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Plants cannot be strong without the soil medium in which they grow. I was made aware of this some years ago when I worked for about a year at a sprouting company. While there we sprouted some sunflower seeds. The sprouts grew tall and pretty and we tried to market them to restaurants that had salad bars. As it turned out, the sprouts would go bad and become slimy in the refrigerator in a 3 or 4 days. At the same time, I was traveling back and forth to a large city and noticed sunflower greens in a local health food store. They were white stemmed, had dark green leaves amd were much healthier than the sprouts I had grown. I found that they were grown in soil rather than in a hydroponics solution. I was amazed to take them home and find that they lasted as much as 2 weeks in the refrigerator.
Later when I studied with Ann Wigmore, I learned her method of growing in soil. She had a worm bin and let her worms compost all of the used wheatgrass, sunflower, and buckwheat mats. In all her simplicity, Ann Wigmore had great knowledge about nature and soil and its importance in supplying plants with the correct 'food' for them to build enzyme rich substances that would sustain their life as a healthy plant.
Last fall, a vermicomposter from Louisiana was trying to get me to introduce castings and worms to our customers who grow wheatgrass. He sent me samples to try and told me to use 20 percent worm castings mixed in with my growing soil, which I did. [I was amazed to find that I got about 20 to 25 percent more grass from the same tray.] I was growing barley and had been getting 36 ounces of grass per flat. After using the worm castings, I harvested 44 ounces of grass and the same amount of soil, sprinkled with azomite, and 3 cups barley seed). Actually, I did this same experiment about 3 times and got the same result each time. We are excited to finally be able to introduce these products to our website.
I went back to my stand-by, Edward Howell, to find out what he had to say about enzymes in the soil and how they relate to enzymes in the plant. I am quoting him directly here as he says it so much better that I ever could: (Enzyme Nutrition, by Edward Howell pp.157-159.
Scientists are now measuring the value of a soil by the amount of enzymes it contains. These enzyme values have a direct relationship to the quality of our nutrition and health. It is known that the operation of microorganisms in the soil is very important to the growth of plants. The world is commencing to awaken to the importance of enzymes in the life of the soil, that is to say, the biological activity of the soil. A plant, like an animal, needs enzymes to prosper.
In connection with the enrichment of the soil, the enzyme contributions of earthworms should not be ignored. Charles Darwin realized the part worms have played in building soil and wrote a treatise on the subject. In the act of burrowing through the earth, worms engulf the soil, and extract usable materials as food. After passing through the length of the worm, the remainder is expelled in the form of casts which contain a valuable contribution of worm enzyme excretions. The earthworms, like all other animals, continually take in enzymes and eliminate them in their excretions, giving the soil an endowment of free enzymes. Soil rich in worm casts is sought after by some horticulturists for the cultivation of favored plants. It makes high-grade plant food.
Worms not only add enzymes to the soil but also loosen it, permitting water and air deeper access.
We must consume the best quality foods grown from healthy soils. As pointed out, use of castings increased yield up to 25 percent. Dr. Howell points out that the nutritional value of the entire crop is improved if grown in soil where there is significant worm activity.
Remember, worm castings are biologically safe and contain no pathogens. Answers about earthworms from the New Farm Answer Team:
1. Does the "manure" from earthworms have to meet the same criteria as other
No. According to the NOSB Compost Task Force, earthworm castings are 'finely divided organic material produced non-thermophilically due to interactions between aerobic microorganisms and earthworms, as organic material passes through the earthworm gut.' It makes no sense that earthworm castings would have to meet the same requirements as manure.
By KK Fowlkes
Copyright © 2012 by Living Whole Foods, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission granted up to 100 words in a review when proper credit is given. Proper Credit = website reference: www.wheatgrasskits.com and article citation. |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A cultivar of the tropical pepper Capsicum annuum having a very pungent green or red fruit.
- n. The fruit of this plant.
American Spanish (chile) jalapeño, (chile of) Jalapa, after Jalapa .(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
Sorry, no example sentences found. |
Archaeogenetic analyses offer brand-new insights into social inequality 4000 years ago: extended families lived together with foreign women and individuals from lower social classes in the exact same home.
Social inequality already existed in southern Germany 4000 years earlier, even within one family, a brand-new research study published in the journal Science discovers. Historical and archaeogenetic analyses of Bronze Age cemeteries in the Lech Valley, near Augsburg, reveal that households of biologically associated persons with greater status lived together with unrelated females who came from afar and also had a high status, according to their severe products. In addition, a bigger number of regional but plainly less rich people were discovered in the same cemeteries, which were small gravesites associated with single homesteads. The researchers conclude that social inequality was currently part of families structures in that time and area. Whether the less well-off individuals were servants or slaves can just be hypothesized upon.
In Central Europe, the Bronze Age covers the duration from 2200 to 800 BCE. At that time individuals obtained the ability to cast bronze. This knowledge led to an early globalization, considering that the raw products had to be transported across Europe. In an earlier study, the present team had actually shown that, 4000 years earlier, the majority of women in the Lech Valley came from abroad and may have played a definitive function in the transfer of understanding. Supraregional networks were apparently promoted by marital relationships and institutionalized kinds of movement.
The present archaeological-scientific task was situated at the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and led by Philipp Stockhammer from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich together with Johannes Krause and Alissa Mittnik from limit Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena and the University of Tübingen. The researchers attempted to investigate the impacts of this mobility and other concurrent changes. The excavations south of Augsburg, which happened at the websites of Bronze Age homestead farms and their associated graveyards, allowed archaeologists to zoom into the Bronze Age in extraordinary resolution in order to investigate how the shift from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age impacted the homes of that time. “Wealth was associated with either biological kinship or foreign origin. The nuclear household passed on their home and status over generations. However at every farm we likewise discovered poorly equipped individuals of regional origin,” says Philipp Stockhammer, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at LMU Munich. This finding recommends a complex social structure of families, as is likewise known from Classical Greece and Rome. In Roman times, slaves were also part of the household system, however had a different social status. Nevertheless, these people in the Lech Valley lived over 1500 years previously. “This shows how long the history of social inequality in family structures returns in time,” Stockhammer continues.
Stable social structures over 700 years
It was already understood that the very first bigger hierarchical social structures developed in the Bronze Age. The findings of the existing study were surprising in that social distinctions existed within a single household and were kept over generations.
Tomb items can reveal the social status of the deceased to archaeologists. In the Lech Valley, weapons and elaborate jewelry were just discovered in the tombs of carefully related family members and females who came into the family from long distances, up to several hundred kilometers away. Other unassociated individuals of local origin were discovered in the very same cemeteries without such high-status severe products.
This research study also was successful in rebuilding for the first time ancestral tree from prehistoric cemeteries covering four to five generations. Remarkably, however, these only included the male lineages. The female descendants apparently left the farms where they maturated. The mothers of the kids, on the other hand, were all women who had moved in from afar. “Archaeogenetics provides us with a totally brand-new view of the past. Until just recently, we would not have believed it possible to take a look at marital relationship guidelines, social structure and social inequality in prehistory,” says Johannes Krause, Director of the Department of Archaeogenetics at the Max Planck Institute for Human History.
The archaeologists on the job had the ability to compare the degree of kinship with the grave products and the area of the graves and demonstrate how couples and their kids were buried. This was enabled by producing genome-wide information from more than 100 ancient skeletons, which permitted reconstructing family hair from prehistoric bone. Just the genetically unassociated local members of a household were buried without considerable serious items. “Regrettably, we can not say whether these people were servants and house maids or perhaps even shackled,” states Alissa Mittnik. “What is specific is that through the male lines, the farmsteads were passed from generation to generation and this system was steady over a minimum of 700 years, across the transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. The Lech Valley shows how early social inequality within specific households can be discovered.” |
Avian bird flu, often referred to as Avian influenza, is an infectious disease found usually in birds which is caused by A strains of the influenza virus. This influenza virus occurs naturally in the intestines of wild birds and usually does not cause them sickness.
Avian influenza, or influenza A, is chiefly found in animals, but a virus infection of this type could occur in humans. Although cases of human infection have been on the rise since 1997, risk from this virus to humans is considered mild. In most cases, humans have caught this disease by coming in contact with contaminated surfaces like water bowls and cages, and with infected birds.
Cases of transmission of this virus from an infected human to another human have not been recorded officially. Some human influenza viruses are known to be subtypes of the avian bird flu influenza. Influenza A is continuously changing and it is possible that subtypes may adapt over time to infect and spread among humans.
Migratory waterfowl, most notably wild ducks, are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses, which is very contagious among them. When passed on to domestic birds like chicken, ducks and turkeys, the virus can make them very sick and even result in their death.
Infected birds transmit the influenza virus through their saliva, nasal secretion and feces. Domestic birds can contract the sickness when they come in contact with food containers, cage bars, water bowls, floors or with material such as feed and water that has become contaminated with this virus.
There is an extensive number of influenza viruses potentially circulating in bird populations, due to the fact that there are over a dozen subtypes of the influenza virus that infect birds. To date, all outbreaks of avian influenza have been caused by influenza A viruses of subtypes H5 and H7.
The sickness caused by this virus often take two stages. The first is a mild stage which often goes undetected. Symptoms for this stage are ruffled feathers and a drop in egg production. The second stage is where the internal organs of infected birds stop functioning and ultimately results in the death of the bird within 48 hours.
Humans who become infected with influenza A show symptoms similar to human influenza virus, and they may suffer from fever, muscle aches, sore throat, cough and eye infections.
In severe cases, they may have pneumonia and other life-threatening diseases. Death is a possible outcome of the infection.
What can we do to try to prevent a world-wide pandemic? While the efficacy of vaccines is no sure protection, many are trying to get their hands on these, since there is a chance that vaccines might help. The Australian government, not unlike many other governments, have stockpiled vaccines such as Tamiflu to prepare themselves for a possible outbreak of avian influenza, even though the exact virus that causes influenza A in humans has not yet been identified.
Another point to remember is that these viruses often become resistant to vaccines so by the time they are used, the particular influenza strain might not react to the present vaccines.
So I would say that your best bet would be to get a huge immune system boost. Glyconutrients will give you a maximum potential on your immune system, as well as many other health benefits. I have decided to help my family get a good supply of these everyday and have researched the most potent, active, and cost effective form of it.
Medicine Net explained that:
Avian influenza cannot be diagnosed by symptoms alone, so a laboratory test is required. Avian influenza is usually diagnosed by collecting a swab from the nose or throat during the first few days of illness. This swab is then sent to a laboratory, where they will either look for avian influenza virus using a molecular test, or they will try to grow the virus. Growing avian influenza viruses should only be done in laboratories with high levels of protection. If it is late in the illness, it may be difficult to find an avian influenza virus directly using these methods. If this is the case, it may still be possible to diagnose avian influenza by looking for evidence of the body’s response to the virus. This is not always an option because it requires two blood specimens (one taken during the first few days of illness and another taken some weeks later), and it can take several weeks to verify the results.
Bird flu is creating a wide spread pandemic in the South East Asian countries. More so, the possibility of it being spread to other parts of the world cannot be neglected. The virus responsible for more than hundreds of deaths has been detected as the H5N1 virus, a subtype of Influenza-A virus. This has been the most deadly bird flu virus till date, since the bird flu generally doesn’t attack human beings.
The reports of the symptoms of the avian flu have been submitted to WHO (World Health Organization) and CDC (Center Disease Control). They are similar to SARS but not completely similar. And the interesting fact is that the symptoms sometimes vary from person to person and its totally different in birds. The onset of the virus attack is mostly ignored. So You need to be extra cautious with it. For it never alarms before an outbreak. It’s possible to reach any corner of the world since the migratory birds are main carriers of the pathogen.
Before the virus infests the humans, there is the possibility of it raging the poultry. If you observe any of the following symptoms among the poultry folks, there might be the possibility of the H5N1 virus being in action.
If the attack of the virus is less pathogenic then there will be no visible signs and the attack is not fatal enough. The high pathogenic attack has clear symptoms and is quite destructive:
1. Depression in some of the birds.
2. Cessation in laying eggs.
3. Loss of appetite and nervousness.
4. The combs and wattles turn blue in color due to altercation of blood circulation.
5. Coughing and frequent nasal discharge and diarrhea.
6. Sudden death of a number of them without any signs may also be the symptom of bird flu.
The reports based on the observations of the human beings attacked by bird flu have established that the human symptoms are somewhat similar to normal human flu but the impact is more rigorous. The symptoms of bird flu reported in humans are:
1) Sudden attack of suspicious coughing. Generally, we can trace why we catch a cold and cough when the reasons are like exposure to too much cold or taking lot of ice cream and alike. But, here it won’t have such particular reason.
2) Mild fever prolonging for hours.
3) Having soreness of throat.
4) Gradual shift to pneumonia.
5) Feeling moderate or severe malaise and fatigue.
6) Muscle pain.
7) Sometimes, conjunctivitis may also occur.
8) Respiratory problems like difficulty in breathing.
9) Very frequent sneezing with lot of mucous coming out.
If you find some of these symptoms in you, don’t waste time and visit a doctor, the sooner you start with the treatment, the faster you relieve! Don’t break down if you have positive results. It’s easy to treat. Thats why, be extra cautious of these symptoms.
Confronting the possibility of a potentially devastating human bird flu pandemic, the United Nations system – from Secretary-General Kofi Annan to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to the UN health and agricultural agencies – today laid out a blueprint for immediate preventive and mitigating action.
“We may not know about the future course of H5N1, we do know this: once human-to-human transmission has been established, we would have only a matter of weeks to lock down the spread before it spins out of control. That is why the international community must take action now.” Mr. Annan told the Time Global Health Summit, a three-day event in New York held to discuss key health issues.
In light of these concerns, and likely rationing of available flu vaccines, it is advisable that people also look at other areas which complement good health. In the United States, the average American diet is high in sodium, fat, sugar, and preservatives and low in nutrition. These are typically not the ingredients associated with the support of a healthy immune system. It is the beneficial components of food which feed the cells of the body and support the normal function which allows each cell the potential to restore, protect and defend itself from the effects of injury and disease. A poorly nourished body is less able to carry out these activities as the basic building blocks for cell function are in limited supply.
People should therefore seek to improve their dietary intake of beneficial sources of nutrition and limit their intake of the more commonly eaten foods which are known to be more harmful to the body than their unprocessed counterparts. Will the support of a healthy immune system ensure a perfect defense against invading flu virus particles? Certainly not. However, a healthy immune system may mean the difference between someone who contracts the flu and recovers quickly and someone who suffers greatly.
The most important factor in the improvement of any person’s diet is to improve the quality and variety of food eaten. While dietary supplements may provide some excellent health benefits they are intended to supplement, not substitute, the benefits of a good diet. |
You may encounter several types of cycle lanes or paths and bus or transit lanes. Some are separated from some or all traffic, or shared with people walking.
You are not required by law to use cycle lanes, paths or bus lanes and you have the right to use the road. For example, if the road is suitable and you are travelling at speed, you might want to avoid shared paths with many people walking.
This page describes:
Cycle lanes are painted lanes along a roadway, designed to be used by people riding bikes. Cycle lane markings can include painted edge lines, bike symbols, ‘bike lane’ wording and may include green paint.
Cycle-only paths (or separated cycleways) are marked with signs or markings and are physically separated from traffic on the road. Separators can include kerbs, bollards or planted areas. Some cycleonly paths are located away from roads altogether.
Some cycle-only paths are one-way, and some are two-way. Ride in the correct direction, shown by signs or markings. Ride on the left and pass on your right.
Shared paths are off-road paths such as widened footpaths, marked with signs or markings and are physically separated from the roadway. They are for people walking and riding bikes as well as push scooters, e-scooters, skates, skateboards and other similar ways of getting around.
Pass other people with patience and care.
Some shared paths have signs to let you know who has priority, such as pedestrians. You must give way to people who have priority.
In segregated shared paths people riding bikes must stick to the side of the path marked for bikes.
It’s illegal to ride a cycle on footpaths unless you’re delivering mail or the cycle has very small wheels (wheel diameter less than 355 millimetres). As well as people walking, footpaths can be used by people on push scooters, e-scooters, skates, skateboards, and other similar ways of getting around.
Bus lanes and bus-only lanes have signs or markings to show that they can only be used by special kinds of vehicles.
Bus lanes have a BUS LANE road marking and sign. You can ride a bike in bus lanes.
Bus-only lanes have a BUS ONLY LANE road marking and sign. You must not ride a bike in bus-only lanes.
Bus lanes and bus-only lanes apply all the time unless there’s a sign saying what days and times they apply. Other vehicles may use these lanes outside these days and times.
Transit lanes have signs or markings to show that they can only be used by vehicles with passengers.
Bikes, buses, shuttles, taxis, motorbikes and mopeds can use transit lanes, even if they don’t have passengers. Transit lanes apply all the time unless there’s a sign saying what days and times they apply.
This sign indicates a transit lane in which cars must have at least one passenger (T2). |
EUROPE IN THE LATER (HIGH) MIDDLE AGES (1000-1400)
History 111A and 111B
SPRING SEMESTER 2010/ Dr. George Dameron
Office: Library 306/Telephone x2318
Office Hours: Mondays, 2-4; Wednesdays, 1-2, and by appointment
San Galgano (Cistercian), Tuscany (Italy)
Photo: George Dameron/copyright 2009
PURPOSES OF COURSE
The primary goals of the course are the following: 1) to provide a broad, interdisciplinary overview of European history within a global context from the eleventh century through fifteenth century; 2) to familiarize students with a variety of primary historical sources and documents for this period, 3) to introduce students to some of the principal issues and debates among historians associated with the Later Middle Ages (1000-1500), 4) to stimulate student interest in medieval history, 5) to explore the role of the Middle Ages in the formation of the modern world as well as to recognize the distance of its culture from our own, 6) to encourage a global understanding of historical change by studying the complex relations between Western Europe, Islam, and Byzantium; 7) to enhance the ability of students to think, speak, and write critically about History; 8) to dispel negative myths about the Middle Ages, 9) to learn to use library and information technology resources for historical research and study, 10) to fulfill a Liberal Studies Requirement in Historical Studies, 11) to orient students to the role of the environment in the development of medieval history, and 12) to require a research paper using primary sources on a topic associated with the romance, Erec et Enide.
The class will consist of occasional lectures, debates, frequent class discussions on assigned readings, and occasional in-class small group work. Questions are welcome at any time. Discussions and focus papers will primarily be organized around the primary sources and a set of study questions that I shall post at eCollege. Every Friday there will be either a short quiz (5 minutes) or a focus paper. Students must bring their focus papers to class on Fridays and turn them in during class time (late focus papers or make-up quizzes are acceptable only for medical or compelling family reasons).
Readings for the course will be either hardcopy or online (via Web sites or via our library’s database collection of online journals).
Students should bring their textbook to class so that we can on occasion refer to the photos and illustrations.
Students will take turns proposing questions or comments at the beginning of class on days devoted to discussion.
There are no prerequisites. The requirements are the following: class participation (10% of final grade); a quiz every other week on Fridays (10%), with the lowest score being dropped; an ungraded, one-page focus paper due every Friday when there is not a quiz (10%); one mid-semester hour exam (objective and essay, 20% of final grade); a 7 (seven) to 9 (nine) page research paper (excluding bibliography and notes) on a topic associated with Erec and Enide by Chrétien de Troyes (20% of final grade), due at my office March 11 (a Thursday); and a final examination in May (objective and essay, 30% of grade), date tba.
Attendance and Class Etiquette
As a courtesy, students should inform me in advance of any anticipated absence. Students should arrange all travel arrangements so that they do not conflict with any scheduled classes, quizzes, or exams. There are no make-ups for the focus papers, quizzes, or exams, except in the case of a documented illness or for verifiable and compelling personal or family reasons.
To promote an environment conducive to learning, students will not leave the classroom during class except in the case of serious illness. Students will also refrain from checking email, text messages, updating Facebook, handling cell phone calls during class (cell phones must be turned off before class begins), and using laptops for reasons other than for class use (see below).
Because I will be presenting a paper at and attending the 2010 Meeting of the Renaissance Society of America in Venice, Italy between April 7 and April 11, I will not hold classes on Wednesday (April 7) or Friday (April 9). Your will read Dante’s Inferno (online) while I am away, and a focus paper is due at my office April 9.
I will make up both missed classes on April 6 (6-6:50 pm) and April 13 (6-6:50 pm) (location tba). Because these make-up classes meet outside the regular schedule, I cannot make them obligatory. However, all students are responsible for all material covered.
The paper due on at my office on March 11 (a Thursday). Students are free to turn in the paper earlier (during class on March 10). There will be a half a letter grade penalty (5 points) for every day the paper is late. The paper will follow the required methods of citing primary and secondary sources, and it must also include a formal bibliography. Students will use at least three primary and three secondary sources for their papers. History department policy requires students to use footnotes or endnotes in the proper format (no in-text citations). A set of books and readings will be available on library reserve for students to use for their research. After the midterm examination, I will distribute more specific instructions and guidelines for the paper as well as a bibliography. For information on citing sources and creating bibliographies, see my Guide for Papers (posted at the eCollege site and at my Web site). See also the citation guides posted at the Durick Library Web site under “Find Reference Sources” (Citation Guides).
eCollege is Web-based course management system that we will use for this course. Students should check the site regularly for any messages or announcements or new postings.
Web sites for the Study of the Middle Ages
There are several Web sites maintained by professional medievalists that are accessible through my Web site (URL listed at top of syllabus) or through the eCollege site. They include the Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Orb, Labyrinth, Feminae (Medieval Women and Gender Index), The World of Dante, and NetSerf. I encourage students to explore these sites as we proceed through the syllabus.
The use of laptop computers is welcome. However, use of laptops during class will be limited to course-related work (note-taking, viewing the syllabus, exploring the eCollege site, and so on). Use of computers during class for purposes other than those related to the course can result in the loss of the privilege to use laptops in class.
The student is responsible for familiarizing herself or himself with the Academic Integrity Policy of the College. Violations of academic integrity (plagiarism, multiple submission, unauthorized assistance, interference, interference using information technology) can result in sanctions ranging from failure for the assignment, failure of the course, the obligation to repeat the assignment with a lower grade, or dismissal from the course. The Judicial Review Board may impose other sanctions as well. Plagiarism is a serious academic offense. According to the Policy on Academic Integrity included in the Student Handbook and Code of Conduct and posted online, plagiarism is the presentation of “another person’s ideas as your own, by directly quoting or indirectly paraphrasing, without properly citing the original source. This includes inadvertent failure to properly acknowledge sources.”
DOCUMENTED LEARNING DIFFERENCES
Students with learning differences (documented by the Office of the Coordinator of Academic Compliance, Ms. Antonia Messuri) are eligible for appropriate accommodations. Please see me early in the semester if you require any accommodation.
Required Books for Purchase:
OR (if volume 2 not available)
Required Reading On Reserve in Durick Library and online:
Caroline Walker Bynum, "Fast, Feast, and Flesh: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women," Representations 11 (1985): 1-16.
Required Reading Online:
Dante Alighieri, Inferno; Deborah Parker, general editor, The World of Dante, http://www.worldofdante.org/inferno1.html
Introduction to Course: “The Middle Ages; The World in 1000”
Expansion and Growth, ca. 1000-ca. 1150
Text: chapter 5, 177-187
Sources: Plates 5.1-5.4, 5.1-5.3
Text: chapter 5, 187-193
Debate: “Resolved: That the pope has created disorder in the Church and must resign”
Sources: 5.4, 5.5
Text: chapter 5, 193-202
Sources: 5.6, 5.7, 5.9
Discussion: the Crusades and Reconquista
Sources: 5.8, 5.10
Discussion and debate: the Norman Conquest
Sources: 5.11-5.13, plate 5.5
Text: chapter 5, 203-218
Discussion: The Twelfth-Century Renaissance
Sources: 5.14-5.15, 5.17; plates 5.6-5.7
Discussion: Religious Life
Sources: 5.16, 5.18-5.19
Governance, Crusading, Religion, and Culture, ca. 1150-ca. 1250
Lecture: “Institutions and Crusades”
Text: chapter 6, 219-237
Discussion: The English, German, and Spanish Monarchies
Sources: 6.5-6.8, 6.15-6.17
Discussion: More Crusades
Sources: 6.1, 6.2
**February 15, 16—February Break**
Lecture: “Courtly Culture and Life in the Towns”
Text: chapter 6, 237-244
Discussion: Commerce and Guilds
Discussion: The Papacy
Discussion: Vernacular literature
Discussion: Chrétien de Troyes, Erec et Enide (first half)
March 1, 3
Discussion (continued): Chrétien de Troyes, Erec et Enide (second half)
Lecture and Presentation: “Architecture”
Text: chapter 6, 244-251
Sources: 6.24; illustrations in textbook
Text: chapter 6, 252-261
Discussion: New Currents in Religious Life
Sources: 6.25, 6.26, 6.27, The Testament of Saint Francis (online)
March 11 (Thursday): **Research Paper Due**
Discussion: Caroline Walker Bynum, "Fast, Feast, and Flesh: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women," Representations 11 (1985): 1-16. Online.
**March 12 (last class)-March 21—March Recess**
Discussion: Persecution and Violence
Sources: 6.28, 6.29
Expansion and Disharmony, ca. 1250-ca. 1350
Text: chapter 7, 263-274
Discussion: The Mongols and the European Economy
Sources: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8
Discussion: Joinville, Life of Saint Louis
**April 2-April 5—Easter Break**
April 6 (a Tuesday)
Make-up Class, 6 pm – 6:50 pm (classroom tba)
Debate: The Pope (Boniface VIII) versus the King (Philip IV of France)
Read: Dante’s Inferno (first half: cantos 1-16)
Read: Dante’s Inferno (second half: cantos 17-33)
*Focus paper on two cantos due at my office, Library 306
Text: chapter 7, 280-286
Sources: 7.20, 7.24
April 13 (a Tuesday)
Make-up Class, 6-6:50 pm (classroom tba)
Discussion: Scholasticism (Thomas Aquinas)
Sources: 7.22 (“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”), 7.23
Discussion: Dante’s Inferno
Crisis and Renewal, ca. 1300-ca. 1500
Text: chapter 7, 297-303; chapter 8, 305-308
Discussion: The Plague
April 23: “War and Revolt
Text: chapter 8, 308-324
Sources: 8.6, 8.7, 8.9, 8.11-8.13
April 26: “The Church in Crisis”
Text: chapter 8, 324-6
April 28: “New Currents in Fifteenth Century Culture and Politics”
Text: chapter 8, 327-349
Sources: 8.19, 8.21, 8.24
Conclusion: New Directions
Discussion: New Directions for Europe
Sources: 8.22, 8.23, Plate 8.1
Final Examinations: May 3-7 (History 111A and 111B, tba) |
The monsoons bring a relief from the scorching heat during the summers but with their respite, they also bring along with them various maladies. Every monsoon season, the risk of catching various diseases is extremely high due to unhygienic conditions and not adhering to basic preventive measures. Many of these monsoon diseases remain undiagnosed until they progress to undesirable complications. This is why early diagnosis and treatment of diseases in rainy season is important making the difference between life and death. Here are some common diseases which are highly prevalent during this season that you should be aware about. It is also advisable to understand the preventive measures of these diseases and precautions that you and your family can take as well.
Influenza (Cold and Flu):
Common cold is one of the most commonly occurring during the monsoon season. It is highly contagious disease due to the spread of virus in the air which infects the upper respiratory tract and thus affects the nose and the throat. Symptoms involve runny or stuffy nose, body ache, throat irritation and soreness and fever. It is always advisable to consult a physician and get the required medicines prescribed for getting cured from the infection
The best way to prevent common cold is to have a healthy, balanced and nutritious diet regular which will develop the immune system of the body and improves the body resistance.
Another most common and deadly bacterial disease that spreads during monsoon is “cholera” This disease is caused by contaminated food and water and also poor hygienic conditions .Common symptoms of cholera are severe diarrhoea with watery stool ’rice water stools” and vomiting which causes immediate water loss and muscle cramps. Diarrhoea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. A rapid dipstick test is available to determine the presence of V. cholera bacteria from stool sample
Cholera requires immediate treatment because the disease can cause death within hours. The goal is to replace lost fluids and electrolytes using a simple rehydration solution, oral rehydration salts (ORS). The ORS solution is available as a powder that can be reconstituted in boiled or bottled water. Antibiotics are not a necessary part of cholera treatment.
Preventive measures include providing clean drinking water, better sanitation, and better handwashing
“Typhoid” is another waterborne bacterial infection caused by bacteria called Salmonella. This disease is caused by contaminated food or drinking food or water contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. Diagnosis is made by any blood, bone marrow or stool cultures and with the Widal test.
Symptoms of the diseases are prolonged high fever, severe abdomen pain, headache; vomits are common symptoms of this disease. The worst part is that the infection of this disease can remain in the gall bladder of the patient even after he/she is cured.
