are relatively few alternatives for industry carbon abatement, making hydrogen use almost inevitable in the longer term. Finally, where hydrogen is produced in large centralised CCS facilities, these are likely to be near existing centres of heavy industry. By serendipity, the best CO2 storage sites lie in UK waters off some of our major industrial regions. This would minimise the need for immediate investment in long distance transmission infrastructure. As the market develops, dedicated pipelines could then be built out to support other sectors across the UK.
In transport, much depends on consumer attitudes and behaviours. In the consumer market, people may become relatively comfortable with the range and charging times associated with electric vehicles, meaning limited opportunity remains for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles once these are eventually ready for large-scale deployment. In the market for commercial vehicles, especially heavy-duty vehicles, the energy density of hydrogen over batteries may tip the scales. The economics of infrastructure roll-out would also favour the latter market, minimising the need for initial hydrogen refuelling facilities to a small number of commercial depots. Hydrogen for transport would likely be delivered through a combination of pipelines to major refuelling centres, along with truck deliveries to smaller facilities in the further reaches of the country.
Hydrogen for heat in buildings is beginning to be explored seriously, with testing and demonstration required before an accurate cost assessment can be made. In principle though, this could enable some parts of the extensive UK gas distribution network to continue to provide a highly responsive means of heating homes. Inevitably though, the unit cost of hydrogen will be higher than for gas today, with resource extraction costs compounded by conversion costs and CCS costs. As a result it is not obvious that hydrogen is a clear winner for domestic heating.
Hydrogen boilers may need to be combined with interventions such as household retrofits and installation of electric heat pumps. If these measures are to be adopted anyway, then on a regional basis there will need to be strategic decisions as to whether it makes better sense to take these measures far enough that the gas network can be decommissioned altogether. There is also a challenge in getting low carbon hydrogen supplies at sufficient scale rolled out across the UK, but this may be an easier challenge than installing heat-pumps in the majority of houses and upgrading the electricity distribution system. Once better evidence is in place for hydrogen heating, then the national and regional fit of heat-pumps, hydrogen and district heating can be compared on a firm basis. The national and regional infrastructure implications of different choices are quite different.
In light of the current interest in hydrogen for heat, and with the inclusion of a hydrogen pathway in the government’s Clean Growth Strategy, we recently devised a pathway which assumes maximal use of hydrogen by energy consumers across heat, transport and industry. This means by 2050 all cars and vans on the road are hydrogen models, the gas distribution network is fully converted, and 20% of industrial energy use is from hydrogen. Also, consistent with the Clean Growth Strategy, we prevented the use of bioenergy with CCS.
The production of hydrogen is consequently very high at over 530TWh in 2050 (vs ~160TWh for Clockwork, ~90TWh in Patchwork). This would require a huge investment to build the production, transmission and distribution infrastructure for an entire new energy sector, overtaking electricity generation in the space of 20 years. The pathway also hinges on the successful roll-out of CCS infrastructure from around 2030. With an annual abatement cost in 2050 of £121bn, the cost implications of a hydrogen only pathway seem clear (especially without bio-energy). A strategy to enforce comprehensive adoption of hydrogen across the economy looks grossly inefficient based on current understanding of the relevant technologies.
This implies there is a role for hydrogen but the boundaries have to be understood, and it needs to be part of a blended mix of technologies for the most cost-effective transition to low carbon. All cost-effective ETI energy scenarios include increased electrification, an increased role for hydrogen, increased sustainable UK bio-energy production and CCS. The optimum balance of these and other elements is still uncertain. We need to develop a range of plausible options, which definitely includes hydrogen. |
We hear a lot about the wage gap between men and women, but we hear less about the one between mothers and fathers. As the wage gap between single men and single women closes, sociologists have found that motherhood “is now a greater predictor of wage inequality than gender in the United States.”
With this in mind, the National Women’s Law Center created a map showing the wage gap between mothers and fathers by state, using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. The range among states is big: In Louisiana, a mother makes 58.2 cents per a dad’s dollar, while in Vermont, a mother makes 82 cents.
I called Kate Gallagher Robbins, NWLC’s director of research and policy analysis, to ask her what states with narrower disparities between moms and dads had in common. “States with smaller wage gaps, generally speaking, have higher than average minimum wages,” Robbins says. Because women are the majority of minimum wage workers, states (such as Louisiana) that pay just the federal level— $7.25 an hour—tend to have bigger gaps.
The place that has the smallest gap between mothers and fathers—just 10 cents—isn’t a state; it’s Washington, D.C. Robbins surmises that the gap is so small in D.C. because many of its workers are employed by the federal government. Government workers have “a very standard pay scale, and there’s a lot of transparency,” two factors that are related to smaller gender pay gaps, Robbins says.
Some of the states with the biggest gaps between moms and dads—including Louisiana, Wyoming, and West Virginia—are ones where many of the available jobs are concentrated in the energy industry. “Those are types of jobs where there’s a lot of occupational segregation, and they pay reasonably well, even if you don’t have a degree,” Robbins explains. So a woman without a high school education in Louisiana might be a waitress making a tipped employee minimum wage of $2.13 an hour, while her male counterpart is working on a oil rig, making a great deal more.
One surprising thing about NWLC’s map is that paid parental leave is not necessarily correlated with a small wage gap between mothers and fathers, even though mothers are more likely to stay in the workforce when they get paid leave. Take California and New Jersey, two of the three states in the Union with state-mandated paid leave: While California moms make 76.4 cents per a dad’s dollar, New Jersey moms make just 66.7 cents—putting it in the bottom 20. That shows that the maternal wage gap is a knotty, complicated problem and that we’ll probably need several different kinds of solutions to close it. |
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I begin this new installment by apologizing in advance for the incomplete nature of the subject matter being presented. I seek only to give brief examples and not go too in depth into slavery or racism, but more so to discuss why we were once the victims of this and other Americans still hold onto the idea of race. I correlate this stubborn inability to let go with the very way in which slavery and racism became a part of this nation. Explaining the difference between the institution’s past, present and future will hopefully help us to understand how to fight it and overcome it, as it remains alive, not just in visible places like Jena, Louisiana, but all over the world as well. We are only given a glimpse of racism when looking at black and brown issues of inequality in America. Prejudice continues to flourish globally for a variety of reasons. But to further explain how racism, which is the institutionalized belief and law-backed ideology of racial superiority, came to outlast the very condition of slavery from which most people see it originate from, we must go back to the beginning. We must go back before the times of our own empire and subsequent Corporate Republic.
Slavery originated long before what we come to read about ever so quickly in the under-funded classrooms across America. It was already an established reality by the time the Hammurabi Code of Mesopotamia (approx. 1800 BC) was created. The Code’s principles related to the relief of debt, enslavement to facilitate compensation, and for the framework of a postwar societies caste system. But even before the Code and most certainly after the glory of Mesopotamia had subsided, it continued to manifest itself differently, but always with the same economic principle. Although present day conflicts are far removed from ancient times, the people themselves as well as their resources are still commonly seen as spoils of war. Phillip II of Macedon, who was Alexander the Great’s father, received 20,000 women and countless young boys as tribute for his conquest of the ancient empire of Scythia. Instead of destroying the kingdom itself though he left Ateus, it’s ruler in charge, and continued the slave trade to re-build the empire whose resources his son would then use to conquer a large part of the Asiatic world.
But the word “slave” actually originates from the Latin word “slav,” which described the people from the Slavic regions that were conquered and sold into bondage. It was these Eastern Europeans who were sacrificed on the altar of industry that were bought and sold to serve the Empires of Old. Whether it was in the Barbarian Kingdoms of Europe who reigned after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Near Eastern Arab Lords or what was known then as the Imperium Romanus (Byzantine Empire), they toiled and were deprived of their lands, labor, and women for the pleasure of the strongest military forces of that era. And since it was the Latin and Arabic tongues that most of Europe and subsequently all of its colonies in the Americas adopted their language from, that created this synonymous concept of “slavs” being known as “slaves.”
During this example, I have to point out how the American version of slavery sought not only to redefine the institution, but achieved that by separating people from their history. I can remember as a teenager having had several arguments with people who most of them being white, claimed that since Africans sold their own people into slavery it wasn’t really as much the fault of the enslaver. While this is an understandable reaction to the guilt and the striving towards escapism from the actions of ones ancestors, it doesn’t lift the burden from their colonial masters. This nation and others still benefit from that and will continue to for years to come. It doesn’t make the purveyors of such malice, hatred, and deceit guilty of any less of a crime. As if me holding someone down while you rape them makes you any less guilty of what you did. I may have made your cold-blooded goal easier to attain, but I don’t carry any blame for you, I carry my own blame for myself rather than a part of yours for you. We must all carry our responsibility to whatever end… in full tow. And yet if I am, but the servant of your will then I am only doing my masters bidding in the crime and yet I share in none of the glory, and devour only the scraps from the table. It is also important to point out that the definition of slavery by other Africans was completely different from the stripping of all humanity and conversion into physical property of people by Europeans.
We would be remiss to point out though that ever since the beginning of humanity, people have always found methods of defining themselves so as to consolidate power in order to live in a state of perpetually declared and reinforced superiority. Not necessarily just in their eyes. But more importantly, to the people they conquered who were forced to help construct the nation of the victorious party. One must realize that all people who have been held in bondage by their conquerors because of their so called race, nationality, religion or supposed lack thereof were actually instrumental in building the foundation of every aspect of that culture, the scientific advancements, political framework, and economic pillars. Impossible to overlook also is the workforce that suffered to build the beautiful structures by which these civilizations are often remembered best for. The subjugated masses were not only the tool for their masters in building, but also in populating and fighting for the preservation of the very entity, be it an Empire or a Nation, that coincidentally reduced them to the form of servitude and that redefined their place in the world. A nation in other words is and has not been defined just by its citizens, but also very much so by its slaves. The purpose of this text though is not to delve so much into the complete history of slavery, but to see how racism was formed in modern times to justify it for an economic purpose and how the inability to face these facts that created the particular circumstances of continued discrimination we see it today.
After all, it was Hebrews in Egypt who burned their skin even darker laboring in the hellfire of midday on the outskirts of the deserts following the orders of the Master Masons to make the wonders of the world that have stood the test of time we see today. Whereas the influence of Moors in Spain is undoubted as their dark hair and even their language is a mixture of Common Latin, with noticeable Arabic influences, they were not affected as a people the way they forcefully catechized the Indigenous population. The Native people of South and Central America not only mined their master’s gold and silver for centuries, but also built their cities and temples over their own old structures. But an even more critical acknowledgement is how they still carry on the traditions of their Spanish conquerors today. These include, but are not limited too, aspects of their music, food, and racial bias. I think it would also do a great disservice to anyone who has ever studied religion to point out that without so called Latino people, Christianity, wouldn’t have half the followers that it does today. We have carried the word of Christ who we are told from youth died horribly to save our souls into the 21st century. That itself is a structure that has lasted and will last longer than just about any building created in the middle ages or before that. And Mother Africa has always suffered in being the breadbasket for all of the people who have invaded her. From ancient times, fast forwarding not only to be sacrificed to the slave trade in what would become the United States where they built many monuments including the White House. But also under the laissez-faire mercantile aspect of primitive capitalism where they were the basis for the entire Caribbean and New World mainland economic boom that provided the rise of these countries and more specifically the institutions that still govern them today. The blueprint was set for corporate control battling to dominate government as the Church once did, but with much more effectiveness this time around. In short, it is the global Slave trade that was to be the major contributor if not the shining example of the Capital that was required and presented to found Capitalism.
(For people who always ask me for books to read, Capitalism & Slavery by Eric Williams 1944.)
These colonies and their former fatherlands owed a majority of their fortunes and the build up of their Mercantile industry to slave labor. As a matter of fact it created what was considered the “Golden Age” during the rule of Elizabeth I in England. At first it was done under the guise of needing to save the souls of the Africans, but later it became evident that plain avarice was the gospel of slave traders and their noble sovereigns.
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery/history-slavery.htm (This here is by no means a complete understanding of even modern slavery, but in the beginning where it discusses the two faced nature of the Crown in its dealings, it is a suitable accurate necessity for this argument.)
This rather broad topic was the reason I wrote “Industrial Revolution” almost four years ago. It was meant to accredit our people’s unwilling, but unforgettable contribution to that. We bankrolled it over the course of hundreds of years of brutal treatment and downplayed contributions. Paid not just for the expansion of England, but also all European nations through genocide. The Natives sacrificed their land, unwillingly, just as others had before them. All this was perpetrated, so that a tired and war-torn Europe could give birth to a new Nation here. This country was then born in violence and plunder and so when it matured it took on the image that its forefathers across the seas had created her in — and like many abused children instead of growing up to resent and separate itself from the actions of its parents, it grew to associate the negative behavior and displays of raw power and violence, as trademarks of what a nation needed for strength and invulnerability.
However I must recognize the 100th US Congress for passing an amendment in 1988, which gave credit to the Iroquois Confederacy for providing fundamental ideas upon which our US government created it’s Republic. (Poverty of Philosophy on Vol. 1 mentions this briefly.)
The Eastern European slavs were the basis for a word, which the word that has coiled itself like a serpent around the neck of racism like an old school rope chain 1000 years before the first slave ship “Jesus of Lubeck” dubbed “The Good Ship Jesus” first left Africa with slaves bound for Europe and the new world. When looking at South America, Africa, and the Caribbean, one has only to examine the nations conquerors to know why these Indigenous people speak Spanish and Portuguese or why these African people here speak those languages and French was as well as a derivative of English mixed with their own native languages such as in Jamaica. I was having a discussion with a fellow Revolutionary who had no idea that his Jamaican brothers once all spoke Spanish. Its insane to actually read the history that the island of Jamaica was once full of African, Spanish-speaking slaves who were then conquered by the English after the failed attack on the island of Hispaniola… Imagine if history had seen that invasion proceed and the English hold the Hispaniola, leaving the Spanish with Jamaica. Imagine Jamaicans speaking Spanish and Dominicans speaking English… It’s okay to laugh here.
Slavery was redefined as not the condition of a person due to war or the bounty of conquest, but rather a genetic hierarchy and the idea of racial inferiority and hegemony was created, to cement it all together. However it was not something that began in America although they ran with it, but a formulated idea that began after the fall of Grenada in early 1492. This completed the European Spanish “Reconquista” militarily, but it was the beginning of their racist government policy. What followed was what would set up the early excuses for different branches of races to be given different rights. The Spaniards enslaved or expelled the Black Muslim Moors and required the excuse for enslavement by race and religion to rebuild the nation. They then instituted the “Alhambra decree,” which expelled all the Jews from Spain and also forced Muslims to convert to Roman Catholicism or face execution. This gave way to Spain’s own “limpieza de la sangre” or “purification of the blood” philosophy. This historical truth is of course contrary to Pope Benedict XVI’s fantasy-land claim that Christian’s never held forced conversions. Besides this I invite him to also read the history of South America and come to terms with the fact that all people have used the issue of religion as well as race to subjugate a people, and certainly Christianity does not escape this category. It is for this reason that I have always stated that to name any movement that deals with Immigrant Rights in the South West “La Reconquista” is pure idiocy. It is a reflection of the beginning of white European’s definition of racism. We should not emulate it in any spirit, but learn how it came to create our condition today.
To understand how all this translates into the Modern Race problems of today one has to first understand how the U.S. justified slavery in many different ways. It was not only the inability of America to co-exist with the complete hypocrisy that the slave trade was to its proclaimed Christian Values and Democracy. The US was faced with the chilling reality of the necessity to support the beginnings of a Capitalist Empire and assert its control of the region through conquest. Indian Wars, Mexican American War, Spanish American War, Banana Wars, were a necessity for its expansion and stability due to the nature of the type of Republican (the corporate state not the party) prototype, which is quite frankly the living embodiment of terrorism. Terrorism is after all, organized violence with a political and or economic purpose. It should be noted that many of the founding fathers were students of history, as most Masons are. They designed a system where they knew the truth, but purposefully denied it to the average white American racist not out of nature, but out of ignorance. The men with power in this nation who always understood the contributions of Africans and Indigenous people crafted these lies about racial inferiority and the need to purify the soul from pagan religion as the ultimate excuse for free labor, resources and land. There is something intrinsically two-faced and despicable about the difference in what they knew of the world and what they were willing to convince with their lack of argument against in the nation. As masons, all of them knew not only the history of Europe, but of Africa and therefore this is not an indictment of secret societies, but much more of men in government who were cowards in the face of true desire. If they had just coldly (or rather truthfully) said to the Africans and Natives, we wanted your land and labor and we have the force with which to take it, then after slavery was abolished the racial prejudice would have been slowly phased out, but it lingered so brutally because of the excuses made for modern enslavement. The notion that humanity had superior races and had subspecies of people that were primitive compared to others was thus carried over from Europe to America. Thomas Jefferson was one of the few Founding Fathers who (in the Virginia Papers) argued for the possible assimilation of the Native American and yet saw the African as savages and untamable.
Even modern religious excuses were created, not only the popular Bible belt preachers that spoke against integration and inter-racial marriage, but even smaller groups like Mormon sects of Christianity exhibited a form of pretentious racism in their gospel, which stated that as a punishment God painted certain people with darker skin cursed the savage “lamanites” (Native Americans) and that the “Mark of Cain” was placed upon blacks and that’s why they were cursed, until a 1978 “revelation,” which couldn’t have possibly been the overwhelming national and international pressure… And while Brigham Young’s racist rants in “Journal of Discourses” is not official LDS gospel, it reflects the age and the practice of most Churches at the time. This is not bigotry, or bias, these are facts. I have met many modern Christians of all sects, Protestants, Catholics, Evangelicals and Mormons who come to terms with this and cannot truly justify some of the more outlandish claims of their church, but who use their faith to try and better their lives. But in examining these facts, it is an actual part of the religion, it is something that cannot be skirted and perhaps that is why some people of that faith are very quick to not seek and have open discussions about these doctrines preached. The same way there are banks and companies, who directly benefited from the middle passage who refuse to open their old records to public view on the matter. But the most damaging of all these causes of ignorance is the Racial Science of Eugenics, which tried to prove through a fundamentally flawed discipline that their were sub human species exemplified by Indigenous people and of course the black African. But this was also applied lightly to other “races” of South Eastern Europeans, like Greeks, Italians, Spaniards, Armenians and Slavs who had to apply to be considered white and received benefits from being included in that group that others never did during the early 1900s.
It is because of these excuses and junk science that were actually accepted or at least not challenged in a manner which was formidable until 1935 when it was finally decided to be phased out of the scientific community and the forceful and secret sterilization programs of Native Americans continued into the 1970’s and is still the subject of great international debate.
The destruction of the outwardly racist aspects of Eugenics also became necessary as the US descended into a propaganda war with Germany during World War 2. Racial science still found support from students of Darwin’s Theory’s of “Survival of the Fittest” and interpreters of “The Descent of Man” coupled with the disgraced Eugenicists eagerness to prove the superiority of the white race. The ghost of racial science still haunts the hallways of intellectual institutions through its promotion standards of achievement based on racial heredity implicated by the Bell Curve. Eventually though, the rise of Nazi Germany would show the world what a state could do in Modern times when using science to claim the superiority of one race over another. Perhaps we could have avoided this inhuman Holocaust if we had acknowledged the existence of others before it under a similar premise.
Realistically though if those people who were caged could have been connected to the glory of their past then perhaps they themselves would not have been so easily convinced of their own proposed “heathen nature”, and could not have accepted it as if it were the essence of their true selves. And that goes for all enslaved people… all of those who find themselves oppressed throughout the globe. A people’s identity comes not only from the color of their skin and the language they speak, but also the God they whisper their prayers to or loudly proclaim their undying loyalty to with action. There is no such thing as a white man’s religion just a white European interpretation of a certain religious faith — and all religions, no matter how the zealots who love them have to understand, have been introduced to people by conquerors.
At this point, it is necessary to acknowledge that revolutionary concepts are present in both Islam and Christianity and how both have respectively created the basis for a revolutionary path to those enslaved people who were confined to a world of ignorance which is a prison darker than any man made dungeon. Judaism, Buddhism and all other faiths have built into them a mechanism to preserve themselves even under the harsh conditions and people can always find methods to convert any faith into a weapon. But the strongest weapon that one has when it concerns fighting racism is the history of all of these religions.
Both Christianity and Judaism have strong roots in Africa — and without Africa, Islam would not have traveled west past the borders of Arabia. Western and Eastern Europe were still ruled by tribal councils when these Nations in Africa had aided in bringing about the formulation, redefinition and governing ideas of these faiths. For example, it should be noted that Christianity reached Africa before it ever reached Europe. Although it was obviously not utilized as a siege weapon of conquest as Constantine was able to, it was an empowering idea for people who already understood the principles of this line of thought. If you read the Bible it mentions Ethiopia and Egypt (Kemet) over 250 times, where as Rome and Greece is only spoken of a handful of times. The actual Ark of the Covenant is still theorized by many historians to be kept hidden safe in Ethiopia, which should make you consider how a people who would later be depicted as savages and animals by their new masters could ever be the gatekeepers and originators of such a sacred aspect of humanity as the religions that we still live by today.
And while it is one of three theories, it is proof of the close connection that does in fact exist with or without the Ark. In Eastern Africa during the first Millennia even leading up to the crusades, there existed sects of Christians who showed more disciplined dedication to the faith than any other followers of Christ as they use to brand their children’s foreheads from birth with the symbol of a cross. (In their Gnostic Christian belief it was held that the Devil could only appear in the form of a spirit after Christ sacrificed himself to banish him from the physical realm but that Satan could still as a spirit infect and posses a person’s body, and the Cross branded on the forehead from birth warded him off.)
Comparing the past to the present and future requires us to take note of how Romans and Greeks of that time did not have anywhere near the same prejudice as their future generations would. Otherwise why would so many Generals, Lords, Governors, Emperors and even Popes of African origin ever be in the service of the Empire or the faith? Strange to think that these modern day European immigrants and their neighbors who all came here in America who would adopt such an ideologically backward ideology as racism but this is a study of how that happened…
The reality of what history teaches us is that religion used to matter in the old world much more than the color of our skin. Their phenotypical differences didn’t affect their marriage and or association with other people to the extent of what they preached and lived their faith to be. They simply respected their skills and abilities when they saw them, much the way America does now, because it’s interests are not that of defending the nations that we come from, but rather, exploiting them through a modernized version of capitalism. Here and now they’re willing to allow people who have been immersed and completely assimilated to American culture (no matter what color and sex,) from a conservative standpoint to represent the nation. But that doesn’t signify that we all have equal rights in this country. (And since racism reinforces classism when you have a class of people who have the economic means to deal better with the legal system than others, one immediately points to race because it’s obvious — but the class factor has gone unmentioned until more recent times.) This phenomenon simply utilizes their skill and conveniently has the dual purpose of giving the false idea that diversity in a president’s cabinet implies diversity in the nature of justice for all the nation’s citizens. We are confused about our depraved condition because of the media attention given to a few artisans and millionaire modern gladiators who amuse the Empire in Coliseums. Most of our success stories walk around being 40 million dollar slaves and poster children for capitalism. Our people, need to take their patronage away from corporations who offer us meaningless material liabilities and we need not chastise them in this process but accept them open armed as our brothers and sisters. We need to make solid investments in our own infrastructure. We are a Nation within a Nation, which is what we must never forget if we strive to escape our condition, this is but a pit stop in our destiny, after all, one cannot free their mind if they have not even the slightest inclination of it’s incarceration or colonization.
It was said that Jesus Christ could cast demons out of people by calling them by their name and so we must continue in that tradition. For how can someone be cured of alcoholism or drug addiction if they don’t know they have a substance abuse problem? How can one be healed from cancer until they admit they have it and seek treatment, until they face that fight? We must call out racism’s origins, and look behind it to see the misinformation it has been spreading to hide its true inherent master. Purposeful ignorance for financial gain is perhaps one of the most devilish concepts ever invented. Institutionalized racism is classism’s greatest ally, its ground troops, for even when slavery ended the focus reverted to racism instead of the excuse for it and the capital gained from it to forge an empire.
It is because we have lost touch with our roots as a result of the colonial era genocide and global slave trade that we have not been able to connect to our past, and, to who we really are. When we mark our position in the present taking note of the past puts a trajectory on our evolution of our culture as a people. We were not just enslaved, we were brainwashed religiously, de-evolved politically and scientifically, spiritually robbed, our relationship with our women severed and our achievements lost by the rewriting of our history by our conquerors. Our greatest mistake is to fight this on only one level. We keep thinking only one thing can conquer our oppression, we think that a radical political system like Communism, or that just a religious system like Islam, a sect of Christianity or an economic system that is a farce like a free market can improve our situation collectively. And what we really end up doing is playing a game of “mercy” with one finger against an entire hand of repressive indoctrinations. We must conduct a Revolution on all fronts. One in the arts, music, poetry, legal work, teaching, theology, medicine, childcare & development, all forms of Media, science, math, and engineering, etc., all in order to fight centuries of purposeful ignorance. My work with youth and with gangs especially has shown me what difference there is in a child when he realizes who his ancestors were and what scientific and mathematical concepts they are the inventors and originators of. We should not run from our intelligence or our potential but seriously accept our responsibility to find the cause and to lift ourselves out of it because the forces that crushed our Rebellions in the past will not help us. While some have criticized my work in building this Army, I have dispatched all who have come looking for knowledge to a front in this war that has nothing to do with random acts of physical violence but rather and aggressive reclaiming of our history, politics, spirituality, and so forth. I was once sent on this sort of mission myself by my former teachers who passed their knowledge onto me. I while I am by no means a Master teacher or a General, I apologize that I cannot offer the expertise of such a person at this time in my life. I am just the Captain of my own unit, I do what I can for my people, (regardless of race or faith,) those who would believe in the promise of what America could be and not the broken promise of what it is now… I wish I could do more. But this is where we begin to address Racism, global racism, and the evolution of the slave trade by putting it into historical context. Continue it until we are free when I am gone.
Con Amor de Revolucion,
Immortal TechniqueImmortal Technique is a Hip-Hop artist that has released albums Revolutionary Vol. 1 and Revolutionary Vol. 2.The views expressed inside this editorial are not necessarily the views of AllHipHop.com or its employees. |
About a tenth of overall global greenhouse-gas emissions from agriculture could be traced back to food waste by mid-century, a new study shows. A team from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research for the first time provides comprehensive food loss projections for countries around the world while also calculating the associated emissions. Currently, one third of global food production never finds its way onto our plates. This share will increase drastically, if emerging countries like China and India adopt Western nutrition lifestyles, the analyses shows. Reducing food waste would offer the chance to ensure food security, which is well known. Yet at the same time it could help mitigate dangerous climate change.
"Reducing food waste can contribute to fighting hunger, but to some extent also prevent climate impacts like more intense weather extremes and sea-level rise," lead author Ceren Hic says. Even though food availability on a global average has been higher than required in theory, some developing countries still have to fight undernourishment or hunger. "At the same time, agriculture is a major driver of climate change, accounting for more than 20 Percent of overall global greenhouse-gas emissions in 2010. Avoiding food loss and waste would therefore avoid unnecessary greenhouse-gas emissions and help mitigate climate change," co-author Prajal Pradhan explains.
The researchers analyzed body types and food requirements for the past and different future scenarios, accounting for demographic changes as well as food demand and availability and associated emissions. They found that while the global average food demand per person remains almost constant, in the last five decades already food availability has rapidly increased. "More importantly, food availability and requirement ratio show a linear relationship with human development, indicating that richer countries consume more food than is healthy or simply waste it," Pradhan adds. Consequently, greenhouse-gas emissions associated with food waste could increase tremendously from today 0.5 to 1.9-2.5 Gigatons of CO2 equivalents per year by 2050, the study shows.
Emissions from agriculture will become more and more important
Due to an unbridled demographic growth and lifestyle changes, emissions from agriculture alone are expected to rise by up to 18 Gigatons of CO2 equivalents by 2050, previous research already showed. "Thus, emissions related to discarded food are just the tip of the iceberg," Prajal Pradhan explains. "However, it is quite astounding that up to 14 percent of overall agricultural emissions in 2050 could easily be avoided by a better management of food utilisation and distribution. Changing individual behavior could be one key towards mitigating the climate crisis."
"Currently, 1.3 billion tons of food per year are discarded," explains Jürgen Kropp, co-author and deputy chair of PIK research domain Climate Impacts and Vulnerabilities. While food losses occur mostly in developing countries due to less efficient agricultural infrastructures, food waste in contrast is common in rich countries. "As many emerging economies like China or India are projected to rapidly increase their food waste as a consequence of changing lifestyle, increasing welfare and dietary habits towards a larger share of animal-based products, this could over proportionally increase greenhouse-gas emissions associated with food waste - at the same time undermining efforts for an ambitious climate protection."
How can the food supply chain be made smarter and more efficient, and are consumers to be convinced to reduce food waste? Issues like these require further research, but the study sheds light on the complex interplay of food security and climate change that will become even more important in a future that will have to feed around 10 billion people. "Avoiding food loss could pose a leverage to various challenges at once, reducing environmental impacts of agriculture, saving resources used in food production, and enhance local, regional, and global food security," Kropp says.
Article: Hic, C., Pradhan, P., Rybski, D., Kropp, J.P. (2016): Food Surplus and Its Climate Burden. Environ. Sci. Technol. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05088]
Link to the article once it is published: http://dx.
A previous study on the subject: Pradhan, P., Reusser, D., Kropp, J.P. (2013): Embodied greenhouse gas emissions in diets. PLOS ONE 8(5): e62228. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062228] |
The concept of ageism was examined between younger and older men and women in the present study.
Subjects consisted of 86 older men and 90 older women
recruited from area senior citizen centers, and 90
younger men and 90 younger women recruited from
undergraduate psychology classes. Subjects completed a variety of measures examining age and sex-role attitudes. Each subject
completed the measures rating a single stimulus
person: either a 25-year-old male, female, or adult; a
70-year-old male, female, or adult; or women, men, or
people in general.
Overall, the present study confirmed that older adults
are perceived more negatively than younger adults.
A significant age by gender interaction effect was
found. Both younger and older men rated stimulus older
adults significantly less positively than stimulus younger
adults. However, older women rated stimulus older adults
significantly more positively than they rated other
stimulus-age groups. Older women were the only subject
group that did not exhibit a consistent negative bias against older
adults. Conversely, younger women rated stimulus older
adults more negatively than any subject group.
American society has been described as maintaining a stereotypic and often negative perception of older adults (Busse, 1968). This negative and/or stereotypic perception of aging and aged individuals is readily apparent in such areas as language, media, and humor and has been termed "ageism" (Butler, 1969).
The purpose of the present study was to further examine the concept of ageism correcting for some of the methodological problems outlined elsewhere in this document. Younger and older individuals were asked to complete the Attitudes Toward the Aged semantic differential scale (Rosencranz & McNevin, 1969), the rating of an autobiographical sketch, a Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire (Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, & Broverman, 1968), and a Revised Facts on Aging Quiz (Miller & Dodder, 1980). Each individual was asked to complete the above items for a single stimulus person: either a 25 year-old male, a 25 year-old female, a 25 year-old person, a 70 year-old male, a 70 year-old female, and a 70 year-old person, women in-general, men in-general, or people in-general. In addition, all individuals were were asked to complete a demographic sheet which included an item regarding what the subject considers to be the best and worst years of a person's life.
Younger subjects were recruited from psychology courses at a major Midwestern university. Most studies of ageism have excluded older adults from participation as subjects. This is ironic as this is the population most effected by this form of bias or stereotype. Therefore, older adults were also included as participants in this research. In previous studies which have included older adults as subjects, they have been primarily non-well institutionalized older adults. The present study included well, community-dwelling older adults recruited from a variety of senior social programs located within a four county region of a major Midwestern city.
This design served several functions. First, multiple measures were used to operationally define and examine ageism and it incorporates a between-subjects design strategy. This design was selected to minimize the possibility of the within-subjects design bias described by Kogan (1979), and to test for convergence between the measures listed. In addition, both younger and older adults, were used as subjects in this study. Thus, the study not only examined the perceptions of each age group towards older adults but tested for the existence of age differences.
The above design also addressed two theoretical issues concerning ageism. First, the design included an examination of the relationship of ageism to another "sm", specifically sexism and also tested for potential gender differences between older and younger, men and women. Subjects were classified according to gender as well as age on stimulus items. In other words, men and women of both age groups were asked to rate stimulus items consisting of men, women, or nonspecified gender for age groups consisting of young, old, or age unspecified. Therefore, the interactions of age and gender as well as ageism and sexism were examined.
An initial multivariate analysis of variance was computed with age of the subject (age), gender of the subject (gender), age of the stimulus person (stimulus-age), and gender of the stimulus person (stimulus-gender) as the independent variables. Dependent variables were education, health rating, life-satisfaction rating, mean rating of the autobiographical sketch, mean ratings for the three subscales of the Attitudes Towards the Aged semantic differential, mean ratings for the two subscales of the Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire, and the percentage of correct responses on the Revised Facts on Aging Questionnaire. As significant effects were found for age of subject on education, health rating, and life-satisfaction, a multivariate analysis of covariance was performed using these variables as covariates. Older adults had significantly fewer completed years of education, rated their health status lower, and rated their life-satisfaction higher than younger adults. It should be noted that no other main effects or interaction effects were found for education, health rating, or life-satisfaction.
Overall, the present study confirmed that older adults are perceived more negatively than younger adults. Older men and women were rated significantly lower on the personal acceptability-unacceptability and the instrumental-ineffectual subscales of the Attitudes towards the Aged semantic differential, and they were also rated lower on the male-valued item subscale of the Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire. The results are not entirely consistent, however, as no difference was found between ratings of younger and older adults on the autobiographical sketch.
The results can be discussed further in one of two ways. First, the ratings of older, younger, and age-unspecified adults can be examined in greater detail. Second, the effect of subject variables (age and gender) on the perception of younger and older adults can be examined. Each of these will be discussed below.
Older adults were rated significantly lower by younger adults on the subscale of personal acceptability-unacceptability. Older adults did not demonstrate this bias. The personal acceptability-unacceptability scale is designed to assess characteristics that are relevant to the functioning of an individual within a social milieu (Rosencranz & McNevin, 1969). Thus, individuals who rate low on this dimension would be seen as less acceptable to others. For example, older adults in the present study were rated significantly closer to the negative pole on six items as compared to younger adults. Those six negative pole items were uncooperative, inflexible, unpleasant, dejected, sad, and dull. Therefore, older adults were viewed by younger adults overall as being more unacceptable with six items being specifically responsible for this difference (See Figure 1). This finding is somewhat deceptive as a gender and age of subject interaction was found and will be discussed below.
|Figure 1:||Personal Acceptability-Unacceptability Scale as a Function of Stimulus Age and Subject1s Age|
Older adults were also rated significantly lower than younger adults on the subscale of instrumental-ineffective. The scale is described by Rosencrantz and McNevin (1969) as being relevant to an individual1s adaptability and competency. Older adults were rated by all individuals as being lower on every item comprising this subscale. Therefore, older adults were consistently perceived as being less adaptable and competent than younger adults (See Figure 2). An interaction for age and gender of subject was also found on this dimension and well be presented below. However, regardless of the interaction, all subject groups rated older adults lower on this subscale. It should be noted that this scale has the most consistent factor pattern on the computer factor analysis that was performed as part of this study.
|Figure 2:||Instrumental-Ineffective Scale as a Function of Stimulus Age|
The present study also demonstrated that older adults were rated significantly lower on the male-valued items scale of the Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire. Thus, in a sense, older adults were rated as less masculine (with these being considered positive traits) or more feminine (with these being considered negative traits) on this scale than younger adults (See Figure 3). For example, older adults were rated near the feminine pole of "not at all self-confident" and "almost never acts as a leader". It is important to note however, that this effect only occurred for items whose feminine pole is rated negative. Both of the items listed above are considered socially undesirable (Rosenkranz et. al., 1968). For female-valued traits, older adults were not rated more positively than younger adults. Therefore, older adults were rated as becoming more feminine/less masculine, with feminine being defined as socially undesirable. It should be added that the Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire places masculine and feminine on a single dimension as polar opposites. However, this may not be accurate; masculinity and femininity may be separate dimensions, unidimensional concepts, or exhibit a linear relationship.
|Figure 3:||Male-Valued Items Scale as a Function of Stimulus Age and Stimulus Gender|
While the above data demonstrate a bias against older adults, this bias was not found for the autonomous-dependent subscale or the autobiographical sketch. Several factors may play a role in this discrepancy. First, ageism may not a a unidimensional construct; older adults may simply be rated as lower on one dimension and not another. Also, there may be a problem with the autonomous-dependent subscale. This subscale exhibited no consistent factor pattern in the computed factor analysis. Finally, individuals may rate a person differently if they are unfamiliar with the person or are describing a group of individuals as opposed to rating a specific person for whom they know details of that person1s life. Thus, ratings of classes of people may be very different than ratings of specific people.
It should be noted that for all of the above effects, age-unspecified individuals were rated higher than older adults but lower than younger adults.
The interaction of age and gender had a significant impact on the perception of younger and older adults. Few differences were found for the age and gender of the subject rating younger adults. In other words, stimulus younger adults were rated similarly by men and women, both young and old. However, there was a significant age and gender interaction in the ratings of older adults. The ratings of younger and older men paralleled one another. They both rated older adults significantly lower on the instrumental-ineffective scale, for example. Older and younger women differed dramatically, however. Older women rated older adults significantly higher than any other stimulus-age group. They are the only subject group that did not exhibit a consistent bias against older adults. Conversely, younger women rated older adults the lowest of any subject group. In other words, the most significant difference in stimulus ratings occurred between ratings of younger and ratings of older adults by young women subjects (See Figure 4 and Figure 5).
|Figure 4:||Personal Acceptability-Unacceptability as a Function of Stimulus Age, Subject1s Age, andSubject1s Gender|
|Figure 5:||Instrumental-Ineffective Scale as a Function of Stimulus Age, Subject1s Age, & Subject1s Gender|
Demographic data were obtained on the General Information Sheet. These data were obtained to examine the relationship between these variables and perceptions of older adults. Education, health ratings, and life satisfaction ratings had no significant effect on the ratings of older or younger adults. While there were significant differences between older and younger subjects on these variables, these differences did not impact the ratings of the stimulus persons. This statement can be made for two reasons. First, the correlations between these demographic variables and the attitude measures were not significant. Second, the demographic variables were treated as covariates. Thus, the effects of the variables on the attitude measures would have been removed in the data analyses.
It is important to note that knowledge about aging and the aged, as measured by the Revised Facts on Aging Quiz (Miller & Dodder, 1980), had no apparent impact on subjects' attitudes toward older adults. In other words, subjects what rated an older adult less positively did not have a higher percentage of incorrect answers on the Quiz or know less about aging and the aged. Also, no significant difference was found for age or gender of the subject. The data demonstrated that regardless of age, most individuals had a number of misconceptions about aging or the aged.
Subject's perception of the best and worst years of a person's life provided little additional support for a negative bias against aging and the aged. Approximately, 31 percent of the subjects selected the seventies as the worst years of a person's life. However, over 50 percent of the subjects selected the teens as the worst years of a person's life. The major difference between the two subject age groups on this item was the range of ages selected. Older adults selected ages all across the life-span as the worst years, whereas younger adults selected ages primarily at the ends of the life-span. Additionally, many older adults provided an explanation for their response. For example, on older man selected the seventies as the worst years as many older adults do not have health insurance during those years and this is very stressful. Younger adults provided no explanations for their answers.
Several factors need to be considered when evaluating the results of this study. First, it is a cross-sectional design. Thus, differences between ages can not be construed to be a function of age. For example, it would be erroneous to conclude that older women become more positive about older adults as they age. The differences between the groups may be due to a generational or cohort effect. This particular group of older women may have always felt more positively about older adults including when they were themselves younger women.
An additional limitation of the study was that older adults were recruited from senior social programs. These individuals may not be representative of all community-dwelling older adults.
Another problem with the present study was that no clear information was obtained concerning socioeconomic status or income. Many older adults refused to answer these items. Thus, there was a large percentage of missing data with regard to occupation (current or prior) or income. Therefore, these variables was excluded from the data analyses.
The present study does not answer conclusively the question of whether ageism exists. Rather, it provides evidence that a bias exists against older adults on at least some dimensions. It also provides evidence that one1s gender and age may interact to play a role in one1s perception of older adults. This needs to be studied more fully. In addition, further work needs to be conducted on the perception of older adults as individuals. The autobiographical sketch suggests that older adults perceived as individuals may not experience a negative bias because of age. This may have implications for the increasingly age segregated society within which we live. This phenomenon needs to be researched further. It is also hypothesized that older adults are perceived as becoming more "feminine" with age, with 'feminine' being associated with socially undesirable traits or behaviors.
As with any "ism", ageism may impact one's self-esteem and limit human potential. Older adults are a valuable resource in our society, both economically and socially. If, in fact, our culture maintains an ageist bias, then this resource is being wasted. More research needs to be conducted on the existence of ageism, its cause, context, and underlying dimensions, and effects.
Acknowledgements: Thanks to the American Psychological Association Science Directorate for their support with a Dissertation Research Award.
Bibliography upon request
Feel free to drop me a line with any questions or comments you may have. Thanks. |
A very colourful and attractive booklet has been published by YBA Publications. Although only 20 pages it is packed with information about Birthstones. Its origins are with The Hockley Flyer where for 12 issues we ran the corresponding month’s Birthstone and their Myths and Legends.
Throughout the ages, gemstones have fascinated Mankind. Lots of myths, legends and lores have evolved around them. Some of our ancestors believed they had mysterious hidden powers and healing properties, which were bestowed on the wearer. Even today, some of these beliefs still exist.
Included in the guide are brief details of the largest stones and Myths & Legends. Gemstones are fascinating in more ways, we all know diamond is the hardest known natural stone, but what about the oldest diamond? Scientists have found Zircons date back as far as 4.375 billion years, and considering the planet is 4.54 billion years old, they have survived countless trips down rivers, heating, squeezing and tectonic plate rides buried deep in the Earth’s crust and back to the surface. These ancient Zircons were found in Australia in the Jack Hills.
Data: A5 size 20 pages inc card cover
Published by: YBA Publications
First Published: 2017 |
EDITED to match edited requirements.
You can achieve exactly what you want by creating a Shared folder. To do so go to System Preferences > Sharing > File Sharing and Add all the folders you want to share.
You can do this, too, by directly selecting a folder in the Finder,, choosing Get Info from the File menu, and enable Shared Folder to share it (or deselect "Shared Folder" to stop sharing the folder).
Extracted from Apple's 101: File Sharing.
You can achieve this in a couple of ways.
Logging as root will grant you read and write privileges to all areas of the file system. You'll need to have the root user enabled. To do so, assuming you're using Lion:
- Go to System Prefereces > Accounts.
- Click the lock and authenticate with an administrator account.
- Click Login Options.
- Click the Edit or Join button at the bottom right.
- Open Directory Utility.
- Authenticate with an administration account.
- Choose Enable Root User from the Edit menu.
- Enter the root password.
Here is described for earlier OS.
Placing the file under the Shared Folder (/Users/Shared), or Sharing the folder, the one where the file you want to edit is, will grant other users access to that file. More about it, and how to Share other folders here. |
Sakura Flower: Its Meaning & Sybolism
While many people think of the Victorian era in England when talking about flower symbolism, almost every culture on Earth assigns specific meanings to favorite flowers. Modern technology allows us to enjoy flowers that grow in the most remote corners of the planet, but for centuries, people only enjoyed the blooms native to their area. This means that some blossoms are still so important to certain cultures that the flower is woven into almost every part of life. In Japan, the sakura fills this role and can be found throughout both the modern and ancient expressions of the country’s culture.
What is the Sakura Flower?
While the Japanese called this flower the sakura, you likely know it as the cherry blossom instead. The blossom of the Japanese Cherry, also known as the Prunus serrulata, is technically the sakura flower. However, other varieties of blooming cherries are also grown in Japan and referred to with the same name. The cherry blossom became so popular in the Heian era of Japan’s history that the word for flower became synonymous with sakura. People have been picnicking under the blooming trees since 700 A.D., a tradition that continues today.
The Biological Facts
As you might guess from the scientific name, the sakura is part of the stone fruit family that includes apples, plums, and almonds. Most sakura trees only produce giant cotton candy puffs of flowers and no fruits. It’s believed that the blossoming cherry originated in the Himalayan mountains, but the tree has been in Japan for thousands of years now.
Despite not producing any useful fruit, the sakura tree became a backbone of Japanese culture and is now used in the West to represent Japan. In a spiritual sense, the sakura reminds viewers that life is short and beautiful, just like the cherry blossom that falls from the tree after just a few days. This is tied to the Buddhist roots of Japan. It’s the most commonly used symbol of mortality in all types of art. However, there is a darker side to the beautiful pink and white flowers too. The sakura was used as a nationalistic symbol in propaganda during World War II, but the flower has recovered a better reputation since that point.
