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The Republic of Macedonia is a diverse country, with a Slav Macedonian majority (65%) and a large Albanian minority (25%), and Turks, Cincars, Gypsies, Greeks and Serbs. The ethnic Macedonian majority have only been recognised as a distinct ethnic group since the end of World War II, and their music remains a mixture of multiple styles from Turkey, Albania and other neighbouring countries. Macedonian folk songs are often historical in nature, with lyrics detailing great heroes and warriors, though love songs are also common. The music of Eastern Europe are known for complex rhythms, and Macedonian music exemplifies this trait. Folk songs like "Pominis li libe Todoro" can be as complex as 22/16, played as 2-2-3-2-2-3-2-2-2-2. Old-fashioned musicians also have a distinctive characteristic of stretching out the beats to add tension to the notes. The gajda bagpipe was the most common folk instrument, but has now become an instrument for concert recitation, drawing on recent legends like Pece Atanasovski, leader of the Radio Skopje ensemble Ansaml na Narodni Instrumenti, as the source of modern tradition. Other instruments include: Supelka -- small flute Cemane -- three-stringed fiddle Tambura -- strummed string instrument Zurla -- large oboe Tapan -- cylindrical drum Kaval -- rim-blown flute Macedonian folk orchestras consist of a clarinet or saxophone, drum kit, bass guitar, accordion and guitar, sometimes with modern synthesisers and drum machines. These orchestras are very popular, and include virtuoso musicians like Skender Ameti on accordion and Miroslav Businovski on clarinet. Newly-composed folk songs, often with a ballad-like tone, are also popular, especially Vaska Ilieva and Aleksander Sarievski. Local rock and roll bands like Leb i Sol also have a following, and have include folk elements in their compositions. Calgia is an urban style, calgia is played by bands (calgii) with a def (tambourine) and tarabuka (hourglass drum) providing percussion for ut (lute), kanun (zither), clarinet and violin. Though modern musicians have updated the calgia into a spectrum of hard and soft, classical and pop sounds, some traditional musicians remain. Perhaps the most influential of recent years was Tale Ognenovski, who plays a wide variety of traditional and modern sounds. Macedonia has a large Gypsy minority, many of whom are professional musicians. Long oppressed and forced into certain menial occupations, Gypsies are, in many places, the only local professional performers. Gypsy orchestras typically contain electric guitars and other modern instruments. Popular Gypsy musicians include Esma Redzepova, Ferus Mustafov and Stevo Teodosievski.
Gluten quality makes all the difference for good and healthy bread time after time. Knowing the quality of your flour is as fundamental as following the recipe when making wholemeal bread of a consistent high volume and crumb structure. In this issue’s film, Jan shows the big difference in bakery performance between three types of wholemeal wheat flour. What we need to do as bakers is put a finger on the difference before baking begins. Quality in the protein Analyses of flour quality typically focus on total protein content. In standard white wheat flour, a high protein content is considered a reliable indication of good quality. But the same rule of thumb does not apply to wholemeal flour. The reason is that much of the protein exists in the flour’s bran content. While the bran proteins contribute to the flour’s nutritional profile, along with fibre and minerals, they have no influence on baking functionality. So a test that simply measures protein quantity in whole grain flour can be misleading. Simple gluten analysis In our bakery lab at DuPont, we use a series of simple tests to evaluate protein quality. This involves looking specifically at the gluten, the composite of proteins that builds the elastic network responsible for dough strength and bread volume. Analysing the gluten gives a clearer picture of how wholemeal flour is likely to perform in bread-making. Due to the water-binding ability of the fibre in wholemeal flour, the test results may be distorted by fibre interference. All the same, a better picture of flour quality will be obtained than from a purely quantitative assessment of protein content. Another important aspect to consider is ash content – comprising the minerals primarily located in wheat bran – which indicates the flour extraction rate. In principle, a wholemeal flour should have an extraction rate as close to 100% as possible, including all parts of the bran, germ and endosperm. However, this brings another challenge: the negative effect of bran particles on flour baking performance. The ultimate flour quality test, of course, is to bake and look. In a small-scale bakery trial, all is revealed. With these test results in hand, the need to optimise your wholemeal bread recipe becomes apparent – enabling you to ensure consistent quality every time you bake. Still in doubt? Talk to your miller or ask about the opportunities to conduct a flour analysis in our lab.
In October 2000, the adoption of United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 on women, peace and security (WPS) was hailed as a historic event and a turning point for women involved in conflicts, peacemaking, peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction . Resolution 1325 formally required political transitions to be inclusive, gender-sensitive and transformative for women . In particular, resolution 1325 called for the incorporation of a gender perspective in all peace efforts, including peacemaking, peacebuilding, peacekeeping and humanitarian relief operations, and for the participation of women in all peace activities, including in the negotiation of peace agreements and in future governance and transitional institutions. The underlying aim of resolution 1325 was not only to protect women during conflicts but also to transform unequal gender relationships in transitional societies and to strengthen women's leadership at national and international levels within the area of peace and security. Resolution 1325 has generated many important UN documents, including yearly reports from the Secretary-General, two global studies on women, peace and security, and yearly Security Council presidential statements. Most importantly, resolution 1325 has paved the way for the adoption of seven additional resolutions on women, peace and security: resolution 1820 (19 June, 2009) ; resolution 1888 (30 September, 2009) ; resolution 1989 (5 October, 2009) ; resolution 1960 (16 December, 2010) ; resolution 2106 (24 June, 2013) ; resolution 2122 (18 October, 2013) ; and resolution 2242 (13 October, 2015) . While resolutions 1820, 1888, 1960, and 2106 are almost exclusively focused on the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war, resolutions 1989 and 2122 adopt a broader agenda in relation to gender equality in order to focus attention on women's participation and empowerment in peace processes and post-conflict peacebuilding. The most recent resolution, 2242, makes the women, peace and security agenda a central component of efforts to address the threat of rising violent extremism. In recent years, national action plans (NAPs) on women, peace and security (WPS) have become one of the most common tools used by States to channel, assess, and monitor the implementation of the UN's WPS resolutions. The first WPS national action plan was adopted by Denmark in 2005 and, since then, we have seen a proliferation of national action plans, particularly in Europe. Today, there are 61 national action plans on women, peace and security operative globally, though, as Swaine (2017, in this volume) notes, there is a regional disparity in relation to the distribution of NAPs, with Europe having the highest percentage of adopted NAPs (39 per cent) and the Americas and Oceania having the lowest (at eight and three per cent respectively). In Europe, many countries have gone through the process of adopting their second or third national action plans. The development of a national action plan is assumed to demonstrate a level of commitment to the UN resolutions on women, peace and security and to assist in pushing forward their implementation. Yet, questions remain about whether national action plans are appropriate and useful for all States, particularly those that have weak institutions and lack the capacity to implement them successfully. In May 2016, the Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations at Coventry University and the Institute for British-Irish Studies at University College Dublin, supported by NATO's Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme, organised an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) focused on WPS national action plans. The workshop brought together States' representatives, academics, and members of civil society and international organisations to discuss their experiences with national action plans and to critically reflect on the role of NAPs in supporting States' implementation of the WPS framework. The workshop represented a bid to take stock of the role that NAPs have played since the adoption of UNSCR 1325 and the progress achieved; its participants also sought to share best practice in terms of the adoption, revision, and implementation of NAPs and to explore potential sites for collaborations in these areas. The aim of this edited volume is to disseminate the key arguments, findings, and recommendations which emerged from the discussions held at the Advanced Research Workshop. In its first section, the volume includes a summary report which sets out key arguments and recommendations. The second section offers a number of key papers from the ARW with the intention of contributing to academic and policy debates that concern gender and armed conflict, and particularly the women, peace and security framework. 2. National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security: Key Debates The discussions that took place during the two-day Advanced Research Workshop on WPS NAPs were rich and wide-ranging, but the issues they raised can be broadly divided into six categories: women's participation; local priorities and international interest; new security threats and countering violent extremism; monitoring and evaluation; development aid and local ownership; and gender equality. 2.1. National Action Plans and Women's Participation Women's participation is one of the key pillars of UN Security Council resolution 1325, which calls for the “increased representation of women at all decision-making levels in national, regional and international institutions and mechanisms for the prevention, management, and resolution of conflict”. See UN , para. 1. See UN , para. 1. Delegates also discussed the importance of women's participation in formal peace negotiations as a prerequisite for a more inclusive and durable peace. Women's participation in peace negotiations has been included in many national action plans as a key pillar. Some NAPs spell out targets and mechanisms for enhancing women's access to high-level roles as mediators and negotiators; for instance, in the Finnish and Swedish NAPs, there are references to the Nordic Women Mediators' Network. Nonetheless, delegates expressed concerns about the limited progress made in this area and argued that States continue to exclude women from formal peace negotiations and undervalue the mediation expertise that women have within their own jurisdictions. For example, delegates pointed out that, while women in Northern Ireland played a vital role in the negotiation of the Belfast agreement and developed considerable expertise that they could bring to other contexts, the UK government has never nominated these women for positions as mediators or negotiators. Women's participation in peacebuilding was considered to be a vital component of efforts to build sustainable peace. Most European national action plans include commitments to promoting women's active participation in peacebuilding activities in partner countries; this help is intended to take the form of support and funding for economic, social, educational, and empowerment programmes, and countries often commit to working directly with women's organisations, civil society organisations (CSOs), and government departments in partner countries. The ARW discussion drew attention to the fact that the WPS framework to date has led to increased funding for women's groups and gender-related activities and it has also provided a recognised channel through which male dominance within peace processes can be challenged. However, workshops discussions raised questions about which women are benefitting from the increased funding made available through the WPS framework; some delegates expressed concerns that many of the funded projects in partner countries are run by elite, urban, middle-class women, which leaves most of the rural and disadvantaged population disengaged from the agenda. It was also noted that donor countries and organisations can often be guilty of marginalising women's participation in peacebuilding in developing countries where they are involved in administering development aid. This was the case in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where donors have typically prioritised the funding of projects that are focused around issues of sexual violence over those that concentrate instead on participation (see Davis 2017 in this volume). Delegates also discussed women's participation in national militaries and in peacekeeping missions, arguing that this participation has created better dynamics within these units and has also resulted in greater interaction between peacekeeping forces and local women. Many national action plans have set specific targets for increasing the number of women in the military. For example, the UK national action plan (2014–2017) includes this kind of increase as one of its key outputs. The NAP states that the UK will “actively encourage the employment of women within UK government roles, security services, and the Armed Forces, and related Ministries, by continuing to review the employment of women within Her Majesty's Armed Forces; encouraging the deployment of female military and police officers on UN Operations; and positively training high-potential female FCO staff to be well-prepared for applications for UK Heads of Mission posts in conflict affected states” . Meanwhile, the second Irish NAP (2015–2018) pledges to “increase the participation of women at senior decision making and leadership levels in Irish defence, police and foreign services” as one of its major commitments . The Irish military is actively encouraging women's recruitment by running advertising campaigns online, on television, and in cinemas across Ireland. The ARW delegates emphasised that, in order for women to assert their influence within the military, they should be appointed to high-ranking positions and involved in planning and decision-making processes inside the military: women should not serve only as junior recruits. Furthermore, if qualitative change is to be brought about, increased access to the military for women needs to be achieved, in conjunction with the adoption of a more holistic approach to gender issues, and any such strategy should include the provision of gender-sensitive military training. As one of their NAP commitments to the women, peace and security framework, countries such as Ireland, the UK, and Finland have declared that they will provide gender-sensitive training for national armed forces and the military, with special emphasis on the training that is given prior to deployment and on contributions to the training of military personnel from other countries and missions in relation to this issue. 2.2. National Action Plans: Between Local Priorities and International Interest Delegates at the Advanced Research Workshop highlighted the point that national action plans from countries in the West tend to be outward-looking and focus on issues in other countries, often in the developing world, rather than on the domestic scene (See Aroussi 2017 in this volume). Delegates were keen to stress that countries should strive to address domestic issues that are of relevance to the WPS framework in their national action plans in addition to overseas work. Many delegates pointed out that revised national action plans are now seeking to include policies on refugees and asylum seekers. For instance, Germany's new national action plan (2017–2020) pays more attention to the domestic context than the country's last NAP, and this can be seen as a response to the fact that Germany has received a large number of refugees and asylum seekers during the past few years. The German NAP includes provision for gender-awareness training for young male refugees, and it also pays specific attention to work that will improve the protection of refugees, especially refugee girls, within Germany. In Ireland, the second national action plan places far greater emphasis than did its predecessor on the situation of refugees and asylum seekers, and it commits to strengthening “outreach to women and girls in Ireland who have been affected by conflict, including migrant women, diaspora communities, and those seeking asylum, and those who have experienced female genital mutilation (FGM), to ensure raised awareness and increased utilisation of the services available”. See Government of Ireland , p. 18. See Government of Ireland , p. 18. Delegates also emphasised the fact that States need to pay attention to their own local and national contexts and they stressed that particular attention is due to situations where conflict has occurred within State's own borders. Most European national plans are focused on conflicts in developing countries, but internal conflict and post-conflict situations in European States are generally ignored. The failure of the UK to include Northern Ireland within the scope of its national action plans, despite the existence of a post-conflict situation in Northern Ireland, was highlighted as an example of this issue (See Aroussi 2017, in this volume). 2.3. New Security Threats and Countering Violent Extremism Since the adoption of UN Security Council resolution 2242 in 2015, questions about how to counter violent extremism have become relevant to the WPS framework. Resolution 2242 requires States to pay attention to the devastating impact of extremism and terrorism on women and their communities, and it also obligates them to include women and gender expertise in efforts aimed at countering violent extremism. Since then, many countries have sought to include these new requirements in their national action plans. For instance, the new German NAP (2017–2020) includes commitments that require “the collection of data on the role of women and girls in terrorism and/or terrorism structures” and on “gender-inspired approaches to the prevention of violent extremism” . The German government in the new NAP is also committed to strengthening the equal participation of women in its efforts to counter and prevent violent extremism, and it has also pledged to develop strategies and programmes aimed at protecting women from radicalisation. The new Swedish NAP (2016–2020) also pays attention to terrorism and violent extremism when dealing with conflict prevention issues, and it states that Sweden will “ensure the inclusion of gender perspectives in measures intended to counteract and prevent conflict, radicalisation and violent extremism” . ARW delegates were quick to highlight the difficulties and challenges involved in linking the WPS agenda with efforts to counter violent extremism when those efforts are traditionally associated with a “hard security” approach. Many security actors would categorise gender as a “soft” issue, and so any attempts to broaden the WPS framework to include strategies aimed at countering extremism will require continuous dialogue between different departments and actors in order for a gender-sensitive approach to be developed, one which moves beyond stereotypes that situate women as victims. However, the twinning of counterterrorism with the women, peace and security agenda endorsed by resolution 2242 (2015) was not welcomed by all participants, and some delegates expressed concern that WPS objectives may be lost in the pursuit of hard security goals. Delegates warned of the risk of States using their broader security objectives as an excuse to backtrack on their WPS commitments and obligations. 2.4. National Action Plans and Monitoring and Evaluation The ARW delegates' discussion paid attention to the challenges that affect the monitoring and evaluation of national action plans, and participants deliberated at length over the use of indicators to measure the progress, success, and failure of NAPs. The delegates argued that national action plan indicators must be clear and measurable. The second Irish national action plan was highlighted as exemplary in this regard because it sets out “specific and measurable” indicators in both quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (categorical) formats that allow progress to be measured against both outputs (activities) and outcomes (the impact of those activities). Delegates also highlighted the fact that NAPs differ widely in terms of the number of indicators they contain: while the Finnish NAP arguably has too many indicators (See Haapalainen 2017 in this volume), others like the Swedish one have none at all. The new Swedish NAP leaves it to implementing agencies to develop suitable indicators that are appropriate to their specific area of implementation. The role of civil society organisations in the monitoring and evaluation of NAPs was also discussed at the ARW. The UN Security Council resolution 1325 was established as, in essence, a civil society initiative. In accordance with best practice, many countries have organised broad consultations with CSOs during the processes through which they have adopted, reviewed and evaluated NAPs, and continuous and close collaboration with CSOs on NAP development, monitoring, and evaluation is essential in terms of their legitimacy and accountability. Some countries, such as Sweden, have taken this kind of collaboration with CSOs further by conducting consultations in partner countries, and discussion arose at the ARW about whether civil society organisations should be cosignatories of national action plans. It was noted that, in the Netherlands, the NAP was cosigned by over 50 CSOs; however, delegates argued that, where there is an open relationship between CSOs and a government, CSOs should not cosign a NAP in order to safeguard their independence and their role as watchdogs for the implementation of NAPs by their governments. 2.5. Development Aid and Local Ownership in NAPs As was noted earlier, many European national action plans are outward-looking and focus their main efforts on conflict-affected countries. Often Western countries state in their own NAPs which conflict-affected countries they will support and what actions they intend to take. This kind of support may also involve the provision of financial and technical assistance to enable a country to adopt its own national action plan, as was the case when Finland supported the development of Afghanistan's NAP. In these situations, Western countries typically resort to the “NAP industry” for help. The multitude of NAP consultants available worldwide includes many consultants who have been involved in a large number of NAP development processes. The influence that arises from Western States' deep-level involvement, not just in NAP adoption, but also more generally in the wider gender policies of other countries, does raise questions about whether these NAPs can be said to have local ownership. The issue of local ownership also provokes debate about who is responsible for the implementation of a national action plan that was largely driven by donor funding and foreign States, particularly when national governments and institutions may have no capacities for the implementation of NAPs (See Davis 2017 and Basini 2017 in this volume). The issue of local ownership also raises questions as to the relevance and priority, for local communities, of the issues identified and addressed by donor countries. While steps to integrate the women, peace and security agenda into decisions about development aid are positive, careful consideration needs to be given to the ways in which gender and women's needs are understood, and it is vital that questions are asked about who benefits from this aid and why certain issues are either prioritised or marginalised in donor-influenced plans. Delegates pointed out that donor countries often conceptualise women in the countries they support as a homogenous group and fail to give due consideration to their differences or to disparities in their needs and priorities. It is also often the case that donors choose to focus on certain issues based on their own priorities and interests and marginalise other concerns that may be of higher priority for partner countries. For instance, in the DRC, donor communities have focused substantially on rape as a weapon of war at the expense of women's participation and empowerment (See Davis 2017 in this volume). In response to these issues, ARW delegates emphasised the need for inclusive consultations with civil society organisations in partner countries and for rigorous research processes to be used to ensure that any chosen programmes and actions are likely to be effective in and appropriate to their contexts. When outward-looking NAPs that involve the implementation of the women, peace and security framework are being developed in other countries, key actions should include the gathering of comprehensive contextual information and the full involvement of diverse and large groups of local women. The use of this inclusive process will also be instrumental in increasing local ownership over donor-funded programmes. 2.6. National Action Plans and Gender Equality The relationship between gender equality and the women, peace and security framework was also a focal point of discussion at the ARW. Concerns were raised by delegates about the possible disconnect in practice between the gender equality strategy and WPS policies and programmes. In most countries, NAPs are driven by ministries and departments of foreign affairs and they are separate from ministries or departments that deal with home affairs or women's issues. Failures to position the WPS agenda within States' broader machinery for achieving gender equality risk making the NAP an instrument of securitisation that is completely disconnected from women's rights. Delegates discussed the fact that national action plans, such as those developed by the United Kingdom (UK) and the Netherlands, often include commitments to women's rights and gender equality. In order to link gender equality with women, peace and security issues, many countries, including Finland, have also dedicated large amounts of international development funding to gender equality projects, and some have made project funding conditional on each project's compatibility with gender equality and women's rights. In the UK, the International Development (Gender Equality) Act 2014, which is applied to all Overseas Development Aid (ODA) spending, requires that all programmes that operate under the Conflict Stability Security Fund (CSSF) must be fully compliant with gender equality and the protection of women's rights. The ARW delegates argued that, while the UN resolutions on women, peace and security have gender equality at their core, they are not instruments of international law that require accountability; hence, there is a need for improved synergies between the WPS agenda and the human rights system and, in particular, the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which requires States' accountability. Delegates also discussed the potential for reliance on other instruments that involve implementation of the WPS agenda; these might include the UN's Sustainable Development Goals which now highlight gender as a priority issue. The targets set by the SDGs call on States “to end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere” and “to eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation”; UN General Assembly , p. 17. UN General Assembly , p. 17. 3. Conclusion and Recommendations from the Advanced Research Workshop Overall, the workshop represented an exceptional opportunity for experts working in the area of women, peace and security to gather and discuss national action plans. The workshop created a platform for continued dialogue and the sharing of experiences on NAPs. The interaction between scholars and practitioners at the workshop generated deeper knowledge about the use of national action plans in theory and practice, and the effects of that knowledge will reach beyond the workshop to influence future policies and scholarship in this area. The discussions at the Advanced Research Workshop resulted in agreement on the following recommendations: • National action plans must include a clear strategy for nominating more women to high-level positions within government and in international organisations. • National action plans must include a plan of action for nominating more women to mediation positions and increasing women's participation in peace negotiations. • National action plans must include actions aimed at encouraging female recruitment into the military across all units and into high-ranking positions. • Donor countries' national action plans must include support for the long-term and holistic participation of women in the receiving countries. On national versus international priorities • States must refrain in their national action plans from focusing only on international actions and must start looking at their own domestic contexts. In particular, national action plans must address the situations faced by women who live in conflict-afflicted and post-conflict regions within the State's own borders or jurisdictions. • National action plans must take into consideration the needs of women refugees, asylum seekers, and migrant women who live within the State's borders. • States must involve all relevant ministries and government departments in the development and implementation of NAPs. On the threat from violent extremism • States need to revise their NAPs in the light of their new obligation under resolution 2242 to counter violent extremism. • Actions set out in NAPs for countering violent extremism must be carried out after due consultation with local communities at home and abroad. • NAP actions that aim to counter violent extremism must not lead to the stigmatisation of migrant women and communities living in the West. • Careful consideration must be paid to the women, peace and security framework and to gender equality when planning programmes for countering violent extremism. • National action plans must be used as a mechanism to guard against any backtracking on the gender agenda that may result from actions designed to counter violent extremism. • National action plans must include strategies to initiate a dialogue with security actors and to develop a gender-sensitive approach to countering violent extremism that moves beyond stereotypes that represent women as victims. On evaluation and monitoring • States must develop specific and measurable indicators for their NAPs. • In order to adequately measure progress, States should conduct baseline studies for their national action plans. • States should continue to work closely with civil society organisations in the development and implementation of NAPs. • International organisations should collaborate both on their NAPs and on their women, peace and security strategies, particularly in areas of overlapping interest. • States should enhance the cross-fertilisation of learning, and foster learning from others' experiences, through their funding of and support for NAPs in other countries. • Governments have to demonstrate their political commitment to the WPS agenda in practical ways, including through the provision of funding. • Governments should ensure greater coordination across ministries in relation to UNSCR 1325. On development aid and local ownership • In developing NAPs, there is a need for greater consultation with local women on issues, whether social, economic, or political, that affect them. • When funding projects in conflict-affected countries through NAPs, States must conduct rigorous research and undertake broad consultation with development actors, local women's groups, and communities to identify local needs and priorities. • Greater coordination between donor countries on national action plans is needed to prevent the duplication that occurs when similar projects are established in similar areas. • National action plans should include funding plans for long-term projects that lead to meaningful change rather than short-term projects confined to the duration of a NAP. On national action plans and gender equality • In their national action plans, States need to work towards the harmonisation of their gender equality and women, peace and security agendas. • National action plans must be used to implement the gender equality agenda inwardly at the national level as well as outwardly at the international level. • States should explore the potential of drawing on additional international legal tools, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in their implementation of WPS commitments. • States should maintain closer engagement with existing women's rights instruments and bodies. • States must use the full potential of CEDAW to enhance and monitor the implementation of the WPS agenda. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, S/RES/1325 (2000). Aroussi, S. (2015) Women, Peace, and Security: Repositioning Gender in Peace Agreements, Antwerp: Intersentia. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820, S/RES/1820 (2008). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1888, S/RES/1888 (2009). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1889, S/RES/1889 (2009). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1960, S/RES/1960 (2010). United Nations Security Council Resolution 2106, S/RES/2106 (2015). United Nations Security Council Resolution 2122, S/RES/2122 (2013). United Nations Security Council Resolution 2242, S/RES/2242 (2015). Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2014) United Kingdom National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security 2014-2017. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/319870/FCO643_NAP_Printing_final3.pdf (Accessed: 1 February, 2017). Government of Ireland. (2015) Ireland's Second National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security 2015-2018. Available at: https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/alldfawebsitemedia/ourrolesandpolicies/ourwork/empoweringwomen-peaceandsecurity/Irelands-second-National-Action-Plan-on-Women-Peace-and-Security.pdf (Accessed: 1 February, 2017). Government of Germany. (2017) Action Plan of the Federal Government to Implement Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security for the Period 2017-2020. Available at http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/756368/publicationFile/223345/Aktionsplan_1325_2017-2020_in_Deu.pdf (Accessed: 1 February, 2017). Government of Sweden. (2016) Sweden's National Action Plan for the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolutions on Women, Peace and Security 2016–2020. Available at http://www.government.se/49ef7e/contentassets/8ae23198463f49269e25a14d4d14b9bc/swedens-national-action-plan-for-the-implementation-of-the-united-nations-security-council-resolutions-on-women-peace-and-security-2016-2020-.pdf (Accessed: 1 February, 2017). UN General Assembly. (2015) Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available at: http://www.un.org/pga/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/08/120815_outcome-document-of-Summit-for-adoption-of-the-post-2015-development-agenda.pdf (Accessed: 1 February, 2017). Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University (Sahla Aroussi, Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, UK. E-mail: [email protected].)
Congress enacted the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in 1998. Its role was to expand the duties of the copyright office by offering copyright protections to materials published online. Importantly, this act also helps to protect internet service providers from liability when their users illegally use material that falls under copyright law by allowing for a process through which ISPs and websites can safely and quickly remove such material from their domains. This process is commonly referred to a DMCA takedown. Further, while the DMCA is a part of US Copyright Law, its use and protections apply to all copyrightable works, even those that aren’t registered with the U.S. Copyright Office This article will explore the basics what a DMCA takedown is, how you can file one, and what steps to take if you receive a takedown notice. However, as always, it’s highly recommended that you speak with an attorney before you take any specific actions in your case. Copyright law is often incredibly complex, so it’s smart to have an experienced attorney walk you through the steps before you send a DMCA takedown. What is a DMCA Takedown? Put simply, when an artist or other content creator finds that their work is being used on a website without their permission, they can ask the website or another related party to take that content down. In this situation, the content creator would send a formal DMCA Takedown request to the website host’s Copyright Agent which asks that the content be removed from the infringing website. Note, however, that filing a DMCA Takedown is a legal matter, and you should not attempt it without first consulting an attorney. When and where does the DMCA apply? The DMCA is relevant to all copyrightable material online, even works that have yet to be registered with the Copyright Office. As long as you created the content (or if you’re the subject of a video or photo) you can request a takedown as long as you can prove a few facts in your Takedown notice. How Do I File a DMCA Takedown? Your first step should always be to speak with an lawyer. After all, only an attorney who has reviewed the full facts of your case can accurately tell you what your next course of action should be. However, as noted above, the general process centers on proving a few key facts in your case, specifically that: - You own the copyright, you are the licensee of the copyright, or you are the primary subject of the work and want it removed; - The alleged infringement is not covered by an exception such as free speech laws or a legal defense such as Fair Use (reminder, this must be proven in a court process and is not a right); and, - The content is in a digital format. Once you’ve ensured that all three of these facts are true you can file a DMCA Takedown request by following two short steps: - Locate the correct person or portal with whom you must submit your DMCA Takedown. Generally, they will be listed somewhere in the website’s Terms of Service or other legal pages. If you cannot find the DMCA agent for the website in question, search the U.S. Copyright Office list of DMCA agents. A lawyer can also help you figure out who to contact. - If the ISP, search engine, social media platform, or website has an online form specifically for DMCA Takedown requests, it’s often better to use this form. If they do not have a form, you should draft a Takedown request and send it to the agent you found in the first step. Once they receive your notice they should remove the content from the infringing site. What are the conditions for filing? If you have to submit a DMCA Takedown on your own (i.e. without using an online form) you should speak with an attorney to ensure you meet all of the required conditions for filing. For example, your notification must: - Be in writing, both a hardcopy and a digital version; - Be signed by the copyright owner or agent of the copyright; - Identify the original work that has been infringed upon (can include providing the URL); - Identify the material that is infringing on the copyright; - Include contact information for yourself, so the DMCA agent can reach you; - Include a statement saying your complaint is in “good faith”; - Include a statement that the information provided is accurate; and - Include the statement, “under penalty of perjury you are authorized to act on the behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed,” or something to that effect. Please note as well that a single DMCA Takedown notice will not remove every instance of your work from the internet. Instead, you’ll have to submit a new request for each of the different locations where you find your work being used. What happens after I file a DMCA Takedown? After you file your Takedown the website owner, host, or ISP will receive a notice from their website hosting company (or, if you’re filing the Takedown directly, from you). In most cases the infringing website will immediately remove your work from their site. However, these websites also have the option of filing a counter-notice. A counter-notice is a response that explains how the website did not infringe on your copyright, such as if they believe the case falls under Fair Use. If you receive a counter-notice to your Takedown you should immediately contact an attorney, as your case will likely become complicated very quickly. Safe Harbor Rules: What You Need to Know In order to protect the expansion and efficiency of the internet, provisions were made within the DMCA to protect Online Service Providers (OSPs) and other internet intermediaries. These provisions protect these intermediaries from direct copyright infringement in four different categories through limited liability. - System caching; - Information location tools; - Temporary digital network communication; and - Storing information, at the user’s direction, on systems or networks. These safe harbors help to expand the internet and improve the quality of services provided by these OSPs. If you try to file a Takedown notice against a provider in one of these categories, it is not required for them to follow through, since they are protected from direct liability. What Do I Do if I Receive a DMCA Takedown Notice? If you receive a Takedown notice for a website you own or manage you have two options. First, you could simply remove the content and put the whole situation behind you. Second, you could contact a lawyer and file a counter-notice in an attempt to keep the content on your website. Keep in mind, however, that there are consequences to not complying with a DMCA Takedown notice. For example, failure to take down the content could lead to civil penalties such as a lawsuit in a federal district court as well as potential criminal charges in more serious cases (such as if you’re selling “cracked” software or other similar materials). Also, if you are an ISP that fails to take down the infringing content, then you could become directly liable for any infringing content others may post in the future. Lastly, keep in mind the general system of copyright infringement through the DMCA. If you file a counter-notice, then the only step the owner has to stop you moving forward would be to file a lawsuit. What happens if I don’t comply with the notice? It largely depends on where you posted the content. For example, if you posted the content on a website that you don’t own or manage the website owner could simply remove it. This commonly occurs in cases involving Facebook, Youtube, or other large content aggregators. If you own or manage the infringing website and refuse to comply, your whole website could be taken down by the ISP or hosting company that publishes your website. Finally, as noted above, the copyright holder could file a civil lawsuit against you if you continue to infringe on their work. This is especially relevant in cases where you’ve been making money off the infringed work, such as if you’ve been selling prints of artwork you do not own. You should never file a DMCA Takedown Notice without understanding the legal complications of your actions. If you find that a website is using your copyrighted work, you should contact an attorney about the best course of action, whether or not you have registered the copyright. Filing and Receiving a DMCA Takedown Notice are legal matters. Not complying with a Takedown Notice can have serious complications, from the removal of your whole website to an entire court case. The DMCA protects your work whether it is registered with the US Copyright Office or not, so you have a right to request that your work be protected, no matter what. If you are unsure what to do, contact a lawyer and discuss your options. The US Copyright Office recently filed a report on the efficacy of the DMCA Takedown procedures, and you should know Congress could enact new legislation, so stay tuned and contact a lawyer for any questions.
Master of Science (MS) Renewable Natural Resources Consistent habitat loss and fragmentation are contributing factors to the rise of human-bear conflicts in south Louisiana. Complaints associated with nuisance activities of Louisiana black bears (Ursus americanus luteolus) experienced in this region have steadily increased since 2000, requiring intervention by state and federal agencies. As a threatened species, Louisiana black bears require non-lethal management referred to as aversive conditioning. We used rubber buckshot and dogs to test the effectiveness of management techniques used by the state to deter nuisance activity by black bears. Eleven bears, representing approximately 15% of the estimated population in this region, were captured in residential and industrial areas reporting nuisance activity. Bears were fitted with radio-transmitting collars and released within 2 km of the capture site. Each bear was randomly placed within 1 of 2 treatments; treatment 1 (n=5) used rubber buckshot and treatment 2 (n=6) used the rubber buckshot in combination with dogs. Bears were monitored using telemetry to estimate movements and interactions with anthropogenic resources. Bears, on average, remained within 2 km of capture sites 2 weeks following release. Ten bears (91%) returned to nuisance behavior within 5 months, regardless of treatment. Results suggest that aversive conditioning techniques used to deter bears from nuisance activity have limited short term effectiveness. Document Availability at the Time of Submission Release the entire work immediately for access worldwide. Leigh, Jennifer, "Effects of aversive conditioning on behavior of nuisance Louisiana black bears" (2007). LSU Master's Theses. 1907.
BERLIN - Agence France-Presse Sven Kuttner, head of the library district Alte Buecher (old books), looks at a famous cartography after its discovery in Munich's university library July 3, 2012. The cartography is believed to be the fifth existing version of a map by Martin Waldseemuller (around 1470-1522). The Munich exemplar could be developed shortly after the first print of 1507 in Alsatia. REUTERS/Michaela Rehle Librarians at a German university have stumbled across a version of the 500-year-old world map that was the first to mention the name "America", they said, calling the chance find "sensational". Experts did not even know about the existence of a fifth copy of the map by German cartographer Martin Waldseemueller until it showed up a few days ago, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich said. The discovery is much smaller and thought to have been made after the 1507 original version, which Germany officially handed over to the United States in 2007 and now lies in the Library of Congress in Washington. The newly unearthed map, one of the so-called globe segments, is believed to have been produced by Waldseemueller himself, who died in 1522. These were "at least as important for the dissemination of geographical knowledge in his own time" as the three-square-metre world wall map, which is UNESCO-registered and often dubbed "America's birth certificate", the university said. The new find shows the world divided into twelve segments which taper to a point at each end and are printed on a single sheet, which, when folded out, form a small globe, with the three rightmost segments depicting a boomerang-shaped territory named America. Only four copies of the segmental maps were previously known about, the university said in a written statement. One of the four was sold at auction for one million dollars in 2005. The fifth was found by a bibliographer, who was revising the catalogue, "in an otherwise unremarkable volume that had been rebound in the 19th century", it said. It was nestled between two printed works on geometry from the early 16th century. "Even in our digital age the originals have lost none of their significance and unique fascination," Klaus-Rainer Brintzinger, the head of the library, said in the statement. "We intend to make the map accessible to the public in digital form in time for the Fourth of July, Independence Day in the USA," he added. The unearthed map managed to survive World War II, hidden but unscathed, despite air raids having devastated the university library as much of its holdings of older books were moved out in 1942. Waldseemueller probably used information gleaned from the transatlantic voyages of Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci -- after whom America is named -- and unknown Portuguese and Spanish sources, to draw the 1507 map. Historians ponder why he named the new continent after Vespucci and not Columbus, who 'discovered' America
Classroom-based digital games can help teachers engage students in high-quality learning. Games can also offer teachers a wealth of formative assessment data that they can use to improve student learning. Yet there has been little research on how teachers can use gameplay data to monitor students’ understanding and what kinds of supports they need to use the data. EDC’s Playing with Data study addressed these questions. In the study, researchers explored whether and how an educative data dashboard could help teachers use digital gameplay data to identify students’ needs and make decisions about instruction. The research team carried out the following activities: - Used design-based research methods to redesign a data dashboard for Mars Generation One, a digital game that introduces students to the basic skills of argumentation - Developed a suite of supportive materials to help teachers use the dashboard’s data to guide their instruction - Created an interview-based assessment of teacher engagement in six components of data-driven decision-making - Conducted two pilot studies on teachers’ use of the dashboard - Led a clustered randomized impact study with 27 teachers and approximately 400 students that compared teachers with and without access to the supportive materials The impact study found the following: - Promising evidence indicates digital dashboards that are intentionally designed with educative features can support teachers’ data literacy and data-driven decision-making. - On average, teachers with access to the supportive materials outperformed their peers in their ability to use data to monitor student learning and inform their instruction.
The GMO agritech sector and food companies have spent tens of millions of dollars in the US to prevent the labelling of foods containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The public have genuine concerns about GM but are being denied the right to know if GMOs are in the food they eat. And the concerns they have are valid. There is sufficient evidence that indicates the adverse health impacts of genetically engineered food and its associated input, glyphosate, which a major World Health Organization report states is “probably carcinogenic to humans.” The majority of GM crops are modified to withstand unlimited doses of glyphosate. The main GM crops – corn, canola, soy and sugar beets – end up in 70 per cent of processed foods in North America. Over the past few years, the Canada-based Kids Right To Know (KRTK) group has been campaigning for the mandatory labelling of GMOs in food products. Consumers have a right to know what is in their food and the processes or substances involved in producing it that could have health-damaging consequences. On 30 June, Rachel Parent (founder of KRTK) met with Canada’s new Minister of Health Dr. Jane Philpott to discuss GMOs and labelling. She was joined by Steven Druker, author of ‘Altered Genes. Twisted Truth’, as well as Aube Giroux, a documentary film maker. Parent explained to the minister that the vast majority of Canadians want mandatory GMO labelling and presented her with an extensive list of international organizations that support GMO labelling, including the Ontario Public Health Association, Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment, American Nurses Association and the British Medical Association. The minister was given a document containing 10 published, peer-reviewed studies that raise serious concerns about the health risks of GMOs. Another document signed by 300 independent scientific researchers who advise that there is no scientific consensus on GMO safety was presented, along with a further document of 126 international health and public interest organizations that believe that GMOs have not been proven safe. She also received a copy of the 2015 WHO report that declared glyphosate to be a probable carcinogen to humans, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide, which in sprayed on about 85 per cent of genetically modified crops. Steven Druker and Aube Giroux then presented the minister with a copy of the Royal Society of Canada report that was commissioned by Health Canada (the federal department responsible for helping Canadians maintain and improve their health) in 2001. Some 15 years on, 51 of the 53 recommendations in the report have not been implemented, including recommendations about independent testing and transparency. It might seem reasonable to require any testing of GMOs for health safety to be done exclusively by the public sector and government institutions – free from outside pressures – and to ensure a fool-proof regulatory regime predicated on sound independent research and verification of claims open to public scrutiny. It’s the least we could expect considering that GM has the potential to irreversibly alter the genetic core of the food supply. Despite this, in a 2015 meeting with two senior officials from Health Canada, Parent was informed that the agency does not carry out its own safety studies on GMOs: it merely reviews the data given to it by the industry and approves GM foods based on non-peer-reviewed industry-submitted information. One of the officials stated, “It’s up to them [the industry] to demonstrate the safety.” She was told that because some of the data is proprietary data, Health Canada is not going to divulge information to anyone else to test the product. If, for some, that implies regulatory delinquency, consider that even when Health Canada reviews internationally published studies, something is clearly amiss. For example, a study by the University of Sherbrooke found Bt (insecticide used with GMO crops) in the blood of human foetuses and their mothers (the study explicitly contradicted the risk assessments that Cry toxins don’t survive digestion). However, Parent was told during the 2015 meeting, “It didn’t say the foods were not safe. It just said we may have detected something in the blood of pregnant women… .” Apparently, Health Canada’s toxicologist didn’t agree with the techniques used and therefore couldn’t draw any new conclusions or questions about GMOs. So that was the end of it. Parent says: “Personally, if there was a study that said there was even a possibility of a widely used insecticide found in the blood of unborn foetuses, I’d be extremely concerned! I’d have lots of questions and want to see more tests done!” Minister Philpott argues that mandatory labelling is usually based on safety concerns and regulations, thus implying GMOs are safe to consume. During the recent meeting, however, in addition to the evidence presented by Parent, Steven Druker went on to explain to the minister that there is solid evidence to prove that GMOs in fact do have many health risks associated with them. Keeping the public in the dark After the meeting, Parent met with MP Pierre-Luc Dusseault who is introducing Bill C-291 for mandatory GMO labelling in Canada, which is expected to have its first reading in December. The next day, she was in Montpelier, Vermont, to celebrate their GMO labelling law that had just come into effect. While Vermont’s Governor Shumlin spoke about the importance of the new labelling law, Bernie Sanders gave an impassioned speech and warned of the revised DARK Act that would overturn Vermont’s democratically achieved state labelling law. The Dark (Deny Americans the Right to Know) Act is a piece of anti-consumer, pro-industry GMO ‘labelling’ legislation that carries no penalties if not complied with and uses a code to denote genetically modified ingredients that requires a smart phone to decipher. It is intended to obscure the fact that a product has undergone genetic modification and is a cynical tactic designed to preempt state and local authority attempts to label and regulate GM foods. During an interview with Global News last year, the then Canadian Health Minister Rona Ambrose stated, “If we had the evidence that this [GM food] was unhealthy, Health Canada would act and impose mandatory labels… But right now there is no scientific evidence that conclusively says that in any way genetically modified foods are unhealthy for Canadians.” According to Rachel Parent, public officials should be looking for conclusive proof that GMOs are safe. Instead, they appear to want conclusive proof that GMOs are not safe, and, until that evidence is in, GMOs can stay on the market without proper labels. Perhaps such officials may also wish to consider that GM ingredients should not even be on the commercial market in the first place, since, according to the evidence presented in Steven Druker’s book, the industry subverted science, corrupted government and deceived the public in order to put them there. Parent concludes that nobody wants to take on the responsibility of making GMO labelling mandatory in Canada, despite the fact that over 60 countries around the world have this law already and polls show that about 90 per cent of Canadians want this to happen. At the very least, mandatory labelling should be a no-brainer. Why flood the market with GMOs and just hope for the best – when the evidence indicates we should expect the worst? Colin Todhunter is an independent writer https://twitter.com/Colin_Todhunter
Fourth Commandment. The fourth commandment instructs God’s people to set aside one day in every seven for rest and worship. God set the pattern for Sabbath in creation, “And on the seventh day God finished his work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work that he had done.” (Genesis 2:2). The first instruction concerns resting from work. Rest does not mean abstention from all work; but rather, that any work engaged in is restful and restorative. A business man who works in an office all day might find working a garden restorative or construction worker who works outside all day might find reading a good book in his recliner restorative. The second instruction concerns worship. The Sabbath is not merely a day of rest but is to be holy to the Lord. As such, God’s people are to reflect on God, his work in the world, and his work in salvation throughout their day of rest. Fifth Commandment.The fifth commandment instructs God’s people to honor their father and mother. Children honor their parents as they learn from them, obey their instructions, and submit to their discipline. While the practice of these actions change over time, they apply at age five, fifteen, twenty-five, and even sixty-five. God has placed parents in children’s lives as an authority that is to be respected all the days of their lives (Romans 13:10). Fourth, that on the Sabbath day we spend time in public and private worship of God, rest from routine employment, serve the Lord and others, and so anticipate the eternal Sabbath. Fifth, that we love and honor our father and our mother, submitting to their godly discipline and direction.
\|Ruby user's guide\|\|Object initialization\| Our Fruit class from the previous chapter had two instance variables, one to describe the kind of fruit and another to describe its condition. It was only after writing a custom method for the class that we realized it didn't make sense for a piece of fruit to lack those characteristics. Fortunately, ruby provides a way to ensure that instance variables always get initialized. Whenever Ruby creates a new object, it looks for a method named initialize and executes it. So one simple thing we can do is use an initialize method to put default values into all the instance variables, so the inspect method will have something to say. ruby> class Fruit \| def initialize \| @kind = "apple" \| @condition = "ripe" \| end \| end nil ruby> f4 = Fruit.new "a ripe apple" There will be times when a default value doesn't make a lot of sense. Is there such a thing as a default kind of fruit? It may be preferable to require that each piece of fruit have its kind specified at the time of its creation. To do this, we would add a formal argument to the initialize method. For reasons we won't get into here, arguments you supply to new are actually ruby> class Fruit \| def initialize( k ) \| @kind = k \| @condition = "ripe" \| end \| end nil ruby> f5 = Fruit.new "mango" "a ripe mango" ruby> f6 = Fruit.new ERR: (eval):1:in `initialize': wrong # of arguments(0 for 1) Above we see that once an argument is associated with the initialize method, it can't be left off without generating an error. If we want to be more considerate, we can use the argument if it is given, or fall back to default values otherwise. ruby> class Fruit \| def initialize( k="apple" ) \| @kind = k \| @condition = "ripe" \| end \| end nil ruby> f5 = Fruit.new "mango" "a ripe mango" ruby> f6 = Fruit.new "a ripe apple" You can use default argument values for any method, not just initialize. The argument list must be arranged so that those with default values come last. Sometimes it is useful to provide several ways to initialize an object. Although it is outside the scope of this tutorial, ruby supports object reflection and variable-length argument lists, which together effectively allow method overloading.
From Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company v. Sawyer 343 U.S. 579 (1952) This case arose out of President Truman's order to seize and operate steel mills across the country, in order to prevent a strike. The President argued that a strike would shut down production of steel-which was crucial for ongoing military efforts in Korea-and would thereby jeopardize national defense. The Court said that no law existed authorizing the President to take such an action, and several laws prohibited seizure of private property. The Court decided that the President could not rely on his war powers to seize steel mills. Only Congress could authorize such an action. From the concurring opinion by Justice Jackson: That military powers of the Commander in Chief were not to supersede representative government of internal affairs seems obvious from the Constitution and from elementary American history. Time out of mind, and even now in many parts of the world, a military commander can seize private housing to shelter his troops. Not so, however, in the United States, for the Third Amendment says, "No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law." Thus, even in war time, his seizure of needed military housing must be authorized by Congress. It also was expressly left to Congress to "provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions...." Such a limitation on the command power, written at a time when the militia rather than a standing army was contemplated as the military weapon of the Republic, underscores the Constitution's policy that Congress, not the Executive, should control utilization of the war power as an instrument of domestic policy. Congress, fulfilling that function, has authorized the President to use the army to enforce certain civil rights. On the other hand. Congress has forbidden him to use the army for the purpose of executing general laws except when expressly authorized by the Constitution or by Act of Congress. 1. What clauses of the Constitution does Judge Jackson identify limiting the powers of the President as Commander in Chief? How might these clauses reflect the concerns of citizens in 1789? 2. What are the advantages of interpreting a statute that relates to presidential war powers broadly, so that the President has substantial leeway in the exercise of his authority? What are the disadvantages? 3. In Federalist No. 74, Alexander Hamilton wrote, "Of all the cares or concerns of government, the direction of war most peculiarly demands those qualities which distinguish the exercise of power by a single hand." Do limitations on the President's war powers prevent the President from effectively directing a war? Why? 4. Is it important to maintain a separation of powers between the branches of government in time of war? Why or why not? Do you think the balance of powers between Congress and the Executive shifts in time of war?