Preventive measures include providing clean drinking water, better sanitation, and better handwashing.
Treatments of typhoid include antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporin.
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is a waterborne viral infection is generally caused by contaminated drinking water or food with the stool of someone with the virus, it can spread through flies. Eating fruits, vegetables, or other foods that were contaminated during handling can cause spread of infection. The symptom of this disease is directly related to the inflammation of the liver that’s caused by a virus.
Symptoms include, Jaundice (yellow eyes and skin, dark urine), stomach pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Fever, Diarrhoea and Fatigue. Blood tests are used to detect the presence of hepatitis A in your body.
No specific treatment exists for hepatitis A.. In most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals within six months with no lasting damage .Management involves, Rest, treatment of nausea and rest to liver.
Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, is one of the best ways to protect against hepatitis A. Vaccines are available for people most at risk.
Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. It is spread by what’s known as the tiger mosquito (Aedes Aegypti), which has black and white stripes and typically bites early in the morning or at dawn. Dengue goes by other names, including “break bone fever.
Symptoms of dengue fever include severe joint and muscle pain, swollen lymph nodes, headache, fever, exhaustion, and rash. Complication of dengue fever is called Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). It is a specific syndrome that tends to affect children under 10 years of age. This complication of dengue causes abdominal pain, haemorrhage (bleeding), and circulatory collapse (shock).
There are no specific antibiotics or antiviral medication to treat it. For typical dengue, the treatment is concerned with relief of the symptoms and signs. Rest and fluid intake (oral rehydration) are important. Pain relievers such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should only be taken under a doctor’s supervision because of the possibility of worsening bleeding complications. Pain killers can be given for headache and for joint and muscle pain (myalgia). Platelet count should be monitored through the course of the illness. Sometimes hospitalization for dengue maybe advised depending upon the patient’s condition receive IV fluids.
-As it’s transmitted via mosquitoes, one should wear a strong insect repellent containing DEET to prevent getting bitten.
-People should also wear full sleeve clothing when out in the day.
– It is important to remember that the dengue mosquito usually bites only in the day time and breeds in clean, fresh water. So any water accumulation should be avoided.
One of the most common monsoon-related diseases, malaria, is caused by certain species of mosquitoes breeding in the dirty water. Since, there is a problem of water logging during the rainy season, mosquitoes get conducive conditions to breed .This disease is spread by Female Anopheles mosquito. Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum and is the most dangerous type of malaria also known as Cerebral malaria. Other forms of malaria are P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae
Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests.
It is characterized by fever, body ache, chills, and sweating. If untreated, it can lead to complications like jaundice, severe anaemia or even liver and kidney failure. Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications successfully.
Preventive measures –
- Take an antimalarial drug as a precautionary measure in mosquito prone areas.
- Also take measures to prevent mosquito bites such as wearing full sleeve clothing.
- Application of antirepellant mosquito creams and Electronic mosquito repellent devices can be used during the monsoon season to avoid mosquito’s at home.
- Accumulation of dirty water must be kept in check to prevent malaria mosquito breeding.
- Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have been shown to be highly effective in preventing malaria in your neighbourhood and can reduce breeding of mosquitos also.
Sudden weather change often causes viral fever characterized by fatigue, chills, body aches and fever. The illness is contagious and spreads through infection droplets in the air or by coming into physical contact with infected secretions. General duration of a viral fever lasts from 3 to 7 days, with the severity of the fever being the highest in the first three days..
The general treatment if side effects and symptoms using OTC drugs in consultation with their doctor, antihistamines, decongestants and antipyretic drugs are usually recommended, Viral disease are generally self-limiting and generally do not need antibiotic unless there is a secondary infection.
Some Preventive measures –
-One must ensure that they do not get wet in the rain or stay in wet clothes for a long period
-Wash their hands often,
-Boost their immunity by eating Vitamin C rich foods and green leafy vegetables. They must also keep a distance from an infected person.
Gastroenteritis and food poisoning are quite common during the monsoon season, and the high humidity helps in the growth of disease-causing bacteria. The general symptoms of gastroenteritis are stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea. Fever can develop and one may feel sense of malaise and weakness through the course of the illness.
It is very important that you keep yourself hydrated at all times and bland diet is recommended such as rice, curds, fruits such as banana, apple. Rice kanji water or coconut water is also good line of treatment for hydration. ORS is generally recommended. Course of treatment is mainly to prevent dehydration, control fever. Antibiotics are prescribed after evaluation of the condition of the patient. Antiprotozoal can also be prescribed accordingly.
- Try and avoid eating raw food like salads because it is difficult to ascertain whether they have been washed, cleaned and stored at the right temperature
- Avoid roadside food which may be made in contaminated water and trigger diarrhoea.
Some general overall Preventive health tips during monsoon season that we would like to share with you during this monsoon season for your wellbeing:
- Drink only clean water as a preventive measure against water borne diseases like typhoid, jaundice, gastroenteritis and diarrhoea which are common due to contamination of drinking water source. It is a good idea to drink only boiled water or water cleaned by a purifier.
- Use separate hand towels to avoid the transmission of disease causing bacteria.
- Cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief while coughing or sneezing.
- Use mosquito repellents and nets as dengue transmitting mosquitoes usually bite during day time -either early morning or late evening, while those that cause malaria tend to bite at night.
- Keep your garments dry to avoid catching fungal skin infections.
- Consume freshly prepared food and avoid eating out as much as possible.
- Avoid visiting crowded places such as theatres or exhibitions.
- Use hand sanitizer regularly.
In case you are experiencing any of signs or symptoms and need treatment or would like to know please contact our centres at Wockhardt Hospital. Wockhardt Hospitals is one of the countries premium hospitals that are focused on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.
Wockhardt Hospitals, a chain of tertiary care super-specialty hospitals has more than 25 years of experience in the creation and management of Super Specialty Hospitals in India.
Wockhardt Hospitals is regarded as a centre of excellence the healthcare domain, having facilities in North Mumbai (Mira road), South Mumbai (Mumbai Central), Navi Mumbai (Vashi), Nagpur, Nasik, Rajkot and Surat. Wockhardt Hospitals has state-of-the-art infrastructure. Our prime objective is patient safety and quality of care at all levels. The guiding philosophy is to serve and enrich the Quality of Life of patients and to make life |
Peer group pressure has gotten a bad rap. Inevitably, when we hear “peer group pressure” we picture teens and young adults being drawn into drug use, promiscuity and all manner of risky behavior; we imagine young professionals being lured into living above their means. Too often, we overlook that peer group pressure can also be a force for good and just behavior.
In parashat Behar we read that every seventh year is shemitah, and following seven cycles of shemitah is Yovel – a time when our fields are to be untended and unguarded for a full year. Yovel attests in deed to our trust and faith in the ultimate Provider, crystalizing our recognition that this world is but a corridor to the ultimate world, where labor and material possessions are replaced by the spiritual.
Indeed, on Yom Kippur of the Yovel year the, “…sound [of] the Shofar throughout the land” proclaims that all slaves go free. Ramban relates “yovel” to movement: yoviluhu raglav – his feet will take him wheresoever he desires. With the freeing of slaves – who, by definition, have no freedom of movement or control of their time – all people have the freedom to come and go as they please.
But what if I do not want to let my slaves go free? What if I do not have such a spiritual sensitivity to appreciate what is being asked to me? What if I’m a “dollars and cents” kind of guy? To set free my slaves is to threaten me with financial ruin!
We note that the Yovel shofar ceremony is identical to the shofar ceremony on Rosh Hashanah – the same shofar blasts, the same awe, the same fear and trembling. At that time, we are told, “…you shall return each man to his ancestral heritage and you shall return each man to his family.” (Vayikra 25:10)
Slave and land return to their “roots”.
In the awesomeness of the moment, the message is clear – proclaiming our freedom from sin demands our valuing and proclaiming the freedom of others. The Pnei Yehoshua explains that when the Jewish people show their concern for others by freeing their slaves it is not only the slaves who benefit, but the entire nation.
It is a glorious moment for slaves and land – but an admittedly challenging one for slave owners and landowners. The “dollar and cents” man simply doesn’t want to let his slaves go. He does not want to bear the immediate and concrete losses for some vague, future spiritual benefit.
God understands his doubts. That is why God proclaimed that the Shofar be sounded; to motivate all the people to free the slaves and release the lands. Doing so made clear that everyone was releasing their slaves and land. Not just Chaim Yankel, every Chaim Yankel. No one man would suffer more than another for releasing his slaves! As the Chinuch explains, the shofar was sounded, “…so that they will realize that this is something standard throughout the land, and that all do so.” “The Chochom teaches”, says the Chinuch, that tza’ar rabim nechama – the suffering of many is a consolation.
Everyone is doing it. Talk about peer pressure!
How could the “dollars and cents” man resist?
There is a Jewish teaching that holds that, “companionship in suffering is half of comfort.” It is a familiar teaching and, yet its sourcing is impossible to determine.
My grandfather, HaGaon Rav Bezalel Zev Shafran z’l, was a brilliant Torah master.
The great majority of his writing and teaching was concerned with the intricacies of halacha. Yet this saying, intrigued his intellect and enlivened his soul. He knew that all knowledge and wisdom emanate from Torah and yet the source of this seemingly obvious and universal sentiment proved elusive, making it ever more intriguing to him and, consequently, to me.
Like my grandfather, I wondered how the source could not be known? As a child, I confronted my rebbi. “Can you please tell me,” I asked him, “what is the source of the statement tzaras rabim chatzi nechama?” He gave my request a great deal of thought but in the end, reached the same conclusion as my grandfather. “I do not know the source, but if the suffering of the many is comforting to the individual sufferer, that’s good enough. It requires no source.”
Not only is the teaching difficult to source, but to the sensitive and thoughtful person, my grandfather noted, it could be alarming. He wondered, “if a devastating plague ravages the entire world, if others suffer as I do, does that make me any better off?” Did anyone contemplate such thoughts during this past Covid year?
Prescient! Yet, my grandfather’s concern seemed not to be widely shared. Even now, colleagues are dismissive of the quote.
“It’s not that others suffer, it’s that they share the burden. Lonely suffering is a heavier psychological burden.” Or, “…part of the overwhelming aspect of suffering is that it isolates a person and generally creates a feeling of loneliness. When a person suffers with others who fully understand his plight, that element of loneliness becomes greatly diminished and serves as a source of comfort.”
In these observations, there is the underlying thought that we somehow share distress because “everyone” feels, errs, acts, the same way. However, that reasoning is also fundamental to what allows the saying to be dismissed as cynical!
My grandfather would not have devoted his prodigious intellect [Yalkut HaChanochi 31] to a mere “folk saying” let alone something trivial or cynical. I knew there had to be more….
Our texts speak to how angst and worry affect us. In Mishlei (12:25) the wisest of all men said, “Worry in the heart of man makes him stoop before others.” (as in Yoma 78a). Rashi explains that his worry, “…makes him bow before others, perhaps they will give him advice.” Arukh explains, “So that they pray for mercy on his behalf.”
My grandfather explains that Arukh’s explanation gets to the heart of the issue and provides guidance in understanding the saying, The Sages, in Shabbat (67a) state that, “one must announce his torments publicly, so the public will pray for mercy on his behalf.”
Aha! “For if many share the distress of the individual and feel his pain, they certainly pray for him and pray for mercy on his behalf. God forbid they should fail to do so!” Certainly, in the case of a Torah scholar they must beseech on his behalf (as in Berakhot 12a). Prayer is more potent than good deeds (ibid. 32). This prayer will be credited to him as “half of comfort,” as the Sages teach, “Prayer accomplished half” (Vayikra Rabbah 1:5; Rashi on Ekev 9:10).
There is an allusion to this saying in Midrash Rabbah (Devarim 2:14): “What is the meaning of ‘when you (“you”, singular) are in distress’? R. Yohanan said in the name of R. Akiva: The distress of the individual is distress. If it is not individual, it is not distress.”
Distress is singular. As soon as it is shared, it ceases to be distress. In fact, it may very well be that there is a fundamental singularity to distress which demands that we find connection for relief!
My son, Natan, observes, “It’s the manifestation of lo tov heyot Adam levado – It is not good for man to be alone.” God never intended for man to be alone. “People are social animals. It’s good for them to be together. Never is it more important to be together but when there is pain, distress.”
The Talmud (Berachos 32) teaches that prayer is more potent than good deeds. Why? Prayer bridges the isolation of the individual.
Jewish law does not want one who is suffering to be cut off from the community. That is surely the reason why certain prayers demand a community, a minyan. Certainly, that is true of the Kaddish. Without such a law, someone who loses a loved one might withdraw into his or her deep grief and distress. Jewish law compels mourners to join a community three times a day to recite this prayer.
The knowledge that we do not suffer alone is a consolation – not “half a consolation”. That we are not alone, not in creation and not in our community, is fundamental to our consolation. My grandfather, I believe, would add that this nechama is completed “in halves”. That is, half is accomplished with prayer and the other half, the fullness of our consolation, in the recognition that, “we are all in this together.”
What is a community if not a peer group? And that pressure we feel? That is the embrace of those around us, urging us toward wholeness and goodness. |
The famous 2,000-year-old Dead Sea Scrolls are now available for viewing online in high-resolution, thanks to Google and the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
The Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered between 1947 and 1956 inside caves along the shore of the Dead Sea and contain the oldest known copies of many texts from the Bible. They also include secular writings that help shine a light on what life was like for people living in the first and second centuries.
For years, the most complete scrolls have been stored in vaults in Jerusalem, but now anyone with a computer will be able to read and examine the documents. Images of the scrolls were captured using 1,200 megapixel cameras that allow for incredible detail and close examination.
“The Dead Sea Scrolls Project with the Israel Museum enriches and preserves an important part of world heritage by making it accessible to all on the internet,” said Yossi Matias, Managing Director of Google’s R&D Center in Israel, in a statement. “Having been involved in similar projects in the past, including the Google Art Project, Yad Vashem Holocaust Collection, and the Prado Museum in Madrid, we have seen how people around the world can enhance their knowledge and understanding of key historical events by accessing documents and collections online.”
The entirety of the Dead Sea Scrolls are slated to be online by 2016. The Israel Antiquities Authority, which owns thousands of scroll fragments, has also started a project to put their texts online with help from Google by that date.
The following scrolls, as described by the Israel Museum, are now available for viewing:
• The Great Isaiah Scroll, inscribed with the Book of Isaiah and dating from ca. 125 BCE, is the only complete ancient copy of any biblical book in existence.
• The War Scroll dates to the late first century BCE or early first century CE and describes a confrontation between the “Sons of Light” and the “Sons of Darkness”, which would last forty-nine years, ending with the victory of the “Sons of Light” and the restoration of Temple practice according to their beliefs.
• The Temple Scroll, from the early first century CE, claims to provide the details of God’s instructions for the construction and operation of the Temple in Jerusalem. Written on animal skin only one-tenth of a millimeter thick, the Temple Scroll is the thinnest parchment scroll ever found among the Dead Sea Scrolls.
• The Community Rule sheds light on the Community’s way of life, dealing with subjects such as the admission of new members, conduct at communal meals, prayer, cleansing rituals, and theological doctrines.
• The Commentary on Habakkuk interprets the first two chapters of the biblical book of the prophet Habakkuk in a unique style that makes it a key source of knowledge of the spiritual life of the secluded Qumran community, shedding light on the community’s perception of itself.
VB's research team is studying web-personalization... Chime in here, and we’ll share the results. |
Can Allergies Cause Cancer?
If you have allergies, you may need to worry about more than just sniffles and sneezes. A new study indicates allergy sufferers may have a higher risk of developing cancer.
A seven-year study with more than 64,000 people done by the University of Washington Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center found individuals with allergies to plants, grass and trees had a slightly increased incidence of blood cancers.
Researchers said that although the allergies themselves don’t cause cancer, they believe it’s possible the inflammation that creates allergy symptoms could put your immune system into overdrive — and that could lead to blood cancers.
But there’s no need to panic. The risk increase is so slight that the study’s lead author, Dr. Mazyar Shadman, said there was “no need” for additional cancer screenings, adding only that he hopes further studies with allergy patients will “uncover the mechanism of blood cancers.” |
Road signs tell you where you are and what to do. They are needed to help keep everyone safe. This section lists common signs and explains what they mean.
There are three types of sign:
- compulsory signs
- warning signs
- information signs
This page describes examples of:
Compulsory signs are usually red or blue. They tell you what you must or must not do.
You must stop completely, give way to any traffic and only move off again when your way is clear
You must slow down and give way (or stop if necessary)
You must slow down and be prepared to stop for traffic in the roundabout or entering the roundabout from the right
One-way bridge: give way to all vehicles coming towards you
One-way bridge: you have priority
You must not cycle here
You must not turn left here
You must not go into this road
You must move in the direction shown on the arrow
This is a shared path for walking and cycling
School patrol: you must stop and remain stopped until the sign is withdrawn
Walk only on the left side and cycle only on the right
You must exit if you are cycling
Bus lane that can also be used by cycles and motorcycles
Bus-only lane that can only be used by buses
Exemption to a regulatory sign if you are cycling
Warning signs are usually diamond-shaped. They warn you to be careful for your own safety and the safety of other people.
Permanent warning signs are yellow or fluorescent yellow/green. Temporary signs are orange.
Look out for bike riders
Cycle path crossing ahead
Take care cycling over railway tracks
Look out for children
Road narrows ahead
Railway tracks ahead
Stop on request
Detour for cycling on the left
Pass people cycling at a safe distance and where possible slow down
Information signs come in a range of different colours and sizes.
You may turn left, but first give way to pedestrians and vehicles
A hook turn is recommended for bikes turning right at the intersection ahead
Use the left shoulder if you are cycling
Cross here if you are cycling
Cyclists can travel in either direction in the adjacent cycle lane
Use ramp to leave road here if you are cycling
Confirms that cyclist is on the NZCT and the route is turning right
Shows the way to the nearest information centre
Route for cycling, with destination
Route confirmation and distances
image distance sign
Shows distances to places
A sharrow marking is a bike symbol with a double chevron above it. Sharrow markings remind everyone that people riding bikes can take the lane.
Take the lane - sharrow markings
A hook turn marking is a green box marked with a bike symbol and a turning arrow. It shows a good place to stop and wait during a hook turn.
Alternatives to turning right across traffic
An advanced stop box marking is a green box marked with a bike symbol. You can use advanced stopping places when you need to wait at an intersection.
Using advanced stopping places |
How to Organise Life?
Out of stock
The Indian tradition lays down various schemas to organize life. This book analyses them in the modern context. Shrutis and Smritis are seen through Swami Vivekananda’s eyes. Complex concepts of dharma, caste, moksha, and karma yoga have been explained. A careful reading of this work convinces one that new moral codes in consonance with traditional values and modern needs have to be created. Evolving out of the December 2002 special issue of the English magazine The Vedanta Kesari, this work could be a manual of morality in the lines of the teachings of Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda. |
The Dr. John Woodenlegs Library welcomes the use of its services and facilities by children.
Staff members are committed:
- To helping children find materials for school work and recreational reading.
- To providing an environment that encourages study and exploration.
- To planning short programs that inform and enrich.
Staff members are also committed to the well-being and safety of children. However, library facilities are not designed or licensed to provide basic child care. Any public place may be dangerous for a child who is left unattended for long hours or who is left stranded after closing hours. The library encourages parents/guardians to consider the safety and well-being of their children and the needs of other library users of all ages.
Parents may not leave children under the age of eight unattended in the library. Disruptive children, attended or unattended, age eight or older may be asked to leave the library after one warning. Disruptive behavior is any form of behavior that seriously or constantly disturbs library patrons or staff, damages library property, interferes with library service, or endangers the well-being of the disruptive child or others.
Responsibility for the welfare and the behavior of children under age eight, using the library rests with the parent, guardian, or responsible caregiver. Though staff will always respond with care and concern, they cannot assume responsibility for children’s safety and comfort when they are unattended.
Staff may, as needed:
- Notify parents, guardians, or responsible caregivers whose children need additional supervision;
- Contact authorities such as the Police either to assist with the enforcement of discipline in the library or to ensure the safety of an unattended child.
- The complainant may be present to present his/her views on the material in person.
- The committee, having read or viewed the challenged material, will check the information made available by the Library Director on the general acceptance of the materials by reading reviews and selection aids.
- The members of the committee who have read or reviewed the materials in its entirety will then discuss the materials value and fault and form opinions based on the material as a whole.
- The majority consensus of the committee will be determined by ballot and the Library Director in charge of the Library will take the action indicated by the decision of the committee.
- Library Bill of Rights
- The Freedom to Read
- Intellectual Freedom Principles for Academic Libraries
- American Library Association Code of Ethics
- American Library Association’s Questions and Answers on Privacy and Confidentiality
Complaints and Censorship
Chief Dull Knife College believes freedom of access to information is vital in a democracy. Dr. John Woodenlegs Library endorses the Library Bill of Rights, Freedom to Read Statement, Freedom to View Statement, Individual Choice Statement, and Public Access Internet Policy.
There may be occasional objections to certain materials in the collection despite the care taken to select materials meeting the criteria of this policy. If such and objection or complaint is made there are certain procedures to follow. These procedures have been adopted by the Board.
All complaints to staff members will be directed to the Library Director who will discuss the matter with the complainant. If not satisfied, the patron may make an appointment with the Library Director to discuss the matter further. If the patron wishes, she/he will be supplied with the “Request for Reconsideration of Library Materials” form. If there is a request for withdrawal of material, the Library Director will name a committee to examine the item in question. This committee will include the Library Director, President of the college, a staff librarian, and a member of the Library Advisory Committee, President of the Student Senate and one or more faculty members. When the completed form is returned, the President of Chief Dull Knife College will call together the Library Committee to whom copies of the complaint and copies of the material, if possible, will be distributed. At the first meeting the committee shall schedule a time to act on the complaint and will decide whether to with- draw the material pending their decision. At the scheduled meeting, the committee shall determine whether or not to withdraw the material from the library collection in this manner:
The Dr. John Woodenlegs Library of Chief Dull Knife college adheres to the: |
- the mental faculties.
- things pertaining to the intellect.
- intellectual property,
Origin of intellectual
Examples from the Web for unintellectual
Mrs. Jones's husband was a common, unintellectual sort of person, who retailed groceries for a living.The Von Toodleburgs|F. Colburn Adams
Ah,” said an old woman, with an unintellectual style of countenance, “now there will be plenty of work for poor men.Life in the Red Brigade|R.M. Ballantyne
The parents were not unintellectual persons, but, again, much the reverse.The Life of Florence Nightingale vol. 1 of 2|Edward Tyas Cook
His face was like a parroquet's, with small, beady eyes full of an unintellectual sharpness.A Spirit in Prison|Robert Hichens
Some were conservative, or backward, or unintellectual compared with others.A History of Freedom of Thought|John Bagnell Bury
late 14c., "grasped by the understanding" (rather than by the senses), from Old French intellectuel and directly from Latin intellectualis "relating to the understanding," from intellectus "discernment, understanding," from past participle stem of intelligere "to understand, discern" (see intelligence). Intellectual property attested from 1845. Other adjective formations included intellective (late 15c.), intellectile (1670s).
1590s, "mind, intellect," from intellectual (adj.); sense of "an intellectual person" is from 1650s. Related: Intellectuals.
A person who engages in academic study or critical evaluation of ideas and issues. (See intelligentsia.) |
Alan B. Patterson, MD, offers comprehensive diagnosis and treatment for patients with osteoporosis at his comfortable and welcoming offices in Coral Springs, Florida. Dr. Patterson does bone density testing in the office and discusses the results right away. He helps his patients protect and improve their bone health to prevent fractures and other complications of the condition. Regular bone density tests can help patients avoid problems.
Osteoporosis is a bone condition that develops when a patient either loses bone density or doesn’t grow enough bone. The bones become weak and brittle as a result and become more susceptible to fractures. In severe cases, patients may break bones from merely bumping into something or sneezing. The word osteoporosis translates to porous bone due to the honeycomb appearance of affected bones. Over 54 million Americans have osteoporosis and the condition is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged or elderly women. The risk factors associated with osteoporosis include age, low body weight, the reduction of hormones associated with menopause, smoking, and a lack of high intensity or weight bearing exercise. Heredity is also a risk factor for osteoporosis. Dr. Patterson encourages all of his patients to make healthy choices that can help to prevent osteoporosis, such as making sure to eat a healthy diet, taking in sufficient vitamin D and calcium, and participating in weight-bearing exercises such as walking, jogging, tennis, or resistance training several times a week. If needed, low impact weight-bearing exercises such as gardening or dancing may be best.
In most cases, osteoporosis doesn’t present any symptoms until the damage is done and the patient experiences a bone fracture. Most of the symptoms of osteoporosis such as back pain, leg pain, and hunched posture are often not linked with the condition until it has progressed to the point when fractures become common. The best way to identify osteoporosis is to have bone density screenings.
A bone density screening is a test that measures your bone density and estimates the amount of bone in your hip and spine. If the machine, usually a DXA or dual energy x-ray absorptiometry machine, indicates that a patient’s bones are less dense than they should be, osteoporosis may be diagnosed. Dr. Patterson can begin treatment for osteoporosis to help prevent fractures from occurring.
While osteoporosis can’t be cured, it is possible to slow or stop the progression of the disease. Some patients may even be able to recover some of their lost bone density. There are some medications that are effective at slowing the development of the disease. Some, like raloxifene, act like estrogen in the body and help prevent further loss of bone density. Other medications, such as bisphosphonates, prevent bone deterioration, thus maintaining bone health. Another option is teriparatide, a synthetic form of the parathyroid hormone, which stimulates bone production.
At Dr. Patterson's practice, we accept most major insurance plans. Dr. Patterson is a Cigna Tier 1 provider, so patient participation in employer-sponsored Cigna group plans with OAP or PPO coverage may result in lower copayments or coinsurance levels for covered services. Here is a list of some of the plans we accept. Please contact our office if you do not see your insurance provider listed.
"Dr. Patterson has been my Doctor for more than 25 years now. I have recommended many women to him through out the years and will continue to do so!"
"An extremely kind and compassionate expert in his field. Would not hesitate to recommend him to family and friends."
"I've been going to Dr. Patterson for almost 20 years now. He's very thorough and efficient and I appreciate how he always personally calls with results."
"Great doctor. Takes the time to explain everything and is very thorough. Happy to be his patient."
"I called him on a Friday night at 3am because my water broke and he called me back right away and met me at the hospital. I would highly recommend Dr Patterson"
" Dr. Patterson is a proactive, personal doctor! He was the only doctor to actively pursue solutions to my heavy menstrual cycles. I have never felt better in my life!
"Dr Patterson is a caring Dr and always gives personal service, it's very impressive when your Dr calls you himself with your test results !!" |
The GCSE Physical Education course requires students to have a genuine interest in physical education and sport. They must have a good sporting ability in a range of activities. It is best suited to students in the top PE sets in Year 9 who have achieved at least a Grade 5 in PE at the end of Key Stage 3, with a minimum of two sports at grade 6. Candidates are also required to have a minimum of grade 6 in English and Science.
We expect each candidate to be an integral part of a school sports team and to participate in two or three different physical activities/sports out of school hours. The PE Department will specify the most appropriate sports course for individual students.
Studying GCSE (9-1) Physical Education will open your eyes to the amazing world of sports performance. Not only will you have the chance to perform in three different sports though the non-exam assessment component, you will develop wide ranging knowledge into the how and why of physical activity and sport.
The combination of the physical performance and academic challenge provides an exciting opportunity for students. You can perform, and then through the academic study learn how to improve your performance through application of theory.
How will you be assessed?
- Non-Exam Assessment (NEA). Three practical performance (30%)
- NEA. Once performance analysis task (10%)
- A total of two hours assessment split over two examination papers (2x 1 Hour) Taken at the end of the two year course (60%)
- Performance practical in three activities (1x Team, 1x Individual and 1x Free choice), equally weighted at 20 marks each. A list of the approved practical activities can be found on the OCR Website
- To improve practical grades students should aim to be regularly taking part in training, practising and playing competitively both within school and for local clubs
- Students should attend and meet members of the school sports teams to improve their practical grades
Controlled Assessments (10%)
- Analysing Performance – Research/analysis of your own or others performance in sport, identifying the strengths and weaknesses and implementing an action plan to improve the weakness - February Year 11
Exam Papers - two exams in June Year 11 (60%)
1 hour long and comprise of both theory units:
- Component 1 (30%) Physical Factors affecting performance
- Component 2 (30%) Socio-Cultural Issues and Sports Psychology
There is no opportunity to re-sit either of the exams.