Outside of Japan, this flower means
- The short lived beauty of youth
- The arrival of a new family member
- The coming of spring, since this is one of the first trees to bloom each year.
Growing Your Own Sakura
Want to add a tree with a deep history of symbolism and meaning in your yard? Start by finding a variety of flowering cherry that thrives in your USDA climate zone and the specific conditions in your yard. The Japanese cherry thrives in a surprising number of different conditions, so you can likely keep a genuine sakura tree at least in a large pot indoors during the winter. This tree needs full sun and loose soil for developing deep root structures. The tree should grow quickly even if you’re growing it for bonsai, and flowers start appearing within the first two or three years of growth. |
Obesity rates in this country continue to climb. And I’m not talking about the moderate amount of extra weight that new studies are now finding can improve longevity. People are becoming truly obese, despite the government’s best efforts to keep us from eating saturated fat.
I believe there’s something sabotaging your efforts to stay fit and trim. And it’s not the bacon. Or the butter. Or the eggs.
It’s your new kitchen. Actually, it’s the new location of your kitchen.
You see, for hundreds–perhaps thousands–of years people prepared food “out back” behind the house. Or in the basement. Or in a separate wing of the house. This helped keep the smoke of cooking fires out of the living areas.
Before this–in prehistoric times–men and women had to hunt or gather their food. Sure, they often cooked it nearby over a fire, but they worked so hard to get the food, staying fit and trim never really became a problem.
Still, when you tour great historic homes like Mt. Vernon or Monticello–or even typical houses in Colonial Williamsburg or Sturbridge Village–you see kitchens separated from living areas. And dining areas.
As late as the 1850s, kitchens were still located out back or in the basement. And cooking and eating required someone to go downstairs or outside.
Larger properties had also icehouses and spring houses. Natural springs ran through these small houses. And the cold, fresh water generally kept the air in the house between 45 to 55 degrees. In the winter months, ice formed and owners could store it into the hotter months.
In the mid-19th century, the first inside iceboxes hit the market. You put ice inside an insulated box to keep fresh food from spoiling. But you had to replace the ice regularly.
The expression, “the Iceman cometh” was commonplace throughout the growing cities at the turn of the century. (And was not just the name of the play written by Eugene O’Neill in 1939 about America in 1912.)
A bit later, the electric icebox–or refrigerator–replaced the old-fashioned insulated boxes.
And during the last century, homebuilders began installing kitchens upstairs on the ground floor. Often the old basement kitchen was kept around as a second kitchen. Or a canning kitchen. Homeowners used this to prepare larger meals. And to put up that seasons’ fresh fruits and vegetables for the winter.
Slowly, the eat-in kitchen became popular. And eventually, the modern kitchen moved from an isolated location in the back of the house to the centerpiece of great rooms.
For many families today, preparing and eating food is a major social event. And this has its benefits. It brings some families closer together.
But it may help some families grow fatter.
In a sense, when you bring the kitchen into the house, you open a 7-Eleven right in the middle of your living space. You have access to food around the clock. Anytime you want it. And even if you don’t really.
On the other hand, when food’s out-of-sight, it’s also–for the most part–out-of-mind.
Plus, today’s kitchens are glamorous. Some have bars and commercial-grade appliances. Many modern kitchens allow you to have the experience of eating out while staying in.
Not to mention, you can stock up until doomsday with refrigerators, freezers and pantries larger than some SUVs!
Again, this may have its social benefits. But it also keeps huge amounts of food at your fingertips at all times.
My grandmother used to walk every morning to collect fresh fruit and vegetables from the farmer’s market at the center of town. Once or twice a week she also stopped at the fish market. Or at the meat market, depending on what was on the menu that day.
The food was fresh. Plus, you could only eat what you “bagged” that day. And all of your family’s food had to fit into one or two small, net grocery bags (the original “reusable” bags).
Walking to the market every day was a pretty good way to help match calories consumed with calories expended. In addition, grandma’s refrigerator was the size of a nightstand. And her kitchen garbage can the size of a basketball. Waste not, want not.
According to the National Association of Home Builders, three out of four new homebuyers want their kitchen and family room to be a combined space. So now, you can sit and watch the profusion of TV shows–and even entire cable channels about food–without ever leaving the kitchen.
You can turn the popular Food Network program “Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives” into your very own reality show. But maybe it’s really become more like “Man versus Food.”
Sure–you no longer have the danger of falling into an open hearth. But the danger of falling into bad dietary habits seems to be part of the new design for living.
So, once upon a time the Iceman cometh. Now, the Iceman hath arrived. But the modern, metaphorical Iceman no longer keeps our food really fresh.
Instead, he poisons your diet. He kills your health as a hard frost kills vegetable and citrus crops. And, as a gangster “ices” an enemy. It’s swift. And often deadly.
If all of this leaves you cold, keep some distance between you and your icebox. |
The Qur’an is Islam’s Book of Divine Guidance. It is in Arabic, and is the spoken word, or “kalam,” of Allah (God). It was revealed to Prophet Muhammad via Archangel Jibrael more than fourteen centuries ago. It has laws and commands that govern how Muslims should live, communally and individually. Unparalleled by any other book in the world, it has the unique honor of being memorized in its entirety by hundreds of thousands of Muslims: those who understand its Arabic, and also those who do not. Another distinguishing quality of this “book” is that its recitation is an act of worship, one which draws the reciter closer to Allah and earns him or her a multitude of rewards. It also exalts his or her status among Muslims.
“Recite that which has been revealed to you of the Book and keep up prayer; surely prayer keeps (one) away from indecency and evil, and certainly the remembrance of Allah is the greatest, and Allah knows what you do.” [Surah Al-Ankaboot: 45]
Several people get confused about how those people who cannot speak or understand the Arabic language can learn to recite the Qur’an. Others do not comprehend how reciting something that one does not understand can uplift a person spiritually. Because of these doubts and confusions, some Muslims have a laid-back attitude towards improving their recitation skills, or, in other words, their ‘tajweed.’
‘Tajweed’ literally means ‘to beautify or adorn something.’ In Islamic terminology, it means the skill of reciting the Qur’an. Among Muslims of South East Asia, from where I hail, the sad plight of most Muslims’ lack of recitation skills is caused by the similarity between Arabic and Urdu. Most Muslims in this region recite the Qur’an the way they speak Urdu – even some professional religious teachers and preachers! We should strive to recite the Qur’an the way it is supposed to be recited, observing all the rules of tajweed.
“Those to whom We have given the Book recite it as it ought to be recited. These belief in it; and whoever disbelieves in it, these it is that are the losers.” [Surah Al-Baqarah:121]
If you want to learn how to recite the Qur’an with proper tajweed, please read on:
Get to know the letters and their ‘makhaarij’ or articulation
Tajweed can be improved by understanding the “articulation” of each letter in the Arabic alphabet, or how it has to be pronounced correctly. This is known as its ‘makhraj’ (literally, its place of exit from the mouth cavity) – the place from the throat, mouth, palate, or tongue (or their coordinated movements) which emit that particular letter’s sound. This is of extreme importance.
The next step is to learn the sounds produced by the “harakaat” or ‘motions’ which are marked above or below each letter. These “harakaat” bring the letters to life, by elongating or shortening them in a certain way.
Finally, joining all the letters, along with their sounds, to pronounce the words of the Qur’an in a smooth, melodious flow results in the art of Qur’an recitation or tajweed.
Learners who are not too familiar with the Arabic alphabet may benefit from transliteration tables that are available online; these enable English-speaking learners to pronounce each Arabic letter correctly. You can view a sample of this transliteration in the screenshot taken from The Noble Qur’an ebook, below.
The tried-and-tested “self-tutorial” method of learning tajweed
While striving to learn tajweed, we must remember that the Qur’an was amalgamated into a physical book-form several years after it was revealed in full. Most of the early Muslims learned the Qur’anic verses by heart, via the method of “ilqa.” To date, this is the most effective method of learning Qur’an recitation and memorization.
Ilqa means “to put into” in Arabic. In this method, a teacher speaks the words of the Qur’an properly, then pauses as the students repeat those words exactly the way he has pronounced them. He then catches their mistakes or corrects them, asking them to pronounce again. The students thus learn, by constant repetition of this process of (i) listening closely and (ii) repeating.
When a non-Arabic speaker first starts making an effort at improving tajweed (particularly those who have converted to Islam), the first few sessions leave his throat aching and tongue tired, with all the stress on pronouncing the letters properly. However, with constant daily practice, the vocal cords get tuned to the new sounds being pronounced.
This method can be simulated in today’s era very effectively, by dedicated, determined and self-disciplined tajweed learners. They will need:
– A copy of the Qur’an
– An audiotape/CD/DVD/software/website (which will play one verse of the Qur’an at a time)
– A place to learn with no disturbance or distractions, such as a computer table
– Knowledge of how to perform Wudu, or ablution – the method of Muslim body purification – because the Qur’an should be recited in a state of purity.
Having the right attitude
Of course, the ideal scenario is for a Qur’an teacher to personally tutor the person who wants to improve their tajweed or who has to learn recitation from scratch. Such tutors are available for home-tutoring for a fee or are accessible at mosques, madrassahs or Islamic centers, where they give regular, free tajweed lessons to a group.
However, no matter how good the teacher, or how many classes a student might attend, unless and until the latter is determined to put their knowledge of tajweed to practice by applying its rules into their daily recitation (if they do make it a point to recite daily, that is), and to correct themselves as soon as they make a mistake, their attending classes will be of little benefit. Some complain, “I have been studying and learning tajweed at various Islamic organizations for the past five years, but my recitation has shown no improvement!” and their attitude is that of blaming the teachers whose classes they have attended for their lack of progress. When they recite the Qur’an, they do not accept the mistakes they make, taking offense if the teacher picks out their errors. Such a defensive and narrow-minded attitude towards learning cause their own loss.
The ardent pursuer of knowledge of Qur’an recitation knows that this Book demands no less than the very best from him. He is humble in approaching it in any way, and ready to accept and amend his mistakes. Effective tajweed practice entails catching one’s error as soon as it is made, going back and reciting the verse of the Qur’an again without making the error, and repeating this action until perfection is achieved.
Online resources and websites that can be availed
Nowadays, it is easier to follow a self-help regimen of learning tajweed. Websites such as About Tajweed, Tajweed English and Islamweb tajweed articles are very good for learning tajweed rules and getting the do’s and don’t’s straight. The rest depends on the student’s discipline in practicing regularly. A daily 15-20 minute recitation session after the pre-dawn prayer of Fajr is a good option, since the house is quiet at that time, and the reciter’s vocal chords and larynx are rested after the night’s sleep, facilitating articulation.
“Surely the morning recitation is witnessed.” [Qur’an – Surah Al-Israa: 78]
A session of tajweed practice involves the following steps
– Turn on the tape player, software or website that will play the Qur’an out loud for you.
– Keep the Qur’an open in your hands, and focus on the words and letters which the teacher or Qari recites. Most teachers (whether live or on tape) recite one verse at a time if it is short, or break up a long verse into parts, reciting the difficult portions over and over, giving emphasis on the letters that are elongated or stressed upon. Look at the letters as they are being recited and listen closely.
– Most tajweed software or digital Qur’an players are designed in such a way that a pause can be manually introduced after each short verse, or after a part of a long verse. When the pause occurs, try to repeat the words exactly as the teacher recited them. If the teacher does not pause in your tape or software, hit the pause button yourself and repeat the words just as you heard them.
– Later, practice the same verses on your own, without listening to the recitation. Catch and amend your mistakes. Don’t be easy on yourself in this regard.
The above steps, when repeated on a daily basis, will guarantee a gradual improvement in tajweed. With some students, however, astounding improvement occurs within just a few days! This is because hard work always pays off. The harder you practice, the faster you’ll improve.
Get a partner for your self-learning process
It’s good if you pair up with a friend or fellow student, to recite before each other at regular intervals so that each can note the other’s progress and see how their performance has improved. A partner can help catch those of your errors that you may have overlooked, and they will provide motivation, encouragement, and reassurance.
Listen to the Qur’an in Arabic as much as possible
Listening to Qur’an recitation has a great effect on the listener’s ability to recite and memorize Qur’anic verses. Listening to the Qur’an has never been easier than it is now – you can download and listen to the Qur’an on your computer (such as, by downloading the Qur’an Reciter), your notebook, cellphone, or iPod; or you can buy your own digital Qur’an player. You can play it on a CD while doing housework, or in your car while driving to work or school. The one basic etiquette of listening to the Qur’an is that one should not speak when it is being recited.
“And when the Quran is recited, then listen to it and remain silent, that mercy may be shown to you.” [Qur’an – Surah Al-‘A’raaf: 204]
You should find a reciter or Qari whose recitation touches your heart and soothes your soul. There are numerous famous Qurra (reciters) in the Muslim ummah, and all Muslims have a different favorite. Beginners of tajweed prefer Qari Ali ‘Abd Al-Rahman Al-Huzaify of Madinah, who has a very clear and deep, nasal voice, with slow, soothing recitation. (Listen online to his recitation of Surah Al-Fatiha, the opening chapter of the Qur’an.)
Reciting the Qur’an has several benefits, not the least of which is the dissipation of stress, worry, fear, and anxiety. It is one of the quickest means of bonding with Allah. The Prophet Muhammad said: “Whoever does not beautify the Quran (i.e recite it melodiously), he is not of us.” [Sahih Al-Bukhari]
Prophet Muhammad also recognized the fact that there will be some Muslims who, despite their full effort and sincere hard work, might just not be able to recite the Qur’an as beautifully as those endowed with more innate talent; he encouraged them with the promise of a dual reward:
“Verily the one who recites the Qur’an beautifully, smoothly and precisely, he will be in the company of the noble and obedient angels. And as for the one who recites with difficulty, stammering and stumbling through its verses, then he will have twice that reward.” [Sahihain: Al-Bukhari and Muslim] |
Tuesday, May 24, 2011
Moon: Impact Craters
Do some hands-on exploring to learn about the ways in which craters are formed.
Fill a tub or box (a dishpan or shoebox work well) with an inch or so of flour. If desired, you can sprinkle a layer of cinnamon, paprika or cocoa on top of the flour. Doing so may increase the visibility of the craters. Ideally, plan for one tub/box for every 2 students. If you find yourself needing to put more than 4 at one tub, I'd recommend splitting the class so half do the activity while the others work on something else and then swapping.
You may wish to cover the table you'll be working on with newspapers. It might be wise to keep a damp cloth nearby as well, for wiping up any small flour spills.
Gather several different sizes of marbles.
Drop a marble straight down into the flour. Drop a different sized marble from the same height and observe the craters they made. Pay attention to the rims and any of crater radiating away from the center. Note any differences between the two craters.
Then, let the true experimentation begin... there are so many different variables that can be explored. Write down what you try and note how the resulting crater is both the same and different from the other craters you've seen thus far.
Drop the marbles from different heights.
Drop the marbles (same size) from the same height, but give one of the marbles an extra push.
"Throw" the marble into the flour at an angle.
Use a non-spherical object to make a crater.
When finished, draw some conclusions about crater shapes and sizes and the objects that formed them. Summarize your conclusions in a paragraph.
You can find lots of people's versions of this activity by searching "impact crater activity" or something along those lines. If you desire, you can readily locate ready-to-use worksheets and formal lab sheets. |
how to reduce new HIV infections.
I’m working on a Writing question and need guidance to help me study.
This plan will focus on how to reduce new HIV infections among heterosexuals, homosexuals, IV drug users, infants/children, or adolescents in a culture of your choice.
- Choose a culture (My culture of choice is Hispanics).
- Describe the characteristics of the culture for which you are planning a prevention program.
- What is their background? Historically do they have a positive or a negative relationship with health care/prevention? Why is it important to implement a prevention program for this culture? Why do you think this is an important culture to apply a prevention program to (risk factors/current rates of HIV)?
- APA FORMAT 2 PAGES AND 2 SOURCES |
Castello Sforzesco – The Milan’s Sforza Castle
The imposing town castle is located in the extension from the Milan’s cathedral – Via Dante – Largo Cairoli – Piazza Castello. Milan’s castle was designed by Galeazzo II Visconti in 14th Century during the Renaissance period and it was built as a defensive castle. Throughout its history, the castle was destroyed and built up again modified. The castle houses the Museums of the Castello with rarities such as the last masterpiece of Michelangelo, the unfinished Pietà Rondanini and the frescoes by Leonardo da Vinci and Bramante. Particularly impressive is the tower with the entrance Torre del Filarete, named after the Florentine architect and sculptor Antonio Averlino (called Filarete). Leonardo da Vinci worked from 1482 – 1499 and from 1506 -1513 at Milan’s Castello Sforzesco under the Duke Ludovico Maria, nicknamed Ludovico il Moro and took care of the cultural life and the arts in the mansion. During this time, Leonardo also worked on the development and expansion of the system of canals – Navigli – and the construction of locks as well as the study of man.
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When speaking of character development, most of us probably think about its application to fiction or creative non-fiction. As a writer of both prose and poetry, I enjoy the challenge of incorporating poetic attributes in my novels and borrowing elements of prose when writing poetry.
Fiction or memoir that stays with us is most often noted for its character development. If you think about some of your favorite reads, you will call to mind personalities that are “rounded” as opposed to “flat,” a concept discussed by E. M. Forster in Aspects of the Novel. Simply put, a round character is one who captures the reader’s interest because of his unpredictability, his complexity, and the changes he undergoes in the course of the story. As Forster puts it: “The test of a round character is whether it is capable of surprising in a convincing way.”
What are some of the tools available to use in creating sympathetic characters—that is, characters we can identify with and cheer for, in spite of defects that are very like our own?
Physical description—of course. But this is not always the most important factor. Other aspects of description include behavioral traits, choices, associations, dialogue patterns, predictable emotional responses, leisure time activities, likes and dislikes. Concrete sensory details, as well as narrative vignettes create patterns of character which can then be altered to surprise.
Lives unfold in the mundane. Accounts of everyday activities—work and home environments, hobbies and the like help to define a person. This supposes knowledge and perhaps research on the part of the poet or author. Learn about how your subject sepnds his time.
In order to empathize with a character, it’s important to include flaws or defects in addition to strengths. For example, who can identify with a hero who knows no fear in the face of danger?
This post could morph into a book, and there are plenty of resources out there to read about character development, so it’s probably time to look at how this might apply to our work as poets.
Let’s take a look at a classic poem by Edward Arlington Robinson (1896) that uses poetry to paint a picture of a man, Richard Cory, but also of the narrators: “we.”
Whenever Richard Cory went down town,
We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.
And he was always quietly arrayed,
And he was always human when he talked;
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
‘Good-morning,’ and he glittered when he walked.
And he was rich – yes, richer than a king –
And admirably schooled in every grace:
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.
So on we worked, and waited for the light,
And went without the meat, and cursed the bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his head.
Because of the succinct format of poetry, a few brief descriptors serve to give us an overall impression of the man and his observers. But, it is not only what is said, but what is implied in the final line.
A lengthy poem by Robert Frost, The Death of the Hired Man is another fine example of character development…of Silas, the hired man, of Warren and Mary, the couple who took him in, and of Harold Wilson, another helping farmhand who is enamored with learning. Check it out if you have time.
For todays prompt let’s write a poem that presents a character. Here are a few suggestions:
• Choose a well-known painting of a person, a personal photograph (or one in the public domain) and let your imagination take flight in an ekphrasis based on the character.
• Write a poem about a famous person or a fictional character who has affected you in some way.
• Create a composite of people you know. When I write fiction, I like to use character traits of persons I’ve encountered in my past. I usually combine them to make someone new…try to make them unidentifiable. People I’ve cared for in my nursing career and their families are rich fodder for my muse.
• Write about yourself. Walt Whitman did!
• Write your poem and post it on your blog or website.
• Access Mr. Linky at the bottom of this post and fill in your name and the direct URL to your poem.
• Visit and comment on the work of your fellow participants.
• Have fun in the process.
For dVerse Poets’ Pub, Meeting the Bar, I’m Victoria C. Slotto, blogging at http://liv2write2day.wordpress.com/ I also invite you to visit my website at http://victoriacslotto.com/ where you will learn about my novel, “Winter is Past.” |
(2001; 88 pages)
Guidelines for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections
World Health Organization
Copyright © World Health Organization 2001.
This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organisation (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organisation.
The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced or translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes.
The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors.
Design by RSdeSigns.com.
The World Health Organization recommends that the term sexually transmitted disease (STD) be replaced by the term sexually transmitted infections (STI). The term sexually transmitted infections has been adopted as it better incorporates asymptomatic infections. In addition, the term has been adopted by a wide range of scientific and publications.
Reproductive tract infections encompass three main groups of infection, particularly in women, and sometimes in men. These groups are endogenous infections in the female genital tract (e.g. candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis), iatrogenic infections that may be acquired through non-sterile medical, personal or cultural practices and classical STI. Currently, research in being conducted to better understand the determinants of endogenous infections. They are not primarily sexually transmitted; thus, clinical and public health actions as recommended for STI may not apply to these infections. Given the current state of knowledge and understanding of these infections treatment of partners is not recommended as routine public health practice. Reassurance and patient education are critical with regard to the nature of these endogenous infections. |
How to Write an Outline for an Essay or Research Paper ... How to Write an Outline for an Essay or Research Paper ... The outline helps you put your necessary details down on paper so that when you're writing the actual essay or research paper you can ... How to Write a Movie Analysis Essay (Sample with Outline) Example of body paragraphs for a movie analysis essay. Paragraph one 'The Blindside' is a slightly biographical movie about Michael Oher, a man who beat the odds to reach the position he is in now, in the football team. The movie follows him throughout his life, culminating in his pick by the Ravens team. Resources for Writers: Summary Writing - Drew University
How to Write a Philosophy Paper: Definition and General Overview
Writing the Research Paper The good news is, once you reach this point in the process you’re likely to feel energized by all the ideas and thoughts you’ve uncovered in your research, and you’ll have a clear direction because you’ve taken the time to create a thesis statement and organize your presentation with an outline. Writing an Introduction to a Research Paper - YouTube Learn the basics about how to write your introduction in 3 easy step. Intended for a middle school audience.-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http:... Overview of the Academic Essay - Harvard College Writing Center Overview of the Academic Essay A clear sense of argument is essential to all forms of academic writing, for writing is thought made visible. Insights and ideas that occur to us when we encounter the raw material of the world—natural phenomena like the behavior of genes, or cultural phenomena, like texts, photographs and artifacts—must be ...
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How Do You Write an Overview? | Reference.com How Do You Write an Overview? Credit: Sharon Drummond/CC-BY-2. Writing a project overview involves establishing the framework in which the project takes place, laying out the goals of the project, outlining the problems the project is designed to solve, summarizing the project and explaining the criteria for success. Write a Research Summary - Studybay.com How to write a research paper summary. When writing the summary, you must work with a particular template. The lecturer should give the research summary template. In some cases, you can buy this paper from online research paper sellers, and you must ensure that it follows the template given by the lecturer. MyCollegeSuccessStory.com: Research Paper Overview
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How to Write a Research Paper - A Research Guide for… How to start a research paper? Choose a topic which interests and challenges you. Your attitude towards the topic may well determine the amount of effort and enthusiasmFor an excellent source on English composition, check out this classic book by William Strunk, Jr. on the Elements of Style. How to Write a Research Introduction (with Sample… The introduction to a research paper can be the most challenging part of the paper to write. The length of the introduction will vary depending on the type of research paper you are writing. An introduction should announce your topic, provide context and a rationale for your work, before stating... How to Write a Research Paper (with Sample Research … To write a research paper, start by researching your topic at the library, online, or using an academic database.Include the information you found through your research in your paper to back up your thesis statement. For more help writing a research paper, like how to organize it, read the article! How to Write a Research Paper Overview - YouTube
HOW TO WRITE AN EFFECTIVE RESEARCH PAPER
Example of body paragraphs for a movie analysis essay. Paragraph one 'The Blindside' is a slightly biographical movie about Michael Oher, a man who beat the odds to reach the position he is in now, in the football team. The movie follows him throughout his life, culminating in his pick by the Ravens team. Resources for Writers: Summary Writing - Drew University The ability to write an effective summary might be the most important writing skill a college student can possess. You need to be able to summarize before you can be successful at most of the other kinds of writing that will be demanded of you in college, and it is an important part of note taking, too. PDF An Outline for Quantitative Research Papers - UC
How to Write a Research Methodology for Your Academic Article ... |
Lesson Plan for Courage:
Title: What Makes a Good or Bad Leader?
Description: After deciding on the criteria of a good leader, students research either a good or bad leader, create a class presentation of that person which focuses on his/her impact on history. Students then write and perform a three to four minute skit to illustrate the leader's impact on American life.
Digital History-Learn About the Revolutionary War
Smallpox in Colonial America-PowerPoint Facts http://webs.rps205.com/departments/TAH/files/D5A08D30D2E6445D91CBEF85EEB48308.ppt
Treating Contagious Diseases in the 18th & 21st Centuries
Lesson Plan on Smallpox and H1N1
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3.) Trace the chronology of events leading to the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War, passage of the Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, the Boston Massacre, passage of the Intolerable Acts, the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the publication of Common Sense, and the signing of the Declaration of Independence. |
Body Paragraphs. The purpose of this section in the informative paper outline is to defend the thesis statement, so the content in these paragraphs must be tip-top. First of all, each body paragraph must start with a topic sentence. Create a smooth transition from your intro by creating a topic sentence that links the thesis to your first main ... Writing a Synthesis Essay -- Body Paragraphs and Sources DEVELOPING YOUR PARAGRAPHS: To develop a body paragraph, follow a basic "three-step " approach: 1.) Decide on a main point and then state that main point in a sentence (the topic sentence for the paragraph). For example: " One common theme that emerges from these essays is that watching movies and reading books are social acts." 20 Essay Conclusion Examples to Help You Finish Strong Expository Essay Conclusion Examples Topic #5: Explain how to write an essay conclusion. Essay conclusions are pretty simple once you know the framework. It all boils down to three main parts: a transition from the last body paragraph, a summary of the thesis statement and main points of the essay, and a closing statement that wraps everything up. Writing Admission Essays: Creating Good Body Paragraphs Creating An Elaborate Entrance Essay Body Paragraphs Your entrance essay is different than any of the other academic papers that you may have written in High School. Students, who are familiar with the basic structure of a student essay, know that it typically has five paragraphs including an introduction, three body paragraphs and a conclusion.
How to Transition to the Body of an Essay | Synonym
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How to Write an Analytical Essay - chiefessays.net The next three paragraphs consist of the body of the essay, and lastly, the fifth paragraph is the concluding paragraph. If you want your essay to be lengthy, plan in your outline how you will distribute all your points evenly throughout the essay. Writing Expository Essays Each body paragraph should develop the primary support covered in that paragraph's topic sentence Furnish a paragraph of introduction: An introductory paragraph should state the thesis of the essay, introduce the divisions in the body paragraphs of the essay, and gain the interest of the reader How to Write a Five Paragraph Essay - JetWriters How to Write a Five Paragraph Essay When it comes to writing papers in college, one of the simplest types of papers to write is a shorter essay. The basic five paragraph essay is a great tool to learn how to write introductory essays, solid thesis statements, as well as how to put together a solid paper from start to finish. How to Write in the Format of a 3.5 Essay | Owlcation
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Every time you begin a new subject, think of an inverted pyramid - The broadest range of information sits at the top, and as the paragraph or paper progresses, the author becomes more and more focused on the argument ending with specific, detailed evidence supporting a claim. How to Write a Perfect Five Paragraph Essay - Mommybites Thus, the first body paragraph of this essay would be about Blue Man Grill's food, the second body paragraph would be about its atmosphere, and the third would be about its friendly staff. For practice, have your child write thesis statements on the following topics: winter sports, junk food, and holidays. How to Write a Good Introduction Paragraph for an Essay With ... begin your introduction paragraph broad (but not too broad) Most people don't know how broad to go with their introductions whenever they are writing essays. For example, a short paragraph on Shakespeare's Hamlet can all of a sudden include unnecessary details concerning Shakespeare's childhood, then jump to the history of Western ... This Analytical Essay Outline Will Kick Start Your Writing Each topic sentence in each body paragraph of your analytical essay outline should tell the reader exactly what that section is going to be about. My first body paragraph might start with, "Harry Potter is willing to fulfill prophecy and make the ultimate sacrifice—that of his life—in order to save the rest of the wizarding world." 2.
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Anesthesiologists try to lower their carbon footprint
If every doctor at a midsize hospital picked the gas with the least impact, anesthesia emissions would equal the greenhouse gas impact of about 100 passenger cars each year, researcher says.
SACRAMENTO, Calif. — People facing surgery probably aren't thinking about the procedure's global warming impact — but some of their doctors are.
The choices that anesthesiologists make at a midsize hospital can have the carbon footprint of a small fleet of automobiles, according to a physician who calculated the effects of different options.
"Changes people could make in their practice right away" could improve the health of the community and the planet, said Susan M. Ryan, a clinical professor of anesthesiology at the University of California, San Francisco.
Ryan co-authored an article on environmentally friendlier anesthesia in this month's edition of Anesthesia & Analgesia, a scholarly journal.
She and other doctors cautioned that patient safety always should come first. Once that's said, though, "most physicians are ... very concerned about the environment," said Dr. Joseph Antognini, a professor of anesthesiology at the University of California, Davis School of Medicine.
At UC Davis Medical Center, most doctors already use sevoflurane, the inhaled anesthesia that Ryan calculated has the smallest carbon footprint, Antognini said.
That wasn't an environmental choice, though. He and his colleagues often prefer it because it tends to irritate the airways less than desflurane, another commonly used anesthesia that Ryan found has the biggest footprint.
Each case is different, Antognini stressed. Heavier people may do better with one anesthetic, and children with another.
"Hardly anyone I can imagine is going to make a choice of one anesthetic over another based on global warming," he said, although it's a good conversation for doctors to have.
Ryan analyzed three inhaled gases that are the most common choices in operating rooms in Europe and North America. After patients inhale them, those anesthetics as well as other gases used to dilute them are usually vented outside the hospital. Some are potent greenhouse gases that can contribute to global warming for decades.
If every doctor at a midsize hospital picked the gas with the least impact, the anesthesia emissions would equal the greenhouse gas impact of about 100 passenger cars each year, she calculated.
If every doctor picked the most environmentally damaging anesthetic, greenhouse emissions would be roughly 12 times higher, equivalent to a 1,200-car fleet, she wrote.
While those are small numbers compared with other sources of greenhouse gases, even small changes count, Ryan said.
(Contact Sacramento Bee reporter Carrie Peyton Dahlberg at [email protected].)
(Distributed by Scripps Howard News Service, www.scrippsnews.com.)
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Pasture and Forage
Crops for Horses
Florida is home to over 500,000 horses, and in our climate, they can be fed on pastures and forage crops nearly year-round. When planning your pasture, consider the horse’s digestive system, which is simpler and more sensitive than cattle’s. Grazing forages need to be higher quality and less fibrous. Although horses can receive the majority of their feed from pastures, this requires careful planning and production of forage crops.
Pastures serve dual roles for horses: an area for exercise and a source of high quality forage. Your choice of forage will depend on the purpose of the pasture. Higher nutrition forages will require more management than those that simply provide cover.
Horses not receiving supplemental feed will eat about 1.5%–2.5% of their body weight of forage per day. Even on good quality pasture and hay, ensure your horses receive adequate fiber as well as vitamins and minerals.
Pastures can be grown in almost all Florida locations. Variations in climate and soil will favor some forage crops over others. Soil amendments can overcome fertility and pH issues. Be sure to consider soil drainage of the site in choosing your crop. The climate of your location will also determine what cold tolerance your forage must have for winter grazing.
Land Area and Stocking Rate
The amount of land required for each horse depends upon:
- The type and productivity of the pasture crop
- The size and age of the horse
- The amount of grain and supplement feed
- Grazing management (such as using rotational grazing)
On less productive sites, a mature horse might require 2–2.5 acres of pasture or 1–1.5 acres on productive, well-managed pasture during the summer. When pastures are stocked more than one horse per acre, the pasture cannot support feeding as its primary role—the pasture becomes an exercise area and feeding is secondary.
Be sure to consider seasonal variation in forage yield and quality. During wintertime, supplemental feeds may be needed to provide proper nutrition for the horse. Generally, pastures can have a higher stocking rate in summer than in the winter.
Protect your pasture by not putting too many horses on it for too long—this can deplete forage and allow weeds to take over.
Consider the following characteristics in choosing forage species and cultivars:
- Soil and climate needs
- Season of growth
- Forage use (grazed or hay)
- Class of horse (breeding stallion, mare, growing horse)
- Level of management required for optimal pasture production versus the abilities of the manager
For a detailed discussion of forage crops, look over the Florida Forage Handbook.
An ideal, general-use pasture grass. It can withstand heavier grazing, but its nutrition value is low in late summer months. Mature bahiagrass is fibrous and low in feeding value.
Improved Hybrid Bermudagrass
Vigorous and highly productive, excellent hay crop. Bermudagrass has higher growth requirements than bahiagrass and can be damaged by overgrazing.
Adapted to southern Florida, can withstand periodic flooding. Callide has better forage quality, but requires higher fertilization and controlled grazing.
Other warm season grasses of lower quality and production can invade pastures. Keep them out by not overstocking or overgrazing pastures.
Higher nutrition value, good complement to perennial grasses. Millet is highly productive and has rapid growth, which may make grazing management difficult. It will not tolerate flooding.
** Sorghum and sudangrass-sorghum hybrids CANNOT be grown because of prussic acid poisoning.
Cool-season grasses can extend grazing through the winter. Overseed perennial grasses or sow in a separate area.
Oats, rye, and wheat all provide good winter grazing if planted in the fall. They require good drainage and intensive management.
A valuable winter forage crop. Ryegrass has a high moisture requirement. Plant it alone or in mixed stands with small grains or cool-season legumes.
Excellent horse forage, substitute for alfalfa. Perennial peanut is adapted to well-drained soils and can be grazed or cut for hay or silage.
Excellent hay crop, high quality. Current types are susceptible to root-knot nematodes and can’t withstand long periods of flooding.
Excellent winter pasture, mix with small grains or ryegrass for overseeding. White and red clovers are better for wetter sites, crimson and arrowleaf for well-drained.
Forage choice, fed as hay. It can be grown on well-drained sites with intensive management.
Good management can keep your pasture as the main source of feed for your horses. Grow a combination of forage plants on pastures to provide a variety of nutritional sources.
Test the pasture soil to determine what amendments it needs. The dry season is best for land clearing and tilling. Perennial crops need a tilled, weed-free seedbed.
Forage crops can be seeded or grown from vegetative materials. Annual grasses and legumes can be overseeded on perennial grass or sown on prepared seedbeds.
Routine soil tests will help set up a reliable amendment program to maintain productive pastures. Fertilization and liming requirements will change over time and will also depend upon whether you graze or harvest the forage. Grazing forage recycles nutrients back into the pasture and often requires less fertilization.
Grazing, mowing, and weed removal will help control pasture weeds. Spreading pasture manure and mowing un-grazed areas will improve the quality and utilization of the pasture.
Pastures can be continuously or rotationally grazed. Continual grazing has the horses on the same pasture for the entire season or year. Rotational grazing divides the pasture into paddocks that are grazed in a sequential order. Rotational grazing efficiently maintains and utilizes productive pastures by preventing overgrazing.
Hay is the most important supplementary feed and the primary source of fiber for horses. Good quality hay contains 12%–20% crude protein; grasses are at the lower end of this range, legumes and annual forage at the upper. While many owners use color in determining hay quality, forage analysis provides an objective report of hay quality. Contact your local Extension agent about hay sampling and analysis.
Hay production is limited to the spring and fall in Florida when there is forage crop growth and weather that allows for drying of the cut material. Some forage crops are better as hay than others, which might influence the planning, forage choice, and management and division of pastures.
Adapted and Excerpted From:
Y.C. Newman, et al, Pastures and Forage Crops for Horses (SS-AGR-65), Agronomy Department (rev. 7/2011). |
Volume 16, Number 6—June 2010
Diagnostic Difficulties with Plasmodium knowlesi Infection in Humans
To the Editor: Studies conducted in Malaysia have raised questions about Plasmodium knowlesi as the fifth human pathogenic malaria parasite (1,2); additional cases of P. knowlesi malaria have subsequently been reported from other Asian countries (3–5). Microscopic diagnosis is hindered because P. knowlesi morphologically resembles P. falciparum or P. malariae, depending on blood stage (6). Singh et al. has designed a nested PCR assay for identification of P. knowlesi infections (1).
As part of an ongoing research project focusing on characterizing genes from malaria isolates in Indonesia (E. Sulistyanisih, unpub. data), during December 2008–February 2009, blood samples from 22 gold miners with uncomplicated malaria were collected in South Kalimantan Province in Indonesia. Ring forms typical for P. falciparum were seen during microscopy. DNA was extracted and species were identified by nested PCR by using Plasmodium genus- and species-specific primers derived from the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene described elsewhere (1). PCR products were directly sequenced and verified by 2 independent amplifications of the same DNA sample. PCR using P. knowlesi–specific primers yielded a 153-bp product in samples from 4 of the 22 malaria cases. Sequencing showed perfect matching with the recently published P. knowlesi S-type from Malaysian Borneo for 1 of the 4 samples. The other sequences were repeatedly consistent with the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of sporozoite P. vivax (S-type), and random blasting (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) showed higher homology (93%–100%) with various P. vivax strains than with different P. knowlesi (<84%) or other Plasmodium strains. The vivax-specific PCR showed the expected bands in each case, and sequencing confirmed P. vivax A-type DNA that matched perfectly with a strain from Thailand. Of the miners with malaria, 3 case-patients were coinfected with P. falciparum. All 22 samples from the case-patients were negative for P. malariae. One case-patient (P 15) infected with P. knowlesi (4,000 parasite ring forms/μL) had a mixed infection with P. vivax and was successfully treated with chloroquine-primaquine (Table).
The results of this study indicate the geographic distribution of natural P. knowlesi human infections includes Indonesian Borneo, although this detection is no surprise because many P. knowlesi isolates are found in Malaysian Borneo (1,2). However, the diagnosis would have been unrecognized without molecular techniques, and even those techniques posed a problem.
The species-specific nested PCR assay repeatedly showed bands of 153 bp, indicating 4 P. knowlesi cases, but sequencing confirmed P. knowlesi in only 1 sample. There was no indication of contamination of the samples tested by PCR, and the other 18 samples and the negative control remained negative for P. knowlesi. All 3 samples showed molecularly confirmed mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax in the case-patients. As P. vivax was only molecularly detected, low parasitemia was assumed.
The reverse primer sequence (pmkr 9) is found in P. vivax S-type strains and other Plasmodium spp., especially those related to P. vivax, thus, amplification from this site should be theoretically possible. The forward primer pmk 8, on the other hand, seemed to be highly specific.
One Plasmodium strain (GenBank accession no. DQ660817) found in orangutans in Kalimantan, Indonesia, and classified as P. vivax, seemed to be more likely to bind to pmk 8 (7). However, this classification was recently disproved by Singh and Divis (8), and the parasite was categorized as probably being P. pitheci or P. silvaticum, where human infections are not described. Other primate malaria parasites, such as P. hylobati, P. inui, P. cynomolgi, P. simium, P. fieldi, and P. simiovale, showed better binding sites for pmk 8 than P. vivax S- or A-strains. Regarding the theory of P. vivax originating in macaques in Southeast Asia and the close relationship to other primate malaria parasites (9), one might imagine that P. vivax strains in Indonesia differ slightly from the strains described so far. A P. vivax isolate from Indonesia, recently sequenced in cooperation with the University of Heidelberg (GenBank accession no. GU233452), showed 2 point mutations; the patient had been in Flores, Bali, and Lembata. However, the 3 P. vivax samples presented no mutations at the pmk 8 binding sites. Notably, pmk 8 and pmkr 9 seem always to amplify the S-type and the rVIV 1 and rVIV 2 primers, the A-type DNA, respectively. The genus-specific DNA amplified both types at random.
Some colleagues have experienced similar difficulties with the primers pmk 8 and pmkr 9 in samples from Vietnam (5); 2 of 5 samples gave false positive results for P. knowlesi. Unfortunately, their report did not mention which species was actually amplified (5).
Until recently, we had no satisfying explanation for the 3 assumed false-positive results. Then, in 2009, Imwong et al. reported that these P. knowlesi primers stochastically cross-react with P. vivax genomic DNA. No polymorphisms alleviating the binding of pmk8 were found; however, a new PCR for P. knowlesi was introduced (10).
Given the large distribution of the vector and the natural host of P. knowlesi in Southeast Asia, it is likely that P. knowlesi will be found in other parts of Indonesia. As microscopic and molecular diagnosis of this parasite seems difficult, the underestimation of its distribution and clinical relevance can be assumed.
We thank Janet Cox-Singh and colleagues for providing the P. knowlesi–positive control (P. knowlesi S-strain).
- Singh B, Kim Sung L, Matusop A, Radhakrishnan A, Shamsul SS, Cox-Singh J, A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet. 2004;363:10017–24.
- White NJ. Plasmodium knowlesi: the fifth human malaria parasite. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:172–3.
- Jongwutiwes S, Putaporntip C, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Kanbara H. Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2211–3.
- Luchavez J, Espino F, Curameng P, Espina R, Bell D, Chiodini P, Human infections with Plasmodium knowlesi, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:811–3.
- Van den Eede P, Van NH, Van Overmeir C, Vythilingam I, Duc TN, Hung LX, Human Plasmodium knowlesi infections in young children in central Vietnam. Malar J. 2009;8:249–54.
- Cox-Singh J, Singh B. Knowlesi malaria: newly emergent and of public health importance? Trends Parasitol. 2008;24:406–10.
- Reid MJ, Ursic R, Cooper D, Nazzari H, Griffiths M, Galdikas BM, Transmission of human and macaque Plasmodium spp. to ex-captive orangutans in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1902–8.
- Singh B, Divis PCS. Orangutans not infected with Plasmodium vivax or P. cynomolgi, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1657–8.
- Escalante AA, Cornejo OE, Freeland DE, Poe AC, Durrego E, Collins WE, A monkey’s tale: the origin of Plasmodium vivax as a human malaria parasite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:1980–5.
- Imwong M, Tanomsing N, Pukrittayakamee S, Day NPJ, White NJ, Snounou G. Spurious amplification of Plasmodium vivax small subunit RNA gene using the primers currently used to detect P. knowlesi. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:4173–5. Epub 2009 Oct 7.
Suggested citation for this article: Sulistyaningsih E, Fitri LE, Löscher T, Berens-Riha N. Diagnostic difficulties with Plasmodium knowlesi infection in humans [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2010 Jun [date cited]. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/6/10-0022
- Page created: February 10, 2011
- Page last updated: February 10, 2011
- Page last reviewed: February 10, 2011
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)
Office of the Director (OD) |
VI EVOLUTIONARY DRIVES
Biologically important information is gradually accumulated during evolution. This information is stored and transferred mainly in the form of the structures of certain molecules, usually as a sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecules. Because biological information and its transfer are closely connected with specific molecules (e.g. DNA) and with particular molecular processes (e.g. replication, reparation), the process of accumulation of this information is also necessarily affected by physical-chemical laws controlling the behavior of these specific molecules and processes. As a consequence, the evolutionary development of biological information and thus, indirectly, also of the phenotype of the organism is necessarily affected not only by natural selection and chance, but also by regular and, to a certain degree, even deterministic processes occurring at the level of the carriers of genetic information. These processes are generally termed evolutionary drives. This chapter will be concerned with mutation drive (bias), reparation drive, molecular drive and meotic drive. |
This is the final installment of a three-part overview of the life of Pilgram Marpeck, Anabaptist radical and lover of Christ.
From 1532 to 1542 , Pilgram and Anna Marpeck wandered from German city to city, Pilgram getting an engineering job here and there, and trying to encourage local Anabaptists wherever he went. He wrote letters and held meetings in various places.
In Moravia, where there was the greatest freedom for Anabapists to thrive, Marpeck found the greatest level of dissension between the different groups of Anabaptist. It is there that Marpeck realized that the greatest enemy of the true Christian church is not persecution, but disunity.