Welcome to IDEA Partnership's Collaborative Work on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) The IDEA Partnership is dedicated to improving outcomes for students and youth with disabilities by joining state agencies and stakeholders through shared work and learning. This dedication has been operationalized in the collaborative work on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) of 12 partner organization representatives, nine national and state technical assistance providers, and a number of state and local organizations and agencies. Members of this ASD collaborative work group represent a range of roles at all levels of the education system as well as coming from geographic locations from across the United States. Together with the Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP), these partners form a community with the potential to transform the way we work. View the members of the ASD Collection development team. You can read the law, regulations and OSEP materials at the OSEP website: Building the Legacy: IDEA 2004. Click on Part B. Enter "Autism" in the search window. IDEA 2004 defines Autism: "Autism means a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three, that adversely affects a child's educational performance. Other characteristics often associated with autism are engagement in repetitive activities and stereotyped movements, resistance to environmental change or change in daily routines, and unusual responses to sensory experiences." - Our Charge is to think about ASD from stakeholder perspectives at all knowledge levels, to look at things differently, and to speak to practical application by taking the ideas of researchers and making them tangible to those in the field. - Our Goal is to provide you with access to a comprehensive collection of materials and resources to assist you in furthering understanding of ASD. We hope this collection complements your current work, and we encourage you to share it with your colleagues and peers. - Guiding Principles - Fact Sheet - Essential Elements - Grounding Assumptions - Needs of the Field - Resource Guide Policymakers, practitioners and families know that there is an abundance of information on approaches to ASD. This information is often confusing and sometimes conflicting. To bring clarity to the discussion several projects have undertaken the task of establishing criteria and reviewing approaches against their criteria. Not all projects set the same level of evidence in their criteria. In this section we present major initiatives to identify evidence-based practices in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). - Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Characteristics--PowerPoint - Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Characteristics--Presenter Guide This PowerPoint presentation and accompanying Presenter Guide provide basic information about the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) including: - Prevalence and Diversity of ASD, - Problem-Solving and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Supports/Interventions--PowerPoint Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Supports/Interventions--Presenter Guide This PowerPoint and Presenter guide provide information about interventions considered to be appropriate for those providing services for children with ASD including: - Classroom Routines, - Visual Instructions, Rules, and Schedules, - Sensory and Emotional, - Regulation Supports, - Transition Supports and - Structured Environment. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Eligibility--PowerPoint Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Eligibility--Presenter Guide This PowerPoint and Presenter guide provide information about assessment for IDEA 2004 ASD eligibility determination: - Definitions and Foundations, - Process for Determining Eligibility, - Evaluation Areas, and - Evaluation Outcomes. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Programming--PowerPoint Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Programming--Presenter Guide This PowerPoint and Presenter guide provide information about assessment for ASD programming including: - Domains and Areas of Program Assessment, - Assessment/Programming Process, - Developing Programming Based on Assessment/Data Collection, and - Outcomes of Program Assessment. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA): Relevance for ASD--PowerPoint Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA): Relevance for ASD--Presenter Guide This PowerPoint and Presenter guide provide information about Functional Behavior Assessment: Relevance for ASD including: - IDEA Requirements and Definitions - FBA: What it IS and Is NOT - 7 Steps in the FBA Process - Quotes from Temple Grandin Dialogue Guides are models for conducting interactive discussions across stakeholders.. Each Guide circulates a common set of source materials and suggested procedures for involving various audiences in States and districts. In this manner, stakeholders all over the country can begin interacting in new ways around implementation issues. Each dialogue guide title has questions written specifically for a target audience by representatives of that audience.
THIS year marks the centenary of one of England's epic tram rides which, in 1932, became a trolleybus ride – perhaps even more epic – before finally succumbing to the ubiquitous bus in 1953. There may still be a few people around who remember riding on the "Ripley Rattler" trams (so called because of their shaking) and the "A1" Notts & Derby trolleybuses which ran between Nottingham and Ripley. It would have been nice to have seen a modern-day Nottingham tram in the colours of an old Notts & Derby tram to mark the route's official opening on July 4, 1913, when journeys began between Loscoe and Kimberley, with the section to Cinderhill opening a month later. The first tram from Nottingham to Ripley ran on January 1, 1914, and the last one in October 1932. For a few months, the route was then operated in sections by a mix of buses and trolleybuses, with the latter running the full route from October 1933 until April 1953. So, as you can see from the dates, 2013 also marks the 80th anniversary of the introduction of trolleybuses – and the 60th anniversary of their demise. Both the tram and trolleybus lasted only 20 years, which means buses have provided the public transport link between Ripley and Nottingham for 60 years. Trent-Barton's Rainbow 1 bus follows much the same route as the Rattler, and in Old Basford, the line of its route is preserved in what remains of Dark Lane. The end of the Rattler after just 20 years was soon followed by the demise of Nottingham city's trams a few years later, and their planned replacement by trolleybuses was abandoned part-way through because buses were more flexible and cheaper to operate. History has a habit of repeating itself, and new bus technology may mean developing future tram lines differently. The important transport corridor between Eastwood and Nottingham deserves some kind of rapid transport service. It will come, I'm sure. For now, let's remember and celebrate the centenary of The Ripley Rattler. In 1986, Notts County Council's education resources service made a video which followed the Rattler's 15-mile route. Next week, on Tuesday, September 3, you can see the video again for free at the Angel Row History Forum (10am for 10.30am start), which is organised by Nottinghamshire Local History Association with the support of city and county library services.
School counselor forms an essential part of an educational institution. They play a vital role in helping students to take crucial decisions about their career. They are also responsible for handling pupils who are facing mental or emotional problems at home or struggling to make friends in school. A counselor acts as a mentor and helps in proper nurturing of students by addressing their problems at the right time. If you are particularly interested in kids and just enjoy spending time with them, you could pursue your career as a school counselor. You can have an overview of probable questions and their prospective answers that will help you prepare for an interview. 1. Why do you prefer counseling as a career ? When I was pursuing my degree course, I was fascinated by psychology and the ways human mind works. From then onward, I decided to become a counselor and provide comfortable solutions to others. 2. Why do you think you are ready to become a school counselor? Stating your educational background and credentials is a good idea but your words can add more weight to it by following up with personal experiences. It could be how you handled difficult cases or have received a particular training regarding the same. For example, you could tell how you helped a student in choosing the right stream which proved beneficial in his/her career. 3. How will you handle student/s who disrupt the class? With many children today facing behavioral issues, this will be a likely question. To tackle it effectively, you can state that you will do your best to identify the main reason behind this problem. Elaborate your answer by saying that you will work closely with the child and try to find a solution. You can state how you handled a child with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) to take interests in studies. 4. What will you do if a student reports abuse by a teacher ? Maintaining healthy relationships between students and teachers is a key part of the counselor’s job. Even if such a case comes to light, a mentor must always use methods that are relevant and fit the school policies. If you have any experience of helping a child open up about problems faced in school and mention the same. 5. What will you do if a child is being abused by a parent? As a counselor is responsible for handling many students, it is equally important he or she maintains their confidentiality. If a child shows signs of abuse or has made serious allegations against his/her parents, these indications must not be taken lightly. You should report such cases to the concerned superior authority and follow school protocols to see that the child is immediately taken care of and resort to methods that will make the kid feel comfortable. 6. Are you comfortable working with others? This is going to be an important aspect of your job as you will be bridging a gap between students and teachers. Hence, if a pupil or bunch of students are facing difficulty in grasping a certain academic subject, it is the role of a mentor to find them a suitable teacher who will not only understand their troubles but also ensure that they learn effectively. 7. Why do you want to become a mentor in school environment? You could quote that the school life is quite a tumultuous period where an individual has to face academic expectations from parents, deal with peer pressure and also deal with emotional issues. In this transition period, proper counseling ensures that the student develops a positive mindset and grows into a mature person. For such a question, you can narrate an incidence where you helped a student get confidence and believe in his/her capabilities which ultimately improved the grades. 8. What experience do you have which makes you suitable for this role? In order to respond to such a question, you can state various instances that set you apart from other candidates. You can narrate stories of how you have handled students from various socioeconomic backgrounds and made them realize their interests. For instance, you could state how your guidance helped a learner from poor family achieve top marks in the school. At the time of an interview, you must see to it that each answer supports your dedication and well-being for students. Also, you must be able to communicate to the interviewer why you are capable of solving their problems and are efficient enough to become their mentor to guide them towards a successful life.
Model-View-Controller (MVC) have made our work so much easy. before this coding were too much congested. business logic and design were in same file. imagine how it was. well now we have MVC Structure in all(Many of them) programming language. In which we have different files for different purpose. but still few things you have to consider if you want clean and nit code. well, what are those things ? If your app have user interface mobile or web interface the first thing i think most important for you. 1. Font Size Define font size for Header, labels and detail text. what ever app you have you may require decent and same look through out the app. so this will help you. one more thing define them in Constant Class(where you can define all static and Constant variables) so you can use them through out the app. and please use even proper name also. like header_text_size or text_header_size so you can even recognize for long time. 2. Padding / Margin One more thing you have to consider for app style and for its decent look. well you are thinking how ? After above steps create a style according to you app colors (Theme). so if your client want to change theme you just have to change at one place no more Ctrl + f for old color code and replace it with new. 4. Define Constants or Strings You may require text like "OK" , "Save" , "Yes/No" at many place so why to write it again and again. define them once and use them through out the app. this will even help when your app is in two or more languages. so according to language you can change them. 5. Use access specifier Private, protected, public these are the access specifier which acts like a guard. how ? In hacking or spiffing hackers use programs which can change values of your app variables. but if you have defined access specifier before variable declaration, they are not acceessible by out side the class. So they can not change the value of that. so if you know scope of the variable define them with appropriate access specifiers. Give or write proper comments for each class or method that you have defined or created. now a days editor have so many plugins which auto generate comment block so use them. you are not only working on the app or you may not work it on life time so your code must be understandable by others. so that proper comments require which clarify what it actually do. 7. Create proper directory structure Now a days MVC have already separated our files but still we require some files to put in different folders. like in web app we have java script and css file so put them in different folders. in mobile app create different folders for activities and services and for all others so if any error or change comes you can directly go there and find problem/change. 8. Background colors Don't use dark or gradient colors as background use light or single color as a background. mostly we use white or light gray as a background. you can give all effects with this color and even it is more acceptable. as it will effect user experience and you may see dig ration in your app popularity. Well these all are the points which is based on Kiss(Keep it Simple stupid). i hope you know it. well i think i have covered all basics that you need to consider before creating any app weather it is web app or mobile app. if i forgot any point let me know in below comment box. i am really happy to know your thoughts on this article. If you liked my blog please share and subscribe with it.
The CDC has issued a new warning. According to NBC Nightly News. The CDC believes, “…the next 3 months will be the most difficult in U.S. history.” This is due greatly to the staggering count of new COVID cases per minute in the U.S. Over 100 Americans are testing positive for COVID-19 every 1 minute. CDC director Dr. Robert Redfield says, “By February America could experience 450,000 new deaths.” The warning is most crucial to people over the age of 65 or has a “significant health condition” These people are warned, “… not to enter any crowded public spaces where anyone is unmasked.” The CDC further warns people over the age of 65 or with significant health conditions to have any needed medications delivered. As well as, groceries. The warning does not exclude the general public. The CDC advises the general population to, “… restrict movement outside of the home.” Also, to not travel for the Christmas holiday (NBC Nightly News). Other Symptoms Reported Along with fever, difficulty with breathing, and coughing. These being the most common symptoms of COVID-19. There are a few other symptoms that have been reported. These symptoms include: red or purple lesions on hands and feet, diarrhea, severe loss of appetite, loss of sense of taste and smell, dizziness, headache, confusion, and blood clots. The loss of taste and smell is possibly one of the stronger indicators that a person is infected with COVID-19. The loss of taste and smell however, does resemble symptoms a person would have with the common cold. These two symptoms are still strong indicators of COVID-19. Red or purple lesions on the hands and feet have become a more frequently reported symptom. These lesions accompany swelling, burning, and itching. Yet, this symptom does not occur until after having had COVID-19. This symptom also often resemble chicken pox, but usually, appear on the hands and feet. Especially, around the toes. Thus, coining the nickname, “COVID toe.” Doctors say these sometimes rash-resembling-lesions do go away. COVID toe can also occur when a person is asymptomatic, and not having any other symptoms of COVID-19. Dizziness, headache, and confusion is another grouping of symptoms that seem to accompany each other. These symptoms can be caused by other conditions not related to COVID-19. For example, a person with high blood pressure can experience these symptoms. However, these symptoms have been found in COVID-19 patients that had no pre-existing illness causing dizziness, headache, and confusion. Blood clots, high blood sugar, and hearing loss do not necessarily accompany each other, but many persons having suffered a severe illness can experience these symptomatic effects due to having had high fever and inflammation. It is not uncommon for high fever and inflammation due to infection, to cause these symptoms (more about these symptoms). If you would like to view more announcements from the CDC, click here (CDC announcements).
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Analytics, and TAR As volumes of data grow and become more complex, we rely increasingly on the many available tools and techniques that help us understand our data. “Artificial Intelligence” makes headlines every day, and we talk with our clients and colleagues routinely about “machine learning,” “analytics,” and “technology assisted review” (or “TAR”). But there’s no common language used in these discussions, and confusion often exists over the meanings of these terms. And although the concepts are all related, the terms are not interchangeable. So, in this post—which is the first in a series exploring these topics—I will start by providing some clarity into what these terms mean. Artificial Intelligence is a broad term for computational techniques that in the past were associated with human reasoning. There are many different types of human reasoning that are approximated by computers, and we generally reserve the term artificial intelligence for reasoning tasks that are more difficult or have not become commonplace in our daily activities. Examples include finding patterns in large data sets, understanding natural language, predicting future events, or providing non-obvious insight into a problem. Artificial intelligence can be grouped into two areas: general and applied. General artificial intelligence refers to building algorithms that can learn and solve many different, unrelated problems; this is usually what a layman thinks of as artificial intelligence. This is often depicted in popular culture, such as the computer in Star Trek, the androids in Star Wars or the intelligences in The Matrix. Applied artificial intelligence refers to systems built to solve specific problems, and is typically what a practitioner uses when building solutions. Although there is significant work being done in both areas, most of the “AI” we currently encounter on a day-to-day basis are applied artificial intelligence systems— such as ad placement from Google, automated stock-trading algorithms, movie suggestions from Netflix, or some self-driving skills in cars. Some tasks were considered artificial intelligence in the past (such as searching, playing chess, or optical character recognition), but have become so commonplace as to not warrant the label of artificial intelligence. As time progresses, we tend to remove that designation from capabilities that lose their magic through repeated and widespread use. Machine Learning refers to a class of algorithms that allow a computer to become more proficient at a task as it gains experience with example data. Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence. Specific algorithms are usually applied to solving particular problems, with the computer simulating the human process of thinking about that problem. Examples of machine learning approaches include artificial neural networks, clustering, decision tree learning, and Bayesian networks. Each approach requires a training set as input, which might consist of textual documents, images, or some other type of data. With exposure to larger training sets, accuracy increases. In the last few years, we have seen the rise of “deep learning” as a way to improve the performance of our machine learning algorithms. Deep learning utilizes multiple layers of abstraction from the training data. Some deep learning systems have many different layers, and each layer can be composed of different algorithms. Analytics is the process used to find meaningful results or patterns from data. Analytics may use machine learning, but may also rely on general mathematical techniques, and usually involves statistics. When analyzing data, practitioners use feedback loops to test their results, and most of our statistical tools rely on these feedback loops to generate meaningful information. In my view, if a process doesn’t include statistics and a feedback loop, then it really isn’t using analytics. Analytics is a good umbrella term for the set of tools we use to solve problems and find meaning in our data, including the use of machine learning. Technology Assisted Review (TAR) has been a buzz-word in the e-discovery space for several years. EDRM.net defines TAR narrowly, as a process by which computer software electronically classifies documents based on input from expert reviewers. However, this term, technology assisted review, is often used more broadly to describe any application of analytics in the process of making decisions about collections of documents. We can use analytics feedback loops across the entire process, and we can use many of the hundreds of different machine learning algorithms available in the broad analytics industry. Without some context, “TAR” is not a particularly useful term, because it basically includes any form of analytics in document review. However, we use it as an umbrella term with practitioners when we describe where and how we apply analytics in our processes. Here’s a short recap of how I use these related terms— Analytics is the use of the general power of mathematics, algorithms, and feedback to understand data. Machine learning is a set of algorithms that may be used in our analytics. TAR is the application of analytics to e-discovery and document review processes. And when applied correctly, creatively, and powerfully, analytics may be classified as artificial intelligence because of its nearly magical ability to help us solve our problems.
Electromyography (EMG) is a scientific system of screening muscle activity. It is nicely regarded, some say, in the non-scientific neighborhood due to the fact of the simplicity of a stronger reading through suggests stronger muscular tissues. On the other hand, it is neither preferred or as nicely-analyzed as it could be so, the query stays as to its success. Thinking about EMG is not a preferred choice, the pursuing inquiries may occur to mind: - The place is the efficacy in applying it to schooling? - Ought to there be a narrower concentration on exercises with higher peak or imply EMG functionality? - What dangers do we operate by narrowing our views to mentioned exercising teams? The goal of this report is to provide a short overview of EMG, its application to exercising, and last of all, need to anyone endure EMG unique schooling, or will journals/articles suffice in exercising choice? Neurological EMGs Vs . Kinesiological EMGs Electromyography (EMG) is an experimental approach concerned with the progress, recording, and investigation of myoelectric alerts. Myoelectric alerts are fashioned by physiological versions in the condition of muscle fiber membranes. This can be further categorised into neurological and kinesiological EMG. This report will talk about kinesiological EMG only as its perform most intently relates to schooling regimes, voluntary neuromuscular activation, and purposeful movements. Unlike neurological EMG exams, kinesiological EMGs are non-invasive. In shorter, we are hunting at how muscular tissues fire all through movement, and in the circumstance of exercising, what movement innervates the meant muscle group a lot more for the mentioned person.two - The setup time for a kinesiological EMG research is small as the only objects concerned are electrodes, which can be hardwired to a device or despatched wirelessly to an accompanying receiver. - Electrical latest does not operate by these electrodes. As an alternative, it actions the output of various muscular tissues all through a purposeful movement. - On the other hand, for each individual EMG research, the expense associated could be in from the mid-hundred-dollar selection to three hundred dollars. By comparison, neurological EMGs, can operate into countless numbers of dollars and have to have insertion of needles into the muscle and shut monitoring.three The other inherent threat is who conducts the research. Time can be wasted if the skilled does not set up a movement adequately or does not comprehend the output data. It is greatest to hire an individual properly trained, this kind of as a actual physical therapist, athletics drugs physician, or professional with certification in EMG or even NEUBIE gadgets. Advantages extend into the aggressive sector for bodybuilders and active sports’ athletes. And finally, an unintended threat of EMG screening for exercising choice is narrowing one’s variation in exercises. Acquire Olympic lifting, for instance the movements analyzed all through competition are the clean and jerk and the snatch. On the other hand, all through schooling, front squats, back squats, overhead push, deadlifts, and pullups (to identify a several) are executed all through a application. It will be to the practitioner’s detriment if an EMG outcome will cause a psychological outcome. The foci of exercises orbits close to these core exercising ad infinitum, avoiding the ones that make improvements to mobility, plyometric work, and equilibrium. Integrating EMG into Your Teaching The safest way to commence EMG schooling is to: - Seek the services of a certified skilled. - Set up days in which there are maximal recovery alternatives. In recovering properly involving sessions, major muscle teams can fire a lot more properly, thereby bettering the study’s success. In the mentioned research, the skilled learns to verify which movement sample provides the finest bang for one’s buck. It accomplishes this by measuring the imply and peak activation all through contraction of the meant muscle group whilst shifting positions. For instance, in the gluteus maximus muscle group recruitment, 1 can glance at the sumo deadlift, which destinations the trainee in a static kidnapped stance vs . the glute abduction equipment, vs . a resistant band fire hydrant movement. The skilled then stroll by the data and discover these two values, and compares them per movement. In talking about with the consumer, the skilled would decide to perform 1 movement over a different to have the maximal outcome all through a schooling session alone. EMG sessions need to not be taken care of as an intensive exercise session session. As an alternative, it need to be akin to a laboratory check or doctor’s pay a visit to in which you are liable to invest either a short time because of to the muscle locations in query or a substantially lengthier time because of to optimizing bigger muscle teams. A single could ponder if EMG schooling is ideal for them. Adhere to the Science in Your Quest for Performance It is comprehended that Instagram pages are littered with gurus and trainers who have all the solutions and are obviously physicians of kinesiology, actual physical therapists, and orthopedic surgeons. The authority I am referring to is reputable coaches in the subject with working experience and degrees who contribute to science. Within this overall body of science, articles make pearls on EMG reports, illuminating why certain movements are performed in contrast to a different. However, in practicality, no 1 has time to read through all all those reports, and sadly, except if you are in that niche, no 1 cares. They want to be offered the solutions. So, if you want the solutions, shell out for them. Shell out for it by a structured method, regularity in the gymnasium, employing a mentor, and reading through summarized literature from trustworthy means (wink, wink, nudge, nudge). EMG reports are beautiful, and they take away the guesswork. Lucy will perform heavy hip thrusts, RDL’s and sumo squats to make her booty pop. In the meantime, Andrea modifies her hyperextensions and resistance band glute work. Is EMG a Luxurious for Athletes Only? Does EMG serve us nicely throughout the board, or is this a luxury only to be used on opponents or athletes? The inquiries I would like you to believe about are as follows: - How long have you been schooling? - Do you train to continue to be in shape or build a certain aesthetic? - How frequently do you train? - Have you employed a mentor and or skilled in advance of? - Do you have disposable earnings? - Do you foresee by yourself competing? - What data outside of exercising desire are you striving to collect? I.e., offers the greatest help in a dash or passing a actual physical examination. - Are you hurt or returning from injury? I.e., relearning how to activate muscle teams. - Do you delight in and are you open to getting observed or analyzed? - Is maximal hypertrophy your conclusion objective? - Have you attempted to carry up lagging overall body elements with out good results? If you solution the past inquiries accordingly, you may want to contemplate EMG. one. Konrad, P., “The ABC of EMG. A Practical Introduction to Kinesiological Electromyography,” Version one.4, Mar 2006, five-30. two. Basmajian, J. V., DeLuca, C. J. “Muscle tissue Alive: Their Perform Uncovered by Electromyography,” Pub, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1985. two – p1. three. Dr. Arthur Kornblit, MD., “How Considerably Does an EMG Exam Value?” Invest On Wellness, accessed January twenty, 2021.
Umfrage zur Umsetzung des Archivbeschlusses der ARD-Intendant/innen aus dem Jahr 2014 Survey on the implementation of the Archive Resolution of the ARD Directors from 2014 3 Thema: Hörfunk in den 20er und 30er Jahren / Theme: Radio in 1920s and 1930s Helmut G. Asper „Grace à Max Ophuls Hitler ne peut plus dormir“ Max Ophüls‘ Radiopropaganda gegen Hitler „Grace à Max Ophuls Hitler ne peut plus dormir“ Max Ophüls‘ Radiopropaganda against Hitler 6 The German-Jewish theatre-and film-director Max Ophüls (1902 – 1957) fled in 1933 from Nazi-Germany to France and became naturalized in 1938. Although a pacifist, he served in the French army in World War II and wrote anti-Nazi-plays for the French propaganda radio. His satirical lyric “Sleep, Hitler, Sleep” was broadcast every night to Germany and was published in French and American magazines. His attacks against Hitler became famous, but then it became dangerous for Ophüls to stay in occupied France. In 1941 he emigrated to the USA, where he continued his fight against the Nazis. He produced 40 – 50 Anti-Nazi- broadcasts for Voice of America and wrote several treatments for anti-Nazi-pictures, which unfortunately were not produced in Hollywood. In 1949 he returned to France and engaged himself in pacifism and in the reconciliation between Germany and France. His famous radio-play “Novelle” is a strong appeal against war and arms, and a request for peace and reconciliation. „Hier ruft die Schwarze Front!“ Der Weg des Rundfunkpioniers Rudolf Formis ‘Hier ruft die Schwarze Front’ [‘This is the Black Front calling’] The path of the radio pioneer Rudolf Formis 15 Rudolf Formis was one of the pioneers of Weimar-era broadcasting. As a technician, his Stuttgart receiving station made the Südfunk-AG the German leader in international reception in the 1920s. Er war einer der Pioniere des Rundfunks in der Weimarer Republik: Rudolf Formis. He thus became a star of early radio – behind the microphone. After the National Socialist takeover of broadcasting, Formis was quickly sidelined. Politically difficult to assess and of Jewish ancestry, he was pushed out of the broadcaster. After his flight to Czechoslovakia he ran a resistance station he built himself. His broadcasts could be tuned in via shortwave in large portions of Germany. His programme, with the propagandistic title of “Landschaftssender Berlin” (Berlin’s rural broadcaster) represented a painful thorn in the National Socialists’ information monopoly. The Gestapo silenced the station violently in 1935. Rudolf Formis was a victim of the attack. This article traces both the Rudolf Formis’s technical achievements as well as the resistant activity of this originally unpolitical person. Das Für und Wider neuer Bildungsmedien Der Schulfunk in der Zwischenkriegszeit For and against new educational media. School broadcasting between the wars 24 The introduction of new educational media never proceeds unopposed. There has always been opposing and supporting factors. This article shows how much the debates of the interwar period that evolved around school broadcasting resemble today’s discussions concerning digital educational media. The media have changed but the arguments are often the same. In the course of this article the different positions in respect to the school broadcasting are shown. There are three categories of arguments which are explicated: technic, content, pedagogy. The impact on public discussions will be illustrated with specific examples from different contemporary reviews. Radio als Erinnerungsort „Der Ackermann“ im Hörfunk Radio as place of memory Johannes von Tepl’s ‘Der Ackermann’ in the Twentieth-Century radio drama 36 This article examines the adaptation of Johannes von Tepl’s late-medieval prose dialogue “Der Ackermann” (ca. 1401) for twentieth-century radio. Since November 1924, at least thirty-one productions of von Tepl’s piece have been aired on various German radio stations. Even after the aesthetic debates of the 1920s had moved towards true radiophonic word-art and away from the remediation of literary texts, radio versions of “Der Ackermann” maintained a presence in the programme because of the topic of von Tepl’s work. Addressing the very question of the meaning of life and death in the order of creation, the radio adaptations served to root the text in a culture of commemoration that was particularly vital in the 1920s and again in the immediate post-World War II years. In turn, that culture of commemoration contributed to the text’s own memorialization as an integral part of the pre-modern German literary canon. „Ich sah die Aufgabe darin, den Zuschauern ein Angebot zu machen“ Zeitzeugengespräch mit Dietrich Schwarzkopf (Auszüge) ‘I saw my task as presenting the viewers with an offer’ Interview with Dietrich Schwarzkopf (excerpts) 48 „QuellCodes“. Räume, Quellen und Formatierung aktueller Rundfunkgeschichtsforschung. Jahrestagung des Studienkreises am 9. und 10. Juni 2016 in Potsdam-Babelsberg 55 Das Ende der digitalen Euphorie. Notizen vom Symposium „Vergangenheit braucht Zukunft!“ 8. Juli 2016 in Berlin57 Ton und Film als Quelle zur neuesten Geschichte Bayerns. Die Überlieferung des Bayerischen Rundfunks bis in die 1980er Jahre. Vorträge und Podiumsdiskussion in der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 14. April 2016 in München 58 dfi-Symposium über neue Formen der Geschichtsdarstellung 29. September bis 1. Oktober in Köln59 A hundred Years of Film Theory. Münsterberg and Beyond: Concepts, Applications, Perspectives Tagung vom 29.06. bis 02.07.2016 in Leipzig 60 Internet-Dokument: Todesurteile für das Hören ausländischer Rundfunksender 61 Dissertationsvorhaben / Dissertation projects Video Cassette Revolution: How Home Video Swept the World (Macquarie University Sydney, Australien) 62 The aim of this thesis is to serve as a comparative transnational history of the videocassette recorder, focusing on Australia, Canada, Germany, and Russia. These countries have been picked because of their varied sociopolitical realities over the decades since the introduction of the VCR, contrasting the liberal capitalistic western nations with the socialistic eastern nations. What this thesis will do is examine how people conceived of, used, and discussed VCR technology in their native contexts and languages, then compare and contrast these at times differing ideas. This research will be done through a heavy use of primary sources, such as newspapers, trade/industry journals, and entertainment magazines. In the former Soviet bloc, the thesis will also use state edicts and (where possible) declassified archive materials which discuss “official” patterns of thought on video technology. Through critically reading these publications from the late seventies to the mid-nineties, it will be possible to examine how the conceptualisations of home video changed within changing sociocultural contexts. Verhandeln statt Zeigen. Prozesse der Erinnerung in Dokumentarfilmen über Verbrechen des Nationalsozialismus Negotiate instead of showing. Processes of remembering in documentary films about National Socialist crimes. 64 Dominant practices of memory that can be observed in documentary films are the montage of archival footage, the interview with witnesses or experts and the staging of events with actors in the form of re-enactments. In my PhD-thesis I follow the assumption that these filmic practices of memory are comparable to procedures in a courtroom being used to reconstruct the circumstances of a crime. During a trial, performative and communicative interactions, like the questioning of the defendants, witnesses and external experts, or the renewed performance of certain actions, can get an important function. Additionally, not only written documents are read and evaluated; visual documents like films and photographs can be assessed in the courtroom as instruments of evidence too. By comparing different documentaries of the post-war period that represent different Nazi and War crime trials with newer documentaries that only implicitly reflect specific courtroom procedures, this project aims to describe how Nazi crimes are remembered in documentary films. The Evolution of audio and audio-visual media in the Lithuanian-American community 1944-1990 (Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Litauen) 66 The 20th century was the century of technological breakthroughs. The Lithuanian-American community aimed to use of all technological achievements to develop social and community life. From 1944 to 1990 more than 50 Lithuanian radio and 2 TV stations operated in the United States. In different periods, the average duration of the weekly programme varied from 15 minutes to 2 hours. The purpose of the research is to analyse the operating principles, the organizational scale and the possible impact of audio and audio-visual broadcasting on consciousness, politics, culture and public discourse of the Lithuanian-American community from 1944 to 1990. To achieve this aim, I follow four key questions: What were the principles, policies and organizational pracitces of Lithuanian radio and television communication in the US? In what ways did these communication forms effect the community’s processes of identity-building culturally, socially and politically? How did the content of radio and television programs possibly reveal acute problems of Lithuanian diaspora communities and what solutions to these problems did they offer? What policies did the US-government follow for the production of media representing ethnic minorities? Im Dialog mit der Stimme der Schweiz. Die Konstruktion einer transnationalen „Swissness“ in Interaktionen zwischen dem Schweizer Auslandsradio und seiner Hörerschaft 1935-1961 In dialogue with the Voice of Switzerland. The construction of a transnational ‘Swissness’ in interactions between the Swiss international radio and its listeners 1935-1961 68 In my dissertation project in the field of Cultural Studies I follow the imaginations and images of „Switzerland“ and „Swiss“ national identity that occur in the interactions between producers and recipients of the Swiss Shortwave Service from the 1930s to 1960s. The interactions took place in the form of exchanged letters but also in the radio producer’s engagement with its audience through their own audience research. Core question of the qualitative study is how – in the case of the Swiss Shortwave Service in the mid-20th century – the construction of national identities and the perception and usage of international radio was intertwined. The empirical basis of the study contains listener’s mail, audience research documents, press articles, and further historical documents, which can be found in the archives of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation in Berne. Rezensionen / Book reviews Die Deutsche Welle und die Politik. Deutscher Auslandsrundfunk 1953-2013. (Carola Richter) 70 Jan N. Lorenzen Zeitgeschichte im Fernsehen. Theorie und Praxis historischer Dokumentationen. (Christian Hißnauer) 71 Schwarzhörer, Schwarzseher und heimliche Leser. Die DDR und die Westmedien. (Christoph Lorke) 72 Thomas Birkner (Hrsg.) Medienkanzler. Politische Kommunikation in der Kanzlerdemokratie. (Wolfgang R. Langenbucher) 74 John David Seidler Die Verschwörung der Massenmedien. Eine Kulturgeschichte vom Buchhändler-Komplott bis (Maria Löblich) 75 Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Heftes U4
The flashcards below were created by user on FreezingBlue Flashcards. what is the true course (TC) an expression of in arial navigation? d. distance and time the basic operating principle of the very high frequency omnidirectional range system is the phase comparison between the a. 30 Hz reference and 30 Hz variable signals b. 30 Hz reference and 9960 Hz FM signals c. 30 Hz variable and 9960 Hz FM signals d. 90 Hz and 150 Hz modulated signals 30 Hz reference and 30 Hz variable signals in instrument landing system operation, a deflection of two dots on the attitude direction indicator glide slope deviation scale indicates the aircraft is a. 0.25 degrees off glide path b. 2.5 degrees off glide path c. 0.6 degrees off glide path d. 6.0 degrees off glide path 0.6 degrees off glide path what is used to guide the aircraft during an instrument approach to the active runway? a. microwave landing system (MLS) back azimuth transmitter b. MLS approach azimuth transmitter c. glide slope MLS approach azimuth transmitter the typical tactical air navigation (TACAN) system consits of an a. airborne interrogator-receiver and a surface beacon (UHF range) b. airborne interrogator-receiver and a surface beacon (VHF range) c. airborne beacon and surface interrogator-receiver (HF range) d. airborne beacon and surface interrogator-receiver (LF range) airborne interrogator-receiver and a surface beacon (UHF range) the tactical air navigation (TACAN) bearing, selected course, and range are displayed on the a. attitude direction indicator b. digital electronics display c. horizontal situation indicator d. standby attitude indicator horizontal situation indicator the aircraft compass is designed to align itself with a. the Earth's horizontal magnetic field b. the Earth's vertical magnetic field c. the north and south poles d. true north the Earth's horizontal magnetic field what type of error is caused by misalignment of the magnetic azimuth detector during installation? c. hard iron what are the two types of inertial navigation system integrators? a. analog and digital b. motion and velocity c. electrical and mechanical d. acceleration and directional analog and digital what component is the heart of the F-16 inertial navigation unit (INU)? c. stabilized platform d. performance monitor the global positioning system (GPS) provides all except: a. time of day c. Have-quick synchronization d. correction for in-flight internal navigation system (INS) alignment in an embedded global positioning system, a Kalman filter is used to model errors in a. latitude and longitude b. velocity and position c. altitude and attitude d. pitch and roll velocity and position the operational range of the combined altitude radar altimeter is a. 0-1,000 feet b. 0-2,000 feet c. 0-5,000 feet d. 0-50,000 feet on the combined altitude radar altimeter, an intermediate frequency of 495 kHz can represent a. one altitude b. two altitudes c. six altitudes d. seven altitudes what is the term for random or unintentional electron movement? what process lowers a frequency while retaining the intelligence carried on that frequency? a. frequency conversion which component's function is to radiate and collect radio frequency (RF)? what is the frequency range of the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radio system? a. 2.2500 to 3.9997 MHz b. 22.500 to 39.9997 MHz c. 225.000 to 399.975 MHz d. 2250.00 to 3999.75 MHz what frequency is displayed when the radio set control switch is set to GUARD? a. 225 MHz b. 234 MHz c. 243 MHz d. 325 MHz the very high frequency (VHF) communication system provides clear-voice, two-way communication with what type of modulation? a. AM only b. AM and FM c. pulse and AM d. pulse and FM AM and FM the amount of high-frequency wave refraction is directly proportional to the a. signal frequency and indirectly proportional to the wavelength b. signal wavelength and indirectly proportional to the frequency c. transmitter power and indirectly proportional to antenna height d. antenna height and indirectly proportional to the transmitter power signal wavelength and indirectly proportional to the frequency with single-sideband modulation, what signal(s) gets discarded? a. carrier only b. upper sideband only c. lower sideband only d. carrier and one sideband carrier and one sideband an antenna coupler is required for high-frequency transmissions to a. allow the transmission of the center frequency and carrier signal from one antenna b. match the impedance of the antenna to the selected frequency c. compensate for the degree of atmospheric ionization d. allow the use of multiple antennas match the impedance of the antenna to the selected frequency which is not a major component of the AN/ARC-190 radio system? a. High-frequency receiver c. Radio set control d. Antenna coupler how many high-frequency channels can be selected from the AN/ARC-190 radio set control? a. 29 (00-29) b. 29 (01-29) c. 30 (00-29) d. 30 (01-30) in the inttercommunications system, which type of communication does not require the use of a push-to-talk switch to activate the microphone (MIC)? which best describes the intercommunications system audio common ground? a. used for noise reduction b. primarily used to prevent shock c. connected close to each line replaceable unit d. completes the path for current back to the power source used for noise reduction the intercommunication system has power whenever there is aircraft power and the intercommunication a. circuit breakers are closed b. station rotary select is set to operate c. monitor panel pushbutton is engaged d. set control master switch is depressed circuit breakers are closed what type of satellites has circular equatorial orbits and appears stationary with respect to a point on Earth? what does a satellite do with the signal it receives before it retransmits it back to Earth? a. removes the sidebands b. removes the center frequency c. filters, amplifies, and up converts d. down converts, amplifies, and up converts down converts, amplifies, and up converts what is the digital teletype data-rate capability of the Single Integrated Operational Plan terminal? a. 75-bits per second (bps) b. 300 bps c. 33.6-kilobits per second (Kbps) d. 56 Kbps 75-bits per second (bps) which AN/ASC-19 component has the selector switch that transfers control to the satellite terminal? b. mini input/output keyboard c. satellite communications control panel d. ultra high frequency line-of-sight radio AN/ARC-171(V) Ultra high frequency line-of-sight radio AN/ARC171(V) a true statement concerning satellite channel allocation is that the channels are b. assigned randomly c. assigned on the basis of current need and priorities d. are assigned on the basis of current location of the aircraft assigned on the basis of current need and prioritites the selective identification feature (SIF) is used a. whenever search radar requests additional information b. when broadcasting warning signals to a particular aircraft c. if the target aircraft does not respond to IFF interrogation d. to determin azimuth and identification of the target aircraft to determine azimuth and identification of the target aircraft what identifies the equipment that transmits the altitude of the airborne identification friend or foe/selective identification feature (IFF/SIF)? a. encoding scalers b. decoding scalers c. altitude digitizer d. altitude coder which mode of operation is used for security identity? a. mode 1 b. mode 2 c. mode 3/A d. mode 4 the angle of attack of an aircraft wing is the angle a. between the chord line and true heading b. between the chord line and the direction of relative wind c. of elevation between the aircraft pitch line and the target d. between the aircraft pitch line and the surface of the Earth between the chord line and the direction of the relative wind which axis extends lengthwise through the fuselage from the nose to the tail of an aircraft? which of these describe yaw? a. left wing down b. right wing down c. nose up, nose down d. nose left, nose right nose left, nose right what do stabilators on an aircraft control? a. roll and yaw b. pitch and yaw c. pitch and roll d. yaw and direction pitch and roll what aircraft control surfaces control the movement of an aircraft about the vertical axis and produce the motion known as yaw? what control surface is not a part of the F-15 primary flight control system? b. twin rudders what F-16 flight control system (FLCS) component contains a force-sensing unit that contains transducers in both the pitch and roll axes? c. rudder pedals d. integrated servo actuator what is the main purpose of the air data computer (ADC)? a. reduce weight and space on the aircraft b. produce reference data for use by almost all other aircraft systems c. mathematically convert all indicator values into usable information d. generate sychro outputs that can be sent to all the using subsystems produce reference data for use by almost all other aircraft systems what does the angle of attack (AOA) transmitter use to produce its output? a. two pure platinum sensing elements b. a stabilized gyroscope that detects aircraft angle c. two synchros that align the probe tip with the airstream d. a movable sensing element that routes air into two synchro cavities a movable sensing element that routes air into two synchro cavities what provides the aircrew with a visual pitch and roll heading and command information? a. air data computer b. flight instruments c. inertial navigation system d. flight director instruments flight director instruments what line replaceable unit (LRU) may develop errors during acrobatic maneuvering? a. attitude director finder (ADI) b. standby attitude indicator (SAI) c. vertical velocity indicator (VVI) d. horizontal situation indicator (HSI) standby attitude indicator (SAI) what unit generates and overlays symbology for the F-15 head up display system? a. programmable display generator b. programmable display processor c. multipurpose display generator d. multipurpose display processor multipurpose display processor what unit establishes communication on the 1553 MUX bus in backup mode for the F-15 up-front controls? a. central computer b. avionics interface unit c. central computer interface d. multipurpose display processor multipurpose display processor multiplexing is best described as a. a way to interface multiple aircraft systems b. a method of communication between analog aircraft systems c. the concept of time-sharing communication lines on the aircraft d. the procedure of transmitting many digital signals over a single pair of wires the procedure of transmitting many digital signals over a single pair of wires the multiplexing (MUX) system time-sharing concept is best described as a. digital and analog information alternating on the MUX system b. avionics systems processing digital information at differenty times c. all information that has to be processed takes turns on the same communication line d. a method of controlling the amount of time each avionics system can communicate on a MUX line all information that has to be processed takes turns on the same communication line when completion of an operation on a data bus starts the next operation, the bus is said to function the ability of a radar set to indicate very small differences in range where targets are in the same direction is known as range to eliminate echoes from stationary objects, the frequency-shift principle is sometimes used with what type of radar set? if the returned frequency from a Dopplar radar set has decreased in frequency, the a. target is approaching the set b. target is moving parallel to the set c. distance between target and set is decreasing d. distance between target and set is increasing distance between target and set is increasing when is the purpose of the synchronizer in a radar system? a. display range information b. time the operation of all units c. monitor the operation of all other units d. measure the time between the transmission and the echo time the operation of all units a radar receiver produces an intermediate frequency (IF) that is the a. echo frequency b. local oscillator "beat" frequency c. sum of the echo frequency and local oscillator "beat" frequency d. difference between the echo frequency and the local oscillator "beat" frequency difference between the echo frequency and the local oscillator "beat" frequency the main purpose of chaff when used as an electronic countermeasure is to a. cause a Doppler shift b. enhance radar returns c. confuse radar operators d. jam a specific frequency confuse radar operators the functions of a digital stores management system are initiated by the b. main computer c. backup computer d. interface unit radar navigation systems associated with the weapons systems normally facillitate the computerized release of onboard c. nuclear bombs d. conventional bombs when are the audio/communication control panels used in conjunction with the stores management system? a. to perform ground functional checks b. to provide status of loaded missiles c. to control the emergency release of conventional weapons d. to bypass the need to position the landing gear in the up position to perform ground functional checks what bombing system release option can be equated to a single-selected weapons release? d. manual computed the toal weight of a pallet of cargo secured with side nets and top net and not exceeding 96 inches in height is a. 8,000 pounds b. 8,355 pounds c. 10,000 pounds d. 10,355 pounds what type of steeringg does the 10K adverse-terrain forklift have? d. reverse mount what does the term type of airdrop refer to when talking about airdrop? a. way the load exits the aircraft b. type of cargo parachute used c. rate of decent of the load d. type of platform used rate of decent of the load
Elliott Wave Theory is a facet of technical analysis used to decipher the pricing charts of equity, futures or currency products. Developed by accountant-turned-analyst Ralph Nelson Elliott in the first half of the 20th century, Elliott Wave Theory (also known as the Elliott Wave Principle) aims to quantify the mass psychology involved in the trade of financial instruments. The tenets of Elliott Wave Theory attempt to measure degrees of trend extension, market correction and points of reversal. Given its historical track record of success, Elliott Wave has become a popular technical tool among traders and investors alike. The Elliott Wave Theory first rose to prominence as a trading approach for stocks in the 1930s. After successfully identifying a bear market reversal point for the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Elliott published a treatise on his theory called "The Wave Principle" in August 1938. Decades later, the Elliott Wave Theory underwent a revival throughout the financial community. Beginning in the late 1970s, technical analysts A.J. Frost and Robert Prechter reintroduced the concept to the public in their book "Elliott Wave Principle: Key To Market Behaviour." In doing so, Frost and Prechter are credited with predicting the 1980s bull market in U.S. equities and the subsequent crash of Black Monday. Breaking Down The Elliott Wave Theory The basis of Elliott Wave Theory is that price fluctuates in patterns known as "waves." Each wave is a series of price points, including a periodic high and low value. According to the theory, individual waves are fractals. Fractals are naturally occurring phenomenon found in nature, each exhibiting characteristics consistent with a collective whole. Examples include lightning, ferns, peacock feathers and shorelines. The Elliott Wave Theory is a probabilistic methodology, meaning it assigns a specific chance to a future event taking place. It aspires to accomplish this objective by determining two aspects of market behaviour from the analysis of wave patterns: - Trend Exhaustion: The point at which a market is most likely to make a reversal. - Trend Extension: The point at which a prevailing trend resumes its course. In order to simplify the task of studying chart patterns and defining market structure, pricing waves are characterised in one of two ways: - Impulsive: Impulsive waves move in the same direction as the prevailing trend, and they are composed of five sub-waves in a completed pattern. - Corrective: Corrective waves move in an opposing direction of the prevailing trend, and they consist of three sub-waves in a completed pattern. According to Elliott Wave methodology, there are nine distinct pattern sizes or "degrees" of impulsive and corrective waves. Each degree represents a different frame of reference and are viewed in a hierarchy from large to small: - Grand Supercycle It is important to remember that both impulsive and corrective waves behave as fractals. Aside from the Grand Supercycle, each is part of a larger pattern as well as being made up of smaller patterns. Identifying the proper degree and wave count relative to current price action is the key to successfully applying Elliott Wave. It is through this process that a series of trends and corrections may be quantified, and that a future market direction may be predicted. Although originally developed for stocks, Elliott Wave Theory is popular among traders of cryptocurrencies, futures and forex products. There are a number of different guidelines and ways of applying the principles of Elliott Wave to pricing charts. It may be used on a stand-alone basis or in conjunction with other technical devices such as momentum oscillators or Fibonacci retracements. However, its predictive capabilities typically depend upon the effectiveness of the individual "Elliottician." Perhaps the most important function that the Elliott Wave Theory performs is that it quantifies current market sentiment. By examining the degrees of various wave patterns, repetitive cycles of investor cynicism to euphoria and vice-versa become clear. Through understanding these tendencies of mass psychology, information useful for crafting timely trading decisions may be determined.
Facilitating Care of and Protection for Niobrara NSR Unlike many national parks, the National Park Service does not own any land along the Niobrara, but it is charged with managing protection of the nationally significant nature and recreation through partnerships with and facilitation of landowner stewardship efforts. The NPS is responsible for 67 miles of the NSR outside Fort Niobrara Refuge boundaries with US Fish & Wildlife Service managing the NSR through their refuge. NPS staff provides exertise in Natural and Cultural Resource Management, Interpretation and Education, and Visitor and Resource Protection towards the goal of sustained river resource protection for this and future generations. The plans listed below demonstrate how the NPS plans to accomplish their mission at Niobrara NSR. Completed Park Management Documents Interpretation and Education Did You Know? During the cold winter months when temperatures drop well below zero degrees F the Niobrara River freezes over in most places. Tall ice cliffs form on river bluffs and attract ice climbers to the Niobrara National Scenic River. More...