OCR GCSE PE (My Revision Notes) by John Honeybourne (Hodder Education)
Mr R Woodward - [email protected] |
Seeing the Forest beyond the trees: An integrated vision of the Amazon
It is home to one in every ten terrestrial species in the planet and it provides invaluable environmental services, locally, regionally and globally. Given its vast extension, and in order to ensure the sustainability of its biodiversity and the array of benefits it generates for the planet, the Amazon’s conservation and development can no longer be addressed through a local or national lens, but instead, an integrated biome vision must be advanced.
Four years ago, a team conformed by experienced WWF scientists identified this need. “The challenge seemed both huge and pretty obvious, but still wasn’t being efficiently tackled by most of our conservation efforts. Us, conservationists, had proven to be pretty effective in fostering successful local conservation endeavors, but the scale of the threats showed us the new way to go. We could no longer work on site based projects alone, but instead, had to take a broader look at the Amazon region, and this is how the Ecological vision concept arose”, states Juan Carlos Riveros, Head of WWF’s Living Amazon Initiative Science component.
A biome approach
As a science based organization, WWF worked for years on identifying the main threats and opportunities for the biome. Given that the threats jeopardizing the Amazon know no political boundaries, an efficient long term conservation / development strategy had to take into consideration biome scale natural dynamics, human related activities, among others. “This led to the identification of conservation priority areas, and later on, to the development of a river basin data base, which brought together hydrological and ecological statistics and figures to characterize the river basins throughout the Amazon region”, adds Riveros.
Based on Geographic Information System tools, further information was gathered and produced, including data on vegetation types, natural protected areas, etc., until a decision support system was conceived: the Hydrological Information System - Amazon River Assessment methodology or HIS / ARA.
A step forward: using science to promote a greener development model
“There are no silver bullets in conservation, especially in an area as rich and complex as the Amazon, but this new tool provides better opportunities than ever before to dialogue and support better informed decisions based on objective scientific facts”, says Pedro Bara Neto, Head of the Free Flowing Rivers & Forest Friendly Roads strategy of WWF’s Living Amazon Initiative.
The Amazon River basin comprise a network of over 100 000 Km of rivers and streams which connects the Amazon ecosystems with one another representing the vascular system of this unique region. If the river flows are cut, life in the Amazon is interrupted and the system as a whole is imperiled.
In this regard and with the aid of the HIS / ARA, WWF’s Living Amazon Initiative is working side by side with the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment in providing the necessary input to orient the best possible decisions regarding hydropower projects. The first steps are being taken to foster a close collaboration relation with the government by which scientific tools such as HIS / ARA may provide guidance on how may infrastructure and other projects be best developed. The aim is to foster a fluent dialogue between such stakeholders as the Private sector, Ministry of the Environment and Ministry of Mines and Energy, among others to support better negotiations as to ensure a sustainable development for the Amazon.
“We just took the opportunity, but this was possible because a solid scientific foundation existed, thus it was easy to obtain positive results”, says Bara Neto. “Hydropower is just the first application we’ve seen so far for such a methodology, but this is just an initial step which should evolve to assist in decision making process regarding natural protected areas, agro commodities, etc.”, he finalizes.
Although still a work in process, the HIS / ARA is already a concrete example on the urgent need and opportunity to promote an integrated vision of the Amazon, and on how science can assist in making the best possible decisions towards a greener development model for the Amazon. |
Health Protection, Southern Region
LINDEN LOOPER,Erannis Tiliaria (Harris)
EASTERN OAK LOOPER,
Phigalia titea (Cramer)
Importance. - The linden looper and eastern oak looper cause defoliation in the spring. Host species attacked
include the red and white oak groups, maples, elms, hickories, ash, and cherry. Heavy defoliation usually occurs in May and June
and can cause growth loss and mast reduction. If coupled with other stresses, this defoliation may cause mortality. The greatest
impact of these insects is often felt in public use areas where defoliation reduces the aesthetic value, and larvae and their droppings
create a nuisance.
Identifying the Insect. - Male moth wings are light gray to tan, with wavy lines, and a span of I to 1 1/2 inches
(25 to 37 mm). Linden looper females are wingless, and the eastern oak looper female has wing pads, but cannot fly.
Mature larvae of these loopers are about 1 1/2 inches (37 mm) long. The eastern oak looper has a tan head and body, with many
lengthwise, black, wavy lines. The larval segments have small, hairy tubercles. The linden looper has a rusty brown head, a tan back
with numerous wavy black lines, and yellow sides. Coloring of both loopers varies with population densities.
Identifying the Injury. - Early evidences of feeding are small holes in the leaf produced by young larvae feeding
on the expanding foliage. Older larvae consume the entire leaf, except the midribs and major veins.
Linden looper larva. (Click for detail. JPG 31K).
Eastern Oak looper larva. (Click for detail. JPG 41K)
Biology. - Adults emerge and lay their eggs in early spring. Eggs hatch at about the time of bud break, and
the young larvae begin feeding on the expanding foliage. Feeding continues for approximately 6 weeks, then the mature larvae enter
the soil and pupate.
Control. -The eggs and larvae are attacked by insect parasites and predators. Other natural enemies also help in control. Sticky
bands placed around the trunks of high value trees can trap the females as they climb the tree to lay eggs. In high use or high value
areas, chemical control may be needed. |
President Barack Obama speaks to Congress during his 2016 State of the Union address.
In his final State of the Union address Jan. 12, President Barack Obama asked: “How do we give everyone a fair shot at opportunity and security in this new economy?”
That is an important question, and one that Pew has long supported and studied. Although no single strategy can enhance economic opportunity for everyone, our research clearly shows that it is hard for families to be upwardly mobile if they aren’t first financially secure.
Job growth is up, but Americans remain concerned
The U.S. economy added nearly 2.7 million jobs in 2015, dropping the unemployment rate to 5 percent. However, five years after the Great Recession, many families still feel financially vulnerable and have doubts about their chances of attaining the American Dream:
- Among those who said they worry about their finances, more than 8 in 10 are concerned about a lack of savings, 71 percent fear they don’t have enough money to cover their expenses, and 7 in 10 think they won’t have enough money for retirement.1
- When asked whether they would prefer to have financial stability or to move up the income ladder, 92 percent of Americans chose security, an increase of 7 percentage points since 2011.
In 2009, nearly 4 in 10 Americans said they felt it was common for a person to start poor, work hard, and become rich. Five years later, that number had declined to 23 percent.
Income instability puts pressure on savings
From 1999 to 2009, the most recent full decade for which statistics are available, earnings grew little for the typical worker and income was often volatile,2 with more than half of households reporting that their income or expenses varied from month to month.3 Such unpredictability makes it difficult for households to plan and save.
Not surprisingly, then, many families are unprepared to deal with financial emergencies. Over the course of a year, most experience financial shocks—unanticipated expenses or losses of income, such as car or house repairs, a pay cut, or an illness or injury—that can cause significant strain. And these events are often costly:
- The typical household spent $2,000, or about half a month’s income, on its most expensive financial shock.4 When such a shock occurs and income does not suffice, the least expensive solution is for families to turn to their liquid savings—funds that can be accessed quickly, such as cash or money in savings or checking accounts. But many households have very little savings, and the typical one cannot replace even one month of income through easily accessible funds.5
- Households of color are particularly fragile. A quarter of black households would have less than $5 if they liquidated all of their financial assets.
How households can be more financially secure in 2016
As we look to the year ahead, this moment following the State of the Union presents an ideal opportunity to consider how policymakers can address the concerns that families face daily.
Pew’s research shows that policies and programs can improve American families’ balance sheets of in a number of ways:
- Institute automatic savings, which can significantly increase emergency savings rates and levels.
- Support creation of short-term savings products that provide flexibility rather than establishing restrictions and penalties for withdrawals.
- Help ensure that programs promote growth in overall household savings, rather than in specific account types.
Give consumers better tools to recognize the ebbs and flows of their finances and encourage them to build savings in times of surplus, providing a pool to draw on when money is tight.6
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, “Americans’ Financial Security: Perception and Reality” (March 2015), http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Assets/2015/02/FSM-Poll-Results-Issue-Brief_ARTFINAL_v3.pdf.
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, “The Precarious State of Family Balance Sheets” (January 2015), http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/ Assets/2015/01/FSM_Balance_Sheet_Report.pdf.
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, “Americans’ Financial Security: Perception and Reality.”
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, “The Role of Emergency Savings in Family Financial Security: How Do Families Cope With Financial Shocks?” (October 2015), http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/10/the-role-of-emergency-savings-in-family-financial-security-how-do-families.
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, “The Precarious State of Family Balance Sheets.”
- “The Role of Emergency Savings in Family Financial Security: Barriers to Saving and Policy Opportunities for Closing the Gap” (January 2016), www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2016/01/barriers-to-saving-and-policy-opportunities. |
The Kanha Tiger Reserve and National Park, extending to a total area of 2051.79 sq km including a critical tiger habitat (core) area of 917.43, represents one of the largest national park in the state of Madhya Pradesh, central India. It was notified as a National Park in 1955, and later acquired the status of Tiger reserve in 1973-74. Almost 80 per cent of the total human population living within and around the park is considered to be tribal and the majority belongs to the semi-nomadic tribe of Baiga and Gond, who have lived in this area since centuries.
At the time of being notified as a Tiger Reserve in the mid-seventies, a number of 24 villages (around 650 families) were displaced outside the boundaries of the TR. These villages were reportedly relocated voluntarily. However, it was later found out that there was a lot of discontent by the villagers who were indeed forcefully relocated outside their area .
After this first round of relocation, the new pressure started in 2010, just after the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) received the funding for relocation. About 450 families were evicted in June 2014. Also in this case, while the state government claims this move to be voluntary, many tribals have opposed it [2, 3]. Most people were unaware of their rights under the Forest Rights Act (FRA). According to a Reporter by French TV channel Canal Plus visiting the area in 2014, more than 22,000 people were evicted from Kanha with no support or backing . As per a Right to information Report filed on 11/12/2017 a number of 34 villages have been relocated, corresponding to a number of 1870 families.
According to a report of 2016 published in the Business Standard, tribals have not been allowed to enter the forest and were beaten if they were seen doing so . By now, according to the MEE Report 2014, there are only 3 villages living inside the core area, Linga, Jholar and Sukudi, which continue to resist and they are planned to be relocated (MEE, 2014).
The eviction drive has been condemned by many activists and environmentalists at the national and International level. Survival International, the international lead organization in the protection of indigenous rights have declared that ‘the so-called ‘conservationists continue to destroy the tribal people as it has for generations’. Moreover, an article on REDD-Monitor website has unveiled the scam of WWF, which has provided infrastructural support, training and equipment for staff in Kanha Tiger Reserve . A 2015 documentary produced by French TV channel Canal Plus includes an interview with Yash Shethia, Associate Director of WWF-India’s Species and Landscapes Programme about Kanha National Park. Shethia was asked whether he, as a representative of WWF, condemned the evictions. “I would not put it like that”, Shethia replied. “But we don’t encourage them.” WWF did not condemn the evictions .
Today the tribal evicted from the Kanha TR are seriously facing a troubled life and got impoverished. “I have been reduced to begging. I was evicted from the Kanha National Park and now I am trapped in a barren land; struggling under dire conditions,” laments a member of the tribe .
In March 2018, more than 300 indigenous Baiga people of Kanha National Park, united together with the evicted people from Achanakmar TR, came out to protest against the eviction move .
Another article in Microfinance Monitor also declared that Sukhdev, a Baiga man interviewed by Survival International declaring his position to not leave the forest, he was mysteriously killed in the forest .
According to a Kalpavriksh 2013 Report , the process of claiming forest rights have started before the new wave of relocation. The report mentions that 16 common forest resource rights have been claimed and recognized in the core of Kanha tiger reserve; and 131 claimed and recognized from the buffer. However there is no further information on it, and the process seems to be uncertain. |
Some Quick Information About This Diet
You’ll probably agree that one of the primary reasons people choose to follow a diet is to lose weight, though often there’s also a secondary goal; to improve one’s overall health and wellness.
The Low FODMAP Diet is an therapeutic eating plan that is recommended to people who are suffering from functional gut disorders with symptoms like abdominal distension, bloating, excess wind, and/or constipation and diarrhea.
The Low FODMAP diet was developed by Monash University researchers. It aims to limit foods that are known to trigger the gut, and cause Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
According to the researchers at Monash, a massive 15% of the world’s population are affected by IBS, and food is often a common trigger for various digestive issues; Restricting specific types of foods could significantly reduce the unpleasant symptoms of IBS.
What Are FODMAPs?
The foods most known to cause digestive issues are high in “fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols”, which is essentially just a group of sugars that’s referred to as “FODMAP”. These foods draw water into your digestive tract and can create symptoms like gas, bloating, and stomach pain.
FODMAPs are found naturally in many foods, with some foods containing more than one kind. They are also used as food additives in certain processed foods.
Below are the main sources of FODMAPs:
- Disaccharides: Milk, yogurt, and soft cheeses.
- Oligosaccharides: Wheat, legumes, rye, legumes/ pulses, onions, and garlic.
- Monosaccharides: Various fruits, including apples, grapes – and sweeteners like honey, cane sugar, and agave nectar.
- Polyols: Wide range of fruits and vegetables including blackberries, apricots, and avocados, as well as some sweeteners in processed foods, such as toffees, hard candies, jams, and preserves.
How Does It Work?
The idea behind the low FODMAP diet is that cutting out or reducing your intake of high FODMAP foods will decrease intestinal distension and digestive upset.
It is important to note that the program is intensive, and fairly restrictive – and should only be followed under the supervision of a registered dietitian.
The diet itself involves three stages: restriction, reintroduction, and personalization.
Stage 1: Restriction
During the first stage of the low FODMAP diet, you eliminate foods that are high in FODMAPs (such as wheat, onion, garlic, certain fruits and vegetables, sweeteners, legumes, pulses, and other).
This stage lasts about 2 to 6 weeks – because some FODMAPs promote gut health and will need to be reintroduced.
Some people may notice an improvement in their health as early as in the first week – but for some, it takes the full six weeks. The idea is that you move on to the second stage once your symptoms have resolved.
Stage 2: Reintroduction
The second stage aims to identify:
- Which types of FODMAPs your body is sensitive to, and which types it can tolerate;
- The amount of FODMAPs your body can tolerate, also known as your “threshold level.”
With the help of a qualified dietician, you will systematically reintroduce FODMAP foods into your diet, and observe the changes in your gut health. You will be testing specific foods one by one, for three days each.
It is important to continue with the low FODMAP diet during this stage and restrict your consumption of high-FODMAP foods, even if you have identified that your body can tolerate some of them well.
Stage 3: Diet Personalization
During the final stage you will still limit your intake of some FODMAPs, but the amount and type of FODMAPs will be tailored to what you can personally tolerate. This will have been identified in the reintroduction stage.
Knowing which foods your body reacts sensitively to will allow you to make specific changes if need be. For example, you may want to avoid certain high FODMAP foods in large amounts, because you know your body reacts with IBS symptoms.
Who Should Follow It?
This is a diet for those suffering from from IBS. It will serve no benefit to anybody who is not suffering from gut disorders.
Speak To A Healthcare Professional Before Starting A FODMAP Restricted Diet
Diagnosing IBS with a positive diagnostic test isn’t possible, therefore, if you suspect that you have IBS, your doctor will first need to rule out other potential illnesses, like inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and colon cancer.
Once these illnesses have been ruled out, your doctor will be able to confirm that you have IBS using the following diagnostic criteria:
- A recurring stomach pain at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months;
- The pain to be associated with two or more of the following: related to defecation, associated with a change in frequency of stool, or associated with a change in the appearance of stool.
Even if you have been diagnosed with IBS, following this diet may not be the first potential treatment to opt for. Because the diet is intensive and quite restrictive, your doctor may first recommend other treatments, such as stress management strategies, or avoiding certain foods that are likely to trigger IBS symptoms (like caffeine, or alcohol).
Will Removing FODMAPs Actually Work To Cure IBS?
Research has shown that the diet plan can help manage unpleasant abdominal symptoms in people with IBS.
Some studies showed that, for those suffering from IBS, the chances of reducing stomach pains and bloating are 81% and 75% greater, respectively.
In addition to that, there is even some research that shows that the diet can improve the quality of life of those suffering from IBS.
What Low FODMAP Foods Can You Eat?
Even though FODMAPs are present in a variety of foods, there are also plenty of foods that are Low in FODMAPs:
- Grains: Brown rice, oats, polenta, millet, and quinoa.
- Protein: Chicken, beef, lamb, pork, fish, eggs, prawns, tuna and tofu.
- Fruit: Avocado, blueberries, banana, cantaloupe, coconut, clementine, dragon fruit, grapes, kiwifruit, lemon, orange, and lime.
- Vegetables: Bell peppers, bean sprouts, broccoli, carrots, cabbage, choy sum, eggplant, kale, tomatoes, cucumber, spinach, celery, and zucchini.
- Nuts/ seeds: Brazil nuts, almonds, peanuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, walnuts, pine nuts; sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, and pumpkin seeds.
- Cheese: Brie, cheddar, camembert, feta, mozzarella, and goat cheese.
- Milk: Lactose-free, coconut, rice and almond milk.
- Oils and Condiments: Coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, wasabi, soy and fish sauce.
- Spices: Cumin, curry powder, black pepper, cardamom, chili powder, cinnamon, Chinese five spice, mustard seeds, paprika, etc.
You should also make sure to check ingredient lists of any processed foods to make sure no FODMAPs have been added.
See a full list of high FODMAP foods here.
The Pros and Cons
FODMAP Restricted Diet Pros:
- It can help alleviate uncomfortable digestive problems.
- It can significantly improve the quality of life of those with IBS.
- There is some speculation it may also help other digestive conditions.
- It can also be followed by vegetarians.
FODMAP Restricted Diet Cons:
- The diet is quite restrictive.
- It can be expensive.
- It can be quite challenging to follow.
- It is less convenient than some of the other diets.
- It won’t help you lose weight.
How To Start
If you have been diagnosed with IBS, speak to your doctor about the FODMAP restricted diet. They will be able to provide advice on whether it’s something you should try as a way to alleviate your symptoms.
Additionally, Monash University offers plenty of support and resources to those looking to start the diet.
That includes the Low FODMAP Diet app which provides access to recommendations about foods you should eat – as well as those to avoid. It also contains over 80 low FODMAP recipes, and a digital version of the Low FODMAP Diet Guide (which you can also get delivered as a booklet).
The first steps to starting the diet would be to find a qualified dietician in your area using the resources on the Monash University page. You should then download the diet app, as well as the guide mentioned above.
The Low FODMAP diet is an effective way to help those suffering from IBS and experiencing symptoms like gas, bloating, and stomach pains. Research has shown that it can provide relief to those suffering from IBS, as well as significantly improve their overall life quality.
The diet is a temporary way to heal your gut, and once completed, most people will be able to return to their previous diet and only cut out a few high FODMAP foods.
The diet should be followed under the supervision of a qualified dietician, who can provide the needed help and guidance. One of the downsides is that hiring a dietician can be costlier than some of the other diets.
If you have been diagnosed with IBS, and haven’t responded to stress management strategies or first-line dietary advice, this diet could be something you consider as a treatment. |
The Petralona Cave in Chalkidiki (Western Makedonia) is situated about 1 km to the East of the homonymous village, on the western cliffs of the ancient Kalavros mountain (~700 m height), that the inhabitants of the region call Katsika. Cave’s geographic position is about 50 km to the SE of Thessaloniki, 12 Km to the East of Kallikrateia and another 50 Km to the West of Polygyros – Chalkidiki’s capital, in an altitude of about 300 meters from the level of sea. It was found in 1959 by the inhabitant of Petralona, Mr. Philippos Hatzaridis and it became well known all over the world in 1960, when the skull of Arhanthropos was found by another inhabitant of Petralona, Mr. Christos Sarrigiannidis.
The systematic excavations of the Cave began in 1965 by the founder of the Anthropologic Company of Greece, anthropologist professor Aris Paulianos. His researches proved that the Arhanthropos is about 700.000 years old, and this makes him the “oldest” European. This age was determined after the detailed analysis of stratigraphy (until today 28 geological layer have been revealed), and after studying the primitive and Paleolithic tools as well as the palaiofauna that were discovered in almost all the layers. Among the fossils of animals that have extinct the following are included: lions, hyenas, bears, panthers, elephants, rhinoceros, megakeroi, bison and various species of deer and hippo, and also 25 species of birds, 16 species of rodents and 17 species of bats.
Its internal temperature remains steady (circa 17 (+1) Celsius) all year long. On the right and left sides of the tunnel you can see displayed cases including stone and bone tools, as well as bones, jaws and teeth of different kinds of animals. The main volume of findings is exhibited in the Anthropological Museum which has been constructed right next to the cave. Signs of fire from burned bones have been traced in the “Mediterranean hall”. There are also ashes dating back to 700.000 B.C. representing the most ancient fire that humans had lit on Earth. (The original ashes are exposed in the Anthropological Museum). In order to verify the age, the contribution of nucleonic is very important. The materials that have been dated are bones, argil, stalagmites and ashes. These are fire traces – the oldest ones that human have ever lighted. |
It can trace its history back to 1958, when the first six member states came together to form a group which later developed into the EU. One of the first steps was the establishment of a customs union: all customs duties and trade barriers between the six founding members were abolished, and a collective customs tariff was introduced vis-à-vis third party countries.
Over time, the essential regulations which went beyond a simple customs tariff union developed into customs law. This ensured that goods imported into the community were subject not just to the same customs tariff, but also to identical statutory customs regulations. For example, the collective country of origin rules, bonded warehouse rules and all the other instruments were gradually established. A key moment was the standard document introduced in 1988 to simplify customs procedures. New trading regulations introduced at the same time turned the simple customs tariff union into a real customs union.
In 1994, all European customs regulations were brought together in a single legal instrument, the Customs Code. This forms the legal framework for the import and export activities of the European Union. A Union Customs Code (UCC) is set to come into force as soon as the necessary implementation provisions have been resolved and become applicable; however, this may be delayed for several years. More information about the UCC can be found on the website of the European Commission: ec.europa.eu |
With churches and bells a firm feature in Le Tour de France, it may come as little surprise that bellringers feature in one of the central panels of The Bayeux Tapestry.
Scene 26 sees the funeral of Edward the Confessor and the disputed coronation of King Harold. Edward, being a descendant of Norman family, had named William of Normandy as his successor. Despite having himself conveyed that message to William, Harold nevertheless claimed the crown upon Edward’s death. The Tapestry tells a fuller tale of the events leading to the Battle of Hastings.
The bellringers seen at Westminster Abbey are ringing hand bells, but fans of tower bells should fear not. Bayeux Cathedral currently hosts a display of its new bells and the adjacent Museum of Arts houses the oldest bell in France, Le Cloche de Fontenailles.
In the photos below, taken of the Cathedral display, we see the bell Therese Benedict being hosted to the tower. |
By Susan Shumsky
New Page Books
Color Your Chakras is a fun activity book for adults and children alike.
The chakras are powerful energy centers located in your subtle body. Unknown to many people, these vortexes of life energy govern and regulate your physical body. According to the ancient Tantric and Vedic scriptures of India, there are 14 chakras–seven major ones along your spinal column, and seven others, most of which are located in your brain. Each chakra performs a specific function and is associated with discrete body parts and aspects of mind. |
LONGUEVAL - SOMME - FRANCE
« The largest and most moving memorial is Delville Wood itself… »
Ian Uys - Delville Wood
Acquisition of the Wood
At the end of the War, there was a strong popular demand in countries of the Commonwealth for the commemoration of the fallen troops. So, during the twenty years following the War, the Commonwealth countries erected National Memorials on the sites where their troops distinguished themselves.
With this aim and view, the Colonel HELBERT, South African military attaché in London, travelled to France and Belgium to select a site. Visiting the Somme devasted by the War, he was struck by the look of Delville Wood, place of the first major engagement of the South African Infantry Brigade in July 1916. The wood, thick and dense in the past, was now a desolated wasteland covered with shell holes, broken trees and remains of trenches.
Delville Wood in September 1916 (from The Somme then and now, of John Giles)
In February 1918, one month before the German Spring Offensive during which it was to be almost destroyed, the South African Infantry Brigade took part in a Drumhead service in front of a tall wooden cross dedicated to the men of the Brigade fallen in the Wood in 1916.
(from Delville Wood of Ian Uys)
Considering that this highly symbolic place impose itself, the Colonel HELBERT, took a call option with the owner, on one's own initiative. With the motivation of Sir Percy FITZPATRICK and the support of the General SMUTS, Delville Wood was eventually purchased in 1920 by the South African Gouvernment.
Covering an area of 63 hectares, Delville Wood had retain more or less its pre-war outlines. Its Western and North-Western edges borders the village of Longueval and its Southern edge is lined by the Longueval-Ginchy road.
A Information Centre
B Main entrance
D Museum and Cross of Consecration
E The Last Tree
F Davies-Hill tree memorial
G Site of the South African' HQ
H Point of entrance on 15th July 1916
The red areas are restricted
It was decided that the Wood would only be replanted and remained the final resting place of all soldiers who repose here.
The Central Avenue
Flanked by two double rows of oaks, a wide avenue lead solemnly to the Memorial. These venerables oaks are a colourful story. Approached in 1920, the South African Department of Forestry took on the immense replant work. M. Hockvelden, stationed at La Motte in Franschoek, asked 9-year-old Koos Hugo, who lived on the farm La Cotte to collect a bag full of acorns from the same tree that had germinated from one of the six acorns which French Huguenot Jean Gardiol had brought to South Africa in 1688. These symbolic acorns, when germinated were sent across to France where they were used to replant Delville Wood.
Today, wide grass rides had replaced pre-war bridle paths. Marker stones, bearing the names which were given to the rides on the battle maps, were erected at their intersections. It bears the names of streets of London (Rotten Row, Regent Street, Bond Street)), Glasgow (Buchanan Street, Campbell Street), Edinburgh (Regent Street, King Street) and Cape Town (Strand Street).
Regent Street in summer
The Last Tree
A hornbeam is the only surviving tree of the original wood. Situated near the Prince's Street-Regent Street intersection, behind the Museum, it was preserved during the replanting work. Today, it is the only living witness of the battle. A silent testimony but touching.
Cuttings from this tree have found their way to South Africa and been planted at a number of places, among others General Smuts' home at Doornkloof, Irene, and the Garden of Remembrance at Pietermaritzburg.
Davies-Hill Tree Memorial
In 2002, a beech was planted along Princes Street, no far from the Last Tree, in remembrance of Corporal J.J. Davies and Private A. Hill, 10th Royal Welsh Fusiliers, each awarded the Victoria Cross during the fights of the 20th July 1916.
An attentive visitor can see marks of the Battle.
The wood is a military cemetery, several thousands men lies here for eternity. The Cross of Consecration, now in the courtyard of the Museum, replaces the Common Cross of Sacrifice, present in all Commonwealth Military Cemeteries.
The Cross of Consecration
Delville Wood covered in snow |
Found eating Cistus ladanifer in San Diego County, California, April 6th. Small/young, only 1.5 cm long.
It would be good to take a dorsal and side view of caterpillars for best identification. The dorsal view of this caterpillar indicates it is a rusty tussock moth larva.
I’m guessing if we saw a different view you would see the tell-tale black long tufts of hair coming out the back end and two tufts out the front end that would look a bit like antenna. The white spots are thick tufts on it’s back.
This caterpillar feeds on the foliage of many plants and trees esp in the Rosaceae (roses and most fruit trees), Ericaceae(blueberries, azaleas,heaths, heathers), and Salicaceae (willows, poplars, aspen) families. It is found through out North America though it is native to Europe.
The female moth does not have wings. In fact as she emerges from her pupa cocoon, she mates then lays eggs on the cocoon. These eggs overwinter and emerge in the spring when temperatures warm up. The male has red-brown wings with a distinct white spot on each front wing. The underwings are reddish-orange colored.
Note: Some tussock caterpillars are known to cause a rash if handled, so do not touch this group of caterpillars. |
Technology Education Mission Statement:
State College Area Schools utilizes state-of-the-art technology to enrich the scholastic experience of our students by developing critical thinking and problem solving skills through erudition and hands on project-based learning. The study of Technology Education will require students to design, create, utilize, evaluate, and modify technological systems to solve problems. By solving problems in a real world manners, digitally agile students will be given the unique opportunity to apply the academic concepts of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) through both abstract and concrete vehicles becoming leaders in the new digital era of manufacturing/communication. The way students learn and communicate in the 21st century will be redefined and transformed by promoting innovation and collaboration with the application of tools, materials, processes and systems. This type of approach to learning will engage and motivate students to practice higher-level critical thinking skills and develop independent studying strategies resulting in deeper learning experiences.What does Technology Education Provide?Integrated LearningTechnology Education supports many subject areas: science, mathematics, language arts, social studies and other disciplines. It introduces an alternative form of self expression that challenges each individual to create and produce interdisciplinary projects.Hands-on ParticipationTechnology education promotes enthusiasm for further exploration through active participation on computers and other tools. This approach encourages better retention and understanding of technological applications.Basic SkillsTechnology Education provides for the development and application of three basic skills: creativity, problem solving, and critical thinking. Appropriate activities help students build these life-long skills. Students are encouraged to explore and create at their own pace, to work together in a cooperative environment, and to assess their work in a comfortable atmosphere.