“Unity is the highest adornment of love. This treasure, unity, brings with it all other virtues and treasures, namely peace, joy, comfort in the Holy Spirit, as well as humility, meekness… I do not write this to accuse you but to entice you to emulate the true and proper humility in Christ.” (Marpeck, p.216)
However, this message of unity was not well received by many communities of Anabaptists whom Marpeck visited. Marpeck considered many Swiss Brethern churches and the Hutterites to be unnecessarily legalistic, a message that was not well received. Marpeck himself held to a more spiritualistic view of ethics. He said that since Christ is found in each of the hearts of the church, then there should be freedom for each person to discern and apply the word of Christ to their own lives.
“Because the Jerusalem, which is above, is only built by Jesus Christ in the Spirit, the heart is the inner and only temple. .. the church is seen only by the Spirit and only in the Spirit, through the high priest Christ, is there forgiveness and remission of sins.” (Spiritual p. 82)
“We must simply in all of our actions stand idle ourselves, as dead in ourselves, if Christ is to live in us, which life and walk alone are pleasing to the Father.” (Spiritual, p 90)
The Hutterites, especially, did not care for Marpeck’s attempt at unifying the Anabaptist churches, calling Marpeck “full of guile and intrigue.” Pilgram and Anna moved on, seeking other Anabaptist churches and other work.
The Marpecks moved to Augsburg in 1542, not because of the Anabaptist church, because arrests and exile seemed to have scattered the Anabaptist church in Augsburg. Rather, Pilgram was offered work in Augsburg, and that work was solid enough for Augsburg to be their home for the rest of Pilgram’s life.
Alongside his work as an engineer, Pilgram began to write both letters and books, and slowly, the Anabaptist church began to grow in Marpeck’s home. Almost immediately came a crisis to the community. Helena von Freyberg was an Anabaptist in Augsburg long before the Marpecks arrived there. She was persecuted for her outspoken beliefs and adult baptism, and was forced to make oaths of recantation of her Anabaptism. This caused her to be on the outskirts of the Anabaptist groups, unaccepted.
However, the group in Marpecks home welcomed her and encouraged her to confess and repent, which she did. She wrote out a public confession to the Anabaptists, admitting her wrong oaths and committing herself fully again to Christ and Anabaptism. Despite the doubts of some, the Marpecks fully received her and forgave her.
Even so, the unity of the Church is seen in love and forgiveness of its members:
“The inner church of the Spirit is also directed to perform external works, to be a light to the world. It witnesses inwardly between God and us, but it is also formed externally and testifies in love shown toward our neighbor.” (Spiritual, 83)
As the Anabaptist church grew in Augsburg, so did the persecution of the magistrates. They made both Catholics and Lutherans legal, but Anabaptists were still illegal. Although they would not arrest Marpeck himself, they persecuted his church members and the many Anabaptist groups that he encouraged and helped to grow in the city.
“The cross of Christ is a holy, innocent cross if one suffers innocently as a witness of God in the truth and for the truth to the praise of God. To the holy cross of Christ, our highest shelter and shield, we have surrender with holy patience (not obliged or forced patience) to overcome all our enemies in the victory of Christ.” (Outline, p. 97)
As the persecution grew, so did the strength of love and forgiveness for the Anabaptists in Augsburg. When Pilgram Marpeck finally died (of unknown causes) in 1556, his loss to the churches there was considerable. Anna lived among Anabaptists while living on the remainder of the finances Pilgram worked for.
While the works of other Anabaptists are powerful, I find the life and work of Marpeck to be remarkable.
He did not seek easy comfort, nor did he hold views that were easily accepted. Rather, he listened to the voice of Christ on the page and in his spirit, and that voice led him to love, to forgiveness and to unity. Rather than just develop principles of right and wrong, and lines in the sand, he worked to create unity between opposing groups.
He constantly sought the outcast, assisting them with his wealth and connections, as often as he could. He used his education, not to gain fame or finances, but to increase the knowledge of Christ and the Scripture. He built up churches wherever he went, but refused to listen to judgmentalism or legalism.
He himself lived on the edge between the spiritual body he loved and their persecutors. He did not run from persecution, but rather ran to new opportunities to be associated with the persecuted.
He is a worthy one to imitate, if one were seeking to live an Anabaptist life.
Dyck, Cornelius J., Spiritual Life in Anabaptism: Classic Devotional Resources. Herald Press, 1995.
Klaassen, Walter, Anabaptism in Outline. Herald Press, 1981.
Klaassen, Walter and Klassen, William, Marpeck: A life of dissent and conformity. Studies in Anabaptist History, no. 44. Herald Press, 2008. |
A Chinese Biographical Dictionary/Chang Ch'ang
21Chang Ch'ang 張敞 (T. 子高). Died B.C. 48. A distinguished scholar and official, who flourished under the Emperor Yüan Ti of the Han dynasty. He first attracted attention by denouncing the irregular conduct of the Prince of 昌邑 Ch'ang-i, who was promptly disgraced upon his representations. He became Governor of Shan-yang in Shantung, and successfully coped with the brigandage and rebellious spirit which prevailed; and in B.C. 61 was promoted to be Governor of the Metropolitan District. In this capacity he took part in all the councils of State; and his advice, based upon his wide knowledge of history, was always received with deference. In every way he ruled wisely and well; and it was said that, owing to his vigilance, "the alarm drum was not struck for nine years." He then became mixed up in the affair of Yang Yün, and was dismissed from office. Whereupon there was such an increase of seditious manifestations throughout 冀 Chi-chou in Chihli, that the Emperor appointed him Governor of that District, and the disturbances came at once to an end. He died just as the Emperor Yüan was about to bestow upon him further honours. He was especially famous for his acquaintance with the early forms of Chinese characters, and for his profound knowledge of the Spring and Autumn Annals. He made a practice of painting his wife's eyebrows; and when the Emperor rallied him on the point, he replied that this was a matter of the highest importance to women. |
An electric continuity tester for checking the electrical connections, cables can be designed using this circuit diagram. This electric continuity tester produces a beep when there is a short and does not emit any sound when the circuit is interrupted or when the resistance along the circuit exceeds 1ohm. To prevent failure of sensible components, and for a long battery life, tester injects a weak signal in the circuit is checked.
Using electronic diagram below can be made a very simple TTL tester. One of the three LEDs will light depending on the applied voltage at test point (TP). This voltage is transmitted first to two comparators (A1 and A2). At the other input of each comparator voltage reference is brought from the voltage divider R4/R5/R6. Values for this components gives thresholds at 0.8 and 2.4 V and the range between these two values is the TTL "prohibited area". If the voltage at TP is less than 0.8 V output of A2 swings in state "0" logic and results in ignition red LED (D6). |
Clastic sandstone with more than 10 percent matrix of indeterminate detrital or diagenetic
nature. Matrix is mud size silicate minerals (clay, feldspar, quartz, rock fragments,
and alteration products).
Distinction from mudstone is based on inference that less that 50 percent of the mud
size fraction (matrix) is original mud size detrital particles. May also grade into
diamictite or conglomerate based on size distribution of discernible particles. If
more than 50 percent of rock is detrital particles of intrabasinal orgin and carbonate
composition, categorize as carbonate wackestone. Term is typically applied to diagenetically
altered volcanic-lithic clastic rocks in which the definition of the original clasts
has been obscured. Suggested boundaries between wacke and arenite range from 5 to
15 percent matrix. See Dickinson (1970) for discussion of interpretation of undiscernible
matrix in diagenetically altered lithic clastic rocks. Dickinson, W.R., 1970, Interpreting
detrital modes of graywacke and arkose: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 40, p.
Pettijohn, Potter, Siever, 1972, Sand and Sandstone: New York, Springer Verlag, 681 |
Mr. Bean & Family
iPhoneOgraphy – 08 Mar 2016 (Day 68/366)
The mung bean (Vigna radiata), alternatively known as the moong bean, green gram, is a plant species in the legume family. Native to the Indian subcontinent, the mung bean is mainly cultivated today in Indian, China, and Southeast Asia. It is also cultivated in hot, dry regions in Southern Europe and the Southern United States. It is used as an ingredient in both savory and sweet dishes.
The English word mung is derived from the Hindi word मूंग moong derived from the Sanskrit word मुद्ग (mudga).
The mung bean was domesticated in Persia (Iran), where its progenitor (Vigna radiata subspecies sublobata) occurs wild. Archaeology has turned up carbonized mung beans on many sites in India. Areas with early finds include the eastern zone of the Harappan civilization in Punjab and Haryana, where finds date back about 4500 years, and South India in the modern state of Karnataka where finds date back more than 4000 years. Some scholars therefore infer two separate domestications in the northwest and south of India. In South India there is evidence for evolution of larger-seeded mung beans 3500 to 3000 years ago. By about 3500 years ago mung beans were widely cultivated throughout India. Cultivated mung beans later spread from India to China and Southeast Asia.
Archaeobotanical research at the site of Khao Sam Kaeo in southern Thailand indicates that mung beans had arrived in Thailand by at least 2200 years ago. Finds on Pemba Island indicate that during the era of Swahili trade, in the 9th or 10th century, mung beans also came to be cultivated in Africa,. |
ETP - Intro to Lettering
Lettering Best Practices
The first thing to learn about lettering is how to properly space the words and letters in order to make the total effect pleasing to the eye. This needs to be planned in advance, and because of this, no matter how simple the request a stencil should still be used. A stencil will give the artist time to pre-plan the lettering, and also to allow the client to consent to the style and placement.
Not all letters are sized the same, however. Uppercase letters are usually similar in size in most fonts, but aren’t in all of them. In lowercase fonts, there can be quite a bit of difference in the width and sizing of letters. For example, the letter “I” is typically much thinner than the letter “O”, even if the upper case I has lines at the top and bottom in the traditional style.
Because of this, simply dividing the word between the number of letters if there is an even number, or dividing through the middle of there is an odd number, is not enough. It may work quite a bit of the time, but when it fails, it looks awful. Because of this, the midpoint of the actual lettering should be found, even if the midpoint falls in the beginning or end of one of the letters. Perfectly even spacing doesn’t always look right, however, so while it should be considered, the most important result is the overall beauty of the design.
Punctuation needs to respect the rule of the midpoint as well. A perfectly balanced sentence can become weighted poorly if the punctuation within it adds space that hasn’t been accounted for. An exclamation point is unlikely to be large enough to create an issue, but an ellipsis (a series of three or four dots) could be, as could a comma or period in the middle of a phrase. By taking punctuation marks into consideration and working with them, spacing issues can be worked out as the design is being drawn and before it is placed on the client’s skin.
In order to draw the lettering while respecting the midpoint, the midpoint itself must first be found. All of the letters being used should be drawn to size. Measuring the entire piece and dividing the number in two will give the midpoint from either edge. This is the letter or punctuation mark that should be drawn first. From this point, the lettering should be drawn on either side of the middle mark or letter. For example, with the word “MOM,” the “O” would be drawn first. Then, each “M” would be drawn in turn. If the word or sentence were longer, the additional letters to the right and left of the midpoint would be drawn from the middle toward each end.
Care should be used with the balance of the design when it comes to letters that are taller or longer than others as well. Depending on the font and capitalization, words heavy on certain letters might create a visual imbalance. Some letters like lowercase o, a, c, and e, are usually shorter than lowercase h, k, d, or b. Lowercase j, g, q, or p will usually drop lower than other letters as well. Most words and phrases have a balance of letters, but placing the text in a way that finds the visual balance with the combined shapes of the letters is also a consideration.
The clients’ wish should be respected in these cases, but it is the artist’s job to discuss these potential issues when designing the lettering.
You can also give yourself a bit of wiggle room when it comes to top and bottom spacing, if your lettering appears on a banner or similar background. Make sure that you finish the lettering before finishing up the banner, so that if you have the option of adjusting the size or layout of the banner to better frame the text should it get off kilter. If you tattoo the banner first, you will be unable to make any changes if you notice that the spacing is off.
Technology has changed how lettering is done. In the past, the artist would hand draw the letters either by sight or by using a stencil. In this case, a stencil is a hard, thin material with a design cut out that can be traced, not the stencil applied to the client’s skin to transfer a design. These stencils are still used for design, but the sheer number of design programs available to artists these days makes them unnecessary. Unlike stencils, a computer program can change the size and angles of the letters. The program can switch fonts and capitalization easily, twist the words into different shapes, and show what different colors and effects will look like, all before the artist draws a single stroke.
Technology hasn’t removed the need for the artist, however. No matter how fancy computer designing gets, the artist’s eye for design, weight, flow, and balance will still be critical to designing quality art. Also, the artist will still need to actually perform the tattoo, a practice that will always require considerable practice and talent.
If the lettering is done on an area of the skin that is quite curvy, there may be a need to apply the stencil (transfer) more than once. Sometimes, lettering is distorted on flesh in ways that are hard to visualize before the design has been applied, making it less legible than it should be. Simply remove the design, take note of the curves, and adjust the design accordingly so that the next stencil transfers in a more harmonious way.
Perhaps the most important aspect of lettering is the need to spell correctly. Run the text through a spell and grammar check on a word processing program if necessary. Be careful, however; if the word is spelled correctly for a different meaning of the word, the program may not catch the error. Double check every word and be sure it is exactly what the client wants.
Misspellings of common words will look ridiculous on a client’s skin, but misspellings of a client’s name, or the name of his or her loved one, can be heartbreaking.
Clients often request words or phrases in other languages. It is rare that the artist speaks or reads the language being requested, so most artists ask that the client bring in the proper spelling and wording of the requested lettering. It is harder to verify that these tattoos are accurate, so the artist should be very clear with the client that it is the client’s responsibility to ensure that the tattoo is correct. We usually have a client spell check the design 3 times: Check the sketch, the stencil, and again on the applied stencil before tattooing. It just takes a few moments, but can prevent a mis-spelling and the hassle of trying to correct / fix the mistake. |
The Makefile tells Cygwin to use the MSVC command-line compiler on the sources, but that --
cl.exe -- is not included in the PATH by default. Several other environment variables necessary for correct operation also have to be set.
You have two options:
1) In the start menu, under "Microsoft Visual Studio \ Visual Studio Tools", you will find several entries along the lines of "Visual Studio Command Line". Pick the one you want, and it will open a DOS box with the environment appropriately set.
2) Visual Studio provides a batch file,
<Path_to_MSVS>\VC\vcvarsall.bat. You call it with the desired target platform as parameter, e.g.
VC\vcvarsall.bat amd64, and it sets the environment appropriately. Use the environment variable
VS100COMNTOOLS (for Visual Studio 10, adjust number accordingly if using another version) to find that batch file. Note, however, that in Unix shells, a called script cannot set variables of the calling environment. Personally, I have my bash scripts set up a
.bat file with the call to
vcvarsall.bat and the to-be-executed command (in your case this would be
make), and then execute that
cmd /c <batchfile>. |
Best Answer: A hook is a sentence or phrase in the introduction that "hooks" or draws the reader in. Basically, it makes them want to keep reading. Good luck with the essay. Essay Tips: 7 Tips on Writing an Effective Essay | Fastweb Learning how to write an essay is crucial to admissions and scholarship decisions. Essay Tips: 7 Tips on Writing an Effective Essay | Fastweb Follow these steps when writing an essay, whether you're writing a college application essay, a scholarship application essay or a class essay. What Are Some Ways of Writing a Hook for an Essay ...
How to Write a Hook for a Persuasive Essay | PapersMaster
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Remember, the hook is just the beginning of your essay, but it can still be a critical point. A truly good hook can make your writing interesting for anyone to read. Finally, if you are little experience designing hooks - or writing essays in general - do not forget that there are plenty of essay writing services (including ours) that can help ...
We are all but human, and none of us is safe from unforeseen circumstances of any sort. And such things often happen when you least expect them. How to Write a Good Hook for Your Essay Last updated: July 2019 “You have to make choices even when there is nothing to Ideas How to Write a Good Hooks for Essays The secret to terrific writing starts with a great beginning. Here's how to create hooks for essays that leave your reader spellbound. How to Write an Introduction for an Essay
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Hooks for expository writing are generally the same as for argumentative essays, yet if you are writing an expository essay in class, it can be difficult to recall a quote or a relevant fact, and thus you have to be creative. Rhetorical questions, anecdotes, catchy phrases are good hooks for expository essays. How to Write a Hook - Great Ideas for A+ Essay ... How to write a hook to interest a reader - Best hooks to start your essay with. Grab attention of your readers with the great topic or question you write. Make people read the entire story - Top examples to assure exciting reading for your audience. How to Get the Perfect Hook for Your College Essay
How To Write A Conclusion For An Essay, Essay Ending Guide
Great Ideas for A+ Essay - CustomEssayMeister How to write a hook to interest a reader – Best hooks to start your essay with. Grab the attention of your readers with a great topic! Learn how to write a good hook in this article. How to Write a Good Hook for Your Essay - bid4papers.com Essay Hooks Ideas. So, what types of opening lines can you use as a good hook for an essay? 1) Literary Quotes. This type of hooks works for essays about writers, literature phenomena, books, etc. Start your essay with a quote from books you review, and it will establish your authority as a writer. Essay Hook: 13 Effective Sentences to Start Your Paper Realize why you are writing this essay. If it is a paper on a complicated topic for a popular magazine, you can go funny and humorous, and your readers will love this approach. Yet, if you write a conference paper, be more formal. Good hooks must fit in your writing frame, your tone and style. The answer to the question is 'no.' How to Write a Hook for an Essay: Definition | Essay Service
Essay Hooks | Capture your Reader's Attention with Great ... |
|Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)|
|Right ascension||01h 19m 32.6s|
|Declination||+58° 17′ 27″|
|Distance||7.922 kly (2.429 kpc)|
|Apparent magnitude (V)||6.4|
|Apparent dimensions (V)||13.0′|
|Other designations||Owl Cluster, E.T. Cluster, Caldwell 13, Cr 12, Mel 7, OCL 321, Lund 43, H VII-42, h 97, GC 256,|
NGC 457 (also designated Caldwell 13, and known as the Owl Cluster, E.T. Cluster, Dragonfly Cluster, or Kachina Doll Cluster) is an open star cluster in the constellation Cassiopeia. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1787, and lies over 7,900 light years away from the Sun. It has an estimated age of 21 million years. The cluster is sometimes referred by amateur astronomers as the Owl Cluster, the E.T. Cluster (due to its resemblance to the movie character) or the "Skiing Cluster". Two bright stars Phi Cassiopeiae (magnitude 5) and HD 7902 (magnitude 7) can be imagined as eyes. The next brightest star is the red supergiant variable star V466 Cassiopeiae. The cluster features a rich field of about 150 stars of magnitudes 9-13.
- Frinchaboy, Peter M.; et al. (2008). "Open Clusters as Galactic Disk Tracers. I. Project Motivation, Cluster Membership, and Bulk Three-Dimensional Kinematics". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (1): 118–145. arXiv:0804.4630. Bibcode:2008AJ....136..118F. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/118. See table I, p. 12.
- "The Owl Cluster (Open Cluster)". Retrieved 2020-10-28.
- "NGC 457". Astronomy Magazine. Retrieved 2020-10-13. |
Skip to 0 minutes and 7 secondsWelcome to Week 3. In this week, we're going to explore the probabilistic aspects of shape modelling. We start in this video by discussing the marginalisation property. The marginalisation property of a Gaussian Process is the property that makes it not only a nice theoretical concept but actually a very practical tool that we can use for shape modelling.
Skip to 0 minutes and 36 secondsWe started exploring Gaussian Processes by modelling discretely-defined deformation fields using the concept of a multivariate normal distribution.
Skip to 0 minutes and 50 secondsWe then introduced a mean function and a covariance function which allowed us to generalise the concept of multivariate normal distribution through the concept of a Gaussian Process. The Gaussian Process provides us with a continuous representation.
Skip to 1 minute and 8 secondsFrom a conceptual point of view, we like it much better to work with the Gaussian Process. Somehow, it provides us a simple and compact definition in terms of just a mean function and a covariance function, which is nice to work with. It is more powerful. So we could theoretically model infinite dimensional distribution. But the most important point is actually that a Gaussian Process makes us independent of the discretisation of the shape.
Skip to 1 minute and 45 secondsNow, there is a question that we have to answer here. Because we're not only interested in mathematical beauty, but at the end of the day, we want to use shape modelling in practical applications which are implemented on a computer. Now, the representation as a multivariate normal distribution which is discrete is much better suited for such an implementation.
Skip to 2 minutes and 11 secondsLuckily, Gaussian Processes give us both the mathematical beauty plus a way to go to this discrete representation such that they become useful and practised.
Skip to 2 minutes and 26 secondsThis is thanks to a very special property of the multivariate normal distribution, which is called the 'marginalisation property.' Let us assume that we have two sets of random variable, a set x and a set y. And we model them using a joint multivariate normal distribution.
Skip to 2 minutes and 49 secondsNow, sometimes, we're interested in only the distribution of a set of variables let's say in the set of variables x. This is called the 'marginal distribution'. For general distributions, to get the marginal distribution, we would have to integrate out all the variables we're not interested in, which is often not possible. But when we have a multivariate normal distribution, this operation becomes really simple. Namely, we know that the marginal distribution is again a multivariate normal distribution and the mean and the covariance, they are just the corresponding blocks that we had in the joint distribution. So essentially, what we're doing is we're disregarding all the information that involves why.
Skip to 3 minutes and 47 secondsNow, this property can even be used to formally define a Gaussian Process, and it's easy to believe that the same property kind of holds for a Gaussian Process because a Gaussian Process is just a generalisation of a multivariate normal distribution.
Skip to 4 minutes and 8 secondsWe can formally define a Gaussian Process as a probability distribution over functions which has the property that, whenever we look only at the finite number of values here, x1 to xn then the distribution of these function values is a multivariate normal distribution. And the mean and the covariance is just obtained by evaluating the mean function on these points, x1 to xn. And the covariance matrix is obtained by evaluating the covariance function and all pairs of points. What this implies is that, if we define the Gaussian Process on a continuously-defined set of points, we can always go to a discrete representation by restricting the attention to a finite number of points.
Skip to 5 minutes and 6 secondsFor example, if you're only interested in getting the distribution for a set of landmark points, that's no problem. We can just do that, and we know that the distribution is a multivariate normal distribution where we have the mean and the covariance just obtained by evaluating the corresponding function at these points. Sometimes, we're also interested in a dense representation, and it's just the same. We just get the corresponding mean and covariance matrix directly from the process. And even sometimes, we just want to restrict the model to a part of the shape let's say the thumb. Also, this is no problem. We just get a corresponding multivariate normal distribution which gives us all the information about how these points are distributed.
Skip to 6 minutes and 3 secondsSince it's relatively simple to work with multivariate normal distribution and we know a lot about this type of distribution, we can also do interesting things with it. So for example, we can easily sample from a multivariate normal distribution.
Skip to 6 minutes and 23 secondsThis allows us to visualise shape variation. So what we would do is we would say what points we want to obtain samples from, we would compute the multivariate normal distribution, and then sample from that. And this gives us an impression, how do the deformations look that come from this shape model.
Skip to 6 minutes and 44 secondsWe can also use the multivariate normal distribution to compute probabilities. We can answer a question like 'what is a normal variation', or 'is a given variation still normal?' So for example, if we have the marginal distribution around this point x, then we can think that, if we ever observe a hand where the tip of the thumb actually goes out of the shaded area, then we know that it is improbable that this is a valid hand shape. And we can do that for actually many more points we can compute the marginal distribution around every point if I want. And this gives us something like a confidence region, which tells me something about the variance around each point.
Skip to 7 minutes and 36 secondsAnd I would know that, if a hand actually falls out of this grey confidence region, then it would be a very unlikely shape.
Skip to 7 minutes and 48 secondsI hope that you will be exploring more of these probabilistic concepts in the exercises using Scalismo Lab.
The marginalisation property
Gaussian Processes provide us with a mathematically elegant way of modelling shape deformations. As shape modelling is an application-oriented task, we are not primarily interested in mathematical elegance, but rather in obtaining practical algorithms.
Thanks to the marginalisation property, Gaussian Processes also satisfy this criterion. We will discuss how the marginalisation property allows us to obtain a discrete representation of the shape variation in terms of a multivariate normal distribution and how we can use this to obtain interesting information about the shapes that are represented by the model.
© University of Basel |
The causes of presbyopia is not well understood, but theories include a loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, or a loss of strength is the muscles that control the eye. Presbyopia is usually diagnosed after the age of 40, and can be present with other conditions, such as nearsightedness.
Presbyopia typically presents as difficulty seeing in low light conditions, eye strain, difficulty reading fine print and inability to see small details (such as needlepoint).
The most common presbyopia treatments are corrective lenses including glasses and contact lenses. Surgery is also available as a treatment for presbyopia. |
Bar graph worksheets for grade 1-3
Traditional bar graph, Stacked bar graph, Charts & Histograms.
Draw / Coloring bar graph, advance graphs for grade 3-5
Read bar graphs worksheets.
Bar graph worksheets for grade 1,2,3 kids.
Measurement worksheets for kids
Measurement worksheets for Kindergarten, grade 1-3
Mix Single digit subtraction worksheets
Double Digit subtraction in multiple ways
All level subtraction worksheets for kids from beginners to advance
Subtraction worksheets from basics to advance subtraction
Subtraction for early grade kids.
Various subtraction for beginners grade-1 kids
Subtraction for 2nd Grade kids with single & double digit subtraction.
Subtraction for 3rd, 4th and 5th Grades, print the html page for worksheet.
Basic subtraction worksheets for grade (1-2) kids.
Number of the day for the year, free printable math worksheets.
Number Word, Odd/Even Number, tally marks etc.
Number of the day, Todays Number, Todays Date etc.
Single digit addition worksheets contain standard addition drills, addition in either vertical or horizontal form
Single Digit Addition worksheets with Cut & Paste the correct answer
First grade worksheets use pictures & objects for students to conceptualize the addition
Learn the addition with games, Domino Addition, Addition with pictures, Addition with sentence and many more.
Addition & subtraction worksheets for early grade kids.
Addition worksheets for grade 1-2
Practice your multiplication skills with these sheets.
Fewer & More, Larger & Smaller, Greater than & less than to worksheets etc.
Compare Groups, Numbers, Compare height of objects etc.
Math basic comparing operators, equal to, less than & greater than.
Early introduction for division with pictures, division facts, division charts and tables.
Common Core Standards associated with these basic division worksheets
Learn basic division with single-digit divisors
Kindergarten Pattern Math worksheets
Determine pattern rules, continuing pattern rules, continuing visual patterns.
Collection of math pattern & sequences worksheets.
Mix worksheets for Patterns & Sequences worksheets
Multiplication worksheets for math skills practice
Picture Multiplication, simple multiplication, multiplication questions & illustrations etc. |
Preventing Mail Scams - How You Can Protect Against It
Congratulations! You are eligible for a pre-approved credit card; you have won a lottery ticket; you got free tickets for a vacation at XYZ… looks familiar? Almost everyone knows these are unsolicited junk emails that are intended for spam mailboxes. Emailing is a brilliant communication channel to keep abreast with the latest news and products along with keeping in touch with your acquaintances. However, there are many who get tricked and fall prey to email scams that feed on recipients’ emotions. Agreed that every email might not be malicious, it is equally true that phishing has been prevalent since the inception of the internet era. As the technology advances, cybercriminals also find new ways that appear to be legit and appeal to the need and greed of the recipient despite being fake. Spam emails that seem to be from government, financial corporations, charity or dating sites intend to elicit sensitive information and steal your identity or bank account.
The good news is that you can opt out from unwanted advertising communication by registering with consumer organizations at the cost of just a few dollars for a particular duration. It might seem difficult to outsmart the extraordinary cybercriminals but not impossible. With responsible behavioral practices and the intensification of protection against software/hardware vulnerabilities, you can shield yourself from mail scams. To avoid email/phishing scams you can follow these practices...
1. Test Before You Trust:
Spam emails can reach you in the form of a hoax virus alert, charity events or advertisements for gambling sites, dating, pornography etc. It is ok to be skeptical. You must always try to identify fake emails by looking for warning signs like a missing sender’s name, a mismatch in the subject line and actual content, misspellings, urgent offers, attachments and executable files, request to forward emails to win money, etc. Alternatively, you can check if such email already is listed on the internet for scams/spam.
2. When in Doubt Contact the Sender (person/organization):
Many times scam emails seem so real that even a seasoned IT professional might get tricked. The email may appear from known sources like the tax department, bank or your friend. If you find something fishy about the email just pick up your phone and contact the sender to cross verify.
3. Control Impulsive Clicking of Hyperlinks:
The intelligent marketers want their audience to perform actions without thinking or raising alarm bells. If something seems to be off, listen to your guts. Do not click on links immediately. It’s not rude to be reluctant to click links or download attachments. Smart skeptics look for what the sender is asking you to do and slow down before acting.
4. Regularly Educate Yourself About Recent Scams:
It becomes easy to handle phishing attacks if you already know about them. Use reliable educational resources that keep you updated about current scams. Also, it is important to get continuously educated about the technology and techniques to prevent yourself from them.
5. Register with Consumer Reporting Companies:
In most countries, consumers can opt out from advertising emails with two options; permanently or for a specific time period. For e.g, if you live in the US you can register at the Direct Marketing Association's (DMA) consumer website and opt out from prescreened offers. This might be done for a yearly nominal charge of about 2 - 3 USD.
6. Verify the Site URL on Address Bar:
It is important that the website you are visiting is secured, especially if you intend to exchange confidential details over the internet. Make sure the website URL always begins with HTTPS and not just HTTP. “S” stands for secured as the data is transmitted through a legit and secure channel.
7. Avoid Sharing Personal details on Pop-Up Windows:
Always remember that unless the popup is from one of your trustworthy sites, it could be designed for phishing attacks. It would be great to block the pop-ups altogether in that case. Pop-ups are the most notorious tools used by phishers with an evil agenda so avoid entering any sensitive information there like your date of birth, social security number, etc.
8. Follow Standard Cyber Security Precautions:
Apart from avoiding the above mistakes it is always better to adopt a defensive mechanism to deal with mail scams. You can follow standard security measures like multi-factor authentication for all emails, setting strong, unique and random passwords, etc.
9. Backup System Copies:
Creating backup system copies serve as a recovery mechanism in undesired circumstances. Backing up your system protect you from phishing attacks as you can restore the data instantly.
10. Always Install Firewalls and Update the Anti-Virus, Anti-Spy and Anti-spam Software:
Reliable firewall protects against malicious codes infecting your system. Similarly, the latest versions of anti-spyware, antivirus software can help identify fake content and virus attacks by sending alerts from time to time.
Using common sense, not falling prey to our own greed and acting sensibly after receiving fake emails can take care of most scammers. In this digital era, the threat of falling prey to cybercrime is higher than ever and it is our duty to protect ourselves from it. Following the steps above can distance us from email scammers and provide us with the much needed peace of mind. |
Injuries are always a possibility in any type of physical activity. From concussions from a football game, breaking a limb in a bike accident, to straining back muscles while doing yard work, it can feel like a crisis is just one error in movement away. Though some injuries are unavoidable, some can be easily prevented by wearing protective gear, staying alert, choosing an appropriate level of difficulty in sports challenge, and stretching beforehand.
Seeking out the guidance of a licensed chiropractor can be a pertinent step in achieving a safer exercise routine. Regular visits to a chiropractor can help treat and sometimes prevent musculo-skeletal injuries. A chiropractor can advise their patients on safety practices to avoid injury to the body while participating in sports activities. Often they have knowledge of the latest innovations in protective gear. They can also assign exercises to increase core strength and prevent spinal damage.
Since ancient times, chiropractic principles have been used to help individuals alleviate their back pain. The last 50 years have brought drastic improvements to the field of spinal care.
Modern-day chiropractic doctors use an instrument known as an Activator to make adjustments to the vertebrae. The chiropractor can use this hand-held device to precisely adjust a specific area of the patient’s spine without causing them virtually any discomfort.
The Impulse IQ is another popular tool used in adjusting the spine. The groundbreaking technology used in this small but mighty tool enables chiropractors to not only make adjustments to the vertebrae, but loosen up spasmodic muscles as well. This is a crucial feature since muscle spasms often are responsible for pulling the spine out of alignment and causing significant pain.
Many chiropractic offices now offer sports massages to their patients. Sport massages focus on relieving over-worked muscles and sore backs from rapid, repetitive motion. It can be beneficial for athletes to go in for a massage prior to major physical activity. Sports massage has been shown to enhance flexibility, decrease muscular fatigue, and prevent injuries caused by tension and diminish post-game pain.
Accidents can occur in any sports activity, but even more dangerous injuries can occur when participating in extreme sports.
A physical activity is determined to be an extreme sport if even professionally trained athletes in optimum health are at high risk of being seriously or fatally injured while performing the activity. Examples of extreme sports include but are not limited to: skiing, snowboarding, jetskiing, motocross, mountain biking, rock climbing, parasailing, parachuting, hang gliding, surfing, skating, and skateboarding.
The interest in extreme sports has drastically increased in the last few years, and with it the increase of sport-related trauma to the neck, spine, and head. Fortunately while exercise-induced injuries have escalated over the years, so has medical knowledge and experience in treating these kinds of incidents.
If a sprain or fracture seems likely, a doctor may order diagnostic testing on the suspected damaged part of the body. X-rays, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, or CAT (computerized axial tomography) scans are some of the common methods of determining if there has been a critical internal injury.
Some extreme sports are so perilous one would assume they would be illegal, but they’re not. Base jumping is among the riskiest of extreme sports. In this particular high-octane activity, participants jump from a structure or cliff and have a very limited amount of time to open their parachute.
Mount Everest has become a prime location for adrenaline seekers looking for a new leaping point. One in sixty athletes are fatally wounded in the jump.
Even though an athlete may have a wealth of experience in the specific sport they perform, there still remains a high level of risk. Though some accidents result in injuries that can be improved with medical care in time, others can be life-altering.
In 2009, a U.S. Olympic snowboarder named Kevin Pearce was severely injured while training for the upcoming competitions. He was practicing a stunt, when he sustained a traumatic injury to the head. After coming out of a coma, he was told he probably would have life-long cognitive issues and might never be capable of walking or talking again. He endured years of intensive physical therapy to regain his ability to perform activities of daily living and today he is back on the slopes snowboarding again.
Bicycle Motocross athlete Stephen Murray nearly died in Maryland at the 2007 Dew Tour after he attempted a back flip on his bike that went terribly wrong. He crashed head first, breaking his neck. After being revived on the track, he underwent several surgeries to repair his broken vertebrae. Despite the multiple operations and rehabilitation, he remains in a paraplegic condition to this day.
It’s essential to be cautious when participating in any type of vigorous activity or extreme sport. Individuals must be wary of performing in any activity that may be outside of their ability and skill level. A medical doctor or chiropractor can help patients gauge what is an appropriate sport and what may be too risky, as well as shed some light on how to avert bodily damage while playing advisable sports. |
1871 – Church of the Sacred Heart, Kilmoyley, Co. Kerry
Design published in 1868, but the foundation stone was not laid until 1871, with dedication in 1873. “Our principal illustration with this No. is a view of the Catholic Church to be built near Ardfert, for the Rev. Father O’Donoghue, from designs by Mr. G.C. Ashlin, architect of Dublin. The plan consists of nave, chancel, porch, and one aisle, the length being 100 feet, and the width 40 feet. The nave is separated from the aisle by an arcade of 6 arches, with marble shafts, carved caps and moulded bases. The roof of the nave will be open timbered, and that of the chancel will be panelled with wooden ribs, the panels to receive decoration hereafter.” The Irish Builder, December 15 1868. |
A Statement from Bishop Benfield
Do Justice, Love Kindness, Walk Humbly
Read the Bible, especially Micah 6:8: “What does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?”
Our nation is currently suffering the effects of what is truly its original sin: human greed that has manifested itself through four hundred years of self-serving racial superiority, the ownership of human beings, and an ongoing economic inequality that praises profits above all else and tries its best to keep people of color and the poor marginalized.
Why is this statement necessary, here and now? The Episcopal Church in Arkansas unfortunately has a history of being complicit in the sin of racism, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. Here are some facts.
- The first Episcopal priest ordained in Arkansas, William Stout, was a major slaveholder with plantations at the foot of Petit Jean Mountain. During the Civil War he left his family in Arkansas, while taking a majority of his 151 slaves to Texas to protect his investment.
- In 1903 the then bishop of Arkansas determined that the races must be separated for the greater good of the church, and thus the Episcopal Church in Arkansas was segregated.
- Arkansas made progress in 1917 in electing Edward Demby as the Episcopal Church’s first African American bishop to be ordained on U.S. soil. The unfortunate side to the story is that many people hoped that he could organize our black congregations so that they could eventually form their own denomination, thus leaving the Episcopal Church to white people.
- In the early part of the twentieth century, the murder of several black Arkansans was planned, in part, in an Episcopal church building.
- In 1932 the search for a new bishop in Arkansas resulted in the election of someone generally perceived as a racist. The black members of the clergy were not allowed to receive Holy Communion with the white delegates at that electing convention. Told to go to the basement instead. The uproar was so fierce that the larger Episcopal Church refused to give consent to Arkansas’s election. That is a very rare occurrence.
- Eventually, during the Civil Rights era, our church’s well-intentioned effort to integrate churches resulted in the closing of our historically black congregations and inviting their members to join our white congregations. In an act of unintentional racism, we were making it known which congregations we saw as more important.
It is important not to remain silent. To say nothing now would be to add another chapter to our diocesan history. We need to face racial discrimination in America and in our own diocese, and take actions to change the structures that perpetuate racial and economic inequality. To use the imagery of Old Testament prophets, sometimes the church has to stand at the city gate and say some hard things.
The overarching, consistent message of the Bible is compassion: the very mercy, justice, and humility that Micah proclaimed as a prophet. The overarching, consistent message of Christianity is resurrection: to seek and serve the risen Christ in all persons. We Christians are called to step into the breach through our own lives and actions and proclamations.
I encourage you to use the resources on this page as we pursue this necessary work as a diocese, as congregations, as families, and as individuals.
Larry R. Benfield
Bishop of Arkansas |
It is one thing to be sitting in an office setting day in and day out at a young age, free of bodily ailments. It is another matter entirely if you are expected to do your job while battling acute or chronic pain. For this article, we’re specifically talking about sciatica.
What is Sciatica?
Sciatica is the medical term used to describe pain or irritation caused by the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in our body that starts at the lower back and lines the leg and foot.
When the sciatic nerve is pinched or compromised, pain can radiate throughout the lower back, hip, and leg.
Symptoms of sciatica
Sciatica can include any number of the following symptoms:
- Pain, tingling, and/or numbness throughout the leg or isolated to portions of the leg (i.e. the thigh)
- Pain in the back, buttocks, hips, or leg
- Increased pain to the back, hips, and legs with prolonged sitting
- Increased pain with bending forward at the hips
Symptoms will not be the exact same for every individual with sciatica.
Pain can be described as radiating, dull, or even inflammatory and can either surface sporadically or remain constant throughout the day.
Chronic sciatica can cause disruptions in an individual’s ability to walk or to do simple day-to-day tasks.
Does sitting cause sciatica?
Sitting down does not necessarily cause sciatica.
However, lengthy amounts of sitting with little to no movement to break your position up can directly flare sciatic pain.
Our spines are made up of boney processes called vertebrae, and in between those bones are visceral, fluid-filled discs.
The spine is the source for the innervation of the entire body.
If the discs are flattened to the point of cellular damage (such as seen in prolonged sitting), then nerves including the sciatic nerve are pinched off.
As a result, pain and/or abnormal sensation can be felt throughout the joints and muscle tissue of the body.
If someone already has spinal damage, such as stenosis, bulging discs, or degenerated tissue/bone, sitting for long periods of time can worsen sciatica.
How to sit properly with sciatica
Most of us don’t have the option to walk out of our office jobs to find other career paths without chairs, we have to make the best of what we have. Believe it or not, there are safe ways to sit in an office chair in order to minimize symptoms of sciatica. Take a look at the following 3 positions:
In other words, this refers to the common “slouched” position that most medical professionals frown upon. In very rare cases of sciatic pain, sitting slouched might actually provide some relief. If you slump over in your chair, pressing your spine into the back of the chair like a C-shape then your hips are forced backwards. Temporarily sitting in this manner might minimize sciatic pain.
Sitting in a neutral, upright position means that you are sitting with your spine completely straight so that your hips don’t fall forwards or backwards. Think of your hips as a bucket full of water and you are trying to keep that bucket upright to prevent spillage. When sitting neutral, you aren’t necessarily pushing any portion of your spine into the back support and your tummy muscles should feel tight.
The extended upright position is when you tip your hips (or the bucket) forward by pressing your buttocks into the back support. This creates a space between the support of the chair and you lower (lumbar) back which can be further supported by a pillow or a rolled up towel.
How long does it take for sciatica go away?
This highly depends on whether or not an individual with sciatica has an acute or a chronic situation. Acute sciatica can be very painful, but symptoms are short-lived lasting anywhere for one to several weeks. Chronic sciatica is a lifelong condition in which there is no cure. If sciatica takes a chronic turn, then it becomes about best managing the pain so that you can still live your life.
How to relieve sciatica at the office
Aside from seeking out medical and rehabilitative help, there are a handful of small techniques to add to your bag of tricks that can be easily used in your office space. Examples include using hot/cold packs throughout the day, getting up an going for a short walk regularly, improving your sitting posture, practicing meditation or mindfulness techniques a few minutes per day, and taking short stretch breaks.
Stretching should be centralized around your spine and hips, but full-body stretching can be very beneficial in reducing sciatic pain.
Here are just a few stretch techniques that you can implement in your office space:
- Knee to opposite shoulder: Lie on your back and pull one knee at a time up with your hands, pulling towards the same side shoulder and then slowly pulling the knee towards the opposite shoulder.
- Sitting spinal stretch: Sit on the floor with both legs straight in front of you and feet together. Cross one leg over the other, planting the foot in place. Twist your spine by placing the opposite elbow on your knee and placing the other hand behind you.
- Standing hamstring stretch: This is that popular runner’s stretch where you stand and prop one foot up on a bench or other piece of sturdy furniture. Keeping the knee straight, reach for your toe to produce that stretching sensation in the back of your thigh.
- Sitting pigeon pose: Sit with your legs straight out in front of you. Cross one leg over the other and let that leg rest in a half-lotus position. Reach forward for the toe that is still stretched out.
Hot & cold packs
Alternating hot and cold pack use can be extremely helpful in temporarily relieving muscle pain. Hot packs increase blood circulation to muscle tissue while cold packs calm the nerve endings to reduce pain.
Your doctor may prescribe you with anti-inflammatory or NSAID medication such as Ibuprofen or Aleve. Take only the recommended dose in order to avoid digestive side effects.
Taking regular standing breaks
Avoid sitting throughout your entire work day by purposefully standing up regularly. This might take some active, mental techniques on your part because it is easy to get swept up in office work obligations.
Going on a walk is one of the easiest ways to relieve sciatic pain because it decompresses the nerve and allows it to do its job. If walking alone does not help, talk to your doctor or a physical therapist about exercises that you could use to strengthen your joints and muscles.
Consider an ergonomic chair
If your office chair is not cutting it, talk to your employer about investing in an ergonomic chair. The best ergonomic chairs on the market allow you to accommodate your sitting position in multiple ways and to your liking. On that note, consult with your doctor about what type of highlights you should look for an ergonomic chair prior to making a purchase.
Consider an orthopedic seat cushion
Besides ergonomic chairs, there are numerous options to choose from when it comes to orthopedically designed seat cushions. Such cushions are made up of soft, contouring material that may provide you with some relief to your lower back buttocks, and hips.
Driving with sciatica
Let’s talk briefly about employees who do not have office jobs, but are still subject to lengthy periods of sitting: drivers. This includes jobs like driving buses, taxis, or commercial trucks all day long. There are some precautions you can take if you are obligated to drive with sciatic pain:
- Keep your head on the head rest as best as possible.
- Maintain a slight space between your lower spine and the back support by propping with a pillow or a rolled towel.
- Keep your hands at 9 o’clock and 3 o’clock on the steering wheel
- Use the foot rest that is installed on the left side in most vehicles. That way, both feet can be kept in approximately the same position for the duration of the drive.
- Position your heel under the gas pedal and not between the gas pedal and brake pedal when resting.
Is massage good for sciatica?
The answer is yes, if done correctly. There are some massage therapists and other specialists who are very familiar with sciatic nerve compression and how to treat it via massage. The key is to find someone who will cause more good than damage. If you have an unlicensed but well-intentioned friend who gives you a sciatic-related massage, then there is a risk for increased pain and immobility. Consult with a specialist who is well-versed in the body’s musculature and innervation patterns.
Working with sciatica is possible if you can take the precautions and proactive steps to manage your pain on a daily basis.The source of sciatic pain will not be the same for everyone, so it is extremely important to talk to your physician before revamping your lifestyle. |
Resistance heat and heat pumps
Though all PTACs cool a room the same way, there are two distinct ways a PTAC heats a room: via heat pump or via resistance heat.