Reminder, Bison Are Wild Animals Windmill Pasture is home to the bison herd. They have been quite active in recent weeks. Please stay on the trails and use caution in their vicinity. Do not come in close contact with the bison. Allow at least 100 yards between you and the herd. More » Plan a Field Trip Browse Our Curriculum Materials Showing results 1-1 of 1 Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve Students will use science to perform scientific research to learn about the tallgrass prairie ecosystem and the importance of grasshoppers, fire, and aquatic invertebrates to the prairie. - Curriculum Units - Aquatic Studies, Biodiversity, Biology: Plants, Botany, Writing Did You Know? Stephen F. Jones spent the modern equivalent of about $1.9 million building the Spring Hill Ranch complex including the stone fences, but only owned the property for 10 years and occupied the limestone ranch house for 5 1/2 years. Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve
Americans looking to be more healthy can exercise in smaller segments in shorter bursts of time, according to new guidelines released by the government on Monday. The new recommendations come 10 years after the first guidelines were released by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2008. The panel noted that the benefits of movement reduce the risk of cancer, anxiety, and depression; improving cognitive function and sleep; aiding bone health and regulating weight gain in preschoolers; protecting against weight gain, gestational diabetes and postpartum depression in pregnant women and new mothers; and decreasing the risk of falls among older people. The guidelines, issued by a committee appointed by the Department of Health and Human Services, does away with original guidance that physical activity should occur in 10-minute segments. “Current evidence shows that the total volume of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is related to many health benefits; bouts of a prescribed duration are not essential,” the committee of health experts state in their document. The new guidelines indicate adults to get 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity each week. They also state muscle-strengthening exercises should be incorporated two days a week. Walking briskly at 2.5 to 4 miles per hour, playing volleyball or raking leaves are all considered moderate-intensity activity. Examples of vigorous-intensity exercise include jogging, running, carrying heavy groceries or taking a strenuous fitness class. Physical activity such as swimming and cycling can fall into either category, depending on how much energy is expended. Adolescents ages 6 to 17 should get 60 minutes of vigorous activity every day, plus three days a week of activity that strengthens muscles, according to the recommendations. For the first time, new guidelines include provisions for preschoolers. They state that children ages 3 to 5 “should be physically active throughout the day to enhance growth and development.” The new physical activity guidelines were released at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions and can be accessed here. - HHS Releases Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. HHS.gov. 2018, November 12. Retrieved: https://health.gov/news/blog/2018/11/updated-physical-activity-guidelines-for-americans-now-available/
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) \|Part of a series on\| Sîn-lēqi-unninni (Akkadian: 𒁹𒀭𒌍𒋾𒀀𒅆 md30-TI-ER2) was a mašmaššu who lived in Mesopotamia in the period between 1300 BC and 1000 BC. In literary circles, however, he is remembered for having compiled the best-preserved version of the Epic of Gilgamesh. His name is listed in the text itself, which was unorthodox for works written in cuneiform. His version is known by its incipit, or first line "Sha naqba īmuru" ("He who saw the deep" or "The one who saw the Abyss"). The extent to which his version is different from earlier texts is unknown; George argues that Sîn-lēqi-unninni "gave [The Epic of Gilgamesh] its final, fixed form". The prologue features the only instance of first person narration by Sîn-lēqi-unninni. His version includes Utnapishtim's story of the Flood in tablet XI and, in tablet XII, the Sumerian Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld. - ORACC – Sin-leqi-unninni - George, Andrew R. (2008). "Shattered tablets and tangled threads: Editing Gilgamesh, then and now". SOAS University of London. p. 11. Retrieved 2018-09-12. - George, A.R. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, critical edition and cuneiform, p.27 \|This article about a Middle Eastern writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\| \|This Ancient Near East biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|
A well-balanced diet with a variety of food options provides the body with the right amount of nutrients to keep it healthy. Below are the 10 foods to boost your immune system. These foods offer health benefits and can lower the risk of catching a cold, flu and other chronic illnesses. Beef is a super booster for immunity. It is rich in protein and vitamins (such as vitamin B1 and B12) that strengthen the immune system. It also supplies the body with iron and zinc. Opt for a grass-fed beef because it contains higher amount of vitamin A and vitamin E than grain-fed beef. Protein is a macronutrient that is essential to fight bacteria and viruses. This macronutrient plays an important role in healing and recovery of the body also for immune health. Chicken offers protein; thus, can help in the protection against cold. Oysters are a good source of protein, omega 3s and iron and they are very high in zinc too. Zinc plays a role in wound healing and reproducing WBC. Get some oysters to boost your immune system. Egg contains minerals that are necessary for immune system boosting. Egg yolk has selenium, zinc and high amount of Vitamin D. While egg white is rich with protein. Some strains of probiotics can help boost the immune system and keep the digestive tract healthy. And the live strain of this “good bacteria” can be found in some yogurts so better to check labels everytime you purchase. Carrots have vitamin A, beta carotene and vitamin C that can essentially boost the immune system. It contains minerals too that play a role in immune health: iron, zinc and copper. Spinach is loaded with numerous antioxidants and nutrients. It has a significant amount of folate. Vitamin B12 and folate are essential to keep immune responses active. Oranges can improve your skin and boost your immune system as they are rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C protects cells and promotes the production and function of immune cells. Berries are rich in Vitamin C that helps build up the immune system and prevents damage to the cell. Dark berries such as strawberries, blueberries and blackberries are a good source of flavonoids, known to have effective antioxidant effect. Grapes have antioxidants too just like blueberries. They contain antioxidants: vitamin C and selenium. Resveratrol, an antioxidant found in grapes, can help reduce any inflammation and may protect against heart disease, cancer and diabetes.
Welcome to Loans Not Sharks Glossary of financial terms. This glossary has been created to help you navigate through the world of personal finance, especially in terms of loans, thus helping you to better meet your financial needs. Whether you are looking to take out a personal loan, create a new account at your bank or just get your finances in order, this glossary is here to help fill in the gaps and back up your knowledge of finances. Don’t just breeze over the financial words that you don’t understand. Instead, use this glossary as a reference as you come across the financial lingo that you don’t understand and make sure you know what you are talking about when it comes to your money and your life. Annual Percentage Rate (APR) is the measure of how much a loan will cost a borrower over the course of one year. It includes the loan’s simple interest rate, as well as any additional fees or charges. Read more about APR (Annual Percentage Rate). An auto lease is a financial arrangement that enables an individual to obtain a vehicle for use without paying for it entirely. They get access to the vehicle for a certain term (usually two to five years) and then return the vehicle at the end of that period, sometimes with an option to buy it outright. Read more about Auto Lease. An auto loan is a loan that person takes out in order to purchase a motor vehicle. Auto loans are typically structured as installment loans and are secured by the value of vehicle being purchased. Read more about Auto Loan “Bad credit” means a borrower has a low credit score. Any score between 300 and 630 is generally considered bad. Late payments, bankruptcy, and maxing out a credit card can all contribute to a lower credit score, and bad credit. Read more about Bad Credit. Bad debt refers to debt that is used to finance spending on non-appreciating items. This includes credit cards, auto loans and some personal loans. While these kinds of loans and financial products can be used responsibly to the benefit of the consumer, these debts still do not increase the borrower’s overall net-worth. Read more about Bad Debt. A balance is the amount of money available for withdrawal through a bank account, or an amount of money owed to a financial institution. It can also be used to describe the process of budgeting and tracking your finances, as in “balancing a checkbook.” Read more about Balance. A budget is a plan for your money, within a certain amount of time. Making a budget means figuring out how much money you’ll have, what you need to pay for, and how much you’ll have left over. Read more about Budget. A cash advance is a short-term loan provided through your credit card company. Cash advances come with much higher interest rates than normal credit card transactions. Read more about Cash Advance. A charge-off occurs when a lender removes a debt from their accounting books because it’s extremely past due. The lender absorbs the cost of the outstanding debt and doesn’t pursue payment, but the borrower is still legally responsible for the amount that’s owed. Read more about Charge Off. A checking account is a bank account that allows customers to deposit and withdraw money by using paper checks, ATMs, and debit cards. Read more about Checking Account. Collateral refers to an asset or property that a borrower gives a lender in order to secure a loan. If the borrower cannot repay the loan, the lender can then seize the asset or property to recoup their losses. Loans that involve collateral are called ‘secured loans.’ Read more about Collateral A collection agency is a business that is hired by a lender to recover overdue funds. The will either earn a fee on what they collect or will purchase the debt from the lender at a discount. They are known for being persistent and sometimes aggressive in their methods. They will sometimes sue a debtor and take them a court in order to legally seize their funds or assets. Read more about Collection Agency. Compound interest is interest that adds to a loan’s principal as it accumulates. Read more about Compound Interest. Credit is a way of borrowing. It basically means buying something now, and paying for it later. For example, if you make a purchase with a credit card or take out a loan, you’re required to pay it back in the future. Read more about Credit. Credit bureaus are businesses that compile your credit history and calculate your credit score. They provide this information to lenders—among others—who use it to decide whether to grant you a loan. Read more about Credit Bureau. A credit card is a plastic card issued by banks, businesses, and other financial institutions that enables a borrower to make purchases “on credit” and pay for them at a later date. Read more about Credit Cards. A credit check is an official review of the credit history listed in your credit report. Lenders, credit card companies, and others conduct credit checks to determine how likely you are to make payments on time. Read more about Credit Check. Credit counseling is a service that provides support for borrowers facing problems with debt. It may consist of financial education, a debt management plan, or assistance navigating bankruptcy. Read more about Credit Counseling. Credit history is a complete record of an individual’s creditworthiness. This information includes outstanding debts, repayment behavior, and credit information. Credit history is collected and organized in a credit report. Read more about Credit History. Credit limit is the maximum amount that a financial institution allows a client to borrow. Read more about Credit Limit. A report that has information about your credit and payment history. It shows how often you make payments on time, how much you’ve borrowed, and how much you currently owe. Lenders use this report to decide whether to give you a loan, and what your interest rate will be. Read more about Credit Report. A three digit number that shows how trustworthy you are when you borrow. A credit score can range from 300 to 850, with a higher score being better. Your individual score is based on several things, like how much debt you have and whether you make payments on time. Read more about Credit Score. Credit unions are like banks, but they don’t make money from their members. They’re known for helping people save money, and offering better options for borrowing. Unlike banks, which anyone can join, credit unions have requirements to become a member. Usually people are eligible to join based on where they work, where they live, their church, or their college. Read more about Credit Union. A creditor is a person or institution that lends money to another. The creditor is then owed that money, usually with interest. Read more about Creditor. Creditworthiness is a description of an individual’s credit health and history. Read more about Creditworthiness. A debit is any transaction that reduces the money in your bank account. The term is commonly used in reference to debit cards, which draw funds directly from your account. Read more about Debit. Debt is money an individual owes to a lender. There are many types of debt, including personal debt, credit card debt, student loan debt, and more. Taking on debt can also mean incurring interest fees, meaning you’ll be charged money for the privilege of borrowing money. Read more about Debt. The “Debt Avalanche” is a debt repayment method. You make the minimum payment on all of your accounts, but you target the debt with the highest interest rate to pay off first. Read more about Debt Avalanche. Debt Consolidation is a method for paying down debt. It involves combining many smaller debts into one larger debt—oftentimes by taking out a new loan or opening a new credit card. The new debt usually comes with more favorable terms than the old debts, and can save people money over time. It is most commonly used with consumer debt, but other forms of debt—such as student debt—can be consolidated as well. Read more about Debt Consolidation. Debt settlement occurs when a lender or collections agency agrees to settle a debt for less than the amount that the borrower owes. Read more about Debt Settlement. The Debt Snowball is a strategy for debt repayment. It involves paying off all a person’s debts beginning with the debt that carries the lowest principal balance and then working up to the debt with the highest balance. Read more about Debt Snowball. A debt trap is a situation in which a borrower is led into a cycle of re-borrowing, or rolling over, their loan payments because they are unable to afford the scheduled payments on the principal of a loan. These traps are usually caused by high-interest rates and short terms. Read more about Debt Trap. A debtor is any individual or institution that owes money to another individual or institution. Read more about Debtor. To default means to fail to repay a loan or line of credit. A borrower can default on their loan if they fail to pay back either the principal loan amount or the interest. Read more about Default. A deficit occurs when an individual or company doesn’t have enough money to cover their expenses and debt—it is the difference between cash inflow and cash outflow. Read more about Deficit. Direct deposit is a payment method in which funds are transferred electronically to a recipient’s account. Read more about Direct Deposit. A direct loan is a loan made directly from a lender to a borrower, rather than through a third party. Read more about Direct Loan. A dividend is a portion of a company’s earnings that is paid out to its shareholders. These payments can be made through cash, shares of stock, or other property. Dividends can also be issued by investment funds. Read more about Dividend. A down payment is an initial payment made on a large purchase, often expressed as a percentage of the total cost. The down payment is paid in full up front while the remaining cost is paid in installments, often through a loan. Read more about Down Payment. A FICO score is a credit score developed by the FICO company. These scores are created using information from a person’s credit report about their history of using credit and managing debt. Read more about FICO Score. A fixed rate is an interest rate on a loan that will remain the same over the course of the loan, so the amount the borrower pays in interest never changes. Read more about Fixed Rate. Foreclosure occurs when you fail to pay the mortgage on your home. The lender seizes your property, evicts you, and sells the home. Read more about Foreclosure. Good credit is a loose term used to describe someone’s history of repaying what they borrow. If you have “good credit” it can mean you’re more trustworthy when you borrow. If you make payments on time, and only borrow or spend as much as you need, you’ll have better credit. This helps when applying for a loan or credit card because you’re more likely to be approved, and get better interest rates. Read more about Good Credit. A Grace Period is the amount of time before interest or late fees start building up. There’s usually a grace period for credit card purchases, but not for cash advances. If you can pay on the due date, or during the grace period, you’ll save money by avoiding interest and additional fees. Read more about Grace Period. A grant is a type of financial aid commonly provided by governments and philanthropic foundations. Unlike a loan, you don’t have to pay it back. Read more about Grant. A hard credit check—also known as a “hard credit inquiry” or “hard pull”—is a type of credit check used to determine creditworthiness. Unlike soft credit checks, hard credit checks can lower your credit score. Read more about Hard Credit Check. Home equity loans allow you to borrow against the equity in your home. They can provide money for a major purchase, but come with the risk that you’ll lose your home if you can’t pay them back. Read more about Home Equity Loan. An Installment Loan is a loan that is designed to be over time in a series of equal, regular payments. Read more about Installment Loan. Interest is the cost of borrowing money. When you take out a loan or use a credit card, you’ll be required to pay back a specified amount in addition to what you borrowed. That amount is the interest. When you lend money or save money in certain bank accounts, you gain interest. Read more about Interest. An interest rate is the percent of a principal loan amount that is charged to the borrower. For instance, if you borrow $100 at an interest rate of 20%, then you will pay back $100 plus another $20 of interest. Having a good credit score will make it easier to find lower interest rates. Read more about Interest Rate. An investment means spending money on something now, with the hopes that it will make you money in the future. Getting a college degree, buying stock, and buying a home are all considered investments. Read more about Investment. The Internal Revenue Service, better known as ‘The IRS’, is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury charged with collecting taxes, enforcing the nation’s tax laws and administering the Internal Revenue Code. Read more about IRS. Any person or company that offers money to people with the expectation that it will be paid back. Banks, credit unions, and loan companies are all lenders. Read more about Lender. A line of credit is a flexible loan that grants a borrower access to money (up to a specified maximum amount determined by the bank or lender). Interest is only charged on the money that the borrower chooses to use. Read more about Line of Credit. A loan fee is any fee associated with a loan or credit card that does not include the interest rate. Read more about Loan Fee. Loan forgiveness means you are no longer expected to repay your loan. Certain circumstances might lead to forgiveness, cancellation, or discharge of your outstanding federal student loan balance. Read more about Loan Forgiveness. A microloan is a loan for small businesses. Read more about Microloan. A mortgage is a loan to finance the purchase of your home or property—it’s likely the largest debt you will ever take on. In exchange for the money received by the homebuyer to purchase the property, the bank or mortgage lender will get the promise that you will slowly pay the money back, with interest, over a designated period. Read more about Mortgage. A no credit check loan is a type of loan in which a lender evaluates your creditworthiness without conducting a “hard” credit check. Read more about No Credit Check Loan. NSF stands for “Non-Sufficient Funds.” An NSF Fee is charged when a bank account does not have enough money in it to honor a check drawn on that account. Read more about NSF Fees. An online loan is a loan acquired through the internet. There are many different kinds of online loans. Some of them are safe, while others are not. Read more about Online Loan. An origination fee is a fee charged by a lender to the borrower at the time a loan is provided to cover the costs of processing the loan. Read more about Origination Fee. An overdraft fee is a penalty banks charge an individual for making purchases that cannot be covered by the funds in their account. Read more about Overdraft Fees. Overdraft Protection is a service offered by banking institutions on their checking accounts that covers an account holder’s transaction even if their account lacks sufficient funds. Overdraft protection can be a line of credit or a link to an additional account or credit card. They come with additional fees and/or interest. Read more about Overdraft Protection. A pawn shop is an online or storefront business that offers small-dollar loans. Borrowers pledge personal property as collateral that the pawn shop holds and sells if the loan isn’t repaid. Pawn shops are often associated with predatory lending practices. Read more about Pawn Shops. A payday loan is a type of unsecured, small-dollar, predatory personal loan that comes with short repayment terms and very high interest rates. Read more about Payday Loans. Peer-to-peer lending is a type of lending in which you get a loan from an individual—not a bank or financial institution. It is also known as P2P lending, person-to-person lending, or social lending. Peer-to-peer lending is most commonly done online. Read more about Peer to Peer Lending. Personal Debt (which is sometimes referred to “Consumer Debt”) is any financial obligation that is owed by an individual or a household, as opposed to by a business or government. Read more about Personal Debt. A personal loan agreement is a written contract between two private parties, usually friends or relatives, that details a personal loan arrangement between the two. This usually includes the date of the loan transaction, the projected repayment date, the amount of money borrowed, and any interest rate or other stipulations. Read more about Personal Loan Agreement. Predatory lenders are financial institutions that use deceptive practices and unreasonable terms to profit off of borrowers in desperate need of funds. Read more about Predatory Lenders. A prepayment penalty is a fee charged by lenders when borrowers pay off their loan before the end of the term. Read more about Prepayment Penalties. The prime rate is the interest rate that banks charge borrowers who are the most trustworthy, or creditworthy, based on their borrowing history. Read more about Prime Rate. The principal is the amount of money that is borrowed through a loan. The term also refers to the amount of money that is left on the loan after payments have been made. Read more about Principal. A private loan is a loan made by a non-federal institution such as a bank, school or state agency. The distinction most commonly applies to student loans. Private loans are often more expensive than federal loans and come with less-flexible payment terms. Read more about Private Loans. To refinance means to take out a new loan to pay off an existing one, usually in order to get better interest rates or repayment terms. Read more about Refinance. To refinance a loan is to take out a new loan with more favorable terms to replace your old loan. This can result in lower monthly payments, lower interest rates and free up additional cash. However, it can also significantly extend the repayment period. Read more about Refinancing. Repossession occurs when you fail to make loan payments and your collateral is seized. Your lender can then sell your collateral to recoup the money you owe. Read more about Repossession. To “rollover” a loan means to extend the loan’s due date by paying an additional fee. Loan rollover is most common with short-term payday and title loans, and is the way that some borrowers become trapped in a cycle of debt. Read more about Rollover. A savings account is a deposit account held with a financial institution that bears interest. Savings accounts offer less access to the account holder’s funds than a checking account would, but they offer much easier access to those same funds than most other investment products. Read more about Savings Account. Secured and Unsecured Loans are the two basic kinds of loans. Secured Loans are loans backed by collateral pledged by the borrower. Unsecured Loans are loans with no collateral. They are issued solely on the creditworthiness of the borrower. Read more about Secured and Unsecured Loans. A soft credit check—also known a soft inquiry or soft pull – is a way to obtain information from a person’s credit report without impacting their credit score. Unlike hard inquiries, which are recorded on your credit report and can negatively affect your score, soft inquiries do not require an individual’s authorization before they can be run. Read more about Soft Credit Check Subprime lending is a category of money lending that provides loans to borrowers with bad credit. Because the borrowers are deemed less likely to repay, the loans typically carry higher interest rates than those offered to borrowers with good credit. Read more about Subprime Lending. The term of a loan is the pre-determined amount of time before the loan must be paid back in full, plus interest. Term can also refer to the conditions under which a loan is made, including the interest rate, monthly payment amount, and associated fees or penalties. Read more about Term. A title loan is a short-term loan that requires borrowers to offer their vehicle title as collateral. Title loans generally carry high-interest rates in addition to the risk of borrowers losing their vehicle if they’re unable to repay the loan. Read more about Title Loans. Variable rates are interest rates that change periodically over the life of a loan. The rate can go up or down based on market conditions. Read more about Variable Rate. Wage garnishment is a legal tool that allows a lender, legal entity or institute to take money directly from your paychecks to cover debts you owe. Read more about Wage Garnishment.
Dale Halsey Lea, MPH, RN, CGC, FAAN Download pdf version ANA onlinle contact-hour credits (CE) are available for this article. The completion of the Human Genome Project is leading to a new type of medicine, called personalized medicine. The goal of personalized medicine is to create a healthcare plan that encompasses not only traditional factors, such as patient preferences and cholesterol levels, but also a person’s genetic and genomic information. This approach should allow providers to prescribe more specific and individualized treatment and to avoid adverse drug and treatment reactions. A basic knowledge of genetic terms and concepts and an understanding of genomics can provide nurses with a foundation that will enable them to provide competent, personalized healthcare. This article will review the basic genetic structures and functions, explain cellular and genetic changes, discuss genetic inheritance, describe chromosomal variations, and share applications of genetics and genomics for nursing practice. Citation: Lea, D. H., (February 17, 2009) "Basic Genetics and Genomics: A Primer for Nurses" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing; Vol. 14 No.2 . Key Words: chromosomes, direct-to-consumer genetic testing, essential nursing competencies in genetics and genomics, family history, genes, genetic screening, genetic testing, genetics, genomics, Mendelian inheritance patterns, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics The completion of the Human Genome Project...is leading to a new type of medicine, called personalized medicine.The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international research effort to read and map all of the genes in the human body, which together are known as the human genome. The HGP, completed in April of 2003, gave scientists the ability, for the first time, to read the complete genetic blueprint for building a human being (National Human Genome Research Institute [NHGRI], 2008b). As a result of human genome discoveries, it is now known that genetic factors play a role in nine of the ten leading causes of death in the United States, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Human genome research is also leading to a better understanding of the interactions between genes and the environment and helping to find better ways to improve health and prevent disease (NHGRI, 2008c). The completion of the HGP, by opening new doors for understanding the underlying causes of rare and common diseases, is leading to a new type of medicine, called personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is transforming healthcare. Learning about the influence of genetic and genomic factors on health and disease is leading towards earlier diagnosis, more effective and individualized prevention and treatment of disease, better response to treatments, and improved health outcomes (NHGRI, 2008i). Nurses will increasingly be called upon to use genetic- and genomic-based approaches and technologies in client care. For many, the term genetics brings up memories of pea plants and rare disorders caused by single genes. A newer term, genomics, refers to all of the genes in the human genome and their interactions with each other, the environment, and other cultural and psychosocial factors (Consensus Panel, 2006). The goal of personalized medicine is to create a healthcare plan that encompasses not only traditional factors, for example patient preference and attributes such as the Body Mass Index and cholesterol levels, but also a person’s genetic and genomic information. This approach should allow providers to prescribe more specific and individualized treatment and to avoid adverse drug and treatment reactions. Nurses will increasingly be called upon to use genetic- and genomic-based approaches and technologies in client care. As stated in the Essential Nursing Competencies and Curricula Guidelines for Genetics and Genomics: Genomics is a central science for all nursing practice because essentially all diseases and conditions have a genetic or genomic component. Health care for all persons will increasingly include genetic and genomic information along the pathways of prevention, screening, diagnostics, prognostics, selection of treatment, and monitoring of treatment effectiveness (Consensus Panel, 2006, p. 1) Having a basic knowledge of genetic and genomic terms and concepts is a crucial first step for nurses in building a foundation to provide competent and personalized healthcare. This article will review the basic genetic structures and functions, explain cellular and genetic changes, discuss genetic inheritance, describe chromosomal variations, and share applications of genetics and genomics for nursing practice. Basic Genetic Structures and Functions This section will describe the structure and function of genes and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the chemical found inside the nucleus of the cell that carries the genetic instruction for making living organisms and that is delivered by RNA from the cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm where proteins are made. Chromosomes, which are the structures that contain genes, will also be discussed. Table 1 provides a listing of common genetic and genomic terms and concepts related to this discussion. \|Table 1. – Glossary of Genetic and Genomic Terms - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – The chemical inside the nucleus of a cell that carries genetic instructions for making living organisms. - Double Helix - The structural arrangement of DNA, which looks something like an immensely long ladder twisted into a helix or coil. The sides of the "ladder" are formed by a backbone of sugar and phosphate molecules, and the "rungs" consist of nucleotide bases joined weakly in the middle by hydrogen bonds. - Family History – A family's health history that helps one identify genetic heritage and risks, and guides in making healthy environment and lifestyle choices. - Gene – The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. - Genetics - Genetics is a term that refers to the study of genes and their role in inheritance - the way certain traits or conditions are passed down from one generation to another. - Genomics - Genomics is a relatively new term that describes the study of all of a person's genes including interactions of those genes with each other and the person's environment. - Genetic disorders - A genetic disorder is a disease caused in whole or in part by a "variation" (a different form) or "mutation" (alteration) of a gene. - Genetic testing - Genetic tests look for alterations in a person's genes or changes in the level of key proteins coded for by specific genes. Abnormal results on these tests could mean that someone has an inherited disorder. Types of genetic tests include: gene tests, chromosomal tests, and biochemical tests. - Gene tests - Gene tests look for signs of a disease or disorder in DNA taken from a person's blood, body fluids, or tissues. - Chromosomal tests - Chromosomal tests look at features of a person's chromosomes, which are structures in the nucleus of a cell that contain DNA, including their structure, number, and arrangement. - Biochemical tests - Biochemical tests look at the level of key proteins. This level signals genes that are not working normally. These types of tests are used for newborn screening. - Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic tests - A variety of genetic tests that are being offered directly to consumers, often over the Internet. Such genetic testing usually involves scraping a few cells from inside the cheek and mailing the sample to a test laboratory, which performs the test. The major types of DTC tests are health-related, ancestry, nutrigenetic, and general (test scans of a person's genome for genetic variants related to many aspects of life, from physical traits to ancestry and to personality. - Mendelian Inheritance – Manner in which genes and traits are passed from parents to children. Examples of Mendelian inheritance include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked genes. - Mitochondrial DNA – The genetic material of the mitochondria, the organelles that generate energy for the cell. - Pharmacogenetics - Pharmacogenetics is the field of study dealing with the variability of responses to medications due to genetic variation. Pharmacogenetics takes into account a person's genetic information regarding how drugs are transported and metabolized by the body and their specific drug receptors. The goal of pharmacogenetics is to create an individualized drug therapy that allows for the best choice and dose of drugs. - Pharmacogenomics - Pharmacogenomics is the research area that involves the search for genetic variations that are associated with drug efficiency. The term comes from the words pharmacology and genomics, and is the intersection between pharmaceuticals and genomics. Pharmacogenomics is leading to drugs that can be tailor made for individuals, and adapted to each person's own genetic makeup. - Protein - A large complex molecule made up of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins perform a wide variety of activities in the cell. - Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - A chemical similar to a single strand of DNA . In RNA, the letter U, which stands for uracil, is substituted for T in the genetic code. RNA delivers DNA 's genetic message to the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made. (NHGRI, 2008e; 2008m) Genes, DNA, and RNA Genes make up the DNA...The structure of DNA is called the double helix, and is shaped like a winding staircase. A gene is the functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parents to their children. Genes make up the DNA; each gene is one length of DNA. Most genes have instructions for making a specific protein. Genes are responsible for the types of proteins made and, in part, the rate and time points at which they are made. Genes have regions called exons and introns. Exons are the regions of a gene that hold the code for making the gene’s protein. Each exon codes for a specific piece of the complete protein. Introns are the noncoding sequences of DNA that are not involved in making the gene’s protein. Figure 1 [pdf] illustrates the basic structure of a gene. (NOTE: pdf figures must be printed individually). DNA is the chemical inside the nucleus of a cell that carries the genetic instructions for making a living organism. The structure of DNA is called the double helix, and is shaped like a winding staircase. The DNA molecule is made up of sugar-phosphate molecules and pairs of nitrogenous bases. Figure 2 [pdf] illustrates the DNA structure. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a chemical similar to a single strand of DNA. RNA’s role is to deliver DNA's genetic message to the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made. The proteins made are large complex molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acids. The amino acids, called the “building blocks” of proteins, are a group of twenty different types of small molecules. The proteins that are made perform a wide variety of activities in the cell. Figure 3 [pdf] describes the structure of amino acids. There is another special type of DNA called mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA. Mitochondrial DNA is genetic material found in mitochondria, the structures within cells that change energy from food into a form that cells are able to use. Each body cell has hundreds to thousands of mitochondria that are present in the fluid that surrounds the cell nucleus (cytoplasm). Mitochondria control energy production, help regulate cell death (called apoptosis), and help with the production of cholesterol and heme (a part of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood). Some mitochondria are responsible for making molecules called transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA, the chemical cousins of DNA. These two types of RNA help to put together the amino acids necessary to create working proteins (Genetics Home Reference [GHR], 2008h). Genes are arranged and lined up in threadlike structures called chromosomes. Genes are arranged and lined up in threadlike structures called chromosomes. The number of chromosomes depends on the type of organism. Figure 4 [pdf] portrays a chromosome consisting of genes that make up the DNA, which is made from sugar-phosphate molecules and pairs of nitrogenous bases. Humans have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. Forty-four of these chromosomes are called autosomes. The remaining two are called the sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome. Children get half of their chromosomes from their mother and half from their father. A person’s chromosomal makeup is called a karyotpye, a word that is also used for a picture of a person’s chromosomes (GHR, 2008g; NHGRI, 2008g). Cellular and Genetic Changes This section will explain how cells normally divide. It will also describe how an unexpected change in the structure of DNA can sometimes cause harm to the body. New tools to study genetic variations of common diseases and to identify genetic variations common to specific diseases will also be presented. ...an unexpected change in the structure of DNA can sometimes cause harm to the body. Humans grow and develop as a result of a process called cell division. There are two types of cell division – mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the process of cell division that involves cell growth, differentiation, and repair. During mitosis, the chromosomes in each cell are duplicated resulting in two cells called daughter cells. Each of the daughter cells contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, namely 46 chromosomes. The daughter cells are called diploid because they have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. Mitosis takes place in all cells of the body except for egg and sperm cells. Meiosis takes place only in reproductive cells, and is the cell division process by which egg and sperm are formed. During the cell division process of meiosis, there is a reduction in the number of chromosomes that results in egg and sperm cells that contain 23 chromosomes, or half of the usual number of 46. Egg and sperm cells are called haploid cells because they have a single copy of each chromosome instead of the usual two copies (GHR, 2008i). Meiosis allows for genetic variation through a natural process of breaking and rejoining DNA strands to create new combinations of genes and therefore generating genetic variation (GHR, 2008d). During meiosis, the paired chromosomes come together to prepare for cell division, and during this process portions of the chromosomes cross over so that there is an exchange of genetic material before the chromosomes separate. This process is called recombination, and it creates greater diversity among the eggs and sperm. When meiosis takes place, a pair of chromosomes may fail to separate properly, creating a sperm or egg that has either two copies or no copy of a specific chromosome. This is a sporadic event and it is called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction can lead to an extra chromosome, called trisomy, or a missing chromosome, called monosomy (GHR, 2008l). Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. Individuals who have Down syndrome have an extra chromosome number 21. Turner syndrome is an example of monosomy. Girls who have Turner syndrome have only one X chromosome. This causes them to have short stature and be infertile (NHGRI, 2008l). Sometimes a mutation can improve an organism's chance of surviving and passes the beneficial change on to its descendants. Within the cells of the human body many complex interactions take place that regulate and express human genes. Changes in the structure and function of a gene and the process of protein synthesis may affect a person’s health. A permanent change in the structure of DNA is called a mutation. Most of the time DNA changes either have no effect or else cause harm. Sometimes a mutation can improve an organism's chance of surviving and passes the beneficial change on to its descendants. There are several different types of gene mutations. These include: deletion (loss), duplication (multiplication), inversion, insertion (addition), translocation (rearrangements), and point mutations (changes in base pair sequences) (NHGRI, 2008n). Examples of conditions caused by gene mutations include Huntington Disease, Fragile X syndrome, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (NHGRI, 2008l). Gene mutations can be inherited, spontaneous, or acquired. Inherited gene mutations are called germline mutations and they are present in all body cells. Inherited gene mutations are passed on from parent to child in reproductive cells, the egg and sperm, and are passed on to all of the cells in that child’s body when the body cells reproduce. This is described in the Genetics Home Reference under Germline Mutation (2008e). The gene alteration that causes cystic fibrosis is an example of a germline mutation. A spontaneous mutation can occur in individual eggs or sperm at the time of conception. A person who has the new, spontaneous mutation has the risk of passing the gene mutation on to his or her children. Examples of genetic conditions that may take place in a single family member as a result of a spontaneous mutation include Marfan syndrome and Achondroplasia (NHGRI, 2008l). ...genes may lose the ability to repair damage from gene mutations...lead[ing] to an accumulation of genetic changes that may result in diseases such as cancer or other conditions of aging... Acquired mutations, also called somatic mutations, occur in body cells other than egg or sperm. They involve changes in DNA that take place after conception, during a person’s lifetime. Acquired mutations happen as a result of cumulative changes in body cells that are other than egg or sperm and are called somatic cells. Somatic gene mutations are passed on when they reproduce to daughter cells (GHR, 2008m). Gene mutations take place in the human body all of the time. Cells have special mechanisms that help them to recognize mutations in DNA. In most situations, the cells are able to correct the mutation before it is passed on by cell division. Over time, however, genes may lose the ability to repair damage from gene mutations. This can lead to an accumulation of genetic changes that may result in diseases such as cancer or other conditions of aging, such as Alzheimer disease (Jenkins & Lea, 2005). As a result of human genome research, researchers now have new tools and technologies to identify the genetic variations of common diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, asthma, and common cancers. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are one such research approach. GWAS involve the use of gene chips that can look at the complete sets of variable DNA markers (up to about a million!) in many people to find genetic variations associated with a particular disease. When these new genetic associations are identified, researchers can then use the information to develop better ways to detect, treat, and prevent the disease. Successes have been reported using GWAS to identify genetic variations that contribute to risk of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, heart disorders, obesity, Crohn's disease, and prostate cancer, as well as genetic variations that influence response to anti-depressant medications. GWAS studies are laying the foundation for personalized medicine, in which the current one-size-fits-all approach to medical care will be transformed to more individualized and customized strategies (NHGRI, 2008f). Genes are inherited in families in a number of ways. These various ways of genetic inheritance are called patterns of inheritance. This section will discuss various patterns of inheritance, specifically the Mendelian inheritance patterns of autosomal dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance, mitochondrial DNA inheritance, and multifactorial inheritance. One important type of inheritance pattern is called Mendelian inheritance. Mendelian disorders are genetic conditions that are passed on in families in fixed proportions. They are caused by gene mutations that are present on one or both chromosomes of a pair. One gene inherited from one or both parents can cause a Mendelian disorder. Mendelian disorders are classified according to how they are inherited in families. These disorders are autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked disorders (NHGRI, 2008h). The terms dominant and recessive refer to the disorder, trait, or physical presentation of the disorder. These terms do not refer to the specific gene or genes that can cause the observable characteristics. Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Autosomal dominant inheritance is a pattern of Mendelian inheritance in which an affected individual has one copy of a gene mutation and one normal version of the gene. Individuals who have autosomal dominant disorders have a 1 in 2 (50%) chance to pass on the gene mutation and therefore the disorder to their children. Examples of autosomal dominant diseases include Huntington's disease, polycystic kidney disease, and neurofibromatosis (GHR, 2008c). Autosomal dominant inherited disorders frequently present with varying degrees of severity. Some individuals may have significant symptoms, while others may have mild symptoms. This aspect of dominantly inherited disorders is called variable expression, and results from the influence of other genetic and environmental influences, such as other medical conditions or diseases, diet, and medications, on the clinical presentation (GHR, 2008o; NHGRI, 2008a). Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Genetic disorders that are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner occur only in patients who have received two copies of a gene mutation, one from each parent (NHGRI, 2008k). Parents who are carriers do not show any symptoms, as they have a copy of one normally functioning gene. Examples of autosomal recessive inherited disorders include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and phenylketonuria (PKU). X-linked genetic disorders (also called sex-linked) are caused by gene mutations on the X chromosome. Most often X-linked genetic disorders are seen in males. Males inherit the X chromosome from their mother and the Y chromosome from their father. Because males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit a gene mutation on the X chromosome from their mother, they will have the disorder. Examples of X-linked genetic disorders occurring in males include hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (GHR, 2008o). Mitochondrial DNA Inheritance Another type of inheritance pattern is called mitochondrial inheritance. Mitochondria are small, energy-producing centers inside of body cells. Each mitochondria contains a small amount of DNA. Disorders that follow a mitochondrial inheritance pattern result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA (also called mtDNA). Mitochondrial disorders can affect both males and females, but only females can pass mutations in mitochondrial DNA to their children. The reason that only females pass on mitochondrial DNA to their children is that their ova contain mitochondrial DNA whereas sperm do not (GHR, 2008h). A woman with a disorder caused by changes in mitochondrial DNA will pass the mutation to all of her daughters and sons. The children of a man with a mitochondrial disorder, however, will not inherit the mutation (GHR, 2008f). Multifactorial inheritance involves the combined contribution of multiple genes and environmental factors, often unknown, as the cause of a particular disease or trait (GHR, 2008j). Examples of environmental factors that may contribute to multifactorial diseases include chemicals, such as metals and solvents; biological agents, such as toxins released from mold and bacteria; and lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity. Common examples of multifactorial disorders include neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly (GHR, 2008k). Multifactorial disorders are also called complex medical conditions or disorders, for example diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. Multifactorial disorders and complex conditions and traits may cluster in families, but they do not have a characteristic pattern of inheritance like autosomal dominant and recessive inherited disorders. Chromosomal Variation and Genetic Conditions Differences in the number or structure of chromosomes are a significant cause of birth defects, mental retardation, and malignancies, as described earlier under Cell Division. Chromosomal differences usually involve an extra or missing chromosome. These chromosomal differences are generally not inherited but take place as random events during the formation of egg or sperm. An error that occurs in the cell division process, while either the egg or sperm is being formed, can result in an abnormal number of chromosomes. When one of these reproductive cells contributes to the genetic makeup of a baby, that baby will have an extra or missing chromosome in each of his or her cells. The most common example of this type of chromosomal abnormality is Down syndrome (GHR, 2008a). Chromosomal disorders can also be caused by changes in the structure of one or more chromosomes. These are not as common as chromosomal disorders that are caused by a missing or extra chromosome. Some structural chromosome changes can be inherited. For example, an individual may carry what is called a “balanced” chromosome rearrangement. This means the individual has all of their chromosomal material, but it is rearranged. A woman who carries a balanced chromosome rearrangement has an increased chance of having a spontaneous pregnancy loss and of having children with an unbalanced chromosome rearrangement that can cause physical and or mental disabilities. Other chromosomal rearrangements occur as a result of an accidental event during the formation of egg or sperm, or during early fetal development. These are not commonly inherited (GHR, 2008b). Application of Genetics and Genomics to Nursing Practice Genetics and genomics discoveries are leading to new and improved methods for screening, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of rare and common diseases. Members of the general public will increasingly expect that all registered nurses, including RNs, APNs, and nurse specialists, will use genetic and genomic information and technologies when they are providing nursing care (Consensus Panel, 2006). Nurses at all levels and in all areas of practice will soon be participating in risk assessment for genetic conditions and disorders, explaining genetic risk and genetic testing, and supporting informed health decisions and opportunities for early intervention (Skirton, Patch, & Williams, 2005). The Essential Nursing Competencies and Curricula Guidelines for Genetics and Genomics states: To care for persons/families/communities and/or populations throughout the life span, registered nurses will need to demonstrate proficiency with incorporating genetic and genomic information into their practice (Consensus Panel, 2006, p.7). Examples of applications of genetics and genomics in nursing practice include the following: - recognizing a newborn infant that is at risk for morbidity or mortality due to genetic metabolism errors - identifying an asymptomatic adolescent who is at high risk for hereditary colorectal cancer based on his or her family history - identifying a couple that is at risk for having a child with a genetic condition - assisting with the selection of a drug or dose of a drug, based on genetic markers, in the treatment of an adult who has cancer - helping any patient or family that has questions about genetic or genomic information or services to find reliable information. (Consensus Panel, 2006). It is expected that each nursing curriculum preparing nurses for practice at any level will incorporate genetics and genomics topics and learning experiences into existing classes. Nurse educators, with guidance from the Essential Nursing Competencies and Curricula Guidelines in Genetics and Genomics (2006), will soon be designing and implementing learning experiences that will help students at all levels, along with practicing nurses achieve the genetic and genomic competencies they will need for practice. It is expected that each nursing curriculum preparing nurses for practice at any level will incorporate genetics and genomics topics and learning experiences into existing classes. To help support this integration, the Essential Nursing Competencies and Curricula Guidelines in Genetics and Genomics includes a comprehensive listing of resources for nurse educators (Consensus Panel, Appendix A, 2006). This section will now focus on several examples of nursing roles at all levels of practice in genetic and genomic healthcare including family history collection and pedigree construction, referral for genetic consultation, genetic testing, pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics, and a new type of genetic testing called direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Knowledge of the role of family history in common and rare genetic conditions and disorders is a first step in genetic and genomic risk assessment and early intervention. The United States (U.S.) Surgeon General, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and other government agencies, launched a national public health campaign in 2004 called the U.S. Surgeon General’s Family History Initiative in acknowledgement of the important role of family history in health and disease. The Initiative encourages all American families to learn more about their family history. It offers a computerized tool to help families create a portrait of their family health. Although Americans know that family history is important to their health, as many as one-third have not ever tried to gather and write down their family’s health history (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Nurses can help families learn about their family health history by offering them information about the U.S. Surgeon General’s Family History Initiative. Nurses can help families learn about their family health history by offering them information about the U.S. Surgeon General’s Family History Initiative.Nurses will also need to be prepared to collect a three-generation, family-health history and construct a pedigree from the collected family-history information, using the standardized symbols and terminology (Consensus Panel, 2006). When collecting family history, nurses need to be alert for clients who present with family histories having multiple generations affected with a particular disorder (autosomal dominant inheritance), or those with multiple siblings who have a genetic disorder (autosomal recessive inheritance), or those affected with a disease or condition at an early age (multiple generations with early onset breast and ovarian cancer). When a client is identified as having a family history of a possible inherited genetic disorder, the nurse discusses the family history with the healthcare team and lets the client know that he or she has a risk factor for a disease. The nurse and healthcare team can then offer the patient genetic resources and referral to genetic specialists, including medical geneticists, genetic counselors, and genetics nurse specialists (Consensus Panel, 2006). Genetic and genomic discoveries have led to the development of an increasing number of genetic tests that can be used to identify a trait, diagnose a genetic disorder, and/or identify individuals who have a genetic predisposition to diseases, such as cancer or heart disease. There is now genetic testing for more than 1,600 genetic disorders ranging from single-gene disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, to complex disorders, such as diabetes (GeneTests, 2008). Nurses in all practice settings and at all levels of practice will increasingly be involved with identifying patients who could benefit from genetic testing, educating patients about the nature and purpose of a genetic test, and using genetic testing to guide prevention and treatment of rare and common diseases (Consensus Panel, 2006). Genetic testing is now used in prenatal, pediatric, and adult populations. Prenatal genetic testing is used to screen for and diagnose genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome. Carrier testing helps to identify people who carry one copy of a gene mutation that, when present in two copies, causes a genetic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis. Carrier testing is offered to people who come from certain ethnic groups that have an increased risk of specific genetic disorders, such as Tay-Sachs disease among Ashkenazi Jewish populations. When both parents are tested, the test gives information about a couple’s chance of having a child with a genetic disorder (GHR, 2008n). Newborn screening has expanded to include an increasing number of genetic disorders that could prove to be dangerous if left untreated. Currently many states offer screening for over 29 conditions through their newborn screening programs. Hence, more genetic disorders are being identified in the early newborn period so that interventions and treatments can be administered promptly. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an example of a genetic disorder for which newborn screening is available (GHR, 2008n). Diagnostic genetic testing is used to confirm a diagnosis of a particular genetic disorder when it is suspected based on physical symptoms or positive newborn screening results. Results of a diagnostic test can influence the management of the genetic disorder and a person’s choices about healthcare (GHR, 2008n). Another use of genetic testing is preimplantation genetic testing, also called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). PGD is used to identify genetic changes in embryos that are created using assisted-reproductive technologies, such as in-vitro fertilization. During in-vitro fertilization, a woman’s egg cells are removed from her ovaries and fertilized with sperm outside of her body. A small number of cells are then taken from the embryos and tested for gene mutations or variations. Those embryos without the gene mutations or variations are then implanted in the woman’s uterus to begin her pregnancy (GHR, 2008n). Genetic testing is increasingly offered to adults who are at risk for early onset disorders, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, and hemochromatosis (NHGRI, 2008l). This type of genetic testing is called presymptomatic or predisposition genetic testing. A presymptomatic genetic test is a test for a completely penetrant single-gene disease (meaning that if a person has the disease-causing gene, he or she will develop the disorder). Predisposition genetic testing is a test for a genetic predisposition (incompletely penetrant conditions). Not all individuals who have a positive genetic test result will develop the disease during their lifetime. Presymptomatic and predisposition genetic tests provide asymptomatic individuals with information about whether they have a gene mutation and/or their risk to develop a particular disorder. Presymptomatic and predisposition genetic testing are offered to individuals who come from families with a known adult-onset condition. Information gained from genetic testing indicates an increased or decreased risk for developing the disease or disorder, and also allows for earlier interventions and treatment (GHR, 2008n; NHGRI, 2008j). Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Pharmacogenetics looks at a person’s genetic information regarding how drugs are transported and metabolized in their body... Our knowledge about the role of genetics, in regard to the way in which a person’s body breaks down and responds to certain medicines, is continually increasing. Two new fields of the study and application of genetics and genomics for medical treatment of disease are evolving. One new field is that of pharmacogenetics which deals with the variability of individuals’ responses to medications due to genetic variation. Pharmacogenetics looks at a person’s genetic information regarding how drugs are transported and metabolized in their body and their specific drug receptors. The aim of pharmacogenetics is to create an individualized drug therapy program, thereby allowing for the best choice and dose of drugs. For example, genetic testing for certain genes (CYP2C9 and VKORC1) that affect the metabolism of warfarin, a blood thinner, can now be done to guide warfarin dosage and management and to help prevent adverse side effects (Lea, Feero, & Jenkins, 2008). Another new field is that of pharmacogenomics which looks for genetic variations that are associated with drug discovery and development. Pharmacogenomic research is leading to the development of drugs that can be tailor made for specific individuals and adapted to each person's own genetic makeup. An individual’s environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health can all affect the person's response to medicines. In addition, understanding an individual's genetic makeup can help create personalized drugs that are most effective, and have fewer side-effects, for a specific person (NHGRI, 2008c). For example, it is now known that patients who have advanced colorectal cancer, and who have a mutation in the gene called KRAS in their tumors, should not receive both chemotherapy and the medication called cetuximab (Erbitux), because they are not likely to benefit from the combined treatment. Avoiding this combined treatment could spare them the side effects and cost of this treatment. Experts predict that it will soon become standard practice to test all colorectal tumors for mutations in the KRAS gene before starting those patients who have advanced disease on treatments that involve cetuximab (National Cancer Institute, 2008a). Pharmacogenomic research is leading to the development of drugs that can be tailor made for specific individuals... There is also a test currently used to determine whether a medicine called Herceptin will be an effective treatment in breast cancer. The test determines whether a woman who has metastatic breast cancer tests positive for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2). Those women who have HER2-positive breast cancer have been found to have a more aggressive form of the disease, a greater likelihood of recurrence, a poorer prognosis, and a decreased chance of survival, when compared with those women who have HER2-negative breast cancer. Herceptin, which is designed to target and block the function of HER2 protein overexpression, is given to those women who test positive for HER2 (National Cancer Institute, 2008b). Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Genomic research has also opened the door for private, for-profit companies to use genomic information to develop and market genetic testing directly to consumers via the Internet. Genomic research has also opened the door for private, for-profit companies to use genomic information to develop and market genetic testing directly to consumers via the Internet. There are a growing number of companies that offer direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing to assess genetic health risks. DTC genetic tests usually involve scraping cells from the inside of the cheek and mailing the sample to a testing laboratory that will perform the test. The company analyzes the gene-sequence data, interprets it for the risk information it reveals, and creates a report. The report is sent to directly to the consumer. In some situations, a healthcare provider is not involved. In other situations DTC genetic testing means that healthcare providers, including nurses, will have to deal with the complex genetic test results for common diseases without knowledge, training, or clear guidelines on the subject (Hunter, Khoury, & Drazen, 2008). Other concerns raised by DTC genetic testing include the possibility that the public may misinterpret the genetic information that is given directly to them, or the possibility that they may order genetic tests that are inappropriate. Several organizations, including the National Institutes of Health, are developing programs and resources to educate the general public and healthcare professionals about genetic testing (Feero, Guttmacher, & Collins, 2008). Nursing practice will increasingly involve these new directions in healthcare. Nurses will need to expand their knowledge and skills in tailoring genetic and genomic information and testing to their patients. Having knowledge of both the benefits and limitations of emerging genetic tests will enable nurses to assist consumers to be informed, healthcare decision makers (Lea, Feero, & Jenkins, 2008). Genetics and genomics are increasingly being integrated into the screening, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of rare and common diseases. Nurses are on the frontlines of patient care and need to become knowledgeable about and competent in genetic- and genomic-related healthcare (Consensus Panel, 2006). Nurses also need to know how to find reliable genetic and genomic information for themselves and their patients, and where to refer patients and families for further genetic information and counseling. Tables 2 and 3 provide resources for nurses regarding these activities. Knowledge of basic genetics, genetic principles, and genomic applications and resources will give nurses the foundation to provide competent genomic healthcare today and in the future. Table 2: Basic Genetics Resources Genetics and Genomics for Health Professionals - Genetics and Genomics for Health Professionals provides reliable, up-to-date genetics and genomics information related to patient management, curricular resources, new National Institutes of Health and NHGRI research activities, and ethical, legal, and social issues. www.genome.gov/27527599 Genetics 101 for Health Professionals, National Institutes of Health - The resources in this section provide basic information about genetics and genomics in clear language and provide links to online resources. www.genome.gov/27527637 Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms, National Human Genome Research Institute - The Talking Glossary helps people without scientific backgrounds understand the terms and concepts used in genetic research. Simply click on the term of interest to open a page with a wealth of information, including the term's pronunciation, audio information, images, and additional links to related terms. Students, teachers, and parents will find the glossary an easy-to-use, always available learning source on genetics. www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10002096 From the Blueprint to You, National Human Genome Research Institute – This educational resource explores the world of genetics, DNA, the Human Genome Project, the ethical, legal and social implications of genetic research, and the future of genomics. www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/Modules/BluePrintToYou/Blueprint3to4.pdf Handbook: Help Me Understand Genetics, Genetics Home Reference, National Library of Medicine - Presents basic information about genetics in clear language and provides links to online resources. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook Learn.Genetics , Genetic Science Learning Center , University of Utah - Learn.Genetics delivers educational materials on genetics, bioscience, and health topics. They are designed to be used by students, teachers, and members of the public. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/ DNA from the Beginning – Provides an animated primer on the basics of DNA, genes, and heredity. www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/ \|Table 3 – Clinical Genetics Resources Genetics and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - Established by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) and the Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR), the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) employs experienced information specialists to answer questions in English and Spanish from the general public, including patients and their families, health care professionals, and biomedical researchers. www.genome.gov/10000409 Genetics and Genomics for Patients and the Public - Genetics and Genomics for Patients and the Public provides everything from detailed information about genetic disorders, background on genetic and genomic science, the new science of pharmacogenomics, tools to create your own family health history, and a list of online health resources. www.genome.gov/19016903 Genetics Home Reference - Genetics Home Reference provides consumer-friendly information about the effects of genetic variations on human health. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ Gene Reviews – Features expert-authored, peer-reviewed, current disease descriptions that apply genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients and families with specific inherited conditions. www.genetests.org/servlet/access?id=8888891&key=etn1HekazydBi&fcn=y&fw=8PQs&filename=/about/content/reviews.html Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) – ORDR coordinates research and information on rare diseases at the NIH and for the rare diseases community. The ORDR Web site provides information for patients and their families with rare diseases and about NIH- and ORDR-sponsored biomedical research and scientific conferences. http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/ U.S. Surgeon General's Family History Initiative, Family History Tool - This web-based tool helps users organize family history information and then print it out for presentation to the family doctor. In addition, the tool helps users save their family history information to their own computer and even share family history information with other family members. www.hhs.gov/familyhistory The tool can be accessed at https://familyhistory.hhs.gov/ . Dale Halsey Lea, MPH, RN, CGC, FAAN Dale Halsey Lea is a registered nurse and a Board Certified genetic counselor with more than 20 years experience in clinical and educational genetics. She is currently the Health Educator with the Education and Community Involvement Branch and the Genomic Healthcare Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute. As Health Educator, Ms. Lea develops consumer and health professional genetics and genomics health education and community involvement programs and resources; translates genetic and genomic research results into terms understandable by lay audiences; conducts genetics research for the Education and Community Involvement Branch; and provides administrative support for public and health professional education and community involvement programs. Ms. Lea is widely published in the nursing and genetics/genomics literature in the area of integrating genetics into nursing practice. In 2001, Ms. Lea was inducted as a new Fellow in the American Academy of Nursing, and serves on their Expert Panel on Genetics. Consensus Panel on Genetics/Genomics Nursing Competencies. (2006). Essential nursing competencies and curricula guidelines in genetics and genomics. Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Association. Feero, W.G., Guttmacher, A.E., & Collins, F.S. (2008). The genome gets personal - almost. New England Journal of Medicine, 299(1), 1351-1352. Genetics Home Reference. (2008a). Can changes in the number of chromosomes affect health and development? Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/chromosomalconditions Genetics Home Reference. (2008b). Can changes in the structure of chromosomes affect health and development? Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/structuralchanges Genetics Home Reference. (2008c). Genetic conditions. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/BrowseConditions Genetics Home Reference. (2008d). Genetic recombination. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=geneticrecombination Genetics Home Reference. (2008e). Germline mutation. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=germlinemutation Genetics Home Reference. (2008f). If a genetic disorder runs in my family, what are the chances that my children will have the condition? Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/inheritance/riskassessment Genetics Home Reference. (2008g). Karyotype. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=karyotype Genetics Home Reference. (2008h). Mitochondrial inheritance. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=mitochondrialinheritance Genetics Home Reference. (2008i). Mitosis and meiosis: Cell division. Retrieved December 8, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/mitosismeiosis Genetics Home Reference. (2008j). Multifactorial inheritance. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=multifactorialinheritance Genetics Home Reference. (2008k). Neural tube defects. Retrieved December 1, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=neuraltubedefects Genetics Home Reference. (2008l). Nondisjunction. Retrieved December 1,, 2008, from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=nondisjunction Genetics Home Reference (2008m). Somatic mutation. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=somaticmutation Genetic Home Reference. (2008n). What are the types of genetic tests? Retrieved December 1, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/testing/uses Genetics Home Reference. (2008o). What are the different ways in which a genetic condition can be inherited? Retrieved December 1, 2008 from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/inheritance/inheritancepatterns GeneTests. (2008). Retrieved December 1, 2008 from www.genetests.org Hunter, D.J., Khoury, M.J., &, Drazen, J.M. (2008). Letting the genome out of the bottle - will we get our wish? New England Journal of Medicine, 358(2), 105-107. Jenkins, J. & Lea, D.H. (2005). Nursing care in the genomic era: A case-based approach. Boston, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Lea, D.H., Feero, G., & Jenkins, J.F. (2008). Warfarin therapy and pharmacogenomics: A step towards personalized medicine. American Nurse Today, 3(5), 12 - 13. National Cancer Institute. (2008a). Dictionary of cancer terms: Cetuximab. Retrieved December 5, 2008 from www.cancer.gov/dictionary/?searchTxt=cetuximab&sgroup=Starts+with&lang=&btnGo.x=9&btnGo.y=6 National Cancer Institute. (2008b). Dictionary of cancer terms: Herceptin. Retrieved December 5, 2008, from www.cancer.gov/dictionary/?searchTxt=herceptin+&sgroup=Starts+with&lang=&btnGo.x=8&btnGo.y=7 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008a). About studying the environmental impact: New technology for detecting biological responses to environmental factors. Retrieved December 5, 2008 from www.genome.gov/Pages/Newsroom/Backgrounders/NIEHSBioRespon.pdf National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008b). All about the human genome project. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://www.genome.gov/10001772 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008c). Frequently asked questions about genetic and genomic science. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.genome.gov/19016904 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008d). Frequently asked questions about genetic testing. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from www.genome.gov/19516567#3 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008e). Genetics and genomics for patients and the public. Retrieved December 9, 2008 from www.genome.gov/1901690 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008f). Genome wide association studies. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from www.genome.gov/20019523 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008g). Karyotype. Talking glossary of genetic terms. Retrieved December 5, 2008, from www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=karyotype National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008h). Mendelian inheritance. Talking glossary of genetic terms. Retrieved December 5, 2008, from www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=Mendelian%20inheritance National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008i). Personalized medicine: How the human genome era will usher in a healthcare revolution. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from www.genome.gov/13514107 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008j). Promoting safe and effective genetic testing in the United States. Retrieved December 10, 2008 from www.genome.gov/10002399 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008k). Recessive. Talking glossary of genetic terms. Retrieved December 5, 2008 from www.genome.gov/glossary.cfm?key=recessive National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008l). Specific genetic disorders. Retrieved December 5, 2008, from www.genome.gov/10001204 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008m). Talking glossary of genetic terms. Retrieved December 9, 2008 from www.genome.gov/10002096 National Human Genome Research Institute. (2008n). Types of mutations. Talking glossary of genetic terms. Retrieved December 1, 2008 from, http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion/DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/mutation.cfm?key=mutation Skirton, H., Patch, C., & Williams J. (2005). Applied genetics in healthcare: A handbook for specialist practitioners. Abington, OX14: Taylor & Francis Group. United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2008). Surgeon general's family history initiative. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from www.hhs.gov/familyhistory/ © 2009 OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Article published February 17, 2009 - Clinical Aspects of Genomics: An Update Cynthia A. Prows, MSN, CNS (January 31, 2008) - A Resource Guide for Learning About Genetics Ann Maradiegue, PhD, MSN, CFNP (January 31, 2008) - Incorporating Genetics and Genomics into Nursing Practice: A Demonstration Laura M. Junglen, BSN, RN; Elizabeth L. Pestka, MS, APRN, BC, APNG; MaryLou Clawson, RN; Susan D. Fisher, RN (August 18, 2008) - The Cultural Lens of Genomics Carmen T. Paniagua, EdD, RN, CPC, APRN, BC, ACNP; Robert E. Taylor, M.D., PhD, FACP, FCCP (January 31, 2008) - Genetic and Genomic Healthcare: Ethical Issues of Importance to Nurses Dale Halsey Lea, MPH, RN, CGC, FAAN (January 31, 2008) - An Overview of Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Diseases Laurie Bailey, MS, CGC (January 31, 2008) - Genomics and Nursing Practice: Advancing the Nursing Profession Laurie Badzek, RN, MS, JD; Martha Turner, PhD, RN; Jean F. Jenkins, PhD, RN (January 31, 2008) - The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA): What it Means for Your Patients and Families Dale Halsey Lea, MPH, RN, CGC, FAAN (May 5, 2009)
What Are The Rules With Respect To License Plates In New York? The state of New York requires a license plate to be attached to both the front and rear of a vehicle, except for motorcycles, which require only one plate and is usually attached to the rear of the vehicle. The license plate number is used to find information describing the vehicle including the make, model, color year of manufacture, engine size, name and address of the vehicle’s registered owner and other pertinent information. According to the New York Vehicle and Traffic Law Section 402, a person cannot operate, drive or park a vehicle unless it has a distinctive number (license plate) assigned to it. The license plate cannot be visibly displayed and has to be securely fastened in the front and rear of the vehicle. If a person is caught driving without a license plate in New York he or she will be charged $200 + $93 surcharge with no points added to his or her license. Why Does New York Have Specific Rules On How License Plates Are Displayed? First a license plate allows law enforcement to find basic information about the vehicle including registration status, whether there are any open traffic tickets or any attached criminal issues. New York also uses high-tech cameras to capture certain traffic violations and for toll booth violations. License Plate Recognition Technology (LPR), which uses cameras and computer software to recognize numbers and letters, has been found to be more accurate when a vehicle has both a front and a rear plate. Having both front and rear license plate also generates revenue for the state. When states require two plates they can charge a higher fee for license plate renewal. These fees vary by state, but are generally higher than states that require only a single rear plate. There are different types of license plates, such as a vanity plate that a vehicle owner can buy. A vanity plate or personalized plate is a special type of license plate on a vehicle. The owner pays extra money to have his or her own choice of letters or numbers, such as a slogan, phrase or abbreviation on their plate. If you received a ticket for “No Distinctive Plate/Insecure/Dirty” please contact a traffic law attorney for more information.