Technology Education is at the forefront of STEM Education: (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)
Technology Education is the catalyst that permits science and mathematics principles to be applied in real world situations.SPECIAL OFFER TO PARK FOREST STUDENTS:
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Literacy in the 90's
The Role of SIL
This informative booklet, now published here on the Web, was originally printed in the 1990s. As a historical document, it reflects SIL's work in literacy during that decade.
Literacy and Development: Opening New Doors, Creating New Horizons
Literacy benefits both individuals and their communities. Learning to read boosts self-esteem and provides important new skills. In Africa, farmers discovered that they began getting better prices for their crops when it was evident they could read and write. In the Philippines, newly literate adults have begun opening bank accounts and managing their money more knowledgeably. In India, newly literate Oriyans now qualify for desirable jobs which had previously gone to outsiders.
Moreover, the effects of literacy often extend beyond personal benefits. UNESCO has stated that an effective literacy program can lead to "participation in formal community organizations" [UNESCO 1976, 178]. This has been evident in SIL-directed literacy programs. For example, after becoming literate, the Vagla of northern Ghana began to increase their involvement in the political affairs of their community. In 1979, four years after the program began, they had equal representation on the District Council Committee in Bole [Bendor-Samuel and Bendor-Samuel 38]. The Bimoba, also of Ghana, have begun to organize their own cooperatives and to do long-range economic planning. The Pez of Colombia have organized their own education committee to do long-range educational planning.
In an effective literacy program, the people who benefit will often learn to write and illustrate primers and other books. Literacy experts evaluating UNESCO's Experimental World Literacy Programme (EWLP) observed that literacy programs "enhance the ability of individuals and groups to express themselves orally, in writing or in other ways" [UNESCO 1976, 193]. In its literacy programs, SIL also seeks to foster the self-expression and self-sufficiency of learners. Whenever possible, mother-tongue writers and artists produce literacy materials under SIL's guidance.
The Guahibo literacy program illustrates the effective use of a reading practice component in an SIL-directed campaign. As they learned to read, the Guahibos wanted to produce a newspaper in their mother tongue. With assistance from SIL specialists, they learned how. The resultant newspaper has been printed since 1978 and now circulates among Guahibo as well as non-Guahibo readers [Between Two Worlds (general reference)].
In evaluating the Experimental World Literacy Programme, experts advised the use of trained non-professional teachers in literacy programs. "Experience shows that, more often than not, instructors from the same ecological and vocational background as illiterates are more successful in carrying out literacy than school-teachers, because they understand illiterates' problems better." [UNESCO 1976, 193.]
The training of local teachers has been a hallmark of SIL literacy programs. Thousands of teachers from hundreds of different languages many with little or no formal education have been taught to teach in their own language. This has proven to be very successful.
The same principle has been found to apply to formal school programs as well. In the Peruvian bilingual education program, school teachers must be fluent in the mother tongue of their students. It has been found that moderately educated mother-tongue speakers are more effective teachers than "professional" teachers who know only Spanish.
Over and over again, SIL members have watched literacy transform people, communities, and entire social structures. Literacy brings a greater sense of personal dignity, additional skills in problem solving, and the respect of others who tend to view the illiterate as an ignorant and marginal person fit only for common labor. |
The Rother Market, Stratford's Cattle Market.
This open ground was, as the name indicates, the great cattle market of Stratford, one of the most important features of its industrial history from very early times. In the later Middle Ages most of the wealthier inhabitants were engaged in farming operations, and the growth and prosperity of the place rresulted from its position as a market town in the midst of an agricultural and grazing district. In the 13th century a number of charters were obtained from the early Plantagenet kings, empowering the town to hold a weekly market and no fewer than five annual fairs four of which, yere mainly for cattle. In later times a series of great cattle markets, one for each month in the year, was added to the list. The name of the Stratford cattle market embodies this feature of its history, "rother" being a good Saxon word for horned cattle, a word freely employed in Early English, both alone and in composition. In the 16th century it was still in familiar use, not only in literature but in official documents and especial in statutes of the realm. Thus Cowell, in his law dictionary, under the heading "Rother-beasts," explains that "the name comprehends oxen, cows, steers, heifers, and such like horned beasts," and refers to statutes of Elizabeth and James in support of the usage. And Arthur Golding in 1567 translates Ovid's lines --
"Mille greges illi totidemque armenta per herbas
"A thousand flocks of sheep,
A thousand herds of rother-beasts, he in his fields did keep."
The word seems to have been longer retained and more free used in the Midland counties than elsewhere, and Shakespeare himself employs it with colloquial precision in the restored line of Timon of Athens: "It is the pasture lards the rother's sides." Many a time, no doubt, as a boy, during the spring and summer fairs, he had risen with the sun, and, making his way from Henley Street to the bridge, watched the first arrivals of the "large-eyed kine" slowly driven in from the rich pastures of the "Red Horse Valley." There would be some variety and excitement in the spectacle as the droves of meditative oxen were invaded from time to time by groups of Herefordshire cows lowing anxiously after the skittish calves, as well as by the presence and disconcerting activity of still smaller deer. And the boy would be sure to follow crowding cattle to the Rother Market and observe at leisure humours of the ploughmen and drovers from the Feldon district whose heavy intermittent talk would be in perfect keeping with bovine stolidity of the steers and heifers around them. There a market-cross at the head of the Rother expanse, and this was chief gathering place for the cattle-dealers, as the High Cross the rallying point of the dealers in corn and country produce. In modern Stratford Rother Market retains its place as the busiest centre at the annual fairs, during one of which it is still customary to roast an ox in the open street, often amidst a good deal of popular excitement and convivial uproar.
Read the rest of this article:
"William Shakespeare" Article - Table of Contents |
Information and good communication to promote dignity
People often find it difficult to navigate social care and health provision to find out what is available and how their needs might be met. Giving people the information they need to make their own plans and decisions is central to the Care Act 2014, to the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and to the person-centred care agenda. It is the basics of promoting dignity in care.
Information makes choice possible, and ‘decisions’ real. It underpins freedom and self-respect. It reinforces a person’s rights.
Information is the foundation for people to be engaged in their health, care and support. Tailored information, that makes it useful for the individual, is the first step to ‘personalisation’. Information may come in many forms, but in care contexts … Communication between people and staff is the principal way in which information is conveyed, discussed and tailored. More than that, it is the opportunity for the person to surface their own expertise, feelings, values and preferences. Communication should be two-way and as equal as possible.Person-centred care in 2017: evidence from service users
The Care Act places a duty on local authorities to establish and maintain information and advice services relating to care and support for all people in its area. This can be achieved by working to ensure the coherence, sufficiency, availability and accessibility of information and advice relating to care and support across the local authority area.
Importantly, this duty to establish and maintain an information and advice service relates to the whole population of the local authority area, not just those with care and support needs or in some other way already known to the system.
Can people access information easily?
Every year, the Personal Social Services Adult Social Care Survey asks a sample of people in adult social care settings in England the following question: ‘In the past year, have you generally found it easy or difficult to find information about support, services or benefits?’
The figures showed only 28 per cent had found it ‘very easy’ to find the information they needed ('Better care in my hands' (CQC, May 2016).
In the following year, the proportion finding it very easy had gone down to 21 per cent (PSS ASCS England 2016/17: Annex Tables).
Over to you
Let's take a few moments to imagine how we would feel if ourselves or our family needed care.
- Imagine for a moment that you are a carer – caring for an elderly parent with several long-term conditions, or a partner with physical a disabilities. Write down the kind of help you might both need.
- Imagine that you use some care and support services, but you and your family can see that your need for support is increasing sharply. You don’t really know what you want or need. Where will you start?
Since the Care Act 2014 there has been a duty on local authorities to involve people in decisions made about them, and their care and support. If a person needs help with this involvement, it must be provided – if necessary, by appointing an independent advocate. Find out more in SCIE's guide to Independent advocacy under the Care Act 2014 (SCIE)
The need for information and involvement doesn’t end with finding the ‘right service’. One of the factors CQC Inspectors use to judge all regulated services is the extent to which they make the search for information easy for people. Do they provide general information about what’s available, and how to get it? Do they advise on where to go for help with specific choices and preferences?
Information is only useful if it is communicated effectively.
What does the CQC look out for?
How does the service make sure that people can understand the information and explanations about their healthcare and treatment options, including medicines, and their likely outcomes?
CQC KLOE: E5.2
Do staff make sure they give information to people, their families and other carers about external bodies, community organisations and advocacy services that can provide independent support and advice, answer questions about their care, treatment and support, and, where necessary, advocate for them? How does the service support people to contact and use these services?
CQC KLOE: C2.2
What makes communication effective?
Accessible information is information that people can understand. It means different things to different people. For some people it is information in large print or Braille. For others it might be information translated into their first language.How to make information accessible (CHANGE, 2016)
When CHANGE talks about accessible information we are thinking of the needs of people who find reading and writing hard. For us, accessible information means Easy Words and Pictures.’
- Plain English: avoiding long-winded language or jargon. Keep it clear. Simple doesn’t have to mean patronising.
- Cater for people who speak other languages, or are from other cultures.
- Consider how you will communicate with people with learning disabilities or dementia.
- Consider how you will communicate with people with cognitive impairment or limited speech.
- Think of ways of communicating with people who have sensory impairments like limited hearing or sight.
Getting a message across doesn’t only depend on language. It also involves getting the right tone, and understanding the person you’re talking to.
Real communication depends on having the time to talk. It also means being open and honest with the person you’re talking to. It means ensuring that people who use the service have a genuinely easy way to make complaints or suggestions, which will be listened to.
For more information about real ‘listening’, see Warmth and kindness.
The way people communicate is central to upholding the dignity of the individual and forming positive relationships to enable person-centred care. It is a two-way process, where individuals must be appropriately supported to communicate their needs, wishes and preferences to enable choice and control in decision-making. Body language, words and tone are all indicators of communicating with respect, courtesy and integrity.The Common Core Principles: Dignity, Principle 3 (Skills for Care)
What does the CQC look out for?
How does the service identify and meet the information and communication needs of people with a disability or sensory loss? How does it record, highlight and share this information with others when required, and gain people’s consent to do so?
CQC KLOE: R1.5
Does the service show honesty and transparency from all levels of staff and leadership following an incident? How is this shared with people using the service and their families in line with the duty of candour, and how does the service support them?
CQC KLOE: W1.4
How well do people who use the service know how to make a complaint or raise concerns and how comfortable do they feel doing so in their own way? How well are people encouraged to do so, and how confident are they to speak up?
CQC KLOE: R2.1
How easy and accessible is it for people to use the complaints process or raise a concern? To what extent are people treated compassionately and given the help and support they need to make a complaint?
CQC KLOE: R2.2
How can technology help with communication?
Technology can help people at home, or in supported or residential settings, maintain and develop contacts with family and friends. It can be particularly helpful to people living with dementia. People’s access to social care support from family, friends and services can be improved using email, Skype, WhatsApp and other familiar digital channels.
However, some of these initiatives can be said to increase social isolation, by reducing physical contact. There are also people who may be excluded from all digital activity because they have no opportunity to learn or do not wish to.
For more information, see Using technology to keep in touch (SCIE)
Over to you
Take a few moments to list here how technology can support people using social care in a range of settings.
- What are the opportunities?
- What are the benefits?
- What are the risks?
Practice example: Anchor homesOpen
Anchor homes introduced iPads as part of their Anchor Inspires model to deliver the highest quality and standards of dementia care.
Research published by Anchor and the University of Worcester found that iPads enhance the quality of life for people living with dementia. This research shows that with the right approach, using iPads helps deliver person-centred care and a range of positive outcomes for people living with dementia in care homes, including increased interaction, greater inclusion and improved communication with relatives.
Anchor Inspires dementia care (Anchor Inspires, 2015)
Practice example: Local Government AssociationOpen
The Local Government Association found that technology can also help improve purposeful engagement between citizens and care professionals. Its digital self-assessment indicated that across both adult and children’s services, 36 per cent of councils are already offering citizens a way of engaging with professionals through digital channels – whether this is through the better use of email or online video conferencing/instant messaging offers.
A number of councils highlighted pilot work underway using video messaging as a way of communicating and engaging with citizens and their carers (e.g. providing ‘virtual’ visits).
Transforming social care through the use of information and technology (Local Government Association and Institute of Public Care, 2016)
Practice example: ‘In Touch Living’Open
- Multi-party video calls
- Two-way messaging
- One-click photo sharing
- Alerts and reminders
- Online activities such as multi-player games and language lessons provided through 3rd party apps.
In these ways, the InTouch Social Support Program has been shown to have a dramatic effect in significantly reducing the cost that social isolation has on elderly Australians and the overall health sector.
‘Social Isolation in the UK – with a focus on the use of technology’, Hannah Griffiths (IoTUK 2018, p 17)
Practice example: Vincles Programme in BarcelonaOpen
Vincles provides an older person with a tablet computer loaded with the Vincles app. The app has two elements. The first connects the individual with friends, family, neighbours and caregivers, and provides a platform for the network members to coordinate the care of the elderly person.
The app allows the user to invite up to 10 close family members, friends or neighbours, social or healthcare employees to be part of their private circle.
The second element is a social network, which puts older people in touch with each other. The app also suggests activities for older people who might prefer to meet in person. By giving the elderly access to tablets, apps and a good internet connection, Vincles hopes to stitch together family, friends and professional caregivers and help the elderly feel less lonely.
‘Social Isolation in the UK – with a focus on the use of technology’, Hannah Griffiths (IoTUK 2018, p 18)
What does the CQC look out for?
‘How is technology used to support people to receive timely care and support? Is the technology (including telephone systems, call systems and online/digital services) easy to use?’
CQC KLOE: R2.2
In this section, we’ve seen that information, if communicated effectively, is an essential part of treating people with dignity.
- A person who needs the support of a social care service needs information from the beginning about what is available, suitable and accessible.
- They need information to make informed choices, and it is the responsibility of service providers and practitioners to supply it.
- Good communication depends on language, listening and time.
- Of course, communication is not just about ‘information’: it is the basis of relationships, between managers and staff, care workers and the people needing care, and between social care settings and rest of the community.
- The loss of relationships – for example, in older age – can lead to social isolation.
- New ideas about ‘digital social care’ may have the potential to reduce isolation, but should not replace human contact.
The way people communicate is central to upholding the dignity of the individual and forming positive relationships to enable person-centred care. It is a two-way process, where individuals must be appropriately supported to communicate their needs, wishes and preferences to enable choice and control in decision-making. Body language, words and tone are all indicators of communicating with respect, courtesy and integrity.The common core principles: dignity, principle 3 (Skills for Care)
- Person-centred care in 2017: evidence from service users (National Voices, 2017)
- Better care in my hands (CQC, 2016)
- How to make information accessible (CHANGE, 2016)
- Safe to be me (Age UK)
- Transforming social care through the use of information and technology (LGA, 2016) |
Motivation To generate better result than EM algorithm, to avoid local optimization.
Line Score In order to describe how well certain points fits to a line, I developed a score function for the line model. Higher score indicates more linear line, lower score indicates less likely to be a line. Higher score can be achieved by either adding a point, or removing a point.
is the proportion of variation explained by regression Model. It indicates how well the prediction line fits the data. In general, higher value means better fits. is the square of the Pearson correlation.
Leverage: Used to measure the impact of a point in a line. Student Residual: Jackknife residual: Jackknife residual follows a t distribution with (n-3) degree of freedom.
Line Score Two factors are considered into the Line Score Function: R-Square and Proportion of the points in a line. Line Score is defined as N is the total number of points in the input, n is the number of points in the current line.
The algorithm 1. Divide the area into certain finite area of stripes. 2. Calculate the line score for each stripe. 3. Pick the stripe with highest score, filter out outliers. Recalculate the stripe area with the fitted line in the middle. 5. Recalculate the line score with the new points inside the stripe. 6. If new line score is higher, continue to next step, otherwise go back to 3, and pick the next highest score stripe. 7. Recalculate the stripe with the newly fitted line in the middle. Go to step 5. Repeat until no more points are getting added into the stripe. 8. Remove the points from the final stripe from the input, and repeat from step1. 9. Finalize the results, detecting noise etc.
Future Improvement A Better Scoring Function. Are they more factor to be considered in this function. (Press Statistic, Cp Statistic, P- value, CVSS, etc) Adjusted R square VS R square, VS correlation
Conclusion This Algorithm works on some cases It doesn’t require initialization It works best when line is perfectly straight It can detect noise It will not work on all case, since it is probability based |
Feb 20, 2018 · We’ve all been faced with messages telling us that we need to “open ports” or “forward ports” for one reason or another. Whether it’s an Internet security feature, remote desktop access, or an online-based game, there may be good reasons for you to set up port forwarding on your router.
Jun 29, 2015 · Local Port - This is the port number on the DVR that we want to forward the inbound port to. In our case they should be the same as Inbound Port, and the same for the beginning and end of the Local Port range. So enter 80. Once all of this information is filled out, click Add Virtual Server to finalize this port rule. Sympotms are that I put www.mydomain.com in the browser but and it goes to apache root dir. Instead, I'd like for it to redirect to a jboss subdirectory localhost:8080/subdir. I currently have it working for redirecting various domains straight to port 80, but cant quite get it to go to another port. – agentcurry Dec 16 '11 at 23:20 Aug 26, 2009 · External Port 80 - Forward to Device 1:80 External Port 81 - Forward to Device 2:80 Obviously the user needs to know to use port 81 for connecting to device 2 Else, you can could change the port requirements of the actual devices, but can be sometimes be problematic. Apr 11, 2020 · To understand port forwarding you need to understand what a TCP/IP port is and how ports and IP addresses are used together. You will also need to appreciate the difference between internal and external IP addresses and internal and external ports. TCP/IP Ports. A TCP/UDP port identifies an application or service on a machine in a TCP/IP network. For Nextcloud, you need the https-port (default: 443), and perhaps port 80 (which is then redirected to https). You need to configure port forwarding on your router. AutoPortForward will remove the port forward on disable, and add it again on enable. This is possible by sending a UPNP TCP request to forward a port to the gateway device, if it has UPNP, it will accept this request and forward the port specified in the server.properties. It also tells you your external ip.
Nov 28, 2011 · To forward ports on your router, look for a tab or menu labeled “Applications & Gaming,” “Advanced,” “Port Forwarding/Port Triggering,” “NAT/QoS,” or something similar. 4.
In computer networking, port forwarding or port mapping is an application of network address translation (NAT) that redirects a communication request from one address and port number combination to another while the packets are traversing a network gateway, such as a router or firewall. I have an Actiontec V1000H router/modem. I have been having virus issues recently so I done a factory reset on all but 1 of the computers on the network. I went to add in a Port Forwarding exception so my son can run a Minecraft server, and the port forwarding rules list had about 50 entries on there. Jul 26, 2020 · In this video I walk through a simple and easy step by step instructions, guide, tutorial on how to port forward video games and consoles such as PS4, PS5, Xbox One, Xbox Series x, Computer, PC Jun 01, 2020 · Port forwarding or port mapping is the name given to a technique of forwarding data from a port on one node to another node. Port triggering is a dynamic form of port forwarding used when port forwarding needs to reach multiple local computers. Port triggering is used by network administrators to map a port or ports to one local computer.
Aug 26, 2009 · External Port 80 - Forward to Device 1:80 External Port 81 - Forward to Device 2:80 Obviously the user needs to know to use port 81 for connecting to device 2 Else, you can could change the port requirements of the actual devices, but can be sometimes be problematic.
Once the computers hear about that they can then automatically tell the router to perform any Port Forwards that they require. For example if you boot up a game and the game tells the computer that it wants a couple of Port Forwards to function properly, the computer can then ask the router to perform those Port Forwards. Oct 21, 2015 · To create a new port forwarding preset, click the Create button. Enter a description for your port forwarding rule and provide a list of one or more ports to forward. You can specify port ranges or forward a list of ports using a single preset. You can also specify a specific remote host. Apr 10, 2020 · Port range forwarding is similar to port forwarding but is used to forward an entire range of ports. A certain video game might use ports 3478 through 3480, for example, so instead of typing all three into the router as separate port forwards, forward that whole range to the computer running that game. |
When it comes to solving eye problems, setting our sights on bifocals and trifocals isn’t enough: We also need to watch out for signs of macular degeneration. According to the National Eye Institute, the disease is the leading cause of blindness for Americans age 60 and over.
But, as Dr. Lawrence Singerman, retinal specialist and ophthalmologist and founder of Retina Associates of Cleveland notes, the disease is actually occurring in much younger individuals. “It’s more like the leading cause of blindness for those over 55, or even 50,” he says.
Dr. Steven Meadows, an ophthalmologist at the Fairview Eye Center in Fairview Park, compares macular degeneration to a malfunctioning camera.
“The eye is like a camera, and the macula — the area at the center of the retina that is responsible for central vision — is like film,” he says. “When a buildup of drusen, debris that the eye has become unable to clear away, forms on the retina, it often leads to a steady decline in vision quality. Blurred vision and trouble with reading are often indicators of the disease.”
Singerman and Meadows note that annual eye exams help identify the desease earlier.
Prevention and Treatment Tips:
- Know your risk factors. “The most significant one is age,” Meadows says, adding that people who have a family history of the disease are more prone to contract macular degeneration. Eye color and race also play a part. “Macular degeneration is more common in Caucasians than in African Americans,” he adds, noting that studies indicate people with blue eyes may also be at higher risk for developing the disease.
- Eat right. “Eating leafy vegetables promotes eye health,” Singerman says, adding that including polyunsaturated fats, like those found in fish oil, has also been shown to slow the progression of the disease.
“Efforts to prevent macular degeneration are very similar to the methods followed by those concerned with their heart health,” he says. Results of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, conducted by the National Eye Institute, indicate that taking vitamins A, C and E, as well as zinc and copper, in doses that can be found in over-the-counter medications such as PreserVision, can reduce the risk of developing severe visual loss by about 25 percent.” |
Last modified: 2001-12-21 by santiago dotor
Keywords: berlin | bezirk reinickendorf | stadtbezirk reinickendorf | reinickendorf district | coat of arms: bend (yellow) | coat of arms (fox: red) | coat of arms (wheat ears) | crown: mural (red) |
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3:5 | stripes 1+3+1
by Jens Pattke, coat-of-arms by Gunnar Staack
Flag and coat-of-arms adopted 28th November 1955
The flag and the coat-of-arms of the district of Reinickendorf were officially adopted on 28th November 1955. Ratio 3:5. The territory of Reinickendorf did not change in the Berlin district reform of January 2001, thus the flag and coat-of-arms are still valid. Sources: vectorial coat-of-arms image by Gunnar Staack and Vogel 1987.
Jens Pattke, 17 February 2001
From Ralf Hartemink's International Civic Arms website:
The arms were granted on November 28, 1955. The arms are based on the old village seal, which showed a landscape with a canting fox (Rein is the name of a fox in some legends), some trees and a field of wheat. This seal was also used until 1955 as arms. In the arms the bunch of wheat was replaced by six wheat-ears (...) symbolising the six former villages. As with all arms of the Berlin districts, a mural crown with a small shield with the arms of Berlin may be used.
Literature: Stadler 1964-1971 and Vogel 1987.
Santiago Dotor, 4 December 2001 |
n a mouse study, led by Andrew P. Neilson of the Department of Food Science and Technology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, researchers discovered that a certain antioxidant in cocoa - the main ingredient in chocolate - prevented mice from gaining weight and lowered their blood sugar levels.
A recent study has shown that yogurt could be an efficient way of avoiding type 2 diabetes. Apparently only yogurt has this property while other dairy products don’t.
Seniors who receive a diagnosis of diabetes may feel they have to give up all the foods they love. That’s not entirely true. Sure, they may have to say no to ice cream and white bread, but you can help the senior you care for adapt by offering new choices that will satisfy his or her desire for sweets and starches while keeping blood sugar levels stable.
Veggie diet is better than medicines when it comes to treating Type 2 diabetes, says a new study.
(Medical Xpress)—A special type of fat found in some people could be used to manage type 2 diabetes.
Eat more fruit and vegetables, steer clear of fried foods, walk more, sit less and so on. Heard these messages a time or two? Although you know all too well that implementing one or more of these healthy behavior changes could help prevent or delay pre-diabetes or Type 2 diabetes, life’s challenges continue to get in the way of your best intentions time and time again. |
Is ADHD real?
There is no longer any doubt that ADHD is a real condition and, although the cause is unknown and there is no cure, there are effective treatments. ADHD is often diagnosed in children who are hyperactive, easily distracted, and disruptive. And although some children will outgrow the condition, a significant number have symptoms that persist into adulthood.
Can adults who were not diagnosed as children have ADHD?
It’s not unusual for individuals with milder forms of ADHD who coped well as youngsters to find that they have problems keeping up with the greater demands of college, graduate school, or a job. They often look for help because of difficulty concentrating, procrastination, and trouble finishing assignments or tasks.
How is ADHD diagnosed in adults?
Adult ADHD is usually diagnosed by a thorough evaluation of an individual’s academic, occupational, family, and social history. There are also standardized assessments that can aid in the diagnosis.
How is ADHD treated?
Treatment of ADHD generally consists of medication and/or counseling. Medication helps by decreasing distractibility, improving attention, and reducing impulsivity. However, medication is not a magic bullet. The most effective treatment includes some changes in personal habits.
Counseling – usually short-term – can help people with ADHD find ways to improve organizational skills as well as become aware of self-defeating thought patterns. Using simple tools such as a calendar and task list, and learning how to identify and change automatic thoughts, can also help make a significant difference in the quality of life. |
Colonoscopy saves lives, according to a study that provides the first direct evidence that the procedure keeps people from dying of colon cancer, reducing that risk by half.
The research, reported yesterday in the New England Journal of Medicine, found that removing precancerous polyps spotted during a colonoscopy, a standard procedure today, dramatically cuts the chance of dying from the disease. The study followed 2,602 patients who had the suspicious growths removed during the test over a median of 15.8 years.
“It is a strong study that reiterates what many of us in the field had suspected,” said Scott Kopetz, a colon cancer specialist at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, who was not involved with the study. “It is one of the first that gives us an estimate on the amount that the death rate has been reduced.”
Colonoscopy, in which a tube with a camera is slid up the rectum so a doctor can visualize the colon, is one of colon cancer screening several tests recommended by the American Cancer Society and other groups. Polyps found can be removed during the procedure. Many people avoid colonoscopy because it requires an unpleasant preparation to clean out the bowel.
The finding could help doctors convince more people to come in for colon cancer screening, Kopetz said.
“It can be very difficult” to get patients to do it, said Kopetz, in a telephone interview. “There is the embarrassment barrier, there is the, ‘I don’t want anyone sticking a probe in my rectum’ barrier. There are a lot of social taboos around it.” Even family members of his patients with colon cancer sometimes won’t get tested, he said.
Worth the Effort
The new result “is very helpful in continuing to make the argument” that colonoscopies are worth the effort, he said.
While the latest research doesn’t prove colonoscopies save lives in the general population, it supports colon cancer screening guidelines, said Ann Zauber, a biostatistician at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York and the report’s lead author, in a telephone interview.
“We are really reducing colon cancer deaths remarkably,” said Zauber. “It is a very strong effect long term.”
The American Cancer Society recommends that men and women get a colonoscopy or another colon cancer screening test such as fecal occult blood test starting at age 50, according to its website. Colonoscopy should be done every ten years, it recommends. |
Presentation on theme: "George Gordon, Lord Byron: 1788-1824 Acquires his title at age 10 from his great-uncle the “Wicked Lord Byron.” Moves with his mother to Newstead Abbey,"— Presentation transcript:
George Gordon, Lord Byron: 1788-1824 Acquires his title at age 10 from his great-uncle the “Wicked Lord Byron.” Moves with his mother to Newstead Abbey, near Nottingham 1801: attends Harrow 1805: Cambridge Meets his half sister Augusta during this period. 1807: First volume of poetry Hours of Idleness.