Resistance (Electric) Heat:
Resistance heat units work by passing an electric current through wires to heat them. Resistance heat units require a smaller initial investment, but can result in higher energy costs when used for prolonged periods of time.
Heat pumps work in a similar manner to an air conditioner, except by reversing the cooling process to circulate warm air. Heat pumps use less energy than resistance heat models, but require a larger initial investment. All packaged terminal heat pumps also incorporate resistance heat technology that can help maintain room temperature when the outside temperature drops below the minimum operating threshold for a heat pump.
Heat pumps are suggested for cooler climates where the need for heat is greater; you’ll see a return on the initial higher investment in about a year. All climate zones within the U.S. will realize some energy cost savings by choosing a heat pump model, but the payback will vary by location. |
Lincoln’s Land-Grant Legacy Alive in Los Angeles
I’m a week behind schedule in celebrating the 200th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, but in the spirit of “better late than never” I decided to write a Lincoln-themed post anyway. As former Presidents go, Lincoln’s been getting more than his share of attention since the recent election of another Senator from Illinois. Among his many enduring legacies, Lincoln helped to create the national extension movement that continues to serve our country to this day. By signing the 1862 Morrill Act into law, he made it possible for states to open public universities that would provide education for the average person, focused on agriculture and other practical subjects.
The Morrill Act offered states a grant of federal land to finance a new university. These new institutions of higher learning became known as land-grant universities, and were charged with helping the nation improve its agricultural production to feed a rapidly growing population. Over time it was clear that the new land-grant campuses needed to take their information out into communities where it could help people most directly. By 1914, each state's land-grant university had county-based extension offices in place to share research-based knowledge at the local level.
Here in California, our land-grant institution is the University of California. There is a University of California Cooperative Extension office in most counties in California, funded in partnership with the local county and the US Department of Agriculture. UC Cooperative Extension takes information developed at the UC campuses and makes it available to local communities. We also conduct applied research to address local problems. We focus our efforts on the themes of good nutrition, a healthy environment, gardening, agriculture, and positive youth development. |
Bio-enzyme Trials Point To Processing Cost Savings
Cotton Incorporated, Cary, N.C., and DuPont Industrial Biosciences — a business unit of Wilmington,
Del.-based DuPont — recently reported the results of a joint trial in which they evaluated the
effectiveness of biobased enzymes in preparing cotton knit textiles, compared to the effectiveness
of traditional processing chemicals. The trials showed that a combination of biobased enzymes can
replace caustic chemicals in cotton textile processing, while at the same time reducing water and
energy consumption and processing time.
On average, reductions included 70 percent of water, 33 percent of steam, and 27 percent of energy across all shade ranges. Cost reductions using the bio-optimized process averaged 66 percent. Time savings ranged from 23 percent for dark shades to 30 percent for light shades.
Used in combination, bio-enzymes for scouring, bleaching and dyeing reduce water usage because the same water bath can be used for more than one process, said trial supervisor Mary Ankeny, director of dyeing research, Cotton Incorporated. Energy reductions stem from the fact that textiles can be prepared at significantly reduced temperatures when bio-enzymes are used in an optimized process compared to using traditional chemicals in traditional processes. |
Administrative Tribunals and ordinary Courts constituted by the Court. Administrative tribunals are not full-fledged Courts. Administrative tribunals and ordinary courts both are adjudicating bodies.
Dictionary meaning of Tribunal -
Tribunal means a seat or a bench upon which a Judge or judges it in a court., "a Court of Justice. But actually, this meaning is very wide as it includes even the ordinary courts of law, whereas, in administrative law this expression is limited to adjudicating authorities other than ordinary courts of law.
Definition of Tribunal -
It is not possible to define the word Tribunal preciously and scientifically. Tribunal is an administrative body which exercises the power to adjudicate. Tribunals are not regarded as ordinary Courts. Administrative Tribunal is similar to Court in certain aspect. Both of them are constituted by state. Both of them are invested with judicial powers and have a permanent existence. Administrative Tribunal and court both deal with the dispute and finally decide disputes between the parties which affect the rights of the subjects
Characteristics of Administrative Tribunal -
Administrative tribunals are not full-fledged court .supreme court has laid down that tribunal must have the following characteristics-
1) Administrative tribunal is the creation of a statute and thus, it has a statutory origin
2) It has some of the trappings of a court but not all.
3) And Administrative tribunal is entrusted with the judicial powers of the state and thus, performs judicial and quasi-judicial function, as distinguished from pure Administrative or executive function and
is bound to act judicially.
4) An Administrative tribunal possesses power of a court; with regard to procedural matters, e.g to summon witnesses, to administer oath, to copal production of documents, etc . thus, administrative tribunal is vested with all power of civil court.
5) An administrative tribunal is not bound by strict rules of evidence and procedure.
6) The decision of most of the tribunals are in fact judicial rather than administrative is as much as they have to record findings of the facts objectively and then to apply the law to them, it is to be exercised objectively and judicially.
7) Most of the administrative tribunals are not concerned exclusively with the case in which the government is a party; they also decide disputes between two private parties, e.g election tribunals, rent
tribunal, industrial tribunals, etc.on the other hand the income tax tribunal always decides disputes between the government and the assesses
8) Administrative tribunals are independent and they are not subject to any administrative interference in the discharge of their judicial or quasi-judicial function.
9) The prerogative writs of certiorari and prohibition are available are against the decision of administrative tribunals.
10) It is required to sit in public
11) Party may be represented by the legal practitioner but not as of right
12) Members of the tribunals are qualified to be judges Thus, taking into account the function being performed and the powers being exercised by administrative tribunals we may say that they are neither exclusively judicial nor exclusively Administrative bodies, but are partly administrative and partly judicial authorities.
1. Distinction/Difference between Codifying Statutes and consolidating Statutes
2. Difference/Distinction Between A Court and Tribunal
3. Difference Between Summary Suit and Ordinary Suit (Regular Suit)
4. Caveat (Section 148-A of The Code of Civil Procedure)
5. Appointment of Receiver (Order 40 Civil Procedure Code) |
Use and Abuse of Computer
Importance of Computer in Our Life
Introduction: We live in an age of science. Science is inventing wonder after wonder-magic after magic like ‘ALADIS’ magic lamp. It has made impossible possible. We feel the impact of science almost in every walk of our life. The computer is one of the most wonderful inventions of modern science. The computer has come forward to work as a substitute for a human brain.
The invention of the computer: the computer is the fairly recent invention of modern science. It has brought about a revolutionary change in the history of human civilization. Of course, it was not invented overnight. It took to invent the computer. The computer was invented by an English mathematician called ‘Charles Babbage’. He invented two types of the computer called analytical engine and differential engine in 1830. But these two computers were not perfect. Later, Professor Howard akin to Harvard University invented the modern computer in 1944.
Components of computer: computers have five major components: 1) input unit, 2) output unit, 3) memory unit, 4) control unit, 5) arithmetic unit. They mainly perform the functions of addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, and comparison. There are three processes of the functioning of a computer. A) Receiving data, b) computing data and c) emitting data. Electronically computers are of two basic types: analog and digital. Analog computers deal with physical qualities and digital computers deal with numbers. Every computer has a language of its own which is called a programming language. Machine language is not fixed. It varies from machine to machine.
Uses of computers: the computer works wonderfully and effectively. The fastest computers can handle millions of problems in a few seconds. It can solve complex mathematical problems quickly and accurately. It can also perform many operations at one and the same time without any confusion. Many are the uses of the computer in our life.
Educational sector: the computer is the most important media of education in developed countries. The students in developed countries use a computer to prepare their study materials. They learn many a thing within the shortest possible time. The results of various examinations are prepared accurately with the help of computer within the shorts span of time. The results of various examinations are prepared accurately with the help of computer within the shortest span of time.
Medical sector: the computer has opened a new era in the field of medical science. Nowadays it is used to diagnose diseases. Many critical operations are done successfully with the help of a computer. It is used to grind stones normal pathological tests.
Agricultural sector: computers are also used in the field of agriculture especially in the developed countries. A farmer sitting in his house can complete the whole process of cultivation starting from the sloughing of the land to the thrashing of corn. What is he to do? He is simply to put on the switch.
Commercial sector: nowadays trade, business, and commerce cannot be thought of without a computer. It works wonderfully in this respect. It is used in preparing documents, making a list of storing up information and preparing budget etc. The value of currency and price of any share can be known instantly by computer.
Printing sector: today printing cannot be thought of without a computer. It is an indispensable part of printing. A book which needed more than two months to get composed and published by a letterpress now need not more than two days by computer within a very short time.
Industrial sector: the computer has made its way to enter into the industrial sectors too. It is used in developed countries to run mills, factories, and industries. Trains and planes are also run by computer.
Banking sector: a modern banking system could be impossible without a computer. The computer keeps accounts, processes bank checks, carry out fund transfers and other operations. It also checks income tax returns.
Translation sector: the computer is also used in the translation sector. It has been used in Soviet Russia in translating the news of the Soviet newspaper the ‘Pravda’ since 1990. It has thus paved the way to enrich the storehouse of knowledge by translating from one language to another.
Source of income: the computer has also created a source of income. Many developed and advanced countries have got engaged in the computer business. They earn a lot of foreign currency by exporting software and hardware.
Other sectors: computer has brought new speed and accuracy to weather forecasting. Space exploration would be impossible without a computer. It can play chess or even compose music. This why many people call it is an “electronic brain”.
The computer in Bangladesh: the computer has become very much popular in Bangladesh. It has already occupied an important place in the mind of the people. Our young generation is very much conscious of computer education. They are receiving training in computer learning with great enthusiasm. To need their increasing demand for computer learning, many training centers have been set up. It is now being used in many important offices for various works. It is also being used in the banking sector, printing sector, industrial sector, the agricultural sector and the like. The computer as a subject has been introduced to our schools and college. Thus Bangladesh has progressed much in many-sided words of life and living. The day is not far to come when we shall use a computer in every sphere of our life. It is expected that the use of the computer will go a long way to solve many of our hitherto unsolved problems. Our governments already had taken the decision to set up digital campus all over the country with a slogan ‘be science-devoted and march forward’. We hope that Bangladesh will be able to step into a new era called ‘digital Bangladesh’.
Demerits: there is nothing on earth which is an unmixed blessing. The computer is not also free from dark sides. It causes separative diseases and weakens the eye-sight of the operators. The most dreadful effect of using a computer is the creation of unemployment problem. It is just like stabbing in the throat of a dying patient and putting him to death. Still then, the computer is the dire necessity of the day.
Conclusion: the computer is really a great blessing for making. We cannot think of our life today with the existence of a computer. Let me quote the words of P.B Shelley,
“The triumphant of a prophecy, O’ wind,If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” |
Sources and Absorbability
By Cathy DeHaan - Twin Beaks®
While most bird keepers are aware of the repercussions of a calcium-deficient diet, many are uninformed of the dangers of too much calcium. Excess calcium from supplements, fortified foods and high-calcium diets, can cause the "milk alkali syndrome," which has serious toxicity and can be fatal. Excessive calcium intake can lead to hypercalcaemia (an elevated calcium level in the blood), complications of which include vomiting, abdominal pain and altered mental status.
- High calcium intakes can lead to constipation, an increased chance for developing calcium kidney stones, and may inhibit the absorption of iron and zinc from food.
- Too much calcium can cause the shell glands in the uterus to over-produce calcium, sometimes making the shells to adhere to the uterus, making it difficult (if not impossible ) for the hen to lay the egg.
Symptoms of Hypocalcaemia (low calcium) are:
- Poor eggshell formation
- Poor bone health
- Unhealthy heart
Symptoms of Hypercalcaemia (elevated calcium levels) are:
- Calcification of the kidneys
- Chicks unable to hatch out of shell
- Abdominal pain
Twin Beaks® Aviary's practice of allowing birds free choice (what, when and how much) is especially conducive in regards to proper calcium intake, as problems can arise from both providing too little and too much calcium in their diet.
Food sources of Calcium for your bird are:
- Dark green, leafy vegetables
- Dandelion (found in abundance in Herb Saladtm)
- Oatstraw (found in abundance in Herb Saladtm)
- Marshmallow root
Popular supplemental sources of Calcium for your bird are:
- Oyster shell
- Cuttlefish bone
- Mineral block
*Transporter proteins in eggshell calcium significantly enhance bioavailability making eggshell calcium 20% more absorbable than other forms of calcium carbonate.3 In addition, natural ultra-refined eggshell calcium avoids typical digestive discomfort. 4
Adequate vitamin D3, phosphorous and magnesium intake is necessary to enable proper calcium absorption. Commercial supplements and additives are one way of providing these nutrients, a natural and organic diet plus sufficient sunlight, is another.
Several rich sources of magnesium for your bird are:
- Sunflower seed
- Darkgreen, leafy vegetables, i.e. broccoli, spinach
- Corn and cornmeal
- Oatstraw (found in abundance in Herb Saladtm)
- Plantain (also found in abundance in Herb Saladtm)
Vitamin D is naturally available in only a few foods. It can be difficult to get all the vitamin D needed from food alone. Full spectrum lighting such as blacklights and Vita-Lites provide effective and adequate supplementation to sunlight.
Sources of Vitamin D are:
- Full-spectrum lighting**
- Fish oil
- Egg yolk
*While window glass absorbs a lot of the necessary ultraviolet radiation needed to form Vitamin D, sunlight does pass through glass. The Sun emits ultraviolet radiation in the UVA, UVB, and UVC bands, but because of absorption in the atmosphere's ozone layer, 98.7% of the ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is UVA. Ordinary glass is partially transparent to UVA but is opaque to shorter wavelengths. Ordinary window glass passes about 90% of the light above 350 nm, but blocks over 90% of the light below 300 nm. UVA (sunlight, blacklight) falls in the 400nm – 320-nm range. 5, 6, 7
**Incandescent lighting marketed as full spectrum can produce the same beneficial lighting as that produced by specially designed fluorescent bulbs. This is untrue: Incandescent lights provide a general lighting solution for work areas and living spaces. They are not full spectrum.
"Successful bird-keeping and breeding is quite possible through proper housing, complete, balanced, and natural-food diets, and appropriate mate selection." - Cathy DeHaan
- Ilan Gabriely et al, N Engl J Med, 1 May 2008, 358(18):1952
- 9/04 AZ1042 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE TUCSON, ARIZONA 85721
- Daengprok W, Garnjanagoonchorn W, Naivikul O, Pornsinlpatip P, Issigonis K and Mine Y: Chicken eggshell matrix proteins enhance transport in the human intestinal epithelial cells. (J Agric Food Chem 2003, 51:6056-6061)
- Schaafsma A and Beelen GM: Eggshell calcium is a comparable or better source of calcium than purified calcium carbonate. (J Sci Food Agric 1999, 79: 1596-1600)
- "Soda Lime Glass Transmission Curve
- "B270-Superwite Glass Transmission Curve" www.pgo-online.com/intl/katalog/curves/B270_kurve.html
- "Selected Float Glass Transmission Curve" www.pgo-online.com/intl/katalog/curves/whitefl_kurve.html
© Copyright 2008 Twin Beaks Aviary
Twin Beaks® neither encourages nor discourages the use of medicines, supplements or vitamins. We have just alternately chosen to practice prevention and provide naturally and organically, rather than man-made." - Cathy DeHaan |
The ability to communicate is an essential life skill and one that can be continually developed. Even if you are a naturally good communicator, there are always opportunities and ways to enhance your communication skills.
Communication is a complex two-way process that can involve several iterations before mutual understanding is achieved. Communication takes place in many ways. You can communicate using words, symbols, pictures, graphics, voice, tone, facial expressions, clothing, and body language.
Most communication is a combination of these elements. By understanding how to use these elements effectively you can improve the way you communicate and achieve the best outcome for any situation. Whether speaking formally or informally, addressing a meeting, or writing a report, the basic principles of communication are as follows.
Know your audience
Communication should always be packaged to suit the listener’s level of understanding.
Know your purpose and topic
Make it clear whether you are delivering specific information, requesting information, or being social. Be aware of all the facts and details.
Anticipate objections and present a complete picture
Objections often arise due to misunderstandings. Communicate the benefits for both parties. Support your statements with evidence (e.g. statistics or testimonials).
Communicate a little at a time, then check the listener understands
Pause, ask questions, and give the listener an opportunity to ask questions.
Present information in several ways
What worked for one listener/reader may not work for another.
Develop practical, useful ways to get feedback
Feedback is the best way to evaluate the effectiveness of your communication.
In all areas of your life you will play many different roles in the communications process. At the highest level within this process you will either be the person instigating the exchange or the recipient of it.
Whichever one of these roles you play you will have a variety of options that will shape your communications and the level of preparation you are able to perform.
Those who instigate a communication will generally be performing one the following roles that will match the reason why the communication is taking place.
Communicator – you have a need to inform an individual about some aspect of their work or you require them to take on a task you need to delegate. You might need to persuade someone or a group to accept the topic of your communication and its implications or repercussions. The communication may, or may not, have been expected and you will be able to establish this by listening and observing the recipients’ responses.
Investigator – the reason for your communication is to find out some information or data that you need to make a decision. It can also be that you need to find out the latest status of a project or task.
Assessor – you have to assess how well someone, or a group, is performing their role or task. In this role you may be responsible for gathering and collating the data you collect as part of this communication process.
If you are the individual receiving the communication, then the role you will adopt during the exchange will fall into three broad categories:
Recipient – you need the information or data contained in the communication to ensure that you can complete your task or perform your job. Much of the communication in this role is of a general nature and its purpose it to keep you informed of organizational changes and progress.
Participator – this is the role you will often find yourself in. Your knowledge and skills are required in a discussion or decision-making process that has mutual benefit to those involved in the communication.
Antagonist – your viewpoint may be contrary to that of other person or people in the exchange and you want to ensure that those involved in the communication are fully informed of all issues in order to ensure that a well-reasoned decision or judgment is the end result.
With each of these broad roles you will alter your behaviors and method of communicating to suit the environment and circumstance. But whichever high-level role you find yourself performing you will also need to actively listen to the whole of the two-way exchange.
Communication and Active Listening
An important skill that all good communicators possess is their ability to actively listen. Developing the skill of actively listening during conversations enables you to avoid misunderstandings, confusion, and misinterpretations. It also ensures that you are always looking at the ‘big picture’ when communicating.
The basic principles of communication
- Know your audience
- Know your purpose and topic
- Anticipate objections and present a complete picture
- Communicate a little at a time, then check the listener understands
- Present information in several ways
- Develop practical, useful ways to get feedback
Individuals who are good communicators find it easy to develop empathy and trust with others. These people adapt their style of communication to suit the audience and situation they are presented with. |
Once beginning intermediate hurdlers become comfortable leaping the hurdles, they’ve got to develop a stride pattern that suits their abilities. A consistent stride pattern is essential for hurdlers to maintain their rhythm and momentum throughout the race. Otherwise, they’re just sprinting between hurdles and, at best, adjusting their strides as they approach the hurdles or, at worst, slowing down significantly and jumping – rather than striding – over each hurdle, and losing momentum as they do so.
A stride pattern is the number of strides a competitor takes between the hurdles. If the stride pattern is an odd number, the runner is using the same lead leg for each hurdle. An even number indicates a hurdler who’s alternating the lead leg.
The greatest intermediate hurdlers employ 13-stride patterns in their 400-meter race (beginning at the college level, the intermediate hurdles race is 400 meters long, as opposed to the common 300-meter (or yard) youth and high school intermediate race). Olympic gold medalists Edwin Moses and Kevin Young were among those employing 13-stride patterns. Other common patterns among high-level intermediate hurdlers are 13-14 alternating (13 strides between one set of hurdles, then 14 between the next, etc.), or a 13-stride pattern for eight hurdles, then alternating 14 and 13 for the ninth and tenth hurdles.
A good pattern for new hurdlers in the 300 intermediate boys race, for example, is 15-17. Runners take 15 strides between hurdles for the first five, then shorten their stride and use 17 for the final five hurdles, when they begin to tire. Hurdlers can also alternate all the way, between 15 and 16 strides. There are, however, many possible stride patterns for young hurdlers.
Adjust stride patterns to the intermediate hurdler’s ability
Generally, the fewer strides you take, the faster you’re running. Obviously, if one hurdler is running a 15-stride pattern and a second is doing a 13-stride pattern, the second runner has the advantage.
Nevertheless, less isn’t always more. A shorter runner, for example, will have to take more strides between the hurdles. One size doesn’t fit all. That’s why, all else being equal, a taller hurdler has the advantage in the intermediate race.
A new hurdler should count strides between the hurdles and establish a consistent stride pattern. Again, that doesn’t always mean taking the same number of strides between each hurdle. But the pattern as a whole should remain consistent from race to race.
Young hurdlers should practice running the pattern over and over. Repetition is just as important in the intermediate hurdles event as it is in the shot put or the long jump, for example.
In time, of course, a young hurdler’s stride pattern should change. With training, hurdlers should get stronger. With time, they may grow taller. These changes may require a pattern with fewer strides. Again, hurdlers’ stride patterns must be adjusted to their physical abilities.
Develop a pre-race plan
In competition, the hurdler should stick with the pre-race plan, and not panic, even if other runners pull ahead early in the race. Success in the intermediate hurdles requires running at a strong pace, but with a steady rhythm. Hurdlers must have blinders on, so to speak. If they get caught up in the race and start looking at somebody out in front, they risk disrupting their stride pattern.
Intermediate hurdlers, who must run around a curve, also have to pay close attention to wind conditions. They must not only understand how the wind will affect their stride pattern, but where in the race the wind will be in their face, and where the wind will be at their back.
If the wind is stiff enough, hurdlers should consider taking shorter strides – thereby adding strides to their pattern – when running into the wind. They can take fewer strides – or ease off just a bit – when running with the wind, in order to maintain their rhythm and their momentum over each hurdle.
Whatever the conditions, hurdlers must be mentally prepared with a race plan before the gun goes off, so they don’t panic during the event, no matter what type of conditions they face. |
Say hello to Squalus clarkae, otherwise known as Genie’s dogfish. This newly identified species of deepwater shark was named in honour of Eugenie Clark, a scientific pioneer who influenced an entire generation of marine biologists.
Few people have done more to improve the reputation of sharks in the public’s mind than Eugenie Clark, who died in 2015 at the age of 92.
Eugenie Clark takes measurements of a shark on the dock at Cape Haze Marine Lab. Image: Mote Marine Laboratory
Known as the “shark lady,” she founded the Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Florida, and was an early member of the American Elasmobranch Society. Among her many scientific achievements, Clark discovered several new species of fish, and learned that some species of shark don’t need to swim in order to breathe. She also conducted some of the earliest research into shark behaviour, showing they’re more than just mindless killing machines. Over the course of her career, Clark received numerous awards and honours, including a 1996 Emmy Award for her underwater films.
And now, fittingly, a newly discovered species of shark has been named in her honour, the details of which were published this week in the science journal Zootaxa.
“She is the mother of us all,” said Florida Institute of Technology biologist Toby Daly-Engel, the lead author of the new study, in a statement. “She was not just the first female shark biologist, she was one of the first people to study sharks.”
The new shark, christened Squalus clarkae, is a member of the dogfish family, which all tend to look alike. These modestly sized deep-sea creatures feature slow reproductive rates and low genetic diversity, making them difficult to study. Previously, marine biologists had mistakenly conflated S. clarkae with another type of dogfish, Squalus mitsukurii. But genetic testing and a thorough analysis of its physical characteristics revealed Genie’s dogfish, as it’s also called, as a distinct species deserving of its own name.
(A) Photo of an ddult female Squalus clarkae from the Gulf of Mexico, (B) sketch of an adult female S. clarkae. Image: M. O. Pfleger et al., 2018
“Deep-sea sharks are all shaped by similar evolutionary pressure, so they end up looking a lot alike,” explained Daly-Engel. “So we rely on DNA to tell us how long a species has been on its own, evolutionarily, and how different it is.”
Genie’s dogfish can be found in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the western Atlantic ocean. Compared to other dogfish, its distinguishing features include a longer body, a tighter gap between its eyes, a shorter caudal fin (its tail fin), and a differently proportioned first dorsal fin.
“This type of research is essential to the conservation and management of sharks, which currently face a multitude of threats, from overfishing and bycatch, to the global shark fin trade,” said Mariah Pfleger, a co-author of the new study. “Many fisheries around the world are starting to fish in deeper and deeper waters and unfortunately, much less is known about many of the creatures that live in the deep. The first step to successfully conserving these species that live in deeper waters, like Genie’s dogfish, is finding out what is down there in the first place.”
Thanks to the pioneering efforts of Eugenie Clark, who devoted her life to changing our conceptions of sharks, many people now recognize the importance of this preservation effort. [Zootaxa]
Featured image: MarAlliance |
The gates and the waiting station at the Crown Hill Cemetery at Indianapolis, Indiana, were designed by Adolph Scherrer in 1885—a busy year for him, as he was also supervising the construction of the Italian Renaissance-style Indiana Capitol building.
The gates are Gothic Revival. Gothic is a term that was adopted during the Renaissance to describe the architectural style that dominated European church construction from about 1150 to 1500 A.D. Italian writer Giorgio Vasari first used the term as a pejorative. He believed that architectural style was vulgar and blamed the “Goths” for destroying much of the ancient and classical buildings for the newer “Gothic” style buildings.
The Gothic-styled churches were meant to give the viewer a sense of height. The long thin pinnacles, the vaulted ceilings, and the pointed arches stretch upward toward the Heavens to touch the face of God. This was extreme architecture meant to be awe inspiring.
Here the gates mimic that sense of height and grandeur with elements found in traditional Gothic architecture. The pointed arch, a characteristic Gothic design was part of the transformation away from the Romanesque rounded arch and heavy design. It gives the gates a light airy feeling. Another feature common to Gothic architecture is the tracery decorating the arch. The triangles above the arches display quatrefoils—A Latin word that translates to four leaves, another common element in Gothic-style architecture.
The red brick building, built that same year, is the waiting station. Before everyone travelled in individual cars, they could ride a trolley to the cemetery. There they would wait for the rest of the funeral party to gather before entering the cemetery and following the casket together to the grave. The waiting station is trimmed in limestone with repeating Gothic arches framing the porch. |
A good writer is one you can read without breaking a sweat. If you want a workout, you don’t lift a book—you lift weights. Yet we’re brainwashed to believe that the more brilliant the writer, the tougher the going.
The truth is that the reader is always right. Chances are, if something you’re reading doesn’t make sense, it’s not your fault—it’s the writer’s. And if something you write doesn’t get your point across, it’s probably not the reader’s fault—it’s yours. Too many readers are intimidated and humbled by what they can’t understand, and in some cases that’s precisely the effect the writer is after. But confusion is not complexity; it’s just confusion. A venerable tradition, dating back to the ancient Greek orators, teaches that if you don’t know what you’re talking about, just ratchet up the level of difficulty and no one will ever know.
Don’t confuse simplicity, though, with simplemindedness. A good writer can express an extremely complicated idea clearly and make the job look effortless. But such simplicity is a difficult thing to achieve because to be clear in your writing you have to be clear in your thinking. This is why the simplest and clearest writing has the greatest power to delight, surprise, inform, and move the reader. You can’t have this kind of shared understanding if writer and reader are in an adversary relationship. (pp. 195–196) Source: O’Conner, P. (2003). Woe is I: The grammarphobe’s guide to better English in plain English. New York: Riverhead Books. Paraphrase this passage from O’Conner using no more than 75–100 words. Remember that paraphrasing means summarizing the essence of the original text. It does not mean creating a thesaurus-based revision of the author’s original words or copying the piece, or any part of it, word for word. For this activity, do not use any direct quotes. Turn your paraphrase into Grammarly and SafeAssign. Review your reports. Review the other tools, resources, and services available to you through the Walden Writing Center that support your growth as a scholarly writer. Consider which of these resources you find to be most useful. Review learning resources on APA formatting rules and information within the Walden Writing Center on APA
NB: We do not resell papers. Upon ordering, we do an original paper exclusively for you.
The post week 3 75 – 100 words follow instruction below must be done by December 21 at 7pm no plagiarism cannot be late appeared first on The Nursing TermPaper. |
The Goths were a violent East Germanic tribe of barbarians who proved to be a great nuisance for the Roman Empire from the 1970s to 1990s, primarily with their bad taste in music and dark eyeliner.
Origins and early history
The origin of the Goth tribe is described by Michaelus Jordanes in his Gothica:
"You surely remember that in the beginning I[who?] said [Citation not needed at all; thank you very much] the Goths went forth from the bosom of the island of Gothisatani with Berik, their king, sailing in only three ships toward the hither shore of Ocean, namely to Raidgothikland. One of these three ships proved to be slower than the others, as is usually the case, causing the crew of that ship to burst into hysterical whining, and thus is said to have given the Emo tribe, the wimpy offshoot of the Gothic tribe, their name, from in their language "Imawuss" which means 'Miserables Degenerates'".
Once in their new homes, the Goths soon lost what little unity they had and became bitter rivals trying to prove that their group were 'True Goths' and the others were really Crap-Saddo Couturists.
By the 1990s the Goths were divided into separate sub-tribes; the Romantigoths are found most commonly within Victorian England or between the pages of a particularly rambling poetry book, the Deathrockigoths lived in their local club (only ever found to be venturing out of their natural habitat in the instance of a large fire or natural disaster), The Tradi-Goths living in The Great Batcave (Infamous for their big hair and pointy boots), Pagan-Goths living in Lalaland, and the Minigothic kingdom was made in China. Two other Goth groups - the Ruritanigoths or Ostrogoths - who later ended up in Ruritania (Ostrogothreich in Ruritanische) - and the Visagoths who eventually moved to Spain to work in bars serving 'Sangria Azul' - Blue Blood Wine. A bit rare these days - most restaurants only provide the familiar Sangria Rosa - so remember to ask next time you are there. These Visagoths are sometimes hard to spot as they usually wear summery clothes to 'fit in' but if they have black eyeliner or studs through their lips you'll know them - they are the most secretive Goths but remember to check if they have valid Visas.
The South American Fascist state of Chile is under a false impression that they are of Gothic ancestry, but don't tell that to the Swedes or they will kick their Neo-Nazi brown mestizo butts in the most severe fashion.
Kinds of Goths in Gothic society
There are several types of goths in the different tribes:
1. Gawff - the common status of Goths, and by far the most numerous. Are usually farmers of gawffmuffins, a which is their main source of trade.
2.Gothic Warriors - The backbone of the Gothic military force, they often spend their time battling Mallgoths, fools or the Prepæ and especially Chavi, often by leaving their local nightclub home and invading a Mall. They are very organized, few can escape them with their dignity intact. They are such non-conformists that given the absence of traditional anti-Goth enemies, they are known to turn on themselves and engage in civil in-fighting.
3. Übergoths - These are the true patriots of the Gothic way. They [who?] will dress to the nines just to go out to get some milk at two in the morning (however, this is not early for them as Übergoths do not need to sleep. They survive on a combination of black coffee, cigarettes and narcotics). They are the nobility of the Gothic peoples.
4. Eldergoths and the Goði - These ancient ones were often once Übergoths and usually date back to the Mid or early 80's; the oldest even go back to the late 70's. They usually remain in their castles and live wise hermit-like lives, writing poetry as well as reading Poe and Lovecraft, in between throwing obscure quotations about left right and center, whilst hiding the beergut acquired from their younger clubbing ways. When the Gothic nations face great turmoil it is them who all will turn to for their wise advice.
5. Goths do not believe in 5, as their God Wodanaz does not like it... for some reason.
6. Kindergoths - Kindergoth, or Gothling, is the name for a child in the Gothic lands; they are sometimes affectionately known as Baby Bats. Kindergoths usually show great promise some day but in their naive youth often listen to crappy Industrial or Metal. However usually their Goth parent will steer them in the right direction: the leis of Bauhaus II, the epic sagas of Rozzaric Wilhelms The Christian Death-Bringer and SoM. Sometimes also called Sexgang Children, as a derogatory term. Young Goths can also be referred to as Über-Kindergoths if they are at an age where they fight in battle.
7. Spʉkikids - Often when a Kindergoths is in his teenage years he still cannot escape from the clutches of Poseur-dom, which usually results in a teenager masquerading that they are listening to The Mission UK, when in actuality they are listening to Cradle of Filth.
8. Week-olds or New-Bloods - the derogatory name given to new Goths in the beginning of a transition or that look like they have only been 'Goth' for a week. This is acceptable for Kindergoths and is considered for all intents and purposes, to be 'cute'. However when they reach a certain age Goths can be shunned for looking like this.
9. Invisigoths - Shadowy Goths that no one seems to notice; the spies of the Gothic tribes.
10. Trench Coat Goths - They wear trench coats and listen to metal. Fingerless gloves optional. Due to a certain high-tempered episode of free mass organ ventilation, goths try to distance themselves from them.
11. BDSM Goths - Attempts to fit into another subculture that is more acceptable to mainstream society.
12. Butter Troll - A lardass subspecies of goth, known for the smell of Cheetos and failure. The Butter Troll is the secret weapon of the Gothic hordes - when unleashed the Butter Troll will eat anything in its path...including other Goths!
13. Black Goths - Very rare and uncommon but Black goths are by far the most powerful. They do not like fried chicken or Kool-aide (not only because it would be conformist to do so, but also because they are Vegetarians) and are huge snobs. They tease poor people, because they're funny, and hate almost everyone (Emos, Preps, Normies, Jocks) besides other goths. A famous example is the old dude that beat the shit out of Alex in A Clockwork Orange.
14. Goth Girls - the non-conformist female ranks of Goth, both loved and feared at once by Gothmen. The fairest of these can further be subdivided into categories of: Hildegoths, Brunnegoths, Blondegoths, and Ghettogoths. Also rarer, the dreaded toothless, obese, monstrous grotesqueries known as Gothmahoth, commonly known as "fishcows" or "white whales" by those dastard conformists uninitiated in Gothick affairs.
Most historians believe the first Mallgoths may have been descended from the Romantigoths, and have brought much shame to the Romantigoths with this theory. These Mallgoths were groups of young rebellious Kindergoths and Spʉkikids who did not heed the word of the wise old Eldergoths. They had a violent revolution which resulted in the death of King Rozzaric Wilhelms The Christian Death-Bringer. Outraged the Gothic peoples banded together and drove out all of these "rebels" dubbing them posers and branding their buttocks with the letter P. These posers would wander the lands for a whole 10 minutes before stumbling upon a mall.
In that mall they lived, eating from the food courts and preying on unsuspecting Hollister shoppers. Soon they found refuge in a store called Hot Topic. Their kings arose, all form the great Nu-Metal and Industrial bands. Soon The Mallgoth lord Marilynatharic of Manson arose. Marilynatharic is the king of the Mallgoths to this day, and has been for 15 long years. Some say that Marilynatharic is undying, and shall forever. He urges peoples from the neighboring Kingdoms to hop on board with whatever is trendy with the angst-ridden Mallgoths, and then pay him tribute so he can feed his vast fortune.
The Mallgoths can be identified by their Hot Topic attire, often Baggy Asshole pants and sneakers as opposed to the leather/vinyl/PVC and pointy boots of the true Goths of the past. They are also fond of wearing their own ass as a hat, usually commemorating the former Mallgoth King only known as His Infernal Majesty, as well as makeup, like semen. They are known to put ridiculous amounts of poorly applied make up on, often in attempt to mimic The Crow, a hero from the Gothic sagas. This dates back to the era when those Kindergoths and Spʉkikids where being raised, and The Crow was instilled in them by true Goths like the great Goði Jamelanic Obarracar at a young age. They can often commonly be seen wearing tee shirts dedicated to Nu-Metal and Industrial bands like Slipknot, and Combichrist, who they will claim is Goth but is actually from another tribe entirely.
The following is a chart explaining the difference between Goth, and Mallgoth/Mallcore/Cyber/FauxEmo/wannabe.
|Smokes Cloves||Claims to do pot and brags about it on the internet||Claims to be "straight edge"||Injects self because they saw it on VF|
|Wears pointy boots or knee-high platform boots over skinny jeans||Wears obnoxiously large boots under tripp pants||Wears Vans and or Converses||Wears obnoxiously large PVC boots|
|Listens to Bauhaus and SoM||Listens to MM and HIM||Listens to Sunny Day Real Estate||Listens to obscure and awful EBM techno shit (and calls it Industrial)|
|Has teased Hrothberht Smiþ-esque hair or a Deathhawk||Is wearing a HIM beany||Has some lame outdated fringe||Is always wearing obnoxious huge colorful fake Cyberdreads|
|Wears finely applied makeup||Wears ridiculous amounts of awful make up in Crow or CoF patterns||Eyeliner (so 2005 amirite?)||Wears huge ridiculous looking Goggles|
|Wears Fishnets or Homemade Christian Death or Siouxsie shirts||Wears KoRn and Evanescance Tee shirts bought from Hot Topic||Also wears shitty post-hardcore and pop punk band shirts bought from Hot Topic||Wears whatever "FuckTheMainstream" is selling as a shirt|
|Wears Pleather or Leather pants, or homemade/customized jeans much like Dænælf Æsce||Wears Stupid looking jeans or Tripp Pants with pointless amounts of chains||Wears super tight hot topic jeans||Also wears stupid Tripp Pants with pointless amounts of chains|
|Is obsessed with Rozzaric Wilhelms and Andrew Eldritch||Is obsessed with Marilynatharic of Manson and Ville Valo||Is obsessed with Billie Joe Armstrong||Is obsessed with Timoric Skold|
|Evolved from punk in the late 70's and really died in the 90's, but needs to die, legit goths are the worst goths.||Was the result of Goth bands not being in the mainstream, but Goth stereotypes remaining in the mainstream. Reached height in late 90's/early 2000's.||Resulted from a bunch of fame craving cunts who sold out, and then had their corporate label use some random genre name, and picked Emotive Hardcore which died in the 90's, and used it to get stupid teenagers to buy their shit. Died somewhere around 2008 but we got the Scene kids, almost as bad.||Resulted from Goth losing its touch in the 90's so a bunch of people played EBM to draw more people in, and the poor little children got confused. And then started Vampirefreaks.com.|
Gothic culture is notorious for its themes of dark and macabre humor, fashion, and music, the latter of which was very prominent in Gothic culture. Many historians have described Gothic culture as having a dark romanticism theme to it and being very creepy overall. Black attire, which often also has spikes, is casually worn by both men and women. Dark colored clothing has an apparent sexual appeal in Gothic culture, and could include anyone in black, whether male or female, provided that the Goth in question is distinguishable from his or her shadow.
Dark eyeliner was also very popular amongst both sexes in Gothic culture, as was the color Blood Red. It is a well known fact that all Goths wear boots large and heavy enough to reduce your feet to 1nm fleshy pancakes if you are unfortunate to meet a particularly clumsy Goth, or are
brave stupid enough to insult their abysmal wonderful taste in music.
Loud, heavy music consisting of Goth/Batcave/Deathrock/Gothic Rock/Darkwave/Horror Punk/Psychobilly/Gothabilly is favorable to the Goths, as well as anything considered dark and creepy or of a Gothic theme.
Goths are known for their diversity of religion, including Heathenism, Atheism, Zoroastrianism and even Aryan Christianity. They are noted as having a cultural fixation with silver symbols of the Agnostic/Pagan/Satanic/Wiccan varieties.
Role of women in Gothic society
Gothic women sometimes spend months fashioning corsets, and other clothing for one event. Gothic women are also known for spending hours on making dreads (if they are Cybergoths - who should, by the way, go to trance parties and attack their colorful hippie counterparts for not being 'Goth' enough). They are also known to spend thousands of dollars on one pair of boots. They share a common trait with modern women in that for any event of n hours in length, they will take at least 2n hours to prepare, dress, and get made-up for it.
Individuality does not exist in Gothic cultures; however, Goths will find it hard to spot. There are thousands of Gothic tribes out there that dress in only black and maybe it's because they fear other colors, but they don't want to be seen as a different individual aside from their companions, much like trying to tell a sheep from another. Attire for females is usually big wannabe Siouxsie Sioux hair, torn black jeans or black skirt, fishnet or red and black stockings, massive black commando boots (or possible long pointy boots made for kicking poseurs in the crotch) and some sort of random word or picture sewed onto the SoM band shirt they all wear. Male Goths do not look and sound the same as their female counterparts, they generally wear black, and they usually have medium-long hair (often done in some outrageous style or another), along with spiked dog collars and large, heavy, studded arm braces or wimpy spiked bracelets that keep slipping off because they bought them too big, but were to lazy to go back and exchange them. Swords and saxes are also worn. Both sexes may also have a Deathhawk or Devillock of some kind. Not known why, but they all follow the same rules.
Gothic society is more uniform than individual; however, Gothic nobility and clergy usually dress in finer clothes than their vassals.
Goths fear no man, and death in battle is an honor. Their major enemies are the Chavi tribe and the Emoæ tribe, whom they have come in conflict with many times. One such battle with the Chavi resulted in the death of the Gothic King Manseric I and the Chavi King Howman II.
Goths, living in a tribe based on great deeds and winnings, fear disgrace. A disgraced Goth will usually sacrifice himself to the Gothic Gods, kill himself, sell himself into slavery or leave the Gothic tribe and become a ranger in Middle-Earth. A good example of the Gothic fear of dishonor is the tale of Plastaric. Plastaric was "a most warlike little bugger" who eventually commits suicide, facing the aggression of the Alansheari and of the Hungrihippos, who invaded his territories.
Although all religions have adherents among the Gothic people, Goths also have one uniquely their own. It is a form of ancestor worship centered around the great Goth kings, who are considered gods. The most prominent deified Gothic hero would be Rozzaric Wilhelms, the Christian Death-Bringer. The other most prominent belief amongst the Gothic people is that of Wodanaz, usually referred too by his epiteth The One-Eyeliner because... well he had one eye and wore eyeliner like most Goths.
This religion also has its own clergy, the great Goði. These Goth priests can be recognized by their hats (usually top hats) which they never take off. Unknown to most this is to commemorate the self sacrifice with which they kept dying and teasing their hair until it would grow no more. All for the greater glory of the Goth kings legacy. Unlike medieval monks Goth priests never show this spot, cause vanity is one of the virtues they value most. These people are important to Gothic society as the great make-up sessions and piercings are overseen by them.
The reigning Goth king always has a Goði high priest as an adviser. At this moment the seat of the Gothic high priest is filled by Franciscus the Baptist. He was selected because of the shiny quality of his honored bald spot.
The most important religious feast in the Goth religion in the yearly pilgrimage to Leipzig. There they congregate with many other tribes, both friendly and hostile. They lay down in worship before the Goth kings of past and present and pit their skills against each other in the arts of showing off. When it's hot weather, the Goth chick with the outfit with the most fabric and that has the biggest hoop skirt is usually considered the winner.
Contrary to the belief of some recent scholars, Goths are not afraid of the Bible; in fact a Bible translation in Gothic does exist:
- atta unsar þu in himinam,
- weihnai namo þein.
- qimai þiudinassus þeins.
- wairþai wilja þeins,
- swe in himina jah ana airþai.
- hlaif unsarana þana sinteinan gif uns himma daga.
- jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijaima,
- swaswe jah weis afletam þaim skulam unsaraim.
- jah ni briggais uns in fraistubnjai,
- ak lausei uns af þamma ubilin;
- unte þeina ist þiudangardi jah mahts jah wulþus in aiwins.
- So what do I know about make-up?
- I make all these crap clothes myself.
- Yeah, I know... not all Goths like Marilyn Manson.
- Funny you should say that.
- I am sorry I can't go out tonight, I feel happy.
- Twilight has so ripped us off.
- Metallica aren't real Goths mate.
- No, you can't copy my look.
- So it's Whitby again this month?
- I am sorry you can't come back until your suntan has faded.
- Funny you should say that again, again.
The Great Gothic Kings
Below is a list of the most famous and fiercest Gothic leaders. All Gothic kings acted as priests and generals to the Gothic nation. The list stretches from the reign of the first Kings Berik and Bauhaus I, who led their people from the island of Gothisatani to the infamous Steviniks, who sacked Rome.