Smart phones, Tablets, Wi-Fi (Wireless Local Area Network), 3G, 4G, IPTV etc. have increased the pressure on Ethernet data rates in last five years and hence industries were forced to standardize 10, 40, 100 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) speeds presently, and 400GbE,1Terabit Ethernet (TbE) and 10TbE speeds in coming years. The increase in bit rate depends on the number of users, increase in access, and services. The BW requirement of network is doubling every 18 months while the computer BW is doubling every 24 months as per Moore's law. This road map gives direction to the industries for next several years. According to the roadmap the Global network needs 1TbE in 2015 and 10 TbE by 2020. Such bit rates can be achieved either by very high speed routers and switches which are quite costly or significant optical parallelization to provide cost effective solution. The Ethernet standard was initiated by IEEE802.3 working group in 1970 and then introduced 1GbE in 1998, 10GbE in 2002, and 40 and 100GbE in 2010. It is also standardizing 2.5, 5, 25GbE which is although a back step to 40 and 100GbE. The 25GbE will reduce the cost per bit since 40 and 100GbE are still costly to deploy in the market. Facebook often skip old technology and go for new technology because their data centers grow two to three times every 8 to 10 years. Facebook needs 100 GbE instead of 40 GbE, but 100 GbE is new and quite costly due to optical pluggable electrical-to-optical interface modules. Pluggable modules are not viable solutions due to its cost, heat dissipation, and faceplate density. The optical transport equipments require a multiplexing which adds significant cost. If the backbone routers can support original speed of optical transport, then significant cost due to optical parallelization can be reduced for high speed links in comparison to cost of multiplicity of lower speed links. To achieve 1TbE data rate, IP routers should also be 1Terabit interface. However, optical parallelization will be used till 1TbE interface not available in the market. To improve the efficiency of optical parallelization, substantial improvements in Photonics integration technology is required. Terabit Ethernet will require high capacity interconnections between switches and routers at Internet Exchange and Internet service providers. The photonics integration is very useful when Electrical-to-Optical (E/O) or (O/E) conversion for an ultra high speed interface is required. There are losses when E/O or O/E conversions are done. Silicon-photonics integration is a key process for very high speed optical communication and networks, CPU interconnect, and Data storage in multi-Terabit Ethernet. Silicon photonics allows to build high speed optical communication devices using low cost silicon material rather than expensive gallium and indium semiconductor materials. This permits integration of optical transceivers with multiple wavelengths on System-on-Chip (SoC) to deliver photonic SoC. In this integration silicon material acts as an optical medium. This will eliminate cooling and will save the energy to reduce power consumption. It may be noted that a few centimeters distance on PCB between optical medium and SoC degrades the signal quality at 10Gbps data rates. To overcome such a signal degradation and jitter, SoC and optical transceivers are combined into a single integrated package which replaces multiple external optical transceivers. This helps to reduce data errors which are caused by parasitic elements in the signal path. Optical wave guides, modulators, photo detectors can be integrated in a single device. Silicon photonics provides platform for monolithic integration of optics and microelectronics for very high data streams required in TbE. Monolithic integration provides lower assembly cost and small chip size which results in a lower chip cost. The semiconductor materials used for such a platform are thin 220nm silicon-on-Insulator (SoI) and thick 2-4um SoI. The key challenge is to reduce cost of silicon photonics to 70% which is now spent on packaging and testing of optical components. As on 2015, 400GbE is under development broadly using similar technology as used in 100GbE. The 400GbE standard study group began in March, 2013, approved in 2014 and subsequently the 802.3bs standard is expected by 2017. The 400GbE LAN interfaces will continue parallel transmission approach as used by 100GbE. The 400GbE can be obtained from 4X100Gbps or 16X25Gbps using 4 or 16 wavelengths respectively. Similarly the 1TbE can be achieved using (40X25Gbps) 40 optical lanes in each direction with each lane operating at 25Gbps or 10 optical lanes operating in each direction at 100Gbps (10X100Gbps). The paper discussed on wired LAN with 100, 400GbE, extending to 1TbE which is expected by 2020.
The assessment constitutes a strategic resource to guide school and educational policies towards the country’s cultural, economic and social growth and to encourage the full implementation of the autonomy of educational institutions… to improve the quality of the educational offer and learning… the efficiency and effectiveness of the education and training system. That’s why CISP – together with its partners – has developed a set of tools and guides to allow schools, teachers and students to assess their achievements and progresses after using our project’s resources. The assessment is meant to measure the effectiveness of the Global Citizenship Education activities on the basis of the learning outcomes, as well as of the development of ethos and the compliance of the school policies with the Sustainable Development Goals of the U.N. 2030 Agenda (SDGs). There are two tools available: - A tool for the School: aimed at assessing the status quo and the progresses through 6 criteria related to sustainability and the SDGs. - A set of learning assessment tools related to the Big Ideas aimed at helping teachers to assess their students’ progresses on the basis of their knowledge, competences and willingness to act; Teachers from the 12 countries involved in the project are using and testing the tools at the same time. This will help us compare the results of the adoption of the GCE in school curricula at an international level. Learning Assessment Tools To assess progress, you will find below 4 questionnaires to measure knowledge about climate change, gender inequalities, migration and international inequalities, and cards to assess both global skills and attitudes stimulated during the teaching experience. By giving students the same tool before and after the course you will have the opportunity to assess the progress of your classes. In the "Instructions" document you will find detailed information, but in general you can proceed as follows. STEP 1: Before starting an educational path on the topic you have chosen (e.g. "migrations") submit the migration questionnaire to your students and let them fill in only the initial part. At the same time, you will submit both the global skills and the attitudes form (both remain the same regardless of the chosen theme). Again, you will let your students fill in only the initial part of the questionnaire. STEP 2: At the end of the path you will submit the same three tools to the same students. At that point you will have the possibility to measure your progress. To facilitate this comparison you can use the learning calculation grid that we have created for you at the bottom of this page.
By The Associated Press A Japanese study has found that a drug combination rejected as a cancer treatment in the United States can add years to the lives of people with early lung cancer. Lung cancer is one of the most common and lethal types of cancer, killing 85 percent of its sufferers. Only one other drug, cisplatin, has been shown to improve survival in early stages, and it adds only months. "This is a big surprise to American oncologists," said Dr. Herman Kattlove of Los Angeles, medical editor for the American Cancer Society. In addition, the two-drug combination, called uracil-tegafur, or UFT, is a pill, rather than something which must be dripped into a vein, and it has few side effects, Dr. Yukito Ichinose and others at hospitals around Japan reported in The New England Journal of Medicine today. But UFT would apparently be useful for only a small percentage of the 174,000 people with lung cancer diagnoses each year in the United States — as few as 10,000, by some estimates. It works only against adenomas, also called non-small-cell cancers, and only among patients with small tumors that have not spread out of the lung. Uracil-tegafur was not tested for lung cancer in the United States. Bristol Myers Squibb and Taiho Pharmaceutical did test it against colon cancer, but the Food and Drug Administration rejected their application for approval. It is used in Asia, Europe and Latin America.
The Spring Queen pageant is a unique event where ‘coloured’ female factory workers from the clothing and textile industry in the Western Cape of South Africa compete each year to be crowned “spring queen” of the Southern African Clothing and Textile Worker’s Union (SACTWU). Public resistance to apartheid often resulted in violent racial conflict and for the first time in the garment industry in the 1970s there were acts of retaliation to low wages in the form of strikes. It is within this climate of dissent and harsh backlashes that the Spring Queen pageant emerged around 1978. Local trade unions devised the pageant as a mode of alleviating rising tensions amongst workers. A highlight on the Cape-Town social calendar, thousands of supporters attend the final event at the Good Hope Centre in Cape Town, on the edge of what used to be District Six.
Transformer oil is a liquid that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. Typical motor oil that most people think of, is not the type of oil in a transformer. Transformer oil keeps the transformer cool. It also insulates the transformer and allows electrical components to be more compact than free air apparatus. To improve the cooling process, radiators or “fins” are installed on the side of a transformer. The oil circulates through the transformer by natural convection. Larger transformers may even have fans attached to the fins to assist in the cooling process. Why take oil samples? Transformer oil can be similar to a window of a house. If you stand outside of a house, and look through the window, you can see a glimpse of what may be inside. That is the same for oil. While it may be extremely difficult to physically see inside of a metal tank, we can still analyze the oil and paint the picture of the inside. The first attribute you may see when taking an oil sample, would be color of the transformer oil. Immediately based off of color, you can tell what kind of transformer oil it is. Mineral oil, Silicone oil, or FR3 are the most common oil types in my particular working area. The specifications for all oil is different between each manufacturer, but they are all relatively the same when comparing the same oil types. Flash point is one of the driving factors of which type of oil is to be used. If you have to install a transformer in the basement of a building, 3 floors underground, you may decide you want a higher flash point depending if it is occupied office space. Or if it is a parking garage, you may not care about flash point at all. If it is a government facility, they may mandate biodegradable. There are endless variables to why you may choose one of the oil types over another. How do you take a transformer oil sample? Taking a good oil sample is not a difficult task. Taking a bad oil sample is a very easy task. There is a lot of discussion about proper oil sampling techniques, but being in the field myself, most of these proper techniques are not achievable. 1. You need to know what fluid you are dealing with. (Mineral oil, Silicone, FR3, etc.) 2. You need to identify what the specific gravity is of the oil. (The specific gravity of water is 1.0. Does the oil have a specific gravity >1 or <1. If the oil has a specific gravity >1, this means the oil will settle to the bottom and any water or moisture will sit on top. You need to take your sample from the top. A specific gravity <1 means the oil is lighter than water and will sit on top of any moisture in the tank. You want to take your sample from the bottom.) 3. You need to have the proper tools to do the job. (Adjustable crescent wrench, channel lock pliers, 3/8″ and 1/4″ tubing, empty sterile oil sample bottle and/or DGA syringe, rags, etc.) 4. Locate the transformer sample valve 5. Unscrew the cap, channel lock pliers may be necessary. 6. Loosen the smaller valve. 7. Attach 3/8″ hose and drain waste. Then fill a new container with the sample specimen. 8. Dissolved gas analysis sample should be taken after the general sample. Transformer Oil Sampling Video Do you need to de-energize the transformer before sampling? This can be tricky. Most people will argue that you should de-energize the transformer before taking a sample. You need to verify that the transformer is not under a vacuum and/or has positive pressure on the pressure gauge. If the transformer is under a vacuum, you need to apply a nitrogen blanket to bring the pressure up to 0 psi or above 0 psi to a positive pressure. Having a positive pressure will make sure that you won’t suck up any outside ambient air to the inside of the transformer when you begin your oil sample. Different types of transformers warrant different things. If the transformer is a padmount style transformer that is 13,800V Primary and 480/277V or 208/120V, you may need to de-energize the transformer for safety reasons. Larger transformers in secured locations (behind a security fence) will have a valve on the bottom of the tank that is readily accessible. Use your best judgement on whether or not to de-energize. If you de-energize, make sure you take your oil sample while the transformer windings are still hot. The hotter the windings are, the more moisture content will be expelled from the windings into the oil. Transformer paper insulation absorbs moisture. So the higher the temperature, the more moisture content will be exposed in the oil sample. Available oil types 1. Biodegradable (Envirotemp FR3, biotemp) Envirotemp™ FR3™ fluid is hydrophilic, meaning – water is absorbed by the fluid or wicked away from the insulation paper. At room temperature, FR3 fluid has 10 times the water saturation level as mineral oil (FR3 fluid can dissolve over 1000 mg/kg of water before becoming saturated compared to 60 mg/kg for mineral oil at 20°C.) These oils typically consist of raw vegetable oils. Usually whatever is available on the market at the time of manufacture. The most common oils include sunflower, safflower, and soybean oil. This is 100% edible and meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) criteria for “Ultimate Biodegradability” classification. 2. Mineral oil Mineral Oil is considered as a top choice in outdoor installations where low cost and flammable nature is understood and accepted. 3. Silicone oil Silicone oil is a little less flammable than Mineral oil. It has a high fire point and is typically used in indoor areas like below grade transformer vaults. It can also be used for outdoor applications. Key Thermal Properties: What does a sample tell us? Oil samples are the DNA to a transformer. There are key gasses that we look for in a Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). Acetylene, Hydrogen, Ethylene, Methane and Carbon Monoxide are a few we look out for. Some of the tests performed are: - Dielectric breakdown voltage: ASTM D 877 and/or ASTM D 1816 - Acid neutralization number: ANSI/ASTM D 974 - Specific gravity: ANSI/ASTM D 1298 (Optional) - Interfacial tension: ANSI/ASTM D 971 - Color: ANSI/ASTM D 1500 - Visual Condition: ASTM D 1524 - Water in insulating liquids: ASTM D 1533. - Power factor or dissipation factor in accordance with ASTM D 924. (Optional) \|Arcing\|\|Acetylene\|\|large amounts of acetylene and hydrogen or minor quantities of methane and ethylene can be produced\| \|Corona\|\|Hydrogen\|\|low energy discharges generate hydrogen and methane as well as minor quantities of ethane and ethylene\| \|Overheated Oil\|\|Ethylene & Methane\|\|Overheating will produce ethylene and methane (300°F) or hydrogen and methane (1,112°F). Traces of acetylene may be formed if the fault is severe or involves electrical contacts.\| \|Overheated Cellulose\|\|Carbon Monoxide\|\|f cellulose is overheated, carbon monoxide is generated.\|
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley \|King consort of Scotland\| \|Tenure\|\|29 July 1565 – 10 February 1567\| \|Born\|\|7 December 1545\| Temple Newsam, Yorkshire, England \|Died\|\|10 February 1567 (aged 21)\| Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, Scotland \|Burial\|\|14 February 1567\| \|Issue\|\|James VI and I\| \|House\|\|Stuart (Darnley branch)\| \|Father\|\|Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox\| \|Mother\|\|Lady Margaret Douglas\| Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567) was the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. From his marriage in 1565, he was king consort of Scotland. He was created Duke of Albany shortly before his marriage. Less than a year after the birth of his and Mary's only child, King James VI of Scotland and I of England, Darnley was murdered at Kirk o' Field in 1567. Many contemporary narratives describing his life and death refer to him as Lord Darnley, his title as heir apparent to the Earldom of Lennox, and it is by this appellation that he is known in history. On his mother's side he was a great-grandson of King Henry VII of England. He was the second but eldest surviving son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, by his wife Lady Margaret Douglas which supported her claim to the English succession. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Lady Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England and widow of King James IV of Scotland. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, was born at Temple Newsam, Leeds, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, in 1545. However, this date is uncertain as his parents were not together in early 1545 and a letter of March 1566, from Mary Queen of Scots, indicates Darnley was then nineteen years old. Therefore, the date 1546 would seem probable. A descendant of both James II of Scotland and Henry VII of England, Darnley had potential claims to both the Scottish and English thrones. In 1545, his father, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, was found guilty of treason in Scotland for siding with the English in the War of the Rough Wooing, in opposing Mary of Guise and Regent Arran. The family's Scottish estates were forfeited and his father went into exile in England for 22 years, returning to Scotland in 1564. The Countess of Lennox Margaret Douglas, his mother, had left Scotland in 1528. The young Henry was conscious of his status and inheritance. Well-versed in Latin and familiar with Gaelic, English and French, he received an education befitting his royal lineage, and he excelled in singing, lute playing, and dancing. The Scottish scholar John Elder was among his tutors. Elder advocated Anglo-Scottish union through the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and Prince Edward. His advice to Henry VIII in 1543, was termed the Advice of a Redshank. Another schoolmaster to the young heir was Arthur Lallart, who would later be interrogated in London for having gone to Scotland in 1562. Henry was said to be strong, athletic, skilled in horsemanship and weaponry, and passionate about hunting and hawking. His youthful character is captured somewhat in a letter of March 1554 to Mary I of England from Temple Newsam, where he writes about making a map, the Utopia Nova, and his wish that "every haire in my heade for to be a wourthy souldiour". There was a political dilemma in England arising from the dynastic ambition of the Lennoxes: Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, was third in line to the Scottish throne, and his wife Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, was a niece of Henry VIII, making her a potential successor to the English throne if Elizabeth should die. As Roman Catholics, they posed a threat to English Protestants, Although Elizabeth was bright, witty, and well-educated for her position, as a female she had to prove herself. As she was a Protestant, many Roman Catholics would have liked to see the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, take the throne. They regarded Elizabeth as illegitimate, her parents' marriage not having been recognised by the Catholic Church. Darnley, as a male descended from Henry VII, was also a contender for the English throne. All of these interrelationships made for complex intrigues, spying, strategising and manoeuvering for power at the various courts. When Henry II of France died in July 1559, Lennox's brother John, 5th Sieur d'Aubigny, was elevated in the French court as kinsman of the new French queen, Mary, already Queen of Scots. Aubigny arranged for Darnley to be dispatched to the French court to congratulate Mary and Francis II of France on their accession and seek restoration for Lennox. Mary did not restore Lennox to his Scottish earldom, but she did give 1,000 crowns to Darnley and invited him to her coronation. Lennox's plan was to appeal directly to the Queen of Scots via her ambassador, over the heads of Elizabeth and the Guise. The mission of Lennox's agent, one Nesbit, appears to have been a desperate one; not only was Lennox willing to hand over Darnley and his brother Charles as hostages for his restoration, but he supplied pedigrees of Darnley, indicating his right to the inheritance of England and Scotland and the houses of Hamilton and Douglas. Aubigny was also later accused of supporting Mary's title to the throne of England and hinting that even his nephew had a stronger claim than Elizabeth. Lennox set Nesbit to watch Mary, Darnley and Darnley's tutor, John Elder. In 1559 Nicholas Throckmorton, the English ambassador in Paris, warned Elizabeth that Elder was "as dangerous for the matters of England as any he knew." Lord Paget in March 1560 wrote of the 'well founded' fear that Catholics would raise Darnley to the throne on Elizabeth's death. Francis Yaxley was a Catholic spy discovered in 1562 whose activities led to the arrest of the Lennox family. He had been a clerk of the Signet and from 1549 was employed by William Cecil travelling in France. Yaxley was employed by the Countess of Lennox. He placed Mabel Fortescue and other ladies as servants in the Lennox household at Settrington in November 1560. His interrogation at the Tower of London in February 1562 revealed that he had obtained intelligence about the English Court from the Spanish ambassador, and the ambassador had entrusted him and Hugh Allen with messages and tokens for the Lennoxes and Darnley. Yaxley admitted that his missions were intended to arrange the marriage of the Queen of Scots with Darnley, that Darnley's religion guaranteed him greater success in his suit than the Earl of Arran, and that the countess had many friends in the north. Although the Lennox threat never died out, Elizabeth did not convict the family of treason in 1562 after their arrest nor did she encourage efforts to annul the countess's claim to her throne. Perhaps Elizabeth feared that these investigations could also be directed at herself, or her inaction was intended to ensure the survival of the monarchy by not reducing the number of potential heirs. The Lennox family were released in February 1563, and within a few months, Darnley and his mother were conspicuous by their presence at Court and the favour they received there, although Elizabeth would not accommodate the earl at Court. Sarah Macauley notes three outcomes of the court's decision in the Lennox trial: "Their elevation at Court was, as it turned out in 1563, a useful complication in the succession issue. First, it presented a public statement that the preferences of Parliament (the claim of Catherine Grey in the succession crisis) could not dictate her own policy. Secondly, favouring the Lennoxes could serve as some kind of appeasement of the English Roman Catholics, who, like the Spanish ambassador, might foresee Elizabeth naming Darnley as her successor ... Such speculation would also distract them from favouring the more alarming claim of the Queen of Scots ... Thirdly, and most significantly, the elevation of the Lennoxes presented an obstacle between the Queen of Scots and the English throne. Thus was Darnley's uniquely 'British' inheritance put to use at last ... The subsequent release of Darnley into Scotland and the restoration of his father at the Scottish Court were part of this policy: the political disaster of the Darnley marriage as yet unforeseen." "[I]t may be affirmid Scotland in na manis age that presentlie levis wes in gritter tranquillitie." Marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots On 3 February 1565, Darnley left London and by 12 February, he was in Edinburgh. On 17 February, he presented himself to Mary at Wemyss Castle in Fife. James Melville of Halhill reported that "Her Majesty took well with him, and said that he was the lustiest and best proportioned long man that she had seen." After a brief visit to his father at Dunkeld, Darnley returned with Mary and the court to Holyrood on 24 February. The next day, he heard John Knox preach, and he danced a galliard with Mary at night. From then on, he was constantly in Mary's company. Darnley was his wife's half-first cousin through two different marriages of their grandmother, Margaret Tudor, putting both Mary and Darnley high in the line of succession for the English throne. Darnley was also a descendant of a daughter of James II of Scotland, and so also in line for the throne of Scotland. As a preliminary to the marriage, Darnley was made Lord of Ardmanoch and Earl of Ross at Stirling Castle on 15 May 1565. An entourage of 15 men were made knights, including one of Mary's half brothers, Robert Stewart of Strathdon, Robert Drummond of Carnock, James Stewart of Doune Castle, and William Murray of Tullibardine. In England, a concerned Privy council debated the perils of the intended marriage on 4 June 1565. One of their resolutions was to relax the displeasure shown to Lady Catherine Grey, another rival to Mary Stuart for the English throne. Mary sent John Hay, Commendator of Balmerino, to speak to Elizabeth; Elizabeth demanded Darnley's return, and gave John Hay plainly to understand her small satisfaction. On 22 July, Darnley was made Duke of Albany in Holyrood Abbey, and the banns of marriage were called in the parish of Canongate. A proclamation was made at the Cross of Edinburgh on 28 July that government would be in the joint names of the king and queen of Scots, thus giving Darnley equality with, and precedence over, Mary. This was confirmed in the circulation of a silver ryal in the names of Henry and Mary. On 29 July 1565, the marriage took place by Roman Catholic rites in Mary's private chapel at Holyrood, but Darnley (whose religious beliefs were unfixed – he was raised as a Catholic, but was later influenced by Protestantism) refused to accompany Mary to the nuptial Mass after the wedding itself. Soon after Mary married Darnley, she became aware of his vain, arrogant and unreliable qualities, which threatened the wellbeing of the state. Darnley was unpopular with the other nobles and had a violent streak, aggravated by his drinking. Mary refused to grant Darnley the Crown Matrimonial, which would have made him the successor to the throne if she died childless. By August 1565, less than a month after the marriage, William Cecil heard that Darnley's insolence had driven Lennox from the Scottish court. Mary soon became pregnant. Mary's private secretary, David Rizzio, was stabbed 56 times on 9 March 1566 by Darnley and his confederates, Protestant Scottish nobles, in the presence of the queen, who was six months pregnant. According to English diplomats Thomas Randolph and the Earl of Bedford, the murder of Rizzio (who was rumoured to be the father of Mary's unborn child) was part of Darnley's bid to force Mary to cede the Crown Matrimonial. Darnley also made a bargain with his allies to advance his claim to the Crown Matrimonial in the Parliament of Scotland in return for restoring their lands and titles. When the Spanish Ambassador in Paris heard this news, the headlines were that Darnley "had murdered his wife, admitted the exiled heretics, and seized the kingdom." However, on 20 March, Darnley posted a declaration denying all knowledge of or complicity in the Rizzio murder. Mary no longer trusted her husband, and he was disgraced by the kingdom. On 27 March, the Earl of Morton and Lord Ruthven, who were both present at Rizzio's murder and had fled to England, wrote to Cecil claiming that Darnley had initiated the murder plot and recruited them, because of his "heich quarrel" and "deadly hatred" of Rizzio. Birth of son Following the birth of James, the succession was more secure, but Darnley and Mary's marriage continued to struggle, despite a hunting trip together to Cramalt Tower in the Ettrick Forest in August 1566. Darnley alienated many who would otherwise have been his supporters through his erratic behavior. His insistence that he be awarded the Crown Matrimonial was still a source of marital frustration. Their son was baptised Charles James on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. His godparents were Charles IX of France, Elizabeth I of England and Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy. Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as "a pocky priest", spit in the child's mouth, as was then the custom. In the entertainment, devised by Frenchman Bastian Pagez, men danced dressed as satyrs and sporting tails; the English guests took offence, thinking the satyrs "done against them". The French ambassador described how Darnley was lodged in the castle but stayed in his rooms, and sensing he was out of favour, the ambassador refused to meet with him. Darnley was murdered eight months after James' birth. On the night of 9–10 February 1567, his body and that of his valet were discovered in the orchard of Kirk o' Field, in Edinburgh, where they had been staying. During the weeks leading up to his death, Darnley was recovering from a bout of smallpox (or, it has been speculated, syphilis). He was described as having deformed pocks upon his face and body. He stayed with his family in Glasgow, until Mary brought him to recuperate at Old Provost's lodging at Kirk o' Field, a two-story house within the church quadrangle, a short walk from Holyrood, with the intention of incorporating him into the court again. Darnley stayed at Kirk o' Field while Mary attended the wedding of Bastian Pagez, one of her closest servants, at Holyrood. Around 2 A.M. on the night of 9–10 February 1567, while Mary was away, two explosions rocked the foundation of Kirk o' Field. These explosions were later attributed to two barrels of gunpowder that had been placed in the small room under Darnley's sleeping quarters. Darnley's body and the body of his valet William Taylor were found outside, surrounded by a cloak, a dagger, a chair, and a coat. Darnley was dressed only in his nightshirt, suggesting he had fled in some haste from his bedchamber. Darnley was apparently smothered. There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body. A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. John Knox claimed the surgeons who examined the body were lying, and that Darnley had been strangled, but all the sources agree there were no marks on the body and there was no reason for the surgeons to lie as Darnley was murdered either way. Suspicion quickly fell on the Earl of Bothwell and his supporters, notably Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas, whose shoes were found at the scene, and on Mary herself. Bothwell had long been suspected of having designs on the throne, and his close relationship with the queen gave rise to rumours they were sexually intimate. This was viewed as a motive for Bothwell to have Darnley murdered, with help from some of the nobility and seemingly with royal approval. Mary had been looking at options for removing Darnley, and had discussed ideas at Craigmillar Castle in November 1566, though her ideas were for divorce. The problem was the risk making her son illegitimate. Soon after Darnley's death, Bothwell and Mary left Edinburgh together. There are two points of view about the circumstances: in the first, Bothwell kidnapped the queen, took her to Dunbar Castle, and raped her. In the second, Mary was a willing participant in the kidnapping, and the story of rape was a fabrication, so her honour and reputation were not ruined by her marriage to a man widely suspected of murder. Mary later miscarried twins by Bothwell while a prisoner at Lochleven Castle. A soldier under the pay of Bothwell, Captain William Blackadder of the Clan Blackadder, was one of the first non-participant to happen upon the scene, and for that reason was treated as a suspect. He was convicted and executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered before each of his limbs was nailed to the gates of a different Scottish town.[better source needed] Bothwell was put on trial in Edinburgh and found not guilty. Suspicions that Mary colluded with conspirators in her husband's death or that she took no action to prevent his death led to the loss of her supporters and the loss of the Scottish crown. Bothwell escaped to Shetland and Norway. Mary was captured by her enemies at the battle of Carberry. In 1568 Mary's involvement in the murder was discussed in England in conferences at York and Westminster which ended with no definitive findings. The Casket letters were produced as evidence against her, alleged to have been written by Mary, they seemed to indicate her support for the killing. The letters were purportedly found by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, in Edinburgh in a silver box engraved with an "F" (for Francis II), along with others documents, including the Mary-Bothwell marriage certificate. Before Morton's execution in 1581, he admitted having knowledge of the murder plot, and that Bothwell and Archibald Douglas were "chief actors" in Darnley's murder. Burial and missing remains Darnley was buried in the Royal Vault at Holyrood Abbey in 1567 alongside the bodies of several royals: King David II, King James II, Arthur, Duke of Rothesay, Madeleine of Valois, James, Duke of Rothesay, Arthur, Duke of Albany and King James V. In 1668, the vault was opened by mobs, and sometime later (between 1776 and 1778), the vault was raided and the skull of Lord Darnley was stolen. In 1928, a paper was published by Karl Pearson, detailing his vast research into the skull of Lord Darnley. In his paper, Pearson discussed the possibility of Darnley's skull residing in the Royal College of Surgeons’ museum. In 2016, at the request of the University of Edinburgh, research was undertaken to identify whether a skull in the university's collection could be Darnley's stolen remains. The Royal College of Surgeons' skull and the Edinburgh one were examined and compared to portraits of Darnley by Emma Price at the University of Dundee. The conclusion was that the Edinburgh skull could not be Darnley's, but the Royal College of Surgeons' one (which had been destroyed in the Blitz) was a good match. A historical facial reconstruction was then produced. Poetry and The Bannatyne Manuscript Darnley was the author of 'Darnley's Ballet', 'Gife langour makis men licht', and potentially 'Quhair luve is kendlit confortless' [attribution uncertain] printed in the Bannatyne manuscript (1570 ca.). - PG 2279, www.nationalgalleries.org - Elaine Finnie Greig, 'Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 4 March 2012 - Mary Queen of Scots, by Antonia Fraser, 13th reprint, London: 1989; ISBN 0-297-17773-7 - Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, 1545–1567. PG 2471, www.nationalgalleries.org - Weir, Alison (2015). The Lost Tudor Princess: The Life of Lady Margaret Douglas. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 131. ISBN 9780345521392. - Elaine Finnie Greig, 'Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 - Daniel, William S. (1852), History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Pub. Edinburgh: Duncan Anderson. p. 62 - Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 18 part 2, (1902), no. 539: Bannatyne Miscellany, Edinburgh vol. 1, (1827), 1–6 - Calendar State Papers Domestic 1547–1580, (1856), pp. 201, 203 - Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters illustrative of British History, 2nd series vol. 2, (1827) pp. 249–251 - Macauley, (2004), p. 267 - Macauley, (2004), p. 268 - Macauley, (2004), pp. 268–269 - Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth, vol. 1 - The Lennox Crisis, 1558–1563; Sarah Macauley, Christ's College, Cambridge. Northern History, 41:2 (Sept. 2004), p. 276. - HMC Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury, vol. 1 (London, 1883), pp. 74, 118, 121, 147; vol. 2 (1888), p. 509: CSP Domestic, Elizabeth: 1547–1580 (London, 1856), p. 90. - CSP Domestic, Elizabeth: 1547–1580 (London, 1856), pp. 164, 171, 177. - Macauley, (2004), p. 284: CSP Domestic 1547–1580 (London, 1856), p. 195. - Macauley, (2004), p. 287 - Macauley, Sarah. 'The Lennox Crisis, 1558–1563.', in Northern History 41.2 (2004), pp. 267–287 - Cameron, Annie I., ed., Warrender Papers, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1931), p. 43, Maitland's oration in parliament. - "Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, (1545–1567) and Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587), National Trust Inventory Number 1129218". National Trust collections. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014. - Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 125-6. - Melville, James (1973). Gordon Donaldson (ed.). Memoirs of his own life. New York: AMS Press. ISBN 0404527183. - Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 128. - The Scots Peerage, vol. I, p. 155. - Goodare, Julian, 'Queen Mary's Catholic Interlude', in Mary Stewart Queen in Three Kingdoms: Innes Review, vol.37 (1987), p. 158: Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 161 no. 181. - Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 175, 194. - Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 175–177, 178. - Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 184. - Daniel, William S. (Edinburgh, 1852), History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood, p. 67. - Davison, Meredith Henry Armstrong, The Casket Letters 1965. - Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol.2 (1900), pp.259–61 no.351, 6 March 1566, or so Randolph and Bedford were advised before the murder. - Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol.2 (1900), 270–1 no.364 & no.369. - "The Darnley Sycamore". Forestry Commission Scotland – Heritage Trees of Scotland website. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2009. - Jenny Wormald, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 2001), p. 163. - "BBC – History – James I and VI". Retrieved 20 September 2018. - Stewart, Alan (31 October 2011). The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I. Random House. ISBN 9781448104574. - Walton, K. (28 November 2006). Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy: Mary Queen of Scots and the Politics of Gender and Religion. Springer. ISBN 9780230285958. - Weir, Alison (18 December 2007). Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Murder of Lord Darnley. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307431479. - Murdoch, Steve (2006). Network North: Scottish Kin, Commercial And Covert Associations in Northern Europe 1603–1746. BRILL. ISBN 9004146644. - Agnes Strickland, Letters of Mary Queen of Scots, vol. 3 (London, 1843), pp. 16-7. - Knapton, Sarah (August 2016). "Face of Lord Darnley revealed – Mary Queen of Scots' 'lusty and well proportioned' husband". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 September 2017. - "Mary, Mary, quite Contrary." Off Our Backs 19 February 1971: 11-. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 15 Mar 2012 . - Weir 2008, p. 296; Wormald 1988, p. 161 - Weir 2008, p. 252; Greig 2004 - Weir 2008, p. 255 - Jenny Wormald, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 2001), pp. 163-4. - Antonia Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots (Panther, 1970), p. 409. - Lord Herries (1837), Historical memoirs of the reign of Mary Queen of Scots and a portion of the reign of King James the Sixth, p. 84. - Robert Pitcairn, Ancient Criminal Trials (Edinburgh, 1833), pp. 489-90. - Jenny Wormald, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 2001), pp. 174. - MacRobert, A. E. (2002). Mary, Queen of Scots and the casket letters. International Library of Historical Studies. 25. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-829-8. - George Hewitt, Scotland under Morton (Edinburgh, 1982), pp. 198-202. - "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mary Queen of Scots". Newadvent.org. 1 October 1910. Retrieved 9 September 2012. - Wilson, Daniel (1890). "Queen Mary and the legend of the black turnpike" (PDF). The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. XXIV: 415–435 – via Archaeology Data Service. - Pearson K (1928) The skull and portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their bearing on the tragedy of Mary, Queen of Scots. Biometrika 20: 1–104 - Price, Emma (2016). "Lord Darnley". Forming Faces. - Anderson, Duncan (1849). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Edinburgh, Scotland: Keeper of the Chapel Royal. p. 58. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011. about the beginning of February 1565-6, the Seigneur de Rembouillet, with a deputation from the King of France, arrived at the Palace, to present Darnley with the order of St. Michael, known as the Scallop or Cockle-shell Order, so called from the escallop shells of which the collar was composed. The investiture was performed after the celebration of mass in the Chapel-Royal - "Scottish Poets". scotspoets.cath.vt.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2020. - "(1) - Scottish Text Society publications > New series > Bannatyne manuscript > Volume 4, 1930 - Publications by Scottish clubs - National Library of Scotland". digital.nls.uk. Retrieved 2 December 2020. \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.\| - Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots by Caroline Bingham - Macauley, Sarah, 'Lennox Crisis', in Northern History vol.41.2 (2004) subscription or ATHENS login required. - Greig, Elaine Finnie (2004). "Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26473. Retrieved 3 March 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required) - Weir, Alison (2008) . Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley. London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-952707-7. - Wormald, Jenny (1988). Mary, Queen of Scots. London: George Philip. ISBN 978-0-540-01131-5. Title last held byFrancis II of France \| King consort of Scots Title next held byAnne of Denmark as queen consort \|Peerage of Scotland\| \|New creation\|\| Duke of Albany
Town of Truckee Donner Pass Road \|Incorporated\|\|March 23, 1993\| \|• Total\|\|33.65 sq mi (87.16 km2)\| \|• Land\|\|32.32 sq mi (83.71 km2)\| \|• Water\|\|1.33 sq mi (3.45 km2) 3.96%\| \|Elevation\|\|5,817 ft (1,773 m)\| \| • Estimate \| \|• Density\|\|507.12/sq mi (195.80/km2)\| \|Time zone\|\|UTC-8 (Pacific)\| \|• Summer (DST)\|\|UTC-7 (PDT)\| \|GNIS feature IDs\|\|1667886, 2413403\| Truckee (originally Coburn Station) is an incorporated town in Nevada County, California, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 16,180, reflecting an increase of 2,316 from the 13,864 counted in the 2000 Census. The town’s original name was Coburn Station, commemorating a saloon keeper. It was renamed Truckee after a Paiute chief, whose assumed Paiute name was Tru-ki-zo. He was the father of Chief Winnemucca and grandfather of Sarah Winnemucca. The first Europeans who came to cross the Sierra Nevada encountered his tribe. The friendly chief rode toward them yelling, “Tro-kay!”, which is Paiute for “Everything is all right”. The unaware travelers assumed he was yelling his name. Chief Truckee later served as a guide for John C. Frémont. Geography and climate According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.7 square miles (87 km2), of which 32.3 square miles (84 km2) is land and 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2) (3.96%) is water, mostly the Truckee River, the only outlet of Lake Tahoe. Truckee has a dry-summer continental climate (Köppen Dsb). Winters are chilly with regular snowfall, while summers are warm to hot and dry, with occasional periods of intense thunderstorms. Its location near the Sierra Nevada crest at 1,798 metres (5,899 ft) provides conditions for winter storms to commonly deposit nearly a meter of snow in a 24-hour storm event and the occasional week-long storm event can deliver 2 to 3 metres (79 to 118 in) of snow. The National Weather Service reports that Truckee’s warmest month is July with an average maximum temperature of 82.7 °F (28.2 °C) and an average minimum temperature of 42.4 °F (5.8 °C). January is the coldest month with an average maximum temperature of 40.9 °F (4.9 °C) and an average minimum temperature of 16.3 °F (−8.7 °C). The record maximum temperature of 104 °F (40 °C) was on July 6, 2007. The record minimum temperature of −28 °F (−33.3 °C) was on February 27, 1962. Annually, there are an average of 8.4 days with highs of 90 °F (32.2 °C) or higher and 239 with a high above 50 °F (10 °C). Freezing temperatures have been observed in every month of the year and there are an average of 228.4 nights with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or lower – seven more than Fairbanks and only eight fewer than Nome – but only 6.0 nights with lows of 0 °F (−17.8 °C) or lower and 15.6 days where the high does not top freezing. Normal annual precipitation in Truckee is 30.85 inches (783.6 mm); measurable precipitation (0.01 inches (0.25 mm) or more) occurs on an average of 87.0 days annually. The most precipitation in one month was 23.65 inches (600.7 mm) in December 1955, and the most precipitation in 24 hours was 5.21 inches (132.3 mm) on February 1, 1963. The wettest calendar year has been 1996 with 54.62 inches (1,387.3 mm) and the driest 1976 with 16.04 inches (407 mm), although the extremes by “rain year” are a maximum of 53.50 inches (1,358.9 mm) between July 1981 and June 1982 and a low of 15.91 inches (404.1 mm) between July 2000 and June 2001. Truckee has an average of 204.3 inches (5.19 m) of snow annually, which makes it the fifth-snowiest city in the United States, while snow cover usually averages 28 inches (0.71 m) in February, but has exceeded 115 inches (2.92 m). The most snow in one month was 196.0 inches (4.98 m) in February 1938, and the most in a season was 444.30 inches (11.29 m) between July 1951 and June 1952. The maximum 24-hour snowfall was 34.0 inches (0.86 m) on February 17, 1990. \|Climate data for Truckee Ranger Station, California (1971-2000; extremes 1948-)\| \|Record high °F (°C)\|\|64 \|Average high °F (°C)\|\|40.9 \|Average low °F (°C)\|\|16.3 \|Record low °F (°C)\|\|−20 \|Average precipitation inches (mm)\|\|5.35 \|Average snowfall inches (cm)\|\|46.4 \|Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch)\|\|10.9\|\|10.7\|\|11.4\|\|8.7\|\|7.3\|\|4.2\|\|2.4\|\|2.7\|\|4.2\|\|5.4\|\|9.0\|\|10.1\|\|87\| \|Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch)\|\|7.9\|\|8.0\|\|7.3\|\|4.5\|\|1.8\|\|0.3\|\|0.0\|\|0.0\|\|0.2\|\|1.2\|\|5.1\|\|6.9\|\|43.2\| \|Source #1: NOAA (normals, 1971–2000) \| \|Source #2: The Weather Channel (extremes) Truckee Ranger Stn, California (Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary) \| \|U.S. Decennial Census\| The 2010 United States Census reported that Truckee had a population of 16,180. The population density was 480.8 people per square mile (185.6/km²). The racial makeup of Truckee was 13,992 (86.5%) White, 3,016 (18.6%) Hispanic or Latino, 60 (0.4%) African American, 95 (0.6%) Native American, 241 (1.5%) Asian, 15 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 1,431 (8.8%) from other races, and 346 (2.1%) from two or more races. The Census reported that 16,137 people (99.7% of the population) lived in households, 43 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 6,343 households, out of which 2,135 (33.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,443 (54.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 411 (6.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 314 (5.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 502 (7.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 43 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,382 households (21.8%) were made up of individuals and 275 (4.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54. There were 4,168 families (65.7% of all households); the average family size was 2.98. The population was spread out with 3,769 people (23.3%) under the age of 18, 1,139 people (7.0%) aged 18 to 24, 5,030 people (31.1%) aged 25 to 44, 4,986 people (30.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,256 people (7.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.3 males. There were 12,803 housing units at an average density of 380.4 per square mile (146.9/km²), of which 4,326 (68.2%) were owner-occupied, and 2,017 (31.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.8%. 10,783 people (66.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 5,354 people (33.1%) lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,864 people, 5,149 households, and 3,563 families residing in the town. The population density was 426.1 people per square mile (164.5/km²). There were 9,757 housing units at an average density of 299.8 per square mile (115.8/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 88.4% White, 0.3% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 7.6% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.8% of the population. There were 5,149 households out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-families. 18.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.09. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 36.8% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $58,848, and the median income for a family was $62,746. Males had a median income of $38,631 versus $29,536 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,786. About 2.8% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 2.0% of those age 65 or over. Recent land clearing outside town limits may affect the population. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Truckee. The town's passenger rail station is located at 10065 Donner Pass Road in the historic downtown. Amtrak Train 5, the westbound California Zephyr, departs Truckee daily with service to Colfax, Roseville, Sacramento, Davis, Martinez, and Emeryville across the bay from San Francisco. Amtrak Train 6, the eastbound California Zephyr, departs Truckee daily with service to Reno, Sparks, Winnemucca, Elko, Salt Lake City, Provo, Helper, Green River, Grand Junction, Glenwood Springs, Denver, Omaha, Galesburg, and Chicago. Capitol Corridor service from San Jose has been proposed, with the intention of going to Reno, Nevada. It is uncertain whether that extension may ever happen because there is only a single-track tunnel through the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountains at Norden, California. Traffic is heavy, often with trains waiting on either side to cross through, and therefore the Union Pacific railroad has said in the past that it is unlikely that Amtrak passenger rail travel will increase in frequency unless a second tunnel is built. There is a free public bus, operated by neighboring Placer County, California; this connects the Truckee train station to the West Shore of Lake Tahoe, and a second goes to Incline Village, Nevada. There are also winter ski buses between Reno Airport and the ski areas near Truckee. Greyhound operates from the Amtrak rail station, going west to Sacramento and San Francisco, and east to Reno, Salt Lake City and Denver. There are also private bus companies from the San Francisco Bay Area which bring skiers up to Truckee for day trips. Interstate 80 passes just to the north of central Truckee. Essentially, it follows the old emigrant wagon route. Reno is 31 miles (50 km) to the east on I-80. State Route 89, a north-south highway, connects Truckee to the West Shore of Lake Tahoe. The Truckee-Tahoe Airport provides access to the North Lake Tahoe recreational area through general aviation services. The airfield boasts a 7000-foot main runway and a 4600-foot crosswind runway. The airport is not serviced by any commercial airline at the present time. There are also glider tours operated from the airport. The town is governed by a five-member Town Council, which elects one of its members as Mayor; the mayor presides over meetings and ceremonial events, but has no other special responsibilities. The mayor as of April 2017 is Morgan Goodwin. The first mayor of Truckee was Kathleen Eagan. State and federal representation There are no four-year universities in Truckee. The closest large universities are in Reno, Nevada and Sacramento, California. The two-year Sierra College, headquartered in Rocklin, has its Tahoe-Truckee campus in town. Students can complete all the requirements for a two-year Associate of Arts degree at this campus, as well as various certificates, such as Accounting. The Tahoe-Truckee Unified School District provides K-12 education to Truckee and the Lake Tahoe area with nine traditional schools, of which two elementary schools, a middle school, elementary school and Truckee High School are in the town itself. A newer middle school was recently built as well. In interscholastic athletics, due to Truckee's isolation from the rest of California by the Sierra Nevada crest, Truckee High competes in the Nevada Interscholastic Activities Association along with four other similarly isolated California schools: North Tahoe High School, South Tahoe High School, Coleville High School, and Needles High School. This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Habitation by Native Americans The Truckee River flows from Lake Tahoe for approximately 100 miles northeast to the border of the arid Great Basin of Nevada and Utah and into Pyramid Lake. This water source formed a natural, seasonal route for Native Americans. Although no particular tribe is considered to have inhabited Truckee year-round, the Washoe people occupied a large territory roughly centered in the modern day Carson City area, but Shoshone and Paiute Tribes were also present (the Paiute Tribe Reservation now encompasses Pyramid Lake). These peoples are considered to be the primary source of Native American travelers in the area. Hobart Mills, just north of Truckee on Highway 89, has a large, horizontal, circular petroglyph of the type common to travel routes in Nevada. The date of that petroglyph, as well as several etched into granite slabs on the summit west of Truckee, are not agreed upon. But those artifacts, as well as the abundance of arrowheads throughout the Truckee region, attest to a minimum of hundreds of years of Native American presence. It is possible that, like the Shoshone, Ute people and earlier Fremont tribes of Utah and Eastern Nevada, the nearby Native American populations fluctuated over the course of millennia as a result of weather cycles, food source, and possibly disease or war. Some historians date the pre-Fremont culture of Eastern Nevada to as early as 10,000 B.C. and it's likely that the Eastern side of the Sierra Nevada mountains next to Truckee, since it faces the Great Basin, had Native Americans of a hunter-gatherer culture visit at least as early as 3,000 B.C. These people were probably of a purely nomadic group since datable housing structures like those found in Nevada and Utah are not present. Like most of the modern history of the West, as the European settlers' population increased, the Native American population decreased. The Gold Rush of 1849 caused a surge in fortune-seeking settlers (although Truckee itself wasn't settled until later). It is not known exactly when the last indigenous Native Americans passed through Truckee, but there is Washoe people oral history of the Donner Party tragedy of the winter of 1846–47. This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Donner Party ordeal is arguably Truckee's most famous historical event. In 1846, a group of settlers from Illinois, originally known as the Donner-Reed Party but now usually referred to as the Donner Party, became snowbound in early fall as a result of several trail mishaps, poor decision-making, and an early onset of winter that year. Choosing multiple times to take shortcuts to save distance compared to the traditional Oregon Trail, coupled with infighting, a disastrous crossing of the Utah salt flats, and the attempt to use the pass near the Truckee River (now Donner Pass) all caused delays in their journey. Finally, a large, early blizzard brought the remaining settlers to a halt at the edge of what is now Donner Lake, about 1,200 feet (370 m) below the steep granite summit of the Sierra Nevada mountains and 90 miles (140 km) east of their final destination, Sutter's Fort (near Sacramento). Several attempts at carting their few remaining wagons, oxen, and supplies over the summit—sometimes by pulling them up by rope—proved impossible due to freezing conditions and a lack of any preexisting trail. The party returned, broken in spirit and short of supplies, to the edge of Donner Lake. A portion of the camp members also returned to the Alder Creek campsite a few miles to the east. During the hard winter the travelers endured starvation and were later found to have practiced cannibalism. Fifteen members constructed makeshift snowshoes and set out for Sutter's Fort in the late fall but were thwarted by freezing weather and disorientation. Only seven survived: two were lost, and six died. Those who died were used as food by those who remained. The Truckee camp survivors were saved by a Reed Party member who had set out ahead after having been ejected from the party months earlier for killing another man in a violent argument. Seeing that the group never arrived at Sutter's Fort, he initiated several relief parties. Other historical events Truckee grew as a railroad town originally named Coburn Station, starting with the Transcontinental Railroad. The railroad goes into downtown Truckee, and the Amtrak passenger lines still stop there on the trip from Chicago to San Francisco. In 1886, the Chinese inhabitants, about 1,400 in number, were expelled from Truckee as part of a campaign that included a boycott of any business that did business with Chinese. Truckee reportedly had one of the nation's first mechanized ski lifts at the site of the Hilltop Lodge. The historic Hilltop Lodge was converted to a restaurant in the 1940s by the Crandall Brothers, and eventually became Cottonwood Restaurant and Bar. There were possibly two rope tows and a Poma lift, which was installed in 1954. At the same location there was a ski jump constructed during the early 1900s that was designed by Lars Haugen, a seven-time Olympic ski jumping champion. - "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014. - "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jun 28, 2017. - "Truckee". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. - "Truckee (town) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2015. - "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017. - Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 570. ISBN 1-884995-14-4. - Truckee Donner Historical Society, Inc. "Truckee History". TruckeeHistory.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. - "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. - Greg de Nevers, Deborah Stanger Edelman, Adina M. Merenlender (2013). The California Naturalist Handbook. University of California Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-0-520-27480-8.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) - Truckee Ranger Station: General Climate Summary – Precipitation - Truckee Ranger Station (049043) Snow Depth - Truckee Ranger Station: Monthly Snowfall Totals - "Climatography of the United States NO.81" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2011. - "Monthly Averages for Truckee, CA". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 16, 2011. - "Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary (7/1/1948-12/31/2005)". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved March 31, 2011. - "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. - "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Truckee town". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2014. - "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. - Town of Truckee Municipal Codes/Charter, Title 1, Chapter 1.05 Archived 2011-10-09 at the Wayback Machine - "Town Council". Town of Truckee. Retrieved April 15, 2017. - "History of Town Council Members". Town of Truckee. Town of Truckee. Retrieved 21 November 2018. - "Senators". State of California. Retrieved March 10, 2013. - "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved March 2, 2013. - "California's 4th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 2, 2013. - "Letter from California: A New Look at the Donner Party". Archaeology Archive. Retrieved June 2012. Check date values in: - "Chinatown Truckee". Chinese Historical Society of Southern California. Archived from the original on 2008-12-17. - Donner Historical Society, Inc. "History". TruckeeHistory.org. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. - "State of California - The Resources Agency, Dept. of Parks and Recreation, Primary Record" (Cottonwood Restaurant/Hilltop Lodge). 2003-11-11: THRI–210. - "Surrounded by History". Cottonwood Restaurant. Retrieved 9 April 2016. - Truckee Historical Inventory - Meschery, Joanne (1978) Truckee: An Illustrated History of the Town and its Surroundings. Truckee, California: Rocking Stone Press. - Darabi, P., & Sparksworthy, L. (2002). Women of Truckee making history: a collection of profiles of some of the exceptional and dedicated women in Truckee, California. Truckee, Ca: Dr. Homa Darabi Foundation. - Hagaman, W. R. (2004). The Chinese must go!: the Anti-Chinese boycott, Truckee, California - 1886. Nevada City, California: The Cowboy Press. \|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Truckee.\|
Observations suggest that star formation occurs in only one or two crossing times for a range of scales spanning a factor of ~1000. These observations include (1) measurements of embedded cluster ages in comparison with the cloud core dynamical times, (2) measurements of the age difference versus separation for clusters in the Large Magellanic Clouds in comparison with the crossing time versus size correlation for molecular clouds, (3) the hierarchical structure of embedded young clusters, and (4) the high fraction of dense clouds that contain star formation. Such a short overall timescale for star formation implies that sources of turbulent energy or internal feedback are not required to explain or extend cloud lifetimes and that star and protostar interactions cannot be important for the stellar initial mass function. Stars appear in a cloud as if they freeze out of the gas, preserving the turbulent-driven gas structure in their birth locations. The Galaxy-wide star formation rate avoids the Zuckerman-Evans catastrophe, which has long been a concern for molecular clouds that evolve this quickly, because the multifractal structure of interstellar gas ensures that only a small fraction of the mass is able to form stars. Star formation on large scales operates more slowly than on small scales, but in most cases the whole process is over in only a few dynamical times.
Following trauma to the toe it is necessary to define a fracture or just a sprain. Fractured is extreme pain while movement bruised finger, and violation of motor function of the limb. It may be accompanied by edema and hemorrhage under the skin or nail of the finger. Obvious signs are unnatural finger position, the crunch of bone fragments with pressure, and abnormal mobility. Relative characteristics in varying degrees, expressed almost always, but depending on the localization of fracture, their intensity can differ significantly. There are cases when the pain syndrome is expressed is so weak that the victim did not even know about the existence of bone fracture. And only after some time (sometimes very long) increasing pain forced him to seek help from a doctor. A fracture of the big toe has its own characteristics. As this finger is bigger than the other, consists of only two phalanges, and not three, like all others, and also tests the main load when walking, his fracture is almost always accompanied by sharp pain and swelling spreading to neighboring fingers, and sometimes the entire foot. The diagnosis of a fracture of the toe is based on history, that is, through questioning of the patient and the comparison of the signs. After that, the doctor will establish the relative and absolute signs of. To confirm the diagnosis, the patient will be assigned to radiographic examination. During the adoption of the fracture will be assigned to treatment, which depends on the location and extent of damage. At the first symptoms of a fracture immediately contact the doctor-traumatologist. Do not self-medicate, because the diagnosis can be put only by the doctor.
\|Latest news \| Subscribe\| New Uses for MilkweedBy Linda McGraw October 1, 1999 Milkweed is a nasty perennial weed, but its chances of growing into a new cultivated crop are getting better, thanks to Agricultural Research Service scientists who are finding several uses for milkweeds many parts. Wild milkweed grows along roadsides and in fields in the eastern U.S. as far south as Georgia. Industry has known the value of its fiber, but is now learning the value of its meal and oil. Milkweed fiber has become the mainstay of a small company, Natural Fibers Corp. of Ogallala, Neb., which began marketing milkweed floss as a filler for comforters in 1989. ARS textile engineers in New Orleans, La., aided the entrepreneurs in blending the floss with cotton to produce a non-woven product. The problem: what to do with the leftover seedmeal? It contains compounds called cardenolides that produce heart palpitations in people and animals. So the meal can't be used in animal feed. But ARS chemists at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, Ill., have found that the seedmeal kills nematodes and fall armyworms. These pests destroy potatoes, tomatoes, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, corn and alfalfa. In field studies with Washington State University researchers in Prosser, Wash., milkweed seedmeal killed 97 percent of nematodes on potatoes. Incorporating the seedmeal into the soil might be an alternative to methyl bromide, now severely restricted in the U.S. and other countries. More good news: Peoria chemist Rogers E. Harry-O'kuru found that milkweed oil--rich in Vitamin E--is free of cardenolides. This knowledge may help establish another market for milkweeds parts: skin moisturizers. Milkweed oil, modified with lipase enzyme, can hold 18 percent more moisture than unmodified oil, making it an ideal moisturizer ingredient. ARS' research success on milkweed is just one example of developing value-added products from nontraditional crops: rapeseed, crambe, jojoba, meadowfoam, kenaf, milkweed, lesquerella, cuphea, vernonia and euphorbia lagascae. ARS is USDA's chief scientific agency. Scientific contact: Rogers E. Harry-Okuru, New Crops Research Unit, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Ill., phone (309) 681-6341, fax (309) 681-6524, [email protected].
\| Boiling Point No. 06 - April 1984 \| by Bill Stewart ITDG Stoves Project To calculate the amount of energy in a woody fuel it is necessary to know the moisture content. Where there is no access to an oven with a thermostat the following oven can be made from a cheap commercial sheet metal oven, three light bulbs and fittings, some wire and wood. In a small oven (35 x 35 x 40 cm) it is possible to keep time infernal temperature around 100ºC with about, 210 watts of lighting. The internal temperature should be checked with a thermometer because differedt designs of ovens or different ambient temperatures can change the results. The power output can be altered by changing the light bulbs' or lifting the oven off the ground. It is best to keep the fuel to be dried at least 7 cm away from bare light bulbs as the temperatures will be considerably higher right next to them.
In the high school we have been building thus far in this book, a high school that is making the jump from being good to becoming great, teachers agree on clear, course-level learning goals, communicate these goals to students, and deliver well-designed units of instruction. They work in course-level or department teams to collaboratively develop rubrics or scoring scales detailing targeted levels of performance for course learning goals. These teachers also use common assessments or items drawn from an assessment bank to provide students with frequent corrective feedback at appropriate points in the learning progression. By this point, our school has already become a high-performing organization. The next step in this process is to design opportunities for students, teachers, teams of teachers, and, perhaps even schools and districts, to track student progress. Displaying Students' Results Graphically For more than a decade, formative assessment pioneer Rick Stiggins has been an advocate for student involvement in record keeping as both a powerful trigger for productive emotions and as a research-based strategy for increasing student achievement ("Using asssessment," 1997). It is motivating for students to see that they are making progress toward an important learning goal, even if they are not yet performing at the highest level as identified by a rubric.
- Why is Victor stranded on the ice? - Why is the creature in Frankenstein evil? - What is the main point of Frankenstein? - Why was Frankenstein banned? - What does the creature want most in life? - What happens after the creature comes to life? - Does Frankenstein’s monster have blood? - Is the creature in Frankenstein a human? - Are Monsters bad for you? - What discovery did Victor make that seemed so simple and yet was brilliant and wondrous? - What does the monster symbolize in Monster? - Who is the creature in Frankenstein? - Does Frankenstein’s monster have a soul? - What happens to the creature? - Did Frankenstein have feelings? - What does Frankenstein’s monster represent? - What is the purpose of a monster? - Who is the oldest monster? Why is Victor stranded on the ice? Why is Victor stranded on the ice. Victor followed the creature onto the ice and could see him in the distance. But when he is within a mile of him, the creature disappears and the ice breaks apart, leaving Victor stranded.. Why is the creature in Frankenstein evil? The Monster turns to evil after being cast out from his “family.” Frankenstein has caused evil, in part, because, “In his obsession, Frankenstein has cut himself off from his family and from the human community; in his reaction to that obsession, Frankenstein cuts himself off from his creation” (Levine 92). What is the main point of Frankenstein? The theme of creation is at the center of the novel, Frankenstein. The story shows how Victor creates a monster and instills life in it after gaining scientific knowledge of life at Ingolstadt. Victor plays God or pretends to become one to create life. His ambition of creating life and emulating his own creation fails. Why was Frankenstein banned? ‘Frankenstein,’ Mary Shelley The book caused great controversy in religious communities in the US and was banned in 1955 in South African Apartheid for being “objectionable and obscene.” What does the creature want most in life? The creature most wants a companion. Someone to understand him. His goal seems unattainable because he is hideous and ugly. What happens after the creature comes to life? Once the creature comes to life he is confused and soon becomes violent. His violence and appearance cause him to become feared and alienated. … Being cast aside by whom had brought him to life, the creature becomes angry. Does Frankenstein’s monster have blood? The Monster made his first appearance in the 1818 novel Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus. He is described as having wrinkled skin which barely hid the blood vessels, black lips, black hair, and yellow eyes. … The Monster takes a jacket to clothe himself and eventually wanders off into the wild. Is the creature in Frankenstein a human? The novel suggests that the creature cannot be accepted as human because he is a singular being, and therefore cannot be a part of a community. Since Victor made the creature, there is not another being that is the same as him. … Without the ability to relate, he cannot be human. Are Monsters bad for you? Monster contains 28 grams of sugar per 8.4-ounce (248-ml) can, which is comparable to Red Bull. Drinking just one of these energy drinks daily can cause you to consume too much added sugar, which is bad for your overall health ( 2 ). What discovery did Victor make that seemed so simple and yet was brilliant and wondrous? “From the midst of this darkness,” Victor says when describing his discovery of the secret of life, “a sudden light broke in upon me—a light so brilliant and wondrous.” Light reveals, illuminates, clarifies; it is essential for seeing, and seeing is the way to knowledge. What does the monster symbolize in Monster? Monster Symbol Analysis. When state prosecutor Sandra Petrocelli labels Steve (and alleged criminals like him) a “monster,” Steve starts obsessing over the word, wondering whether it applies to him. This label comes to represent Steve’s dehumanization during his criminal trial. Who is the creature in Frankenstein? SimulacrumShelley describes the monster as 8 feet (240 cm) tall and terribly hideous, but emotional….Frankenstein’s monsterSpeciesSimulacrum humanGenderMaleFamilyVictor Frankenstein (creator) Bride of Frankenstein (companion/predecessor; in different adaptions)6 more rows Does Frankenstein’s monster have a soul? Frankenstein’s creation is said to have ‘watery eyes’ – if the eyes are ‘the window to the soul’, then it is clear that this monster has no soul. The creature is a product of the ‘Uncanny Valley’: a term used when a human-like figure has just enough wrong with it to appear inhuman. What happens to the creature? Upon Frankenstein’s death, the creature declares that he will kill himself soon and jumps off the ship. Both characters are similar in that they exhibit dangerous, self-serving behavior, and they both die by the story’s end. Did Frankenstein have feelings? Although The Creature is referred to as an emotionless non-human atrocity by Victor, he also expresses a wide range of complex and extreme emotions that indicate Sensibility. From happiness to grief, The Creature continually articulates and feels emotions that advocate his humanity. What does Frankenstein’s monster represent? Frankenstein’s creature has been interpreted as symbolic of the revolutionary thought which had swept through Europe in the 1790s, but had largely petered out by the time Shelley wrote the novel. What is the purpose of a monster? But the basic function of the monster was to give fear a face, to graphically capture the dread that is bred into us by millions of years as a prey species that was stalked and sometimes eaten by huge and terrifying carnivores. Who is the oldest monster? Frankenstein: One of Humanity’s Oldest Monsters. The history of the barbaric human-made monster is much older than Mary Shelley—and continues to strike at the heart of our fears about scientific advances.
The Skeptics SA guide to Atlantis, a mythical island, is claimed to have existed in the Atlantic Ocean, and, according to different versions of the story, was either close to, or far to the west of, the Pillars of Hercules (Straits of Gibraltar). However, the truth appears to be that the entire myth was created by Plato about 350 BCE when he described the island in two of his dialogues, Timaius and Kritias. The Atlantean story that Plato told was concerned with the visit of Solon, the great Athenian lawgiver, (circa 630–560 BCE), to Egypt. According to Plato’s story, Solon was criticized by an Egyptian priest of the city of Saïs (in the West Nile delta), about his lack of knowledge concerning the ancient history of Athens. He was told by the priest that some 9000 years before, Athens had fought a great war with Atlantis, a great island located in the Atlantic Ocean that was larger than both Libya and Asia. The priest explained how, after the Creation the Greek gods divided Earth amongst themselves, and Atlantis had been granted to Poseidon, who blessed and protected the island. By the mortal Kleito Poseidon had ten sons, all wise and beneficent demi-gods, the eldest of whom was Atlas. Poseidon divided the land into a hereditary coalition of ten separate kingdoms, each ruled by one son. Atlantis was described as a rich, fertile land, populated by dignified, refined, beautiful, highly intelligent people, with an advanced culture, who resided in magnificent buildings. The principal city was circular, some 24 kilometres in diameter, with a great canal through the centre. Strangely enough, although the city had been built during the Golden Age, a time when all races lived in harmony, it was surrounded by a huge defensive wall, with a huge circular fortress, some 4.8 kilometres across, located in the centre. One can better understand this description of such a heavily defended city when one realizes that Plato obviously modelled this mythical city upon Greek cities that he knew, where such defences were standard. Yet, according to Plato, despite their wealth and wisdom, the Atlanteans had gradually succumbed to human weaknesses, becoming increasingly more selfish, dishonest and warlike. A major sea power, they built a huge fleet and assembled the greatest army ever known in order to attack and conquer all of Northern Africa as far as Egypt, and those parts of Europe that are now Spain, Portugal, France and Italy as well as many other parts of Europe and Africa until finally, the Athenians and their allies defeated them. Even worse, according to Plato, the Atlanteans became increasingly impious, neglecting the worship of their gods. As a result of this, Zeus summoned a meeting of the gods and it was agreed that he, and Poseidon, should destroy Atlantis. According to the Egyptian priests this destruction had occurred in about 9600 BCE, when, “There occurred violent earthquakes and floods, and in a single day and night of misfortune, all your warlike men in a body sank into the earth and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea.” For some 2000 years Plato’s stories about Atlantis were almost completely forgotten but interest in Atlantis was revived after the discovery of America. Europeans found many similarities between Indian beliefs and their own. They had similar social patterns, religious beliefs, and most importantly, pyramids and a written language. Certain ‘experts’, like Augustus Le Plongeon (1826–1908), even claimed that Mayan and Egyptian hieroglyphs were very similar. To explain these similarities a theory evolved claiming that the styles of architecture and writing in East and West had evolved from a common source: Atlantis. It was explained that a few Atlanteans had survived the inundation and had travelled east and west, taking their advanced knowledge with them. The primitive cultures into which they had settled received an enormous technological boost, propelling them into civilized cultures. Of course, such a claim would of itself totally invalidate Plato’s story since he described the Athenians as having been an advanced culture, since they had fought Atlantis on equal terms before the island was destroyed. The greatest influence on the theory of Atlanteans spreading civilization was Ignatius Donnelly (1831–1901), a Philadelphian lawyer, who published his book, Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, in 1882. He reinforced the idea that the Atlanteans had been the first to discover agriculture, writing, astronomy, art, and other advanced skills and that a few surviving Atlanteans had planted this knowledge amongst other undeveloped races. Despite the fact that Donnelly’s book was pure speculation and full of spurious claims, at the time it was printed no one could disprove his claims. The book was tremendously popular and continued to be printed through to the 20th century. Since that time thousands of books have been printed on Atlantis, and so entrenched is the belief in Atlantis that it has been found that four out of five students commencing studies in archaeology actually believe that Atlantis was a real place! So what are the real facts? Well, it appears that the stories Plato told about Atlantis were a complete myth. That Atlantis was a myth was acknowledged by people close to Plato. Even Aristotle, a former student of Plato, insisted that Atlantis was completely fictional. A clue that Plato made up the story is revealed in the story itself; one must ask why, given that the Egyptians had their own deities and elaborate creation stories, an Egyptian priest would narrate to Solon the Greek version of creation? It would be rather like asking a Jew or a Christian to explain how the universe was created and having them recount the Greek version of creation instead of the Judeaeo-Christian version found in the Bible. What about the claims that Plato based his stories upon earlier factual historical material? The fact is that there were no references to Atlantis before Plato. Some claim that Herodotus mentioned Atlantis in his Histories, 4.184.1 (circa 484 BCE) but this is incorrect. Herodotus’ references were not to an island but to Mount Atlas, which he located at the westernmost part of Africa, a place he believed to be the western edge of the world. Mount Atlas, he claimed, was “a peak so high that its top was never seen”, inhabited by the “Atlantes” a race who “eat no living creature, and see no dreams in their sleep.” In many ways Herodotus was notoriously unreliable as a reporter; he tended to include the most fantastic traveller’s tales as being factual events. Nevertheless he was on more substantial ground as a historian, and in this respect he did mention certain information that was in his time, common knowledge, and some of these tend to cast serious doubt on the claims made by Plato concerning Atlantis. For instance, Herodotus mentioned that: - although Plato described Atlantis as a huge island, Herodotus stated that Sardinia was the largest known island in the world - the greatest danger Athens had ever faced was from the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 480 BCE - King Minos of Knossos had created the earliest sea power known in the Mediterranean. The claims that Atlantis was the source of early civilization in America, Egypt, and Mesopotamia were based upon dubious 18–19th century pseudo-scientific nonsense. Archaeology, anthropology and linguistics were still so primitive that so-called experts could make the most absurd claims without fear of being contradicted. Translations were based upon subjective conjecture rather than genuine scholarship, leading to quite incredible conjectures such as those by Le Plongeon, who claimed that the last words spoken by Jesus on the cross were actually Mayan. In the late 20th century the various claims that the pyramids in America and Egypt and the hieroglyphic characters of the Amerinds and the Egyptians came from a common source were revealed to be completely false. The fact is that each culture evolved independently, and developed their own cultural patterns; however, since the problems faced by all cultures tend to be similar, it is not unusual for them to develop similar solutions. Furthermore modern research has shown that even objects such as the pyramids did not simply appear in the form that we are most familiar with, but that in both Egypt and America there were a number of preliminary steps where small mounds were constructed for burials or for religious worship. Over time these grew larger and more permanent until they reached the point of development where they had become huge stone structures. The mystical nonsense associated with Atlantis has made it very popular with believers in the occult, especially with the 19th century Theosophists and the 20th century New Agers. They have variously credited the Atlanteans with possessing various forms of esoteric knowledge, supernatural powers, the ability to harness energy from crystals and other mysterious sources of forgotten physical and metaphysical energy. Such stories were possibly based upon Plato’s descriptions of how the buildings of Atlantis were decorated with precious metals, gemstones, and an unknown substance called oreichalkos (mountain copper), which radiated an everlasting fiery glow. Atlanteans are very popular with believers in past-lives, many identifying themselves as former Atlantean princes or princesses. Some, like Karl Zschaetsch, identified the Atlanteans as the ancestors of certain noble white European races, “the original Aryans, blond, virtuous vegetarians and teetotallers.”1 Such ideas were popular with certain Nazis, such as Himmler. Using a process called ‘astral clairvoyance’, based on the belief that all events in the past leave a trace in the astral plane, in the Akashic Records, Theosophist W Scott-Elliot explored the ‘history’ of Atlantis going back more than a million years. He claimed Atlantis had originally been inhabited by the Toltecs (the rulers) and the Rmaohals, a race of 3.6 metre tall black giant slaves. Then, because the Toltecs had became involved with black magic, a gradual deterioration of their character had ensued, leading to their final destruction. Then, some 200,000 years ago some of them had migrated to Egypt, founding the Egyptian civilization and designing the pyramids. Others had visited Britain where they supervised the building of Stonehenge. Helena Blavatsky, the founder of the Theosophists, identified the Atlanteans as the Fourth Root Race, (the first had been astral jellyfish) the 8.2 metre tall descendants of Lemuria. This claim appears to be loosely based upon Greek mythology in which Atlas and his brothers were described as the Titans, a race of giants, the first beings created by the gods. Blavatsky claimed she had learned about Atlantis and Lemuria from the Akashic Records which had been revealed to her by the Mahatmas, her spirit guides in Tibet, and she claimed that her multi-volumed work, The Secret Doctrine, consisted of quotations from the Book of Dyzan, a book written in the long-lost Senzar language of Atlantis. However, as was later shown by William Emmette Coleman, an elderly Californian scholar, most of the material had been plagiarized from such books as HH Wilson’s translation of the very ancient Indian, Vishnu Purana, and an English translation of the Hymn of Creation in the ancient Indian Rig-Veda. She had liberally added large amounts of her own total gibberish, such as, “...(the) Universal Mind was not, for there was no Ah-hi to contain it... The Wheel whirled for thirty crores more... The Great Chohans called the Lords of the Moon, of the Airy Bodies.” The American ‘Psychic’ Edgar Cayce (1877–1945) claimed to have been the heir to the Throne of Atlantis in a previous incarnation. He claimed Atlantis had been a highly advanced civilization with aircraft, submarines and even nuclear energy, and that a secret chamber would be found under the Sphinx containing details and records from Atlantis and that the island would be rediscovered in 1968 or 1969. Theosophist Rudolf Steiner, the founder of Anthroposophy, claimed that the Atlanteans had incredible memories and mental abilities, with the ability to control elemental ‘life-forces’, and to extract this energy from plants. They had craft powered by unknown energies that floated above the ground. Like Blavatsky, he too claimed they were the descendants of Lemuria, but unlike the Lemurians they had no telepathic abilities, and so developed the first oral language.2 In 1912 Dr. Paul Schliemann announced in an article, ‘How I Discovered Atlantis’, that he had inherited from his famous grandfather Heinrich Schliemann, the discoverer of Troy, a quantity of documents and an owl-headed vase containing coins made of an alloy of platinum, aluminium and silver. He even claimed when his grandfather was excavating Troy he had discovered a bronze vase, inscribed ‘From the King Cronos of Atlantis’. The fact is, the physical structure of the floor of the Atlantic Ocean has been extensively mapped and this modern evidence clearly reveals that no island as large as Atlantis could ever have existed in the Atlantic! The ocean was formed over hundreds of millions of years when the super-continent, Gondwanaland broke apart. As ‘America’ moved ‘westward’ and ‘Europe and Africa’ moved ‘eastward’ on their tectonic plates, lava filled the ever-widening gap, leaving a relatively ‘smooth’ ocean floor. The few Atlantic island groups, such as the Azores, claimed by some to be the tops of Atlantean mountains, are the peaks of relatively small submarine volcanoes, which have arisen in, geologically speaking, relatively recent times. A map published by Donnelly shows huge underwater ridges connecting the legendary island with South America, and Africa, yet the modern surveys show no evidence of these ridges; it appears that they exist only in the imagination of Donnelly. Many Atlantis ‘experts’ have tried to overcome such problems by suggesting alternative locations for Atlantis such as Algiers, Antarctica, America, Bimini (Bermuda), in a lake in the high plains of Bolivia, the Canary Islands, the Celtic Sea off Cornwall, Haig Fras near the Scilly Isles, southern Sweden, Tartessos, the Sahara, and West Africa. Locations in the Mediterranean basin include Troy, the drowned city of Eliki (Helike) on the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, the islands of Thera and Therasia (now known as Santorini), or lying in 1.6km of water off the southern tip of Cyprus. They all fail to meet at least some of the necessary criteria. While Plato was quite clear that Atlantis was located in the Atlantic Ocean, of the date of its destruction, and the size of the island, it is important to understand that ancient writers were not true historians and were much given to manipulating facts to improve the story. Thus the Greeks were much given to setting stories in mysterious far-off locations, such as Hyperborea, or in the Atlantic Ocean, which to people in that age was as far away as it was possible to imagine. Most of the previously mentioned recent alternative locations for Atlantis can be quickly disregarded since they are either in areas unknown to Plato, or they represent the wishful thinking of people with fanciful theories who are seeking to prove what is simply a myth. However, this is not to say that Plato did not use material that would have been common knowledge in his time. The Greeks knew of islands being destroyed by volcanic eruptions or earthquake and submersion: these included Thera circa 1628 BCE, and much closer to Plato’s time was the city of Eliki, destroyed during his lifetime, circa 373 BCE, when it appears the city sank due to an earthquake and the sea rushed in to cover the land-slip. Thera may also have contributed to the Atlantis myth. The island and its people were a well-known part of the great Minoan Empire, which had extensive trade routes throughout the Mediterranean, one of their principal customers being the Egyptians. Thera was obliterated in a huge volcanic explosion that, according to some experts, was probably equal in force to more than 100 hydrogen bombs being detonated simultaneously. The explosion resulted in a huge portion of the island being literally blown into the sky, leaving only a thin rim of land surrounding a crater 13km wide and 1.5km deep. The explosion and the deluge, as the waters of the Mediterranean rushed in to fill this enormous chasm, caused enormous tsunamis that radiated out from the former island, swamping islands throughout the Mediterranean. The ensuing disaster when these waves hit islands such as Crete, then the centre of the Minoan Empire, would have had an enormous impact on their economy. It seems very likely that most of their huge mercantile fleet would have been destroyed at this time, and what is known is that the Minoans’ power declined rapidly from that time and, within 50 years they disappeared from history. Later sailors who sailed to Thera and found a shattered remnant of the former island, and not understanding it had been blown into the air, probably assumed that the missing portion of the island had sunk beneath the waves. With little comprehension of large numbers, an event that occurred 1300 years before, would have seemed little different to something that occurred 9000 years before. Without accurate historical records it was simply an event in the distant past. In addition, even though Thera itself was only a small island, it had been part of a huge marine empire that extended throughout most of the Mediterranean, and in the memory of later reports it is likely that the fine distinctions between the sizes of Thera and the Minoan Empire were probably lost. Most Greeks had no real appreciation of the size of the world, or how large the Mediterranean Sea was, so the idea that Thera had been a huge island could have been accepted as valid. In addition, we now know that much of the Minoan culture was far in advance of their neighbours. They had large, multi-storied houses decorated throughout with beautiful murals, they had hot and cold fountains, and some homes even had running water and even flush toilets. Their lifestyle was so far in advance of the Greeks that they must have seemed to be a exceptionally advanced civilization, just as Plato portrayed the Atlanteans to be. It seems very likely that the origins of Atlantis are to be found in Plato’s personal sense of disillusionment with politics. In his early years he had considered politics as a profession, and was even urged to stand for public office, but in time he became increasingly disillusioned with politics. In particular he saw how the higher principles of humanity were replaced in the struggles for personal power by the worst aspects of human behaviour that had led to internal and external warfare. There appears to be little doubt that Plato devised the stories about the mythical island of Atlantis as a fictional analogy. He was shrewdly warning the citizens of Athens that, just as Atlantis had once been a great and prosperous civilization, the emergence of aggressive warring political factions had started the island on a downward path to destruction. In similar fashion Athens, which was at the height of its power, was being threatened by disruptive internal political division, and aggressive expansionist policies, so that, unless these problems were rectified urgently, Athens was likely to suffer the same fate as the glorious fictional kingdom of Atlantis. - Sprague de Camp, L, and Sprague de Camp, C, 1964, ‘Atlantis and the City of Silver’, in Ancient Ruins and Archaeology, Adelaide: Rigby Books, p 15 - Guiley, RE, 1991, ‘Atlantis’, in Harper’s Encyclopedia of Mystical and Paranormal Experience, Edison, NJ: p 38 L Eddie, February 2004, revised November 2006
Physical changes do not produce new substances, but chemical changes do produce new substances. A physical change is concerned with states of matter. Melting, vaporization, freezing, sublimation and condensation are physical changes. Melting an ice cube is a physical change because the substance remains as water. Most physical changes are reversible. Crushing a can, boiling water, breaking glass, chopping wood, mixing sand and water, and shredding paper are physical changes. Chemical changes occur on the molecular level. The change produces a new substance. Chemical changes include combustion, synthesis, oxidation, neutralization and decomposition. For example, iron rusting is an instance of a chemical change. Food metabolism, burning wood, mixing and acid with a base, baking a cake and using a chemical battery are also examples of chemical changes. A chemical change can be determined by evaluating if a reaction has occurred. A chemical reaction may have occurred if a change in light, heat, color, gas production, odor or sound is produced. If a precipitate develops, then a chemical change has occurred. An odor is a sign of a chemical change because it is evidence that decomposition is occurring. For example, a rotten egg produces an odor as it transforms into a new substance.Learn More The red liquid inside of a thermometer is alcohol. When the temperature changes, the alcohol expands, providing a reading based on the thermometer's scale. Red dye is used to color the clear alcohol so that someone is able to easily read the thermometer.Full Answer > Carbon reacts with water, air, acids and halogens. Each of these things, when combined with carbon, leads to a different reaction.Full Answer > Synthesis, decomposition, substitution and double displacement are four types of chemical reactions. A synthesis reaction is when two or more reactants combine to form one product.Full Answer > The chemical element with the lowest density is hydrogen, which has a density of 0.00008988 grams per cubic centimeter. Hydrogen is also the smallest and simplest element and generally comprises one proton, one electron and no neutrons.Full Answer >
Part of The Independent’s new eBook series The Great Composers, covering fourteen of the giants of Western classical music Friday 18 July 2014 Extracted from Michael Steen’s book The Lives and Times of the Great Composers, these concise guides, selected by The Independent’s editorial team, explore the lives of composers as diverse as Mozart and Puccini, reaching from Bach to Brahms, set against the social, historical and political forces which affected them, to give a rounded portrait of what it was like to be alive and working as a musician at that time. Indisputably the greatest composer before Mozart, and for many, the greatest composer ever, Johann Sebastian Bach lived out his life in relative obscurity. It may seem incredible to us now, but during his own lifetime he was recognised primarily as an organ virtuoso, rather than a composer of genius. Fewer than a dozen of his compositions were published while he lived and, had not Mendelssohn started the revival of his music in the 19th century, his transcendently beautiful music might easily have been lost to us for ever. At the end of each of his cantata scores, Bach appended the initials SDG: Soli Deo Gloria, to the Glory of God alone. For him ‘the aim and final end of all music should be none other than the glory of God and the refreshment of the soul’. Michael Steen follows the profoundly religious Bach through his tough upbringing, to his years of growing fame, replaced by gradual neglect as different fashions overtook his music. Bach's progress as a jobbing musician through the world of small 18th-century German territories was frequently hard and he often found himself out of step with the authorities. Steen explains the background of petty squabbles and the crushing workload against which Bach was to compose polyphony which fused absolute mathematics and absolute poetry; in Wagner's words, ‘the most stupendous miracle in all music’. Click here to explore other Independent eBooks Britain to take more refugees as Cameron bows to pressure after more than 250,000 back our campaign Senior British politicians tell David Cameron: When dead children are being washed up on beaches – it's time to act Jeremy Corbyn calls Osama bin Laden's killing a 'tragedy' - but was it taken out of context? If these extraordinarily powerful images of a dead Syrian child washed up on a beach don't change Europe's attitude to refugees, what will? If you're not already angry about the refugee crisis, here's a history lesson to remind you why you really should be Make your voice heard: Sign The Independent's petition to welcome refugees - 1 What marriage would look like if we actually followed the Bible - 3 The Chinese city where men have 'three girlfriends because there are so many women' - 4 'Heartbreaking' Syria orphan photo wasn't taken in Syria and not of orphan - 5 Orthorexia nervosa: How becoming obsessed with healthy eating can lead to malnutrition
The listening section is in 4 parts. There are 40 questions to answer and the test will take 30 minutes. In section 1 there will be an informal conversation with two people in an everyday, informal situation. For example, you might hear a husband and wife talking about television. In section 2 there will be one person talking in an informal situation. In section 3 this you will hear a conversation involving a few speakers. It is more formal than Section 1. The conversation is more academic and might be about students making plans or talking about about college or university. In section 4 you will hear a more formal talk or lecture by one person. Improving your listening skills There are three important things you should do before your listening exam to help you get the best possible mark: 1. Hold as many conversations as you can in English preferably with a native speaker When you hold a conversation in English this is intense listening practice which is excellent for your overall listening comprehension. 2. Listen to a variety of English as much as you can You need to improve your overall English language comprehension and this is done by listening a lot. You can do this by: listening to the news in English (for example BBC online) watching English language TV and films listening to lectures in English (see this link for lists of English lectures online) listen and read what people say (for example the Yappr site) listen at Randall's ESL cyber listening lab 3. Do some practice exams It is important to do a few practice listening exams before you do the real exam so you find out what the exam is like. You can do these online, or you can by a book from a bookshop with a CD. However, don't ONLY do practice exams. Do general listening in steps 1 and 2 as well.
Colon Cancer Screening Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death United States. To help with early detection and reduce risk of colon cancer, tests have been developed to identify factors associated with polyps and colon cancer. These include testing for blood in the stool, Cologuard testing for stool DNA for precancerous or cancerous polyps. The goal standard for colon cancer prevention is colonoscopy, the examination of the entire lining of the colon and removal of any polyps at that time. Why You Should Have a Colon Cancer Screening Benign adenomatous polyps, small growths in the lining of the colon, are the precursor to colon cancer. Research has proven that by performing a colonoscopy and removing any identified polyps, colon cancer risk can be reduced by almost 80%. Current recommendations are for screening by colonoscopy to begin at age 50. In patients who have a family history of colon polyps or colon cancer, the exam should be performed 10 years before family member was diagnosed. Contact us for more information about Colon Cancer Screenings.