Byron: 1807-1815 1807: Byron departs on his grand tour—to Lisbon, Spain, Greece and Albania. Begins work on Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. 1810: Visits Turkey. 1811: At 24, Byron returns to London. 1812: The first two cantos of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage published. 1814: The Corsair 1815: Hebrew Melodies
The “mad-bad- and dangerous” Lord Byron Liaisons with Lady Caroline Lamb; Lady Oxford. Scandal and gossip about his relationship with Augusta, whose child is named Medora (heroine of The Corsair). 1815: Marries Annabella Milbanke. Annabella leaves a few weeks after the birth of Augusta Ada
Byron: 1816-1819 1816: Byron settles in Geneva, near Percy and Mary Shelley, and Claire Clairmont. 1817: begins work on Manfred. Leaves for Venice. Continues work on the third and fourth cantos of Childe Harold. Sells Newstead Abbey for £ 94,500 1819: First two cantos of Don Juan.
Byron: 1819-1824 1819: Meets Countess Teresa Guiccioli and her Carbonari family. 1821: Publishes another mystery play, Cain. Robert Southey follows with his comment on “the Satanic School.” Byron publishes The Vision of Judgment a rebuttal to Southey. 1823: Joins the Greek war of independence. Falls ill in 1824 and dies in April at the age of 36.
The Byronic Hero Goethe’s Faust Part one is published in 1808. In Geneva, Byron meets M.G. Lewis author of The Monk who translates Faust. Part Two of Goethe’s Faust is published posthumously in 1832. The figure of Goethe’s Euphorion is based on Byron. Goethe: “Byron is not antique and is not romantic, but he is the present day itself. Such a one I had to have. Moreover, he was just my man on account of his unsatisfied nature and of his warlike bent, which led him to his doom at Missolonghi.” |
Explore potential strategies.
Students suffer from some form of anxiety or stereotype.
In some cases, students perform poorly on an exam because the testing situation makes them so anxious they cannot show what they know. In addition, students may under-perform on an exam because they have fallen prey to some form of stereotype that presumes they do not have the capacity to do well on the topic being tested. This latter issue is often exacerbated when a faculty member inadvertently triggers the stereotype by mentioning that certain types of students tend to do well in their area.
When a single assessment is very strongly weighted in the final course grade it can lead to increasing levels of stress that can interfere with students’ performance. So, it is helpful to make sure that exam stakes are not unreasonably high to engender these kinds of effects. When the stakes are very high on the first formal assessment in a course, these problems are especially great because the students not only feel the pressure to perform but also have a reduced sense of control over the situation. Alternatives to a high-stakes exam involve reducing the weighting of any particular exam, including more exams (each worth smaller amounts individually), increasing the weight of informal or less formal kinds of assessments (e.g., homework, in-class quizzes, and so forth) or providing more exams than needed and allowing students to drop the lowest exam score.
When students feel more prepared for an exam and in control of the situation, it can help inoculate them from the effects of anxiety and stress. So, give students multiple opportunities to practice and get feedback in advance of important exams.
Communicate to students that anyone who practices and/or studies effectively can perform well in your course.
Just by explicitly telling students that they have the potential to perform well if they practice and study effectively can help to deactivate any stereotypes that compromise students’ confidence or performance.
This site supplements our 1-on-1 teaching consultations.
CONTACT US to talk with an Eberly colleague in person! |
A-level history is about writing documents. The report on sources mentioned within the bibliography of your textbook ( in case you’ve got one) may give another means to comprehend the many different approaches in arthistory. Since you’d for a book review, then you are going to analyze the authors’ justifications, being certain to steer clear of https://grademiners.one/ straightforward summations. All amazing background documents have a crystal clear and sturdy controversy. Authorship a Essay An essay isn’t only a listing of facts. Historical article creating depends upon the thesis. The essay demands a placement on the matter and can offer a broad framework for dialogue. It requires a place on the problem but does not provide a framework for discourse. To write a superb article, you need to first decide what your principal discussion may be, then organize your composition to produce that discussion.
The web individuals may carry out their personal or established function, together with the on line training.
Observe the components of your own thesis and dedicate a component of your article to all. Concentrate on the special issue within the prompt is kept throughout lots of the essay. The essay might not have a position on the dilemma, or the article might take a position but-don’t convey rationales to support that place, or the essay might take a placement but don’t prolong a stand. To start a historiographical essay, you’ll first study several functions on an identical topic, like the Revolutionary War. You should think yourself as well as show up and also a bright idea’ to write a outstanding background article. Essays additionally make an effort to persuade. |
The educational problem that MOOCs could solve: professional development for teachers of disadvantaged students
The demographics of massive open online course (MOOC) analytics show that the great majority of learners are highly qualified professionals, and not, as originally envisaged, the global community of disadvantaged learners who have no access to good higher education. MOOC pedagogy fits well with the combination of instruction and peer community learning found in most professional development. A UNESCO study therefore set out to test the efficacy of an experimental course for teachers who need but do not receive high-quality continuing professional development, as a way of exploiting what MOOCs can do indirectly to serve disadvantaged students. The course was based on case studies around the world of information and communication technology (ICT) in primary education and was carried out to contribute to the UNESCO “Education For All” goal. It used a co-learning approach to engage the primary teaching community in exploring ways of using ICT in primary education. Course analytics, forums and participant surveys demonstrated that it worked well. The paper concludes by arguing that this technology has the power to tackle the large-scale educational problem of developing the primary-level teachers needed to meet the goal of universal education.
Keywords: MOOCs; blended learning; disadvantaged students; teaching designers; peer learning; learning community; professional development
(Published: 13 April 2016)
Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2016, 24: 29369 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v24.29369
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Authors contributing to Research in Learning Technology retain the copyright of their article and at the same time agree to publish their articles under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, for any purpose, even commercially, under the condition that appropriate credit is given, that a link to the license is provided, and that you indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. |
Health in human existence is the supreme wealth. Money alone cannot make a person healthy and happy. On the contrary, a healthy person always maintains a state of bliss and happiness, including a healthy mental state.
Whenever the term 'disabled' is mentioned, it becomes the general perception that one is completely crippled or bedridden, and dis-abled are judged as being completely hopeless and unable to fend for themselves. Disability is known to be caused by impairments of several subsystems of the human body. Disabled people can suffer from visual impairment, physical impairment, intellectual impairment, mental illness and other several types of chronic disease.
The United Nations Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities is an international human rights instrument, which intends to protect the dignity and rights of individuals with disabilities.
Rights of disabled persons
UN Resolution A/RES/30/3447, at the 2433rd session on 9 December 1975, declared the rights of disabled persons without any distinction on the basis of race, colour, sex, language, political or other opinions and they shall enjoy all the rights set forth in the declaration. UN resolution Article 4, specifically mentions about the rights to accessibility, including the information technology. It also requires the need to ensure that disabled individuals are provided with full equality and respect for their dignity.
The term accessibility basically states that all individuals with disabilities should be able to participate and live independently in all the aspects of life such as, employment, transportation, education and right to vote. It also focuses to insure the safety and protection of disabled people in case of a natural disaster, humanitarian emergency or an armed conflict. At present jobs for people with disabilities are more available than years back thanks to the rights of disabled persons' ratification.
On a wider scale, facilities for the 'dis-abled' populace include specially designed vehicles, exclusively allocated parking bays on streets (with signs of the international disability insignia), sign boards right in front their residences marked 'for disabled parking' to keep parking available for them 24 / 7, and allocate special 'disabled badges' too, to display on their car windscreens.
National Health Services
Further aid is extended by the appropriate National Health Services (in conjunction with local councils) within registered disabled persons' houses by fixing a variety of supporting equipment in the form of door-grip handles in bed rooms, in toilets as much as providing especially designed shower units. Special air mattresses are supplied for severely handicapped and bedridden persons to avoid bedsores, along with the installation of special hoists (next to beds) to help attendants lift heavy patients (without injuring their own backs) in transferring patients from bed to comfortable chairs in the bedroom, in the process of improving of circulation of the patient.
'Disability' does not mean a person should be condemned and written off from society completely or looked at the individual scornfully. Equally, some 'dis-abled' persons maintain a certain amount of pride too in them that, at times they reject any momentous assistance from a third party. This basically boils down to the fact that a 'dis-abled' person will always attempt to be able within his/her dis-ability for which the society and the government machinery should work hand in glove to help them.
In the West, specially designed ramps are fixed onto school buses to transport disabled school children (with an attendant). In modern public transport, spacious areas are designed and allocated where 'wheelchair passengers' could park themselves inside the bus itself while travelling. British Government pays an additional 'disability' allowance for registered disabled persons.
Government statues make it compulsory to have modern and easy access to disabled people when designing new buildings and/or to provide access points in all public buildings, hospitals and toilets. In addition to healthcare services, there are private companies, which provide education, tools, and resources so that their disabled clients could move towards independence through health, safety, and productivity. Can any disabled person travel in busses in Sri Lanka when even the daily commuters travel in sardine packed buses like animals in cages, while at times women get subjected to vulgar movements by maniacs and sex perverts?
"The right of every person to be treated with equality and human dignity is globally accepted. However, this common acceptance has not been able to sufficiently protect vulnerable groups, who need special care and attention to stand up independently within society. Among them, as a world's largest minority, disabled persons are significant. Therefore, to ensure their well-being and social security, in 2006, the United Nations Convention on Rights of the Peoples with Disabilities (UNCRPD) was formed.
Accordingly, persons with all types of disabilities have a right to enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedom without any discrimination. The convention specifically identifies the right to accessibility, medical treatment, rehabilitation and personal mobility as rights specific to develop their wellbeing and inherent dignity. Therefore, after its adoption, nearly 160 countries and regional organizations have ratified the convention and its optional protocol. Article 12 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka guarantees the right to equality and non-discrimination as fundamental rights, “according to D.S.R. Jayawardena, Faculty of Law, University of Colombo.
Myriad of regulations
Regrettably, in Sri Lanka though there are myriad of regulations in the statue book, it is a pity that the authorities are being either naïve, lackadaisical or simply not bothered about improving facilities for the disabled populace. Whenever there are attempts to improve by designing new buildings 'average' architects who are not in ' disabled persons' shoes end up doing blunders rather than helping the handicapped.
Dr. Ajith C. Perera is a Chartered Chemist. In November 1992 while he was being driven along Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 7, in the vicinity of the UN compound, a large tree fell on his moving car instantly killing his driver and making him a paraplegic for life. Ever since, by reason of personal adversity, he has become an author/publisher and speaker on 'accessibility within disability' and a human rights activist as much as experienced and highly competent accessibility adviser recognised even by reputed international bodies. His prime aim is only to propagate sympathy towards the dis-abled rather than empathy.
Dr. Ajith Perera's advice to commercial institutions has all along been that, "No company can afford to leave out any potential customers. All feasible steps should be taken judiciously – (and that is where the top management needs right guidance) – to comply the built environment and facilities comply with standards; and no more deter the 20 per cent of the population with restricted mobility from doing business with you."
After three years of exhaustive appearances in person on a wheel chair, he sought redress for physically disabled persons accessing new public buildings. Finally he succeeded single handedly to pursue a public interest litigation Fundamental Rights application maintaining that although the rights of the disabled have been guaranteed under the Protection of the Rights of Persons with the Disabilities Act No. 28 of 1996 and the Disabled Persons (Accessibility Regulations) Regulations No. 1 of 2006, those rights were not recognized and neglected at even new public places.
In April 2011, he achieved a significant enhancement when the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka made a landmark decision by a panel of judges comprising, Chief Justice Asoka de Silva, Justices Saleem Marsoof and S. I. Iman ordering that "all new public buildings, especially toilets facilities should be under the accessibility regulations No. 1 of 17 October 2006 should provide reasonable access in accordance with the design standards of regulations in force. The Court further ordered, "No building plan should be approved, and no certificate of conformity for buildings be issued by any local authority unless conforming to the above order, and failure to comply with would draw penal repercussions under the laws set out."
Dr. Ajith Perera became the Founder, Chief Executive/Secretary General of a non-profit humanitarian organization in 2005, named "Idiriya". It was the first time in Sri Lanka a disabled professional, confined to a wheelchair for life, was recognized by a national body for 'ability within disability, which is one of the key areas what the UN CRPD stresses.
Dr. Ajith C. Perera having played eight different roles over 17 consecutive years in a voluntary mission of national importance is the pioneer fighter to open the road to rights of all by design. At 'The Sri Lankan of the Year' awards ceremony held recently at the Hilton Hotel, Dr. Perera was adjudged the unanimous and undisputed winner as 'The Unsung Hero' after being on a wheel chair for 24 solid years. He received the coveted award amidst a standing ovation in the presence of the country's most influential opinion leaders, and the VIP guests of a very distinguished gathering.
The ceremony had been designed as an exhaustive, rigorous and credible platform to recognize and honour individuals and groups whose dedication, commitment, efforts and achievements in their chosen fields nominated across multiple categories as Sports, Global Entertainer, Entertainer, Global Scientist, Entrepreneur, and Global Businessman who have had far reaching influence on the country, positively impacting the local community and helping to profile Sri Lanka among the international community.
Purely on merit
It was certainly an honour received by Dr. Perera not in any way on sympathy but purely on merit, which he earned with unreserved commitment to the promotion of accessibility to the built environment, and thereby to the enhancement of the quality of everyday life of all persons with the widest possible range of abilities.
The most significant feature at the occasion was it being the first time ever in this country a person with a disability and confined to a wheelchair was befittingly recognized for his 'Ability within dis-Ability' and appreciated for his outstanding achievements and significant voluntary contributions to his country and his people, where over 20 per cent of the population experience restricted ability.
Internationally this unsung hero has already been accepted as a Fellow of three universal bodies with two awarding him the Chartered Status, and four more global organizations, that are promoting accessibility, have offered membership status.
Dr. Ajith C. S. Perera has represented Sri Lanka at the International Congress on Standards in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2010 November, organized by the International Organization for Standardisation (ISO).
It is a pity indeed that the topmost decision makers in Sri Lanka still cannot realize "Accessible Sri Lanka" as a low cost feasible investment with rich dividends (to them also in plenty). Perhaps it is befitting for an eminent professional such as Dr. Perera to be afforded the opportunity to promote and make the concept 'Accessible Sri Lanka' a meaningful reality, appreciating it as an indispensable part of the economic and social development plans for Sri Lanka. |
COVID-19 and the criminal justice system
From the beginning of the pandemic, it was clear that densely packed prisons and jails — the result of decades of mass incarceration in the U.S. — offered ideal conditions for the transmission of the coronavirus. Several months later, the virus has claimed thousands of lives behind bars and infected 1 out of every 5 people in prison.
The Prison Policy Initiative is providing data the public needs to demand a humane response to this pandemic. We're illuminating the worst problems in the criminal justice system — as well as the most promising opportunities for change.
Mass Incarceration, COVID-19, and Community Spread
by Gregory Hooks and Wendy Sawyer
We published the first report measuring the impact of mass incarceration on national COVID-19 caseloads. Our report shows that over half a million cases of COVID-19 in the summer of 2020 - or roughly 13% of all cases - were attributable to mass incarceration. (Report includes national-, state-, and county-level data.)
Our data and analyses
- Criminal justice responses to the COVID-19 pandemic — Our regularly-updated list of the most significant recent policy changes in state and local governments.
- A publication from the UCLA COVID-19 Behind Bars team reveals that COVID-19 reduced the life expectancy of people in Florida prisons by 4 years.
- With the majority of corrections officers declining the COVID-19 vaccine, incarcerated people are still at serious risk — Analysis of data from 37 prison systems shows that less than half of prison staff are vaccinated in most states.
- Parole boards approved fewer releases in 2020 than in 2019, despite the raging pandemic — Instead of releasing more people to the safety of their homes, parole boards in many states held fewer hearings and granted fewer approvals during the ongoing, deadly pandemic.
- How much have COVID-19 releases changed prison and jail populations? — Our January analysis (updating earlier analyses from December, September, August, and May) finds that the initial efforts to reduce jail populations have slowed and state prison population declines are primarily the result of reduced admissions, not increased releases.
- More states need to use their “good time” systems to get people out of prison during COVID-19 — Most states have statutes that allow incarcerated people to earn time off of their sentences. Why aren't more states using this tool to safely reduce prison populations during COVID-19?
- Stimulus, round 2: Incarcerated people will be eligible for new round of payments — At the end of an otherwise disappointing session of Congress, the inclusion of incarcerated people in the stimulus program is a small ray of hope.
- Prisons shouldn’t be charging medical co-pays – especially during a pandemic — Our December survey of medical co-pay policies shows that some states are reinstating medical co-pays as COVID-19 continues to spread in prisons.
- How overcrowded were prisons before the pandemic, and at this time of social distancing, how overcrowded are they now? — As states mandate reducing the capacity of public spaces to slow the spread of COVID-19, we collect the data to show just how overcrowded almost every state prison system still is.
- Incarcerated people and corrections staff should be prioritized in COVID-19 vaccination plans — Our short 50-state report breaks down whether states are planning to vaccinate incarcerated people and corrections staff early.
- Half of states fail to require mask use by correctional staff — Our survey reveals that 20 states are not even requiring masks to be worn by staff and most are not requiring incarcerated people to wear them.
- Failing Grades: States' Responses to COVID-19 in Jails and Prisons — We worked with the ACLU to evaluate the actions every state had taken by the summer of 2020 to protect incarcerated people from COVID-19. Our 50-state report includes a detailed appendix providing details about each state.
- What do we know about the spread — and toll — of the coronavirus in state prisons? — Wide variation in the rates of reported infections and deaths in state prisons reflect the uneven spread of the virus and disparate responses by state criminal justice systems.
- Compassionate release was never designed to release large numbers of people — With help from artist Kevin Pyle, we explain why very few people who apply for compassionate release are approved, even during a pandemic.
- When parole doesn’t mean release: The senseless “program requirements” keeping people behind bars during a pandemic — We explain why thousands of people who have been approved for parole release are still behind bars.
- Since you asked: Should incarcerated people be receiving stimulus payments? Some correctional authorities - responding to bad guidance from the IRS - are intercepting stimulus checks for incarcerated people. We explain why people in prison and jail are eligible for, and should be receiving, emergency aid.
- Is social distancing possible behind bars? — The short answer is no. Social distancing is even harder behind bars than in nursing homes or on cruise ships.
- Large-scale prison releases and public safety We offer 14 recent historical examples to show that large-scale releases are possible without spikes in crime.
- The “services” offered by jails don’t make them safe places for vulnerable people. — Why no one is better off in jail during a pandemic, even people in need of social services.
- Five ways the criminal justice system could slow the pandemic — We explain which criminal justice officials (and elected leaders) are responsible for preventing a human tragedy during the pandemic, and what policy steps they should take in order to do so.
- Our template letter for advocates to send to prisons and jails that have suspended in-person visits, requesting that phone and video calling fees be temporarily eliminated so that families can stay in touch.
- See more resources
If you'd rather see a curated list of the most important data about your state, check out our state profiles pages.
Other important work
The Prison Policy Initiative is just one organization in a broad movement. While preparing the above, we've also curated a few lists of the most powerful materials created elsewhere in the movement. We chose to prioritize materials that we thought would be the easiest for other advocates to adapt to the specifics of their local work.
- Multiple medical journals have published articles calling for reducing prison and jail populations, as well as implementing other policies, to slow down the coronavirus. These include the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the New England Journal of Medicine, and Health Affairs.
- In a report published in April, the ACLU — in collaboration with researchers at Washington State University, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Tennessee — found that if jails continued to operate as usual, the number of U.S. fatalities due to COVID-19 could increase by another 100,000. They recommended swift intervention at multiple levels of government to reduce jail populations and prevent the number of fatalities in the U.S. from doubling.
- A July CDC study on COVID-19 testing in prison had two major findings. First, testing people who had had contact with the virus identified more people who were positive for COVID-19 than just testing people experiencing symptoms. Second, the researchers found that serial (repeated) testing of people helped identify people who were asymptomatic; this allowed for early detection, isolation, and treatment, which slow the transmission of the virus. States should not just test the incarcerated population and correction staff once; to save the most lives in and out of prison, states need to be regularly testing all incarcerated people and staff, regardless of the presence of symptoms.
- Health Affairs published an article in April recommending ways to protect and support people released from custody during the pandemic.
- In early September, the National Commission on COVID-19 and Criminal Justice released a report that found the rate of COVID-19 cases in prisons was more than four times that of the general population and the COVID-19 mortality rate in prisons was twice as large as that of the general U.S. population.
Data and information aggregators:
- The UCLA Law COVID-19 Behind Bars Data Project is tracking the spread and impact of the novel coronavirus in American carceral facilities, with state by state data on case numbers, fatalities, and more. Data from the project is available on both an interactive website and a comprehensive Google Sheet.
- The State Prison COVID-19 Risk Tracker, created by the Litmus Program at the NYU Marron Institute, is a census of state adult correctional and detention facilities with an interactive mapping tool of county-level data on COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths, showing which facilities are located in or near counties that are at high risk for community transmissions of COVID-19.
- The Fines and Fees Justice Center is actively tracking federal, state, and local changes to criminal, traffic, and municipal ordinance fines and fees policies. On the same page, the FFJC also provides two concise but thorough lists of policy recommendations for communities and for the justice system.
- Professor Margo Schlanger at the University of Michigan Law School is tracking all COVID-19 class-action and group litigation (jails, prisons, immigration detention) cases at the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse.
- The Sentencing Project created a tool to track known cases of COVID-19 diagnoses in juvenile facilities among incarcerated youth and the facility staff across the county.
- The Marshall Project is tracking articles from across the web on the risks of coronavirus across the U.S. justice system.
- The Justice Collaborative COVID-19 Response and Resource page offers resource lists, fact sheets, example demand letters, and tracks active demand campaigns throughout the U.S.
- The Urban Institute has a curated list of COVID-19 resources for leaders in international, federal, state, and local governments, as well as advocacy organizations.
- This crowdsourced spreadsheet lists authorities (medical, legal, governmental) speaking out about the risks to incarcerated people during the COVID-19 pandemic. This resource is being used by advocates who are writing petitions or pressuring decision-makers to take action.
- Professor Aaron Littman at the UCLA School of Law has compiled a spreadsheet to help readers understand which local officials have the power to release people from jails. The information in the spreadsheet is state-specific.
Looking for something you saw on this page before? See an archived list of items that used to be on this page. |
Men and Women Don’t Have the Same Fast Food Habits—See the Key Difference
A new study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that between 2013 and 2016, 36.6 percent of Americans ate fast food on a given day. That comes out to about 85 million people!
“Fast food consumption has been a part of the American diet for a while,” Kirsten Herrick, Senior Service Fellow at the CDC, told CBS Philly. “With today’s busy lifestyle, fast food is an easy option that people choose.”
While the drive-thru remains a convenient way to fuel up on the fly (it’s called fast food for a reason, after all), the study found something interesting between the genders: men and women had very different fast food eating habits.
Among adults who went to fast food spots, the most commonly reported meal to eat on the go was lunch, followed by dinner, breakfast, and snacks. Here’s the interesting part though: Men were more likely than women to eat fast food for lunch, whereas women were more likely to eat fast food as a snack. The study discovered that 9.2 percent more men ate fast food for lunch than women did, while 6.2 percent more women visited a quick-service restaurant for a snack.
In theory, this may lead us to conclude that many women who generally eat fast food pick up something small (think a McDonald’s Snack Wrap or a four-piece McNuggets), but the current study didn’t investigate the link between men and women’s different eating habits and the respective caloric consumption. However, a previous CDC study found that between 2007 and 2010, men consumed an average of 11.8 percent of their total calories from fast food, while women’s caloric intake from fast food clocked in at 10.9 percent—meaning the number of fast food calories consumed by men and women stayed roughly the same.
This new study is a reminder that fast food is linked to a higher average intake of calories, fat, and sodium—three culprits that can contribute to metabolic diseases (such as obesity and heart disease) if eaten in excess.
Pro tip: Try limiting your drive-thru visits to once a week, and, when you do, don’t forget to review the items’ nutritionals. Skipping out on fat-laden sides and add-ons such as French fries, bacon, and cheese can help you cut a significant amount of calories from your fast food order. |
The bottled water industry is demonstrating solid environmental leadership when it comes to water conservation and efficiency. Bottled water companies utilize and manage water resources in a responsible manner by doing the following: investing in broadly accepted science and technology to improve water quality Strengthening water conservation practices.
According to the EPA, bottled water containers account for less than 0.03% of the U.S. waste stream. Bottled water production accounts for less than 0.02% of the total groundwater withdrawn each year. The bottled water industry also uses minimal amounts of water to produce an important, healthy, and calorie-free consumer product, and does so with great efficiency.
Even though it is a minimal groundwater user and is only one of among thousands of food, beverage and commercial water users, bottled water companies actively support comprehensive groundwater management policies that are science-based, multi-jurisdictional, treat all users equitably, and provide for future needs of this important resource.
Plastic bottled water containers are the most frequently recycled PET plastic beverage container in curbside recycling programs. All bottled water containers are 100% recyclable. And, according to the National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR), now at 38.6 percent, the recycling rate for single-serve PET plastic bottled water containers has more than doubled in the last seven years. We also use less plastic in bottled water bottles.
The Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC) also found that between 2000 and 2011, the average weight of a 16.9 ounce (half-liter) single-serve PET plastic bottled water container has dropped by nearly 48% to 9.9 grams. This has resulted in a savings of 3.3 billion pounds of PET resin since 2000.
The bottled water industry recognizes that recycling rates, although increasing, need to improve and the industry is actively working to build partnerships that will help increase recycling efforts.
MYTH: Bottled water isn't as regulated as tap water.
FACT: By federal law, the FDA regulations governing the safety and quality of bottled water must be as stringent as the EPA regulations which govern tap water. To suggest in any way that bottled water is less stringently regulated than tap water is simply not true.
FDA Bottled Water Regulations
By federal law, FDA regulations governing the safety and quality of bottled water must be at least as stringent as the EPA regulations that govern tap water. And, in some cases, the bottled water regulations are more stringent.
Here are the facts about the regulation of bottled water:
At the federal level, bottled water must comply with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.) and several parts of Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Section 410 of FFDCA requires that Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) bottled water regulations be as stringent and as protective of the public health as the EPAs tap water standards.
FDA has issued comprehensive bottled water Standards of Identity, which provide uniform requirements and definitions for the following bottled water classifications: drinking, artesian, groundwater, distilled, deionized, reverse osmosis, mineral, purified, sparkling, spring, and well water. (21 C.F.R. 165.110 (a))
Standards of identity are the mandatory, federally set requirements that determine what a food product must contain to be marketed under a certain name in interstate commerce.
FDA has also established bottled water Standards of Quality for more than 90 substances. (21 C.F.R. 165.110 (b)) Most FDA bottled water quality standards are the same as EPA's maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for tap water systems. The few differences are usually the results of the substance not being found in bottled water or the substance is regulated under another provision of law such as FDA's food additives program.
Regulation of bottled water is managed through the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, located in College Park, Maryland. Enforcement and inspections are coordinated through the FDA's state and regional field offices. Addionally, the health and safety departments of all 50 states and the District of Columbia, regulate the bottled water indsutry at the state level. In fact, regualtory oversight is such an important issue that during inspection and enforcement activities, state regulatory authorities act with the full federal legal authority of the FDA. |
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Problem 17.17: Sketch the displacement of the point x = 0 cm
Please wait for the animation to completely load.
- Sketch the displacement of each wave at the point x = 0 cm as a function of time (position is given in centimeters and time is given in seconds).
- How do your sketches change if you measure the waves at x = 2 cm? |
Rwanda is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.4 million (2011). Rwanda is located a few degrees south of the Equator, and is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All of Rwanda is at high elevation, with a geography dominated by mountains in the west, hence being called The Land of a Thousand Hills, savanna in the east, and numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons every year.
The population is young and predominantly rural, with a density among the highest in Africa. Rwandans form three groups: the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. These groups share a common culture and language and are classified as social groups rather than tribes. Christianity is the largest religion in the country, and the principal language is Kinyarwanda, spoken by most Rwandans. Rwanda follows a presidential
system of government. The President is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF).
This small and beautiful country makes one really think of its population efforts to move forward just 17 years after the Genocide, which took place in 1994. Upon arrival in Kigali, the country´s capital, when driving through the streets, one has the impression that “Rwanda works”: clean streets and conversations of a corruption-free country where the population is well informed about the benefits of tourism and everyone seems to push for common well-being goals.
We would like to feature the different tourist attractions of Rwanda along this year, starting with the best known one: the moving visit to the awesome Mountain Gorillas, that concentrate in the Parc National des Volcans. Because when visiting the Land of a Thousand Hills, one should not miss out on the magnificent opportunity to visit Rwanda's Parc National des Volcans (PNV) / Volcanoes National Park, consisting of 125 Km2 of mountain forest and home to the six Virunga Volcanoes and the world famous mountain gorillas. Nothing can prepare one for the impact of encountering a fully-grown silverback gorilla, up to three times the size of an average man, yet remarkably peaceable and tolerant of human visitors.