- Alaric the Goth
- Theodoric the Goth
- Bauhaus I
- Joygild of Divisionlond
- The Cure
- Siouxsie of the Sioux
- Vendemmian - The King of Drink
- Hrothberht Smiþ
- Andarek Eldritch, or as he is known by the enlightened, "The Abdicated"
- About a hundred guys that sang and played just like Andarek Eldritch, commonly known as the "Gothic Rock Empire" or as those who dislike it call the "Drum Machine Regime"
- Some Generic Deffrawke
- see Marcus Aurelius's Meditations: Years In A Yoga Retreat. Hexham University Press, 670 AD
- see Alan Alda's Goth Make-Up Tips: Homosexuality In The Gothic Community. Oxford University Press, 1979 AD
- Michaelus Jordanes's Gothica: The Organ Donations And Creed of The Goths. Kenton Editions, 780 AD
- The Cure
- see St. Bede's History of Gothic Make-Up. Jarrow Press, 870 AD
- see Amalric's Pilgrimage: Religion, Eating Bats and Eyeliner. Reithgotaland Press limited, AD. 1991
- see St Wulfila's Bible . Reithgotaland Press limited, AD. 547
- see Alaric's Sex, Drugs And The Sacking of Rome: An Autobiography. Reithgotaland Press limited, AD. 491
- Goth music
- Fields of the Nephilim
- Sisters of Mercy
- The Cult (originally Southern Death Cult)
- HowTo:Attract Goth Chicks
|Embarrassing Teenage Fads
1981 - 2002 |
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1910 New Catholic Dictionary
Damasus I, Pope Saint
Probably born in Rome, c.304;died there, 384. His election, 366, was disputed by the anti-pope Ursicinus but Valentinian recognized him as the legitimate pontiff. As pope he opposed Arianism, and condemned Apollinarianism and Macedonianism. At his suggestion Saint Jerome completed the Vulgate. He successfully maintained the primacy of the Apostolic See, and welcomed the edict of Theodosius I, which made Catholism the religion of the Roman state. His interest in the martyrs led him to restore the catacombs, and to compose many beautiful epitaphs and inscriptions on their tombs. Feast, December 11,.
These files are public domain.
Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission.
Entry for 'Damasus I, Pope Saint'. 1910 New Catholic Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ncd/d/damasus-i-pope-saint.html. 1910.
the Sixth Week after Easter |
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International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
( נפתּלי הר , har naphtālı̄ ; ἐν τῷ ὄπει τῷ Νεφθαλεί , en tṓ órei tṓ Nephthaleı́ ): This was the most northerly of the three divisions of the Western Range, which derived their names from those of the tribes holding chief sway over them - M t. Judah, Mt. Ephraim, and, Mt. Naphtali (Joshua 20:7 the King James Version, the Revised Version (British and American) replaces Mount" by the hill country of").
These files are public domain and were generously provided by the folks at WordSearch Software.
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. Entry for 'Naphtali, Mount'. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/isb/n/naphtali-mount.html. 1915. |
Probably the best known of the Library’s rare book collections, the Hunterian Library contains some 10,000 printed books and 650 manuscripts and forms one of the finest 18th-century libraries to survive intact. It was assembled by Dr William Hunter (1718-83), anatomist, teacher of medicine, Physician Extraordinary to Queen Charlotte, and collector of coins, medals, paintings, shells, minerals, and anatomical and natural history specimens, as well as of books and manuscripts. Under the terms of Hunter’s will, his library and other collections remained in London for several years after his death - for the use of his nephew, Dr Matthew Baillie (1761-1823) - and finally came to the University in 1807.
Of the 650 manuscripts, around two thirds are medieval or Renaissance in origin and over 100 of the remainder are oriental - largely Persian and Arabic with some important Sinological materials collected originally by T.S. Bayer.
The printed books include 532 incunabula (amongst them ten Caxtons) and over 2,300 volumes with 16th-century imprints - Hunter was especially keen on the products of the scholar-printers of Venice, Florence and Paris. Despite the 18th-century predilection for rebinding, not a few of Hunter’s 15th- and 16th-century volumes are still in their original bindings, including four examples from Grolier’s library.
About one third of Hunter’s books - not unnaturally - are to do with medicine, with a good balance struck between the great historical texts (such as editions of Hippocrates, Galen, Vesalius, Harvey) and the writings of his own contemporaries (men like Smellie, the Monros, Albinus, Haller). Anatomy and obstetrics - the two fields in which Hunter made his fame and fortune - are particularly well represented, though an interest in other topics, e.g. naval medicine, the deficiency diseases, inoculation against smallpox, is also evident.
The non-medical section of Hunter’s library reflects interests both deep and wide: fine topography, botany, zoology, astronomy, numismatics, fine art, and certain aspects of vernacular literature, e.g. important editions of Rabelais, Cervantes, Chaucer and Shakespeare. A strong section of books on exploration and travel contains a wealth of Americana as well as important materials on the East Indies and on contemporary voyages to the South Seas.
A group of early bibliographies, histories of printing and book sale catalogues no doubt aided Hunter in the development of his collection. Hunter’s library includes the working papers of his mentor, James Douglas and also a large corpus of Hunter’s own papers representing his research in anatomy and medicine and including a series of drawings by Jan van Rymsdyk for Hunter’s major work, The anatomy of the human gravid uterus (1774). Hunter’s papers also contain valuable materials relating to the formation of his library and his other collections. Additional printed and manuscript material is purchased to supplement the Hunterian Collection, but only in those fields on which Hunter’s professional reputation rests, i.e. in anatomy and obstetrics.
See also the Hunterian Museum and Hunterian Art Gallery.
How to find material from the Hunterian Collection
Go to William Hunter website for more information and background in Hunter's collections across the University: this site provides a search for all Hunter-related collections.
Records for items:
- Records for all the printed items may be found by using the the rare books search or browse through a list of titles (Tip! As nearly 7,000 titles are listed here, searching for specific titles by using title, author, or keyword searches is recommended)
- All known provenances have been included in the catalogue records for Hunterian printed books. For example, typing "Gaignat" in the search box of the printers, place and provenance search will bring up a list of items purchased by Hunter in the Gaignat sale. Note that some books prefaced with "Hunterian" in the shelf-mark are later additions to the Hunterian collection (ie. not books owned by William Hunter himself) - these books will not have Hunter added as a provenance.
- The 2017 project 'William Hunter's Library: a transcription of the early catalogues' sought to resolve which books belonged to Hunter at the time of his death: see project page to find out more and Enlighten page for links to spreadsheets of the transcribed early catalogues
- Records for manuscript material are catalogued as MS Hunter: to browse through a list of titles from the entire collection, go to the collection level description on the manuscripts search and click on the link 'list collection content'. Tip! Over 1,500 items are listed here -searching for specific items using the name and document searches on the manuscripts search is recommended
- Mungo Ferguson: The printed books in the library of the Hunterian Museum of the University of Glasgow: a catalogue (Glasgow: 1930). Copy also available for reference in the Special Collections reading room; largely superseded by records available via the rare books search
- John Young and P. Henderson Aitken,A catalogue of the manuscripts in the library of the Hunterian Museum in the University of Glasgow (Glasgow: 1908). Copy available for reference in the Special Collections reading room but largely superseded by records available via the manuscripts search.
- C. Helen Brock: Dr William Hunter’s papers and drawings in the Hunterian Collection of Glasgow University Library: a handlist (Cambridge: 1990).
- C. Helen Brock: Dr James Douglas's papers and drawings in the Hunterian Collection, Glasgow University Library: a handlist (Glasgow: 1994).
Digital versions/facsimiles of books:
- Chaucer: Romaunt of the Rose: digital version, with transcript, of MS Hunter 409 (V.3.7)
- Hunterian Psalter web exhibition: a selection of images from MS Hunter 229
- The Hunterian Psalter : Glasgow University Library MS. Hunter 229, with two introductory essays ... by Jane Hetherington Brown ... [and] Nicholas Pickwoad, edited by Nigel Thorp (Glasgow: 1983). Microfiches. Copy available in Special Collections reading room.
Overviews of collection/exhibitions based on Hunterian Library material:
- William Hunter and the Anatomy of the Modern Museum. Exhibition 2018-19, featuring ca. 100 items from Hunter's Library, with exhibition catalogue published by YAle University Press.
- Nigel Thorp,The glory of the page: medieval and renaissance illuminated manuscripts from Glasgow University Library (London, 1987). Exhibition catalogue, drawn chiefly from the Hunterian Collection.
- Americana: a web exhibition of printed books and manuscripts, mainly drawing upon items in the Hunterian Collection, based on an exhibition from 1975 (original exhibition catalogue is available in the Special Collections reading room)
- Jack Baldwin: William Hunter, 1718-1783, book collector: catalogue of an exhibition (Glasgow: 1983). Copy available in Special Collections reading room.
- Jack Baldwin: Treasures of the library: Printed books: the Hunterian Collection College Courant, Vol. Vol. 28, No. 56, Whitsun 1976 (pp. 16-19).
- Neil R. Ker: William Hunter as a collector of medieval manuscripts (Glasgow: 1983).
- The magic of the middle ages: manuscript treasures of Glasgow University Library. Exhibition catalogue in two parts: Part 1: Sacred manuscripts (Glasgow: 1994); Part 2: Secular manuscripts (Glasgow: 1995). Available in Special Collections reading room.
- Perennial pages: flower illustration in books since the Renaissance: web exhibition based on an exhibition from 1995. Exhibition catalogue also available in Special Collections reading room.
- Printing in England from William Caxton to Christopher Barker: web exhibition based on an exhibition from 1976. Exhibition catalogue also available in Special Collections reading room.
- David Weston: ‘William Hunter, zodiac man’ Scottish Book Collector 7:8 Autumn 2003 11-23
- The World of Chaucer: web exhibition featuring many manuscripts and early printed books from the Hunterian collection
- John Young, "Address on the Hunterian Library" in his Essays and addresses (Glasgow: 1904), pp. 119-142.
Book of the month articles featuring items from the Hunterian collection:
- Ludolph of Saxony The Life of Christ (Vita Christi) Paris: 1490s (Book of the month: December 2009)
- The Curious Case of Mary Toft London: 1726 (Book of the month: August 2009)
- Homer The Iliad Venice: 1640 (Book of the month: March 2009)
- Laurence de Premierfait's French translation of BoccaccioDe Casibus Virorum Illustrium Paris: 1467 (Book of the month: February 2009)
- 14th century manuscript compendium of Devotional and Philosophical Writings London: c. 1325-1335 (Book of the month: June 2008)
- Copernicus De Revolutionibus Nuremberg: 1543 (Book of the month: April 2008)
- John Duns Scotus Quaestiones in quattuor libros sententiarum Venice: 1477 (Book of the month: January 2008)
- Sir William Hamilton Campi Phlegraei Naples: 1776 (Book of the month: October 2007)
- William Harvey De Motu Cordis Frankfurt: 1628 (Book of the month: June 2007)
- The Hunterian PsalterEngland: c.1170 (Book of the month: May 2007)
- William Caxon The Golden Legend Westminster: c.1483-1484 (Book of the month: January 2007)
- John of Arderne Medical Treatises England: c.1475-1500 (Book of the month: May 2006)
- Greek Gospels Southern Italy/Sicily:Twelfth Century (Book of the month: April 2006)
- Livy Third Decade of the Roman History Milan: c.1450 (Book of the month: October 2005)
- William CaxtonThe Mirror of the World Westminster: 1490 (Book of the month: August 2005)
- Blockbook Apocalypse Netherlands: 1430s-1440s (Book of the month: April 2005)
- Maximilian I/Melchior Pfintzing Teuerdank Nuremberg: 1517 (Book of the month: February 2005)
- Bartolo da Sassoferrato Lectura Super Infortiato Italy: c.1400 (Book of the month: January 2005)
- Benjamin Wilkes The English Moths and Butterflies London: 1749 (Book of the month: July 2004)
- Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury TalesLondon: 1492 (Book of the month: May 2004)
- Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Venice: 1499 (Book of the month: February 2004)
- Abū Alī Yahyā Ibn ‘Isā Ibn Jazla Taqwīm al-abdān fī tadbīr al-insān (The arrangement of bodies for treatment) Mesopotamia: 15th century? (Book of the month: June 2003)
- Gaius Valerius Flaccus Argonautica Paris: 1519 (Book of the month: May 2003)
- Diego Muñoz Camargo Historia de Tlaxcala Mexico: 1585 (Book of the month: January 2003)
- Leonhart Fuchs De Historia Stirpium Basel: 1542 (Book of the month: October 2002)
- Andreas Vesalius De Humani Corporis Fabrica Librorum Epitome Basel: 1543 (Book of the month: September 2002)
- The Aldgate Cartulary London: 1425-1427 (Book of the month: August 2002)
- Christopher Saxton Atlas of the Counties of England & Wales London: c.1579 (Book of the month: June 2002)
- Jenson'sBreviary Venice: 1478 (Book of the month: April 2002)
- Louis Renard Poissons, Ecrevisses et Crabes Amsterdam: 1754 (Book of the month: January 2002)
- The Chronicles of England St. Albans: c.1483 (Book of the month: September 2001)
- Bede Writings on the Calendar Durham: twelfth century (Book of the month: January 2001)
- Miroir de l'humaine salvation Manuscript, Bruges: 1455: (Book of the month: September 2000)
- Caxton's The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ Westminster: c.1490 (Book of the month: July 2000)
- Roman de la Rose Paris: c.1505 (Book of the month: February 2000) |
Dr Michael Braun, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma
Prof Dr Paul WS Heng, University of Singapore
Griet Van Vaerenbergh, GEA Pharma Systems
This course aims at explaining were problems in the tableting process come from and how these issues can be avoided or solved. This includes optimisation and trouble-shooting during:
- The development phase
- The scale-up and transfer phase
- The routine and full-scale production
Tableting ranks among the most important pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Representing about 50% of the total pharmaceutical market, tablets have a particular position. Yet, although tableting is wide spread and used since the invention of the stamp/matrix principle in 1843, there are still open questions and problems in the daily routine which often appear during scale-up or transfer from development. Also in the daily routine with validated processes, issues may arise like for example tablets which suddenly start capping or sticking, or tablets with decreasing hardness or with fluctuations of the content.
Many of these problems originate from the development phase of the tablet and only become visible after transfer to the commercial plant, were usually much bigger and faster presses are used.
The development process should be a holistic approach which takes into account the requirements of a high speed rotary tablet press on its feed materials. The definition of critical process parameters, the selection of excipients based on the mechanical compatibility of API/excipient and the formulation itself must be seen in the full context.
But even after a transfer to the commercial plant, there are some possibilities to get rid off tableting problems, besides lowering the speed of compression. Using coatings, special matrices and stamps or changing the relative humidity or tempering of the tablet press are some amongst others, we are going to talk about. Also the optimisation of upstream processes such as granulation often allows a significant improvement of the subsequent tableting process.
This event is designated for all professionals from Pharmaceutical Development and Production, who are responsible for the development, the routine production or the scale-up and transfer of tableting processes.
Development & Formulation
Mechanical compatibility of excipients and APIs
Development of a tablet formulation for production
- Basics on the deformation and cohesion in tablets
- Determination of the deformation characteristics using compression analysis
- Explanation of the most relevant excipients
- Classification of excipients in deformation classes
- Finding the right API and excipient combination
- Case studies
In this presentation, the development of an early formulation will be discussed with reference to critical parameters. Such parameters include API load and excipients incorporated together with tablet product characteristics, in particular, hardness and disintegration. Usually, in product development, equipment available in the development department often differs from the equipment used at production-scale. A discussion on the pitfalls of trying to scale-up a laboratory formulation will be presented in this course.
Prerequisites for successful tableting
Essentials for successful tableting
Tablet presses in production scale
- Mechanism of compaction
- Compaction behavior of pharmaceutical materials
- Mechanisms of agglomeration
- The different granulation types and their influence on the granules’ characteristics
- Influence of liquid and energy input, geometry of equipment etc. on the compressibility
- The compression cycle
- Why formulations from development often make problems
- Modern instrumentation of tablet presses
- The differences of ‘old’ and ‘new’ presses
- Effects of changing the filling time, compression time, circulation speed…
- The influence of tooling
Transfer and Scale-Up
In this presentation the developed formulation is given to production. Will it work?
Scale-up and transfer from development to production: The Real World
In this session a systematic approach, following QbD principles for scale-up and transfer from development to production will be presented. Case studies focusing on the scale-up of the compression step will illustrate how this can be realized in practice and further look into technical issues and solutions
- Identification and evaluation of Critical Process Parameters and Critical Attributes and link to Drug Product Quality Attributes
- Scale-up principles and transfer strategy
- Case studies
Debugging – make it work
In this presentation, the initial formulation is re-designed by using the knowledge gained through the presentation. Revealing of parameters which should have been defined earlier:
- Critical quality attributes
- Critical process parameters
- Linkage of CQAs and CPPs for the example formulation
In this interactive session, all the key elements of the preceding lectures are brought together. A systematic approach is presented and discussed with regards to the extent, trouble shooting measures have to be escalated: what can be done on the operator level, what can be done on the supervisor level, what must be done by development:
- Reasons for capping and what to do
- Reasons for sticking and what to do
- Reasons for lamination and what to do
- Reasons for variations in weight and what to do
- Reasons for failing in hardness and what to do
- Reasons for failing in disintegration and what to do |
The Royal Air Force and the Thor missile
The British get the Thor missile
For a brief period between 1960 and 1963 the Royal Air Force played a crucial role in delivering America’s ultimate response, the A bomb. Before the introduction into service of the Royal Navy’s fleet of Polaris armed nuclear ballistic missile submarines (HMS Resolution, HMS Revenge, HMS Renown and HMS Repulse) the RAF had been entrusted to take charge of a number of American Thor missile.
The history of this little known aspect of post war RAF operations started in 1955 when the US Department of Defense authorised the USAF to develop Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM’s). The resulting missile system was given the designation WS-315A Thor and was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company. They were, according to official documents, ‘Prime contractor responsible for airframe fabrication, systems integration and ground support equipment’.
The programme swiftly put together the entire delivery system with the first test missile being delivered to the USAF just 13 months after the award of the contract to Douglas Aircraft. The speed of construction was due to the perceived threat posed by the Russian SS-4 Sandal missiles that were being rapidly deployed across Central Europe.
Whilst the US could deploy Thor missiles in its own sectors, it needed assistance from its allies including Great Britain in deploying greater numbers to counter the Soviet threat. In January 1956 a briefing was held in Washington with the US Administration and a British Joint Services mission. Despite a lukewarm response the proposal to provide Britain with Thor missiles was reached during a meeting in March 1957 held in Bermuda between Prime Minister Harold MacMillan and US President Dwight D Eisenhower.
Speed was of the essence and the first Thor missile was to be delivered in 1958. The details of the arrangement saw the Americans provide the missiles, warheads, launch equipment and training whilst the RAF provided launch sites and manpower. Crucially permission to launch the weapons was retained by the United States.
Due to the design of the Thor missiles they were unsuitable for launch from submarines and therefore the Royal Air Force was selected as the service to operate the weapons. Even the RAF, however, had grave doubts about the Thor missile from the get go. The £10million price tag, the immaturity of the system development and above all the vulnerability of fixed launch sites all cast doubts over the programme.
The detailed plan, issued in late 1958, called for four squadrons each armed with 15 missiles to be deployed to 20 dispersed sites. Each of the four squadrons would operate from a headquarters airfield site and five firing sites, including the HQ site itself.
The chosen squadrons were 77(SM) Squadron at Feltwell, with satellites at Mepal, North Pickenham, Shepherds Grove and Tuddenham; 97(SM) Squadron at Hemswell with sites at Coleby Grange, Caistor, Bardney and Ludford Magna. 98(SM) Squadron at Driffield plus Carnaby, Catfoss, Breighton and Full Sutton) and 144 (SM) Squadron at North Luffenham with its satellites at Folkingham, Polebrook, Horrington and Melton Mowbray.
As with all military planning within 12 months the plan had changed quite considerably. The new organisational structure saw each launch site as a squadron in its own right. Thus the HQ’s and satellites became 77 (SM) Squadron (with 82,107,113 and 220 squadrons); 97 (SM) Squadron with (104, 106,142 and 269 squadrons); 98 (SM) Squadron with (150,226,240 and 102 Squadrons) and 144 (SM) Squadron with (223, 130, 218 and 254 squadrons).
On August 29, 1958 a C-124 Globemaster transport aircraft touched down at Lakenheath. Onboard was the first Thor missile to be operated by the RAF. This missile was taken to No 77 (SM) Squadron at RAF Feltwell and became operational on 3 September. Feltwell, like all the chosen launch sites, had seen a period of hectic, almost manic, construction with a convoy of lorry’s delivering concrete and a variety of launch components over the previous months.
The Thor missile were nothing like anything the RAF had used before, only the German V2 rockets of World War Two came close. They were large, bulky and cumbersome to maintain and move but their destructive potential was awe inspiring to anyone working with them. With a range of 1,500 miles and a warhead of one megaton (1 million tons of TNT) the Thor missiles were truly a superior weapon system. They were, however, powered by a dangerous mixture of liquid propellants, liquid oxygen (LOX) and RP1, a light cut petrol.
If the 60 foot long missile was awkward it was nothing compared to the massive undertaking that were the launch sites. The stand, on which the missiles sat, was 30,000lbs in weight, alongside it was a service tower and umbilical mast to provide electricity and fuel. A nearby hanger was built to maintain the missiles and a small railway track was constructed to move the weapons around more easily.
Added to this were the RAF personnel necessary to launch the weapons. Each site had 60 of all ranks plus administrators and RAF police. Another member of the ‘team’ was an American launch control officer (LCO) who shadowed his British counterparts and provided USAF authorisation for all launch commands.
In total some 60 Thor missiles were delivered to the United Kingdom and were incorporated into Bomber Command Alert and Readiness System and were all operational by May 1960.
Politicians, as is their want, change their minds, usually frequently and such was the case with Thor. The American system was seen as a stop gap ahead of a completely British system called Blue Streak. When the latter program was abandoned in April 1960 there was no future for the Thor’s too. By this time Polaris had been ordered for the Royal Navy and would go on to serve the nation until the early 1990s when it was replaced by the current Trident D5 system.
Only 12 British missiles were actually fired and these were at Vadenburg Air Force Base in California during what was known as Combat Training Launch (CTL). The first being during 98 (SM) Squadrons Exercise Lions Roar on 16 April 1959. The last took place in June 1962.
As an American system the end of the British involvement came on 31 May 1962 when the US Secretary of Defense Thomas Gates Jr, announcing that the end of the Thor force support for the RAF sites would terminate on 31 October 1964. In the event the British Government culled the program at the end of 1963 with the last Thor missile having already been sent back to America on 27 September 1963. |
‘South Jersey Scrub’ Plans to Help Clean 500 Pounds of Litter
With human life, marine life, and the South Jersey area overall being impacted by pollution in our waters, a mission has been set in place for May 19th in Cumberland and Salem counties to host the first ever "South Jersey Scrub."
The site says:
[A scrub is] a strategic, organized cleanup initiative that targets a particular watershed, county, or region... [it's] a way for people to take action together in one or more individual cleanup events over a period of time, for big impact.
Scientist are saying that by 2050 there could be more plastic in our ocean than fish. Local organizations here in our area are partnering with the Delaware Estuary to clean up over 500 pounds of litter here in South Jersey.
The city of Bridgeton as well as New Jersey Clean Communities are taking part by providing the clean up materials needed for the project, such as gloves and bags.
To take part in the South Jersey Scrub or to get more information, check out their site here. |
General Links & Resources
A Gateway to Library of Congress Resources for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States
"The site contains a slightly expanded and fully searchable version of the print publication American Women: A Library of Congress Guide for the Study of Women's History and Culture in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 2001)."
Sections include: General Collections ; Serial & Government Publications ; Law Library ; Rare Books & Special Collections ; Manuscripts ; Prints & Photographs ; Geography and Maps ; Music ; Recorded Sound ; Moving Images ; American Folklife Center ; Area Studies ; Collections ; Topical Essays.
- American Memory, Library of Congress
National Women's History Project (NWHP)
"The 2007 theme,"Generations of Women Moving History Forwardî 2007 presents special opportunities to highlight some critically important historic events, including the 50th anniversary of the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, and the 30th anniversary of the National Womenís Conference in Houston, Texas.
AFSCME LaborLinks: Women's Labor History
Sections include: General Links ; Women's Trade Union League ; Mother Jones and Other Women in the Mines ; Women and Labor in the Textile and Garment Industries ; Wobbly Women ; Other Famous Women in Labor History ; Women's Labor Songs - Lyrics.
- American Federation of State, Country and Municipal Employees.
Attending to Early Modern Women
"This gateway provides links to World Wide Web resources useful for the study of women in early modern Europe and the Americas. It focuses on the period ca. 1500 to ca. 1800 but also includes some medieval and nineteenth-century resources...Materials range from bibliographic databases to full-text resources, images, and sound recordings."
Arts and Humanities Team, University of Maryland Libraries
Ella Wheeler Wilcox
American Poet & Journalist & Free Thinker (1850-1919)
Sections include: Poems ; Books ; Biographies ; Photographs ; Bibliography ; Miscellaneous ; What's New.
Created by Richard A. Edwards
PBS - NOVA - Secret of Photo 51
Meet the Unsung Heroine Behind the Discovery of DNA's Double Helix.
"...unravels the mystery behind the discovery of the double helix and investigates the seminal role that Rosalind Franklin and her remarkable X-ray photograph played in one of the greatest discoveries in the history of science... The program draws on extensive interviews with surviving major participants in the DNA drama."
Sections include: Article & Interview ; Slide Shows & Interactives ; Resources ; Links & Books ; Program Transcript.
Women's Labor History
Sections include: General Women's Labor History Links ; Women's Trade Union League ; Mother Jones and Other Women in the Mines ; Textile and Garment Industries ; Wobbly Women ; Other Famous Women in Labor History ; Women's Labor Songs - Lyrics ; Women's History - General.
Women's Legal History Biography Project
Virtual library project of Stanford University's Law Library.
"This website grows from the Women's Legal History course taught by Professor Barbara Babcock at Stanford Law School. Its purpose is to show through the biographies of pioneer women lawyers how the women's movements have shaped legal history and the larger culture."
Women's Liberation Research Network
"Using the resources of this website, you may find others doing research related to your interests, libraries and archives with collections that you can use, ideas for research topics"
Maintained by Ginny Daley, Women's Studies Archivist and Bibliographer, Duke University
Women's Work in the 19th Century
"This site is a bibliography of Web sites related to the work of women in the 19th century. The original bibliography was a class handout."
The site also includes extensive links to general women's history resources
Online Degree Information
Have an insatiable itch to further your education whilst boosting your earning potential? Then an online degree is what you need. Scan through hundreds of online degree programs across various degree levels (associate, bachelors, master or doctorate). |
Bright and cheerful, but not a true sunflower!
The Mexican sunflower is similar to a regular sunflower but is shorter (generally growing around 2 – 5 feet high) and produces a dahlia-style flower in red, orange and the classic sunflower yellow. The Mexican sunflower is a lovely addition to the garden, with great potential to fill the back border of a flower bed and making a lovely cut flower for floral arrangements. This flower is also an excellent attractant for butterflies and even hummingbirds (if you are lucky!) The Mexican sunflower is an annual, meaning it lives and flowers for one year only, and you will need to replant each year or let the sunflower self-sow the bed if you want these flowering beauties in the garden.
Mexican Sunflower – What is it?
The Mexican sunflower is actually a group of sunflowers that originates from Mexico and Central America. Although the Mexican sunflower is a genuine sunflower it is not a sunflower in the conventionally known sense. This sunflower grows to around half the height of the regular sunflower and has larger, bushier leaves sticking out of its stem. The centre of the flower is yellow as opposed to the regular sunflower’s golden brownish color. Many people compare the flower to the looks of a dahlia, but the color ranges in different varieties are only found in the red-yellow-orange portion of the spectrum.
Mexican Sunflower – Planting
Planting Mexican sunflowers is as easy as planting regular sunflowers – the only concern is the location where you decide to plant your them. Like the ordinary sunflower the Mexican sunflower thrives in full sunlight so you will want to plant them in an area where they can get as much sun as possible. If you trim the dead heads back, they will bloom generously from June until first frost. You need to assess the soil in the area of planting, since it needs to be packed hard enough to keep the flowers standing, but still loose enough so that the water can drain away immediately. The Mexican sunflower is an annual, as mentioned above, but if sufficient flowers are left to come to seed in the garden, it has an excellent capacity to self-sow. You can simply rake the soil lightly in the bed to give the seeds sufficient protection and depth for germination the following season. Like other sunflowers, the Mexican sunflower can be grown in a poorer soil; in fact, too much fertilizer will encourage foliage growth but not flowering, so generally an average to good soil and a light feeding every two or three weeks will suffice.
Mexican Sunflower – Bouquets
The Mexican sunflower is perfect to cut and place in vases or in larger flower arrangements. The cut should be made far down on the Mexican sunflower and should be diagonal, made with a sharp knife to prevent collapse, and thus enable the flower to get as much water as possible once it is placed in the vase. The vase should be rather high for a dramatic look – a small number of Mexican sunflowers looks really fantastic in a thin vase. The cut flowers will last for several days, providing your home with a lovely splash of colour. |
The Add Node button lets the user add new nodes to the tree at runtime. The number and type of the node(s) added depends on the contents of the TextBox controls:
• If only the Textl control contains text, then a new continent will be added.
• If the first two TextBox controls contain text, then:
• If a continent-exists, a new country node is added under the specified continent. .
•. If a continent doesn’t exist, a new continent node is added, then a new country node is added under the continent’s node.
• If all three TextBox controls contain text, the program adds a continent node (if needed), then a country node under the continent node (if needed), and finally, a city node under the country node.
Obviously, you can omit a city, or a city and country, but you can’t omit a continent name. likewise, you can’t specify a city without a country or a country without . a continent. The code will prompt you accordingly when it detects a condition that” prevents it from adding the new node for any reason. If the node exists already, then the program selects the existing node and doesn’t issue any warnings. The Add Node button’s code is shown next.
The On Error Resume Next statement tells Visual Basic to continue the execution of the code with the following statement, should it detect an error:
Set newNode = TreeV;ewl.Nodes.Item(UCaseS(Textl.Text))
The entire subroutine is based on this statement. The code will attempt to access a node to find out if it exists. The statement retrieves the node that corresponds to the continent specified in the first TextBox control and assigns the node retrieved to the new Node variable. However, if such a node doesn’t exist, a runtime error will be generated. Without the On Error statement, the application would end here with an error message.
Because of the On Error statement, the code continues with the following statement that examines the built-in Error variable:
If Error is True, the program knows it must add a continent node because it doesn’t exist. The same process is repeated for the country and city nodes, The program attempts ‘to retrieve the nodes that correspond to the keys entered by the user in the TextBox controls. If they don’t exist, they are added automatically.
As you can see, adding new nodes at runtime isn’t really complicated, but you must make sure the node you’re about to add doesn’t already exist. The Globe application uses the node’s Key value to determine whether a node exists or not. Each node’s key must be unique, and this raises some problems. For example, how can you add two identically named cities in different countries? The following section describes how to handle this situation.
VB6 at Work: The Revised Globe Project
To add identically named cities under different countries, you must modify the key so that it still identifies the node uniquely. The obvious choice is to prefix the keys of the cities with the names of the countries and continents to which they belong, for example, “Europe-Italy-Venice/and “America-United States-Venice”. You’d then be able to add a Venice node under both countries.
This technique comes with a price-it prevents you from locating a city by name instantly. For example, you’d no longer be able to search for “Venice”. You would need to know which Venice you were looking for and supply the entire key: “Europe- Italy-Venice” or “America-United States-Veruce”.
In the MEntries folder under the Globe folder on the CD, you’ll find a different version of the Globe project, which uses long keys made up of the continent, country, and city name. The revised Globe project’s code is very similar to the original code, except for the following:
1. The statements that populate the control prefix the old key with the keys of the parent nodes. The statements that add the nodes for Germany and German cities are:
Germany’s key is no longer “GERMANY”, but “EUROPE-GERMANY”, and Berlin’s key is n? longer “BERLIN”, b’;1t”EUROPE-GERMANY-BERLlN”.
2. The code that adds new nodes at runtime is also modified to use long keys. The following statements a~d a new country node:
Notice that it prefixes the country’s key by the continent’s key. Likewise, the following statements add a city node:
3. Finally, the Find button’s code expects that a full key will be supplied. In other words, it won’t locate items like “China” or “Kyoto”. Instead, you must provide the full key such as “Asia-China” or “Asia-Iapan-K yoto”. Open the project in the Visual Basic IDE and examine the differences in the code that searches the Treeview control for a key.
Listing Selected Nodes
The three buttons List Continents, List Countries, and List Cities, populate the List- Box control with”the names of the continents, countries, and cities, respectively. The code is straightforward and it’s based on the Next method of the Node object, which .returns the next node on the same level. The List Continents button, for example, retrieves the first child of the “GLOBE” node, which is the first continent name, with the statement:
Set Nd – TreeViewl.Nodes.ltem(‘GLOBE’)
Set childNd – Nd.Child
The variable childNd represents the first continent node. To retrieve the remaining ones, you must call the childNd object variable’s Next method as many times as there are continents in the tree. Each time, the Next method will return the next node on the same level. Here’s the complete listing of the List Continents button.
When the continentNd. Next method is called, it returns the next node in the Coninents level. Then the continentNd. children method is called and it returns the . first node in the Countries level. As you can guess, the code of the List Cities button uses the same two nested lists as the previous listing and an added inner loop, which scans the cities of each country.
The code behind these Command buttons requires some knowledge of the information stored in the tree. It will work with trees that have two or three levels of nodes like.the Globe tree, but what if the tree’s depth is allowed to grow to a dozen levels? A tree that-represents the structure of a folder on your hard disk, for example, may easily contain half a dozen nested folders. Obviously, to scan the nodes of this tree you can’t put together unlimited nested loops. The next section describes a technique for scanning any tree, regardless of how many levels it contains. the code in , the following section uses recursion.
Scanning the TreeView Control
The items of a TreeView control can all be accessed through the Nodes collection. You have seen how to scan the entire tree of the TreeView control with a For…Next loop. This technique, however, doesn’t reflect the structure of the tree; it simply lists all the nodes. The proper method to scan a tree is to exhaust each node, including its child nodes, before moving to the next node on the same level, as if you were scanning a folder. Displaying all the files in a folder along With the files in its subfolders isn’t very practical. We try to organize files under their folder and folders under their parent folders. We’ll do the ‘same with the TreeView control.
VB6 at Work: The TreeViewScan Project
To demonstrate the process of scanning a TreeView control, I have included the Tree-ViewScan project on the CD (you’ll find it in the TVWScan folder). The application’s Form is shown. The Form contains a TreeView control on the left, which is populated with the same data as the Globe’s TreeView control, and a ListBox control on the right, where the tree’s nodes are listed. Child nodes on the. ListBox control are indented according to the level of the tree to which they belong.
Scanning the child nodes in a tree calls for a recursive procedure, or a procedure that calls itself. Think of a tree structure that contains all the files and folders on your C: drive. If this structure contained no sub folders, you’d need to set up a loop to scan each folder, one after the other. Since most folders contain sub folders, the process must be interrupted at each folder to scan the subfolders of the current folder. The process of scanning a drive recursively is described in detail, Recursive Programming. Here, I will present the code to scan a tree and explain it a little. ~ you can’t follow the example of this section, you should read the discussion of the DirMap project. |
Copper is an essential trace element that is vital for the health of all living things. It is essential for the proper functioning of organs and metabolic processes. Deficiency of copper can result in different types of blood diseases. Copper is essential for overall health.
Foods that are rich in copper include the following :
- soya beans
- sunflower and sesame seeds
- cocoa powder and chocolate
- sun dried tomatoes
- dried herbs
- dried plums and dried apricot
Copper is a strong antioxidant and prevents premature aging. It destroys free radicals that attack organs and systems and cause aging effects like wrinkles and age spots.
It is a vital part of melanin. This natural dark pigment imparts coloration to the skin, hair and eyes.
This mineral is also a component of the enzyme lysyl oxidase. This enzyme helps in the synthesis of collagen and elastin found in bones and connective tissues.
Copper is needed for brain development before and after birth. It is also needed to maintain a healthy brain throughout life.
This mineral is also crucial for the formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin. This is because it helps in the uptake of iron from food sources.
Another benefit of copper is to boost the immune system and facilitate better wound healing. Thus it prevents anemia.
Copper is needed for most enzymes in the body to function well.
It’s anti inflammatory actions reduces the symptoms associated with of arthritis.
Copper also helps in thyroid function and blood clot.
Copper can be toxic when used in large quantities. Symptoms of copper over dose include nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure ,anemia, heart problems and bloody diarrhea.
Lack of sufficient amount of copper in the body can present the following symptoms.
- brain disturbance
- weakened immune system
- loss of hair and skin pigment
- poor thyroid function
- high levels of bad cholesterol
- irregular heart beat
As with all minerals, consult your doctor before using copper for medicinal purposes, especially, if you have an underlying medical condition or if you are on any medications. |
A Characteristic. -Unlike gymnastics and calisthenics, which have the quality of being lessons, the characteristic of recreative exercise is that it is not a task, but a pleasure to be rewarded for duty diligently done, and intellectual or corporeal labor faithfully performed.
Gratification. -This pleasure or gratification was an important influence in aiding the physical effects of exercise, and so powerful do we find it as a promoter of health that many pastimes, in themselves less beneficial than gymnastics, are thus rendered far more advantageous in their effects upon the well-being of the human organism.
Value of Freedom. -A great part of the benefits derived from sports of different kinds is doubtless due to the freedom from all restraint with which they are practiced, and this fact prevents the laying down of strict hygienic rules for their indulgence. As the play of a kitten or colt owes a portion of its beauty, pleasure and utility to its spontaneous, free character, so our best pastimes depend for their chief charm upon the fascination of freedom.
Some Regulation Needed. -Still an order to get the most fun out of games, there must be some regulations, and there are few sports in which certain slight modifications are not more beneficial to health, and less open to objection from a sanitary point of view. To point out these favorable conditions and indicate some of the evils to be avoided is our purpose.
Holme's Ideal Boat. -Our boat is something of the shape of a pickerel as you look down upon his back, he lies in the sunshine just where the sharp edge of the water cuts in among the lily-pads. It is a kind of giant pod, as one may say -tight everywhere except in a little place in the middle where you sit. Its length is from seven to ten yards, and as it is only from sixteen to thirty inches wide in its broadest part, you understand why you want those "outriggers,'' or projecting iron frames, with the rowlocks in which the oars play. My rowlocks are five feet apart -double the greatest width of the boat.
Modern Racing Boats. -All modern racing boats, and most pleasure boats, are built with outriggers. This construction gives much more power to the oars. The rower sits nearly in the middle of the boat. He bends his knees, which are placed about an inch apart, places his feet, with heels close together, against the stretcher, exactly in front of the body. Thus he sits square to his work, and is sure to swing backward and forward exactly in line with the boat's keel.
Action of Rowing. -Rowing action is made up of two chief movements, the stroke and feather. The stroke is made by pulling the oar supported in rowlock through the water with the blade at right angles to the fluid traversed, so as to secure the greatest amount of resistance. In feathering the oar is revolved upon its own axis at the conclusion of the stroke by turning the wrists, and thereby bringing the blade into a plane parallel with that of the surface of the water. The term is also often made to include the whole process of carrying back the oar in that same position, and commencing another stroke, as the oar is then technically spoken of as on the feather. This great accomplishment of rowers can be best acquired by the learner carefully watching and imitating masters of the art, as described, however elaborate, are, of little use.
Principles of Rowing. -The three main principles upon which success in rowing depends are, first, the keeping of perfect time; second, the putting in of the oar exactly at right angles to the surface of the water; and thirdly, rowing the stroke right out with the legs brought well into use. With reference to time, a beginner is advised never to remove his eyes from the shoulders of the man in front of him, following his every motion, and making sure that if the time is wrong, he will at all events not be to blame. He should be careful not to hurry the body forward, under the impression that he may otherwise be later, for this only makes the boat roll, and nothing demoralizes a crew more than that. Quick recovery after a stroke, and the free use of the legs the moment the oar gets into the water, are important agents in the acquisition of that inspiriting "lift" which is so desirable in boat-racing.
Swimming. -Every wise man will learn to swim before he trusts himself to any kind of a vessel upon deep water. In fact, so many accidents are continually occurring upon the water that the art of swimming should be learned by both sexes in early life. Swimming exercises are both invigorating and hardening, and of great value in the preservation of health, if used in moderation, but they call forth such extensive muscular action and throw such a strain on other organs besides the muscles, that their effects, joined to those of the cold water, tax the utmost forces of many persons, even if indulged for ten to fifteen minutes.
Learning to Swim. -A favorite method of acquiring swimming postures and motions is to place the learner upon a low folding stool, his belly resting on the flexible canvas of the stool. The arms are bent at the elbows, the open hands brought in contact with each other just beneath the chin, and the legs somewhat bent, so as to approximate the heels to the lower part of the back. At the word "one," which the pupil should count after the instructor, the arms and the lower limbs should be quickly and forcibly stretched out, the hands held close together, with the palms in a horizontal plane, facing downward, and the feet separated some fifteen or eighteen inches. At the word "two,'' the knees are to be approximated, the legs still held extended, and the hands separated about six inches, the palms being directed more outwards, though still somewhat downward. Lastly, at the word "three,'' describe with each hand a quadrant of a circle, striking somewhat downward, and still more backward. At the same time, the heels are to be drawn up, and at the conclusion of the effort to strike out, the hands are to be restored to the first position, shooting them straight forward again in the line of the supposed swimmer's movement in the water, in order to interfere as little as possible with the onward progress through that fluid.
Learning Real Swimming. -The first essay at real swimming may be facilitated by the use of the swimming-belt, or by securing the aid of a friend to support the learner under the body, or by two fingers under the chin. Most people, however, who have practiced enough to gain familiarity with the required movement as above directed, will be able to acquire the art without help. At first, the attempt should be made in rather shallow water, and a still inlet or little bay of the sea has a great advantage, in that salt water buoys up the body much more than fresh. A good preparatory exercise is to rest the hands on the bottom, where it is just far enough below the surface to allow the shoulders to remain uncovered, and then perform the leg movements as already described. After a little confidence is thus gained, let the learner wade out a short distance further until the waist is covered, and then stooping forward quietly perform the combined arm and leg motions as before directed, keeping the body at the right inclination, and bending the head well backward, exactly as shown in the accompanying illustration. At the first few trials, some friend who is quite at home in the water should be close by to stretch forth a helping hand and support the pupil the moment such aid becomes necessary.
Cramps. -When cramps occur during swimming, the best plan is to turn on the back or tread water, keeping oneself afloat be paddling with one hand, while the other is used to press or rub the affected parts. Two swimmers treading water can eventually aid an exhausted or drowning person by supporting him, one under each arm, and carrying him along with his head above water and the body and limbs stretched out motionless.
Skating. -This accomplishment can be best learned by one when young. In learning the most important points to be acquired are to turn out the toes, to keep the centre of gravity always in front of and on the inner side of the feet, to allow each foot to complete its stride before the next one is commenced, and above all to keep the ankles stiff and firm.
Laws of Gravity. -The whole art of skating depends upon a practical knowledge of the laws of gravity or what is commonly called the balance. Just as a boy's hoop will roll along firmly erect whilst in rapid rotation, yet begin to vibrate from right to left, and, finally losing its balance, fall sideways as its motion grows slower, so will the balance of a skater on the thin edge of his skate be perfectly secure whilst he skims quickly along, but tottering or entirely lost if he neglects to keep up the rapidity of his movement. Yet difficult as it seems at first, courage, confidence in the possibility of succeeding, fortitude in bearing hard knocks, and resolution not to be beaten will a very few spurs accomplish wonders in the way of learning to skate. If the novice will strive earnestly to keep his head up and his hands down, turn his toes well out and make long, clear, firm strokes with each of his feet, he will soon master the perplexing mysteries of the inside edge, and after that has been overcome will find, like the juvenile geometer who has safely crossed the pons asinorum, that his greatest obstacle has been surmounted.
Roller Skating. -Although this variety of skating exercises, which has recently become so wonderfully popular, does not involve any peril of drowning, it is by no means free from danger to health or even to life. Besides the increased chance of bruises and broken bones from collisions in crowded rinks, the great risk to life is from pneumonia and other pulmonary afflictions, as a result of taking cold from exposure to draughts of air whilst the skin is moist with perspiration. The pleasurable excitement of skating, especially in agreeable society, is so great that few persons realize what vigorous muscular exertion they are making until after they sit down to rest, and, as already explained, such energetic contraction of the muscles, with its consequent increased production of heat, results in a profuse flow of perspiration, bathing the surface of the body and rendering its partial cooling by a current of air extremely dangerous. This evil is aggravated by the fashion, only too prevalent, of keeping on hats, bonnets and outer wraps, instead of changing the ordinary garments for lighter and looser clothing, as is or ought to be customary in all well-managed gymnasiums. Great care should be taken therefore to provide such external coverings as can be readily laid aside during active movement, and promptly reassumed on the cessation of vigorous muscular exertion. It is also advisable that persons who are heated and perspiring should not, although well protected by warm clothing, pass abruptly out into cold, and particularly, cold night-air, which being inhaled over the heated mucous membrane is especially apt to set up the inflammatory action of bronchitis, pneumonia and consumption.