We need a system that cares about the whole child, including social and emotional well-being, physical health, and economic security, or else our children will not be coming to school ready to learn. DATA TABLES & TOOLS American Community Survey. This data can be queried to include social, economic and demographic characteristics of a specific county. HEALTH POLICIES AND PRACTICES STUDY The School Health Policies and Practices Study* (SHPPS) is a national survey periodically conducted to assess school health policies and practices at the state, district, school, and classroom levels… YOUTH RISK BEHAVIOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six types of health-risk behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of death and disability among youth and adults NEW MEXICO’S INDICATOR-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM NM-IBIS is your source for data and information on New Mexico’s priority public health issues. The mission of the New Mexico Department of Health is to promote health and wellness, improve health outcomes, and assure safety net services for all people in New Mexico. NM-IBIS provides access to the data that can help provide answers to realize the health goals of New Mexico. This report provides data on counties in New Mexico based on 16 indicators and suggests some policy making strategies to improve childhood wellbeing in New Mexico. QUALITY OF LIFE & WELL-BEING IN DOÑA ANA COUNTY The concept of quality of life was developed by social scientists interested in identifying indicators of human development that went beyond market-focused measures of gross domestic product (GDP) and income… ALLEVIATING POVERTY WILL IMPROVE EDUCATION IN NM From reading popular accounts and national reports about New Mexico’s education system, it is easy to conclude that New Mexico has some of the worst schools in the country
A short film highlighting environmental data sets available from the National Oceanography Service that could be used to develop new solutions to business problems. “We’re using ocean models to couple to atmospheric models of the climate system to investigate how the North Atlantic might change in the future and how this will influence European climate.” – Professor Adrian New, National Oceanography Service The Technology Strategy Board and NERC have invested £4m during 2014 to run feasibility studies which use environmental data to address a specific business issue in transport, food, agriculture, energy generation and supply, built environment and future cities or financial services. Professor Adrian New, Head, Marine Systems Modelling Group, National Oceanography Centre The National Oceanography Centre is one of the world’s leading oceanography research centres and comprises two sites at Southampton and Liverpool. At the National Oceanography Centre there are three primary sources of data. There’s observational data that’s collected when we go to sea or by remote autonomous vehicles. The second is computer generated simulations, and the third are satellite data sets that come from a range of satellites and space agencies. We need to collect observational data sets over periods of decades to form reliable estimates of how the ocean is changing on the climate time scales. Two good examples are, firstly, the Rapid Array. It’s a monitoring array at 26 degrees north right across the Atlantic and this is monitoring the strength of the circulation in the Atlantic. The rapid array has been collecting data since 2002 and it’s just been extended. That will give a 15-20 year coverage which is what you need to be able to have a good statistical estimate of whether the Atlantic circulation is really changing or not. This is a completely unique data set in the world. The second example is the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. The Permananent Service for Mean Sea Level has been collecting data from a network of tide gauges for several decades. The observational data is collected on various research cruises that tend to be along section across a basin, from say Europe to North America, but just a single section. Or they are at particular locations where moorings might be for several years or decades so they are very sparse or scattered in their coverage. The model data sets give complete global coverage down to 10 kilometre resolution. Jointly with the Met Office we’re using the ocean models to couple to atmospheric models of the climate system and we have a joint programme of research to investigate, for instance, how the North Atlantic might change in the future and how this will influence European climate. In the future there are other potential applications of the model output. For instance, to look at oil spills: if there is an oil spill somewhere, where is the oil going to go? You could also use it to see where albatrosses in the South Atlantic tend to gather, where the currents are strongest and where the food sources might be most prevalent. NERC owns the British Atmospheric Data Centre, British Oceanography Data Centre, and the Earth Observation Data Centre. All data is freely available from the NERC data centres. About the film Filmed on location at National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Director: Martyn Bull Producer: Thomas Delfs Camera: Mark Whatmore Editor: Liam Angell Cast: Adrian New
Here is my top 10 countdown of free resources found on the Web. The best is at the bottom. If you know any that are better let me know! 10. Teacher written sites – Why reinvent the wheel when you can get it for free? Many great educators have produced some fantastic stuff and made it available for all to use. YouTube, websites, and blogs are all fantastic resources just ripe for using. Some of my favourite are: 9. iXplain – This app is a pen and ink app that also records voice. Fantastic for getting students to explain their thinking or creating a tutorial for student and saving it as an mp4 Find it here. 8. Mosaic – You need Office 365 for this one but if you do, Mosaic is for you. Create portals and unique classroom hubs. It can be used on touch screens as well. A great way to make things easier on 365. Find Mosaic here. 7. Skype – This is a great resource for your classroom. Huh? I hear may of you say. Paired with Skype in the Classroom students can explore the big wide world without leaving their desks. Talk with a Scientist working in Antarctica or talk to a class across the world. Heaps of lesson plans and ideas available. To download Skype click here. 6. Office Mix – Ok you need to have PowerPoint for this free add in. It is styled as ‘Superpowers for PowerPoint’. And WOW does it deliver!! This turns PowerPoint into an interactive one-to-one demonstration and interactive tool. It can be used to help create a flipped classroom or a great way for students to develop tutorials for each other and to demonstrate their understanding. To find out more watch this: Office mix is available here. 5. Onetastic – Onetastic makes OneNote even more fantastic. It is for the more advanced OneNote user but there are a few things that are great for the novice as well. From automating tasks you do all the time with macros to OneCalendar, Onetastic does many of the things you thought you would like and many things you have not even though of yet! One of the great things about Ontastic is that you can download the bits that you need and ignore the bits you will not need. Onetastic is available here. 4. Twitter – Whether it is for your students or for yourself Twitter is a great marketplace for ideas. Opinions, research and just good professional discussions, Twitter has it all in nice 140 character bite sized chunks. An excellent thing to have open during a boring staff meeting or a great way to encourage your students to be precise within their communications. Twitter is here. It is also available for free here. 3. Partners in Learning Network – Good PD costs a lot right? Not here. Microsoft host an amazing Professional Development on many aspects of technology across the curriculum. There is also access to free tools and a bank of learning activities from the most amazing and innovative educators across the world. There are discussions on just about any topic and a whole lot more. It is about great practice within classrooms across hundreds of subjects. Join the Partners in learning Network here. Tell them Ineke sent you 🙂 To do this you need a Microsoft account. Sign up here if you do not already have one. 2. Sway – Unlike anything you have ever seen before. Word was created to replace the typewriter, PowerPoint was created to replace the slide show but Sway is just for itself. As they say on the Sway website: Sway is an app for expressing ideas in an entirely new way. It helps you to put ideas and graphics easily into a Sway which will then become the graphic artist for you. Fantastic for student presentations or for sharing ideas. Check out example Sways and have a go for yourself here. You will need a Microsoft account (see above for how to do this). 1. OneNote – They say that the best things in life are free and this proves it! OneNote is the best thing to come on a screen in my opinion. A notebook you will never loose and can have everything in the one spot. It is a filing cabinet in a computer and you can share with as many or few as you wish. I use it as my students exercise and text book – always up to date and current with everything being relevant to what I am teaching. It is my planning, mark book and meeting agenda and minutes. It is found on just about every platform and every device so you always have your OneNote at hand. If you only look at one thing on my list it has to be this. Find OneNote here. Download it from here.
(Louisville, KY) – Experts agree. It takes three weeks to break a bad habit or to start a good habit. So three weeks after proclaiming that New Year’s Resolution, there should be millions of new non-smokers! “Smoking causes coronary heart disease – the leading cause of death in the United States as well as peripheral vascular disease (PAD),” said vascular surgeon Dr. Brad Thomas. “Persons who smoke are two to four times more likely to develop coronary heart disease than non-smokers.” “As a vascular surgeons we witness first-hand the effects of cigarette smoke on health and know that smoking doubles a person’s risk for a stroke,” he said. “In addition, smoking narrows arteries resulting in greater risk of developing conditions such as peripheral vascular disease and abdominal aortic aneurysms.” And then there’s lung cancer. An estimated 157,000 Americans died from lung cancer in 2010 according to the American Cancer Society. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among Americans. Dr. Thomas notes that the health benefits for people who stop smoking are quickly apparent: • A feeling of being in charge; no longer dependent on cigarettes, • An improved sense of smell; • More disposable income; • Healthier-looking skin; • Energy for activities which can counteract weight gain. The Centers for Disease Control indicates that a year or two after smoking cessation, the risk of coronary heart disease diminishes. Today, there are more adult non-smokers in the United States (80 percent) than smokers (20 percent). Consider visting https://www.quitnowkentucky.org for more help on quitting.
Getting around rural Africa is not easy. Because cars are a luxury few can afford, bicycling is a more... Getting around rural Africa is not easy. Because cars are a luxury few can afford, bicycling is a more attractive option. But quality imported bicycles are not particularly cheap themselves, and local bikes are often so shoddily built-out of steel so cheap you can bend it by hand-that they can't stand up to unpaved and pothole-filled roads. However, bamboo, a new trend in bicycle design, might be a solution. With a tensile strength greater than steel, bamboo makes an excellent substitute for bicycle frames. More importantly, the plant grows quickly, cheaply, and abundantly in climates all over the world, making it both widely available and very renewable. That's why Columbia University's Earth Institute's Bamboo Bike Project thinks introducing bicycles built out of African-grown bamboo could solve many of the region's transportation problems.Through an offshoot of the BBP, you can be part of that solution: For $1,250, you can get a new, custom-made bamboo bicycle from the Bamboo Bike Studio, which you assemble under their tutelage over a weekend. They provide the components, the bamboo, and the design; you provide the labor. Sourcing the bamboo-which is taken from plots they find by driving around Staten Island and New Jersey-has made it clear what a potential resource it could be as a building material. "We don't even need to look," says Marty Odlin of the Bamboo Bike Studio, "we just drive down the road and we see it. And it grows so fast. It's funny, places that we went in September, you can hardly tell we were there." At the end of a weekend at the studio, you have a custom bicycle that you've made with your own two hands. The BBS gets another chance to fine-tune their bike design and bamboo treatment methods-plus half of the profit goes toward the goal of getting a cheap version of these bikes built in Africa. A design for a model bike that can be mass produced is complete, and the next step is to take it to communities in Ghana and Kenya, where new factories will use local bamboo to build a cheap, reliable alternative (for a fraction of the cost you pay for your custom model) to existing transportation options. "We want to beat [the existing steel-frame bikes] on price, which we can do, and we want to beat them on durability, which is kind of a no-brainer," says Odlin. "Our value proposition is a slam dunk."While it's probably not fair to compare the travails of biking in New York City to those of cyclists in Africa, the city's streets are not known for their upkeep; they have proven an excellent testing ground for the bikes. Odlin has put 2,000 miles on his, riding from Red Hook to Columbia University daily, and the smooth ride is what's most notable: "You ride over cobblestones, and it feels like nothing. People get on the bikes and say: ‘Oh my God, this is insane.'" Interested in having your own custom bamboo bike? Email the Bamboo Bike Studio at bikes [at] bamboobikestudio.com to check for availability.Photos: Marty Odlin (top), Jesse HuffmanCORRECTION: The piece originally stated that all of the profits that the Bamboo Bike Studio makes from their custom bikes toward the goal of getting a cheap version of these bikes built in Africa. It has been corrected to note that only half of the profit is for that purpose.
Activities with Kacey for Families and Providers Kacey the Quality Koala and Maryland EXCELS will be sharing fun and educational activities for families and child care programs. The Maryland State Department of Education’s Division of Early Childhood understands that the activities described on this page and in website links are not suitable for all ages. Ultimately, all activities require adult supervision and are not endorsed by the Maryland State Department of Education or Johns Hopkins University. In Like a Lion, Out Like a Lamb Read In Like a Lion, Out Like a Lamb by Marion Dane Bauer or listen to the book read aloud. Talk with the children in your care about how March’s weather starts . . . cold, windy, snowy, icy. Then encourage them to describe how the weather is usually calmer and more pleasant by the end of the month. Then sing, “In Like A Lion, Out Like A Lamb” to the tune of ”London Bridge is Falling Down.” The month of March comes in like a lion, in like a lion, in like a lion. The month of March comes in like a lion with a great big growl! (Growl with both hands out like claws!) The end of March goes out like a lamb, out like a lamb, out like a lamb. The end of March goes out like a lamb, peaceful and with a hush (Put your finger to your lips and say, “Shh!”) Milk and Cookies Read Milk and Cookies by Frank Asch or listen to the book read aloud. For a follow-up activity, you can make pretend cookies with playdough while learning numbers and math. First, write numbers on index cards or slips of paper. Then have your child choose one of the number cards to determine how many cookies to make. Flatten the play dough with a rolling pin, then use cookie cutters to make different shapes. For very young children, you can start with the numbers 1 and 2. Preschoolers can use 1 to 10. Kindergartners can make larger groups of cookies, such as 0 to 25, or they pick two numbers and make two sets of cookies. Snuggle with a good book! Baby, it’s cold outside! Snuggle up with your little ones and these winter books that they’ll love. Kids Winter Books List - The Biggest Snowman Ever - There Was a Cold Lady Who Swallowed Some Snow - The Mitten - Animals in Winter - The Snowy Day - Tacky and the Winter Games - Let it Snow - The Story of Snow: The Science of Winter’s Wonder - The Itsy Bitsy Snowman - Lemonade in Winter: A Book About Two Kids Counting Money - Snowmen At Play - The Snow Globe Family - Sneezy the Snowman - The Gruffalo’s Child - What Do Animals Do in Winter? - The Very Fairy Princess - The Hat - Magic Tree House #32: Winter of the Ice Wizard - Snowmen at Night - Over in the Arctic: Where the Cold Winds Blow - Look Closer into the Arctic - Here is the Arctic Winter - Who Lives Here? Polar Animals - North: The Amazing Story of Arctic Migration - Arctic Tale - The Magic of Friendship Snow - Snow (A Caldecott Honor Book) - The Snowy Nap - Pete the Cat: Snow Daze
Psychiatry, Behaviour, Mental Disorders, Adolescence, Questionnaires, Schools, Ireland Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 2009 Alumni Student Research Fund in General Practice. Aim: This study aims to assess a community of Irish adolescents using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for behavioural difficulties and mental health disorders. Method: All fifth and sixth class pupils attending eight primary schools were eligible to participate. The self-report version of the SDQ was administered to the pupils in the classroom. Results: Thirty participants (8.7%) had an abnormal SDQ score and 53 (15.3%) had a borderline abnormal SDQ score. Abnormal SDQ scores were more common among females (9.7%; mean score = 11.86; sd = 5.4) than among males (7.6%; mean score = 10.96; sd = 5.26). The difference was most pronounced on the emotional symptoms subscale (females received a mean score of 4.03 [sd = 2.1] compared to a mean male score of 2.90 [sd = 2.1]). Conclusions: Mental health problems are widespread among Irish adolescents. The SDQ is a useful preliminary assessment tool of the mental health profile of Irish adolescents and highlights the need for childhood mental health promotion in schools. The SDQ could also be used in a primary care setting to screen adolescents for mental disorders Medicine and Health Sciences \| Psychiatry and Psychology Greally P, Kelleher I, Murphy J, Cannon M. Assessment of the mental health of Irish Adolescents in the community. RCSI Student Medical Journal. 2009;3(1):33-35. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License.
Somewhere along the line, we all come to trust the numbers that come out of computers. After all, an infallible device told us it was true. So, let us start with a simple example, on a ten digit calculator enter the following: 1E12 + 1 - 1E12 If the 1 is in any position, but the last one, your calculator spits out 0. Despite the fact that the answer is very clearly 1. Using this example, and others, I try to have my students resist the urge to enter numbers into their calculators until the very end of the problem, and they will then usually avoid such problems. Despite my advice to my students, this bit me twice in two days, leading to a corollary to the first rule: Just because you have a bigger, more sophisticated calculator, does not mean you can trust it! I use Mathematica daily, and, in some sense, it is my extra large calculator. The first problem I had was the result of this innocuous looking bit of code: The problem comes in as x goes to 0, n goes to infinity. However, f does not do this, and n times f does not do this either. In other words, f goes to zero faster than n goes to infinity, so that when they are multiplied together the resulting limit is finite. But, I had defined both n and f as functions, so that they are evaluated separately. Therefor when I set x to 0, the whole thing blew up in my face, as Mathematica only saw that I had infinity times something that was finite. I fixed the problem by replacing the function calls with the functions themselves, at which point Mathematica got the hint. Thinking I was done, I ran the code again, and it blew up, again. This time the trouble came about because of the following term in the denominator: e[k - q]^2 - 2 e[k - q] e[k - q - qp] + e[k - q - qp]^2 - w[q]^2 Mathematica was saying that at k = q = qp this term was going to zero. This should not be zero as the first three terms cancel each other out because they equal (e[k - q] - e[k - q - qp])^2 w[q]^2 is not zero. However, individually each of the first three terms is about 20 orders of magnitude larger than w[q]^2, so Mathematica was just blithely ignoring it. The solution: ensure Mathematica knows that the first three terms cancel out by using the following, instead. (e[k - q] - e[k - q - qp])^2 - w[q]^2 It should be noted that increasing the precision of the calculation using either N[<>,100] or by increasing $MinPrecision to over 100 does not work. Only the modified form actually gives you a non-zero answer. So, even with an extra large calculator, you can really foul things up if you are not careful. There are two morals to this story: when performing floating point calculations, order matters, and a careful up front analysis will often help you avoid these problems. Similarly tagged OmniNerd content:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scrutin de Liste SCRUTIN DE LISTE (Fr. scrutin, voting by ballot, and liste, a list), a system of election of national representatives by which the electors of a department vote for all the deputies to be elected in that department (compare the “general ticket” in the United States). It is distinguished from the scrutin d’arrondissement, under which the electors in each arrondissement vote only for the deputy to be elected in it. See Representation.
John Churchill Marlborough, 1st duke of Power and Dismissal under Anne In 1702, when Anne ascended the throne, Marlborough reached the fullness of his power. His military genius and remarkable gift for foreign diplomacy were given wide scope in the War of the Spanish Succession. His personal efforts long held together the anti-French alliance. He and Prince Eugene of Savoy together won such victories as Blenheim (1704), Oudenarde (1708), and Malplaquet (1709), and he alone is credited with Ramillies (1706) and countless other triumphs. Marlborough, made a duke in 1702, also enjoyed political ascendancy, largely as a result of his wife's influence over the queen. Marlborough and his friend Sidney Godolphin, as well as the queen, although earlier bound by personal and religious ties to the Tories, turned to the Whigs, who favored the war while the Tories opposed it. They secured the dismissal of Robert Harley in 1708 and were momentarily paramount in politics. The duchess, however, quarreled with Anne, who came under the influence of Abigail Masham, Harley's cousin; the war was costly, and Marlborough was accused of prolonging it for his personal glory; the prosecution of Henry Sacheverell was unpopular; and in 1710 the Whigs fell, yielding power to Harley and Henry St. John (later Viscount Bolingbroke). The duke was falsely charged with misappropriating public funds and was dismissed (1711) from office. He returned to England from self-imposed exile upon the accession of George I in 1714 and was given chief command of the army again, but he took little further part in public affairs. Sections in this article: The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: British and Irish History: Biographies
Counting Collections is one of the most flexible routines for use both in the classroom and at home. The general routine for a counting collection is simple: - Choose a collection and a partner: Collections can be pre-baggied to control the size, but they can also be “found’ collections. Toy bins, rocks, trees in the yard, fence posts, etc. are all easily accessible for counting. - Estimate how many objects are in the collection. Younger students will get better at estimation with practice and counting collections are a great way for students to develop their strategies and important ideas, like the relationship between size, number and volume. Estimation strategies should be discussed during consolidation and with other activities, such as Steve Wyborney’s warm up routines Esti-Mysteries and Estimation Clipboard or Andrew Stadel’s Estimation 180 prompts. - Count: It is important that the children count the collection together and not separately. This rule facilitates discussion and negotiation, which leads to more learning. If the counting is being done at home, siblings or a parent can act as a partner, but older counters must not dictate or undermine a younger child’s strategies. It is helpful to ask questions like: - How are you going to count the items? - What tools might be helpful? (You can offer an assortment of “tools,” such as number charts, trays, cups, number lines, egg cartons and 10 frames. - Is there another way you could count? Will you get the same number if you count differently? - Which way is more efficient? Which way is more accurate? - I got a different number when I counted the items? How can we check? It is ok to nudge by offering a tool, asking a question or modelling by counting a different way, but resist the temptation to dictate the counting methodology. - Record: Ask each child to record HOW they counted. For young children, this is as simple as drawing a picture and writing how many. There are examples on this page of how recording sheets can be varied for different purposes and grade levels. Ask: - How does your picture (or equation) show HOW you counted? - CONSOLIDATE LEARNING: This is the most important step of any open ended routine, task or activity. Focus on what children are learning about how numbers work, the patterns/structures of math and strategies and tools that help us. AVOID focusing only on answer or creating a hierarchy of strategies. While it is helpful for students to talk about how they select different strategies for different situations and how different strategies can be more or less efficient, it is unhelpful to create a sense that a child’s preferred strategy is “not good enough.” Consolidation can be done in small groups or whole class, depending on the situation. There are many places to find information about, resources for and examples of Counting Collections for all students. The routine has value preK-high school. Book: Choral Counting and Counting Collections by Megan L Franke, Elham Kazemi and Angela Chan Turrou Videos: Youtube has an abundance of video examples of students doing Counting Collections both in school and at home. Angela Turrou created a video to help parents understand Counting Collections at Home. This is another youtube video I found that is really really good because it is short, clear, and provides exactly the info parents need to start out. This other one also models the process really well for parents, but in more detail. This is Elham Kazemi’s site (one of the Book authors). Scroll down to Supporting ambitious instruction in elementary mathematics through school-wide professional learning. There are videos there for choral counting and counting collections at different grade levels, which may be useful for both you and your parents. The hashtags #countingcollections and #countingcollectionsathome are used on Twitter to share photos, videos and ideas. This page from Megan Franke (also an author of the Counting Collections book) has lots of video examples and information on what to look for in counting. You may find some of it useful in supporting parent’s understandings. Janice Novakowski has several blog posts on her website about Counting Collections. You might start with this one about outdoor collections during outdoor learning. Recording Sheet examples:
ERIC Number: ED119401 Record Type: Non-Journal Publication Date: 1975 Reference Count: N/A Get a Wiggle On: A Guide for Helping Visually Impaired Children Grow. Raynor, Sherry; Drouillard, Richard A booklet intended for parents and other individuals in contact with the blind or visually impaired infant provides suggestions for aiding in the child's growth and development. Presented from the viewpoint of the visually impaired child, the author emphasizes sharpening of the intact senses through such activities as talking to, carrying, and touching the child often. Permitting exploration and providing sound cues are seen to be particularly important. (Author/SB) Descriptors: Blindness, Child Development, Exceptional Child Education, Infants, Parent Role, Sensory Training, Stimulation, Visual Impairments Ingham Intermediate School District, 2630 W. Howell Road, Mason, Michigan 48854 ($1.25) Publication Type: Books Education Level: N/A Sponsor: Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (DHEW/OE), Washington, DC. Authoring Institution: Ingham Intermediate Board of Education, Mason, MI.
In the Beginning: Science Faces God in the Book of Genesis. The beginning of time. The origin of life. In our Western civilization, there are two influential accounts of beginnings. One is the biblical account, compiled more than two thousand years ago by Judean writers who based much of their thinking on the Babylonian astronomical lore of the day. The other is the account of modern science, which, in the last century, has slowly built up a coherent picture of how it all began. Both represent the best thinking of their times, and in this line-by-line annotation of the first eleven chapters of Genesis, Isaac Asimov carefully and evenhandedly compares the two accounts, pointing out where they are similar and where they are different. “There is no version of primeval history, preceding the discoveries of modern science, that is as rational and as inspiriting as that of the Book of Genesis,” Asimov says. However, human knowledge does increase, and if the biblical writers “had written those early chapters of Genesis knowing what we know today, we can be certain that they would have written it completely differently.” Isaac Asimov brings to this fascinating subject his wide-ranging knowledge of science and history—and his award-winning ability to explain the complex with accuracy, clarity, and wit.
Living by the Ocean40% of Africa’s people make their living from the sea, which of course provide fish and other foodstuffs such as seaweed. We use products like sand and mangrove wood for building, and we use the sea itself to transport goods and people from place to place along the coast. If you sailed the whole of Africa’s 18, 950 mile coastline, you would visit 33 countries. Because the ocean has no boundaries, nothing can be done without consequences for the whole. The ocean can seem like a useful bin for the huge amount of waste produced by humankind, but this is not true. Pollution is building up, as oil, plastic and sewage are dumped from boats, cities and factories. On our blue planet, it can seem as though the bounty of the oceans is endless, but over-fishing and by-catch are also threatening marine resources. This topic is about finding ways to use and protect our oceans so they can provide for our needs and the needs of our future generations. Larger mesh nets let young fish escape so they can breed and make more fish DOWNLOAD: EXCERPTS FROM AFRICA OUR HOME DOWNLOAD: OCEAN ACTION SHEETS DOWNLOAD: OCEAN ACTIVITY DOWNLOAD: OCEAN DIRECTORY Living by the Ocean film is available from PACE, link: [email protected]. The following are the sections of the DVD which are applicable to this topic: Click on the link above to find out more about this project. Mafia Island, Tanzania © Sarah Watson Fishermen off the coast of Tanzania © Sarah Watson Site Designed by Plexus Media Last Updated on 2/1/2013
Write a function that takes two equal-length buffers and produces their XOR combination. If your function works properly, then when you feed it the string: ... after hex decoding, and when XOR'd against: ... should produce: 💭 Like the previous challenge, the input strings are in hex. Since we are talking about XOR, we can directly perform bitwise XOR operation on the individual characters (numberical representation), without having to convert them to binary in out code. - Hex representation is for human consumption. Don't get lost in what it looks like, know what it represents. - "It's like a finger pointing away to the moon. Don't concentrate on the finger or you will miss all that heavenly glory."
Agricultural Conservation Easement Program About The Program The Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP) provides financial and technical assistance to help conserve agricultural lands and wetlands and their related benefits. Under the Agricultural Land Easements component, NRCS helps American Indian tribes, state and local governments and non-governmental organizations protect working agricultural lands and limit non-agricultural uses of the land. Under the Wetlands Reserve Easements component, NRCS helps to restore, protect and enhance enrolled wetlands. Agricultural Land Easements protect the long-term viability of the nation’s food supply by preventing conversion of productive working lands to non-agricultural uses. Land protected by agricultural land easements provides additional public benefits, including environmental quality, historic preservation, wildlife habitat and protection of open space. Land eligible for agricultural easements includes cropland, rangeland, grassland, pastureland and nonindustrial private forest land. NRCS will prioritize applications that protect agricultural uses and related conservation values of the land and those that maximize the protection of contiguous acres devoted to agricultural use. Wetland Reserve Easements provide habitat for fish and wildlife, including threatened and endangered species, improve water quality by filtering sediments and chemicals, reduce flooding, recharge groundwater, protect biological diversity and provide opportunities for educational, scientific and limited recreational activities. Contact your local NRCS. For office locations visit: www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/site/mt/home/ [email protected] \| 406-587-6970
The latest research about osteoporosis and bone health. Important information on how to prevent bone loss and bone fractures as well as treatment and medication for osteoporosis. For most older people and even for some younger people, thinning bones is a condition that becomes difficult to steer clear of. Osteoporosis, which is a condition in which the bone structure thins out and bone density lowers over time, is usually caused because of incorrect bone health. Ultimately, the bones of patients suffering from the condition easily fracture because their bones become really thin. Many people today are disabled because of these repeated fractures. Therefore, in order to stop osteoporosis it is vital for people today to ensure they have robust bones. There are many things that can be done by folks to keep their bones healthy and sturdy. For the bones to grow properly, they must be provided with all crucial nutrients. The risk of bone loss and osteoporosis can be momentously reduced through a healthy diet. To encourage bone growth, calcium one of the most vital factors is needed by the body. Calcium can be more effectively absorbed and processed by the body with the help of Vitamin D. To ensure proper bone health, people today ought to make sure that their body is getting enough of both of these nutrients. Normally, 1,200 mg of calcium is the advised amount of calcium that is necessary for men and women over the age of 51. The body can be normally supplied with calcium by the consumption of dairy products and milk. At least three servings of dairy products ought to be eaten by an individual in a single day to ensure that their body receives an adequate amount of calcium. Broccoli, leafy green vegetables, etc. are other good food sources that people can receive calcium from. Calcium supplements are another alternative for people today who do not get enough calcium from their diet or do not regularly eat such foods. Similarly Vitamin D fortified milk and yogurt are also good sources of Vitamin D as well.Exposure to daylight also supplies the body with Vitamin D, while Vitamin D supplements can also be used. To ensure that they have strong bones, individuals must also follow a regular exercise program as well. Bone density and bone mass can be increased with the help of a proper weight bearing exercise regimen. The bones can be ideally stimulated with a variety of weight bearing exercises. The ones in the body are alive, therefore stimulating the bones results in increase in bone mass, which also increases their density and makes them more powerful too. Apart from lifting weights any activity that such as dance, jogging, running, walking, etc. in which individuals bear the weight of their own body fall under the category of weight bearing exercises. To ensure ideal bone health, folks really should make sure that they exercise on a daily basis, whether they dance, lift body-weights, run around or anything else, all such activities can help them keep their bones sturdy. Osteoporosis can turn out to be a huge issue, especially for those who have passed the age of 30 given that the density and the strength of their bones begin to decrease. Therefore, those who want to have robust bones really should improve their diet in order to provide their body with calcium and vitamin D, while they must also take part in weight bearing exercises. Source: Free Articles from ArticlesFactory.com
The South Dublin coast is one of the most attractive areas of Dublin, offering many spectacular sea views. For this reason, the dramatic Killiney Bay is often compared with the Bay of Naples. The hills surrounding Killney Bay are composed mainly of granite, a hard igneous rock, which formed roughly 400 million years ago. In comparison, the underlying land beside the bay is mainly comprised of shales and sanstones that were laid down as sediment on the floor of the ancient Iapetus Ocean (almost 475 million years ago). Many of the pebbles and rocks along Killiney Beach are examples of carboniferous limestone, some of which contain fossils of corals, sea shells and other sea life that existed millions of years ago. This attracts many geologists to the striking coast at Killiney Bay. Upload to this page Add your photos, text, videos, etc. to this page. - Ireland's Environment Overview - Air Quality - The Built Environment - Waste Management - Aarhus Convention - Climate Change - Featured Articles - County Focus - Cork City - Dublin - Dublin City - Dublin - South Dublin - Dublin - Dún Laoghaire Rathdown - Dublin - Fingal - Limerick City - Waterford City - Environmental Awareness Initiatives - Education, Training & Exhibitions - Public Consultations & Review Procedure - Environmental Impact Statements - Who Does What?
Russia marks the Day of the Press. On April 22, or May 5th on the new calendar, 1912, the first issue of newspaper Pravda saw the light. Pravda appeared as a publication of the Russian Social and Democratic Working Party of Bolsheviks. This is a special date for Pravda.Ru too, because we are a publication, the history of which originally started on May 5th 99 years ago. The history of the newspaper Pravda counts a little bit less than 100 years. During the pre-revolution era, the newspaper existed both legally and illegally. The publication was struggling for the title of the central press organ of the Bolsheviks. In the summer of 1917, the paper was banned by the Interim government, but continued its existence under different names. After the Great October Revolution, the newspaper was published as Pravda again. During the Soviet period of the Russian history, Pravda became the primary newspaper of the state. Unlike any other publication, the Pravda had a right to publish and comment the decisions taken by the Soviet administration. The Pravda archives still remain a priceless source of information for historians. Pravda also became an agency of state control. Critical materials would inevitably lead to administrative and court penalties. Local correspondents would simply be killed to conceal the real state of affairs from the central administration. From the modern point of view, many functions of the main publication of the Soviet Union look as not typical of the press. Pravda was a newspaper that was only providing information - it was not trying to heal social ulcers of the Soviet society. Pravda was largely an administrative resource. It was funded by the state and enjoyed immense circulations and a huge correspondent network. However, any Pravda journalist would have to risk their lives if they wanted to criticize something and see real consequences of their work. It is hard to imagine that correspondents of the press organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union would be persecuted and killed. It is also hard to imagine and regional authorities would withdraw and destroy circulations of the newspaper. All of that was happening. The first issue of the Pravda newspaper was published on May 5, 1912. The day was then marked as the Day of the Soviet Press. Nowadays, Russia marks the Day of the Press on January 13. It has been nearly 20 years, but the Day of the Soviet Press remains in the hearts of many people. A lot has changed during those years, to say the least. Everything has changed. Russia's old publications are going through hard times. Trud, another well-known Soviet newspaper, has recently celebrated the 90th anniversary. However, the newspaper is about to be closed. Another icon of the Soviet press, the Izvestia, is not going to close its doors, but the publication is going to relocate from its historical office in the center of Moscow this month. There are many publications in Russia, the history of which started during the Soviet times. There are some magazines that were founded before the revolution, and they still exist. Has anything new and noticeable appeared in the Russian press during the recent two decades? Pavel Gusev, editor-in-chief of Moskovsky Komsomolets: "One could not even imagine during the 1980s of the 1990s that Russian mass media would change so much. The Internet and digital television appeared - this is also a part of the technological breakthrough in the development of mass media. The most important thing, though, is that we have the freedom of speech in today's Russia. However, the traditions of Russian journalism become history slowly but surely. The journalism that was coming from a person and through a person, through their inner world, is dying. This type of journalism was not typical for many countries of the world. Soviet and Russian people loved that type of journalism and one can still feel this love if articles like that are published. Nowadays, we all try to be the first in publishing news stories and adding some comments to them. This is a disadvantage of modern-day journalism." Alexander Prokhanov, editor-in-chief of Zavtra (Tomorrow) newspaper: "The Soviet press was a role model in general. The Soviet press was not oriented on information per se, it was all about propaganda and agitation. Something like a window appeared in the Soviet press some time later. It was the Literaturnaya Gazeta, which offered an alternative point of view on things. Or better to say, the newspaper was reporting about the things that were not published in the official press. The Literaturnaya Gazeta was a unique phenomenon of the Soviet society from this point of view." Vladimir Sungorkin, editor-in-chief of the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper. "All monsters of the Soviet press no longer exist in Russia. Only the "Komsomolka" is left. There was Pravda, Izvestia and Trud newspapers, and they had multi-million print-runs. This is the first change. The second change is the appearance of Internet journalism. I believe that the talks about traditions in the press is mostly a make-up story, a myth to pacify elderly Soviet journalists. I've worked in the Soviet press for many years, in major national newspapers, and I would not exaggerate the purity of Soviet journalism, its innocence and highest standards. I would not say that we have lost some priceless traditions that we had. We always had outstanding journalists before and we have them now. Nothing has changed for the worse from this point of view, I think." Russian President Vladimir Putin is confident that the conflict between Israel and the Palestinian Authority directly threatens Russia's security
Teacher Tool: Implementing Interactive Text-Based Discussions for ELs Text Talks: A Strategic Book Club Routine for Building Vocabulary and Comprehension Skills In collaboration with the practicing professionals at our partnering schools, Project ELITE2 developed and refined an instructional model that educators use to enhance core language and literacy instruction for students in grades 3-5. As part of this instructional system, teachers strategically set reading groups of 4-5 students, select culturally relevant texts that are appropriate for their reading and language proficiency levels, and then divide the text into chunks. Before students read independently, teachers deliver a focused mini-lesson that includes previewing the text as well as explicitly teaching academic vocabulary concepts and reading comprehension processes. While students read independently, they practice word-learning strategies and record the meaning of new words. Students compose a written summary of the reading and respond to prompts in their journals to prepare for their group discussions. Next, students engage in structured, text-based discussion to advance their comprehension of the text and practice academic language. For additional instructional materials and lessons plans in both English and Spanish, click HERE.
How is your country hopeless What can one object to such a judgment? A judge has the task of implementing what is in the law. In this case, it is about the UN Refugee Convention, and there you learn: people who are up to their necks in the South Pacific because the sea level is gradually getting dangerously close, because their land is being eroded and their groundwater is being salty by the sea, cannot be accepted as refugees. Why? Because so far no state has committed itself to this. The UN Refugee Convention is from 1951. With this justification, a court in New Zealand has now sent a climate refugee home from the island republic of Kiribati. Laws through which industrialized countries recognize their shared responsibility for climate change have yet to be created. The judgment is a reminder of the urgent need for such laws. 200 million people could lose their homes due to floods, droughts and rising sea levels by 2050, according to economists at the World Bank and Columbia University. The most pessimistic scenario from climate researchers currently looks like this: If the industrialized countries continue as before, the sea level will rise by one meter by the year 2100. Half of the state of Bangladesh, home to 150 million people, would then disappear underwater. It is an old, difficult debate to what extent poverty in the world is also to blame for the industrialized countries and whether this results in an obligation to take in refugees. In the case of climate change, however, one cannot seriously avoid the insight: Yes, these people are leaving because the industrialized countries are destroying their homeland. It would not do anyone any good if a single New Zealand judge had now stepped forward with acrobatics in international law, possibly while his colleagues shook the head; Incidentally, it would have taken a real legal stunt to interpret the current refugee convention as if the signatory states, which wanted to grant "protection from persecution" in 1951, also meant "persecution by water". But climate change as a reason to flee: That could be written into there, in a renewed refugee convention. At the climate summit in Warsaw last week, the industrialized countries agreed for the first time to provide financial compensation to victims of climate damage. Although still without a legal claim. But the foot is in the door. - What color goes with the pink top - How is Elastos better than NEO - How can people blindly follow our President - What are some funny Google Assistant conversations - What are the trend coats and suits - What is 0 0 with proof - Where can I learn guitar in Bangalore - What are the best career opportunities in math - How did Robert the Bruce die? - Why is democratic education important - Is border security really a national emergency? - Sells Seventeen light sticks at concerts - Who does PR for Homeaway - Are the homeopathic medicines safe to take? - Which mobile home should I never buy? - What is the importance of innovative behavior - What is Belarus known for? - Which smartphones support the Verizons 5G network - What's your number one tip for startups - Why do some foods become gourmet - Does a bank change affect your balance? - Smart plugs are available without WiFi - What is intermediate algebra - What are the main grappling techniques
Astronomers have figured out that the dark side of the moon is actually turquoise. An international team of scientists from Hawaii’s Mauna Loa Observatory, which is run by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, have spent the last two years measuring the moon using a specific telescope. Peter Thejll, a senior scientist at the Danish Meteorological Institute in Copenhagen, stated, “This is sunshine that struck the Earth, was coloured by the Earth, was reflected up to the moon, struck the moon, and then came back to us.” The dark side of the moon is actually lit by the light that is reflected from Earth. The Guardian reported, “Images of Earth from space show clearly that the planet looks blue. But when this blue light strikes the moon, the light that’s reflected back is turquoise.” Thejll added, “Astronauts standing on the moon and looking up at the Earth described it as a blue marble. Having not been into space myself, I don’t know what they meant exactly, but once that blue light strikes the moon’s surface, it shifts to a blue-green colour. We can call it turquoise.” This was the first attempt to accurately measure the color of the moon since 1965, when an observatory from Bloemfontein in South Africa conducted experiments. Thejll confirmed, “This is the first accurate color measurement of the dark side of the moon,” and his research has already been accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, a renowned scientific journal. It is now hoped that this observation of the dark side of the moon will allow astronomers to further examine the color of the moon. This scientific research would help with the assessment of climate change models, which are often used to predict changes in cloud cover. Thejll added, “We have measured the same colour now as was seen in the 1960s and that might say something about what has happened to the Earth in the meantime, and it’s consistent with there being no change in the amount of cloud. But this was just one measurement, and the colour of the Earth changes on an hourly basis.” NASA filmed the dark side of the moon for the first time in February 2012. The project took around 15 months to complete and the video, which was recored by the Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory, simply revealed that the far-side of the moon was actually just a grey, crater filled area. [Image via mik ulyannikov/Shutterstock]
After towns had been formed, a system of consolidation was devised so that all the towns were brought under one head. This tribal government was a very loose condfederation of towns at best. The one thing that kept the towns under the control of the Ugu was the Atsila Galvkawetiyu, "Sacred Fire." All knew that the Sacred Fire was located where the power was, no matter where that town was located. The towns sent their delegates to elect an Ugu, "Head Chief," of all the chiefs. The tribe was divided into Red and White Societies, each having a chief, the War Chief for the Red Society and the Peace Chief for the White Society. To aid the Ugu, that wasn an anaska, "council," to assist him, which were made up of seven counselors, one elected from each of the seven clans in the tribe, a council of elder men and elder women, the tribal Women's Council, the Greatly Beloved Woman, a Speaker of the Tribal Council, a judicial system of elders elected by the people, seven messengers, and several Anidawehi as advisors and conductors of religious ceremonines. The Tribal Council met in the principal town where the Sacred Fire was located. The first town was Kituwas, located on the east side of the Great Smokey Mountains. The last great town was Itsati, located on the west side of the Great Smokey Mountains along the Little Tennessee River. [First Town is Formed] [Building the Mound and Sacred Fire] [Tribal Government] [Leaders] [Red and White Organizations] [The War Women] [Warriorship and War Titles] [Diplomacy] [Immunity of Ambassadors] [Marriage and Divorce] [Tobacco Pipes] [The Ceremonial War Hatchet] [Take Up The Hatchet] [Bury The Hatchet] [Traders and Merchants] [Craftsmen and Industrial Arts] [Games] [Taboo] [Burial] [Book Main]
August 12th, 2014 04:38 PM ET School children get low marks when it comes to spreading germs, often sharing bugs with their classmates. So scientists wondered if putting hand sanitizers into elementary school classrooms would lead to fewer absences. Researchers in New Zealand set out to discover if using alcohol-based hand sanitizers, in addition to regular hand washing, would cut back on absentee rates in schools. They recruited 68 primary schools, and all students were given a half-hour hygiene lesson. They then assigned half of the schools to a control group where children washed their hands with soap and water. The schools in the intervention group did the same, but were also asked to use classroom hand sanitizers when they coughed or sneezed, and before meals. When children missed school, calls were made to find out if the child was sick. The research team checked-in with the caregivers of more than 2,400 children, keeping track of the type and length of their illnesses during 20 weeks of school. Absentee rates between the two groups were virtually the same, the study authors found. "These findings suggest that, in high-income countries where clean water for hand washing is readily available, putting resources into extra hand hygiene by providing hand sanitizer in classrooms may not be an effective way to break the child-to-child transmission of infectious diseases," an accompanying editorial in the journal concluded. An unexpected flu epidemic during the course of the study may have affected the findings. Heightened awareness about the benefits of clean hands during the epidemic may have led to more hand washing overall, making it more difficult to see if hand sanitizers gave added benefit, says Dr. Jennifer Shu, a pediatrician in Atlanta who was not involved with the study. But the study authors say that the impact of hand sanitizer would be particularly important during an influenza pandemic, and they found "providing hand sanitizer was not an effective mechanism for reducing illness absence." So what is the takeaway message for schools and parents? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says it's best to have children wash their hands with soap and water. If a sink is not available, hand sanitizers with an alcohol concentration of at least 60% are a good second choice. The bottom line, do what it takes to rub those germs away. About this blog Get a behind-the-scenes look at the latest stories from CNN Chief Medical Correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, Senior Medical Correspondent Elizabeth Cohen and the CNN Medical Unit producers. They'll share news and views on health and medical trends - info that will help you take better care of yourself and the people you love.
Making aid work Oxfam believes that aid is not the solution to poverty; people are. Few Americans would disagree that the aim of US foreign assistance must be to help people help themselves. Whether the objective is to aid local farmers in increasing their crop production, to strengthen locally led efforts to fight corruption and protect human rights, or to support neighbors to rebuild after a natural disaster, assistance should empower and respond to local people and their needs. The most effective aid programs support local leaders as they take action to lift themselves and their communities out of poverty. But too often certain kinds of US foreign aid are slow, bureaucratic, politically driven, and implemented from the top down. And, as a result, US aid is not building local systems that tap the existing capacity and potential of developing countries to solve their own problems. This approach is unnecessarily costly, inflexible, and unsustainable; it duplicates efforts, reduces accountability for results, and drains talent from local institutions. Oxfam believes donors should provide aid in ways that strengthen the compact between effective governments and active citizens. Oxfam advocates for reforms that let countries know what donors are doing (information), support countries’ own efforts to manage development (capacity), and better respond to country priorities (control). With citizens and governments in the driver’s seat, development finance can be effectively deployed to strengthen local systems and end the injustice of poverty. Oxfam advocates with decision makers in Congress and the administration to improve the way the US government delivers aid. Oxfam advocates for legislation such as the Foreign Aid and Transparency Act, which will reform US aid; conducts research to determine how US approaches can build on the vast amount of enterprising and creative problem-solving skills that local leaders employ; and amplifies the voices of these leaders in Washington, DC. The US is the largest donor of official development assistance around the world in terms of absolute dollars. It’s important that these aid dollars be protected and spent in the right ways, especially in ways that end countries’ aid dependency. Oxfam has published influential reports documenting the need for greater aid transparency and country ownership: Goals & priorities Oxfam advocates for changes to US policy and practices that would make poverty-reducing aid a more effective tool for development. Our efforts include the following: - Ensuring that US foreign aid is focused on the real goal of helping countries move beyond aid to self-sufficiency: building institutions such as government, local civil society, and private business, rather than working around them, and making greater use of country systems to ensure good governance and local accountability for results. - Providing more useful information about US aid: making timely, accurate, and comprehensive data about US assistance available to citizens and taxpayers. New legislation—the Foreign Aid Transparency Act of 2013—would open the books on US foreign aid. - Continuing to support US aid policy reforms such as USAID Forward, Feed the Future, and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), by protecting the critical funding needed to shift to more streamlined aid practices. Why does Oxfam aim to strengthen local ownership of aid? Foreign aid doesn’t “create” development—people and countries develop themselves. No matter how well donors understand development, donor-imposed solutions are often wrong for the context. Even when they’re right, successes aren’t maintained without local buy-in. At its best, when foreign aid is “owned” by those it aims to help, it can be delivered in ways that strengthen the voice of citizens and the responsiveness of the state. Achievements so far Working with allies both inside and outside of Washington, DC, Oxfam has succeeded in furthering the debate on how to improve US aid, ensuring aid reforms remain on the agenda, and influencing decision makers. Our contributions are evident in the changes we’ve seen in US foreign assistance agencies and mechanisms since our work began. Building country systems to ensure good governance and local accountability - The Obama administration’s “Partnerships for Growth” approach has mapped out a new way to change relationships with developing countries from patronage to partnership, based on the promise of the US government’s first-ever Global Development Policy (PPD6), issued in 2010. The US Global Development Policy offers a clear mandate for country ownership—that is, US foreign aid delivered in ways to help citizens demand that their governments govern well and accountably. - At the heart of the USAID Forward flagship reform agenda is the acknowledgment that local people and institutions must play the leading role in transforming their countries. Since USAID Forward began in 2009, the agency has increased the amount of direct support to effective local institutions in host countries by almost 50 percent.1 According to USAID’s progress report: In order to achieve long-term sustainable development, we have to support the institutions, private sector partners and civil society organizations that serve as engines of growth and progress for their own nations. USAID Forward is helping us to do that through new models for public-private partnerships and increased investment directly to partner governments and local organizations. Supporting reforms to US aid policy - USAID Forward addresses the outdated procurement policies that perpetuate a cycle of aid dependence; the rebuilding of staff technical capacity; the reduction of overhead costs associated with contracting; the need for rigorous program feedback and evaluation; and the role of innovation, science, and technology throughout USAID’s programs. - USAID is renewing its emphasis on monitoring, evaluation, and learning, led by a celebrated new policy and the creation of the Bureau of Policy, Planning and Learning. Ensuring transparency of US foreign assistance - In 2010, the US unveiled a public website, the Foreign Assistance Dashboard, that provides a view of US aid across agencies and countries. - Bipartisan efforts in both houses of Congress have required more transparency from US aid agencies via legislation. - Since joining the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) in 2011, US rankings in the Aid Transparency Index have risen across the board, with the Millennium Challenge Corporation ranking No. 1 in 2013. - USAID, USAID Forward Progress Report (2013).
Family values involve all the ideas of how you want to live your family life, and they are often passed down from previous generations. They can help define behavior in various situations, help youth make good choices, and solidify the bond that your family has. If your family doesn't already have these values in place, know that it is never too late to make a list. Although every family's list of values will be different, there are different categories of values that tend to be similar. What to Do When a Family Member or Friend Betrays You Human mating strategies - Wikipedia Last Updated: January 5, References. There are 28 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 1,, times. Dating can be a tricky business for anyone. You just want to have some light conversation and feel out whether the chemistry is there. To start dating, try using a dating app or website, like Tinder, Bumble, or Match, to easily meet other single people.
Now you're probably aware of Headwraps, they come in many colours, sizes and patterns and are used for various different occasions. Now, depending on where you grew up you may never have noticed when you actually started seeing or using headwraps yourself however, what you probably don't know is the cultural meaning behind some of these headwraps. Now depending on where you come from the headwrap has different names. For example in Nigeria you'd call it a Gele, in Botswana a Tuki and in Ghana, Malawi and Zimbabwe it's called a Duku. Despite the various names the African headwrap has had a similar journey throughout history. The origin of the headwraps can be traced back to its Sub-Saharan roots where people would wrap their head to protect their scalps and hair from the harsh rays of the sun and also dust during the wind and rainy season. This later developed into being able to non verbally communicate someone's tribe, social class, their relationship status and even their age. Despite European nations coming and disturbing the peace in Africa and trying to Westernise African culture, history and teachings by introducing Western values and beauty standards through the years of colonisation, Head Scarfs are not only an accessory to decorate a casual outfit it's also a trophy of the perseverance and strength that black women have shown in order to keep our culture together. So next time you're wearing a headwrap remember you're from a long line of strong African warriors!! Wear it with pride sis!