Parc National des Volcans is managed and protected by the Rwandan Office for Tourism and National Parks (ORTPN). Access begins in the lively town of Musanze, situated at the base of the entrance of the park. Musanze has long been the base point for gorilla visits and entertains a stunning backdrop of Karisimbi, Bisoke, Mikeno, Sabyinyo, Mgahinga and Muhabura volcanoes. Ranging from 2,400 - 4,507 metres in altitude, Parc National des Volcans consists of 6 extinct volcanic peaks including Muhavura, Mt Gahinga, Karisimbi, Visoke, Mikeno Aand Sabyinyo; these dramatic peaks form the backdrop to your gorillas tracking safaris as you track some of the last remaining mountain gorillas in the verdant foothills.
The Volcanoes National Park (PNV) is renowned for historically being the home to the renowned scientist, Dian Fossey. This is where pioneering studies were undertaken to evaluate and study the behavior of mountain gorillas in their natural habitat; prior to this people had literally thought that they were angry and aggressive wild beasts but it was through Fossey's work that we now understand the peace and tranquility that envelopes mountain gorillas lives. It is largely thanks to Fossey that we still have gorillas in our world today and for this reason, and many others, we should continue to protect them. The tracking starts very early morning, leaving the lodge where clients spent the night and driving to the Park´s Head Quarters to be grouped with other clients and be assigned a family to visit after receiving a comprehensive briefing from the Park wardens and guides. After the briefing, the visitors are transferred by their driver/guide again to the start of the trail that shall lead to the family they have been assigned to visit, where they will hike though the lushly forested slopes of the mountains form an appropriately dramatic natural setting for what is arguably world: gorilla tracking. The exhilarating climb to the gorilla’s natural habitat of shady bamboo forest offers fantastic views in all directions, before the trackers are immersed in the mysterious intimacy of the rainforest, alive with the calls of colourful birds and the chattering of rare golden monkey.
Rwanda's famed mountain gorillas, trapped for ten years in a war zone, have managed to survive, taking a small step back from the brink of extinction: over the past two decades, Rwanda's gorilla population has increased by a remarkable 10% despite a horrific human genocide, incursions into the park by armed rebels, human-spread disease, occasional poaching, government upheaval and constant pressure from land-starved peasants, who hoe their potatoes less than an hour's easy walk from the gorillas' sanctuary. Today, the world's most endangered gorillas slip through the misty rainforest below Rwanda's towering Virunga volcanoes and prospects for their survival are looking up as the war-torn region moves toward a fragile peace. "Protecting them is still a big challenge. It's a delicate situation," said Anecto Kyitare, a Rwandan naturalist who monitors the apes several times a week for the Nairobi based International Gorilla Conservation Program. "But after everything that's happened, the park and the gorillas are still here. I think the situation has improved a lot." The Government has made an awesome education work to the communities not only by directly assigning % of the tourism income to the well-being of the rural communities (water wells and health dispensaries) but by explaining the same and how tourism may be vital for the economic development of Rwanda and the Rwandans.
Altogether about 800 of the woolly black gorillas, first described by a German explorer a century ago and made famous by their murdered protector, American primatologist Dian Fossey, survive in two small areas of cool mountain forest in Uganda and on the Rwanda-Congo border. On a continent where great apes are disappearing with dismaying speed to hunting and habitat loss, they are the rarest cousins in the family. The mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) is one of the two most endangered apes in the world (with the Cross River Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli). There are only approximately 800 mountain gorillas alive today, and all of them are found in the wild. They only exist in two small, protected afromontane forest patches in northwest Rwanda, southwest Uganda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
The two forest patches in which mountain gorillas are found effectively divide the roughly 800 into two distinct populations. One population, in Uganda, is found in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), covering about 330 km2. The other population inhabits the Virunga Volcano Region, which sits across the international borders of Rwanda, Uganda and DRC. The Virunga Volcano Region (VVR) is ecologically homogenous, but separated into three national parks, in three countries: Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda, Volcano National Park in Rwanda and Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo, covering an approximate total area of 300 km2 The mountain gorillas live in stable family groups with a dominant silverback male, his harem of females, and their offspring. The silverback male is usually the father of the offspring, although the younger males will take an opportunity to mate with a female if the silverback is not looking. They are not ferocious creatures but are, on the contrary, very peaceful. They only become aggressive if one of their group is perceived to be threatened.
Aside from tracking mountain gorillas there are also a variety of other activities possible in Parc National des Volcans including tracking the golden monkeys, climbing one of the Virunga Volcanoes or visiting the remains of the Dian Fossey Research Centre, her grave and the graves of the gorillas with which she worked with.
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Argumentum ad populum
Argumentum ad populum (appeal to the people) is a logical fallacy that concludes that a position is true because many or all people believe it. i.e: "If many believe so, it is so." Other names for this are appeal to the masses, appeal to belief, appeal to the majority, appeal to the people, argument by consensus, authority of the many, bandwagon fallacy, and tyranny of the majority.
As an example, homosexuals argue that because same-sex "marriage" is increasingly accepted and indeed has the approval of voters in three states, it must be moral. That argument is fallacious because morality is not determined by a popular vote. As the Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago has noted, if that argument is accepted, "[h]uman dignity and human rights are then reduced to the whims of political majorities." |
In the April column, I outlined three ways to compute the limits for an average chart: the right way, a wrong way and a very wrong way. Several readers wrote that they were using the very wrong way and that they were happy with this method.
I have seen dozens of examples given in attempts to justify the incorrect ways of computing limits. In every case, the problem was a failure to subgroup the data in a rational manner.
We compute limits for an average chart based upon the average range. The average range is the average amount of variation within the subgroups. Thus, the limits on an average chart depend upon the amount of variation inside the subgroups. You must organize the data into subgroups in such a way that this computation makes sense. We want to collect into each subgroup a set of values that were collected under essentially the same conditions.
For example, some asthma patients measure their peak exhalation flow rates four times each day: morning before and after medication, and evening before and after medication. The data for one patient is shown in Figure 1.
Now think about what happens when we make each column in the table into a subgroup of size 4. Within each subgroup, we would have the four scores from a single day, and from one subgroup to the next, we would have the day-to-day variation. But the four scores for a single day are collected under different conditions!
The variation within a subgroup is more than just background variation -- it includes both the medication effects and the morning-to-evening swings of the patient. These effects will make the ranges larger than they need to be to characterize the day-to-day variation. As a result of this subgrouping, the limits will be far too wide, and the averages and ranges will hug the central lines. This mistake is called stratification.
What if we made each row of the table into a subgroup of size 5? Now the different conditions would no longer be contained within the subgroups. But what about the variation inside these subgroups? With this arrangement of the data, the day-to-day variation would be within each subgroup. Because the variation within the subgroups is used to construct the limits, this subgrouping will result in limits that make allowance for the day-to-day variation, but do not make any allowance for the variation morning to evening, or before and after medication. This average chart will be "out of control." But did we really need to prove that there is a difference morning to evening and pre-medication to post-medication? Unless we are trying to document these differences, this is an inappropriate subgrouping.
So we must avoid the two errors of stratification and inappropriate subgrouping. Two conditions are required for any subgrouping to be rational: Each subgroup must be logically homogeneous, and the variation within the subgroups must be the proper yardstick for setting limits on the routine variation between subgroups.
When the values within the subgroups are not collected under essentially the same conditions, you have failed to satisfy the homogeneity condition.
When the variation from subgroup to subgroup represents sources of variation that are not present within the subgroups, and when these sources of variation from subgroup to subgroup are known to be larger than the sources of variation within the subgroups, then you have failed the yardstick criterion.
In either case, the computations will break down because you will have failed to create rational subgroups. The remedy is not to change the computations, but to change the subgrouping into one that is appropriate for your data.
While the data in the table do constitute a time series, they are not easily arranged into rational subgroups because each value is collected under different conditions. In other words, our logical subgroup size is n = 1. You will learn more about the data in the table by plotting them as a time series of 20 values than you ever will by subgrouping them and using an average and range chart.
At the same time, you should resist the temptation to turn this time series of 20 values into an XmR chart. The fact that this time series is a mixture of values collected under different conditions will contaminate the moving ranges and make the limits meaningless.
There is more to rational subgrouping than can be presented in this column. However, the two principles above should get you started down the right road.
About the author
Donald J. Wheeler is an internationally known consulting statistician and the author of Understanding Variation: The Key to Managing Chaos and Understanding Statistical Process Control, Second Edition. |
DST statement EBRS endorsed
To the EU Commission on DST
Chronobiology studies the influence of day-night rhythms and seasonal changes in living organisms (and received the Nobel Prize 2017 for these discoveries). As experts in biological clocks and sleep, we have been following the initiative of the European Commission to abandon the annual clock-time changes in spring and autumn in the EU. We would like to emphasize that the scientific evidence presently available indicates that installing permanent Standard Time (ST, or‘wintertime’) is the best option for public health.
With ST there will be more morning light exposure in winter and less evening light exposure in summer. This will better synchronise the biological clock and people will sleep earlier relative to their work and school times (1). The feeling of chronic jetlag (Social Jetlag) will be reduced compared to daylight savings time, the body will function better and mental performance will improve. Throughout the year, ST will be healthier than daylight savings time (DST).
ST improves our sleep (1) and will be healthier for our heart (2) and our weight (3). The incidence of cancer will decrease (4), in addition to reduced alcohol- and tobacco consumption (5). People will be psychologically healthier (6) and performance at school and work will improve (7). Abandoning clock changes will offer the unique nation-wide opportunity to improve general health by installing Standard Time.
We would gladly explain our advice in more detail as required. Sincerely,
European Biological Rhythms Society (EBRS) European Sleep Research Society (ESRS)
Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR)
Kantermann et al. (2007) The human circadian clock's seasonal adjustment is disrupted by daylight saving time. Current Biology 17:1996-2000.
Merikanto et al. (2013) Associations of Chronotype and Sleep With Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes. Chronobiol.Int. 30:470-477.
Roenneberg et al. (2012) Social Jetlag and Obesity. CURRENT BIOLOGY 22: 939-943.
Borisenkov (2011) Latitude of Residence and Position in Time Zone are Predictors of Cancer Incidence, Cancer Mortality, and Life Expectancy at Birth. Chronobiol.Int. 28: 155-162.
Wittmanm et al (2006) Social jetlag: Misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol.Int. 23:497-509.
Borisenkov et al. (2017) Seven-year survey of sleep timing in Russian children and adolescents: chronic 1-h forward transition of social clock is associated with increased social jetlag and winter pattern of mood seasonality. Biological Rhythm Research 48:3-12.
Van der Vinne (2015) Timing of Examinations Affects School Performance Differently in Early and Late Chronotypes. Journal of Biological Rhythms 30:53-60. |
Adult-born neurons keep growing and contributing to brain flexibility long after neurogenesis declines, according to research in rats published in JNeurosci.
The dentate gyrus, a brain region involved in distinguishing memories, creates new neurons during adulthood—that much is clear. What remains unclear is how long adult neurogenesis takes place and how many neurons it creates. However, humans may not need neurogenesis to persist for the entirety of adulthood, because the brain gets the same memory benefits from neurons that are still growing up.
Cole, Espinueva et al. tracked neurogenesis by injecting rats’ dentate gyri with a retrovirus that incorporates itself into the DNA of dividing cells, making all the neurons born on injection day glow. Just like neurons born in infancy, adult-born neurons went through a standard six-week development period. But at the seven-week mark, growth markers like thicker dendrites reappeared, indicating an upcoming stage of growth.
And the neurons did keep growing. Twenty-four weeks after their birth, the adult-born neurons were much bigger than infancy-born neurons, with more dendrites and potential synapses and larger synaptic terminals. This beefed-up anatomy suggests a different, perhaps more powerful function than neurons born during infancy. Since adult-born neurons slowly mature over a long period of time, they keep contributing toward plasticity. |
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
January 30, 1997
Explanation: What's the temperature outside? No matter where you are on Earth, the above map can tell you. This global montage was created using the temperature data from numerous satellites orbiting the Earth. This map indicates temperatures recorded early on January 26th, 1997, but an even more recent map -- updated every 6 hours -- is usually available. For ocean colors on the map, lighter shades of blue indicate warmer temperatures, while for the land, red hues indicate relative warmth. Just looking at the map one can see that summer warms Earth's southern hemisphere, while winter chills Earth's northern hemisphere. The key at the bottom lists temperatures in degrees Centigrade that can be easily converted to degrees Fahrenheit.
Authors & editors:
NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA/ GSFC
&: Michigan Tech. U. |
An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), sometimes referred to as polar lights, northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in the Earth's sky, predominantly seen in the high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic).
Auroras are produced when the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind that the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma, mainly in the form of electrons and protons, precipitate them into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere) due to Earth's magnetic field, where their energy is lost.
The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emits light of varying color and complexity. The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles. Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere. Proton auroras are usually observed at lower latitudes. |
City of Philadelphia quadruples recycling rate in just four years
The process to increase the city's recycling rate was a long series of trial and error. The area's first recycling program required residents to separate their recyclables - cans in one container, glass in another bin and so on. This extra work discouraged many residents, so the city rolled out its own single-stream recycling initiative which allowed them to put all of these materials, as well as cardboard and plastic. However, the biggest boost from the recycling program has to be the added revenue that the properly disposed waste has generated.
"We're at an all time high of $65 a ton for recycling for the city of Philadelphia. That is phenomenal," Carlton Williams, deputy commissioner of the Streets Department, told the news source. "We're paying $66.50 a ton when we're throwing things away as trash."
What sets Philadelphia apart from other urban areas is the city's SWEEP (Streets Walkways Education and Enforcement Program) program. This group puts city employees to work roaming the streets to help streamline the recycling process and hand out warnings and tickets to residents who aren't doing their part. This extra incentive has worked wonders to increase Philadelphia's recycling rate, and it has helped put people back to work as well. |
Why Do So Many Countries Celebrate Labour Day in May?
For most of the world outside of the United States, Labour Day — a slightly different spelling than we’re accustomed to in the U.S. — takes place on May 1 every year, not during the first weekend of September. Some other countries also call it May Day or International Workers' Day, but the celebration commemorates the same concept. Every May 1, people around the world celebrate with political demonstrations, often organized by labor unions and socialist groups, to honor the working class and the struggles they’ve undergone to achieve today's labor rights and push for improvements in workers' rights. But how did the holiday get its start, and what’s the significance of May? As it turns out, Labour Day is multifaceted in meaning and represents some vital history.
The Early Days of Workers’ Rights in Australia Inspired the Holiday
Before the 19th century, nothing that we’d think of today as workers' rights actually existed. Toiling for a grueling 14 or even 16 hours a day was the norm. It wasn't until the early 1830s that the first labor unions were formed in Australia. These were associations of skilled laborers: shearers, stonemasons, cabinet-makers, shipwrights and plasterers. Much like today, wealthy employers and the government were against early labor unions.
However, these groups still fought for better working conditions by striking and demanding shorter working hours for each day. In 1844, they initiated the Early Closing Movement, in which they fought to reduce the length of the workday from 14 to 12 hours.
It was, in part, the circumstances in Australia at the time that helped with labor unions' early success. In the late 1700s, Australia’s workforce was primarily made up of convict laborers arriving from England. By 1840, transportation of convicts to the New South Wales colony came to a halt, and by 1847, the Anti-Transportation League — a group that was against the relocation of convicted criminals from Britain to the Australian colony — had formed. Just a few years later in 1852, they successfully ended convict transportation to Australia's east coast.
With no new forced laborers arriving, and with other residents venturing to North America to participate in the gold rushes there, the New South Wales colony faced labor shortages throughout the 1850s. Additionally, many laborers left to work in Australia’s own then-recently opened goldfields. This demand for labor gave workers and unions more bargaining advantage as they fought for shorter hours and better working conditions.
On April 21, 1856, Melbourne stonemasons walked off their jobs and went on strike after their employers refused to listen to their demands for fewer working hours each day. The employers had no choice but to negotiate, eventually leading to an agreement. The stonemasons achieved what they were fighting for: an eight-hour-maximum workday.
The Haymarket Affair in Chicago Built More Momentum
Despite the victories of the stonemasons in Melbourne, the struggle for workers' rights continued around the world for many years. In the 19th century, working conditions in the United States were so horrific that writers like Upton Sinclair and Jack London wrote novels bringing attention to the abysmal working conditions of laborers. It was not uncommon that they worked up to 16 hours a day in unsafe conditions.
While workers began to put up a fight for shorter working hours by the 1860s, it wasn't until two decades later that labor unions began specifically demanding an eight-hour workday. Their employers wouldn’t budge, so laborers took it upon themselves to make the change. May 1, 1886, was the day the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions decided the eight-hour workday would go into effect and become the standard for all laborers.
By way of union organizing, a general strike involving hundreds of thousands of laborers rallied and protested across the U.S. In Chicago alone, as many as 40,000 workers took to the streets, walking out on their jobs to join marches. While most of the protesting was peaceful, by May 3, violence had begun to erupt when some workers surrounded strikebreakers trying to leave a factory. This led police to fire shots into the crowd, killing several people.
Labor activists and union workers held a rally in Haymarket Square on May 4 to express their outrage. Again, the demonstration began peacefully but later escalated to violence while a British socialist named Samuel Fielden was speaking. As police tried to break up the crowd, someone lobbed a homemade bomb at them. One officer died immediately, and six others were mortally wounded. Gunfire between police and demonstrators ensued.
Multiple police officers and demonstrators died as a result of what became known as the Haymarket Affair or Haymarket Riot. An additional 60 police officers were hurt, along with dozens of demonstrators. The official number of demonstrators wounded is unknown, as many forewent medical treatment in fear of being arrested afterward for their participation in the riot.
How Did Labour Day Become an Official Holiday?
May 1 became the official International Workers' Day in 1889 during the first International Socialist Congress in Paris. Three years after the Haymarket Affair, this day was chosen in remembrance of the event between striking workers and police in Chicago.
As a result of violent protests continuing in subsequent years throughout the United States, the International Socialist Congress of 1904 declared that May Day would no longer be a workday. The group called on all trade unions and Social-Democratic Party organizations to demonstrate on May 1 until a maximum eight-hour workday became law.
This limit didn't officially come into practice for many workers until 1938, when President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act, requiring those who worked more than 40 hours per week to be paid overtime wages. It also established a minimum wage, youth employment standards and recordkeeping.
Workers' rights have never ceased to be a global issue, and workers’ voices will always deserve dignity. To reflect both workers’ progress and the continued need to fight for standards and fairness, much of the world still recognizes International Workers' Day, or Labour Day, on May 1.
Why Does the United States Celebrate Labor Day in September?
May 1 became the official date to commemorate workers internationally because that date honored a far-reaching strike that took place in the United States. Therefore, it may seem strange that the U.S. doesn't celebrate its Labor Day on May 1, instead marking it on the first Monday in September. But, there’s a reason for this.
Despite spurring progress for workers, the Haymarket Affair was difficult for many Americans to process because of the violent ways police officers handled the events that May. To complicate things further, public trials of eight "anarchist activists" followed the riot, and they were found guilty of murdering the police officer who died immediately when the bomb was thrown into the crowd that day. The judge sentenced seven of them to death, and one was given 15 years in jail. However, their supposed involvement in the bombing was never proven, thus making the Haymarket Affair a contentious event for Americans to memorialize.
As such, May 1 wasn’t seen as a time of celebration for many people in the U.S. even before it became the official international Labour Day. To try to minimize the chances of glorifying violence that happened during the Haymarket Affair, and to prevent further violence or sympathy with socialism, President Grover Cleveland established Labor Day in the United States as the first weekend in September in 1894.
Still, demonstrations continue to occur on May Day in the U.S., and countries around the world mark the occasion with a public holiday. Whether a country calls it Labour Day, Workers’ Day or another name, its purpose remains the same: to uplift workers, recognize their struggle and celebrate labor movements that strove tirelessly to secure basic human rights. |
There's been a lot of loose talk in the past couple days about a new Maunder Minimum that will save us from the consequences of our greenhouse gas emissions. Would that were true. Even if a new Maunder Minimum does happen, the radiative forcing by additional carbon dioxide will overwhelm the effects of a reduction in solar activity, even a prolonged and deep one.
A NASA image of the Maunder Minimum:
Andrew Rivkin writes about this latest deus ex machina here.
Dr. Doug Biesecker, the head of NOAA's sunspot team, has created a slideshow presentation here.
And Dr. Biesecker has written up a report "Predicting Solar Cycle 25" which goes into further detail.
An article about the case for a second Maunder Minimum, from The Economist, a source I generally find credible, is here.
Richard Black of the BBC also has an interesting take on the possibility of a Maunder Minimum II and its effects here.
The main issue is that even if a new Maunder Minimum does occur, it will offset only a small part of the radiative forcing of the additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Estimates of the reduction of solar radiation during the Maunder Minimum are on the order of 1 watt/square meter. But the radiative absorption by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is already almost 2 watts/square meter, and will be around 9 watts/square meter by 2100. A Maunder Minimum II would slow global warming slightly, but not stop it.
I hope Maunder Minimum II does take place. It would be helpful. And give us some breathing room for enacting reforms in energy consumption and protecting the environment in ways to slow down global warming further.
Unfortunately, our political and business history shows that even if a new Maunder Minimum takes place, we will squander the opportunity and declare the problem solved. Humanity has never faced the global warming problem squarely in the past, and I hardly expect it will do so now. And when the sun resumed its normal radiative output, global warming will quickly become catastrophic. |
Quiz playing is a wonderful way to increase your knowledge of English as a Second Language. Remember that all of our ESL quizzes have titles that are both friendly and technical at the same time… In the case of this quiz you might like to tell your friends about the “Can You Do It Quiz” but no doubt your teachers will talk about “Modal Auxiliary Verbs”. If you hear a technical term and you want to find a quiz about the subject then just look through the list of quiz titles until you find what you need.
This Quiz gives you more practice at making questions with what is known in English as modal auxiliary verbs ('can', 'must', 'may' etc.). Give the questions below a try and keep trying until you feel comfortable with the subject. Even if you don't always remember what modal auxiliary verbs are you can nonetheless get good at using them! |
(Redirected from Tutankhamen)pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, reigning from 1333-1324 B.C. He was the son of Amenhotep IV (also known as Akhenaton), who replaced the many Egyptian gods with one god, Aton, the sun god. Tutankhamun restored the old polytheistic pagan religion. His tomb was discovered intact by Howard Carter in 1922, still filled with gold, virtually untouched by looters.
King Tut died at a young age. |
Right-Wing Brains Are Different
A study at University College London in the UK has found that conservatives' brains have larger amygdalas than the brains of liberals. Amygdalas are responsible for fear and other "primitive" emotions. At the same time, conservatives' brains were also found to have a smaller anterior cingulate—the part of the brain responsible for courage and optimism. If the study is confirmed, it could give us the first medical explanation for why conservatives tend to be more receptive to threats of terrorism, for example, than liberals. And it may help to explain why conservatives like to plan based on the worst-case scenario, while liberals tend towards rosier outlooks. |
A group of Japanese researchers developed a prototype construction robot for disaster relief situations. This prototype has drastically improved operability and mobility compared to conventional construction machines.
As part of the Impulsing Paradigm Challenge through Disruptive Technologies Program (ImPACT)'s Tough Robotics Challenge Program, a group of research leaders at Osaka University, Kobe University, Tohoku University, The University of Tokyo, and Tokyo Institute of Technology developed construction robots for disaster relief in order to solve various challenges of conventional construction machines used in such situations. Using a prototype machine with elemental technologies under development, verification tests were performed on places that represented disaster sites, and a certain level of performance was confirmed. This prototype looks like an ordinary hydraulic excavator, but, specifically, has the following elemental technologies:
- Quickly and stably controlling heavy power machines with high inertia by achieving target values regarding location and speed through fine tuning and by controlling pressures on a cylinder at high speeds.
- Estimating external load of multiple degree of freedom (DOF) hydraulically-driven robot from oil pressure of each hydraulic cylinder. The estimated force will be used for force control or force feedback to the operator of tele-operated rescue robots.
- Measuring high frequency vibration by a force sensor installed at the forearm of the robot and giving the operator vibrotactile feedback.
- Flying a multi-rotor unmanned aircraft vehicle UAV ("drone") to the place of the operator's choice and obtaining image information. Long flights and pin-point landing of the drone are available due to power supply through electric lines and a power-feeding helipad for tethering the drone.
- Presenting the operator images of an overhead view from an arbitrary place by using 4 fish-eye cameras mounted on the robot in real time so that the operator can assess the area surrounding the robot.
- Using a far-infrared ray camera capable of viewing with long-wavelength light so that the operator can operate the robot while assessing the situation even under bad weather conditions like fog.
In addition to the above-mentioned technologies, this group is developing several useful elemental technologies and making efforts to improve their technical performance. They are also developing new robots with a double rotation mechanism and double arms with the purpose of achieving higher operability and terrain adaptability.
Story Source: Materials provided by Scienmag |
More than half a century ago Aldo Leopold wrote of learning to think like a mountain. He claimed that this was essential to behaving ecologically. But how does a mountain think? Leopold provides one significant clue. He relates the story of seeing the dying “green fire” in the eyes of a wolf mother he shot. He tells us that a mountain must live in fear of its deer herd, for without predators the deer will eat her bare and the rains will strip her of soil.
Let’s follow Leopold’s trail and see where it takes us. His wolf story reminds me of another my friend tells about Yellowstone National Park: when wolves were reintroduced, they lowered the temperature of the water in many of the streams and rivers. How could this be?
In the absence of large predators, ungulates (elk, moose, deer etc.) were unafraid and spent most of their days lolling and grazing along the watercourses. They soon overgrazed the willows and other riparian growth, exposing the riverbanks to flood-damage and erosion, and stripping the water of all shade. The rivers got hotter, less stable, and full of silt. This lowered oxygen levels and clogged the clear gravel beds that trout need to thrive.
The wolves quickly put an end to that. Grazing animals quickly relearned to stay in the open uplands in tight groups where they could protect their young and weak members, coming to the streams only to drink. The grasses, willows, and cottonwoods rebounded, holding stream banks together and shading the water. Water flowed clear, cold and oxygenated—ideal trout habitat once again. Without the wolves the whole system had started to fray, like a sweater snagged on a nail.
Perhaps this is how a mountain thinks: all parts of the community are necessary, all provide essential services and restraints. The interconnections and exchanges are primary and the elements (individual animals and plants) are secondary. The whole (mountain or watershed) is the smallest unit of thought. |
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL, OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND HYGIENE CONSULTANTS
When Does Asbestos Become a Health Risk?
Asbestos was a commonly used building material between the 1940s and the 1980s. It features durability, fire resistance and good insulation properties—properties that made the material an industry favourite.
Despite the assets, however, the government banned the use of asbestos in 2003. This is because of both scientific and medical evidence of the material’s potential to become a carcinogen.
Asbestos Is Not Automatically Dangerous
There’s no need to panic if you find out that asbestos was a major material used to build the commercial property that you run or in the house that you live in. As long as the material remains undamaged and in good condition, it will not be harmful to you and the other inhabitants of the area.
It Becomes a Health Risk When Disturbed
Asbestos becomes a health risk when the material is disturbed. Disturbance, often because of repairs and renovations, may release asbestos fibres into the air and cause an asbestos-related illness to develop.
Airborne fibres could trigger an illness when you inhale them into the lungs—frequently and in high concentrations. Your body’s natural defence system will cough the fibres out, but some of it could remain in your lungs. These fibres accumulate in your lungs for years, so related illnesses might not emerge until a decade after.
Asbestos-related illnesses include asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma. Occasional exposure to the banned building material does not always lead to the potentially fatal diseases. Nevertheless, it’s best to have your property checked for traces of damaged asbestos material.
This is where we come in. Our fully qualified asbestos removal team in Perth provides integrated asbestos risk management solutions. They deal with asbestos-containing materials and make sure that the material does not harm you.
Call our team for a safe and convenient way of getting rid of asbestos in your property. |
World Water Day
World Water Day is marked on March 22 every year. It’s a day to celebrate water. It’s a day to make a difference for the members of the global population who suffer from water related issues. It’s a day to prepare for how we manage water in the future. Each year, UN-Water provides resources to inspire celebrations for World Water Day. |
Where “Wood” We Be Without Trees? Join us in Celebrating the International Year of the Forest!
Think of all of the beautiful forests and trees in Great Britain. Then think of a world without them!
From Sherwood Forest to the Royal Oak, from the Fortingall Yew to the Caledonian forest, trees and forests are a huge part of the culture of Britain. They are cherished historical landmarks and living monuments. All over the world, trees and forests provide shade, places to climb, and beautiful vistas when we’re enjoying the outdoors. They provide habitats for birds, animals, insects and even humans. But all over the world, forests are under increasing threat.
Losing our forests would be a catastrophe – not just for the environment, but for our health. One study recently found that living near trees makes people live longer and feel happier. According to the lead researcher of the study, living close to parks and other green spaces is “essential to our physical, psychological and social well-being.”