Dancing. -The influence of ordinary dancing upon health would no doubt be beneficial were it not for the unhygienic surroundings which usually environ it. The amount of exercise obtained during a long waltz, provided it is not too long, no doubt does a great service to many a fashionable woman. Such an individual is often a stranger to proper walking exercise, and therefore a good dance, which compels her to breathe more deeply, assists the action of the liver and causes the blood to circulate more freely through the heart and great vessels, may be just what she needs to promote her health. Were it not for the length of time, the revolving movement is kept up in a prolonged waltz, affecting the nervous system injuriously, and on account of the insanitary environment at most dancing parties and balls, they would be excellent means of inducing the lazy and careless to take exercise enough to meet the hygienic require- meats of their frames.
Riding. -Riding exercise can be taken by almost everyone with advantage throughout the whole period from childhood to old age. In youth, the great benefit proceeds not only from the exercise, but also from the tendency which it has to the formation of a bold and fearless character, whilst at the same time it teaches a love and regard for the most noble of the lower animals. There is something wonderfully inspiriting in rapid movement on the back of a galloping steed, and more than one great man has declared that his most brilliant ideas, as well as his most profound thoughts, have come to him whilst on horseback. For delicate females, and for men who are suffering from the effects of sedentary life, high living and other causes which produce congestion of the abdominal viscera, horseback riding sometimes proves invaluable, and there is no doubt that cure in some cases of incipient consumption has been largely due to a judicious employment of this form of exercise.
Bicycling. -Beside its practical qualities as a vehicle, the bicycle affords one of the best methods of taking enjoyable exercise. It brings into use a large number of muscles of both body and limbs and tends to a harmonious development of both sides of the human frame. At the same time it increases the lung power and the action of the heart. Persons in delicate health, and especially those subject to heart disease, should be careful to avoid too long or rapid riding. After this caution there are comparatively few constitutional or acquired physical weaknesses which may not be benefited by the admirable combination of muscular action all out-door life which the bicycle affords.
Out-door Games. -The great variety of out-door games which have been devised, possess the advantage of leading to active exercise in the open air and are all therefore highly conducive to health. According to the different natural ability, acquirement or taste of an individual will be the personal predilection for one or more of these pastimes, and, as a general rule, the one in which a man finds the most intense and satisfying pleasure will be the one which proves most permanently beneficial to him. This is true for the reason already pointed out, that happiness is the best tonic and the most powerful stimulus which can be applied to the majority of mankind.
Cricket. -Perhaps of all the out-door games that of cricket, shown in the adjoining cut, offers not only the most healthful recreation to players, but presents to those who understand the game one of the most agreeable means of passing their leisure hours in the open air. It cannot be denied that the members of a cricket club who in strength of arm, quickness of eye and presence of mind are so superior to their fellows as to render them most expert batsmen, are precisely the ones who have the largest share of the exercise which they least need for perfect development, and yet this disadvantage for those who are caught out on the first or second ball can in great measure be remedied by care in equalizing the players on each side. Thus, not only may a greater amount of pleasure for all concerned be derived, but also the advantageous results to health obtainable from this noble pastime are conferred with greater fairness upon each of the participants.
Richardson JG, Ford WH, & Vanderbeck CC (1904). Physical Exercise And Culture And Their Bearings On Health And Strength (Book VII), Medicology Or Home Encyclopedia of Health, A Complete Family Guide., University Medical Society, pg 861-888. |
Surfactants and co-solvents are introduced into the subsurface to transfer chemical contaminants into an aqueous phase where they are more readily remediated using chemical or biological means, or to mobilize contaminants from unsaturated zones or fractures so that they can be extracted or remediated in-situ.
Surfactants are compounds, similar to soaps, which lower the surface tension of liquids and increase the mobility of chemicals.
Co-solvents, such as alcohol, also increase the solubility and thus mobility of various chemical contaminants, including chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons.
Tracers are conservative compounds, elements or solutions that are used to map out groundwater flow patterns, bedrock fracture zones, monitor subsurface groundwater travel times or confirm injection areas of influence in the subsurface. Tracers can range from sodium or potassium bromide, to dyes, to distilled water, or salt water, depending on the formation and objective of the tracer study.
Vertex is one of Canada’s most experienced applicators of surfactants and co-solvents for the remediation of soil and groundwater. Geologic environments in which Vertex has implemented surfactant-based remedial programs include:
- Fractured rock
- Glacial till
- Sand and gravel deposits
- Silt and clay
The types of surfactant and co-solvent approaches that can be considered for utilization at a site include:
- Surfactant Flushing
- Surfactant-Enhanced Chemical Oxidation
- Surfactant-Enhanced Bioremediation
- Alcohol Flushing
- Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
Compounds that surfactants and co-solvents can be used effectively for include:
- Chlorinated ethenes (PCE, TCE, DCE, VC, etc.)
- Chlorinated ethanes (TCA, DCA, etc.)
- Petroleum hydrocarbons
The key to the successful design and implementation of a surfactant-based program is to understand the hydrogeology and geochemistry of the system. Traditionally the standard remedy for groundwater contamination was pump and treat until MacKay and Cherry (1989) noted that there were persisting sources of contamination that were being ineffectively remediated by pump and treat. Due to numerous chemical and hydrologic reasons it was recognized that the removal of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) by pump and treat is limited by the dissolution of this separate phase of contamination into the groundwater. Thus began the search for a method to overcome this mass transfer limitation posed by NAPLs including the use of co-solvents and surfactants. The attraction of using co-solvents and surfactants is their ability to increase the solubility and mobility of the compounds of concern thus allowing for faster remedial time frames. Surfactants and co-solvents that Vertex staff have experience with include:
- Triton X-100
Dyes or conservative tracer testing can also be utilized at sites to allow a better understanding of geology and hydrogeology, especially in fractured bedrock formations. Vertex staff has experience in the application of the following dyes and tracers:
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Bromide and Chloride
- Stable Isotopes
- Distilled or de-ionized water
- Salt water
Vertex combines strong theoretical understanding with practical experience to properly plan and implement the right remedial program for your site. Selecting Vertex to undertake your remediation project allows you to access a wealth of in‑situ remediation knowledge and experience. |
If you want to add a personal touch to a journal, photo album, or even your own piece of writing, handmade book binding is a great way to make your book — or any book — into a work of art.
But the best part? You get to decide the look, inside and out.
If you’re a literature-loving crafter, you’re going to want to dive right in…
What is Book Binding?
DIY book binding is a traditional craft with a long history, but recently it has become a great deal more popular.
Before there were machines to bind books, each book had to be hand-bound.
This meant that the pages had to be assembled, ordered carefully, folded, and attached to the cover. These pages can be printed, handwritten, or even blank, and there are several different techniques that can be used – meaning you can easily find a way that meets your personal aesthetic.
Though this is a very old craft, a lot of the tools and techniques are still the same as they were way back when.
Book Binding Techniques
Picking out the right binding technique can be a huge part of making sure your final book looks the way you envision. Before you dive into the craft, you should get a feel for these techniques to find which fits your personal style.
Here are a few of the basics:
Section Sewn or Smyth Sewn
With this technique, the pages are hand sewn together using needle and thread, and then they are bound to the cover of the book.
Adhesive and fabric are often used to reinforce the bond between the cover and the pages.
This technique works for books with either a soft or hard cover, because it uses stitching along the outside of the spine to bind the pages and book together.
It requires a larger margin than most of the other techniques, but it provides a really beautiful and elegant look that has been characterized in Japanese tradition for centuries.
Spiral Coil Binding
For this technique, you will likely have to purchase a book binding machine.
This machine will help you compile full sheet pages, by cutting a series of holes along the edge of the paper and then weaving a spiral coil through it.
Book Binding Tools and Supplies
To get started, you’ll need the following tools:
- Paper – One sheet for every two pages
- A Cover – The kind of cover will depend on the technique you use, but it can be as simple as a piece of thick cardstock
- Thread – Waxed linen, craft or upholstery thread are probably your best bets
- Needle – Pick a needle with a blunt tip; you will use the awl to create holes, not the needle itself
- Binders’ awl – A tool used to create the holes for thread
- Book binding glue or white glue – Elmer’s will usually work
- A heavy stack of books or something even but weighty
- (Optional) X-acto knife
Depending on the technique you plan to try out, you may want to purchase a few additional tools, which will be listed with other guides you find online.
DIY Book Binding
If you’ve never tried book binding before, here are some of the basic steps with a bit more detail.
When most people think of book binding by hand, they think of the “Section Sewing” or Side Sewn techniques, which involve hand-sewing the pages together once they are assembled.
A great number of the other techniques involve either sewing the pages or gluing them.
The first few steps look pretty similar, no matter which technique you use.
To start, you’ll want to get your pages in order. If your pages are printed or handwritten, you will want to make sure they’re arranged properly, and this can get a little tricky, as they have to be specially collated. For example, while it should read “page one, page two, etc.” in proper reading order when finished, when binding, the “first page” and “last page” will be on the same sheet of paper – like you see on a newspaper.
If your pages are blank, they don’t need to be ordered, so it’s a bit easier.
Once your pages are in order, you can fold them and put them together.
From there, you will have to determine what kind of technique you want to use to bind your book.
If you are using a sewn technique, your next step is to use the awl to poke holes in the pages so they can be sewn together and then glued to the cover.
If you are planning to use a technique that involves only book binding glue or another type of glue, and no sewing, this would be the point where you glue all the pages to the cover.
Once you have your book fully assembled, you can use a stack of books or something flat and heavy to ensure the glue dries flat.
There are so many ways to make a beautiful book, so don’t be afraid to play and experiment with techniques to find out which you enjoy the most!
Take a look at our book binding board on Pinterest to get some inspiration:
Have you tried bookbinding yet? |
Organic food is food that is grown without the use of synthetic fertilizers, chemical pesticides and insecticides, growth hormones or antibiotics. Organic food cannot be irradiated, contain genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) or genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and cannot be grown using sewage sludge fertilizer.
Yes. Organic farmers practice crop rotation. This means that they will grow different crops each year to preserve and nourish the soil, and to promote biodiversity. Traditional farmers may grow the same crops on the same soil year after year and use toxic chemicals, both of which result in nutrient depletion.
The nutritional value of food is strongly correlated to the nutritional value of the soil. It is all about the soil.
Here are a few studies that talk about the nutritional advantages of organic food.
This is due to a variety of reasons including: major agribusinesses receive large subsidies from the government, particularly for corn-based products; most organic farmers do not have the economies scale to compete with large corporate conglomerates, and; organic food producers must go through go through a rigorous and time-consuming process to receive organic certification.
Even though conventional food may cost less, it does not deliver the same amount of mineral nutrition. The cost may be lower but so is the nutritional value.
This is because organic food does not contain artificial preservatives to extend its shelf life. Having these preservatives results in an inferior taste.
Switching to a 100% organic diet Day 1 is simply not realistic for most people. If you are new to organic, below are a few different suggestions on how to get started.
Start off slowly, don’t buy too much at first and see what products work well for you. Also, you will need to understand the short shelf-life of organic fruits and vegetables so you don’t waste any food or money.
Here is a video that I put together that explains how we know if something is organic or not.
There are three different types of organic labeling.
100% CERTIFIED ORGANIC
This means that 100% of all ingredients in a product (except salt) and water, are organic. 100% certified organic products may use the USDA Organic Seal.
This means that 95% of all ingredients in a product, except salt and water, are organic. Certified organic products may use the USDA Organic Seal.
MADE WITH ORGANIC INGREDIENTS
This means that 70% of all ingredients in a product, except salt and water, are organic. These products may not use the USDA Organic Seal.
It largely began with the passage of the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 (OFPA). This bill mandated for the creation of an advisory board, the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), to write recommendations for the standards of organic food. It took 12 years for the government to approve the exact wording of these standards and establish criteria for which foods could call themselves “USDA Certified Organic”.
Organic food is certified by an independent, third-party certification agency. The USDA’s National Organic Program (NOP) approves organizations, both for-profit and not-for-profit, that wish to be official certification agencies.
Certifiers work with farmers to make sure that:
Food processors and manufacturers are held to the same standards as farmers. Inspections take place at least once per year.
There are many small farmers who practice organic farming but do not participate in the certification process because the cost and time expenses are too onerous. Therefore, they are not legally allowed to call their food organic.
An organic food product lists the certification agency on its label. The largest agency is Quality Assurance International.
Natural products are supposed to contain no artificial ingredients or added colors and be minimally processed. Natural products do not have near the regulation, standards or enforcement as do organic products.
Overall, there is a lot of widespread abuse of the word “natural”, and there is tremendous confusion about what the word means and the value it provides. |
At the start of my classes, we do a cutting game. It’s like “tell a secret” but with paper. It seems like a silly exercise when we could be doing much more important things but that’s the point. It is mind numbing and it should be pointless. Unfortunately the results of the exercise show the need of it is quite the opposite of pointless. Dispensing with the controversy at the start of class is the easiest way to build all of the other skills needed in production pattern making. It works like this:
- Draw a rectangle 2″ x 6″. Cut it out. Mark this piece as #1.
- Take piece #1, trace it and cut it out. Label this piece #2.
- Take piece #2, trace it and cut it out. Label this piece #3.
- Take piece #3, trace it and cut it out. Label this piece #4.
Lather, rinse and repeat until you have 8 pieces.
That’s all you have to do. I just did it and timed it; it took seven minutes. Do you have seven minutes to play the cutting game?
Supplies: Pattern paper, pencil and scissors. If you don’t have oaktag pattern paper you can use a manila folder. If you have paper you prefer to use for pattern making, that’s your choice.
Cheating: I hope nobody cheats. Cheating is defined as making piece #1 and tracing it out seven times instead of using piece 2 to trace piece 3 etc. Cheating would also include drawing the 2″ x 6″ rectangle eight times and cutting those out.
Submit your entry: When you’re finished with your eight pieces, stack them with the smallest one (#1) on top. Take a picture of it in such a way as to show the layers to best advantage and send it to me or leave a link in comments where the photo can be found. If you can’t upload a photo, send the photo to me and I’ll edit your comment to add a link to your photo. You can always email me from the “About” page.
Note: If you know the solution or point of this test, please refrain from mentioning it in comments. You can weigh in with part two to come. Thanks! |
Eleven reproducible benchmark books! Tops, Tools, and Evaluation Strategies. Make the most of daily observations and assessment opportunities in grades K-3 this rich resource for K-3 teachers provides general assessments such as anecdotal records and reading and writing assessment tools. Also included are tops for planning and managing assessment, blackline masters to use in assessments, way to evaluate assessments, and eleven reproducible benchmark books that can be used for oral reading records. 180 pages. |
Jump to: Smith's • ATS • ISBE • Easton's • Webster's • Concordance • Thesaurus • Greek • Hebrew • Library • Subtopics • Terms
International Standard Bible EncyclopediaAPPLE, OF THE EYE
ap'-'-l: The eyeball, or globe of the eye, with pupil in center, called "apple" from its round shape. Its great value and careful protection by the eyelids automatically closing when there is the least possibility of danger made it the emblem of that which was most precious and jealously protected. The Hebrew terms for it were, 'ishon, diminutive of 'ish, "man," little man or mannikin, referring perhaps specially to the pupil, probably from "the little image one sees of himself when looking into another's pupil" (Davies' Lexicon). "He kept him (Israel) as the apple of his eye" (Deuteronomy 32:10); "Keep me as the apple of the eye," literally, "as the apple, the daughter of the eye" (Psalm 17:8). "Keep my law (the Revised Version, margin "teaching") as the apple of thine eye" (Proverbs 7:2). Compare Proverbs 7:9 where it is used to denote what is the center (American Revised Version, "in the middle of the night"; the English Revised Version "in, the blackness of night"; margin "Hebrew pupil (of the eye)"); babhah perhaps an "opening," "gate"; others regard it as a mimetic word akin to Latin pupa, papilla ("He that toucheth you toucheth the apple of his eye," i.e. Yahweh's; Zechariah 2:8); bath-`ayin, "daughter of the eye"; "Give thyself no respite, let not the apple of thine eye cease" (Lamentations 2:18), which means, either "sleep not," or "cease not to weep." kore, "young girl," "pupil of the eye": "He (the Lord) will keep the good deeds (the Revised Version (British and American) "bounty") of a man as the apple of the eye" (Ecclesiasticus 17:22); the Septuagint also has kore in all instances except Lamentations 2:18, where it has thugater, "daughter."
(ra` `ayin, "evil of eye"; ophthalmos poneros):
i (`ayin; ophthalmos):
sin'-g'-l: Matthew 6:22 parallel Luke 11:34: "If therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light. But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness." "Single" and "evil" here represent haplouis, and poneros. Poneros elsewhere in the New Testament means "wicked"; haplous occurs only here in the New Testament, but is very common in ordinary Greek and always has the meaning "simple." But in view of the context, most commentators take haplous here as meaning "normal," "healthy," and poneros as "diseased," so rendering "Just as physical enlightenment depends on the condition of the eye, so does spiritual enlightenment depend on the condition of the heart." This is natural enough, but it is not satisfactory, as it gives to haplous a unique sense and to poneros a sense unique in the 73 New Testament examples of the word. Moreover, the same expression, "evil eye," is found also in Matthew 20:15 Mark 7:22, where it means "jealousy" or "covetousness." With poneros = "covetous" haplous would = "generous"; and this rendition gives excellent sense in Matthew, where the further context deals with love of money. Yet in Luke it is meaningless, where the context is of a different sort, a fact perhaps indicating that Luke has placed the saying in a bad context. Or the Greek translation of Christ's words used by Matthew and Luke may have taken the moral terms haplous and poneros to translate physical terms ("healthy" and "diseased"?) employed in the original Aramaic. The Sinaitic Syriac version of Luke 11:36 may perhaps contain a trace of an older rendering. See Julicher, Die Gleichnisreden Jesu, II, 98-108.
DISEASES OF THE EYE
Greek3788. ophthalmos -- the eye
... the eye. Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: ophthalmos Phonetic Spelling:
(of-thal-mos') Short Definition: the eye Definition: the eye; fig: the ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/3788.htm - 7k
3659. omma -- an eye
5168. trumalia -- a hole, eye (of a needle)
5169. trupema -- eye.
5299. hupopiazo -- to strike under the eye
3442. monophthalmos -- having one eye
2854. kollourion -- eye salve.
3787. ophthalmodoulia -- eye service
4493. rhipe -- any rapid movement, spec. a twinkling (of lights or ...
2855b. kollurion -- a small bread roll, an eye salve (shaped like ...
Strong's Hebrew5869. ayin -- an eye
... 5868, 5869. ayin. 5870 . an eye. Transliteration: ayin Phonetic Spelling:
(ah'-yin) Short Definition: eyes. Word Origin of uncertain ...
/hebrew/5869.htm - 7k
892. babah -- the apple (of the eye)
5870. ayin -- an eye
380. ishon -- the pupil (of the eye)
5770. avan -- eye
5870a. ayin -- an eye
5870b. in -- to eye
5770a. avan -- eye
1323. bath -- daughter
7335. razam -- to wink, flash
A Bird's-Eye View of the Bible
January the Tenth the Lust of the Eye
The Eye or Hand Allegorized.
On a Single Eye
The Offending Hand, or Foot, or Eye.
February the Twenty-Fifth the Fresh Eye
A Bird's-Eye view of the Early Church
An Eye-Witness's Account of the Crucifixion
Tatian Speaks as an Eye-Witness.
Cast Your Eye Round the Room in which You Sit...
Smith's Bible DictionaryEye
(The practice of painting the eyelids to make the eyes look large, lustrous and languishing is often alluded to in the Old Testament, and still extensively prevails among the women of the East, and especially among the Mohammedans. Jezebel, in (2 Kings 9:30) is said to have prepared for her meeting with Jehu by painting her face, or, as it reads in the margin, "put her eyes in paint." See also (Ezekiel 23:40) A small probe of wood, ivory or silver is wet with rose-water and dipped in an impalpable black powder, and is then drawn between the lids of the eye nearly closed, and leaves a narrow black border, which is though a great ornament. --ED.)
ATS Bible DictionaryEye
The same Hebrew word means both eye and fountain. Besides its common use, to denote the organ of sight, it is often used figuratively in the Bible. Most of these passages, however, require no explanation. The custom of sealing up the eyes of criminals, still practiced in the East, is thought to be alluded to in Isaiah 6:10 44:18. The expression, "As the eyes of servants look unto the hand of their masters," Psalm 123:2, is elucidated by a knowledge of the fact that many eastern servants are taught to stand always upon the watch, and are in general directed by a nod, a wink, or some slight motion of the fingers imperceptible to strangers. Many Scripture phrases intimate the soul-like nature of the eye, quickly and truly expressing the thoughts of the heart: such as "the bountiful eye" and the "evil eye," Proverbs 22:9 23:6; "haughty eyes" and "wanton eyes," Proverbs 6:17 Isaiah 3:16. "The lust of the eyes," 1 John 2:16, expresses a craving for any of the gay vanities of this life. The threatening against "the eye that mocketh at his father," Proverbs 30:17, is explained by the habit of birds of prey, which attack the eyes of a living enemy, and quickly devour those of the dead. A "single" eye, Matthew 6:22, is one which is clear, and sees every object as it is.
There are allusions in the Bible, and in many ancient and modern writers, to the practice of painting the eyelids, to make the eyes appear large, lustrous, and languishing. Jezebel, 2 Kings 9:30, is said to have "painted her face," literally, "put her eyes in paint." This was sometimes done to excess, Jeremiah 4:30; and was practiced by abandoned women, Proverbs 6:25. A small probe of wood, ivory, or silver, is wet with rose water, and dipped in an impalpable powder; this is then drawn between the lids of the eye nearly closed, and leaves a narrow black border which is thought a great ornament. The powder for this purpose, called kohol, is made by burning a kind of aromatic resin, and sometimes of lead ore and other substances, for the benefit of the eyes. In Persia this custom is as common among the men as among the women; so also in ancient Egypt, as the Theban monuments show. "The females of Arabia," Niebuhr says, "color their nails blood-red, and their hands and feet yellow, with the herb Al-henna. (See CAMPHIRE.) They also tinge the inside of their eyelids coal-black with kochel, a coloring material prepared from lead ore. They not only enlarge their eyebrows, but also paint other figures of black, as ornaments, upon the face and hands. Sometimes they even prick through the skin, in various figures, and then lay certain substances upon the wounds, which eat in so deeply, that the ornaments thus impressed are rendered permanent for life. All this the Arabian women esteem as beauty."
Easton's Bible Dictionary(Hebrews `ain, meaning "flowing"), applied (1) to a fountain, frequently; (2) to colour (Numbers 11:7; R.V., "appearance, " marg. "eye"); (3) the face (Exodus 10:5, 15; Numbers 22:5, 11), in Numbers 14:14, "face to face" (R.V. marg., "eye to eye"). "Between the eyes", i.e., the forehead (Exodus 13:9, 16).
The expression (Proverbs 23:31), "when it giveth his colour in the cup," is literally, "when it giveth out [or showeth] its eye." The beads or bubbles of wine are thus spoken of. "To set the eyes" on any one is to view him with favour (Genesis 44:21; Job 24:23; Jeremiah 39:12). This word is used figuratively in the expressions an "evil eye" (Matthew 20:15), a "bountiful eye" (Proverbs 22:9), "haughty eyes" (6:17 marg.), "wanton eyes" (Isaiah 3:16), "eyes full of adultery" (2 Peter 2:14), "the lust of the eyes" (1 John 2:16). Christians are warned against "eye-service" (Ephesians 6:6; Colossians 3:22). Men were sometimes punished by having their eyes put out (1 Samuel 11:2; Samson, Judges 16:21; Zedekiah, 2 Kings 25:7).
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary1. (n.) A brood; as, an eye of pheasants.
2. (n.) The organ of sight or vision. In man, and the vertebrates generally, it is properly the movable ball or globe in the orbit, but the term often includes the adjacent parts. In most invertebrates the years are immovable ocelli, or compound eyes made up of numerous ocelli. See Ocellus.
3. (n.) The faculty of seeing; power or range of vision; hence, judgment or taste in the use of the eye, and in judging of objects; as, to have the eye of sailor; an eye for the beautiful or picturesque.
4. (n.) The action of the organ of sight; sight, look; view; ocular knowledge; judgment; opinion.
5. (n.) The space commanded by the organ of sight; scope of vision; hence, face; front; the presence of an object which is directly opposed or confronted; immediate presence.
6. (n.) Observation; oversight; watch; inspection; notice; attention; regard.
7. (n.) That which resembles the organ of sight, in form, position, or appearance
8. (n.) The spots on a feather, as of peacock.
9. (n.) The scar to which the adductor muscle is attached in oysters and other bivalve shells; also, the adductor muscle itself, esp. when used as food, as in the scallop.
10. (n.) The bud or sprout of a plant or tuber; as the eye of a potato.
11. (n.) The center of a target; the bull's-eye.
12. (n.) A small loop to receive a hook; as hooks and eyes on a dress.
13. (n.) The hole through the head of a needle.
14. (n.) A loop forming part of anything, or a hole through anything, to receive a rope, hook, pin, shaft, etc.; as an eye at the end of a tie bar in a bridge truss; as an eye through a crank; an eye at the end of rope.
15. (n.) The hole through the upper millstone.
16. (n.) That which resembles the eye in relative importance or beauty.
17. (n.) Tinge; shade of color.
18. (v. t.) To fix the eye on; to look on; to view; to observe; particularly, to observe or watch narrowly, or with fixed attention; to hold in view.
ThesaurusEye (145 Occurrences)
... marg. "eye"); (3) the face (Exodus 10:5, 15; Numbers 22:5, 11), in Numbers
14:14, "face to face" (RV marg., "eye to eye"). "Between ...
/e/eye.htm - 54k
Eye-witnesses (4 Occurrences)
Eye's (1 Occurrence)
Eye-witness (2 Occurrences)
Eye-service (2 Occurrences)
Eye-services (1 Occurrence)
Eye-sight (1 Occurrence)
Eye-brows (1 Occurrence)
Eye-salve (1 Occurrence)
Mote (6 Occurrences)
Bible ConcordanceEye (145 Occurrences)
Matthew 5:29 If your right eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out and throw it away from you. For it is more profitable for you that one of your members should perish, than for your whole body to be cast into Gehenna.
Matthew 5:38 "You have heard that it was said,'An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.'
Matthew 6:22 "The lamp of the body is the eye. If therefore your eye is sound, your whole body will be full of light.
Matthew 6:23 But if your eye is evil, your whole body will be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in you is darkness, how great is the darkness!
Matthew 7:3 Why do you see the speck that is in your brother's eye, but don't consider the beam that is in your own eye?
Matthew 7:4 Or how will you tell your brother,'Let me remove the speck from your eye;' and behold, the beam is in your own eye?
Matthew 7:5 You hypocrite! First remove the beam out of your own eye, and then you can see clearly to remove the speck out of your brother's eye.
Matthew 18:9 If your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out, and cast it from you. It is better for you to enter into life with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into the Gehenna of fire.
Matthew 19:24 Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the Kingdom of God."
Matthew 20:15 Isn't it lawful for me to do what I want to with what I own? Or is your eye evil, because I am good?'
Matthew 23:27 "Alas for you, Scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, for you are just like whitewashed sepulchres, the outside of which pleases the eye, though inside they are full of dead men's bones and of all that is unclean.
Matthew 23:28 The same is true of you: outwardly you seem to the human eye to be good and honest men, but, within, you are full of insincerity and disregard of God's Law.
Mark 7:22 covetings, wickedness, deceit, lustful desires, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, and foolishness.
Mark 9:47 If your eye causes you to stumble, cast it out. It is better for you to enter into the Kingdom of God with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into the Gehenna of fire,
Mark 10:25 It is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye than for a rich man to enter into the Kingdom of God."
Luke 6:41 Why do you see the speck of chaff that is in your brother's eye, but don't consider the beam that is in your own eye?
Luke 6:42 Or how can you tell your brother,'Brother, let me remove the speck of chaff that is in your eye,' when you yourself don't see the beam that is in your own eye? You hypocrite! First remove the beam from your own eye, and then you can see clearly to remove the speck of chaff that is in your brother's eye.
Luke 11:34 The lamp of the body is the eye. Therefore when your eye is good, your whole body is also full of light; but when it is evil, your body also is full of darkness.
Luke 18:25 For it is easier for a camel to enter in through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the Kingdom of God."
John 1:18 No human eye has ever seen God: the only Son, who is in the Father's bosom--He has made Him known.
Romans 1:20 For from the first making of the world, those things of God which the eye is unable to see, that is, his eternal power and existence, are fully made clear, he having given the knowledge of them through the things which he has made, so that men have no reason for wrongdoing:
Romans 16:17 Now I beg you, brothers, look out for those who are causing the divisions and occasions of stumbling, contrary to the doctrine which you learned, and turn away from them.
1 Corinthians 2:9 But as it is written, "Things which an eye didn't see, and an ear didn't hear, which didn't enter into the heart of man, these God has prepared for those who love him."
1 Corinthians 12:16 If the ear would say, "Because I'm not the eye, I'm not part of the body," it's not therefore not part of the body.
1 Corinthians 12:17 If the whole body were an eye, where would the hearing be? If the whole were hearing, where would the smelling be?
1 Corinthians 12:21 The eye can't tell the hand, "I have no need for you," or again the head to the feet, "I have no need for you."
1 Corinthians 15:52 in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we will be changed.
Ephesians 6:6 not in the way of service only when eyes are on you, as men pleasers; but as servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart;
Colossians 3:22 Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the flesh; not with eyeservice, as menpleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God;
Revelation 1:7 Behold, he is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see him, including those who pierced him. All the tribes of the earth will mourn over him. Even so, Amen.
Revelation 3:18 I counsel you to buy from me gold refined by fire, that you may become rich; and white garments, that you may clothe yourself, and that the shame of your nakedness may not be revealed; and eye salve to anoint your eyes, that you may see.
Genesis 2:9 And out of the earth the Lord made every tree to come, delighting the eye and good for food; and in the middle of the garden, the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
Genesis 3:6 When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate.
Genesis 12:11 Now when he came near to Egypt, he said to Sarai, his wife, Truly, you are a fair woman and beautiful to the eye;
Genesis 44:21 You said to your servants,'Bring him down to me, that I may set my eyes on him.'
Genesis 45:20 And let not your eye regret your stuff; for the good of all the land of Egypt shall be yours.
Exodus 10:5 and it hath covered the eye of the land, and none is able to see the land, and it hath eaten the remnant of that which is escaped, which is left to you from the hail, and it hath eaten every tree which is springing for you out of the field;
Exodus 21:24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
Exodus 21:26 "If a man strikes his servant's eye, or his maid's eye, and destroys it, he shall let him go free for his eye's sake.
Leviticus 21:20 or hunchbacked, or a dwarf, or one who has a defect in his eye, or an itching disease, or scabs, or who has damaged testicles;
Leviticus 24:20 fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; as he has injured someone, so shall it be done to him.
Numbers 14:14 and they will tell it to the inhabitants of this land, who have heard that thou, Jehovah, art in the midst of this people, that thou, Jehovah, lettest thyself be seen eye to eye, and that thy cloud standeth over them, and that thou goest before them, in a pillar of cloud by day, and in a pillar of fire by night;
Numbers 22:5 and he sendeth messengers unto Balaam son of Beor, to Pethor, which 'is' by the River of the land of the sons of his people, to call for him, saying, 'Lo, a people hath come out of Egypt; lo, it hath covered the eye of the land, and it is abiding over-against me;
Numbers 22:11 Lo, the people that is coming out from Egypt and covereth the eye of the land, -- now come, pierce it for me; it may be I am able to fight against it, and have cast it out;'
Numbers 24:3 He took up his parable, and said, "Balaam the son of Beor says, the man whose eye was closed says;
Numbers 24:15 He took up his parable, and said, "Balaam the son of Beor says, the man whose eye was closed says;
Deuteronomy 7:16 You shall consume all the peoples whom Yahweh your God shall deliver to you; your eye shall not pity them: neither shall you serve their gods; for that will be a snare to you.
Deuteronomy 13:8 you shall not consent to him, nor listen to him; neither shall your eye pity him, neither shall you spare, neither shall you conceal him:
Deuteronomy 15:9 Beware that there not be a base thought in your heart, saying, "The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand;" and your eye be evil against your poor brother, and you give him nothing; and he cry to Yahweh against you, and it be sin to you.
Deuteronomy 19:13 Your eye shall not pity him, but you shall put away the innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with you.
Deuteronomy 19:21 Your eyes shall not pity; life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.
Deuteronomy 25:12 then you shall cut off her hand, your eye shall have no pity.
Deuteronomy 28:54 The man who is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his brother, and toward the wife of his bosom, and toward the remnant of his children whom he has remaining;
Deuteronomy 28:56 The tender and delicate woman among you, who would not adventure to set the sole of her foot on the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter,
Deuteronomy 32:10 He found him in a desert land, in the waste howling wilderness. He surrounded him. He cared for him. He kept him as the apple of his eye.
Deuteronomy 33:28 And Israel doth tabernacle 'in' confidence alone; The eye of Jacob 'is' unto a land of corn and wine; Also His heavens drop down dew.
Deuteronomy 34:7 Moses was one hundred twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.
Judges 18:6 And the priest said to them, "Go in peace. The journey on which you go is under the eye of the LORD."
1 Samuel 2:29 Why do you kick at my sacrifice and at my offering, which I have commanded in my habitation, and honor your sons above me, to make yourselves fat with the best of all the offerings of Israel my people?'
1 Samuel 2:32 You shall see the affliction of my habitation, in all the wealth which God shall give Israel; and there shall not be an old man in your house forever.
1 Samuel 11:2 Nahash the Ammonite said to them, "On this condition I will make it with you, that all your right eyes be put out; and I will lay it for a reproach on all Israel."
1 Samuel 18:9 Saul eyed David from that day and forward.
1 Samuel 24:10 Behold, this day your eyes have seen how that Yahweh had delivered you today into my hand in the cave. Some urged me to kill you; but I spared you; and I said, I will not put forth my hand against my lord; for he is Yahweh's anointed.
2 Samuel 16:12 It may be that Jehovah will look on the wrong done unto me, and that Jehovah will requite me good for his cursing of me this day.
2 Samuel 20:6 And David said to Abishai, Sheba, the son of Bichri, will do us more damage than Absalom did; so take some of your lord's servants and go after him, before he makes himself safe in the walled towns, and gets away before our eyes.
2 Samuel 22:25 Therefore Yahweh has rewarded me according to my righteousness, According to my cleanness in his eyesight.
2 Chronicles 6:20 that your eyes may be open toward this house day and night, even toward the place where you have said that you would put your name; to listen to the prayer which your servant shall pray toward this place.
Ezra 5:5 But the eye of their God was on the elders of the Jews, and they did not make them cease, until the matter should come to Darius, and then answer should be returned by letter concerning it.
Job 7:7 Oh remember that my life is a breath. My eye shall no more see good.
Job 7:8 The eye of him who sees me shall see me no more. Your eyes shall be on me, but I shall not be.
Job 10:18 "'Why, then, have you brought me forth out of the womb? I wish I had given up the spirit, and no eye had seen me.
Job 13:1 "Behold, my eye has seen all this. My ear has heard and understood it.
Job 14:3 Do you open your eyes on such a one, and bring me into judgment with you?
Job 16:20 My friends scoff at me. My eyes pour out tears to God,
Job 17:2 Surely there are mockers with me. My eye dwells on their provocation.
Job 17:7 My eye also is dim by reason of sorrow. All my members are as a shadow.
Job 20:9 The eye which saw him shall see him no more, neither shall his place any more see him.
Job 24:15 The eye also of the adulterer waits for the twilight, saying,'No eye shall see me.' He disguises his face.
Job 28:7 That path no bird of prey knows, neither has the falcon's eye seen it.
Job 28:10 He cuts out channels among the rocks. His eye sees every precious thing.
Job 29:11 For when the ear heard me, then it blessed me; and when the eye saw me, it commended me:
Job 31:16 "If I have withheld the poor from their desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail,
Job 39:29 From there he spies out the prey. His eyes see it afar off.
Job 42:5 I had heard of you by the hearing of the ear, but now my eye sees you.
Psalms 6:7 My eye wastes away because of grief. It grows old because of all my adversaries.
Psalms 17:8 Keep me as the apple of your eye. Hide me under the shadow of your wings,
Psalms 31:9 Have mercy on me, Yahweh, for I am in distress. My eye, my soul, and my body waste away with grief.
Psalms 32:8 I will instruct you and teach you in the way which you shall go. I will counsel you with my eye on you.
Psalms 33:18 Behold, Yahweh's eye is on those who fear him, on those who hope in his loving kindness;
Psalms 35:19 Don't let those who are my enemies wrongfully rejoice over me; neither let those who hate me without a cause wink their eyes.
Psalms 35:21 Yes, they opened their mouth wide against me. They said, "Aha! Aha! Our eye has seen it!"
Psalms 54:7 For he has delivered me out of all trouble. My eye has seen triumph over my enemies.
Psalms 73:7 Their eyes bulge with fat. Their minds pass the limits of conceit.
Psalms 77:2 In the day of my trouble I sought the Lord: My hand was stretched out in the night, and slacked not; My soul refused to be comforted.
Psalms 88:9 My eyes are dim from grief. I have called on you daily, Yahweh. I have spread out my hands to you.
Psalms 92:11 My eye has also seen my enemies. My ears have heard of the wicked enemies who rise up against me.
Psalms 94:9 He who implanted the ear, won't he hear? He who formed the eye, won't he see?
Psalms 101:5 Whoso privily slandereth his neighbor, him will I destroy: Him that hath a high look and a proud heart will I not suffer.
Proverbs 6:13 who winks with his eyes, who signals with his feet, who motions with his fingers;
Proverbs 7:2 Keep my commandments and live! Guard my teaching as the apple of your eye.
LinksBible Concordance • Bible Dictionary • Bible Encyclopedia • Topical Bible • Bible Thesuarus |
Here you’ll find questions for adult small groups, as well as questions about the Children’s Message with Activity Pages for kids…
QUESTIONS THAT WILL HELP YOU DIG DEEPER INTO THE MAIN MESSAGE FOR YOUR FAMILY DEVOTIONS OR SMALL GROUP:
Read the text: Luke 20:9-19.
Have you ever used a parable, or a story, to drive home a point to someone? It may have been a child, student, or even a friend. What was Jesus using this parable to show the religious leaders in Jerusalem?
What do you think Jesus wanted His audience (as well as us) to know about the fate of those who reject God’s Son? In other words, what can we learn from this passage?
Why do you think the the religious leaders responded the way they did to Jesus in verse 16? Those that have been entrusted to represent God to others seem to be held to a higher standard, who does that include? (Malachi 2:1-9 and James 3:1).
Pastor Michael mentioned many times that Jesus is the Cornerstone, the Rock. What did that mean to the Jews (Romans 9:32-33)… To the Gentiles, (Daniel 2:34)… and to us believers (Ephesians 2:20)? What would it look like if Jesus were truly the CORNERSTONE of a person’s life?
The story was told of a rock in the middle of the Oregon Trail on the Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. What was the point of that story? How is the Cornerstone NOT recognized today?
Who are people in your life that have rejected the message of the Gospel? What does this passage say about their fate? What are some practical ways that you can pray for them to see the life they can have if they surrender to Christ as Savior?
Family Discussion Questions for the Children’s Message: “John Pointed to Jesus”
Have a volunteer read John 3:35-36.
- Why did John say Jesus must increase and he (John) must decrease? Prompt kids to recall that with Jesus on earth, John’s mission was complete. Jesus was the One whom people had been waiting for—the promised Messiah who would save people from their sins! Jesus was greater than John, and John joyfully stepped aside as Jesus began His earthly ministry. (Option: Choose a volunteer to read Luke 14:11.)
- Who deserves fame and glory in our own lives—us or God? Why? Help kids recognize that even when you work hard to accomplish something great, you can give God glory because He made you and gives you special talents and abilities. Prompt them to discuss ways they can make Jesus famous instead of trying to make a great name for themselves. (Option: Choose a volunteer to read Matt. 5:16.)
- How can we point others to Jesus? Invite kids to discuss how we can tell people directly about Jesus, and we can also show kindness and have peace in a way that shows we trust Jesus with our lives and our future. (Option: Choose a volunteer to read 1 Pet. 3:15.) |
The healthy gastrointestinal tract absorbs only the small molecules like those that are product of complete digestion. These molecules are the amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals that the body requires for all the processes of life to function properly. The intestines, small intestine in particular, only allow these substances to enter the body due to the fact that the cells that make up the intestinal wall are tightly packed together. The intestines also contain special proteins called 'carrier proteins' that are responsible for binding to certain nutrients and transporting them through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream.
Leaky Gut Syndrome (LGS) is the name given to a condition in which the ability of the intestinal wall to keep out large and undesirable molecules is reduced. Hence the name, as substances that are normally kept outside the body and within the intestines, are "leaking" across the intestinal wall and into the body as a whole. This happens when the spaces between the cells of the intestinal wall become enlarged for various reasons. |
Browsing through the Brighton library recently, I came across a video from a 1982 PBS mini-series titled "A Walk Through the 20th Century." This particular installment was called "World War II --- The Propaganda Battle," narrated by Bill Moyers. Being a history buff, especially about World War II, I checked it out.
The film compares how propaganda, or public information, was handled by the United States and the Axis Powers, especially Nazi Germany, before and during the war. And the contrasts between the Nazi approach and the American could not be more striking.
The main effort in America was through a series of films called "Why We Fight," produced by Hollywood's Frank Capra. Before the series was started, Capra met with General George Marshall, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs. In this meeting, Marshall stressed above all else that the films be entirely truthful, because the truth and the right were clearly on our side.
The films, which were shown to the American armed forces, civilians, and people the world over, emphasized the virtues of American life, such as freedom of speech and the press. They even showed people speaking out against entering the war before Pearl Harbor.
They didn't show massive armies being put into action or regimentation of American life. Rather, they emphasized the citizen soldier being called upon to defend America and civilization. To make the case, the films used an accurate depiction of the historical record leading up to the war, and they used excerpts from the Nazis' own propaganda films to demonstrate what we were up against. The American films depicted the Nazis as a polar opposite of what America stood for at that time.
The Nazi propaganda films were of an entirely different orientation. First and foremost, the story they portrayed was mostly false. The invasion of Poland was presented as a preemptive war launched because Poland was threatening Germany, and the Poles supposedly welcomed the Germans as liberators. The invasions of Norway, France, and Russia were also presented as preemptive strikes in anticipation of hostile actions.
Even more important is the depiction of how the German home front was prepared for the war. Again, falsehood was the key, and regimentation of thinking and action were the objectives. The appeal to nationalism was prominent: Flags were everywhere, and the national leaders were always surrounded by military uniforms and displays of power. The slogan of the time was "One People, One Leader, One Nation." The obvious implication: If you deviated from that norm, you were a traitor.
Fritz Hippler, the man in charge of the Nazis' filmmaking, told Moyers that the films were expected to emphasize simple themes, and they were to repeat them over and over. It was the Big Lie Technique at work: Germany was threatened and had to defend itself against the evils of Communism, the Jews, the plutocrats of the West.
The Nazi propaganda never mentioned the conquest of an empire. All news was censored, and journalists were strictly controlled. Casualties or military burials were not to be shown. German military might was to be emphasized, and the word blitzkrieg (shock and awe?) was coined to intimidate future victims. Films of early German triumphs were widely distributed to show the futility of resisting German might.
Democracy and propaganda, Moyers noted, are uneasy partners. And it's clear that Moyers feels the US propaganda during World War II is an example of a truthful and responsible effort to explain the war. Sadly, the Bush administration is not using this approach in explaining the Iraq war. The propaganda efforts at work today, unfortunately, tend toward the example of Nazi Germany. This is a hard truth to accept, and many would violently disagree. And certainly no one would compare the behavior of the US to that of Nazi Germany. But if we look at what's happening today, the parallels to the Nazis' propaganda are all too evident.
The America of today is not the America of 1941. In World War II, we were literally fighting for our lives against a regime of unparalleled barbarity determined to dominate the world. And the Germans had the power to win. Today the United States is the world's overwhelming national power. And with that power we are creating an empire.
We have major military bases in 38 countries and some form of military establishment in 153 countries. Since World War II, we have attacked or intervened in 25 countries and have had a hand in the overthrow of 17 governments. Some of these actions were justified. Many were not. With the Cold War at an end, exactly who is this military colossus aimed at? A small band of terrorists?