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Copy of Structuralism Transcript of Copy of Structuralism Analyzes language and literataure as structures Examples of Structuralist Criticism General characteristics of Structuralism : Milles Wissal and Hachichi Kenza We often "see", or infer structure when it's not actually present. “Structuralism isn’t interested in what a text means, but in how a text means what it means” - Lois Tyson Interpretations and general criticisms the school recieved Story of the Survivor: What my story is. But I cannot forget. Coming here was a terrible mistake. I thought I could change. I thought I could put it all behind me. But I cannot. They went to Auschwitz. They were killed. My Brother. He died in the cupboard. There is nothing left for me. I thought there was but I am wrong. [Pg. 260] Similar plot to "The Devil's Arithmetic". Sarah’s fundamental loss of innocence: “Finally, the lock clicked, and she tugged the secret door open. A rotten stench hit her like a fist. She drew away… In the back of the cupboard, she glimpsed the small lump of a motionless, curled-up body... she screamed for her mother, for her father, screamed for Michel.” [Pg. 160,Paris 1942] Similar plot to "Life is Beautiful". •Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm in sociology, anthropology, linguistics and semiotics positing that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. It works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel. • To understand this literary criticism, one must look for what it has in common with other literature rather than how it differs “Looking at the BIG picture rather than what is just in front of you.” History and Background Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, existentialism, such as that propounded by Jean-Paul Sartre, was the dominant European intellectual movement. Structuralism rose to prominence in France in the wake of existentialism, particularly in the 1960s. The initial popularity of structuralism in France led to its spread across the globe. • It focused on the way that human behavior is determined by various structures. Structuralism rejected the concept of human freedom and choice and focused instead on the way that human experience and thus, behavior, is determined by various structures. • The most important initial work on this score was Claude Lévi-Strauss’ 1949 volume The Elementary Structures of Kinship. • By the early 1960s structuralism as a movement was coming into its own and some believed that it offered a single unified approach to human life that would embrace all disciplines. • Two important theorists formed structuralism: Charles Sanders Peirce and Ferdinand de Saussure. • Peirce gave structuralism three important ideas for analyzing the sign systems that define our experiences: 1. iconic signs, in which the signifier resembles the thing signified (such as the stick figures on washroom doors that signify 'Men' or ‘Women'; 2. indexes, in which the signifier is a reliable indicator of the presence of the signified (like fire and smoke) 3. true symbols, which the signifier's relation to the thing signified is random and conventional (just as the sound “kat” or the written word “cat” are conventional signs for a feline) • Peirce also influenced the semiotic school of structuralist theory that uses sign systems. • Roland Barthes and Jacues Derrida were the ones to focus on how structuralism could be applied to literature. • The structuralist school emerges from theories of language and it looks for underlying elements in culture and literature that can be connected. • Barthes, among others showed that the laws that govern language govern all signs, from road signs to articles of clothing. • Structuralism was heavily influenced by linguistics, especially by the pioneering work of Ferdinand de Saussure. Saussure’s concept of the phoneme and his idea that phonemes exist in two kinds of relationships: (the way language has evolved through time) and (study of language at only one point in time) • Although structuralism was largely a European phenomenon in its origin and development, it was influenced by American thinkers as well. • Noam Chomsky identified and distinguished between "surface structures" and "deep structures" in language and linguistic literatures, including texts. • Structuralism can be applied to virtually any text as it functions as a system of meaning no matter how many works there are, two or two hundred • Good example of this lies in childhood fairy-tales They follow a similar structure of problem, solution and morality. Common intertextual connections of royalty, monsters or animals • Another in dystopias (common themes of violence, survival, nature) Hunger Games, Maze Runner – follows a structure of solving the problems following a post-apocalyptic event The Great Gatsby is an excellent embodiment of binary oppositions which underlie its theme, setting, characters and the meaning of symbols: illusion and disillusionment in theme; ideal land and realistic world in setting; insiders and outsiders in characters; superficial meaning and implied meaning in symbols. These opposed pairs serve as good illustrations of the deep oppositional structure underlying the novel. Structuralism is the lens that looks for "underlying elements in culture and literature that can be connected so that critics can develop general conclusions about the individual words and system from which they emerge" (Owl at Purdue) Critics using this lens will relate the text to a structure since they believe every text follows a structure. Structuralism asks about the deep structure of things, as opposed to causes or consequences. It has a number of characteristics: 1. It is holistic. Parts of a system cannot be investigated in isolation. They can only be understood through their interaction with other parts. The meaning of an utterance depends on the language being spoken; the meaning of a gesture depends on the cultural context. 2. It prioritizes the invariant over the transient. The flux of actions is not important; rather, the underlying system is. 3. Structuralism opposes positivism. Positivists prefer to explain things in terms of observable entities. Structuralists work on the unobservable structure beneath the chaotic observable world. 4. Structuralists acknowledge the constraining nature of social structures. People's actions are constrained, whether they know it or not, by the structures which underlie them. 1. Words (or signifiers) do not point to things, but they point to concepts (signifieds). The sign signifies a concept, not an external reality. "Table" does not refer to a non-linguistic thing in the world, but rather has meaning because of where it appears in relation to other words. It makes sense to use it in certain places, and not others. 2. All meaning depends on a structure which lies behind every sign. Langue vs. parole. Example: English is a language, but we never encounter "English" apart from specific utterances. There is grammar, and we know when it has been violated, but we never have direct access to the structure itself. 3. We are not concerned about the historical development of something (the "diachronic"), but rather with the set of references at any specific time (the "synchronic"). Example: the fashion system. 4. Signs are arbitrary. There is nothing inherent in the word "table" that necessitates that the word we use must be used. 5. Signs are not infinitely arbitrary. There are limits to the places we can use the word "table." 6. Signs work by signifying a difference from other signs. Example: the first taste of coffee. Structuralism notes also the importance of: Binary opposition is a key concept that states that all elements of human culture can only be understood in relation to one another and how they function within a larger system or the overall environment. Ex: light/dark, upper-class/lower-class, male/female, good/evil, in/out. What patterns exist in the text... how does it relate to other texts? What is the relationship between the text and the culture the text derived from? What patterns are there in the text that connect to a human experience? How do other semiotics relating to our culture or the text's culture relate to the semiotics within the text? The Main Questions to be asked in Structuralism : In the 1970s, structuralism was criticised for its rigidity and ahistoricism. Structuralism is less popular today than other approaches, such as post-structuralism and deconstruction. Structuralism has often been criticized for being ahistorical and for favoring deterministic structural forces over the ability of people to act. A potential problem of structuralist interpretation is that it can be highly reductive, as scholar Catherine Belsey puts it: "the structuralist danger of collapsing all difference." An example of such a reading might be if a student concludes the authors of West Side Story did not write anything "really" new, because their work has the same structure as Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Several social thinkers and academics have strongly criticized structuralism or even dismissed it in toto. The French hermeneutic philosopher Paul Ricœur (1969) criticized Lévi-Strauss for constantly overstepping the limits of validity of the structuralist approach, ending up in what Ricoeur described as "a Kantianism without a transcendental subject". Anthropologist Adam Kuper (1973) argued that "'Structuralism' came to have something of the momentum of a millennial movement and some of its adherents felt that they formed a secret society of the seeing in a world of the blind. Philip Noel Pettit (1975) called for an abandoning of "the positivist dream which Lévi-Strauss dreamed for semiology" arguing that semiology is not to be placed among the natural sciences. Cornelius Castoriadis (1975) criticized structuralism as failing to explain symbolic mediation in the social world; he viewed structuralism as a variation on the "logicist" theme, and he argued that, contrary to what structuralists advocate, language—and symbolic systems in general—cannot be reduced to logical organizations on the basis of the binary logic of oppositions. The term "structuralism" is a belated term that describes a particular philosophical/literary movement or moment. The term appeared in the works of French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss and gave rise, in France, to the "structuralist movement." Influencing the thinking of writers such as Louis Althusser, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, as well as the structural Marxism of Nicos Poulantzas, most of whom disavowed themselves as being a part of this movement. What is Semiotics? Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols such as graphs and how that can be interpreted within a text. It was also founded in the 1920's by Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Sanders Pierce. characteristics of Semiotics: Semiotics "..appl[y] structuralist insights to the study of...sign systems...a non-linguistic object or behavior...that can be analyzed as if it were a language" (Tyson 205). For example, the picture of the reclining blond beauty in the skin-tight, black velvet dress on the billboard...'tells' us that those who drink this whiskey (presumably male) will be attractive to...beautiful women like the one displayed here" (Tyson 205). Lastly, Richter states, "semiotics takes off from Peirce - for whom language is one of numerous sign systems - and structuralism takes off from Saussure, for whom language was the sign system par excellence" (810). In Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguistics. the analysis focuses not on the use of language (called "parole", or speech), but rather on the underlying system of language (called "langue"). This approach examines how the elements of language relate to each other in the present, synchronically rather than diachronically. Saussure argued that linguistic signs were composed of two parts: a "signifier" (the "sound pattern" of a word, either in mental projection—as when one silently recites lines from a poem to one's self—or in actual, physical realization as part of a speech act) a "signified" (the concept or meaning of the word) In Linguistic : According to structural theory in anthropology and social anthropology, meaning is produced and reproduced within a culture through various practices, phenomena and activities that serve as systems of signification. A structuralist approach may study activities as diverse as food-preparation and serving rituals, religious rites, games, literary and non-literary texts, and other forms of entertainment to discover the deep structures by which meaning is produced and reproduced within the culture. in literary theory and criticism In literary theory, structuralist criticism relates literary texts to a larger structure, which may be a particular genre, a range of intertextual connections, a model of a universal narrative structure, or a system of recurrent patterns or motifs. Structuralism argues that there must be a structure in every text, which explains why it is easier for experienced readers than for non-experienced readers to interpret a text. Hence, everything that is written seems to be governed by specific rules, or a "grammar of literature", that one learns in educational institutions and that are to be unmasked The structuralist mode of reasoning has been applied in a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, psychology, literary criticism, economics and architecture Structuralism In : Concepts important to Structuralism/Structural Analysis (the underlying system [of language]) (the actual performance [of language] in everyday life theory vs. practice analysis= the study of a system at a present point in time analysis= a historical study of a system through time we define signs (etc.) in relation to one another; pairs Marked & unmarked: unmarked is transparent, obvious, normal, while marked is seen as deviant or inferior texts exist in relation to other texts, and reference them (Barthes) Question: What are some examples of the invisible privilege of the unmarked? Example: Color film and the "Shirley Card" Main Scholars and Figures of the School: the father of modern anthropology whose work inspired structuralism Studied law and philosophy in Paris, switched focus to Philosophy in 1931 The Elementary Structures of Kinship came to be regarded as one of the most important anthropological works on kinship. Applied the Structural Lingustics of Ferdinand de Saussure to Anthropology. "The existence of structural similarities among seemingly different myths of different cultures was one of Lévi-Strauss's particular areas of interest." (Tyson 215) 1939-1948: Studied for degree in grammar and philology. During this time he contributed to a Parisian paper, and from that he wrote his first full length work Writing Degree Zero. Challenged traditional academic views of literary criticism. "[Barthes] argues that professional wrestling (the brand of wrestling in which the contestents use pseudonyms [...], dress in costume, and orchestrate the match in advance) can be viewed as a sign system" (Tyson 217) A "sign system", in this case, refers to what each of the wrestlers represent. One wrestler might represent the "good guy" and the other "the bad guy" or maybe each one simply represents too different ways of life the audience can identify with. Archetypal Literary Criticism Became a prominent academic figure when first book, published in 1947. Received multiple literary awards from The Royal Society of Canada, as well as recognition from the most prestigious Canadian colleges. The first essay in his second published book Historical Criticism: Theory of Modes follows Frye's study of Tragic, Comic, and Thematic literature. He then defines each of those 3 genres using "modes". By defining each genre using these modes, we can see the ethos of the primary character in the story in relation to the other characters present. For example Theory of Modes A character in the Mythic fictional mode is "superior in kind to both men and their environment" (Tyson 223). The ethos of that character is further defined when you change the literary genre; for example, in a Tragic Myth, the character posses, on some level, the characteristics or traits of Dionysus. "According to Frye, human beings project their narrative imaginations in two fundamental ways: in representations of an deal world and in representations of the real world." (Tyson 221) Ferdinand de Saussure Published first book at age 21: (Dissertation on the PrimitiveVowel System in Indo-European Languages) - translated. After writing his doctoral thesis on the Sanskrit locative absolute, he was awarded his doctoral degree. Developed concept of Structural Linguistics between 1913 and 1915, lectures published posthumously in 1916. "Saussure argued that words do not simply refer to objects in the world for which they stand." (Tyson 213) Structuralism by : Structuralism is a fundamental school of thought that provides insight and connection for both real-world and literary subjects. As humans, we constantly create connections and patterns whether we're aware of it or not. Thanks for listening The Outline : -History and background - what is structuralism ? -Important Concepts related to Structuralism -General characteristics of Structuralism -Main Scholars and Figures of the School - The Main Questions to be asked in Structuralism -Structuralism In : - Literary theory and Criticism Examples of Structuralist Criticism -Interpretations and General Criticisms that the School received
Whales Have a Little Known Secret...And It's Absolutely Amazing Whales are majestic, mysterious creatures that populate the Earth’s seas and oceans. Whales are famous for being largest mammal on earth, with the blue whale quite probably the largest animal. They also nurse their young with milk, are insulated with blubber layers and enjoy a good old sing song with one another. Add to that list creating rainbows? These whale rainbows (or whalebows, as we are now calling them) are formed when the creatures breach the water to breathe. It’s just as glorious as it sounds. Whales hold their breath underwater (as they are mammals, just like us) So when they surface to breathe, they need to exhale. When they do, the create an explosion of vapor, causing a rainbow.
In 1990, a 3-year investigation was begun in North Carolina to: (1) develop a model for computing flows in the lower 67 mi of the Roanoke River; (2) characterize water-quality conditions in Albemarle Sound; and (3) describe the circulation regime of Albemarle Sound, particularly in relation to inflows. This report summarizes data and results obtained during the first year of the study. The water level in Albemarle Sound may affect flows in the Roanoke River as far as 60 mi upstream from the mouth of the river. The presence of higher water levels downstream relative to those upstream indicates that reverse flows likely occurred in the lower 20 mi of the Roanoke River in October and December 1990. A one-dimensional, unsteady flow model has been calibrated and validated for a 30-mi segment of the lower Roanoke River. Simulated and observed water levels typically differed by less than 0.5 ft, and simulated flows were generally within 10% of observed values. Near-surface and near-bottom specific conductances, near-surface water temperature, and near-surface, mid-depth, and near-bottom dissolved-oxygen concentrations were monitored at 10 locations in Albemarle Sound from October 1989 to April 1991. Observed salinities ranged from virtually 0 to more than 9 ppt, and maximum observed water temperatures were about 32C. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from supersaturated to hypoxic conditions. The daily range in dissolved-oxygen concentrations was typically larger during the summer months than during the rest of the year, and the lowest dissolved-oxygen values were observed during the summer. Additional publication details USGS Numbered Series An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991 U.S. Geological Survey ; Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],
Their discovery of the neural changes that control odor-driven food searches in flies, which they detail in a paper in the April 1 issue of the journal Cell, could provide a new way to potentially regulate human appetite. By developing drugs to enhance or minimize the activity of nerve-signaling chemicals called neuropeptides released during starvation to enhance the sense of smell, scientists may be able to decrease the propensity among obese individuals to overeat when encountering delectable food odors, if similar molecular mechanisms exist in humans. They could also increase the appetites among the infirm, elderly and others who may have problems eating enough. The method could even be used to improve the growth of farmed animals or to reduce feed waste. “Olfaction makes important contributions to the perception of food quality and profoundly influences our dietary choices,” said Jing Wang, an associate professor of biology at UC San Diego who headed the research effort. His team identified a neuropeptide and a receptor neuron controlling the olfactory behavior in the fly that could be targeted by drugs to effect changes in appetite that are normally regulated by an organism’s insulin levels, which changes radically when organisms are satiated or starved. “Our studies in Drosophila address an important question—how starvation modulates olfactory processing,” he added. “We were surprised to find that starvation modulation of smell happens at the periphery, because most of the literature on feeding regulations is about the function of the hypothalamus. There are hints to suggest that this kind of starvation modulation in the peripheral olfactory system is present in vertebrate systems as well.” While scientists had previously identified similar neuropeptides that control feeding behavior in vertebrates, not much was known until now about how these molecules control olfaction or an organism’s behavior. Researchers had previously found that the injection into the hypothalamus of insulin, the hormone that regulates blood glucose levels, reduces food intake in rodents, for example, but how insulin affects olfactory circuits in a way that altered an organism’s behavior was not well understood. Wang and his team of UCSD biologists—Cory Root, Kang Ko and Amir Jafari—believed that by looking at the molecular mechanisms that enable fruit flies to improve their search for food when their insulin levels were low following a period of starvation the scientists would obtain a better understanding of this process. They used a computerized system to monitor over time the position of starved or well-fed flies as the flies circled around a droplet of apple cider vinegar, which served as a delectable food source. “During the 10 min observation period,” the researchers wrote in their paper, “starved flies spend most of the time walking near the food source, whereas fed flies wander in the entire arena with a preference for the perimeter.” The researchers found that surgical removal of the antennae used by the flies to sense odor destroyed the propensity of starved flies to hone in on the food source as did genetically suppressing the production of short neuropeptide F receptors, which the scientists found, increases in response to starvation or a drop in insulin levels. Using two-photon microscopy, a state-of-the-art imaging system, the researchers found starvation-dependent changes of olfactory response in specific neurons. “The notion that starvation modulation at the peripheral olfactory system is linked to insulin signaling has potential implications for the therapeutic intervention of the seemingly unstoppable obesity epidemic trend in a large percentage of the population,” said Wang. He said his team’s study has identified the insulin receptor, PI3K, and the short neuropeptide F receptor, which is also modulated by insulin levels, as potential molecular targets for controlling appetite in humans and other vertebrates. However, he added that more research is needed to know whether and to what extent insulin levels control olfactory sensitivity in human. “Learning how olfactory neural circuits impact dietary choices is relevant towards better understanding factors that contribute to obesity and eating disorders,” he added. Based on their findings, the UCSD biologists have filed a patent application on their discovery, contending that blocking PI3K, a signaling molecule of the insulin receptor, could improve appetites in the infirm and elderly and that the intranasal delivery of insulin could decrease appetite in obese individuals. They also contend in their patent application that suppressing PI3K will increase feeding in farmed animals and reduce feed waste. The researchers’ work was funded by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. \|Computerized tracking of the meanderings of a fruit fly starved overnight (at right) shows that it uses odor to hone in on food placed at the center of the circle much more quickly within a 10 minute period than a well fed fly. Credit: UCSD\| Media Contact: Kim McDonald (858) 534-7572 or [email protected]
Slide 1: Seed Production in Cross Pollinated Crops PRINCIPLES & METHODS A.K. CHHABRA Department of Plant Breeding CCSHAU, Hisar © A.K. Chhabra TOPICS LAST VIEWED PREVIOUS END DISCLAIMER: Copyright of some of the figures used from internet and different web sites is duly acknowledged. The copyright stands with its original developer. The information has been gathered here for educational purpose and not for any kind of commercial purpose. Slide 2: Pollination Control Mechanisms © A.K. Chhabra FORCED SELFING DUE TO CLEISTOGAMY SP Self Incompatibility Slide 3: Various Stages of Spike Development & Anthesis in Pearl millet Panicle emergence Protogyny First flush of anthesis Second flush of anthesis Third flush of anthesis Stigma Emergence Anther Dehiscence from staminate florets Anther Dehiscence from perfect florets Boot leaf stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Anthesis completed & grain formation started Slide 4: PROTOGYNY © A.K. Chhabra Slide 5: MAIZE Monoecious and protandrous Slide 6: © A.K. Chhabra Slide 7: © A.K. Chhabra Slide 8: © A.K. Chhabra Dioecious Slide 9: The Plant Male Plant View 2 Male flowers In the male plant flowers are born in clusters and the number of flower varies from 7 to 36 per cluster. Slide 10: The Plant Male flowers Male Plant View 5 In the male plant flowers are born in clusters and the number of flower varies from 7 to 36 per cluster.
- What are the 5 types of inventory? - What are the two types of inventory? - What is an example of inventory? - What is inventory and its types? - What is MRO inventory? - What companies use EOQ model? - How do I calculate inventory? - What are the 4 types of inventory? - What is raw material inventory? - How is EOQ formula derived? - What is SKU example? - What are the components of inventory? - What is not a type of inventory? - What are the two methods of inventory control? - What is difference between inventory and stock? - What is the best inventory system? - How is EOQ calculated? - What is EOQ model? - How do you classify inventory? - Why is EOQ important? - What are the 3 types of inventory? What are the 5 types of inventory? 5 Basic types of inventories are raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods, packing material, and MRO supplies. Inventories are also classified as merchandise and manufacturing inventory.. What are the two types of inventory? There are two main types of inventory systems, the perpetual inventory system and the periodic inventory system. What is an example of inventory? Inventory refers to all the items, goods, merchandise, and materials held by a business for selling in the market to earn a profit. Example: If a newspaper vendor uses a vehicle to deliver newspapers to the customers, only the newspaper will be considered inventory. The vehicle will be treated as an asset. What is inventory and its types? The four types of inventory most commonly used are Raw Materials, Work-In-Progress (WIP), Finished Goods, and Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO). When you know the type of inventory you have, you can make better financial decisions for your supply chain. What is MRO inventory? MRO refers to Maintenance, repair and operation supplies. These are materials, equipment and supplies used in the production process at a manufacturing plant but are not part of the finished goods being produced. What companies use EOQ model? McDonald’s Corporation also uses the EOQ model in order to determine the most optimal order quantity and minimal costs while ordering materials and products or developing the system of producing the brand’s foods. How do I calculate inventory? What is beginning inventory: beginning inventory formulaDetermine the cost of goods sold (COGS) using your previous accounting period’s records.Multiply your ending inventory balance with the production cost of each item. … Add the ending inventory and cost of goods sold.To calculate beginning inventory, subtract the amount of inventory purchased from your result. What are the 4 types of inventory? There are four types, or stages, that are commonly referred to when talking about inventory:Raw Materials.Unfinished Products.In-Transit Inventory, and.Cycle Inventory. What is raw material inventory? Raw materials inventory refers to the total cost of all the components used to manufacture a product. These materials can be classified as either direct materials (DM) or indirect materials (IM). Direct materials are components that can be easily linked back to a finished good. How is EOQ formula derived? Let Q be the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), R be the demand per unit time in units, C3 be the procurement cost or set up cost per order, C1 be the stock holding or inventory carrying cost per unit item per unit time. The objective is to determine the quantity to order which minimizes the total annual inventory cost. What is SKU example? Businesses create different SKUs for its goods and services. For example, a store that sells shoes creates internal SKUs that show a product’s details, such as color, size, style, price, manufacturer, and brand. For example, the SKU for purple Ugg boots in the Bailey Bow style, size 6, may read “UGG-BB-PUR-06.” What are the components of inventory? The four components of inventory are as follows:Raw materials. This is the source material for a company’s manufacturing process. … Work in process. This is raw materials that are in the process of being transformed into finished products through a manufacturing process. … Finished goods. … Merchandise. What is not a type of inventory? The inventory consists of the finished and unfinished products that are ready to be sent to the customers. … The food can in a food store raw materials is not a part of the regular inventory since there are materials that are needed to form the food that fills up the cans and they are ultimately sealed and canned. What are the two methods of inventory control? Let’s take a look at some inventory-control techniques you may choose to utilize in your own warehouse.Economic order quantity. … Minimum order quantity. … ABC analysis. … Just-in-time inventory management. … Safety stock inventory. … FIFO and LIFO. … Reorder point formula. … Batch tracking.More items… What is difference between inventory and stock? Stock items are the goods you sell to customers. Inventory includes the products you sell, as well as the materials and equipment needed to make them. Although the definition of stock is concise, there are four main types of inventory: raw materials, work in progress, MRO supplies and finished goods. What is the best inventory system? 5 best free and open-source inventory management solutionsinFlow Inventory. inFlow Inventory suits businesses of all sizes. … Odoo. Odoo is an open source enterprise resource planning (ERP) solution for businesses of all sizes. … Sortly Pro. … ZhenHub. … Zoho Inventory. How is EOQ calculated? EOQ formula Multiply the demand by 2, then multiply the result by the order cost. Divide the result by the holding cost. Calculate the square root of the result to obtain EOQ. What is EOQ model? The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is the number of units that a company should add to inventory with each order to minimize the total costs of inventory—such as holding costs, order costs, and shortage costs. … The EOQ model finds the quantity that minimizes the sum of these costs. How do you classify inventory? Inventory: Meaning, Classification and NeedIn this article we will discuss about:- 1. … The inventory may be classified into the following categories: … (a) Raw Materials Inventory: … (b) Stores and Spares: … (c) Works in Process Inventory: … (d) Finished Goods Inventory: … On the basis of functions, inventory may be classified into the following four types:More items… Why is EOQ important? EOQ is an important cash flow tool. The formula can help a company control the amount of cash tied up in the inventory balance. … If EOQ can help minimize the level of inventory, the cash savings can be used for some other business purpose or investment. The EOQ formula determines a company’s inventory reorder point. What are the 3 types of inventory? Manufacturers deal with three types of inventory. They are raw materials (which are waiting to be worked on), work-in-progress (which are being worked on), and finished goods (which are ready for shipping).
\|Description:\|\|The Transmigration Bureau was established by JDC in New York to help refugees emigrate from Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg, primarily to the U.S. Its primary role was to accept deposits from friends or family overseas towards the travel costs of Jews emigrating from Europe. Included are deposit cards for 37,732 individuals who emigrated from 1940-1956, with the bulk from 1940-1942.\| \|Depositor:\|\|Misses Helga Loewenstein\| \|Ancestory Record ID:\|\|GiSihB7qTLoRPw== EncryptionTail_V2\| Documents will open in a new window.
Carbon Monoxide Detectors What is Carbon Monoxide? Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a deadly gas produced by incomplete burning of any fuel. When inhaled, CO displaces oxygen in the victims' blood, resulting in serious illness, even death. Since CO is completely invisible, colorless, odorless, and tasteless, many people have no idea that they are being poisoned until it is too late. For this reason, CO is often called "The Silent Killer". The airtight design in today's modern energy efficient homes can contribute to the problem by confining CO contaminated air within your home. CO is a common by-product of vehicle exhaust, improperly vented fireplaces, grills, wood stoves and appliances that run on fuel-burning appliances such as gas furnaces, ovens, stove burners, and portable heaters. Appliances should always be checked to ensure that they are in good working order and properly ventilated by a qualified professional. What are the symptoms of Carbon Monoxide poisoning? The symptoms of CO poisoning often imitate those of common illnesses such as the flu. Victims of low level CO poisoning often experience the following symptoms: - Mild headaches - Shortage of breath - Dizzy spells At higher levels CO poisoning can cause: - Severe headaches - Impaired vision/hearing - Mental confusion - Loss of consciousness Severe CO poisoning can cause: - Irregular heartbeat - Brain damage What can I do to protect our family? Medical studies have shown a high percentage of the population is particularly vulnerable to CO, especially low levels over a long period of time. This high-risk group includes fetuses, children, the elderly, and those with heart and lung disorders. When inhaled, CO combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells to form substances that work to decrease oxygen levels and eventually asphyxiate the victim. The awareness of the dangers of carbon monoxide combined with the use of CO detectors in the home will dramatically reduce the incidents of tragic deaths and illnesses that result from CO leaks. It is recommended that at least one CO detector be installed near the sleeping area of your home. Additional detectors are advised for the common living areas of the home or installed near (but not directly over) other emission sources such as heating appliances. However, detectors should not be located near a bathroom where humidity from a shower may affect its operation. What should I look for when purchasing a CO detector? Here are some features that you should look for in a CO detector: - UL approved - Easy to install and test - 110 volt with battery backup - Warranty for sensor & electronics - Sensor measures only CO - Audible alarm - Minimum maintenance Any questions, please contact the Park Ridge Fire Prevention Bureau at 847-318-5286.
- Shopping Bag ( 0 items ) This brief text assists students in understanding Adam Smith's philosophy and thinking so they can more fully engage in useful, intelligent class dialogue and improve their understanding of course content. Part of the Wadsworth Notes Series, (which will eventually consist of approximately 100 titles, each focusing on a single "thinker" from ancient times to the present), ON ADAM SMITH is written by a philosopher deeply versed in the philosophy of this key thinker. Like other books in the series, this concise book offers sufficient insight into the thinking of a notable philosopher, better enabling students to engage in reading and to discuss the material in class and on paper. \|2\|\|Life and Influences\|\|6\| \|3\|\|Early And Foundational Works\|\|21\| \|4\|\|The Theory of Moral Sentiments\|\|37\| \|5\|\|The Wealth of Nations\|\|57\| \|6\|\|Justice and the Lectures on Jurisprudence\|\|79\|
For the Edmonton Transit System, the words "Light Rail Transit" and "Subway System" were just a dream in 1951. At this time, the city of Edmonton had a population of 159,631 and was growing steadily in the decades to come. As with other cities, a decision to abandoned the street car era and follow the "Rails to Rubber" fad came to Edmonton. They had abandoned their street car system in favor of motorbuses and "trackless trolleys" that were more flexible to operate and maintain. However, even rail was still a valuable resource to the transportation industry and could still make a comeback to Edmonton. With the low price of gasoline and the price comparison between running a private automobile versus taking public transportation, most people decided to take their own car to wherever they needed to go to instead of taking the bus. Because of this, city officials looked at ways to get the citizens of Edmonton out of their cars and onto public transportation. Some of the solutions that had been suggested included expanding the bus network to get a better coverage of the city, express bus service to compete with the speed and service of running a private car, or look for ways to reintroduce rail transportation to the city. Unfortunately no matter which way they took this approach, it would end up costing the city more than they budgeted for. During 1962, the city of Edmonton contracted out the Canadian Bechtel Limited to look at ways to aid the public to use the transportation system that the city had to offer. Rapid Transit was one of the solutions that the report they prepared came to the table and look for routes to link the downtown business district to the communities where ridership was expected to generate revenue. Some routes included serving north to Northgate, into the west to serve Jasper Place and West Edmonton (Including the West Edmonton Mall that was built in the 1980's), into the southwest towards Southgate and surrounding areas, southeast towards the Bonnie Doon area, northeast towards the Belvedere and Clareview areas, and even northwest towards the town of St Albert. All of these alignments were to be researched which would be the best possible way to start off with and then expand in the future. Throughout the years of planning, studies, and research that was to come, environmental impact was the main concern of the solution. The city of Edmonton wanted a solution that would be cost effective, attract riders, yet have the least environmental impact. Eventually after transportation and transit officials visited Europe to find such a solution, it was decided to invest in Light Rail Transit. Light Rail Transit was very appealing to the passengers as it would bring them to their destinations faster than their cars and was an attractive way to travel. By 1973, planning was already underway to begin construction of the soon to be LRT line. By August 1973, city officials was presented with a report entitled the Report of the Transportation Planning Branch, which suggested that city officials approach the provincial and federal governments for funding for LRT. Of course, while the planning and funding was taking place, city officials came up with a routing for the LRT line that would make the least impact environmentally to the city of Edmonton. A line was chosen that would make use of existing Edmonton Transit System facilities that weren't being used adequately, serving residents that would expect to use the system the most, and make use of existing resources that would serve to the major attractions in the area. The LRT line starts in downtown Edmonton at about 101 Street and Jasper Avenue, heads northeast towards 102 Avenue and 99 Street where it turns to head between the Canadian National Rail lines northeast towards 129th Avenue and approximately 60th Street in the Belvedere area, serving the residents of adjoining neighborhoods, bringing them to the Northland Coliseum (now renamed to the Skyreach Centre), the Commonwealth Stadium, and entering the downtown business district, with the potential to continue to serve towards other parts of the city, such as towards the University of Alberta, Southgate, West Edmonton, and more. As for finding a suitable LRV, Edmonton Transit officials would research around the world to find a suitable LRV car to do the job. There was only one company in Canada at the time that would be able to construct LRV car, which was Urban Transit Development Corporation. In the 1980's, UTDC produced ALRV cars for Vancouver to operate starting around the time Expo '86 was to start, along with having some Subway cars in operation in the Greater Toronto Area. In the United States, Light Rail Transit was being developed down there too. San Francisco and Boston were having LRV cars being built by Boeing, which manufacturers Airplanes. These LRV's built by Boeing were very impressive to Edmonton Transit officials, they declined to make a deal to purchase these cars due to the steep duties on them. Even though finding a suitable LRV car was a challenge, Edmonton Transit looked at Europe where in places like Frankfurt Germany, there was LRV cars produced by Siemens/DuWag of the U2 Model. The U2 model of car had been in service since 1968 in Frankfurt and could easily be adapted to the North American operation. Officials involved with the LRT line were impressed by these LRV's and were able to provide the best possible cost with the proven track record to go along with it. The car bodies were brought over by ship to the ports in Vancouver, BC, then brought out by rail to Edmonton for assembly. The first unit arrived at 7:10 PM on April 11, 1977 at the CP Rail Strathcona yards where Edmonton Transit's unofficial Transit Historian got to see it arrive. It was delivered plain white with the number 600 on the bumper above the coupler and an ETS logo that was partially removed. To help keep costs down on the duty of importing the LRV cars, Canadian content was incorporated to these cars. Approximately 25 to 35% of what was in these cars was Canadian content. The cars were delivered as shells so that the interiors, trucks (Bogies), and the articulation joint could be assembled in Canada. Assembly of Edmonton Transit's U2 cars was completed at the Cromdale Shops, beginning with the first cars being unloaded the week of April 18th, 1977. The first order, numbers 1001 to 1014, was just enough to operate the system when the original line went from Belvedere to Central Stations. As the trains were being delivered, they were being assembled, tested, and ready to put online as the line was under construction. The second order of cars that arrived was an order for 3 cars (1015 to 1017) were combined with Calgary Transit's first order that came in at a negotiated price of $954,000 per car. A third order for cars 1018 to 1037 were ordered for delivery by 1983, was sought to be enough to keep the LRT system going if the extension across the North Saskatchewan river to the University and almost down towards Southgate Mall. These cars from the third order were delivered to Calgary Transit's Anderson Shops and assembled there due to space constraints at the Cromdale shops and with the DL MacDonald shops not ready for operation yet. The Siemens/DuWag U2 LRV cars are powered by a 600 Volt DC traction motor, with two motors on each car, one at each end. Each of the motors have a rating of 150 kilowatts at 1200 RPM with the power consumption of 3.7 kilowatts per vehicle kilometer of operation. Each of the cars has its own pantograph that collects the 600 Volts of electricity from the overhead lines and can operate on a auxiliary power supply of 24 Volts on a limited basis. Power substations are located in even intervals along the line and has an approximate coverage of the system that if one substation went down, that the substation before and after could theoretically have enough power to cover the system. Throughout the system, the overhead lines are mounted so it forms a zig-zag to reduce the wear on the carbon inserts that absorb the power. In the winter time, the first trains out in the morning can create a light show from the pantographs clearing the ice from the overhead lines. It can almost give the illusion that the train is starting a fire. The overhead lines throughout the system is strung above the tracks approximately 5.7 meters, with the lines a bit lower in the tunnels and in the stations. A unique concept of the Edmonton Transit system is the fact that the LRT system crosses over trolley bus overhead wires at 95 Street, however the two lines don't touch at all. The LRT line is lower than the trolley wires by a small distance and the two are able to cross without interference. For more about this trolley bus/:LRT crossing, please see the Belvedere to Central Station history page that is soon to come to Barp.ca! Each of the LRV cars has an overall length of 24.4 meters and can be 73.2 meters long in a 3-car consist. The cars are 2.65 meters wide. While there is seating for 64 passengers, there is room for 97 standees based upon 0.25 square meters per passenger, making a total desirable capacity of 161 passengers with a maximum of 256 passengers on a crush load per each car, with a maximum of 768 passengers in a crush load on a 3-car consist. There is 4 passenger doors on each side that are double folding and are about 1.3 meters wide by 1.9 meters tall per door. Edmonton's U2 cars were ordered with the wheelchair accessibility option when delivered, which included the seatbelts on the back of two of the seats, one on either side of the car at the middle set of doors of the "B" end of the car, along with the curved stanchion at those two doors. Edmonton Transit later retrofitted ramps on these cars later in operation in the same sets of doors. With each of the cars weighing 32.6 tonnes at a dead weight, they can accept a maximum payload of 17.7 tonnes per vehicle. The cars have a Megi rubber chevron, double coil spring suspension on each truck. The cars have three types of brakes on the train which include dynamic, disc, and magnetic track brakes, along with the auxiliary and emergency brake system. Each of the cars are reversible and can be operated in either direction. Edmonton Transit uses ARA-A 100 rails on most of the lines. Over most of the LRT line, the tracks are laid in traditional railroad fashion where the tracks are laid on wooden railroad ties attached with standard railway spikes. Throughout the tunnels, the tracks are laid on concrete plinths attached with a vossich railway clip. Churchill and Central Stations have the tracks laid in a similar fashion as on the main line where they are on wooden railway ties with crushed rock ballast, however, there is a rubber noise and vibration mat laid under the tracks. The actual noise level created by the LRT system is about 72 DBA at 25 m. Please also take the time to check out the individual sections for the LRT system in Edmonton from the index page for this section. We plan on adding more information & photos of the system as time permits. Return to the ETS LRT index page
Men and women tend to lean on stereotypes in areas that are more emotional.The saying that “men are from Mars, women are from Venus” is apparently backed up by new joint research at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Pennsylvania. Men tend to project their own feelings upon their romantic partners more than women do, while women are better at describing their feelings and those of their romantic partners. This was disclosed in a study by graduate student Dana Atzil Slonim and Dr. Orya Tishby of HU’s Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, in cooperation with Prof. Jacques Barber and Dr. Carol Foltz from Pennsylvania. In some issues of relationships, the researchers felt that old male-female stereotypes tended to influence the responses. “Both sexes tend to lean on stereotypes in those areas that are more emotional, such as independence, the fear of being abandoned, fears in general and sexuality. In these areas, it would seem, the partners are not aware of the true thoughts and desires of the other,” said the researchers. They concluded on this basis that “this shows the great importance of open communication – especially in emotionally laden topics – as a tool for reducing conflicts and improving the quality of couples’ lives.” The research was conducted in the US among 97 couples – married and unmarried – between the ages of 18 and 46. Using a questionnaire, the researchers checked the sensitivities of couples in three areas: participants’ wishes or desires regarding their romantic partners; the perceived response of how their partner would respond to these wishes; and their own responses to their partners’ responses. The couples were asked to answer the survey in two ways: to evaluate their relationships on the basis of the questionnaire, and to rate how their partners would respond to the same issues raised in the questionnaire. The results of the survey showed a high consensus among couples regarding a desire to avoid conflict, as well as in the perception of feelings of love, sensitivity and caring for each other. This was found to be especially true among the married couples. The results showed that those couples were more similar in their attitudes toward one another than even they thought. Despite this, there was a low level of agreement about perceptions on some specific issues. For example, the survey showed that men rated women as much more apprehensive about being abandoned, than the women rated themselves, and the women rated the men as much less apprehensive of being abandoned than the men rated themselves. Also, the women rated the men as more independent than the men considered themselves, while the men rated the women as more fearful and less interested in sex than the women rated themselves. Overall, the results showed that the women were much more accurate than the men in describing the perceptions of their partners. Printed by courtesy of The Jerusalem Post.
Plaque (Tartar) on Teeth - Causes and Treatment Tartar teeth are not a harmless phenomenon that may seem at first glance, as it can deprive of a perfect smile and lead to diseases of teeth and gums. Tartar is a strongly hardened plaque that deposits on enamel surface. Dentists say that it occurs in about 70% of humans in different stages. In this case, the earlier you notice it and take action, the easier it will be to get rid of a problem. The composition of tartar is bacteria, epithelial cells, food debris and calcium compounds. Overlaying each other, they form a solid structure covering tooth enamel, and ultimately provoke problems. As a result, a bad odor occurs in the mouth, caries develops and, if tartar has penetrated into gum, serious inflammatory processes such as gingivitis and periodontitis appear. Discoloration of teeth, irregularities on surface of teeth shows manifestation of disease. A more serious symptom is itching and bleeding gums. Depending on place of sediment localization, experts distinguish supragingival and gingival tartar. The first is clearly visible when examining oral cavity, is a white or yellowish mass, and has a solid texture. Removal of tartar over gum doesn't present any particular difficulties and is performed in any dental clinic. Gingival tartar is very hard and has a dark brown or greenish gray color. It fits snugly to surface of lower part of tooth and is detected only when examined by a dentist with a special probe. In order to answer frequently asked question why tartar buildup on teeth, its first necessary to determine what causes tartar in caring for oral cavity. The key factors and factors contributing to formation of tartar are: - poor oral hygiene; - poor quality or improperly selected brush or paste; - uneven chewing: for example, only one side of the jaw; - abundant salivation; - taking antibiotics and other drugs that violate microflora; - problems with metabolism; - poor-quality installation of prostheses and dental fillings. At initial stage, this disease doesn’t bring much concern, but if it has taken a serious development, you should contact your dentist to get correct tartar treatment. To get rid of plaque, it’s enough to visit specialist every six months and do professional dental cleaning, which is considered the best prevention. Depending on wishes and possibilities of a patient, a dentist can offer a variety of cleaning methods that will help fight for health and beauty of a smile. - Mechanical cleaning. Using tools, a specialist cleans deposits manually. The process is time consuming and laborious, the main thing in it is the professionalism of a dentist and the right choice of instruments, since they must be ideally suited to a patient. - Brushing your teeth with a laser. The procedure takes place quite quickly and eliminates tartar between teeth, but it’s expensive. - Ultrasound. A special machine helps to remove plaque as quickly as a laser, but at the same time it’s cheaper. Like mechanical cleaning, they may lead to temporary bleeding of gums and soreness, if you have not cleaned plaque for a long time or it is deeply embedded. - Air Flow brushing procedure. Getting rid of bad tartar on teeth occurs under pressure of air and special aqueous solution containing soda in its composition. Due to procedure, you can get rid of plaque and at the same time to whiten your teeth for 1-2 tones. Air Flow gently and smooth cleans teeth, so it’s often used when removing braces, prosthetics, implantation and teeth whitening. It all depends on you__ how to clean tartar on teeth__, but whatever method you choose, after procedure it’s important to strictly follow rules of teeth care. After removal of tartar, you must: - change the toothbrush to a new one (it’s desirable that it has soft, fine bristles); - apply special means to reduce sensitivity of teeth; - closely monitor hygiene (purchase dental floss, an interdental brush and an irrigator); - temporarily refuse coloring food and drinks (at least for 3 days), as well as smoking (at least a day); - Eat more solid foods (it serves as an excellent preventative of plaque). Those who care about oral hygiene should remember that timely visits to a dentist will guarantee health and prevent formation of dental plaque on teeth and growth of dental illnesses.
\|Kerala Backwaters\|\|Kerala Beaches\|\|Kerala Ayurveda\|\|Kerala Wildlifes\|\|Meditrip Kerala\|\|Kerala Temples\| Cheraman Juma MasjidCheraman Juma Masjid is situated at Kodungallur, approx 37 km from Thrissur. It is the oldest mosque of India and the second oldest mosque in the world. The mosque in Kerala was built by Malik Bin Dinar in 629 AD. The architectural style of the mosque quite resembles to the Hindu temple. the mosque has two tombs. The present building of the mosque dates back to 16th century, but the wonderful work of rosewood carvings of 7th century is still entact. Madayi MosqueMadayi Mosque is one of the most famous, ancient mosques of Kerala, situated 22 km from the town of Kannur. It was constructed by Malik Iban Dinar in 1124 AD. It is believed that the marble blocks used in the mosque had been brought from Mecca by the founder of the mosque. Madayi Mosque is counted amongst the important Muslim pilgrim centers of Kerala. Pazhayangadi MosquePazhayangadi Mosque is also known as Kondotty Mosque, situated 18 km east of Manjeri at Kondotty, on the Malappuram-Kozhikode route. It is a 500 years old mosque, which is associated with the famous Muslim saint Muhammad Shah. The mosque reflects the Mughal style of architecture. It has a beautiful white dome, adorned with ultimate delicate work. The festival of 'Valia Nercha' is celebrated with great pomp in the mosque in the month of February-March. Kanjiramattam MosqueKanjiramattam Mosque is situated at Kanjiramattam, around 30 km from Kochi district. It is said that the mosque was built in the remembrance of Muslim saint Sheikh Farid Uddin. The mosque exhibits the exact prototype of antique Dargahs and Mazhars. Kodikuthu (December-January), and Chandanakkudam are the major festivals of the mosque.