Trees not only connect us with everything we love about nature; they are also used in all aspects of our lives – providing materials for our houses, wood for our furniture, pulp for our paper, and medicines for our health.
Crucially, forests also play a key role in regulating the climate. Since emissions from deforestation are responsible for up to one fifth of greenhouse gases, safeguarding forests throughout the world is critical in our fight against global warming.
We depend on trees and forests for so much. But throughout the world, trees and forests are under severe threat. According to the WWF-UK, since 1950, the world has lost half of all its natural forests.
All around the world, forests are being cut down faster than they’re being re-planted. Worse yet, many ecologically diverse forests that used to host hundreds if not thousands of plant and tree species are being replaced by single-species plantations. These plantations frequently do not offer the broad array of habitats, nutrients and shelter that are needed to support advanced ecosystems.
To help raise awareness of these issues, the United Nations has made 2011 the International Year of Forests. By taking this action, the UN is focusing on sustainable management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests.
People’s Postcode Lottery is proud to partner with organisations that are working hard to protect our precious forests and trees. By playing the Lottery, you are supporting the far-reaching conservation efforts of these fantastic charities:
- Scottish Wildlife Trust
- Northumberland Wildlife Trust
- Yorkshire Dales Millennium Trust
- Woodland Trust Scotland
- WWF Scotland
- Yorkshire Wildlife Trust
To date, People’s Postcode Lottery has donated more than £11 million to our charity partners. Thanks to all of our players for making this achievement possible! |
These are the bands that farmers should like
Updated: Nov 10, 2018
In an earlier article I explained that remote sensing – within the context of earth observations – is the practice of deriving information about the earth’s land and water surfaces from afar. In most cases information is obtained by studying, interpreting and analyzing photographs (images) acquired from an overhead perspective.
Typically, fancy cameras (called passive sensors) are mounted on satellites, airplanes or drones to record sunlight (electromagnetic radiation) reflected or emitted from the earth’s surface. Most of these sensors are capable of capturing blue, green and red (RGB) light, mainly because different mixtures and intensities of these so-called primary colors can be used to represent all the (secondary and tertiary) colors in the rainbow (see diagram below).
Many of the sensors used in remote sensing are also sensitive to “colors” or regions (called bands!) in the electromagnetic spectrum that are not visible to humans. A good example of such a band is infrared – the same light transmitted by many remote control devices.
As with visible light, infrared radiation is subdivided into three primary regions, namely near-, mid- and far-infrared. Here the adjectives describe the similarity of the wavelengths to those in the visible spectrum. Near-infrared (NIR) radiation has slightly longer wavelengths than visible light, while the wavelengths of far-infrared radiation is much longer than visible light.
Being able to record infrared radiation is very useful for earth observations as many objects on the earth’s surface have similar colors (i.e. have similar absorption properties in the visible spectrum), but reflect infrared radiation differently.
For instance, a tennis court and a grass soccer (football) pitch are both green, but a paved tennis court would typically reflect less NIR radiation than a soccer pitch (because vegetation strongly reflects NIR radiation). Such differences help to discriminate between objects on the earth’s surface, which is integral to image interpretation and classification. NIR is my favorite band by far! (Although U2 is also pretty good!)
Mid-infrared wavelengths – also called short-wave infrared (SWIR) to confuse you – are useful for studying differences in moisture, because such radiation is strongly absorbed by water. Being able to quantify differences in moisture is, of course, very useful in agriculture as it can help to schedule irrigation and identify areas within fields that are waterlogged. The infographic below shows how the combination of the red and NIR bands (top row) can differentiate growth vigor within vineyards, whereas the combination of NIR and SWIR bands (bottom row) emphasize differences in moisture.
Far-infrared radiation is almost entirely absorbed by the earth’s surface. As such much of it is emitted in the form of heat, or thermal energy, rather than being reflected by objects on the earth’s surface (as with shorter wavelengths). Imagery with thermal infrared bands are generally less common than those with visible, near- and mid-infrared bands because thermal sensors require cooling systems and insulation to reduce the impact of ambient temperatures on recordings. It is a pity, because such imagery is very useful to monitor land surface temperatures (LST) or to model processes such as the amount of water used by plants (evapotranspiration).
Most cameras affixed to drones – or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) –
only record images in the RGB part of the electromagnetic spectrum. They thus have limited value for agricultural applications. Some of the more advanced (expensive) drone sensors can also record reflectance in the NIR spectrum, which is of much more value as it can be used to study vegetation vigor and health. Very few drone sensors are capable of recording SWIR or mid-infrared radiation, simply because these sensors are typically are big and heavy. Although some drones can carry bigger payloads, the high cost of SWIR sensors is also a limiting factor.
Similarly, many satellite sensors (e.g. SPOT 6/7, RapidEye, GeoEye) only record in the visible and NIR parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Notable exceptions are the latest WorldView, Landsat and Sentinel-2 sensors, which have several NIR and SWIR bands. Of course, the spatial resolution (smallest objects that can be detected) of satellite sensors is generally much lower than what a drone can provide, but that is a topic for a different article.
To conclude, various electromagnetic bands are used in remote sensing and each of these are useful to highlight certain characteristics of the things on the earth’s surface that we are studying. For agricultural purposes, the minimum requirement for a sensor is that it be capable of recording RGB (visible) and NIR radiation. So next time someone wants to sell you imagery, ask them whether it includes the NIR band. Preferably it should also include a SWIR band, depending on the purpose of the imagery.
This article was originally published on www.remotesensing.blog, which is devoted to articles about the use of remote sensing and other geospatial technologies for agricultural and related applications.
See related posts: |
|Niche||Herbivorous browsing deer|
|Height||4.6 – 6.9 ft (1.4 – 2.1 m) at the shoulder|
|Antler Span||3.9 – 6.9 ft (1.2 – 2.1 m)|
|Weight||838 – 1808 lb (380 – 820 kg)|
|Lifespan||15 – 25 years|
|Conservation Status||Least Concern|
|Preferred Habitat||Boreal forests with lakes or streams|
|Average Number of Offspring||1|
|Main Food Item||Tree shoots, leaves, bark & aquatic plants|
|Predators||Siberian tigers, wolves, bears, humans|
The moose is a species of deer native to boreal forests across Canada, the United States, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe and Russia. It is the largest living species in the deer family. Male adult moose, or bulls, are characterized by their broad and flat palmate antlers, which differ to the twig-like dendritic antlers of most members of the deer family. Bulls shed their antlers each autumn after the mating season and grow a new pair the following spring in preparation for mating once again.
There are 9 recognized subspecies of moose, which each exhibit different distributions and physical features such as size, pelage colour and antler morphology. The largest subspecies in North America is the Alaskan moose, whilst the smallest subspecies is the Shiras’ moose, also known as the Yellowstone moose. In general, moose are larger at higher latitudes where it is colder and are smaller at lower latitudes where it is warmer.
Moose are well-adapted to living in cold climates thanks to their thick skin and double-layered fur, which consists of a soft woolly undercoat plus a top layer of long guard hairs. These guard hairs are hollow and trap air inside, thus providing extra insulation. The large size of moose also means they have a low surface area to volume ratio, which is another adaptation to reduce heat loss.
Whilst moose thrive in their cold boreal habitat as a result of these adaptations, they are not particularly tolerant of warm weather. In order to cool themselves down in the summer months, moose seek out shade or cool breezes and immerse themselves in the cold waters of lakes or ponds. Heat stress caused by high temperatures reduces the foraging activity of moose, leading to reduced weight, which in turn increases the risk of disease and hypothermia in winter, as well as causing a decline in pregnancy rates.
Behavior and Ecology
Moose are browsing herbivores and feed on a wide variety of plants and fruits. Unlike grazers, these animals prefer non-grasses and tend to eat the leaves, soft shoots and fruits of high-growing woody plants. Although moose are generalists, they show a preference for the new growths of deciduous trees with a high sugar content including white birch, aspen and willow. Moose also commonly feed on aquatic plants including lilies and pondweed.
Moose are solitary animals and rarely gather in groups outside of the mating season, which occurs in September and October. During this time, which is known as the rut, mature bulls stop feeding completely for two weeks, perhaps as a byproduct of hormonal changes related to scent-urinating or other rutting behaviors. Bulls are polygamous, so seek to mate with several females, or cows, during a single mating season, which creates competition between males for access to females. When this occurs, two males assess each other’s dominance based on their antlers and body size and one may retreat. However, these encounters can escalate into physical fights using their antlers if neither retreats.
Cows usually give birth to a single calf weighing around 30 pounds (13.6 kg) following an eight-month gestation period. However, twins can occur if food is plentiful and the prevalence of twins in populations with good nutrition can be as high as 40%. Newborn moose have brown fur like their parents but with a red tint, which fades away as they mature. Calves develop quickly and are able to outrun a human at only 5 days old. They stay with their mothers for around one year until the next mating season, at which point they leave to begin their solitary lifestyle.
Moose have a number of natural predators, which differ across their extensive range. For example, the Siberian tiger regularly preys on adult moose in the Russian Far East. In North America and Eurasia, both gray wolf packs and brown bears pose a threat to adults, particularly to cows with calves. Amercian black bears and cougars also prey on newborn calves in May and June across North America. Furthermore, moose are sometimes hunted by killer whales when swimming between islands off North America’s northwest coast.
Fun Facts about Moose
From their huge antlers to their surprising swimming ability, moose adaptations demonstrate a number of interesting biological concepts.
In the polygamous moose mating system, males seek to mate with multiple females during the rut. However, females themselves mate with very few males and as a result are choosy about who they mate with. Females prefer to mate with dominant males and use physical cues such as antler size to assess the relative dominance of different males.
Antlers are honest indicators of male health because they are both costly to produce and to carry around, thus a male with big antlers must be relatively fit and healthy in order to successfully survive despite the handicap they impose. Another example of an honest indicator of male health is the peacock’s tail, which significantly handicaps the male’s ability to fly and is also costly to produce. Thus, peacocks with long tails must be relatively healthy in order to survive with such an appendage.
Moose are excellent swimmers despite their bulk and have been known to swim several miles at a time. They are able to stay afloat when swimming thanks in part to the air trapped inside their hollow guard hairs, which aids buoyancy. Moose are the only species of deer than can feed underwater and are capable of diving over 18 feet (5.5 meters) deep to reach plants on the bottom of lakes. In order to successfully forage in this way, moose can hold their breath underwater for 30 seconds and have evolved special fatty pads and muscles in their nose that close the nostrils when water pressure is high.
But moose are not the only land mammal that have adapted to take advantage of aquatic resources. Elephants are also accomplished swimmers and can cover distances up to 31 miles (50 km). In fact, it has even been hypothesised that the elephant’s trunk first evolved as a snorkel. Similarly, sloths and tigers are both regular swimmers, using waterways to move between islands in mangrove forests, with sloths actually moving faster in water than on land.
Both male and female moose have a long fold of skin under the chin called a dewlap or bell. Although the evolutionary function of this feature is unknown, it has been suggested that it might play a role in sexual selection, as is the case for lizards and birds. In these animals, males often have larger dewlaps than females and use them in their sexual displays to attract a mate. Similarly, it has been hypothesised that the dewlaps of male moose might serve as a visual or olfactory signal to females, or as a dominance signal to intimidate other males, like antlers do. |
What is a Steamfitter?
Does a Steamfitter fit steam, and if so how does he do it? What kind of a trade is Steamfitting? The general public does not know what a Steamfitter does or what his value is in the big scheme of things. Steamfitters provide a service that is not what you’d call mainstream, but is necessary for everyone to be able to turn on a light switch, start a car, ride the subway, consume food at a restaurant, or travel by train or plane. So why doesn’t everyone know what Steamfitters do for a living?
Steamfitter-Pipefitter (or Pipefitter) is a Red Seal trade. Steamfitters work on everything from nuclear power plants to refineries to power generating stations and manufacturing plants for every type of material you can imagine. Everyone thinks that steam was used in the old days for steamships and locomotives and has gone by the wayside. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Steam is used to produce the energy required to manufacture almost every consumer product and service made in North America and around the world. Steam power is used to process raw materials into steel, aluminum and all kinds of metal products. The list is endless.
To give you a sense of what happens when water turns to steam, take a pound of water (one full Pepsi can) and heat it over 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The pound of water will instantly change to steam the size of two 15 cubic foot freezers. This kind of transformation creates huge a huge amount of energy which is used to power the world of industry in so many areas, it is impossible to list them all. Steamfitters “fit” pipe and equipment for steam that drives processing of the world’s resources.
Next time you turn on a light switch (powered by steam); pull on your clothes (made from synthetics derived by breaking down oil products with steam); make your breakfast (using a toaster that was made from a breaking down raw steel with steam); get in your car to drive to work (which was made from raw materials processed with steam); fuel up at the pump (with gas made from oil products broken down by steam); work on your computer (which has many components that were manufactured through the use of steam); go home to a nice warm house (fueled by products that were derived from oil from steam); and, then get in your bed for a good night’s sleep (made with a foam mattress that was built from oil products refined by steam) just remember that Steamfitters have played an essential role in your everyday life. With this in mind, people should know that Steamfitters are important in the big scheme of things and should be respected for what they do and for the skills they bring to keep Canada moving. |
Don’t be alarmed—but something’s hiding in your food. From the cereal you had for breakfast to the dressing on your salad to the ketchup on your fries, an addictive substance is lurking in many foods that you’d never suspect.
Far more loathed than fat or cholesterol these days, sugar has become public enemy No. 1 when it comes to the health of America. In fact, in our effort to listen to doctors’ orders (and government guidelines) to consume less fat and less cholesterol, Americans turned to “healthy” low-fat foods that were actually loaded with sugar.
In its recent report, the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee cited sugar as one of our biggest health concerns and recommended that sugar make up 10 percent or fewer of our daily calorie intake. The American Heart Association recommends that no more than half of your daily discretionary calories comes from added sugars (about 6 teaspoons or 100 calories for women, and 9 teaspoons or 150 calories for men). But we’re eating way more of the sweet stuff than that: The CDC reports that the average American eats between 13 and 20 teaspoons of added sugar a day (around 230 calories for women, and 335 for men).
In its natural state, sugar is a relatively harmless—even necessary—carbohydrate that our bodies need to function. It’s found in fruits, vegetables, and dairy as a compound known as fructose or lactose. The problem comes when sugar is added to foods during processing for added flavor, texture, or color. This is more common than you may realize—you don’t have to be in the candy aisle to be surrounded by added sugar.
Eating too many of these empty calories has many health effects, the most obvious being major weight gain. Added sugar drives your insulin levels up, messes with your metabolism, and causes those calories to turn right into belly fat. And while losing weight is well and good, that’s just the beginning of the health benefits of cutting back on the sweet stuff. Below are 21 more legit reasons—besides fitting into skinny jeans—to tame that sweet tooth for good.
1. IT CAN LOWER YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE…
Obesity, one of the main consequences of excessive added sugar intake, is a major risk factor for high blood pressure. New research shows that added dietary sugars—independent from weight gain—can also raise blood pressure. And this is no small thing: High blood pressure increases the workload of the heart and arteries and can cause damage over time to the whole circulatory system. Eventually, this can lead to heart disease, heart attacks, stroke, kidney damage, artery disease, and other serious coronary conditions.
What’s more: People who have diets where at least 25 percent of the calories came from added sugar are twice as likely to die from cardiovascular disease than those who have diets where added sugars make up less than 10 percent of the food they eat .
2. …AS WELL AS YOUR BAD CHOLESTEROL
People who consume a lot of added sugar are more likely to have lower levels of HDL, or good cholesterol, higher levels of LDL, or bad cholesterol, and higher levels of triglycerides, or blood fats. Bad cholesterol and blood fats clog up arteries and blood vessels, leading to heart disease.
3. IT DECREASES YOUR HEART ATTACK RISK
People with higher added sugar intakes had a notable increase in risk of heart attacks compared to those with lower intakes, one recent study found . One simple swap to cut your risk: Ditch the soda. One study found that sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. “For every extra soda or sugary drink you consume, you may raise your risk of heart disease by up to 25 percent,” says Darria Long Gillespie, M.D., a board-certified emergency physician at Emory University Hospital.
4. IT KEEPS YOUR BRAIN SHARP
You may have been warned that sweets can eat away at teeth enamel, but what’s even scarier is that sugar can eat away at your brain power too. Research shows that eating too much sugar can cause impair cognitive function and reduce proteins that are necessary for memory and responsiveness. In one particular study, rats who were fed sugar were slower and showed less synaptic activity in their brains than those in the control group. “A high intake of sugar is assocaited with metabolic syndrome, a cluster a conditions associated not just with decreased cognitive function, but possibly even with changes to brain structure,” Long Gillespie says.
5. YOU’LL BE LESS LIKELY TO HAVE ALZHEIMER’S AND DEMENTIA…
A diet high in added sugar reduces the production of a chemical known as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which helps the brain form new memories and remember the past. Levels of BDNF are particularly low in people with an impaired glucose metabolism (diabetics and pre-diabetics) and low BDNF has been linked to dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
6. …AND DEPRESSION
In one study, older adults who drank more than four servings of soda per day were 30 percent more likely to be diagnosed with depression than people who drank unsweetened water, coffee, or tea.
In order to function properly, the brain depends on a steady supply of chemicals like glucose and insulin. When glucose (another name for sugar) enters the body, insulin opens cell doors to allow it into the cells. However, when your brain experiences continuous sugar spikes (from your breakfast of Lucky Charms to your post-dinner ice cream sandwich), insulin becomes more immune to its effects and therefore less effective. This in turn leads to depression and anxiety.
7. YOU’LL BREAK YOUR ADDICTION TO SWEET STUFF
Research shows that animals that “binge” on excessive amounts of sugar develop symptoms of physical addiction and signs of withdrawal. What’s happening: Dopamine, the brain’s feel-good neurotransmitters, are released during sugar absorption (we’ve all experienced that post-birthday-cake euphoria). The problem is that eating too much sugar shuts down healthy dopamine signaling, meaning it takes more and more sugar to fire off those pleasure signals. In one study, the sight of a milkshake activated the same neurological reward centers as cocaine among people with addictive eating habits. Turns out, drugs aren’t the only substance you need to say “no” to.
8. IT WILL KEEP YOUR SKIN LOOKING YOUNG…
And now for the appeal to your vanity: A lifetime of eating too much added sugar can make skin dull and wrinkled. This is due to a process called glycation, where the sugar in your bloodstream attaches to proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs— an appropriate name for what they do!). AGEs damage collagen and elastin, the protein fibers that keep skin firm and elastic, and that damage leads to skin wrinkles and sagging. They also deactivate your body’s natural antioxidant enzymes, leaving you more vulnerable to sun damage. “In this case, you truly are what you eat—it shows on your skin,” Long Gillespie says.
9. …AND CLEAR
Sugary foods with a high glycemic index have been found to have an effect on the severity of acne because of the hormonal fluctuations they trigger. “Inflammation caused by excess sugar intake has been linked to other skin conditions as well, like psoriasis,” says Marisa Moore, R.D., an adjunct professor at Georgia State University.
10. IT WILL LOWER YOUR RISK OF DIABETES
Research shows that drinking one to two (or more) sugary drinks per day increases the chance of developing Type 2 diabetes by 26 percent. Because of the high insulin resistance caused by excess sugar intake, fructose, glucose, and other forms of sugar can’t get into the cells and become “stuck” in the bloodstream. This high blood sugar leads to pre-diabetes and eventually the threat of actual diabetes.
11. IT CAN HELP PREVENT FATTY LIVER DISEASE
Research suggests a diet high in added sugar can exacerbate fatty liver disease. Never heard of fatty liver disease? You’re not alone, but it’s actually one of the most common diseases in America, says Mark Hyman, M.D., founder of the Ultra Wellness Center and chairman of the Institute for Functional Medicine. Basically, that spike in insulin caused by sugar also drives fat into the liver cells, causing inflammation and scarring. This disease is a major risk factor for diabetes, heart attacks, and even cancer.
12. IT CAN HELP REDUCE YOUR RISK OF CERTAIN CANCERS
Though studies are not completely conclusive, some research suggests that excessive added dietary sugar is correlated with higher levels of certain cancers, such as pancreatic cancer.
Read nine more reasons to reduce sugar in your diet. |
Monday, July 4th, is Independence Day, the 235th birthday of the Declaration of Independence by the 13 North American colonies that eventually formed the United States of America. Odum Library celebrates the holiday by closing at midnight Sunday, July 3rd, to reopen at 7:45 am Tuesday, July 5th. These hours include the Internet Café.
In honor of the holiday, we feature sites (including the online exhibit linked above from the National Archives and Records Administration) for federal government resources for the holiday:
Learn about the history and proper caretaking of the U.S. flag, popularly known as the “Stars and Stripes.â€
Where did your holiday food originate? Hamburgers and beef hot dogs probably came from Texas, but if it’s chicken or corn on the cob, there’s a good chance it grew up in Georgia! Enjoy these and other fun facts about July 4th provided by the U.S. Census Bureau to our nation’s estimated population of 311.7 million people. |
According to ACA president and CEO Todd Zimmerling a total of 11 water bodies will be taken off the fish stocking program due to the potential they may be infected with Whirling disease.
Still there are an additional 50 water bodies that have not been affected so plans to stock them are moving forward. A total of 70,000 trout will be introduced to these ponds
Video Interview with Todd Zimmerling
Whirling disease in Oldman watershed & Waterton National Park
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has declared the Oldman River watershed infected with whirling disease.
The declaration covers all streams, creeks, lakes and rivers feeding into the Oldman River, including those in Waterton Lakes National Park. The affected zone ends at the confluence of the Oldman River and South Saskatchewan River.
Areas in Alberta outside the Bow River and Oldman River watersheds were previously declared as a buffer area and are not affected by today’s declaration.
Whirling disease action plan
The CFIA’s announcement follows a declaration of infection in the Bow River watershed in February. New detections of whirling disease from ongoing sampling and testing should not be taken as evidence the disease is spreading.
The province is continuing to stress the importance of steps to prevent the spread of whirling disease and aquatic invasive species. All motorized boats should have drain plugs pulled while in transportation. Bait fish should not be released.
Alberta’s whirling disease action plan is focused on three pillars:
- Detection and Delineation: Working with the CFIA to determine the full extent of whirling disease. A whirling disease committee has also been established to address the long-term management of the disease.
- Education: Public engagement, work with stakeholders and posting of educational materials to prevent the spread of whirling disease. This includes the province’s Clean, Drain, Dry public awareness campaign.
- Mitigation: To receive CFIA permits to stock fish from the infected area to locations outside of the infected zone, all Class A fish farms and provincial aquaculture facilities must implement approved biosecurity protocols and test negative for whirling disease.
There are currently no plans to make changes to fishing regulations in the Oldman River basin.
- The CFIA first confirmed the presence of whirling disease in the upper Bow River in September 2016.
- Impacts vary between fish species and different water bodies.
- In Alberta, rainbow, westslope cutthroat and brook trout, as well as mountain whitefish, are most susceptible to the disease.
Affected fish may show no symptoms or exhibit any of the following signs:
- whirling swimming pattern
- skeletal deformities of the body or head; for example, shortening of the mandible, sloped forehead and crooked spine
- tail may appear dark or even black
- There are no human health concerns for people using the bodies of water that contain whirling disease; it is not harmful to humans. There are no health concerns for anglers ingesting fish that have contracted this disease.
- There are no treatment options for whirling disease. Responding to the disease involves determining where it exists and preventing its spread.
If you suspect a case of whirling disease, call 1-855-336-BOAT (2628). |
Like many others who go to conference talks and workshops, I too wanted to learn something new and be inspired when I attended Danny Norrington-Davies’s workshop at the recent ETp Live! conference held on the 20th June in Brighton.
However, some people say that one of the other reasons people attend conference talks and workshops is to demonstrate and reaffirm what they already know so as to feel more secure and better in themselves.
Danny successfully appeases these two seemingly contrasting needs of conference goers in his workshop, getting teachers to build upon our existing knowledge about grammar teaching and inspiring us to perhaps approach it in a different way.
He starts his session by weaving pedagogic grammar rules that are commonly found in coursebooks and grammar handbooks into a story, allowing teachers to simultaneously laugh at our rather nerdy industry in-jokes while demonstrating our pedagogic grammar knowledge.
Which grammar rules are these descriptions of?
- a longer past action interrupted by a shorter one
- when a prediction is based on strong evidence
- to add extra information about a noun
- when the doer is unknown or not important
If you said the past continuous, ‘going to’, relative clauses, and the passive voice, then perhaps you are just as familiar with the pedagogic descriptions in EFL coursebooks as the rest of the participants in Danny’s workshop. But how useful are such descriptions for our language learners? Aside from being abstract, hard to apply, they also often contradict the examples provided in the coursebook texts and activities.
These grammar rules are often qualified in some way:
- states or activities that happened in the past but not usually now (used to)
- aren’t usually used with the present continuous (state verbs)
This conveniently allows us teachers to explain away inconsistencies with the given rules as ‘exceptions’, resulting in our students thinking that English is just full of exceptions to the rules.
The fact is in the classroom, we often observe a clash between what we read about language and what proficient speakers and writers do with language. We find ourselves presenting rules that contradict what learners then notice in texts and activities.
Quoting Larsen-Freeman (2003), Danny explains:
“They (the rules) provide a modicum of security to language learners – they give them something to hold onto in the vast rush of noise that is the new language.”
But “Our learners are thinking human beings. Why not tap into their cognitive powers and help them engage with the language they encounter; help them cultivate an attitude of enquiry.”
At this stage of the workshop, Danny gives the participants a text with a set of questions that require thinking and inference from the given text. After processing the text for meaning, we are asked to suggest why ‘used to’ is employed in the text.
Here are some examples of the ‘rules’ that Danny’s students produced:
Jade is using ‘used to’ to describe something he did a lot before they got married.
Jade is using ‘got used to’ to describe strange before but now it’s normal for Jade.
The obvious benefit of getting one’s students to write their own grammar rules is that the grammar rule is personalized and therefore more meaningful and more memorable, but it also means that students start to notice the reasons behind language use in relation to the different contexts, instead of expecting a ‘one-size-fits-all’ grammar rule that can be applied to all contexts.
Note that in the above student-generated ‘rules/reasons’, the statements begin with ‘Jade is using xxx to…’ and not ‘One uses xxx to…’, thus tying the ‘rules/reasons’ to the context and the users rather than suggesting a blanket rule that can be applied to all contexts and users.
Supporting his argument, Danny shares the following quotes:
“Surely what the adult learner needs is not another set of grammar rules followed by manipulative slot and filler written exercises, but the opportunity to put into practice what he/she is in the process of learning.” Field, J. (2014)
“Contextualised practice is still controlled, but involved an attempt to encourage learners to relate form to meaning by showing how structures are used in real life situations.” Ellis, R. (2002:168)
“Learners should produce their own meanings rather than regurgitating or repeating something that they have been told.” Skehan (1998)
Danny then provides us with another example of a classroom activity, using Glen Campbell’s song ‘By the Time I Get to Phoenix’, which accumulates in the participants discussing the reasons for the use of ‘will + verb + -ing’ in the song, before being tasked with making up a 4th verse for the song.
But whether the text chosen is in the form of a reading from a coursebook, or a song on YouTube, the standard procedure is as follows:
- Engage students in the topic
- Process the text of meaning
- Identify the speaker/writer and the genre
- Encourage students to notice the language
- Students create rule (or reasons) from the stem “the writer/speaker is using xxx to…”
- Students re-create the text (summarise, reconstruct, replicate, reimagine, transpose)
- Students record the description with the text
While this may be a significantly different way of ‘teaching grammar’ in the classroom, such tasks are not radically different from the ones we are used to and requires only a slight shift in attitude and outlook to empower students in a way that perhaps classic descriptions of grammar rules have never been able to.
An inspirational workshop that not only had the audience thinking and reflecting, but also provided useful tools for us to try out and implement in our language classrooms, Danny built upon our existing pedagogic knowledge and then went on to teach us new things and inspire us to take action.
The perfect conference workshop.
Ellis, R. (2002) Grammar teaching – practice or consciousness-raising. In Richards & Renandya (eds) Methodology in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Field, J. (2014) ‘Doing versus knowing: coursebook material and the adult L2 listener’. MET 23/4. 17-21
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2003) From Grammar to Grammaring. Heinle.
Skehan, P. (1998) A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning. Oxford University Press.
Chia Suan Chong is a General English and Business English teacher and teacher trainer, with a degree in Communication Studies (Broadcast and Electronic Media) and an MA in Applied Linguistics and English Language Teaching from King’s College London.
Fascinated by the interplay between culture, language and thought, Chia is also an intercultural skills trainer and materials developer, and is now based in York.