But it's a harder sell to convince people to go to war to defend an empire rather than to protect their country. And so we use false propaganda to justify the war. In his recent book "Sorrows of Empire," Chalmers Johnson cited several sorrows that will soon be upon us as we move forward on the imperial road. We will be in a perpetual state of war constantly creating new animosities, he says. Smaller nations will try as never before to get weapons of mass destruction to ward off the American juggernaut. There will be a loss of democracy and constitutional rights at home. The principle of truthfulness will be replaced by false propaganda, disinformation, and glorification of war. And lastly: there will be financial collapse as the cost of empire becomes unsustainable.
All these "sorrows" are clearly in motion.
The optimist in me says that eventually the American people will see through what is happening and demand different political leadership. The sooner the better. |
Growing market is demanding more engineered products in a shorter design cycle, with longer life, durable, reduced cost and with better performance and competitive. Which encourages designers, researchers to explore more and more realistic solutions, techniques and procedures to ensure the consumer demand is achieved. Material in Design plays a major role in the design cycle innovation, leading to find better, smarter, cheaper material along with new product design techniques, innovative manufacturing technologies and in-service treatments. Innovations are inevitable to achieve best solutions however, it makes engineering product designers challenge still more complex in understanding, exploring and acquiring the knowledge of physics behind phenomenon associated with fatigue, fracture, material, process, product design, validation techniques & verification procedures to meet the real world challenge. It is the need of the hour to acquire, adopt and excel in this knowledge.
This course introduces concept of fatigue, fatigue mechanisms, loading aspects, material aspects of fatigue and considerations in testing and simulation. The course aims to cover the detailed knowledge on theoretical and simulation aspects of stress based and strain based fatigue life calculations; also extends to calculate the effect of manufacturing parameters like residual stress, surface finish on fatigue life.
Course aims to give introduction to thermo-mechanical and creep fatigue, vibrational fatigue, weld fatigue aspects.
On the loading front it will cover bi-axial and multi-axial fatigues, temperature dependent, time dependent loading aspects are covered.
If you don’t already have an account click the button below to create your account.Create New Account |
Celebrate the holiday with a quiz
Today is National Punctuation Day, an annual event that celebrates what we hope is the proper use of punctuation marks.
And while the official site for National Punctuation Day is sponsoring a punctuation haiku contest this year, we’re more into instant gratification here at the Texas State blog.
So here are 10 punctuation questions of varying levels of difficulty, gleaned from the Associated Press Stylebook. Take the quiz, then leave a comment on the blog to tell us how you did. We’ll pick 10 of you at random to receive the deluxe maroon-and-gold writing set (pictured).
1. Which of these is correct?
a. “Halt!”, the sentry shouted.
b. “Halt!” the sentry shouted.
c. “Halt,!” the sentry shouted.
d. None of the above. We hate exclamation points.
2. What punctuation is recommended to denote the unfamiliar phrase in this sentence?
a. Joe tuned in the game on his “transistor radio.”
b. Joe tuned in the game on his ‘transistor radio.’
c. Joe tuned in the game on his (transistor radio).
d. None of the above, as I do not understand what the heck either “tune in” or “transistor radio” mean.
3. Which of these is correct?
a. Who wrote “Gone with the Wind?”
b. Who wrote Gone with the Wind?
c. Who wrote “Gone with the Wind”?
d. What in the world is “Gone with the Wind?”
4. According to the Associated Press stylebook, what punctuation marks never should appear in the same sentence?
a. A dash and a colon.
b. A dash and a period.
c. A dash and an exclamation point.
d. A period and an ellipsis. All those dots make people dizzy.
5. Which of these is correct usage of punctuation?
a. LBJ (for Lyndon Baines Johnson)
b. L.B.J. (for Lyndon Baines Johnson)
c. LB.J. (for Lyndon Baines Johnson)
d. L.B.J. (for LeBron James)
6. According the Associated Press stylebook, a semicolon should be used:
a. to cram two completely unrelated thoughts into the same sentence.
b. when a whole colon is just too much to bear.
c. never in a Tweet.
d. to indicate a greater separation of thought and information in a sentence than a comma can convey, but less than a period.
7. Ellipsis are used to:
a. indicate the deletion of one or more words in a quote.
b. indicate a pause or an incomplete thought by a speaker
c. make people being quoted sound guilty (“I am . . . a crook,” President Nixon said.)
d. all of the above
8. When using a compound modifier, use a hyphen between words except when:
a. one of the words is “very”
b. one of the words an adverb than ends in –ly
c. you don’t what the heck a compound modifier is
d. all of the above
9. Which of these is correct?
a. It’s a wonderful day in the neighborhood.
b. Its a wonderful day in the neighborhood.
c. Theirs a wonderful day in the neighborhood.
d. “Why are you so happy, anyway”?
10. How do you indicate the plural of single letters (if, for example, you made an C in all five of your classes):
d. None of the above. I would never make a C in all five of my classes.
1. a (or maybe d) |
Grand Rapids Voters adopted the Commission-Manager form of government in 1916. This means that City leadership is made up of elected officials and the City Manager. The City Commission is a legislative body. Its members are the community’s policy-makers. The Commission hires the Manager to serve as the City’s chief administrator. For more info, you can view the City of Grand Rapids Charter online.
The Mayor is the official head of the City and presides at meetings of the City Commission’s decisions. This person is elected “at large,” or by the entire City. This legislative body for the Commissioners consists of the Mayor and six Commissioners. They are all elected by wards, two from each of the City’s three wards. The Commissioners serve four-year overlapping terms. Every two years, the community elects one commissioner from each ward. |
Esser's Heart Surface
This Demonstration shows Esser's heart surface.
In 1985, William Esser III was awarded a US patent for the dissection of an ellipsoid to a heart-shaped object. Ernst Lurker, a sculptor, discovered a very similar dissection around the same time.
G. N. Frederickson, Hinged Dissections: Swinging & Twisting, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002 pp. 6–7. www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/gnf/book2.html.
"Esser's Heart Surface"
Wolfram Demonstrations Project
Published: November 8 2013 |
Common materials include copper wire, stainless steel wire and galvanized wire. Copper wire is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. It's high ductile strength makes it a great choice for electrical projects. When wiring lighting fixtures, outlets and appliances, it's important to choose the right type. Copper wire is the most widely . |
The Repairing of the Ka’ba and “The Trusworthy”
When Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was thirty five years old, one of the most discussed topics was the repairs to be done to the Ka’ba. A thief had got in through the walls that had fallen apart and had stolen certain precious things from it. A woman had set fire near it and the flames had inflamed the cover of the Ka’ba and burnt it. The Quraysh took all this into consideration and decided to repair the Ka’ba. A ship had recently run aground on the shores of Jeddah and news had come that this ship was full of the material needed for the repairs. Moreover there were workmen in the ship who could carry out the repairs. Without much ado, a delegation headed by Walid ibn Mughira went and bought the material that was needed, and they took the master workman Bakum of Greek origin with them and then returned to Mecca.1
When it came to distribution of the work, there was immediately some tension, for all tribes wanted to gain credit for such an honorable job as repairing the Ka’ba. At the end, each wall was designated to a certain tribe for repair.
But before rebuilding, they had to tear down the walls and no one had the courage to do that. They feared that some curse would befall them. It was Walid ibn Mughira who first mustered the courage to hit the first blow with the lever. He said: “O Lord! We mean nothing but good when doing this.”
And he kept hitting with the lever with utmost care. No one else had the courage that day to participate in tearing down the wall. They wanted to wait a few days to see whether any bad things would happen to them; for if nothing happened, they would take this as a sign that the Lord was content with what they were doing. If something bad happened, they would give up the work and never think of it again. The next day had come and everybody had woken up just like the previous days. It was clear that the Lord was content with the work and so all the tribes took up the work that had already been designated to them, and the task of demolition was completed.
They had now reached all the way down to the foundations laid down by Prophet Ibrahim, peace be upon him. When they touched the foundations, they saw that the whole of Mecca started to shake, and fearing what would happen, they decided to build the new building on top of these foundations.2
The Ka’ba was rising stone by stone and when it came to the most important pillar of the building, there was yet another disagreement between the tribes. Each tribe wanted to place the Black Stone, the Hajar al-Aswad, which they deemed to be holy, themselves. There was no way to resolve the dispute, such that they were looking for ways to attack each other. This was a fearful situation because the wounds of the Fijar battles were only just beginning to heal and such a conflict could bring the tribes near another battle that could last hundreds of years.
It was at this moment that the oldest man of the Quraysh, Abu Umayya, stood up and spoke to the Meccans who were waiting for the smallest provocation to attack each other: “O people of Quraysh! You should appoint a judge among you and thus end this dispute! Let the first man that enters the doors of the Ka’ba be that judge and let him judge among you and do as he says!”
First they debated this suggestion and then decided that it was fair. They did not want to create animosity among the tribes for a task they had set out to do in the name of good works. They had all accepted this suggestion and now they had to wait for that first person to enter through the doors. It was a Monday. 103 Monday holds a special place in the life of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. He was born on a Monday and he received his first revelation on a Monday in the Cave of Hira. The day he started the migration to Medina was on a Monday, and the day he arrived in Medina was on a Monday. The day in which he preferred the Hereafter and left for a higher companionship was also on a Monday. See Suhayli, Rawthul Unf, 1/129. After a long and silent wait, everyone had become all ears, and they tried to guess to whom the footsteps belonged to. The first face that the Quraysh saw entering the doors was Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him. When they saw him they all said:
“Look! The Amin, the Trustworthy, is coming! We will be content with his judgment.”
Muhammad the Trustworthy, peace and blessings be upon him, enquired after why they were all looking at him and why they had started to cry out after seeing him; he was told of all that had happened. He then asked them to bring a big piece of cloth. Soon after they brought it to him and were watching him with great curiosity.
First the Messenger of Allah ﷺ laid the cloth on the ground, and then carrying the Black Stone with his own hands, placed it on the cloth. He could see that people were watching his every move, and so he said:
“Each tribe should hold a side of the cloth and lift the stone.”
It was a clever solution, and no one could say anything against it. Thus, every tribe would participate in placing the stone and lift it up all together. When the stone came to where it was to be placed, he approached it, took it into his exalted hands and put it in its place. It was clear that Allah wanted His Last Messenger to place this stone. This stone’s origins were in Paradise and had come to the earth with Prophet Adam, peace be upon him, and had inhabited the Ka’ba from the time of Prophet Ibrahim and Ismail, peace be upon them, and He had arranged the timing. In truth, everything was reverting to its original state with him. The whole incident had been managed by the Messenger of Allah, the possessor of a higher intellect. With the stroke of a genius, the work of the repairs which had stopped for days restarted and finished as planned.3
Honoring One’s Word
He had led such a life before meeting Angel Gabriel that those who had the opportunity to spend even a moment in his presence had the opportunity to observe all the virtues that can be found in humanity, and these would remain as unforgettable memories in their minds.
Our noble Prophet had made trade with a young man called Abdullah ibn Abi Hamsa and the young man had incurred some debt to him. They had agreed on when and where the debt would be paid and then gone their separate ways. When the arranged day had come, the Messenger of Allah went to the designated place and started to wait. He waited there until the evening.
But Abdullah had forgotten his word and had not come to the appointment. The noble Prophet continued to wait a second day. But the young Abdullah did not come that day either. On the third day, Abdullah remembered his appointment with Muhammad the Trustworthy and rushed to the place of the meeting. He was embarrassed to have forgotten his appointment. When he came to the appointed place he saw, as he had expected, the Pride of Humankind was waiting for him, for he had turned his face towards where Abdullah was likely to come and had been waiting for three days in case he would still come.
When he saw Abdullah coming towards him in haste, he was happy and relieved. But in order to make a note of what had happened, he said the following: “You young man! You put me in a very difficult position. I have been waiting for you here for three days.”4Abdullah ibn Abi Hamsa would relate this incident of the Meccan period years later, after he himself had become a Muslim, thus making a historical note of an important incident. |
US Foreign Policy in Crises:
From Manifest Destiny to Failure in Iraq and Afghanistan
Eddie J. Girdner
This article will briefly survey the tragectory of American imperialism from Manifest Destiny in the nineteenth century era of the expansion of the American frontier, to the global reach of Wilsonianism in the early twentieth century, World War II under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Eisenhower to Reagan Cold War era, the crises of the New World Order in the l990s, the era of the Bush Neoconservatives, and finally the decline of US foreign policy under President Barack Obama. Today the American Empire is confronted with greater global resistance and the increasing inability to control events as its economic and political power declines.
Post War American Foreign Policy Goals:
There were four major Post World War II goals of US foreign policy. First, is global security. Generally, this meant making the world safe for US business interests, that is, US transnational corporations and their profits.
Secondly, war profits. This meant ensuring profits for defense corporations and private contractors through war production. Public subsidies to private capital for research and development was concealed in the military budget as part of the system. Up to ninety percent of US war spending is direct profit for American corporations. Third, has been deterring democracy. This has meant preventing the rise of any society which could serve as an alternative to the US capitalist model. For example, the invasion of the small island of Grenada on October 25, l983, whose socialist government might have provided a successful alternative model of development. Another example is the Contra war against Nicaragua under the Sandinistas in the l980s. There are many more examples.
Fourth, has been ensuring the power of the Empire forever. This has meant maintaining US political, economic, and military hegemony and preventing any challenge to US global control from any quarter.
From 1945 to 2000, the US participated in the overthrow of more than forty governments. Since then, the US has carried out regime change in Iraq and Afghanistan and helped to over throw the government of Moammar Gadhafi in Libya. The US has attempted to crush more than thirty nationalist-populist movements and has influenced or prevented elections in at least thirty-five countries. The US has carried out military operations around the world resulting in millions of deaths since l950.
The Roots of US Foreign Policy:
The religious and political roots of US foreign policy are grounded in at least five precepts. The first is Novus Ordo Seclorum, or a new order of the ages. Second is the ideology of Manifest Destiny. Third is the ideology of American Exceptionalism. Fourth is the ideology of radical individualism. And finally, the ideology of racial superiority. These are explained briefly below.
Empire is as American as cherry pie. Noam Chomsky has noted that “the United States is the one country which was explicitly founded as an American Empire.”Chomsky points out that according to the Founding Fathers, the US was founded as an “infant empire.” This statement is from George Washington. Modern imperialism is just a later phase of the American project. The model comes from the Roman Empire and was borrowed from the British. In the words of Thomas Jefferson, “We shall drive them with the beasts of the forests into the stony mountains” to create a country “free of blot or mixture.”
A famous painting by John Gast in 1872 shows Columbia as a symbol of the United States leading American settlers across the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean. The wild bison and Native Americans are being driven out. White settlers are moving west in a covered wagon. Stage coach routes are being established and railroads laid down. Settlers are plowing the land for crops and miners are searching for minerals. Forests are being cleared. Columbia as a lady with long blonde hair is wearing a white flowing robe. She holds a book in her right hand, presumably the Bible.
Manifest Destiny was the American ideology of expansion. Texas and California were taken from Mexico by force in the nineteenth century. Manifest Destiny became the basis for the “American Mission to promote and defend democracy” throughout the world. Historian William Appleman Williams explored these ideas in his works.America was the “New Jerusalem.” Many Americans believed that they were “God’s chosen people” like the Israelites in the Bible. God had chosen America to lead the world to Truth and Righteousness. This was the ideology of millenarianism. Today, America is seen to be secular, but there has always been an underlying religious thrust to American expansionism.
Another basis for American imperialism is the ideology of American exceptionalism. Americans tend to believe that the US is not just another country, but a special country blessed by God. They see America as the greatest country and the best country and as a classless society. So, by definition, whatever the US does is right and just and never self-serving. This means that to criticize America is often seen as unpatriotic or even hating America.
Woodrow Wilson, the father of Wilsonianism, was President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Wilson was a protestant theologian who believed that the US had a mission to “make the world safe for democracy.” This mission came from God and was an extension of Manifest Destiny. Wilson ran for President in l916 on an anti-war ticket, pledging to keep America out of the war in Europe. Then he took the US into the war.
In a speech in l918, Wilson sees the US as projecting a Godly force into the world. “Force, force to the utmost, force without stint or limit, the righteous and triumphant force which shall make right the law of the world, and cast every selfish dominion down in the dust.”
Wilson’s League of Nations foundered on the pitfalls of domestic politics, but the US would remain a global player and become the global hegemonic power.
FDR and the Post War World:
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President from l933 until his death in l945, stated: “I hate war.” He said he wanted to keep the US out of World War II, but after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 6, 1941, the US declared war on Japan. Actually, it seems that Roosevelt had already secretly made a deal with the British to take the US into the war.
Roosevelt’s false promise to the America people was, “I give you one more assurance… Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.” Under the Lend-Lease Program, the US sent fifty destroyers to Britain just before the Japanese attack.
In the Post-War world, after 1945, the US emerged as the “One Great Power” with half of the world’s industrial production. The other superpower, of course, was the Soviet Union. The Cold War was soon to begin.
The post-war global political economy would be largely designed by the United States and Great Britain. John Maynard Keynes and others in l944 at Bretton Woods New Hampshire, set up the Bretton Woods Monetary System. The US dollar was king. The United States would control the United Nations up until the l960s. The global economy would be controlled through the powerful levers of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Another institution was the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The US was largely exempt from the rules imposed upon the rest of the world. These institutions empowered and serviced US imperialism.
Under the Bretton Woods System, the US dollar became the global reserve currency and could not be devalued. This system officially ended in l971, but the Bretton Woods institutions, while weakened, continue to rule the global economy, particularly the IMF and the World Bank.
The postwar Soviet view of the world during the Cold War projected that Marxism is relevant and that the future of the world would be socialist. The Soviets believed that the uneven development of capitalist countries could lead to violent disturbances and that this could split the capitalist world into two hostile camps, the West and the rest. Joseph Stalin stated on February, 9, 1946, that war is inevitable as long as capitalism exists.
On the other hand, in the Iron Curtain Speech, on March 5, 1946 in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill proposed that “God has willed” the United States, not “some communist state…” to have the atomic bomb. “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent.”
In l945, the United States had dropped the atomic bomb on Japan. In l945, President Harry Truman said that “the bomb is the greatest thing in history.” On the other hand, author John Hersey, writing about the bomb, wrote “It would be impossible to say what horrors were embedded in the minds of children who lived through the day of the bombing in Hiroshima.”
The bomb, in fact, was a warning to the Soviet Union. There was by that time no military strategic reason to use the bomb. Truman and General Douglas McArthur would shape US policy in East Asia and the policy of containment would lead to the Korean War (l951-1953), the Vietnam War (l962-1975), and other proxy wars. This was the beginning of counterinsurgency.
After World War II, the US was the great global superpower and had the ability to control global events to a great extent. Domestic support would be largely ensured by the instillation of fear of communism into the population.
The Truman Doctrine, the Cold War and Counterinsurgency:
The Truman Doctrine was proclaimed on March 12, 1947. “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”
The fear of communism would be used to make Americans support the Cold War policy. Congress gave Truman great power to wage cold war. The US used the communist pretext to intervene in the Greek Civil War against the left and said that Washington could intervene anywhere in the world by seeing the problem as “communist.”
The Marshall Plan was launched to boost American business interests and capture the European markets. In l946, a US official commented on getting Turkey on board. “Turkey was slipped into the oven with Greece because that seemed the surest way to cook a tough bird.” From the perspective of Pravda in the Soviet Union, the Marshall Plan was “a Truman plan with dollars.” The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were “two halves of the same walnut.” It was also a plan to rebuild Germany and Japan economically and dominate European and Asian markets.
Under the Marshall Plan, the American economy would also be boosted. Dollars to Europe from American taxpayers went mostly to big corporations in the US which provided the goods for Europe. It was another mechanism for the accumulation of capital from taxes from the working people of America and Europe.
The promulgation of NSC-68 in l950 established the American blueprint for waging the Cold War for the next twenty years. This document declared that the world was divided between the “slave society” and “the free society.” The document claimed that the USSR wanted to dominate the Eurasian land mass, unlike the USA, of course. It said that the US must be the world’s policeman and impose order on the world. Also, according to Secretary of State, Dean Acheson, limited wars could be fought “to compel the acceptance of terms consistent with our objectives.”
The National Security Council laid down a list of recommendations. There would be no negotiations with the Soviet Union. The US must develop the hydrogen (nuclear) bomb and engage in the buildup of conventional military forces. There would be increased taxes for the military and American society would be mobilized for the necessary sacrifice and unity forged in the population. There would also be a strong system of alliances. The US would work to subvert the Soviet Union from the inside.
A potent tool for this would be the fear of communism. After World War II, US taxpayers did not want high war taxes. Senator Arthur Vandenberg told Truman that he had to “scare the hell out of the American people.” Of course, this use of fear is still going on today.
The beauty of the system would be the hidden subsidies going to US corporations. The working class pays for the war, corporate research and development, and subsidizes the profits of capitalism far beyond the war industries. Up to ninety percent of the appropriated money would be direct profit for corporations.
With the fear of communism, the “Evil Empire” was born. In the early 1950s, Senator Joseph McCarthy launched a witch hunt, claiming he had proof that the state department had been infiltrated by communists working for the US Government. Experts on East Asia were fired. This was a vicious attack on the American working class that was to continue.
In the Korean War, weapons of mass destruction were to be used. The US Air Force used mass chemical warfare to destroy villages and people. Napalm (petroleum jelly) and Agent Orange (dioxin) were used massively. There is strong evidence that the US secretly used biological warfare.
The War in Korea lasted from l950 until l953. The conflict began on June 25, 1950 at the 38th parallel. The US suffered 142,000 casualties and some three million Koreans died. Fourteen countries sent soldiers. This was the first use of the Truman Doctrine to wage war in Asia to support a dictator, Syngman Rhee. At this time, the US was already sending money to support French imperialism in Vietnam.
The Korean War is important for several reasons. First, the war allowed Truman to re-arm the US, tripling defense spending. Secondly, the US increased aid to Formosa, Chiang Kai-shek’s Kuomintang forces. Third, the US sent support to Vietnam against the nationalist-communist leader Ho Chi Minh. Fourth, Southeast Asia was to remain non-communist as an outlet for Japanese capitalist investment. Finally, it set the stage for the Vietnam War.
Dwight Eisenhower became President of the United States in 1953. Ike had been the Commander of Allied forces in Europe in World War II. This was the Cold War Eisenhower Era with the policy of rolling back Communism. John Foster Dulles (sometimes known as Dull Duller Dullest) promised to liberate the “slaves” from Communism. He launched the threat of “massive retaliation” with atomic weapons and sent more support to the French in Vietnam.
This was also the beginning of the era of visual politics, the age of television. Now Americans would be able to watch the US spread freedom and democracy around the world right from their own living rooms. In the l950s, television was just beginning to penetrate the country and was the greatest propaganda tool ever invented. It was a way of manufacturing consent, a concept from Walter Lippmann. Another way to look at it was that of anarchist Edward Abbey. To be free, you have to shoot your TV.
Television was to bring war right into the American living room. There was a big challenge for news management with the Vietnam War. Television also greatly enhanced the advertising industry. War reporting would be controlled and censored by the Pentagon after the Vietnam War when reporters were allowed to go around freely in Vietnam and report the news.
John Kennedy was elected President in November 1960. His roughly thousand days in office lasted from January 1961 until November 1963. In his famous inaugural speech, he challenged young Americans: “Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country.” The Kennedy era brought a new post-war generation into American politics, the “best and brightest.”
This was billed as a new, fresh, and clean generation. Kennedy looked great on Television, unlike Senator Richard Nixon who he had defeated in 1960. They were the Eastern intellectuals and seen as the really brilliant elite. The good guys. They were liberals but rabidly anti-communist. They would search for a way to stop revolution in the third world. By using the Peace Corps, they could help further the Cold War without the killing. The Peace Corps would truly win hearts and minds with their sacrifices. They were also dirt cheap, costing the government a fraction of what it cost to send a soldier or sailor overseas. For the most part, it was old wine in new bottles. Nothing really changed, but the world was changing with the rise of new nations coming out of colonialism.
The Third World view was that of national liberation. New countries freed from colonialism wanted independence and development. In these countries, socialism was popular. Capitalism was not. Liberation took the form of nationalism and sometimes “socialism.” Freedom meant economic and political freedom from traditional ruling classes and western colonialism and domination. Socialism was and is no threat to the global majority who make one dollar a day, or less. Would Peace Corps volunteers be infected by such common sense third-world reality, as some conservative congressmen feared, or convince the natives that capitalism was truly the way to go?
So what young Americans could do for the country in the age of counterinsurgency was to “kill a commie.” Or at least, the best thing. This was the dawn of a new type of American warfare. Counterinsurgency. In other words, preventing revolution. This also meant preventing democracy and preventing any alternative to capitalism from emerging. It also meant supporting an established ruling class and preventing social change, as in Vietnam.
The Kennedy Doctrine of Counterinsurgency would use war to support repressive governments under the name of promoting democracy. Defense Secretary, Robert McNamara, would run war like a business, but the US would get bogged down in the quagmire of Vietnam.
It was an anti-revolutionary crusade. As Arnold Toynbee said in l961, “America is today the leader of a world-wide anti-revolutionary movement in the defense of vested interests.” This describes the Vietnam War, 1962-1975. Country Joe and the Fish sang their Vietnam song at the Woodstock Festival in 1969. “And its one-two-three, what are we fighting for? Don’t ask me cause I don’t give a damn. Next stop is Vietnam…. Put down your books and pick up a gun. We’re gonna have a whole lot of fun!” Some 59,000 Americans and three million Vietnamese died in this campaign of preventing democracy. But the fight against “communism” was actually against “nationalism’ and revolutionary change.
In the Cuban Missile Crises in l962, the US declared that the question of international law did not arise when the question of US national security was involved. The Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro was illegal. This is another version of exceptionalism and continues today. The US does not consider itself bound by international law.
After President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in November l963, Lyndon Johnson carried on the war until l969. With the Tet (New Years) Offensive in l968, the US had essentially lost the war. The US could not prevent the overthrow of the corrupt regime in the South. Three million people died in Korea. Another three million died in Vietnam under the name of “stopping Communism.” But this history has largely been tossed down the memory hole.
The sixties generation remembers well the Tricky Dick era (1969-1974). In l968, the Republican candidate for President, Richard Nixon, won. His so-called secret plan to end the war in the l972 election was actually a plan to keep the war going and massively carpet bomb all of Vietnam and Cambodia. Nixon and Henry Kissinger used China to undermine the Soviet Union. Kissinger traveled secretly to Beijing from Pakistan. Mao was then in control, but Deng Xiaoping was waiting to take over power.
Reagan and the Evil Empire:
Ronald Reagan then launched his campaign against the Evil Empire. “Facts are stupid things,” Reagan had said. He meant to say “stubborn things,” but for those running foreign policy, it is true that facts are often stupid things and officials are not to pay them any heed. During the Ronald “Ray Gun” era, the Big Gun, the US spent one and a half trillion dollars on an arms build up from l981 till l989. The US erected its phallic prowess, pouring money into giant MX missiles to counter the “Evil Empire.” They were convinced that size mattered. At the end of the decade, however, the US found itself in a serious crisis. The US had run out of enemies and there was no evil empire to fight.
From 1985 to l989, the US was also busy sending weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to Saddam Hussein because they had problems with Iran. This is something that is also forgotten. Among these were bacillis anthracis (causes anthrax), clostridium botulinium (a toxin), histoplasma capsulatam (causes a disease which attacks the lungs, brain, and heart), brucella melitensis (a bacteria), clostridium perfringens (toxic bacteria), many other toxins, and chemical weapon precursors.
The US was, then, the “masters of the universe.” As Charlie Wilson had said, “The business of America is business.” American corporations demand the freedom for capital, not people, to go anywhere for profits. The global policy changed from developmentalism to neoliberalism by the l980s.
Under the so-called “New World Order” of George H.W. Bush, the “Evil Empire” just vanished. When Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in August l990, the US sent troops to oust Saddam. With neoliberalism, millions of jobs in the US had also vanished.
The US Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright carried out a cost-benefit analysis of US action. A reporter asked her in l996, “We have heard that a half-million children have died… is the price worth it?” She answered: “I think this is a very hard choice, but we think the price is worth it.” The price would go higher, much higher.
President Bill Clinton (l993-2001) used the concept of humanitarian intervention as ideological cover for US intervention in the Balkans. The US continued to bomb Iraq and degrade Saddam’s regime. Back at home the regime was non-humanitarian with Clinton slashing social welfare in the United States.
George W. Bush and the Neoconservatives:
The Clinton era was followed by President George W. Bush (2001-2009). “I am a war President. I make decisions here in the Oval Office with war on my mind.” “If we were to withdraw before the job was done, the enemy would follow us home.”
And then there was Cheney with his Project for a New American Century (PNAC). The US invasion and occupation of Iraq was planned in the l990s before George W. Bush became President. The pivotal group was the PNAC. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) was just a pretext. Like other administrations, but even more so, the Bush White House was mostly made up of people from corporate America.
The Bush Doctrine of 2002 stated explicitly the defacto policy of the United States for decades, but which was largely kept under wraps. It was a doctrine of preventive war, under the rubric of “preemptive war.” The Bush Administration argued that after 9-11, deterrence no longer worked. The new policy would be “compellence” through the use of force. This was really the Cheney Doctrine.
The US invasion and occupation of Iraq was one of colonial conquest and imperialism. The trigger was 9-11. The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon served as a trigger to unleash the wars the neo-conservatives had planned. There was no link between Saddam Hussein and 9-11. As Michael Moore said, “9-11 is the temperature at which truth melts.”
“I don’t care what the international lawyers say, we’re going to kick some ass.” This was President George W. Bush on September 11, 2001. This pretty well summed up the situation in a nutshell.
What was the relation between weapons of mass destruction and democracy? Before the invasion of Iraq, the President and Vice President, Dick Cheney, kept repeating “We know he’s got them.” But when they were nowhere to be found, the administration turned to democracy as the pretext for the invasion. Iraq would become a shining example of democracy for the rest of the Middle East. Kenneth M. Pollack, working for the CIA in the l990s said it more accurately. “The goal would be to keep the Americans in, the Iranians out and the Iraqis down.”Sure enough, the biggest US Embassy in the world today is in Baghdad.
“Operation Iraqi Freedom” and the so-called liberation of Iraq, was overseen by “inorganic Don,” Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld. George W. Bush became a war hero. This was “Wilsonianism with Boots.”
Patriotism and the Special Relationship between the US and Great Britain meant that Tony Blair followed directions from the White House. The British wanted a piece of the glory… and a big chunk of the oil. This was “British Me-Tooism.” As Samuel Johnson said in 1775, “Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.” Under the American system, the President is both the head of state and the head of the government. To criticize the government is then seen as unpatriotic.
That the war was about oil, which is obvious to most, was seen as a “conspiracy theory.” The Bush Administration officials denied it. “Nonsense… it has nothing to do with oil, literally nothing to do with oil,” Donald Rumsfeld said on 60 minutes on December 15, 2002. “The idea that we’re interested in Iraqi oil is absurd, its one of the most absurd conspiracy theories you can imagine.” This was British Prime Minister Tony Blair on February 6, 2003. “It is not in my or BP’s opinion about oil.” This was Lord Browne, the CEO of British Petroleum on March 12, 2003. This was one week before the invasion. That such statements can be made seriously on major media sources says a lot about the ideology of imperialism.
Fuel on the Fire,a book by Greg Muttitt shows that both the Americans and the British lied. Secret memos and official documents from November 2002 show that BP, Shell, and British Gas pushed Tony Blair to invade Iraq for a share of the oil reserves. This was reported in the Independent on April 19, 2011.
According to the British Foreign Office on November 6, 2002, “Iraq is the big oil prospect. BP is desperate to get there.” BP told the Foreign Office, Iraq is “more important than anything we’ve seen in a long time. We’re willing to take big risks to get a share of the Iraqi reserves, the second largest in the world.” And Alan Greenspan, the former Chairman of the US Federal Reserve Board, said in his book, The Age of Turbulence, “I am saddened that it is politically inconvenient to acknowledge what everybody knows: The Iraq War is largely about oil.” Such honesty is rare among the ruling class.
The Right Wing pundits in the US were often more honest. “We go to war for oil. It’s a good reason to go to war.” This was Ann Coulter, a right-wing pundit in a speech at the Carnegie Institute in Washington on April 21, 2011. They seem to not care at all that thousands died for that oil.
Also being honest about the oil was Donald Trump. In an interview with Candy Crowley on CNN, April 17, 2011. “In the old days when you have a war and you win, that nation is yours. Either I go in and take the oil or I don’t go in at all.”
“Just take their oil?” Crowley asked.
“Absolutely,” Trump replied. “I’d take the oil, give them plenty so they can live very happily. I’d take the oil.”
In the event, this was not as easy as Trump imagined.
There were at least two sides to the invasion. Taxpayer’s money to corporations and the dead soldiers in graveyards: 4488 to date in Iraq and 2173 in Afghanistan, plus 1487 private contractors killed.
The occupation greatly increased the number of terrorist attacks from less than ten per month in 2003 to more than 20 in 2005, and up to 50 in one month. This was, in fact, predicted.
The George W. Bush Administration developed a policy of torture with the use of sleep deprivation and water boarding. It was a violation of the Geneva Convention, but a majority of Americans were persuaded to support such a policy. The occupation of Baghdad was illegal. Americanization and privatization under Paul Bremer could never win the support of the Iraqi people. With the US invasion, Iraq became a major power base. The US is not leaving the region, although most of the troops have been moved across the border into Kuwait and stationed on bases in the area.
Some three million Iraqis died between the l991 invasion and present. The invasion was illegal under international law. The US committed major crimes, including torture. Another serious problem is the legacy of the use of depleted uranium weapons. The entire country is now polluted with uranium giving people cancers. The US actually owes Iraq hundreds of millions of dollars in war reparations if there was international justice.
The greater Middle East Initiative was launched by the Bush Administration when the pretext of WMD collapsed. “The United States has adopted a new policy, a forward strategy of freedom in the Middle East.” (George W. Bush in November 2003) This statement was made when it became clear that there were no WMD in Iraq. Spreading democracy became the new pretext and rationale for the war. The real idea was to spread neoliberalism under US and Israeli capital.
We can see that several ideological covers have been used to forward US imperialism. First, making the world safe for democracy (neo-Wilsonianism). Secondly, stopping communism which often meant preventing democracy. Third stopping tyranny or dictators, that is when they did not serve the interests of the United States. Fourth, spreading freedom and winning hearts and minds. This generally meant pacifying the population so that the area was safe for corporate capitalist investment. Fifth, the global war on terror (GWOT). It has been pointed out that the concept actually makes no sense conceptually or operationally, but it provides a pretext for operating outside of international law. And sixth, humanitarian intervention in the Balkans and Libya. The problem with the latter is that it would generally be more humanitarian not to intervene, as more people are killed and wounded with the intervention.
From the above, it is clear that the US has been a major imperial power for at least a century and the global hegemon since l945. The occupation of Iraq was about oil, but more generally, about global power and hegemony. Geo-strategically, Iraq is at the center of the global power nexus. Many have seen it as the key to a “new American century.”
What is terrorism? According to the U.S. Army Manual, as good a definition as any, perhaps, “Terrorism is the calculated use of violence or threat of violence to attain goals that are political, religious, or ideological in nature… through intimidation, coercion or instilling fear.” By this definition, the US and many other nations use terrorism to pursue their goals.
America’s New War is billed as removing terrorists fast, like a new type of laundry detergent. In fact, it creates more terrorists than it removes. The Bush Neocons claimed that democracy promotion was part of the global war on terror. In fact, the US used terror, extraordinary rendition, torture, and secret prisons as part of a global strategy. This greatly increased terrorism and continues.
In fact, the real purpose of the GMEI was not about increasing freedom and democracy in the region. Rather, it was about promoting neoliberal capitalism and ensuring economic and political control. It was about ensuring that the US controls the oil and remains the one global superpower. President Obama sounded different, but the global agenda would not change.
What is the National Endowment for Democracy (NED)? It actually has nothing to do with democracy promotion. It gives money to pro-US, pro-liberal political parties to help them win elections. The neocons would use both force and the NED to “bring democracy.” What they really tried to do was to get their hands on the resources and markets of the Middle East. There is a long list of countries where the US has intervened in elections since the l950s. This includes almost everywhere in former communist countries today.Here is a partial list. The Philippines, l950s; Italy, 1948-1970s; Lebanon, l950s; Indonesia, l955; Vietnam, 1955; Gayana, 1953-1964; Nepal, 1959; Laos, 1960; Brazil, 1962; Panama, l984-1989; Nicaragua, 1984-1990; Haiti, 1987-1988; Bulgaria, 1990-1991; Dominican Republic, 1962; Guatemala, 1963; Bolivia, 1966 and many others.
What did the neocons really want for the Middle East? Historically, the US made a deal with the Saudis after World War II that the King would rule as long as the oil flowed. It is difficult to think of a country where real democracy would serve US interests. The US refuses to recognize democratically elected governments, such as Hamas, when they are not pro-US. This is seen by the recent results of the Arab Spring. The US also tried to rig the elections in Iraq and put up with rigged elections in Afghanistan.
Thomas Carothers has pointed out that “Where democracy appears to fit in well with US security interests, the United States promotes democracy. Where democracy clashes with other significant interests, it is downplayed or even ignored.” This was seen clearly in the Arab Spring countries and in Bahrain today.
We must also be aware of the public relations buzz from Washington. When Washington calls attention to the “international community,” it is referring to the US, Israel, and a few selected countries when their national interests are seen to coincide with the US national interest. The two-hundred of so other countries are presumably not part of the “international community.”
Similarly, “human rights” refers to voting, political parties, elections, “civil society,” and freedom for capital. Elite democracy, rational choice, neoliberalism and markets over politics. Human rights do not mean education, work (employment), health care, proper nourishment, nor national development. The United States does not recognize a right to food.
The promised and hoped for change has not come with Barack Obama. US global imperialism and hegemony is structural. It cannot be changed with a new government, even if Obama had wanted such change. The neoconservative Bush policies have continued under Obama and are often worse. Former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, and Obama Administration officials were committed to continuing the war in Afghanistan.
The Obama Era:
Today’s major crisis areas include first, Iraq, where political instability continues and the US is unable to fully control events in the country. Secondly, Afghanistan where the surge has failed as the US prepares to leave. The Taliban is back. A CIA report found no net gain in Afghanistan from Obama’s surge, which began in 2009. Third, the Arab Spring. These events took the US by surprise and created problems. They created a “crises of democracy,” which means too much democracy from the perspective of the United States. Fourth, the Iran, Israel, Palestine dynamic. The US blind support for Israel and Iran projected as the enemy, while ignoring the interests of the Palestinians, continues the problem. The US does not use its power and influence to pressure Israel to make the obvious settlement and the emergence of a Palestinian state. Fifth, the expanding drone wars in Waziristan, Yemen, and Somalia. This helps al-Qaeda.
The Future of US Global Imperialism:
Technically, the war in Iraq was a failure in key aspects, but today the US controls the area and the oil as a result. The global trust of the US has greatly decreased since the neocons. The US national debt has increased to over sixteen and a half trillion dollars and is going ever higher. It is not clear how long the US can deal with this problem by simply printing dollars with an ever-shrinking value. Also the relative US economic strength is in decline. The US and Europe remain in an economic crises as neoliberalism creates more poverty in the capitalist center. Neoliberalism has been shown to be a failure for the global economy but great for corporate profits. The US empire is on the decline as China and India rise in the near term based upon the exploitation of essentially slave labor.
The Importance of the US colonization of Iraq:
The US will continue to occupy the key geo-political area of the globe and control oil. With the occupation of Iraq, the US gained leverage to undermine the emergence of the European Union, Russia, India and China. The US prevented the development of Iraq as an autonomous state independent of US hegemony although stiff resistance has been encountered. Also the US established a new norm of preventive war, thus abolishing key principles of international law. All of this has made the world considerably more dangerous.
There are several aspects of the Iraq crises. First, the US controls the oil, but there is continued political instability. The Prime Minister, Nuri al-Maliki, is linked to Iran. The issue of Kurdish regional autonomy threatens the territorial integrity of the country. Bombings, linked to sectarianism continue. Today, no country looks to Iraq as a model of democracy. This debacle has been a significant blow to the US image and the Bush neocons failed in remaking Iraq in the image they envisioned.
Obama’s War in Afghanistan:
Ironically, the US is likely to be defeated by the forces it created to defeat the Soviet Union in the l980s. The Taliban has not been defeated and is growing stronger in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Pakistani Inter Services Intelligence Directorate continues to support the Haqqani network in the east of the country, with safe havens in Waziristan. The US is now scheduled to wind the war down by 2014.But this is hedged and no one expects the US to be disengaged from the conflicts.
The Surge in Afghanistan beginning with Obama in 2009 sent thirty thousand additional troops, mostly for counterinsurgency operations in Helmand and Kandahar Provinces. This has cost the US at least one-hundred billion dollars a year, some one million dollars per soldier per year. The generals running the war, Stan McChrystal and David Petraeus, billed the strategy as counterinsurgency, but it is not very clear what is the real difference between this and counterterrorism. There is no evidence that America has won Afghan hearts and minds to any great extent. This is another significant failure of US foreign policy.
Even the CIA has documented that there was no net positive effect of the surge, although the White House claims it as a success. Obama’s war in Afghanistan has also failed as did George W, Bush’s war in Afghanistan.With the US concentration on the south of the country, the Taliban moved back into areas close to the Pakistan border in the East. The support from the Pakistani Interservices Intelligence Directorate (ISI) to the Taliban has forced the US to negotiate with the Taliban, as urged by the late Richard Holbrooke before his untimely death.
The Arab Spring:
This outbreak of democracy in North Africa took the US by surprise. People rose up against the US supported rulers in the region. Some were Islamists and some were secular. But all wanted more democracy and an end to US interference in the region. If the dynamic is anything like Iran, the US sees Islamization as preferable to secular democracy. The US can claim to be in favor of democratization while trying to restore as much of the old regimes as possible. Islam will serve to contain the secular and anti-imperialist left and be more favorable to foreign capital. Nevertheless, the dialectic of change has moved forward.
When the Ben Ali government in Tunisia was overthrown, the US supported Hosni Mubarak in Egypt as long as possible. The real power ensuring political stability was the army. With Mubarak gone, the main beneficiary has been the Muslim Brotherhood. This opens up a broader political process if President Mohammed Morsi is willing to allow the functioning of more democracy. So far there is not very much sign of this and the crises continues in the new regime. Israeli-Egypt tensions continue to present a challenge.
In recent elections in Tunisia, the Nadha (Renaissance) Party won some 42 percent of the seats, but have been moderate so far. Moncef Marzouki, the new President is secular. Libya opens up possibilities of a political process. But the US faced blowback with the death of US ambassador Chris Stevens. In Bahrain, the US supports the authoritarian regime with the US Fifth Fleet home ported in Manama. Syria remains unclear. It appears that the Assad Regime is not going to survive much longer, but there are grave possibilities of blow back following his overthrow.
The Iran-Israel-Palestine dynamic continues, primarily due to the policies of the US in support of Israel. Washington continues to build up Iran as a threat to Israel and the United States. Neither seems to be the case. The US has a problem with Iran's oppostion to the US. The country simply does not take orders. The issue of nuclear weapons is phoney. Iran could not use the nuclear bomb even if it had it. Whatever happened to the logic of nuclear deterrence? This seems to have been forgotten.
In Iraq, Nouri al-Malaki has moved closer to Iran as the Prime Minister. Now US sanctions against Iran target the Iranian Central Bank. The blockade against Iran by the US is an act of war, so that the US is already at war with Iran. The US must support Israel due to the Israel Lobby. At the same time, the US is not able to completely isolate Hamas.
The Drone Wars: Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan:
The use of MQ-1 Predator Drones with Hellfire Missiles kills many civilians in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Yemen. They are flown from Creech Air Force Base in Nevada. They cannot win hearts and minds and they increase local resistance to the wars. They have been denounced by the Pakistan Military Chief. The number of drone strikes in Pakistan was only one in 2004, but reached 128 in 2010 and 76 in 2011. Drone casualties were only 6 in 2004, but reached 905 in 2010 and 465 in 2011. Civilian casualties from drones were only 2 in 2004 but reached 122 in 2009 and 100 in 2010. Deaths from Air Strikes in Yemen may have been as high as 400 in the first six months of 2012.
Obama’s top terrorism advisor, John O. Brennan, has now been chosen to head the CIA. According to Obama Administration officials, he is “The priest whose blessing has become indispensable.”