Released: July 18, 2007 Tips for Parents: Use Allowance to Teach Kids Money Management MANHATTAN, Kan. – Parents who dole out cash to their kids every time theyre asked may be doing so for a long, long time. Teaching kids how to manage money typically helps them become financially savvy and independent of parents, said Carol Young, Kansas State University Research and Extension financial management specialist. The process need not be difficult, said Young, who encouraged families to track spending and reallocate funds to provide an allowance for children and parents. Discretionary money offers freedom, including the freedom to make spending mistakes. Given an allowance, a child may rush to buy an overpriced, yet trendy toy that falls short of expectations. The spending mistake can bring disappointment, but will likely be less of a disappointment at age 10 or 12 than decades later, when a purchase may be significantly more expensive. Parents who believe they cant afford to give family members allowances are encouraged to track spending for a few weeks or even a month or two, she said. Many who are doling out money here and there may find that such handouts exceed the sum total of what could be allowances for family members. To follow up, here are Youngs suggestions: * Look for spending patterns that provide opportunities to trim cash flow and reallocate funds for an allowance for each member of the family -- children and adults. * Consider a childs age, maturity level, and activities that require financial support, such as renting a band instrument or saving for a tennis racquet, to estimate an appropriate allowance. Include your child in the process to reach agreement about the allowance and the expenses it should cover. Heres an example: Start with three spending categories of interest to the child. Then, write up a simple contract to remind each other of your financial agreement. Show the child how to keep a register of income and expenses, and meet regularly to review the register and talk about spending choices. Adjust as needed, adding more categories as the child grows in his ability to manage money and achieve spending and savings goals. * Decide when – and how – an allowance will be paid, and then pay it regularly. Do not withhold an allowance as punishment. * Encourage a save some, spend some, and share some attitude. Talk with a child about saving 10 percent or more, depending on their short-term (paying half or more of camp expenses) and long-term (saving for college or buying a car) goals, everyday spending and setting aside about 10 percent to help others. * Resist the temptation to bail children out if they fall short of their goals or run out of cash, and refer back to your agreement. Knowing when – and how much – to save and spend is a key lesson in money management. * Model responsible financial management. Ask a child to tag along on a trip to the bank or other financial service provider, and then share with them why you are depositing into one or more accounts, such as saving for home remodeling, vacation and/or retirement savings. * Model keeping track of credit or debit card purchases in an expense register (like a check register). Or, set aside cash so children can see their parents spending money, rather than always using a credit card. Ideally, the goal is that by the time a child reaches upper level high school, he or she should be handling 100 percent of his or her own money," said Young, who encouraged parents to try not to be critical of a childs spending choices: An allowance is discretionary money, but also is a learning tool. Making spending mistakes typically helps to build decision-making skills. More information on managing money is available at county and district K-State Research and Extension offices or visit Extensions Web site: www.ksre.ksu.edu/financialmanagement. K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus, Manhattan. Carol Young is at 785-532-5773 or [email protected]
Pre-eclampsia is a complication of pregnancy. Women with pre-eclampsia have high blood pressure, protein in their urine, and may develop other symptoms and problems. The more severe pre-eclampsia is, the greater the risk of serious complications to both mother and baby. The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is uncertain but it is thought to be due to a problem with the afterbirth (placenta). The only way to cure pre-eclampsia is by delivering (giving birth to) your baby. Medication may be advised to help prevent complications of pre-eclampsia. What are pre-eclampsia and eclampsia? Pre-eclampsia is a condition that only occurs during pregnancy. It causes high blood pressure (hypertension) and it also causes protein to leak from your kidneys into your urine. This can be detected by testing your urine for protein. Other symptoms may also develop (see below). Pre-eclampsia usually comes on sometime after the 20th week of your pregnancy and gets better within six weeks of you giving birth. The severity can vary. Pre-eclampsia can cause complications for you as the mother, for your baby, or for both of you (see below). The more severe the condition becomes, the greater the risk that complications will develop. Around 1 in 200 pregnant women in the UK develop pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia is a type of seizure (a fit or convulsion) which is a life-threatening complication of pregnancy. Less than 1 in 100 women with pre-eclampsia develop eclampsia. So, most women with pre-eclampsia do not progress to have eclampsia. However, a main aim of treatment and care of women with pre-eclampsia is to prevent eclampsia and other possible complications. Is pre-eclampsia the same as gestational high blood pressure? No. Many pregnant women develop mild high blood pressure that is not pre-eclampsia. This is known as gestational high blood pressure or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure. Gestational high blood pressure is new high blood pressure that comes on for the first time after the 20th week of pregnancy. Doctors can confirm this type of high blood pressure if you do not go on to develop pre-eclampsia during your pregnancy and if your blood pressure has returned to normal within six weeks of you giving birth. If you have gestational high blood pressure, you do not have protein in your urine when it is tested by your midwife or doctor during your pregnancy. With pre-eclampsia, you have high blood pressure plus protein in your urine, and sometimes other symptoms and complications listed below. Note: some women may be found to have new high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy. At first, they may not have any protein in their urine on testing. However, they may later develop protein in their urine and so be diagnosed with pre-eclampsia. You are only said to have pregnancy-induced high blood pressure (hypertension) if you do not go on to develop pre-eclampsia during your pregnancy. What causes pre-eclampsia and who gets it? The exact cause is not known. It is probably due to a problem with the afterbirth (placenta). This is the attachment between your baby and your womb (uterus). It is thought that there are problems with the development of the blood vessels of the placenta in pre-eclampsia and also damage to the placenta in some way. This may affect the transfer of oxygen and nutrients to your baby. Pre-eclampsia can also affect various other parts of your body. It is thought that substances released from your placenta go around your body and can damage your blood vessels, making them become leaky. Any pregnant woman can develop pre-eclampsia. However, there are some women who may have an increased risk. Pre-eclampsia also runs in some families, so there may also be some genetic factor. You have a moderately increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia if: - This is your first pregnancy, or it has been 10 years or more since your last pregnancy. - You are aged 40 or more. - You are obese (your body mass index (BMI) is 35 or over). - You have a pregnancy with twins, triplets, or more. - Your mother or sister has had pre-eclampsia. You have a higher risk of developing pre-eclampsia if: - You have had high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia during a previous pregnancy. - You have diabetes or chronic (persistent) kidney disease. - You had high blood pressure before the pregnancy started. - You have antiphospholipid syndrome. (Women with this condition have an increased risk of having a miscarriage and also of developing blood clots.) - You have systemic lupus erythematosus. (This is a condition that can cause various symptoms, the most common being joint pains, skin rashes and tiredness. Problems with kidneys and other organs can occur in severe cases.) How is pre-eclampsia diagnosed? Pre-eclampsia is present if: - your blood pressure becomes high, and - you have an abnormal amount of protein in your urine. High blood pressure (hypertension) means that the pressure of the blood in your artery blood vessels is too high. Blood pressure is recorded as two figures. For example, 140/85 mm Hg. This is said as '140 over 85'. Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg). The first (or top) number is your systolic blood pressure. This is the pressure in your arteries when your heart contracts. The second (or bottom) number is your diastolic blood pressure. This is the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between each heartbeat. Normal blood pressure is below 140/90 mm Hg. During pregnancy: - Mildly high blood pressure is blood pressure between 140/90 and 149/99 mm Hg. - Moderately high blood pressure is blood pressure between 150/100 and 159/109 mm Hg. - Severely high blood pressure is blood pressure of 160/110 mm Hg or higher. Some women with pre-eclampsia develop certain symptoms (see below). These symptoms may alert them to see their doctor or midwife who will check their blood pressure, test their urine for protein and diagnose pre-eclampsia. However, other women, especially those with mild pre-eclampsia, may not know that they have pre-eclampsia. They may not have any symptoms. This is why it is very important to have regular checks of your blood pressure and your urine during pregnancy. Initially, a simple test can be used to check for protein in your urine. During this test, a special stick called a urine dipstick is used. If you are found to have protein in your urine on testing with a dipstick, your doctor or midwife may suggest that your urine be collected over a 24-hour period so that the total amount of protein in your urine can be measured. What are the symptoms of pre-eclampsia? The severity of pre-eclampsia is usually (but not always) related to your blood pressure level. You may have no symptoms at first, if you only have mildly raised blood pressure and a small amount of protein in your urine. If pre-eclampsia becomes worse, one or more of the following symptoms may develop. See a doctor or midwife urgently if any of these occur: - Severe headaches that do not go away. - Problems with your vision, such as blurred vision, flashing lights or spots in front of your eyes. - Tummy (abdominal) pain. The pain that occurs with pre-eclampsia tends to be mainly in the upper part of your abdomen, just below your ribs, especially on your right side. - Vomiting later in your pregnancy (not the morning sickness of early pregnancy). - Sudden swelling or puffiness of your hands, face or feet. - Not being able to feel your baby move as much. - Just not feeling right. Note: swelling or puffiness of your feet, face, or hands (oedema) is common in normal pregnancy. Most women with this symptom do not have pre-eclampsia, but it can become worse in pre-eclampsia. Therefore, report any sudden worsening of swelling of the hands, face or feet promptly to your doctor or midwife. Rarely, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia can both develop for the first time up to four weeks after you have given birth. So, you should still look out for any of the symptoms above after you give birth and report them to your doctor or midwife. What are the possible complications of pre-eclampsia? Most women with pre-eclampsia do not develop serious complications. The risk of complications increases the more severe the pre-eclampsia becomes. The risk of complications is reduced if pre-eclampsia is diagnosed early and treated. For the mother Serious complications are uncommon but include the following: - Eclampsia (described above). - Liver, kidney, and lung problems. - A blood clotting disorder. - Bleeding into the brain (a stroke). - Severe bleeding from the afterbirth (placenta). - HELLP syndrome. This occurs in about 1 in 5 women who have severe pre-eclampsia. HELLP stands for 'haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets', which are some of the medical features of this severe form of pre-eclampsia. Haemolysis means that your blood cells start to break down. Elevated liver enzymes means that your liver has become affected. Low platelets means that the number of platelets in your blood is low and you are at risk of serious bleeding problems, as the platelets work to help your blood to clot. For the baby The poor blood supply in the placenta can reduce the amount of nutrients and oxygen reaching the growing baby. On average, babies of mothers with pre-eclampsia tend to be smaller. There is also an increased risk of premature birth and of stillbirth. Babies are also more likely to develop breathing problems after they are born. What is the treatment for pre-eclampsia? If you develop pre-eclampsia, you will usually be referred urgently to see a specialist (an obstetrician) for assessment and care. You may be admitted to hospital. If you develop new high blood pressure (hypertension) or new protein in your urine, you will also usually be referred for a specialist opinion. Tests may be done to check on your well-being, and that of your baby; for example, blood tests to check how your liver and kidneys are working. You may also be asked to collect your urine over a 24-hour period so that the amount of protein in your urine can be measured. A recording of your baby's heart rate may be done, as well as an ultrasound scan to see how well your baby is growing and a scan to see how well the blood is circulating from the afterbirth (placenta) to your baby. Your blood pressure will be checked regularly and your urine will usually be tested at frequent intervals for protein. You should also look out for any symptoms of pre-eclampsia and tell your midwife or doctor if you develop any of these. Giving birth to your baby The only complete cure for pre-eclampsia is to give birth to your baby. At delivery, your placenta is delivered just after your baby is born. Therefore, what is thought to be the cause of the condition is removed. After the birth, your blood pressure and any other symptoms usually soon settle. It is common practice to induce your labour if pre-eclampsia occurs late in your pregnancy. A Caesarean section can be done if necessary. The risk to your baby is small if he or she is born just a few weeks early. However, a difficult decision may have to be made if pre-eclampsia occurs earlier in your pregnancy. The best time to give birth to your baby has to balance several factors which include: - The severity of your condition, and the risk of complications occurring for you. - How severely your baby is affected. - The chance of your baby doing well if they are born prematurely. In general, the later in your pregnancy your baby is born, the better. However, some babies grow very poorly if the placenta does not work well in severe pre-eclampsia. They may do much better if they are born, even if they are premature. As a rule, if pre-eclampsia is severe then delivery sooner rather than later is best. If pre-eclampsia is not too severe then postponing delivery until nearer the full term may be best. Until your baby is delivered, other treatments that may be considered include: - Medication to reduce your blood pressure. This may be an option for a while if pre-eclampsia is not too severe. If your blood pressure is reduced it may help to allow your pregnancy to progress further before you give birth to your baby. - Steroid drugs. These may be advised to help mature your baby's lungs if doctors feel that there is a chance that labour will need to be induced or that they will need to deliver your baby by Caesarean section and your baby is still premature. - Magnesium sulphate. Studies have shown that if mothers with pre-eclampsia are given magnesium sulphate, it roughly halves the risk of them developing eclampsia. Magnesium sulphate is an anticonvulsant (it helps to stop you having a seizure) and it seems to prevent eclampsia much better than other types of anticonvulsants. It is usually given for about 24 hours by a drip (a slow infusion directly into a vein) around the time of delivery. Can pre-eclampsia be prevented? There is some evidence to suggest that regular low-dose aspirin and calcium supplements may help to prevent pre-eclampsia in some women who may be at increased risk of developing it. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) provides guidance and sets quality standards to improve people's health in the UK. NICE has suggested that women at increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia should consider taking low-dose aspirin. If you have at least two of the moderate-risk factors for pre-eclampsia listed above, or at least one of the high-risk factors listed above, NICE suggests that you take low-dose aspirin (a 75 mg tablet every day) from 12 weeks of your pregnancy until the birth of your baby. One study involving almost 16,000 women found that calcium supplements during pregnancy were a safe way of reducing the risk of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk. However, previous evidence about calcium supplements in preventing pre-eclampsia has been conflicting and confusing. So, further research is needed regarding calcium supplements and their role in pre-eclampsia prevention, including the ideal dose of calcium supplements to take. Aspirin or calcium supplements are not always standard or routine treatments for all women during pregnancy. However, one or other (or both) may be suggested by a specialist if you have a high risk of developing pre-eclampsia. You should not take either aspirin or calcium supplements unless you have been advised to do so by your specialist. Discuss it with them first. What is my risk of developing pre-eclampsia again in a future pregnancy? If you had pre-eclampsia in your first pregnancy: - You have somewhere between a 1 in 2 and a 1 in 8 chance of developing gestational high blood pressure (gestational hypertension) in a future pregnancy. - You have about a 1 in 6 chance of developing pre-eclampsia in a future pregnancy. If you had severe pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome or eclampsia that meant that your baby had to be delivered before 34 weeks, you have about a 1 in 4 chance of developing pre-eclampsia in a future pregnancy. If you had severe pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome or eclampsia that meant that your baby had to be delivered before 28 weeks, you have about a 1 in 2 chance of developing pre-eclampsia in a future pregnancy. Being obese is a risk factor for pre-eclampsia (see above). If you have had pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy and you are planning for another pregnancy but you are overweight or obese, you should try to lose weight before you become pregnant again. This may help to reduce your chance of developing pre-eclampsia in your next pregnancy. See separate leaflet called Obesity and Overweight in Adults for more details. Could pre-eclampsia have any effects on my future health? Some research has shown that women who develop pre-eclampsia may have a slightly increased risk of developing high blood pressure (hypertension) and have a higher risk of having a heart attack or stroke in the future. However, the overall risk of developing these problems is still low. Therefore, you may wish to look at ways in which you may be able to reduce your risk of these complications by making changes to your lifestyle. These can include keeping to a healthy weight, exercising regularly, eating a healthy, balanced diet and not smoking. See separate leaflet called Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases for more details. If you have had pre-eclampsia during your pregnancy, it is important that your blood pressure be checked when you leave hospital after you have given birth. This will usually be done by a midwife who visits you at home. Your blood pressure should also be checked at your 6-8-week postnatal appointment to make sure that it has returned to normal. Your urine should be checked for protein at this time as well. Further reading & references - Antenatal care: routine care for the healthy pregnant woman; NICE Clinical Guideline (March 2008 - modified June 2010) - Hypertension in pregnancy; NICE Clinical Guideline (August 2010) - Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah AN, et al; Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Aug 4;8:CD001059. - Hypertension in pregnancy; NICE CKS, November 2010 - Williams D, Craft N; Pre-eclampsia. BMJ. 2012 Jul 19;345:e4437. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e4437. - Trivedi NA; A meta-analysis of low-dose aspirin for prevention of preeclampsia. J Postgrad Med. 2011 Apr-Jun;57(2):91-5. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.81858. Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. EMIS has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions. Dr Tim Kenny Dr Louise Newson Dr John Cox
Yemen Intention to Generate Electricity by Using Coal - In 2010, the Yemeni Government asked the Mackenzie Consultant Company to carry out a feasibility study on the energy sector in Yemen. The study centered on the importance of introducing a new method for electric power generation. This is by using coal. This is so because coal has an economic feasibility and scientific experiments have shown that coal is cost-effective and is beneficial for private sector cement plants. The 2010 study has shown that Yemen falls short in meeting energy demand by 25% in the rush hour. It has also elaborated that that the electricity service delivered by the Public Electricity Corporation to beneficiaries does not even exceed 50% of the total population in need of that service albeit that the Government subsidizes the electricity sector by approximately 60% of its total costs and an annual amount of $ 550 US dollars. - In 2012, the Coalition Government forwarded a program to the House of Representatives; the program set a number of measures to address Yemen's various imbalances. One of the remedies to the imbalance of the electricity sector—which have escalated even more since the 2011 crisis—was to repeal oil and gas subsidies. This is by expanding electric power generation through the ultimate use of available natural gas. Another possibility was to bridge the gap of the increasing demand of energy by using coal in electric power generation. - In 2012, the Coalition Government, represented by the Ministry of Electricity and Energy, actually signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Chinese National Corporation for Electrical Equipment (CNEEC) to build two plants for electric power generation; the first one, located at Aden Governorate, has a 600 MW generation capacity, the other at Hodeida Governorate with a (600) MW generation capacity. Both plants would operate by using the "filtered coal" as an eco-friendly source of energy.
3/22 – 3/29 This week we’re moving from audio to video. We’ve been looking at related aspects – photography, sound, design – all along, but now we’re going to look at cinematic camerawork, and how it all comes together. For starters, read Roger Ebert’s How the Read a Movie to get some basics of film analysis. The following are part of Tony Zhou’s great series, Every Frame a Painting in which he analyzes details of film making. The entire series is worth watching and highly recommended, but I’m going to point out these in particular: An interesting point about all of these is that they are about design. It may not be design in the Vignelli sense, but staging, composition and sets are all carefully and deliberately planned out to achieve particular goals, that is to say, designed. Note that the focus in these is not on plot or acting, or even if the movies are good or not, but rather on the techniques that the directors use to tell stories. One of those techniques is editing. Here is Alfred Hitchcock on the the Kuleshov Effect: Apply what we’ve learned Now that we’ve spent some time thinking about how films are made and how we “read” them, let’s apply that new information to a film. Identify some particularly effective scenes from a video related to our theme that you’ve watched. Pick one of them to analyze in a video essay. Use the critical lens of this week’s reading and resources. This means you are going to make a video, using a scene from a movie, and discuss the scene in voice-over narration. You can upload your video essay to Vimeo or Youtube. (Note: Vimeo may be the better choice because their content police are more easygoing.) This assignment is a slight variation on the classic ds106 Video Essay assignment in the Assignment Bank. For this class, you need only analyze one scene, although you’re welcome to do more. In particular, your analysis should reflect what you learned by reading Ebert’s essay and watching the Tony Zhou videos. MPEG Streamclip, iMovie and Windows MovieMaker are good tools for this project. There are extensions for Firefox and Chrome to help with downloading clips. There is a whole page with advice and information that should help with this assignment, and the ds106 Video Essay assignment has a few tutorials linked to it. The Digital Knowledge Center is also a great resource. They offer tutoring on video editing, and the Convergence Center has tools and equipment that you can use. When you’re done, blog your video essay (that means embed the video in your post, and write about the process of making it and what you got out of it.) and tag it videoessay. Another Video Assignment: The Interview I wish I could individually interview all of the ds106 agents this week, but there just isn’t world enough and time. Instead, there are recordings of some nefarious characters and myself asking a series of questions. Your job is to mix these up with responses that reflect your character’s responses. You don’t have to use all of the questions, but your final interview must include at least seven of the questions. You can find our questions here. Questions 1. Questions 2. Questions 3. Blog this video and tag it characterinterview. Video Assignments: Two options Complete at least 10 stars of video assignments this week. If you choose this option, you will receive a second set of video assignments to complete next week. For those of you who really enjoyed creating the radio shows, you have the option of taking a similar approach to video. You’ll divide up into groups of 3-5 (can be the same as your radio group, but don’t have to be) and produce a 15-30 minute video story together. Much like with radio, you can choose the format and story, but you must involve the course theme in some way. Here’s how the work will be divided: Week One: Organize into your group as quickly as possible and decide on your approach to your video episode. You may use the Video assignments in the Assignment Bank as inspiration for your show, but you don’t have to. In addition to planning this week (deciding on format, choosing a story to tell, writing a script, planning shooting locations, etc.), each group member must produce a short (30-60 seconds) “trailer” for your show that introduces your concept, story, etc. Write up all your planning in a series of blog posts tagged videoshowplan and make sure you share your trailer in your weekly post. Each group member needs to blog about their part in the project. Week Two: Working in your group, produce and edit your video episode. Write up your progress along the way in a second series of videoshowproduce blog posts. Make sure you share your final show in your weekly summary. Do two this week Posts of the Week: What is the Best of ds106 this week? Pick your top three posts and enter them in this form. Keep it up! It’s the interaction that makes the class.
An anonymous reader writes: The folks in charge of the Mars rover Curiosity have been trying to solve an increasingly urgent problem: what to do about unexpected wheel damage. The team knew from the start that wear and tear on the wheels would slowly accumulate, but they've been surprised at how quickly the wheels have degraded over the past year. Emily Lakdawalla at the Planetary Society blog has posted a detailed report on the team's conclusions as to what's causing the damage and how they can mitigate it going forward. Quoting: "The tears result from fatigue. You know how if you bend a metal paper clip back and forth repeatedly, it eventually snaps? Well, when the wheels are driving over a very hard rock surface — one with no sand — the thin skin of the wheels repeatedly bends. The wheels were designed to bend quite a lot, and return to their original shape. But the repeated bending and straightening is fatiguing the skin, causing it to fracture in a brittle way. The bending doesn't happen (or doesn't happen as much) if the ground gives way under the rover's weight, as it does if it's got the slightest coating of sand on top of rock. It only happens when the ground is utterly impervious to the rover's weight — hard bedrock. The stresses from metal fatigue are highest near the tips of the chevron features, and indeed a lot of tears seem to initiate close to the chevron features."
Small people with big problems by Gordon Campbell There’s so much crap in children’s bookshops and children’s tolerance of what is put in front of them is so immense, it should not be abused. That’s why it seems worth singling out some of the enduringly good books that, thanks to librarians and online purchasing, are still available. British author Mary Norton put the inspiration for her classic book The Borrowers down to her extreme shortsightedness as a child. The failing had turned her into a ‘gazer into banks and hedgerows . . . a rapt investigator of shallow pools.’ When others saw the faraway hills or the distant fields as a child, she once explained, ‘I would turn sideways to the close bank, the tree roots and the tangled grasses. Moss fern stalks, sorrel stems created the mise en scene for a jungle drama…One invented the characters – small, fearful people picking their way through miniature undergrowth. One saw smooth places where they might sit and rest ; branched stems which might invite them to climb ; sandy holes into which they might creep for shelter.’ Perception for Norton, became reality – and later on, fiction. What, the young Mary wondered, would it be like to live, human to all intents and purposes, while being as vulnerable as a small toad ? The world, and its threats and possibilities, would be so different a place. Take the task of negotiating your way through – no, it would have to be underneath – a gate, for example. In her obituary for Norton in the Independent in 1992, Vanessa Hamilton picked up the train of Norton’s thoughts from that point onwards. : Suddenly, she saw through their eyes the great lavalike lakes of cattle dung, the pock-like craters in the mud – chasms to them . . . And then she thought how wickedly sharp, how dizzily high and rustling those thistle plants would seem… And suppose one of these creatures (Were they a little family? She thought perhaps they might be) called out as her brothers had just done, ‘Look, there’s a buzzard !” ‘ What a different intonation in the voice and a different implication in the fact. How still they would lie . . . except for their beating hearts…”’ All of which indicates that even as a child, Norton was intent on staying true to the logic of the fictional universe that was taking shape in her mind. It would take until 1952 – by then, Norton was 49 years old – before The Borrowers was finally written, and published. Life and family cares had intervened beforehand. Born in 1903 as Mary Pearson, Norton was raised in the kind of rambling Georgian house and surroundings in Buckinghamshire that would later provide the backdrop for much of her fiction. At 23, after a brief career as an actress with the Old Vic theatre company, she married the shipping magnate Robert Norton, and followed him and his job to Portugal for the next 12 years. When the shipping firm went bankrupt and her estranged husband joined the Royal Navy at the outset of WWII, Norton moved with her four children to the United States. To help support her family, she wrote and published her first book The Magic Bed-Knob. Later, after she had returned to England, this work was expanded and renamed Bed-Knobs and Broomsticks and eventually made into a successful film by Disney studios. By the mid 1970s, Norton and her second husband Lionel Bonsey were living as successful tax exiles in Ireland. She died in 1992. Age never seemed to blunt her wit, or her perceptiveness. I particularly liked her observation that while children nowadays are encouraged to invent, this is still largely in ways devised by adults. ‘Clear-up-that-mess,” she noted drily in a 1977 essay,” has destroyed many a secret world.’ Moreover, adult readers always struck her as being more upset than children after the vengeful cook Mrs Driver destroys the borrowers’ home in the first book of the series. ‘Children are used to repeated small destructions – in the name of punctuality or tidiness – and have learned to accept them. If the raw materials are at hand, they simply build again. Grown-ups, faced with equivalent disaster, make far more fuss. Sometimes perhaps, we should think about this…’ When we first meet the Clock family of borrowers – father Pod, mother Homily and their only child Arrietty – they are living in the walls and under the floorboards of a large house peopled with humans, from whom they ‘borrow” all of their needs. Care must always be taken with the manner and the extent of this stealing, in order to avoid detection. Not to mention the perils of say, the family cat that took cousin Eggletina. While the worlds of the borrowers and of the ‘ human beans’ do manage to co-exist – ‘two households, both alike in dignity’ as the book’s narrator puts it – it is always in a precarious balance. Inevitably, it is daring young Arrietty who upsets the natural order, and not before time. After all, we have been told that the race of borrowers is declining in numbers, and shrinking in size. Change and risk then are just as essential to survival in the long run, as any of the social skills endorsed the status quo. That’s a pretty good message for young readers to receive. Just in case there is still anyone out there who hasn’t read these books, the borrowers are not fairies or sprites. The genius touch is that Norton depicts her tiny heroes as immensely practical beings – what they ‘borrow’ they adapt, often ingeniously. They also face very familiar human concerns. Pod and Homily strive to protect their adventurous child from coming to harm in a dangerous world, yet without stifling her spirit or without turning their way of life into a prison. Arrietty also has to bend, and adapt. Early on, she comes to learn that her desire for freedom– which brings her into contact with a friendly human boy – threatens to bring destruction down upon her family’s entire way of life. Eventually, as the parents later explicitly acknowledge, this striking out as refugees into the wider world eventually proves to be the right thing to do, despite all the hardships that it involves. Clearly, millions of readers have found something enchanting about the idea that the things that we misplace and lose may actually have been taken and put to use, by a race of tiny people living unseen in our midst. In addition, much of the charm of these books lies in the mastery of detail that Norton brings to her universe, and to the borrowing lifestyle. My own feeling is that while this is rendered with rare imagination – Norton knows just how a pin or a button might be integrated into a tiny world – the real lasting power of the series resides in its three dimensional treatment of family life. On the surface, this is a familiar coming of age story, centered on Arrietty. Yet it is one that doesn’t caricature or trash the attitudes and personalities of her parents in telling her story, In fact, Arrietty manages to outgrow her family largely because of their constancy, and with the help of their exasperating blend of virtues and foibles. The initial self realization by Arriety of her changing status is beautifully depicted in this passage – when her parents agree with her judgement for the first time, about a point of importance : Oh no.. It shocked her to be right. Parents, were right, not children. Children could say anything, Arrietty knew, and enjoyed saying it – knowing always they were safe and wrong. It is tempting to keep quoting further examples in this vein. Suffice to say that the respect eventually earned by the mother, Homily, is particularly hard won. During most of our early encounters with Homily, her anxiety takes many unattractive forms. She fusses, she scolds, she is excessively protective of Arrietty – this is a classic mother/teenage daughter relationship – but we eventually come to realize that Homily’s smothering, and the snobbishness that she sometimes exhibits towards other borrowing families are merely the outward projections of her concerns for her daughter, and of her worries about the family’s security. Beneath this is a hardy spirit that sustains her family. When the chips are down, Homily comes through with a resilience that surprises even her, though the foibles remain in plain sight. Pod and Homily do in fact, both evolve as characters in parallel with Arriety. Check out this brilliantly written scene which occurs after the family have gone on the run, and have been cast up on the charitable shore of their Aunt Lupy’s fine house : None of their clothes had been washed for weeks – nor, for some days had their hands and faces. Pod’s trousers had a tear in one knee and Homily’s hair hung down in snakes. And here was Aunt Lupy, plump and polite, begging Homily please to take off her things in the kind of voice Arrietty imagined usually reserved for feather boas, opera cloaks and freshly cleaned white kid gloves. But Homily, who back at home had so dreaded being ‘caught out’ in a soiled apron knew one worth of that. She had, Pod and Arrietty noticed with pride…invented a new smile, wan but brave and had – in the same good cause – plucked the last two hairpins out of her dust-filled hair. ‘Poor dear Lupy,’ she was saying, glancing wearily about, ‘what a lot of furniture ! Who-ever helps you with the dusting?’ And swaying a little, she sank on a chair. They rushed to support her, as she hoped they might…. During the 1950s, The Borrowers were such an immediate hit that several sequels soon followed – The Borrowers Afield came out three years later in 1955 – and it introduced a love interest for Arrietty in the shape of Spiller, a socially awkward but resourceful young borrower from the wrong side of the tracks. The Borrowers Afloat came out in 1959, and The Borrowers Aloft two years later. After a long gap, The Borrowers Avenged came out in 1982. Like Cynthia Voigt’s Tillerman saga, this is one of those rare series where the quality is sustained throughout. Later on this year, The Borrowers is likely to gain an entirely new audience. The renowned Studio Ghibli of Japan ( makers of Spirited Away, My Neighbour Totoro and Princess Mononoke etc ) is about to release their animated version of the story, to be titled The Borrower Arrietty. The film will not be directed by the Ghibli master Hazao Miyazaki, but by a veteran company animator, Hiromasa Yonebayashi. The website ( in Japanese ) for the film is here and it appears to contain daily video postings. In Japan, Arrietty would fit right into a ready made mould. Pippi Longstocking and Anne Shirley of Green Gables are two other daring, rule breaking female heroes who have won cult status within a Japanese society that exalts conformity. Given the exceptional quality of the BBC television version of The Borrowers that was released in the early 1990s – in which Ian Holm as Pod displayed the same sturdy decency he was later to bring to the role of Bilbo Baggins – the Ghibli crew have a tough act to follow. The American 1997 Borrowers film starring John Goodman by the way, is a terrible, and should be avoided. One final note about these books : they are are exceptionally good to read aloud. Some have put this down to Norton creating the stories as bedtime amusement for her young children, during her long lonely years in Portugal. It may also have something to do with the way the books are cleverly structured as narrations by a human being – old Mrs May – who is telling the story of the borrowers to young Kate with reference to her brother and to his stories about the borrowers, with Arrietty’s own diary adding yet another ‘fact or fiction’ element of documentary. On paper, this sounds confusing. In practice, it adds further ingenious touches of ‘realism’ to the events being described. Just what level of reality should be assigned to the world of the borrowers can be a matter of some concern to the characters, too. At least for some of them. ‘Supposing,’ the boy said, ‘you saw a little man, about as tall as a pencil, with a blue patch in his trousers, half-way up a window curtain, carrying a doll’s cup – would you say it was a fairy?’ ‘No,’ said Arrietty, ‘I’d say it was my father.’ . Gordon Campbell drew upon articles, quotes and essays on Mary Norton contained in the Children’s Literature Review for this essay.
Sir Thomas Sydenham [1624-89] "I don't think there's been any major shift in the medical profession's general approach to new ideas. I don't think there ever will be that kind of wholesale change. Three hundred years ago, when the major disease was smallpox, Sir Thomas Sydenham [1624-89] developed a new treatment that reduced the death rate from about 50 percent to 1 percent or 2 percent. His reward was being challenged to a duel. The English medical association wanted to drive him out. He wrote: "A new idea is like a sapling in the middle of a road, and if it's not fenced in, it will be galloped over by the trampling hordes." That's a really great statement, and it's also my view of what happens to medical discovery." -----Abram Hoffer, MD, PhD 1997 Interview by Peter Barry Chowka. 'Disease is nothing else but an attempt on the part of the body to rid itself of morbific matter.' — Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) The famous Dr. Sydenham, of England, called smallpox ‘the most safe and slight of all diseases as long as no mischief be done by either physician or nurse’, which is significant indeed. In olden days people died not of smallpox but of the treatment that was given to them. Dangers of smallpox Hoffer, M.D., Ph.D. , Abram Disease Protection Racket Dangers of smallpox
Electron Beam Pasteurization of Fresh Fruit for Neutropenic Diet: E-beam Reduces Bioburden While Preserving Quality MetadataShow full item record Fresh produce is often touted for its many health benefits; however, various items have been linked to foodborne disease outbreaks. This is especially a concern for immune suppressed individuals who are classified as severely neutropenic (white blood cell count under 500 neutrophils/μL of blood). At this degree of suppression, many are urged to follow a restrictive diet that reduces the potential of exposure to microbial populations. Currently no processing technique is used to sanitize microorganisms from fresh produce. Electron beam (e-beam) irradiation is a non-thermal process that has been approved by the FDA to treat fresh foods and is able to eliminate bacteria. Another technology used to extend shelf life is modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of e-beam irradiation at current FDA-approved doses (< 1 kGy) to determine whether bioburden on fresh fruits can be reduced while maintaining sensory quality. Aerobic plate count methods were employed to determine the bioburden of treatments over a 21 day storage period under both ambient and MAP conditions. A previously identified bacterial plate count benchmark of < 500 CFU/ gram will be used to determine the applicability of the e-beam treatment. A consumer study using a 9 point hedonic scale as well as instrumentation measuring color, texture, moisture content, total soluble solids and titratable acidity were used to compare the treated fruit to the control. E-beam consistently reduced the bioburden on strawberries, fresh-cut watermelon and significantly (p<0.05) for avocado samples. Avocado, grapes and watermelon showed potential to be labeled as clean foods (below 500 CFU/gram). Fruit firmness (as measured by deformation) was not negatively affected by e-beam treatment and was preserved over storage with MAP treatment. Color was not adversely affected by e-beam or MAP, except for avocados that were significantly more grey in the presence of O_(2). Most importantly, consumers rated e-beam and MAP treated samples as acceptable (score above 5) in qualities of color, odor, flavor and firmness. E-beam proved to be an effective tool in reducing bioburden at low doses while maintaining fruit quality. Smith, Bianca R (2013). Electron Beam Pasteurization of Fresh Fruit for Neutropenic Diet: E-beam Reduces Bioburden While Preserving Quality. Master's thesis, Texas A & M University. Available electronically from
Providing a Safe Home Environment for Alzheimer's Patientsby The HealthCentral Editorial Team When caring for someone afflicted by Alzheimer's disease in a home setting, caregivers must take a critical look at the living environment. Adapting the home to prevent accidents and ensure optimal safety for your loved one is paramount. It is sometimes necessary for a caregiver to place himself of herself in the position of the person suffering from Alzheimer's to help anticipate possible concerns or dangers. Caregivers will find that such approaches will be dependent upon the person for whom care is being provided. The most important aspect of caregiving in a home is safety and security, for both patient and caregiver. In the long run, adapting the home environment is much easier than trying to adapt behaviors that may be exhibited by a loved one in various stages of the condition. Making necessary changes within the home environment may not only decrease physical hazards, but also reduce the amount of stress that is places upon both the caregiver and the care receiver. Creating a Safe Living Environment When assessing a home or apartment for someone suffering from Alzheimer's, one of the most important things to consider is preventing access of use to areas or equipment that may harm the patient. Such dangers include: Hazardous areas within the house Basements and garages and tool sheds Kitchen and bathroom appliances A person suffering from dementia may not be able to rationalize the difference between safe and unsafe. Locking doors that lead to areas that contain tools, equipment, or materials that may prove harmful to the patient is necessary. Removing electrical equipment or appliances from the bathroom and kitchen area will help to reduce the risk of electrical shock. Something as innocuous as a kitchen blender may cause injury to someone suffering from cognitive function and loss. To prevent accidents, knives and cooking implements should also be stored in a safe, secured location and cooking appliances in the kitchen can be made safer by removing knobs or installing hidden circuit breakers and gas valves. Refrigerator should be checked frequently for food spoilage. In many cases, people suffering from various stages of Alzheimer's may be unable to distinguish between fresh and rotten food. Sense of taste and smell may also be altered due to medications. Gardening tools, gasoline and equipment normally stored in tool sheds or garages should be placed in a secured area to prevent accidents; the car keys and keys to larger pieces of home or yard maintenance equipment should be stored in a protected location. Ensuring Safety Inside the Home Family members see rugs and carpets as home decorations, but the caregiver often sees those very same rugs and carpets as potential fall hazards. Many times, older people are extremely reluctant to change things, but by using firm yet gentle explanations, caregivers may successfully eradicate potential hazardous situations from a home. Top-heavy floor lamps and cords should be placed against walls or underneath carpets. Caregivers can discuss such issues with their loved ones and gain their cooperation and help of other family members to help remove clutter to make the home a safer living environment. Those suffering from Alzheimer's may experience vision complications. Depth perception, as well as the ability to distinguish colors is often compromised as stages of Alzheimer's progress. Whenever possible, using color contrast when it comes to rugs, floor covering, bedding, and window coverings will help a patient to perceive space and depth within the home. Many Alzheimer's also patients experience difficulty seeing dark objects, as they are often perceived as large, black holes. It is recommended that caregivers avoid wearing black or very dark brown colors, as it may cause agitation and anxiety in the patient for that very reason. Child-proof locks can be placed on cabinets within the house and doorknob covers used on doors that provide access to areas that cannot be locked for practical purposes. Deadbolts placed near the top or near the base of exterior doors will help to ensure the [safety of your loved one]. Bathrooms provide special challenges for caregivers. Whenever possible, bathtub and toilet areas should supply adequately anchored grab bars in both bathtub area and around the toilet. Products such as raised toilet seats, sidebars, or grab bars, make it much easier for a patient to access toileting needs. Such situations may prove embarrassing for a loved one, which is where the caregiver's compassion and simplistic approach to such needs are especially important. Getting in and out of bathtubs also provides a challenge. Non-skid mats or other stick-ons should be placed in the bathtub and on top of bathtub surface to [help prevent slipping]. In many cases, those experiencing anxiety may feel much more comfortable sitting on a special stool or chair made for shower bathing. Fear of falling is a major issue with many Alzheimer's patients, and eradicating such fears will help to ensure that you are able to adequately care for [his or her cleanliness and hygiene]. Make sure that water temperatures are adequate for bathing or washing, and that water heaters do not exceed 120 degrees. If pipes are exposed, pad them as necessary to prevent burns. While many patients may be able to toilet themselves, brush their teeth, their hair, and other personal hygiene tasks, some may need help getting to and from bathroom areas. To avoid injuries, bathrooms should be equipped with adequate stools or chairs, and adequate lighting fixtures for greater comfort and safety. Poor vision in many patients will need to be addressed in all areas of the home. Providing contrast with objects from walls and floors will avoid problems caused by depth perception issues. For example, in an all-white bathroom, an all-white toilet may be difficult for some patients to see. A caregiver can alleviate this problem by placing a colored toilet seat cover or cushion on the seat for the patient as a strong visual clue of location. Bedrooms also provide special challenges in safety. Adequate lighting in bedroom areas needs to be provided for easier reading or television watching during any time of the day or night. Those suffering from various stages of Alzheimer's may fear the dark, so a night-light placed in the room may help. In addition, adequate lighting needs to be made available during nighttime hours in case your loved one needs to find the bathroom in the middle of the night. In many cases, placing a large picture of a toilet or the word "Toilet" on the bathroom door will help to offer guidance. Bed clothing should be easy to open or close. Caregivers should be available to offer assistance whenever possible, and if desired. In some situations, a caregiver may need to learn how to help a loved one use a bedpan or a urinal if nighttime trips to the bathroom are not feasible for a variety of reasons. Because of this, a communication system needs to be established for nighttime needs. An intercom-type system or even a bell to address calling for help for toileting, dressing or other needs should be implemented as necessary. In the Kitchen Kitchen areas of any home or apartment often contribute to the most injuries because of ovens, stoves, microwaves, hot plates, or crock-pots, all of which may burn or otherwise harm a patient. The caregiver must determine the cognitive abilities of their loved one to ensure that the use of such equipment is safe under any circumstance. In the homes of patients suffering from cognitive disabilities, cooking with flame can be a fire hazard. Food left on the stove too long may scorch and burn, and in some circumstances, catch fire. A can placed inside a microwave not only damages the microwave, but also may cause an explosion or injury. To ensure safety, the caregiver may cook foods in advance and then unplug or otherwise disable such appliances to prevent injury. Avoid keeping step stools or small ladders in the kitchen area in order to prevent falls and injuries. For patients with vision difficulties, brightly colored plates, drinking cups, placemats and napkins will often help alleviate the embarrassment and difficulty in choosing the right utensils for eating. "Caregivers need to understand that it's the same person as before, but because of the complexity of the process of eating, the person may be confused and embarrasses, and thus refuse to participate," says Occupational Therapist and founding editor of Alzheimer's Care Quarterly Carol Bowlby Sifton. Living with Alzheimer's A safe living environment will ensure that the patient remain in their home as long as possible. Challenges to caregivers caring for those afflicted with Alzheimer's can be incredibly stressful. However, through careful planning, many of those potential stresses, worries, and dangers can be anticipated and a home environment made as safe as possible for both the caregiver and the person suffering from Alzheimer's. Information and prevention is the key to maintaining optimal safety and comfort, for both patient and caregiver.
In Part 3, you and the examiner discuss some topics related to the topic you spoke about in Part 2. The time limit for Part 3 is about 3-4 minutes. The examiner will help you and move the conversation along. So if your Part 2 (Long Turn) topic was "Describe something you bought recently," Part 3 might be about buying habits in the UAE, consumers, materialism, shopping, consumer protection, or differences between shops now and in the past, or a prediction about shopping in the future. If your Part 2 (Long Turn) topic was "Describe a teacher you had in school," Part 3 might be about education, training, the internet and education, changes in education in the last twenty years, the importance of training, etc. Examples of Part 3 Topic in Part 2 \|Possible Related Topic in Part 3\| \|Describe a place you visited recently\|\|How does tourism affect a country? Does it have some advantages? Can cultures learn from each other?\| \|Describe a friend\|\|Is friendship important in your culture? How many close friends can you have? Are friends more important than family?\| \|Describe a child you know\|\| What is the role of parents in raising children? Has the role changed in recent years? Who is responsible for discipline? \|Describe an object you like\|\| Do possessions make people happy? Why do people buy things? Are people in your country wise consumers? \|Describe a photograph\|\|Are images important in your culture? What is the role of advertising? Do films and television influence our decisions?\| \|Describe an historical figure\|\|Who are the most influential people in your society? Are there many heroes or role models today? What are the qualities of a good leader?\| \|Describe an important event in your culture\|\|How do different cultures celebrate events? What is the importance of festivals? How have special occasions such as weddings changed in your culture?\| - Comment on the question - Relate the question to their own experience - Divide up their answers - Use modals (could, might, may) the past perfect, and future tenses correctly - That’s interesting. I was watching a program about that last week - That’s a big problem today. I heard Sheikh Mohammed talk about that in a speech in Dubai. - Oh, that’s very difficult to predict! I don’t think anybody really knows what is going to happen. - Wow, that’s a tough question. It depends on your point of view. - Yes, I’ve often thought about that. - That’s very important because I am getting married next month - That’s an interesting question because I work in computers, so I often wonder what the future of technology will be. - That’s a tough question because I am not an economist. - That’s funny – the other day I was in Al-Ain and someone asked me the same question. - My kids often ask me the same question - Basically, there are three ways to look at this problem. One way is to imagine…. - I think there are several ways to solve this problem. I think one way would be to… - It depends on how you look at it. For example, if you were a parent, you would have one opinion, and if you were a student, you might have another perspective. - I think two very different things will happen. First of all, there might be… - There have been several effects. One effect is that - I suppose you could break it up into two or three areas. First… In the IELTS speaking test, Part 1 focuses on Present Tense, Part 2 on the Past, and Part 3 on the future and modals (can, could, might, may, etc.) You are expected to predict, guess, analyse, relate, suggest and evaluate (give your opinion) in this part. - Download tips for the IELTS Speaking Test (Word version) (Adobe Acrobat version). - Don’t overdo the “That’s an interesting question.” Use it once, relate it to something, and mean it. Watch this video from dcielts.com to see what happens when someone overuses it… - Don’t forget to check YouTube for examples of Part 1, Part 2 or Part 3 Speaking! - Here’s one of the best resources out there: from the Australia Network television service, an excellent series of videos and other resources. Start with this cheerful video about IELTS Speaking Part 2 from Lester Chin. You can download videos and transcripts. Amazing resource. Highly recommended!
Was Jamaican national hero Marcus Garvey’s vision for Africa that of implanting a Western world view onto the continent and its Diasporas for which he passionately advocated? The question arises after listening to the 2014 Elsa Goveia Memorial lecture presented (Thursday, Nov 6) by retired professor Robert Hill, at the Cave Hill, Barbados campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI) where the academic compared Garvey’s words and actions to the “fallen angel” status he was ascribed in the imagination of many of his early 20th century and later followers. If that is negative criticism, such a view may suggest that culture is static and that places like Japan, China and India have sold their culture out to imitate other world views. Garvey was given magical and mystical powers by some followers and many in the Rastafari movement that it is said flowed from a “prophecy” of Garvey’s ‘to look to Africa’ where a black king would be crowned, signaling black redemption was at hand. This was interpreted as the coronation of Ras Tafari Makonnen as Haile Selassie I, in 1930 as King of kings in Ethiopia, who was subsequently deified by some in Jamaica as the incarnation of Jesus Christ. But Garvey’s utterances and actions—building a modern state and economy in Africa, with merchant and military marines and other social, educational and economic institutions able to inspire Africans “at home and abroad”, while dismissing the mysticism of Sub-Saharan Africa as uncivilized—seemed to reflect an allegiance to a Western world view. It’s a difficult topic to write about because while some Africanists—meaning those focused on Sub-Saharan Africa—present the mysticism of the region as religion, others shun the description, preferring to use the term “way of life”. While among the Rastafari some adherents are staunchly religious and even use the language of the Christian church, others just as vocally say theirs is a way of life and not a religion. Theologians and religionists may agree with the “way of life” description as there is no ‘head Rasta’ and no esoteric inductions to become identified with the movement. Garvey was born in St Ann parish, Jamaica, in 1887, a mere 27 years after a revivalist explosion that resulted in the emergence of two main strains of magical/mystical expressions (labeled Kumina and Pocomania) that syncretized elements of bible stories and African mystical/magical practices. It was also just 49 years after the formal abolition of black enslavement in the British Caribbean, where Jamaica was a shining example of the cruelty that remained. It was also the time when theories of racial superiority of Caucasians and the lower animal status of Sub-Saharan Africans were being elevated to science and the continent was being divided up by European powers. Garvey toured the Caribbean and Central America seeing firsthand the exploitation of blacks, from the cane fields of the islands to the disease filled camps of laborers in the Panama Canal zone. He settled in the USA in the 1910s from where he launched the Universal Negro Improvement Association and other affiliated organizations to ameliorate the conditions of the people he had encountered. His speeches and flamboyant style of dress in paramilitary regalia with marching “armies” and bands inspired a worldwide movement and at its peak, the membership surpassed a million. He sought to build trade with Africa as the hub through the formation of a Black Star Line steam ship company to move cargo and people but was sold old junkets which were also seen to be sabotaged. Eventually at the height of his influence in the USA he was indicted on mail fraud charges, found guilty, imprisoned and then deported to Jamaica. Back in Jamaica he tried to build a political movement around his People’s Political Party and the UNIA but he never gained the support of the more well off blacks and browns that was needed to gain traction in the days before universal adult suffrage in 1944. But he achieved the distinction among his mass following of being elevated to a pantheon. Those influenced by Revivalism ascribed magical powers to Garvey, who Hill said described their champion as a fallen angel, one of the many gleaned from the Bible alongside West African spirit beings. Among the fallen angels there are both good and bad attributes to be used as needed without value judgment. Within some Rastafari groups, Garvey was elevated either to prophethood as the modern day Moses or by to the Boboshanti sect as part of the godhead with Haile Selassie. Rastas almost universally eschew the “iniquity workers” of Revivalist sects. But just like their Revivalist compeers have ignored Garvey’s condemnation of their world view, Rasta generally ignores his condemnation of Selassie as a coward when he fled Ethiopia for exile in England, after Benito Mussolini’s Italian invasion of 1935, to colonize Ethiopia under the European plan to share up Africa. Revivalism and Rastafari remain powerful influences in Jamaica’s culture and their symbols are manipulated by politicians for electoral advantage. In 1972, Michael Manley of the left leaning People’s National Party (PNP) won on a campaign that featured a “rod of correction” said to have been given to him by Haile Selassie coupled with Rasta influenced reggae music. In 1980, conservative Edward Seaga, an anthropological scholar of Revivalism, who based his Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) campaign on “deliverance” from the socialist evil, on attaining power immediately supplanted the then dominant reggae on the air waves with Pocomania influenced rhythms that remain dominant in dance hall culture. Both parties acknowledge Garvey as the country’s foremost national hero despite having their own founders in that pantheon. Garvey died a confirmed Roman Catholic, disillusioned, and alone in 1940 in England, where he had gone after rejection in elections and being hounded socially and legally. His embalmed body was exhumed and returned to Jamaica for burial there by the JLP under Seaga’s influence as social affairs minister in 1964, when Garvey was made the first national hero, two years after Jamaica had gained independence from Britain. Whatever his legacy in the imagination of his proponents, the hero, angel, prophet and god figure is being again brought down to earth and humanized by the retired academic.
Ptarmigan 'exposed' by mild winter Grouse with plumage that turns white in autumn have been easier to spot because of the milder winter. Several ptarmigan have been photographed on snow-free mountainsides in the Cairngorms. Ptarmigans' transformation between grey, brown and black plumage to white is triggered by changes in daylight and cannot be controlled by the birds. Stuart Benn, of RSPB Scotland, said ptarmigans may have been "caught out" by the lack of snow this winter. The conservation manager said: "A number of people have told me they have been seeing ptarmigan. "The mild weather has its advantages and disadvantages. "It should mean more insects for young birds, but the downside is those that have not lost their winter plumage can be left exposed. "For predators like golden eagle and peregrine it makes the ptarmigan easier to take as they crowd into smaller patches of snow-covered ground, or move between those bits of snow." Photographs of ptarmigan exposed against bare, snow-free mountainsides have been captured by Sportscotland Avalanche Information Service (SAIS) forecasters in the northern and southern Cairngorms.
A bowl made from Kilkenny marble This week's artifact is a bowl (1968.9.1) made from Kilkenny marble in Ireland. A tradition starting in 1952, the “Shamrock Ceremony” has the Ambassador from Ireland giving a gift of a bowl filled with shamrocks to the President of the United States. This bowl was given to LBJ in 1968 by William P. Fay, Ambassador of Ireland. Did You Know… According to CNN producer Bill Wunner, the media paid little attention to the shamrock ceremony during the Eisenhower years, but it became a full-blown media event when John F. Kennedy, himself an Irish-American, entered the White House. Interest diminished after his death, but his successor, Lyndon Johnson, kept the tradition alive. Obama committed to continuing the ritual, calling it an affirmation of one of the strongest bonds between peoples that exist in the world." read more

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