The Obama Administration uses the George W. Bush policy for “signature strikes.” This policy counts all military age males in a strike zone as combatants unless there is explicit intelligence posthumously proving them innocent. A Yemeni lawyer wrote on Twitter: “Dear Obama, when a U.S. Drone missile kills a child in Yemen, the father will go to war with you, guaranteed. Nothing to do with al-Qaeda.” In May 2010, the Deputy governor of Marib Province, Sheik Jabir al-Shabwani was killed in a Drone strike. His tribe then attacked the main oil pipeline, doing one billion dollars worth of damage.
Public rejection of targeted killings by drones, according to Pew global Attitudes Survey are: Pakisitan, 83 percent; Greece, 90 percent; Egypt, 89 percent; Jordan, 85 percent; Turkey, 81 perent; Spain, 76 percent and Brazil, 76 percent.
Today, war is deeply embedded in the US economy, the Military Industrial Complex and corporate America. This will not change. US military spending is roughly equivalent to that of the entire rest of the world. The US spends at least 46 percent of global costs of war with over 660 billion dollars per year. China is second with 100 billion dollars and seven percent of global spending. Number ten, Italy, spends only 2.3 percent of the global total.
Now the national debt has reached sixteen and a half trillion dollars, never to be paid off, of course. The costs fall mostly on the working class now and on future generations. But they help sustain capitalist profits as long as the empire endures. This is an unsustainable system with money as debt. Some figures: National debt is 16.5 trillion dollars; total personal debt is 15.8 trillion; mortgage debt is 13 trillion; credit card debt is 844 billion; student loan debt is 934 billion. The Fed (private banks) prints money and the government borrows. The taxpayers owe. So off to work they go if their job has not yet been exported under neoliberalism.
The Next War:
There is always another war on the way which Americans do not want. This helps to sustain the system. But good Americans should always consider that this is all for the best and not really question or think about it. And certainly not understand what is really going on.
Today the US is engaged in essentially the same game as during the era of Woodrow Wilson. Only the ideology has been altered. Empires are only destroyed by historical forces. Today, the US is a failing empire. The US has failed in its policies in North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. Neoliberalism has hollowed out social welfare in the United States and wars of occupation have greatly increased the national debt. Increasingly, it is difficult for the US to control political instability, such as in the Arab Spring nations and Syria today. As John Agresto, a Bush Administration neoconservative sent to Iraq during the occupation said, “I’m a neoconservative who has been mugged by reality.” Today, the US is being mugged by reality. It is running a foreign policy which has failed.Americans continue to live on lies and images of the past when America had far greater ability to control global affairs. The ruling class has even come to the point of asking if “America is over.” |
Inclusion Program Opportunity
The goal in inclusive education is to create an environment that supports all learners in all settings. In addition to the program, AAI would like to design a facility that supports high levels of interactive play (problem solving, dramatic play, purposeful play). This will support the development of social, emotional, physical, and academic skills of all students, but especially students with disabilities because of the multimodal nature of outdoor play - students are learning in a real life setting which includes social, kinesthetic, auditory, and visual stimulation.
Watch Monica's testimonial here.
The infusion of financial support will allow AAI to design a more robust program for Inclusion students including a sensory room, additional materials to help better the education experience, and additional dedicated aids to help facilitate learning. |
2. The dynamical theory of heat, thus established by Sir Humphry Davy, is extended to radiant heat by the discovery of phenomena, especially those of the polarization of radiant heat, which render it excessively probable that heat propagated through "vacant space," or through diathermanic substances, consists of waves of transverse vibrations in an all-pervading medium.
3. The recent discoveries made by Mayer and Joule, of the generation of heat through the friction of fluids in motion, and by the magneto-electric excitation of galvanic currents, would either of them be sufficient to demonstrate the immateriality of heat; and would so afford, if required, a perfect confirmation of Sir Humphry Davy's views.
4. Considering it as thus established, that heat is not a substance, but a dynamical form of mechanical effect, we perceive that there must be an equivalence between mechanical work and heat, as between cause and effect. The first published statement of this principle appears to be in Mayer's Bemerkungen über die Kräfte der unbelebten Natur, which contains some correct views regarding the mutual convertibility of heat and mechanical effect, along with a false analogy between the approach of a weight to the earth and a diminution of the volume of a continuous substance, on which an attempt is founded to find numerically the mechanical equivalent of a given quantity of heat. In a paper published about fourteen months later, "On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity and the Mechanical Value of Heat," Mr. Joule, of Manchester, expresses very distinctly the consequences regarding the mutual convertibility of heat and mechanical effect which follow from the fact that heat is not a substance but a state of motion; and investigates on unquestionable principles the "absolute numerical relations," according to which heat is connected with mechanical power; verifying experimentally, that whenever heat is generated from purely mechanical action, and no other effect produced, whether it be by means of the friction of fluids or by the magneto-electric excitation of galvanic currents, the same quantity is generated by the same amount of work spent; and determining the actual amount of work, in foot-pounds, required to generate a unit of heat, which he calls "the mechanical equivalent of heat." Since the publication of that paper, Mr. Joule has made numerous series of experiments for determining with as much accuracy as possible the mechanical equivalent of heat so defined, and has given accounts of them in various communications to the British Association, to the Philosophical Magazine, to the Royal Society, and to the French Institute.
5. Important contributions to the dynamical theory of heat have recently been made by Rankine and Clausius; who, by mathematical reasoning analogous to Carnot's on the motive power of heat, but founded on an axiom contrary to his fundamental axiom, have arrived at some remarkable conclusions. The researches of these authors have been published in the Transactions of this Society, and in Poggendorff's Annalen, during the past year; and they are more particularly referred to below in connection with corresponding parts of the investigations at present laid before the Royal Society.
[Various statements regarding animal heat, and the heat of combustion and chemical combination, are made in the writings of Liebig (as, for instance, the statement quoted in the foot-note added to ¶18 below), which virtually imply the convertibility of heat into mechanical effect, and which are inconsistent with any other than the dynamical theory of heat.]
6. The object of the present paper is threefold:
(1) To show what modifications of the conclusions arrived at by Carnot, and by others who have followed his peculiar mode of reasoning regarding the motive power of heat, must be made when the hypothesis of the dynamical theory, contrary as it is to Carnot's fundamental hypothesis, is adopted.
(2) To point out the significance in the dynamical theory, of the numerical results deduced from Regnault's observations on steam, and communicated about two years ago to the Society, with an account of Carnot's theory, by the author of the present paper; and to show that by taking these numbers (subject to correction when accurate experimental data regarding the density of saturated steam shall have been afforded), in connection with Joule's mechanical equivalent of a thermal unit, a complete theory of the motive power of heat, within the temperature limits of the experimental data, is obtained.
(3) To point out some remarkable relations connecting the physical properties of all substances, established by reasoning analogous to that of Carnot, but founded in part on the contrary principle of the dynamical theory.
7. According to an obvious principle, first introduced, however, into the theory of the motive power and heat by Carnot, mechanical effect produced in any process cannot be said to have been derived from a purely thermal source, unless at the end of the process all the materials used are in precisely the same physical and mechanical circumstances as they were at the beginning. In some conceivable "thermo-dynamic engines," as, for instance, Faraday's floating magnet, or Barlow's "wheel and axle," made to rotate and perform work uniformly by means of a current continuously excited by heat communicated to two metals in contact, or the thermo-electric rotatory apparatus devised by Marsh, which has been actually constructed, this condition is fulfilled at every instant. On the other hand, in all thermo-dynamic engines, founded on electrical agency, in which discontinuous galvanic currents, or pieces of soft iron in a variable state of magnetization, are used, and in all engines founded on the alternate expansions and contractions of media, there are really alterations in the condition of materials; but, in accordance with the principle stated above, these alterations must be strictly periodical. In any such engine the series of motions performed during a period, at the end of which the materials are restored to precisely the same condition as that in which they existed at the beginning, constitutes what will be called a complete cycle of its operations. Whenever in what follows, the work done or the mechanical effect produced by a thermo-dynamic engine is mentioned without qualification, it must be understood that the mechanical effect produced, either in a non-varying engine, or in a complete cycle, or any number of complete cycles of a periodical engine, is meant.
8. The source of heat will always be supposed to be a hot body at a given constant temperature put in contact with some part of the engine; and when any part of the engine is to be kept from rising in temperature (which can only be done by drawing off whatever heat is deposited in it), this will be supposed to be done by putting a cold body, which will be called the refrigerator, at a given constant temperature in contact with it.
9. The whole theory of the motive power of heat is founded on the two following propositions, due respectively to Joule, and to Carnot and Clausius.
Prop. I. (Joule).-- When equal quantities of mechanical effect are produced by any means whatever from purely thermal sources, or lost in purely thermal effects, equal quantities of heat are put out of existence or are generated.
Prop. II. (Carnot and Clausius).-- If an engine be such that, when it is worked backwards, the physical and mechanical agencies in every part of its motions are all reversed, it produces as much mechanical effect as can be produced by any thermo-dynamic engine, with the same temperatures of source and refrigerator, from a given quantity of heat.
10. The former proposition is shown to be included in the general "principle of mechanical effect," and is so established beyond all doubt by the following demonstration.
11. By whatever direct effect the heat gained or lost by a body in any conceivable circumstances is tested, the measurement of its quantity may always be founded on a determination of the quantity of some standard substance, which it or any equal quantity of heat could raise from one standard temperature to another; the test of equality between two quantities of heat being their capability of raising equal quantities of any substance from any temperature to the same higher temperatures. Now, according to the dynamical theory of heat, the temperature of a substance can only be raised by working upon it in some way so as to produce increased thermal motions within it, besides effecting any modifications in the mutual distances or arrangements of its particles which may accompany a change of temperature. The work necessary to produce this total mechanical effect is of course proportional to the quantity of the substance raised from one standard temperature to another; and therefore when a body, or a group of bodies, or a machine, parts with or receives heat, there is in reality mechanical effect produced from it, or taken into it, to an extent precisely proportional to the quantity of heat which it emits or absorbs. But the work which any external forces do upon it, the work done by its own molecular forces, and the amount by which the half vis viva of the thermal motions of all its parts is diminished, must together be equal to the mechanical effect produced from it; and, consequently, to the mechanical equivalent of the heat which it emits (which will be positive or negative, according as the sum of those terms is positive or negative). Now let there be either no molecular change or alteration of temperature in any part of the body, or, by a cycle of operations, let the temperature and physical condition be restored exactly to what they were at the beginning; the second and third of the three parts of the work which it has to produce vanish; and we conclude that the heat which it emits or absorbs will be the thermal equivalent of the work done upon it by external forces, or done by it against external forces; which is the proposition to be proved.
12. The demonstration of the second proposition is founded on the following axiom:
It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.
13. To demonstrate the second proposition, let A and B be two thermo-dynamic engines, of which B satisfies the conditions expressed in the enunciation; and let, if possible A derive more work from a given quantity of heat than B, when their sources and refrigerators are at the same temperatures, respectively. Then on account of the condition of complete reversibility in all its operations which it fulfills, B may be worked backwards, and made to restore any quantity of heat to its source, by the expenditure of the amount of work which, by its forward action, it would derive from the same quantity of heat. If, therefore, B be worked backwards, and made to restore to the source of A (which we may suppose to be adjustable to the engine B) as much heat as has been drawn from it during a certain period of the working of A, a smaller amount of work will be spent thus than was gained by the working of A. Hence, if such a series of operations of A forwards and of B backwards be continued, either alternately or simultaneously, there will result a continued production of work without any continued abstraction of heat from the source; and, by Prop. I., it follows that there must be more heat abstracted from the refrigerator by the working of B backwards than is deposited in it by A. Now it is obvious that A might be made to spend part of its work in working B backwards, and the whole might be made self-acting. Also, there being no heat either taken from or given to the source on the whole, all the surrounding bodies and space except the refrigerator might, without interfering with any of the conditions which have been assumed, be made of the same temperature as the source, whatever that may be. We should thus have a self acting machine, capable of drawing heat constantly from a body surrounded by others of a higher temperature, and converting it into mechanical effect. But this is contrary to the axiom, and therefore we conclude that the hypothesis that A derives more mechanical effect from the same quantity of heat drawn from the source than B is false. Hence no engine whatever, with source and refrigerator at the same temperatures, can get more work from a given quantity of heat introduced than any engine which satisfies the condition of reversibility, which was to be proved.
14. This proposition was first enunciated by Carnot, being the expression of his criterion of a perfect thermo-dynamic engine. He proved it by demonstrating that a negation of it would require the admission that there might be a self-acting machine constructed which would produce mechanical effect indefinitely, without any source either in heat or the consumption of materials, or any other physical agency; but this demonstration involves, fundamentally, the assumption that, in "a complete cycle of operations," the medium parts with exactly the same quantity of heat as it receives. A very strong expression of doubt regarding the truth of this assumption, as a universal principle, is given by Carnot himself; and that it is false, where mechanical work is, on the whole, either gained or spent in the operations, may (as I have tried to show above) be considered to be perfectly certain. It must then be admitted that Carnot's original demonstration utterly fails, but we cannot infer that the proposition concluded is false. The truth of the conclusion appeared to me, indeed so probable that I took it in connection with Joule's principle, on account of which Carnot's demonstration of it fails, as the foundation of an investigation of the motive power of heat in air-engines or steam-engines through finite ranges of temperature, and obtained about a year ago results, of which the substance is given in the second part of the paper at present communicated to the Royal Society. It was not until the commencement of the present year that I found the demonstration given above, by which the truth of the proposition is established upon an axiom, which I think will be generally admitted. It is with no wish to claim priority that I make these statements, as the merit of first establishing the proposition upon correct principles is entirely due to Clausius, who published his demonstration of it in the month of May last year, in the second part of his paper on the motive power of heat. I may be allowed to add that I have given the demonstration exactly as it occurred to me before I knew that Clausius had either enunciated or demonstrated the proposition. The following is the axiom on which Clausius's demonstration is founded:
It is impossible for a self-acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature.
It is easily shown that, although this and the axiom I have used are different in form, either is a consequence of the other. The reasoning in each demonstration is strictly analogous to that which Carnot originally gave.
99. Definition of temperature and general thermometric assumption. If two bodies be put in contact, and neither gives heat to the other, their temperatures are said to be the same; but if one gives heat to the other, its temperature is said to be higher.
The temperatures of two bodies are proportional to the quantities of heat respectively taken in and given out in localities at one temperature and at the other, respectively, by a material system subjected to a complete cycle of perfectly reversible thermo-dynamic operations, and not allowed to part with or take in heat at any other temperature: or, the absolute values of two temperatures are to one another in the proportion of the heat taken in to the heat rejected in a perfect thermo-dynamic engine working with a source and refrigerator at the higher and lower of the temperatures respectively.
100. Convention for thermometric unit, and determination of absolute temperatures of fixed points in terms of it.
Two fixed points of temperatures being chosen according to Sir Isaac Newton's suggestions, by particular effects on a particular substance or substances, the difference of these temperatures is to be called unity, or any number of units or degrees as may be found convenient. The particular convention is, that the difference of temperatures between the freezing- and boiling-points of water under standard atmospheric pressure shall be called 100 degrees. The determination of the absolute temperatures of the fixed point is then to be effected by means of observations indicating the economy of a perfect thermo-dynamic engine, with the higher and the lower respectively as the temperatures of its source and refrigerator. The kind of observation best adapted for this object was originated by Mr. Joule, whose work in 1844 laid the foundation of the theory, and opened the experimental investigation; and it has been carried out by him, in conjunction with myself, within the last two years, in accordance with the plan proposed in Part IV. of the present series. The best result, as regards this determination, which we have yet been able to obtain is, that the temperature of freezing water is 273.7 on the absolute scale; that of the boiling-point being consequently 373.7. Further details regarding the new thermometric system will be found in a joint communication to be made by Mr. Joule and myself to the Royal Society of London before the close of the present session.
In May, 1842, Mayer announced in the Annalen of Wöhler and Liebig, that he had raised the temperature of water from 12° to 13° Cent. by agitating it. In August, 1843, Joule announced to the British Association "That heat is evolved by the passage of water through narrow tubes;" and that he had "obtained one degree of heat per lb. of water from a mechanical force capable of raising 770 lbs. to the height of one foot;" and that heat is generated when work is spent in turning a magneto-electric machine, or an electro-magnetic machine. (See his paper "On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity, and on the Mechanical Value of Heat."--Phil. Mag., Vol. XXIII., 1843.) [note in Kelvin's papers--CJG]
Annalen of Wöhler and Leibig, May, 1842. [note in Kelvin's papers--CJG]
British Association, August, 1843; and Phil. Mag., September, 1843. [note in Kelvin's papers--CJG]
If this axiom be denied for all temperature, it would have to be admitted that a self-acting machine might be set to work and produce mechanical effect by cooling the sea or earth, with no limit but the total loss of heat from the earth and sea, or, in reality, from the whole material world. [note in Kelvin's papers--CJG]
Account of Carnot's Theory, ¶13. [note in Kelvin's papers--CJG]
Account of Carnot's Theory, ¶6. [note in Kelvin's papers--CJG]
Poggendorff's Annalen, referred to above. [note in Kelvin's papers--CJG]
"On the Changes of Temperature occasioned by the Rarefaction and Condensaion of Air," see Proceedings of the Royal Society, June 1844; or, for the paper in full, Phil. Mag., May 1845. [note in Kelvin's papers--CJG]
"On a Method of discovering experimentally the Relation between the Heat Produced and the Work Spent in the Compression of a Gas." Trans. R.S.E., April 1851; orPhil. Mag. 1852, second half-year. [note in Kelvin's papers--CJG]
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Governments Can Make Water and Sanitation for All Africans a Reality by 2030 says WaterAid
LONDON, United-Kingdom, March 21, 2013/African Press Organization (APO)/ – Today, on the 20th anniversary of World Water Day, WaterAid (http://www.wateraid.org) is calling on international leaders to support an ambitious target of providing access to water, sanitation and hygiene for all Africans by 2030.
The call comes as over 50,000 people take part in more than 30 mass walking events across Africa to call on their governments to keep their promises on access to clean water and safe sanitation.
They are joining more than 350,000 people worldwide who are participating in World Walks for Water and Sanitation between Saturday 16 and Saturday 23 March.
Writing in a new report published by WaterAid today, President Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia said:
“Addressing the global water and sanitation crisis is not about charity, but opportunity. According to the World Health Organisation, every $1 invested in water and sanitation produces an average of $4 in increased productivity. It enables sustainable and equitable economic growth. In short, it will not be possible to make progress in eradicating poverty, reducing inequality and securing sustainable economic development in the future without improving access.”
WaterAid’s report ‘Everyone Everywhere’ launched today(1) by President Johnson Sirleaf at a UN event on water in the Hague, in the Netherlands, sets out a vision for making safe water and sanitation available to all and reviews the progress that has been made to date in tackling water and sanitation poverty.
The report finds that, lack of progress in improving access to water, sanitation and hygiene is acting as a brake on progress in economic and human development particularly in child health, nutrition and education. WaterAid cites World Health Organisation figures that show the economic gains that Africa could make through everyone on the continent having access to water and sanitation.
Africa could gain $33 billion every year from everyone having access to water and sanitation. Of this $4.5 billion would come from reduced healthcare costs; $7.2 billion could be gained from reduced mortality; $2 billion from less time taken off from work; and a staggering $19.5 billion in general time saved(2).
The benefits for Africa in lives saved from everyone having access to water and sanitation on the continent are also significant. It is estimated by the Institute of Health Metrics that around 550,000 people die of diarrhoea diseases every year in Sub-Saharan Africa(3), 88% of whom, according to the World Health Organisation, can be attributed to a lack of water, sanitation and hygiene(4) that equates to 480,000 deaths due to a lack of these services on the continent.
Nelson Gomonda, WaterAid Pan-Africa Programme Manager said:
“Nothing could better demonstrate that our continent has truly begun to realise its potential and is coming true on its promise of progress and development, than achieving the fundamental goal of every African having safe drinking water.”
“330 million Africans today live without access to clean water, so the road to travel is long, but we can for the first time see the end in sight. With more than 1,000 African children under the age of five dying every day from diseases brought about from a lack of water and sanitation, Africans will not accept failure. We have to reach this target.”
“More than 50,000 Africans are taking part in walks to show that that these services are a priority that we want and need. Africans understand how a lack of water and sanitation affects their health, economic productivity, their children’s education, women’s rights – across every spectrum of development, water and sanitation plays its part. This is why progress on these basic services will have such important consequences for our continent and people.”
Currently in Sub-Sahara Africa, 334 million people (39% of the population) lack access to clean drinking water, while under 600 million (70%) lack access to sanitation(5).
To tackle this problem now, WaterAid is calling on international leaders to:
1. Recognise the need for the framework that replaces the Millennium Development Goals in 2015 to reflect the contribution of water, sanitation and hygiene to other areas of poverty reduction, including health, education, gender equality, economic growth and sustainability.
2. For the UN to set a new global target to achieve universal access to water, sanitation and hygiene by 2030.
3. Identify ways of accelerating future rates of progress on sanitation if the goal of universal access is to be met by 2030.
Distributed by the African Press Organization on behalf of WaterAid.
NOTES TO EDITORS
Spokespeople are available on request, please contact:
Hratche Koundarjian: Senior Media Officer, WaterAid
Direct line: +44 (0)207 793 4909 / +44 (0)7905 911 039
1. Everyone, Everywhere – A vision for water, sanitation and hygiene post-2015 – report can be downloaded from here (http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/publications/Everyone%20everywhere.ashx).
2. Global costs and benefits of drinking-water supply and sanitation interventions to reach the MDG target and universal coverage – WHO report can be accessed here (http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2012/globalcosts.pdf) .
3. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, Global Burden of Diseases 2012. The data set can be accessed here (http://ihmeuw.org/5r).
4. World Health Organisation, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Links to Health, Facts and Figures can be accessed here (http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/en/factsfigures04.pdf).
5. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation 2012 – UNICEF report can be accessed here (http://www.unicef.org/media/files/JMPreport2012.pdf). |
AUGUSTA, Maine — With hopes of rebuilding a deer herd that has shrunk sharply in parts of Maine, Gov. Paul LePage has signed legislation to implement strategies that include restoring habitats that shelter the animals in the winter and thinning out the population of their main predator, the coyote.
One concern that has prompted the new laws signed Monday is that areas known as “deer yards” have been lost due to logging and to spruce budworms, pests that have killed large tracts of forest.
Deer yards are stands of trees — typically cedar, spruce or hemlock — that protect deer from the snow and cold. Deer venture from these natural shelters to feeding areas.
Wildlife officials say one of the best ways of protecting deer yards is through cooperative working agreements with large timberland owners to leave those areas intact. The agreements would not be required, and they could come in the form of easements or even sales of areas containing deer yards.
The loss of deer, which are central to Maine’s hunting tradition, has been a major worry especially in eastern, northern and western regions of the state. Deer density in those regions has plummeted to one to four per square mile, a fraction of the optimum number, while it hovers around 40-50 in southern and some coastal areas and islands, said David Trahan, executive director of the Sportsman’s Alliance of Maine.
The optimum number can vary and is based on how many deer a given piece of land can sustain, but is usually between the extremes found in Maine, Trahan said.
Maine’s deer herd is estimated to be in the 250,000 range, with annual harvests on the decline to about 19,000. The number of deer killed by hunters exceeded 28,000 annually in the 1980s.
The disappearance of deer in much of the state has had an effect on hunting, which “is vital to our heritage and economy,” said Rep. David Burns, R-Whiting, sponsor of a new law that expands the mission of a state deer-management fund to include preserving deer yards, in addition to its traditional focus on controlling coyotes.
Deer hunting and viewing in Maine generate at least $200 million per year in spending on guide and outfitting services, hunting camps, motels, restaurants and related businesses, Burns said.
“Maine has traditionally been famous for its big bucks, but as this No. 1 game animal becomes scarce, hunters will find Maine less desirable,” he said.
To support the new deer management fund, $2 of each $5 collected in “tagging” fees hunters pay after killing a deer must be deposited in the fund. The new law also establishes a check-off on the hunting license application for donations to the fund.
The law authorizes fish and game officials to impose limits on the feeding of deer by the public when it’s believed that feeding is having a detrimental effect on deer. Examples are placing food across the highway from the woods, which puts them in danger of being struck by a vehicle, or feeding them the wrong foods, such as hay or whole corn, which take too much energy to digest.
A separate bill adds $100,000 to the fish and game department’s predator control program. With money left over from this year, the department will have $150,000 to reduce the coyote population in specific areas of the state.
Maine does not offer bounties for the hunting and trapping of coyotes. The department instead determines specific areas most hard-hit by the predators and assists in bringing in hunters and trappers to lower their numbers.
Sporting groups see a proposal to borrow $5 million to preserve forests and farmland as another tool to protect deer yard. The proposal awaited LePage’s signature in order to be sent to voters for authorization. |
I’m surprised that there still a good number of web designers out there who are still in the dark on the proper use of CSS selectors, particularly the difference between “class” and “id” selectors.
I thought of a little children’s story to help beginning web designers understand the difference between the two:
Once upon a time, in the days when technology was still limited to simple tools, there was a man who lived beside a river. He made his living by catching fish. He considered the river blessed because there were different kinds of fishes swimming around– big, small, colorful, long, short, round, you name it.
One morning, his farmer friend asked him to catch him a big fish in exchange for sack of potatoes. The man went to his house and casted a fishing net on to the river. He was able to catch several big fishes and went to his farmer friend to showcase his catch.
“Sorry, my friend,” said the farmer. “I want something bigger.”
So, the man chose a different fishing net, one with loosely spaced knots and fibers. He was certain that bigger fishes would be caught.
He casted that fishing net to the river, and sure enough, he caught much bigger fishes. He went to his farmer friend and proudly flaunted his catch.
“Sorry, my friend,” said the farmer. “but I wanted the BIGGEST silver fish in your river.”
Frustrated, the man went back home. Instead of getting another net, he took his sharp spear and he went to the part of the river where the schools of silver fish swam. Once he saw the fish he thought was the biggest, he thrust his spear into the water and he got it.
He went to his farmer friend and the farmer was happy with the very big silvers fish. The man went home happy with his sack of potatoes.
In our story, the nets represent the Class selectors. Simply put, class selectors are used to define attributes of a general class of elements, regardless the element.
The spear represents the ID selector. ID selectors are used to specifically style a unique element, thus it implies that an ID selector should not be repeated in a page. |
Apr. 9, 2014
Written in March
The cock is crowing,
The stream is flowing,
The small birds twitter,
The lake doth glitter
The green field sleeps in the sun;
The oldest and youngest
Are at work with the strongest;
The cattle are grazing,
Their heads never raising;
There are forty feeding like one!
Like an army defeated
The snow hath retreated,
And now doth fare ill
On the top of the bare hill;
The plowboy is whooping- anon-anon:
There's joy in the mountains;
There's life in the fountains;
Small clouds are sailing,
Blue sky prevailing;
The rain is over and gone!
On this date in 1833, the world's oldest taxpayer-supported public library was founded in Peterborough, New Hampshire. The money for the Peterborough Public Library came from the State Literary Fund, tax money collected from the sale of capital stock for the purpose of paying for a state university. There wasn't enough money in the fund to fulfill its original purpose, so a Unitarian minister named Abiel Abbot proposed that some of the money be used to purchase books that could be lent to townspeople free of charge. Reverend Abbot's idea fell on fertile ground in the New England of the 1830s: temperance, anti-slavery, and education reform were only a few of the utopian social movements that were beginning to gather steam at that time. As Emerson wrote, "The modern mind believed that the nation existed for the individual, for the guardianship and education of every man."
This was not Reverend Abbot's first library; he had already established a Juvenile Library and a "social library," supported by paid membership, in Peterborough. In 1849, as a result of Abbot's innovation, the New Hampshire State Legislature became the first in the nation to pass a law giving towns the right to raise money to establish their own public libraries.
It was on this day in 1859, after two years of apprenticeship, that 23-year-old Samuel Clemens (books by this author) was granted his steamboat pilot license. He was a pilot for two years, until the Civil War stopped traffic on the Mississippi River. And a couple of years after that, working as a reporter in Nevada, he signed a travel account by the pen name "Mark Twain." It was a name he picked up from life on the river, where "mark twain" was used to signify the depth at which it was safe to pilot a steamboat. He wrote later, "If I have seemed to love my subject, it is no surprising thing, for I loved the profession far better than any I have followed since, and I took a measureless pride in it."
On this day in 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the Civil War.
They met at a private residence in Appomattox Court House, Virginia. General Grant was reported to have begun the conversation by saying: "I met you once before, General Lee, while we were serving in Mexico ... I have always remembered your appearance, and I think I should have recognized you anywhere."
To which Lee is said to have replied, "Yes. I know I met you on that occasion, and I have often thought of it and tried to recollect how you looked, but I have never been able to recall a single feature."
They talked over terms for an end of the war. Lee asked Grant to commit the terms to paper, which Grant handwrote on the spot. Lee accepted them on the spot. They shook hands. Before Lee rode off to inform his men, the two generals raised their hats to each other in salute.
The site is now a National Historic Park.
It's the birthday of French poet and critic Charles Baudelaire (books by this author), born to a wealthy family in Paris (1821). At 36, he published his only collection of poetry, Les Fleurs de Mal (1857, The Flowers of Evil).
It's the birthday of scientist Gregory Pincus, born in Woodbine, New Jersey (1903). He was a successful teacher at Harvard, doing research on sexual physiology in mammals, but his career floundered after he completed in-vitro fertilization of rabbits in 1934. In-vitro fertilization was a new technique, and the general public was horrified by the idea of test-tube babies. Pincus lost his position at Harvard. A friend got him a position at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, but he still had to work as a janitor to supplement his income.
In 1951, he met Margaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood, and she realized that he could be a good choice to explore the possibilities of human contraceptives. She secured a grant for Pincus and his co-worker, Min Chueh Chang, and they did research to confirm that excessive amounts of the hormone progesterone worked to stop ovulation. From there, they created the first birth control pills, which were approved by the USDA in 1960.
It's the birthday of Hugh Hefner, born in Chicago (1926). He wanted to start his own magazine, so he raised $8,000 — $600 of which he borrowed from a bank using the furniture from his apartment as collateral. He put together an issue of Playboy in his kitchen, and he wasn't sure if he would ever have enough money to print a second, but when the first issue came out in 1953 featuring Marilyn Monroe on the cover, it sold more than 50,000 copies.
Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.® |
The Centre’s stance is in alignment with Section 69 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), based on which an intermediary is supposed to provide ‘all facilities and technical assistance’ to the government to decrypt data. The same was supplemented by the IT Rules, 2009 under Section 2(g), which states that these decryption facilities must be provided by such platforms to the ‘extent possible’.
Facebook Inc has argued that messages on its mobile application WhatsApp are secured by end-to-end encryption. The technology works like this: Once users sends a message, they generate a key. Only the intended recipient of the message has the unique public key to unlock it, and the company says it does not have access to this key. The ‘extent possible’ provision in the Rules, Facebook argues, could only mean the ability of the platform to decrypt the same, which, in this case, it lacks.
The argument has, therefore, transformed into a matter of national security versus individual privacy. “National security is paramount, but after the Puttaswamy case, ‘Right to Privacy’ has been declared a fundamental right. This case tests the applicability of this right vis-à-vis the former,” says Dhruv Suri, partner at PSA Legal.
Many groups have argued that these guidelines could have a chilling impact on the freedom of speech under Article 19. “We cannot jeopardise the right to privacy of citizens of this country, either. There should not be a situation where the government has easy access to each and every chat just because the Rules are vague,” says Kazim Rizvi, founding director of The Dialogue, a policy think-tank.
The Centre says the liability to decrypt always lay with intermediaries under provisions of the IT Act. However, firms cannot create a mechanism of encryption and, subsequently, say that they cannot decrypt. “The intermediaries, however, say they don’t have a problem with decryption, but the government must do it,” adds Suri.
Policy experts have argued that end-to-end encryption is not a technology restricted to intermediaries, and forcing them to decrypt would lead to criminals creating a new encrypted service. As the government has widened the scope of those who could request access to “any government agency”, they say this could potentially be a mass surveillance threat.
As the Centre has only prescribed a limit of 72 hours to take down a post that it deems as “threatening public health or safety” (which many have argued is a vague term), it could prove to be quite onerous for social media
In the Shreya Singhal case, the Apex Court had laid down that it was against pre-censorship and any kind of blanket ban. “Actual knowledge of the content being illegal needs to be established,” says Simranjeet Singh, partner at Athena Legal.
Companies argue that the guidelines pose problems for smaller businesses as well as start-ups. While the IT Act is silent, the draft Rules say intermediaries with over
5 million users must be locally incorporated. This, along with the fact that the Rules seem to have an extra-territorial application, have been argued to be violations of the parent Act. “The government must keep in mind that Rules, being secondary legislation, cannot override the main legislation, which is the IT Act,” says Pavan Duggal, advocate, Supreme Court.
Such Rules may also act as a barrier to the markets. Further, stringent decryption mechanisms are extremely hard to set up for start-ups. “These Rules may affect venture funding in India, and could also pose risks to start-ups trying to establish their businesses with limited resources,” says Manuj Garg, co-founder of myUpchar.com.
The case, therefore, boils down to proportionality, as laid down in the Puttaswamy case. The Centre says it will come up with the final guidelines in another couple of months. Whether the guidelines turn out proportional to the threat, is what remains to be seen.
Key provisions under draft guidelines
Intermediaries with over 5 million users must be locally incorporated, with a physical address in India
They must provide response to a request from a government agency within 72 hours
They must use currently available technological tools to identify and remove unlawful content
They must remove any content that harms public health or safety
They must be able to decrypt and trace origin of the content |
British Queen, d. 61 CE
Dubbed by the Romans “the Killer Queen,” Boudicca became the ultimate symbol of the fighting Amazon, despite having only the briefest of military careers to her name. She leaps into history for one short campaign, blazing like a comet across the sky with her enduring cry of “Death before slavery!” before falling into oblivion. But in the space of a few months, she succeeded in giving the Romans one of the greatest shocks their vast empire ever faced, driven to make war by a series of insults and cruelties so savage that all the tribes of East Anglia rose in rebellion and flocked to her side.
Boudicca was queen of the Iceni, one of the most powerful tribes in Europe, based in the modern English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Women fighters were a continuous element of Celtic culture, and the Celts had many war goddesses, two of which—Boudiga and Andraste—Boudicca invoked for victory.
Boudicca’s tragedy was to face the invading Romans as a female ruler in a society whose women enjoyed exceptionally high status and whose queens often ruled in their own right. Celtic queens were seen as embodying the spirit and sovereignty of the land, and as women, their royalty was only a step away from the divinity of the Great Goddess, who was worshipped everywhere.
Boudicca’s link with the Great Goddess is evident in her name, which derives from bouda, or victory, investing her with all the force of the goddess in her warlike incarnation as Boudiga, “the Lady of Victory”. The Romans by contrast denied their women almost all legal or civil rights. Faced with Celtic queens, they insisted on imposing their own rules. When Boudicca’s husband, Prasutagus, died in 61 CE, leaving her with two young daughters, Roman law did not permit royal inheritance to be passed down in the female line. In addition, the Celtic royal households were stocked with cattle, grain, jewelry, and gold; the chance was too good to miss. Looting and pillaging, the Romans attacked the palace and hauled Boudicca out to be stripped and flogged. Next she was forced to watch while her two young daughters were raped by the soldiery.
This was more than simple physical abuse. As females, Boudicca’s daughters shared the divinity that attached to women of royal birth. Rape destroyed their virginity and thereby robbed them of their special powers, making it impossible that they could ever claim priestess status or inherit their mother’s semidivine role.
To the Celts, the insult was intolerable. All the tribes exploded in revolt. “The whole island [of Britain] now rose up under the leadership of Boudicca, a queen, for Britons make no distinction of sex in their appointment of commanders,” recorded the Roman historian Tacitus, whose father-in-law, Agricola, as a senior officer, encountered Boudicca on the battlefield.
Boudicca’s perceived divinity may explain the passion and courage of her followers. Her appearance in battle seems to have struck fear in friend and foe alike, as the Roman historian Dio Cassius described her, writing a century later:
[She was] tall, terrifying to look at, with a fierce gaze and a harsh, powerful voice. A flood of bright red hair fell down to her knees; she wore a golden necklet made up of ornate pieces, a multi-coloured robe and over it a thick cloak held together by a brooch. She grasped a long spear to strike dread in all those who set eyes on her.
Dio Cassius also recorded with true Roman superiority that she was “possessed of greater intelligence than is usually found in the female sex.”
Boudicca rapidly moved her army south, where she sacked the city of Camulodunum (modern Colchester) and routed the Roman relief force. Londinium (London) and Verulanium (St. Albans) were next. Racing south from crushing another outbreak, the Roman governor in Britain, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, reached London before the rebels but then decided that the city was indefensible. Ignoring what Tacitus calls “the lamentations and appeals” of the Roman merchants, he withdrew his forces and left the settlers to their fate.
The sacking of London was particularly savage, with most of the Celts’ fury falling on the Roman women. The male inhabitants were given no quarter as the Celts swept through the city, looting and killing the settlers indiscriminately, and Tacitus estimates that seventy thousand died. But for the women, the victors reserved a special fate. They were rounded up, taken out of the city to a wooded grove sacred to the Celtic war goddess Andraste, and sacrificed to her there in an elaborate ritual of startling cruelty. Boudicca and her warriors impaled them on outsize skewers, suspended them from trees, then cut off their breasts and stuffed them into their mouths or stitched them to their lips in a ghastly parody of mothers giving suck.
To the patriarchal Romans, the worst of this disaster was that it was led by a woman, “which caused them the greatest shame.” With a force of about ten thousand, Suetonius brought Boudicca’s considerably more numerous army to battle somewhere in the English Midlands, cheering his soldiers by telling them that they had little to fear from Boudicca, as her army consisted of more women than men.
Tacitus describes Boudicca on the opposing side, driving around all the tribes in her chariot, with her daughters in front, to deliver a fiery speech:
We British are used to women commanders in war…but I am not fighting for my kingdom or my wealth. I am fighting for my lost freedom, my battered body and my violated daughters…. Consider what you are fighting for, and why. Then you will win this battle, or perish. That is what I, as a woman, plan to do. Let the men live in shame and slavery if they will!
In a symbolic gesture, she released a live hare, an animal sacred to the Great Goddess, between the two armies and dedicated it to Andraste, for victory.
On a more practical level, her army labored under the signal disadvantage of having no battle plan. Though a charismatic commander, Boudicca displayed scant generalship, meeting Suetonius and his force on open ground where Celtic fervor proved no match for Roman organization and discipline. Suetonius, a veteran of mountain warfare, fought with a forest at his back, forcing the Britons to charge headlong up a slope onto Roman javelins. The Britons’ women, confident of victory, watched from a laager of wagons on the edge of the battlefield.
When the Britons had exhausted themselves, the Romans counterattacked in wedge formation, driving them back onto their wagons, where they were routed. In the bloody mêlée of defeated warriors, women, children, pack animals, and baggage, the Romans slaughtered everything that moved. Tacitus estimated the Roman dead at four hundred, compared with eighty thousand Britons. In Tacitus’ account, Boudicca took poison, although others assert that she was taken prisoner after the battle and died in captivity. What became of her daughters is unknown.
Reference: Anne Ross, Druids, 1999; and Graham Webster, Boudicca: The British Revolt Against Rome, 1978. |
This course examines the theory, research, and contemporary concerns in health communication. Topics include patient-provider interactions, culture and health, social support, media representations of health, health care organizations, health campaigns, technology, and health care policy.
This course explores the relationships between healthcare providers, patients, and their families. Example topics include patient-centered communication, effective verbal and nonverbal communication skills, shared decision-making, narrative medicine, and medical interviewing.
This course teaches students how to effectively communicate in patient-provider interactions. Through role-modeling, feedback, and case studies, students learn and practice fundamental skills such as fostering relationships, exchanging information, making decisions, responding to emotions, managing uncertainty, and enabling patient self-management.
This course discusses the theory, research, and contemporary concerns in interpersonal communication. Such topics encompass discussion of speech interaction in person-to-person settings; concepts of perception, attraction, self-disclosure, listening, and conflict management through communication; speech interaction patterns and relational stages in the development of interpersonal communication.
This course examines the theory, research, and contemporary concerns in group communication. Class topics include the definition, structure, characteristics, and functions of groups; group productivity; codes in verbal and nonverbal communication; problem solving, role-playing, decision-making; as well as effective leadership and organization.
This course discusses the theory, research, and contemporary concerns in nonverbal communication. Example class topics encompass eye contact; body language and movement; physical space and environment; touch; and vocal cues.
This course explores the principles and practices of public speaking. Topics include training on informing, persuading, and motivating audiences; using body language, posture, and gestures to emphasize verbal communication; and visual presentation skills and tactics. |
Since September 2015 we have been using the Cornerstones Interactive Learning Projects scheme of work in order to build a group of well-rounded individuals who love to learn in exciting and dynamic ways.
Each half-term we engage our children with a new and exciting topic, develop their ideas and understanding, allow them to innovate with their new skills and express their ideas using all of their creativity.
Above is a summary of what each Year Group will be learning about during each half-term. You will find information about their topic, the books they will be reading, the phenomena they will be investigating - as well as information about what they will be studying in each of the foundation subjects during that time.
Science is a key focus in our school and we place a high priority on children's investigative skills and experiences. In the current year children have made blood, investigated the effect of different substances on tooth enamel and studied human development.
Ensuring children are exposed to high-quality literature is key to improving vocabulary and writing as well as developing a love for reading that will stay with children for life. We have invested heavily in classic literature which supplements and adds to the curriculum themes.
Home learning ties in with the curriculum in school- the details for this can be found in the 'children's' section of the website.
The children took part in a Roots to Food day, which involved interactive cooking workshops where children learnt about food, cooking and the importance of healthy eating. The teachers even got involved in a cook off with a team of children. Look at all of our fantastic learning below.
Alan Gibbons, esteemed author of children's and now adult's fiction came and worked with children in school and with staff after school. Once again the writing, linked to our curriculum themes was very high quality and the children were inspired to use adventurous vocabulary and write at length.
Cezar Year 2
It was falling, spinning out of a calm, azure sky. Soon it landed, sizzling on my leg. Before long, there was a thick blizzard of these grey flakes.
Dara Year 5
So in we went. The darkness closed us in like a black wing, squeezing us. Soon after, the train shuddered into motion, rattling and hissing while the wheels clanked on the track. It was at that moment that a sinister silhouette marked itself on the edge of the wall.
Row after row, wave after wave, men kept coming, never stopping to think of the consequences; backlit by a stark empty sky, devoid of any bird, but framed by a solitary hill. Hearts in mouths but guns at the ready, they surged forwards like one amorphous body, one mind, a single idea.
Where there was faith, there was hope. A feeling so strong it could bless even the most distressed souls a sense of purpose in such an unforgiving and perplexing war. The husbands, the brothers, the sons, now grounded in valour, gripped the blood drenched rope as they began their ascension to hell on Earth. |
Common name: White Mulberry
Latin name: Morus alba
Other names: Silkworm Mulberry, Chinese White Mulberry, Chi Sang, Chin Sang
Habitat: White Mulberry is native to China. It grows well on a wide variety of soils, but prefers a moist, well drained soil with lots of sun.
Description: White Mulberry is a deciduous tree growing over 20 m in height. In its cultivated form, it is pruned to a low-growing shrub. It has a light brown to gray bark, smooth and divided into narrow, scaly ridges. The leaves are glossy and light green, alternately arranged and cordate at the base, but very variable in form. They can vary from unlobed to palmate, even on the same tree. Flowers hang on short, pendulous catkins. They are small and greenish in color. When the flowers are pollinated, they are transformed into a berry-like, collective fruit. Fruit varies in color, from white, lavender to even black.
Parts used: Fruit, leaves, stems, bark.
Useful components: DNJ, calcium, vitamins A, B1, B2, amino acids
Medicinal use: White Mulberry is considered to be antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, hypoglycaemic, odontalgic, and ophthalmic. Its leaves are usually used in treatments of colds, sore throats, flu, eye infections and nosebleeds. Recent researches in Japan showed that leaves contain substances that inhibit intestinal enzymes from passing sugar into the bloodstream. Leaves extract could inhibit the oxidation of LDL- cholesterol, act as a carbohydrate blocker and reduce the concentration of the arterial plaque. With these actions, the possibility of stroke is greatly diminished. Stem is very beneficial in cases of rheumatic pains, spasms and high blood pressure. A tincture made from the bark can easily relieve toothache. The fruit is used in the treatment of urinary incontinence, diabetes, dizziness, tinnitus and hypertension. It is also a mild laxative and can be applied in cases of constipation.
Safety: Some herbs could react with certain medication. Therefore, it is advisable to consult your doctor before consumption of any herb. |
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