She is also the voice of @ETprofessional on Twitter. You can find out more about her on her blogsite www.chiasuanchong.com |
Perhaps the most interesting part of EPA’s proposal – which is out for public comment now – is the fact that the agency has promulgated state-specific emissions reduction goals. The plan also affords states flexibility in how they meet the targets. Each state must come up with its own emissions reductions “roadmap” to submit to EPA by June 2016. There are, however, four building blocks that EPA has put forward as the foundation for these plans:
1) Make fossil fuel power plants more efficient
2) Use low-emitting power sources more
3) Use more zero- and low-emitting power sources (renewables and natural gas)
4) Use electricity more efficiently
In other words, a state with a significant coal fleet may develop a plan that centers around making its fleet more efficient through new equipment and technologies, combined with an increase in natural gas powered generation. Other states may look to establish or enhance renewable portfolio standards to increase reliance on renewable energy like wind, solar or geothermal.
In addition to creating opportunities for natural gas suppliers, renewable energy and related technologies; perhaps the greatest market opportunity is for companies specializing in energy efficiency products and services, given its relatively low cost to consumers and widespread availability. Energy efficiency also has the added benefit of a direct consumer impact, as saving energy can translate to lower electric bills, thus increasing disposable income.
California also has a lot to gain from these new rules. EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy has referenced California’s cap and trade system to which other states could potentially link to help cut emissions. These new rules could also be another boon for the fledgling battery storage industry, which got a major jumpstart with California’s recent mandate requiring investor owned utilities to purchase 1.3 gigawatts of energy storage by 2020. The many renewable energy and clean tech companies that call Silicon Valley home are clearly well positioned to sell into other markets across the country.
These draft rules are just the beginning. Now, we are off to the races, as EPA collects input and works to finalize the proposal. Of course, conversations are already ramping up with state regulators and policymakers about what types of energy sources, technologies, products and services should be included in state plans. How these conversations conclude is yet to be seen. |
Listening is one of the four basic language skills that we teach in our classes but, in many ways, listening to our learners is just as important.
In his article published in the January 2016 issue Peter Zoeftig argues that improving the way that we listen to what our learners say will enable us to gain deeper insights into their thought processes, giving us a clearer vision of their progress and their immediate needs, and indicating the direction in which our instruction should go.
Mandana Arfa-Kaboodvand spent some time listening to the experiences of teenagers and young adults who had started learning English at a very early age. She wanted to find out from the students’ point of view how useful early learning is and what impact it had on their achievements and attitudes to English.
Barbara Gesicka listened to her students’ opinions on how writing was taught in her school, and then revolutionised her approach by setting up a writing club. The opportunity to share their writing online and comment on each other’s work transformed the students’ attitudes and made them enthusiastic writers.
David Dodgson also made his students the starting point for his teaching, responding to their interest in video games by using these in class and setting up a club where students teach each other (and the teacher!) how to play popular games.
Edwina Ingrouille learnt lessons about being a student by becoming one herself. She joined a Greek course and discovered that understanding the teacher’s instructions can be the most challenging aspect of being in a language class.
The Scrapbook in this issue is on the theme of listening, and there is a downloadable worksheet to use with your students about being a good listener. |
The total number of days between Tuesday, October 21st, 1924 and Tuesday, April 5th, 2016 is 33,404 days.
This is equal to 91 years, 5 months, and 15 days.
This does not include the end date, so it's accurate if you're measuring your age in days, or the total days between the start and end date. But if you want the duration of an event that includes both the starting date and the ending date, then it would actually be 33,405 days.
If you're counting workdays or weekends, there are 23,860 weekdays and 9,544 weekend days.
If you include the end date of Apr 5, 2016 which is a Tuesday, then there would be 23,861 weekdays and 9,544 weekend days including both the starting Tuesday and the ending Tuesday.
33,404 days is equal to 4,772 weeks.
The total time span from 1924-10-21 to 2016-04-05 is 801,696 hours.
This is equivalent to 48,101,760 minutes.
You can also convert 33,404 days to 2,886,105,600 seconds.
October 21st, 1924 is a Tuesday. It is the 295th day of the year, and in the 43rd week of the year (assuming each week starts on a Sunday), or the 4th quarter of the year. There are 31 days in this month. 1924 is a leap year, so there are 366 days in this year. The short form for this date used in the United States is 10/21/1924.
April 5th, 2016 is a Tuesday. It is the 96th day of the year, and in the 15th week of the year (assuming each week starts on a Sunday), or the 2nd quarter of the year. There are 30 days in this month. 2016 is a leap year, so there are 366 days in this year. The short form for this date used in the United States is 4/5/2016.
This site provides an online date calculator to help you find the difference in the number of days between any two calendar dates. Simply enter the start and end date to calculate the duration of any event. You can also use this tool to determine how many days have passed since your birthday, or measure the amount of time until your baby's due date. The calculations use the Gregorian calendar, which was created in 1582 and later adopted in 1752 by Britain and the eastern part of what is now the United States. For best results, use dates after 1752 or verify any data if you are doing genealogy research. Historical calendars have many variations, including the ancient Roman calendar and the Julian calendar. Leap years are used to match the calendar year with the astronomical year. If you're trying to figure out the date that occurs in X days from today, switch to the Days From Now calculator instead.
This page was loaded in 0.0067 seconds. |
In this publication, we will analyze which are the financial needs to execute the work detailed below.
The work in question is a small civil job comprising the construction of 2 reinforced concrete bases of 10 m3 each.
To carry out this analysis, we draw a Gantt chart up showing each of the tasks to be performed during the construction period.
Then, we load in the Gantt the flow of funds that we need to execute the work.
In short, we draw up an approximate investment plan.
Once the investment plan has been drawn up, it is necessary to define the dates and amounts of the income to be received for advance of the work as payment for the work carried out.
The result between the two tables of values, investments or expenses, and payments or income (payback) determines the need for capital.
Therefore, the above gives us the cash flow of the project.
Financial Cost of the Works – Investment Plan
The figure shows:
- The monthly expenses necessary for the execution of the work.
- The income to be received:
We assume we receive payment 30 days after the monthly certification date.
For the sake of simplicity, we consider that the profit is constant and exceeds the expenses by 30%.
This example shows that the contractor must have its own funds for the first, second and third months.
If he does not have his own funds, he must finance them in order to be able to carry out the work.
Flow of Funds
For clarity, we summarize the data in a table showing the flow of funds required to construct work.
The need for money for the first three months of work generates the financial cost.
For full information read:
Financial Cost of the Works – Calculate Man Hours |
In 1905, Adolphe Stoclet commissioned an individual mansion in Brussels. Josef Hoffmann designed the house and its lawn, and the various artists and pals of the Wiener Werkstätte embellished all the rooms. The outcome was once a real synthesis of the humanities, an exquisitely discovered surroundings whose citizens might sparsely get dressed so to supplement their environment. Nevertheless it was once the contribution of Gustav Klimt that might grow to be the Stoclet Palace’s such a lot well-known element: a 3-section mosaic frieze for the eating room, which includes 15 separate elements inlaid with gold, teeth and semi-valuable stones. At the instance of the contemporary crowning glory of the frieze’s recovery–the one one among Klimt’s work of art that survived the aerial bombardments of International Struggle II–this e-newsletter examines Klimt’s strategies and compares his directions with the paintings’s execution. |
Mining in the Adirondacks was labor-intensive, dangerous work. More than 250 mines and ore processing sites have operated over time in the region, extracting eleven different minerals. Ores from the Adirondacks fed a national hunger for iron as the country expanded in the late 1800s. Mining is a major Adirondack story, which has been covered in part here at the Adirondack Almanack (and then picked up by NCPR).
This week the Adirondack Museum (which closes for the year Sunday FYI) announced that it will re-install its exhibit on Mining in the Adirondacks (expected to open in 2011). According to the Museum, “the extensive new interactive exhibition will tell powerful stories of people and the communities that grew around mines and forges.” As plans for the exhibit progress, the museum has formed a regional advisory committee to serve as a sounding board for curators and museum educators – unfortunately the advisory committee contains no experts on immigration or labor history and it should.
Various immigrant groups, African Americans, and Native Americans have a long history of laboring in Adirondack mines and related industries, and they should be represented in the Adirondack Museum’s planning. Often their stories have been left untold, just as they often went unnamed in local news reports.
In 1907, five unnamed miners – “Polanders, and it was impossible to learn their names” – where injured when the roof of a mine at Lyon Mountain caved in. Two men broke their legs and the other three were less seriously wounded.
“An Italian who was blown up at Tongue Mountain died Thursday,” one report noted. “He accidentally struck a stick of dynamite with a crowbar. The man’s left arm was blown off at the shoulder, there is a compound fracture of his right arm just above the hand, both eyes were blown out of his head, a stone was jammed against his heart and his head was bruised.” It was a remarkable that he wasn’t killed instantly.
The Adirondack Museum has a perfect opportunity to tell the stories of immigrant labor and others who labored in the mines, but they cannot do that properly without including historian of labor and immigration in the process. The museum claims it will convey the “the ebb and flow of a transient population of immigrant workers, work shifts, and company-sponsored social activities set the rhythm of life in mining towns.” The museum’s advisory committee includes a retired GE engineer, a retired mining executive, a retired mining engineer, a mining reclamation specialist, and lots of other bigwigs – but not a single miner; and that’s wrong.
Members of the Mining Advisory Committee include: Dick Merrill, retired General Electric engineer, historian and author from Queensbury, N.Y.; Scott Bombard, Graymont, Plattsburgh, N.Y.; Conrad Sharrow, retired college administrator and Dorothy Sharrow, retired elementary school teacher, Clifton Park, N.Y.; Vincent McLean, retired mining executive, Lake Placid, N.Y.; Gordon Pollard, professor SUNY Plattsburgh, and industrial archeologist; Carol Burke, professor, CAL-Irvine, oral historian, folklorist, and former Tahawus resident, Irvine, Ca.; Bob Meldrum, Slate
Valley Museum, Granville, N.Y.; Don Grout, retired mining engineer, Lake
Placid, N.Y.; Betsy Lowe, Director, DEC Region 5 and mining reclamation
specialist, Lake Placid, N.Y.; and Adirondack Museum Board of Trustee
members Rhonda Brunner, AuSable Forks, N.Y.; Gilda Wray, Keene Valley, N.Y.;
and Glenn Pearsall, Johnsburgh, N.Y. |
This mottled landscape showing the impact crater Tycho is among the most violent-looking places on our moon. Astronomers didn't aim NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to study Tycho, however. The image was taken in preparation to observe the transit of Venus across the sun's face on June 5-6.
Hubble cannot look at the sun directly, so astronomers are planning to point the telescope at the Earth's moon, using it as a mirror to capture reflected sunlight and isolate the small fraction of the light that passes through Venus's atmosphere. Imprinted on that small amount of light are the fingerprints of the planet's atmospheric makeup.
The astronomers will use an arsenal of Hubble instruments, the Advanced Camera for Surveys, Wide Field Camera 3, and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, to view the transit in a range of wavelengths, from ultraviolet to near-infrared light. During the transit, Hubble will snap images and perform spectroscopy, dividing the sunlight into its constituent colors, which could yield information about the makeup of Venus's atmosphere.
Hubble will observe the moon for seven hours, before, during, and after the transit so the astronomers can compare the data. Astronomers need the long observation because they are looking for extremely faint spectral signatures. Only 1/100,000th of the sunlight will filter through Venus's atmosphere and be reflected off the moon.
This image, taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys, reveals lunar features as small as roughly 560 feet (170 meters) across. The large "bulls-eye" near the top of the picture is the impact crater, caused by an asteroid strike about 100 million years ago. The bright trails radiating from the crater were formed by material ejected from the impact area during the asteroid collision. Tycho is about 50 miles (80 kilometers) wide and is circled by a rim of material rising almost 3 miles (5 kilometers) above the crater floor. The image measures 430 miles (700 kilometers) across, which is slightly larger than New Mexico.
Because the astronomers only have one shot at observing the transit, they had to carefully plan how the study would be carried out. Part of their planning included the test observations of the moon, made on Jan. 11, 2012, as shown in the release image.
Hubble will need to be locked onto the same location on the moon for more than seven hours, the transit's duration. For roughly 40 minutes of each 96-minute orbit of Hubble around the Earth, the Earth occults Hubble's view of the moon. So, during the test observations, the astronomers wanted to make sure they could point Hubble to precisely the same target area.
This is the last time this century sky watchers can view Venus passing in front of the sun. The next transit won't happen until 2117. Venus transits occur in pairs, separated by eight years. The last event was witnessed in 2004.
The Daily Galaxy via hubblesite.org/news
Image credit: NASA/ESA/D. Ehrenreich
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The National HIV/AIDS Strategy
In 1981, the CDC reported the first U.S. cases of HIV infection in California and New York, where clusters of young gay men were diagnosed with unusual diseases like Kaposi's Sarcoma.
Over the next few years, new community-based organizations advocated for increased funding into research on testing and treatment, and the first antiretroviral drug was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987. The next year, the first state and city Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) grants for HIV planning were awarded, a program that would later become the Ryan White CARE Act.
In 2010, the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, a five-year plan that outlines how the nation will continue its response to the HIV epidemic, was launched. A new version called the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States: Updated to 2020 was released in 2015. The plan helps to coordinate and focus the efforts of all agencies and organizations interested in preventing and treating HIV/AIDS.
Resources to Learn More
National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United
States: Updated to 2020
This report is an update to the first National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States released in 2010. The Strategy outlines a vision and goals for the nation moving forward to address HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. The report also discusses the progress made and lessons learned since the initial release in 2010. The report documents a path forward for preventing and treating HIV/AIDS and highlights success stories.
Organization(s): The White House |
Biography of La Condesa Emilia Pardo Bazán, aristocrat of the nobility of Spain, novelist, journalist, feminist, essayist, literary critic, poet, playwright, translator, editor, professor and lecturer.
In her ideas and actions, she was a forerunner of women’s rights and the defense of feminism.
She claimed to protect the education of women as something fundamental; she devoted an important part of her public performance to defending them.
Childhood and family of Emilia Pardo Bazán
Emilia Pardo-Bazán y de la Rúa-Figueroa was born on September 16, 1851 in La Coruña.
Her father, José María Pardo-Bazán y Mosquera.
Her mother, Amalia María de la Rúa-Figueroa y Somoza.
Both were very wealthy aristocrats who stayed at their residence on Calle Tabernas, in the city of La Coruña.
In addition to the residence on Calle Tabernas, the family owned another, near Sangenjo; and a third, on the outskirts of La Coruña, called the Pazo de Meirás.
In addition to having good private tutors at home, Emilia had free access to a wide variety of books in the family library.
From a very young age she had a great interest in reading.
During the winters, the family moved to Madrid. In those months, her parents sent her to a French school.
Thanks to learning the French language, she was able to read and study the literary work of French writers.
Don José María was convinced that women had the full right to educate themselves.
Consequently, her daughter was not limited to learning music and home economics, as was the custom.
Emilia received training on all kinds of subjects related to the humanities.
She had access to writings in the languages: German, French and English.
However, despite her father’s wishes, Emilia was banned from college because she was a woman.
So she continued to train with books and with the help of family friends.
Marriage of Emilia Pardo Bazán with José Quiroga
In 1868, at the age of 16, Emilia Pardo Bazán married José Quiroga and Pérez Deza. This was a young aristocrat, 19 years old and a law student.
The wedding was held at the Pazo de Meirás. After a trip to Spain, the newlyweds stayed to live for several years with their parents.
José Quiroga was a quiet and reserved young man. Emilia supported him in his law studies and he shared her wife’s intellectual interests.
In 1869, Don José María Pardo-Bazán was elected Deputy to the Cortes. The whole family, including the young couple, moved to Madrid.
Later, when Mr. Pardo had to leave his post, the four of them undertook a trip of several months through France and Italy.
Later, in 1901, Doña Emilia published in the newspaper El Imparcial the chronicles of this trip through Europe.
In them she advocated the need for Spain to be Europeanized.
And she recommended that her compatriots travel at least once a year, to other regions of Spain and to other countries.
Beginnings of Emilia Pardo Bazán as a writer
In 1876, Emilia made herself known as a writer, for the first time, with an essay entitled “Critical Study of the Works of Father Feijoo.”
Benito Feijoo was a Benedictine, Galician monk and one of the most prominent figures in Spanish literature of the 18th century.
This work by Emilia Pardo Bazán won the award in a literary competition in which Concepción Arenal also competed.
Emilia Pardo Bazán was 25 years old when her first son, Jaime Quiroga, was born in 1876.
She dedicated her first book of poems to her, entitled “Jaime”, and edited by Francisco Giner de los Ríos.
Three years later, in 1879, their second daughter was born, whom they named Blanca. And Emilia published her first novel entitled “Pascual López“.
This romantic and realistic novel is set in Santiago de Compostela and has a medical student as its protagonist.
Emilia had her third daughter, Carmen, in 1881. The success of her first novel encouraged her to publish another that same year.
She titled it “A honeymoon trip.” It’s about how reckless it is to enter into a marriage of convenience. Contains abundant descriptions of landscapes and characters; It is inspired by the works of Honoré de Balzac and Alphonse Daudet.
Emilia Pardo Bazán publishes articles in a magazine
In 1882, in the magazine “La Época”, she began to publish, in installments, a series of articles about Émile Zola and the experimental novel.
Emilia Pardo Bazán participated in a pedagogical Congress of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza held in Madrid in 1882.
Emilia intervened by openly criticizing the education that Spanish women received.
She referred to the fact that this was not an education, but a “taming”, by means of which passivity, obedience and submission to their husbands were instilled in women.
The writer championed the defense of women
Emilia Pardo Bazán was a champion of women’s rights.
Her careful education, her travels through Europe and the obstacles she encountered in her life as a woman, developed her interest in the female question.
She dedicated her life and her literary work to defending the need for education and the access of women to all the opportunities that men had.
In that year, Emilia’s marital relationship with her husband José Quiroga was suffering. Probably because of her intense dedication to literary work and social activities.
Emilia Pardo Bazán had an intense social life that did not limit her activity as a writer.
She concentrated her social activities during the months of stay in Madrid and her literary works in the months she spent in Galicia, generally in the Pazo de Meirás.
Relations of Emilia Pardo Bazán with intellectuals
From her first move to Madrid she began to interact with politicians and intellectuals of the time, including Giner de los Ríos.
This man was a friend of her parents. Emilia shared with him her interest in education and reformist concerns. She considered him one of her best friends.
She also had friendship and many debates with Menéndez Pelayo, Pérez de Ayala, Miguel de Unamuno, Ramón de Campoamor, Leopoldo Alas, Emilio Castelar, Pi y Margall, Cánovas and Canalejas.
Emilia Pardo Bazán published a book with her articles
In 1883, Emilia published a volume in which she brought together the successive articles that she had written in the magazine “La Época” about Émile Zola and naturalism.
The book was titled “The Burning Question.”
In the work, prefaced by Leopoldo Alas, Clarín defended the “Spanish-style” realism of her contemporaries Galdós and Pereda.
At the same time, she praised the literary aspect of the works of the French. The book caused a great stir and a major scandal.
The numerous attacks that Emilia received, insisted that the book was a manifesto in favor of the pornographic and atheistic literature of French writers.
It was considered indecent for a respectable married woman and mother of three to identify with the writings of such individuals.
Some of her friends and fans were scandalized.
With the scandal, the book increased its sales and the notoriety of Emilia Pardo Bazán became greater.
Her husband was horrified by the attacks Emilia was receiving, and asked her to stop writing.
Emilia flatly refused. She left him and went on a trip to Italy. Afterwards they no longer lived together.
Emilia Pardo ventured into the novelistic genre
In 1883, Emilia Pardo Bazán published the first social novel and the first Spanish naturalist novel.
It was titled “La Tribuna” and tells the story of a working-class woman, beautiful and deceived by a “gentleman.”
The plot of the novel is the story of a strike. The protagonist is a brave and determined young woman who leads the workers’ demands.
It is set in “Marineda”, a fictitious name that she gave to the city of La Coruña.
For the first time in the Spanish novel, she brought in the proletariat – before Pérez Galdós and Blasco Ibáñez did – and starkly described industrial working methods and long hours.
It reflected with great realism the work environment in a factory in La Coruña; and made a deep analysis of the feminine world and the double shift of the workers who are mothers, housewives and workers.
As of 1884, without disqualifying Zola’s literary work, Emilia stopped expressing her admiration for this writer.
Her lectures were oriented towards Russian literature and spiritualism, especially by the novelist Leo Tolstoy.
In 1885 she published “The young lady“, a novel in which she talks about marital crisis.
The “naturalism” promoted by Pardo Bazán came a little closer to the Spanish realistic tradition and allowed her to reconcile somewhat with the Catholic ideology.
The naturalistic method culminated in her most famous novel: “Los pazos de Ulloa” (1886-1887).
This work established her as one of the great writers of Spanish literature.
In it she describes the decline of the landed oligarchy, which has lost its role of social leadership.
And she makes a detailed description of the pathetic decline of the Galician aristocracy and rural world.
A year later, in 1887, she published “Mother Nature“, a naturalistic fable in which she recounts the incestuous love affairs between two young men who do not know that they are brothers.
New literary paths of Emilia Pardo Bazán
Starting in the 1890s, she moved away from naturalism and explored the most important new literary paths of the 19th century in Europe, such as idealism and symbolism. also European trends.
The novels she wrote at this time influenced Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, one of the great writers of the end of the century.
In 1884, they agreed, with her husband, a friendly separation.
He retired to live on his Galician properties and she continued with her writing activity in Madrid and Galicia.
When he died in 1912, Emilia was in deep mourning for a year.
Years of great literary and social activity in Emilia
The amicable separation allowed Emilia Pardo Bazán to pursue her literary and intellectual interests more freely.
Her life became a veritable hurricane of activities.
Testimony of this are the novels she wrote between 1890 and 1911.
Also in the more than 500 stories and tales published in “Cuentos de la tierra“, “Chosen stories“, “Cuentos de Marineda“, “Cuentos sacro-profanos” and others.
She participated in literary polemics, intervened in political journalism, gave lectures at renowned institutions, and began to tirelessly fight for the social and intellectual emancipation of women.
Once without a marriage commitment, she began a love affair with Benito Pérez Galdós, with whom she had previously had a literary relationship.
Some critics thought that in the novel “Memories of a Bachelor“, she tried to justify or explain her relationship with Benito Pérez Galdós.
Starting in 1890, coinciding with the death of her father, her writings evolved towards greater symbolism and spiritualism.
In her desire to reform, in 1890 Doña Emilia took advantage of her paternal inheritance to create a magazine of social and political thought totally written and financed by her: “New Critical Theater“.
In this magazine essays, literary criticisms, news about other writers and current political and social studies were incorporated with the aim of reflecting the intellectual life of her time.
The experience lasted only three years, for financial reasons.
The rich work of Emilia Pardo Bazán also includes travel books in Spain and Europe. She wrote the biographies of San Francisco de Asís and Hernán Cortés.
Also from this time is her novel “La Chimera“, where she masterfully portrays the dusty Madrid of those years.
Last years in the life of Emilia Pardo Bazán
Emilia Pardo Bazán was the first woman to preside over the Literature Section of the Ateneo de Madrid (1905).
She was a contemporary of the great Galician poet, Rosalía de Castro.
She was also the first to hold a chair of Neo-Latin literatures at the Central University of Madrid (in 1916).
King Alfonso XIII appointed her Minister of Public Instruction, in 1910.
However, the Royal Spanish Academy rejected her candidacy to be a member of this prestigious institution three times: in 1889, in 1892 and in 1912.
The candidacies of Concepción Arenal and Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda had also been rejected.
Countess Emilia Pardo Bazán died in Madrid on May 12, 1921.
The day after her death, the entire press recognized her for the merits and worth that society denied her in her lifetime.
Emilia Pardo Bazán is buried in the crypt of the Concepción church in Madrid. |
Second Mission Period 1587
28. NUESTRA SENORA DE GUADALUPE DE TOLOMATO
This mission was one of the centers of the Guale-Tolomato chiefdom, was located on the mainland to the north of Asao-Talaxe. Lanning attributed its foundation to Fray Pedro Ruiz in 1595, but gives no citation for that statement. As has been noted earlier, Tolomato may have received attention from the first Franciscans of 1573 Pedro Corpa was the friar who perished at Tolomato, where the revolt began in 1597. There is a possibility that he, rather than Ruiz, was the mission's founder. Although Tolomato does not appear on Geiger's 1587 convent list, it is worthy of note that Corpa arrived in 1587 and that an Indian from Tolomato whom Governor Méndez de Canzo interrogated in 1597 stated that he had known Corpa for a long time. As the mission where the revolt began and the one whose leader and people remained recalcitrant, many of its inhabitants probably perished in the en counter with the forces raised by the newly loyal mico of Asao to attack the rebels in their hinterland refuge. Tolomato was not mentioned during Governor Ibana's 1604 visitation or during that by Bishop Altamirano in 1606. In the following confusing passage Lanning posited Tolomato's resurrection in 1605. When the Tolomato mission was destroyed in 1597, it was not reconstructed and rededicated until eight years later, and then it was built in the village of Espogache. Both Tolomato and Espogache are therefore proper designations. Here again, as Lanning gave no source for that statement, one is left to wonder why it should not be called simply Espogache. That some Tolomatans survived somewhere and returned to obedience to the Spanish authorities is indicated by the creation of a new Tolomato mission during the mid-1620's that was located only three leagues north of St. Augustine. The new mission was designed to serve as a way station providing ferry service to San Juan del Puerto and other points to the north.' In view of the proximity of the Guale-Tolomato and the Tupiqui-Espogache chiefdoms to one another, a number of potential sites for Tolomato have been found by archaeologists, but none of the sites are indicated definitively as that of Tolomato. With less reserve the historian Lanning wrote, The ruins associated with the Tolomato mission, founded by Pedro Ruiz in 1595 and rebuilt under the direction of Fray Diego Delgado ten years later, with various additions between 1605 and 1680, are to be found on the 'Mansfield Place,' or 'The Thicket,' on the property of Lewis Crum, five miles northeast of Darien, on Pease Creek, in McIntosh County There seems to be an obvious contradiction between this affirmation that the ruins of both the 1595 Tolomato mission and its reincarnation in 1605 are to be found on the same site and the passage cited above that in 1605 the Tolomato mission was rebuilt in Espogache.
REFERENCES Dr. John H. Hann
"Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Vistas with Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries"
© Copyright. John P. Walsh. April 24, 2002 |
The State of the Climate in Africa 2019, report provides a snapshot of climate trends, observed high-impact events and associated risks and impacts on key sensitive sectors in Africa. The report also draws lessons on existing gaps in climate change action.Published by: OMM ; 2020
The State of the Climate in Africa 2019, report provides a snapshot of climate trends, observed high-impact events and associated risks and impacts on key sensitive sectors in Africa. The report also draws lessons on existing gaps in climate change action.
Collection(s) and Series: OMM- No. 1253
Language(s): French; Other Languages: English, Arabic
Format: Digital (Free) (ill., charts, maps)The State of the Climate in Africa 2019, report provides a snapshot of climate trends, observed high-impact events and associated risks and impacts on key sensitive sectors in Africa. The report also draws lessons on existing gaps in climate change action.Published by: WMO ; 2020
Collection(s) and Series: WMO- No. 1253
Language(s): English; Other Languages: Arabic
Format: Digital (Free)Published by: المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد ; 2020
Collection(s) and Series: مجموعة مطبوعات المنظمة- No. 1253
Language(s): Arabic; Other Languages: English
Format: Digital (Free)What are natural hazards... and disasters? Forces of nature that happen with little warning and occur all over the world, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, tropical cyclones (and other storms), storm surges, heatwaves, wildfires, droughts and volcanoes.
When these natural hazards pose a threat to humans or the environment they can lead to disasters and cause destruction in a community.
What are storm surges? A sudden rise of water hitting areas close to the coast, usually created by a tropical cyclone, hurricane or other storms. The surge happens because ...Published by: WMO ; 2020
What are natural hazards... and disasters? Forces of nature that happen with little warning and occur all over the world, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, tropical cyclones (and other storms), storm surges, heatwaves, wildfires, droughts and volcanoes.
When these natural hazards pose a threat to humans or the environment they can lead to disasters and cause destruction in a community.
What are storm surges? A sudden rise of water hitting areas close to the coast, usually created by a tropical cyclone, hurricane or other storms. The surge happens because the storm has fast winds. These winds push the water on to shore, causing the water level to rise. Sometimes a storm surge can be so high, it is as dangerous as a large tsunami, flooding coastal towns and destroying communities.
Notes: Reita Wong (Designer); Christine Messervy (Project Manager)
Format: Digital (Free), Hard copy
ISBN (or other code): 978-988-8470-78-5Between 1970 and 2019, 79% of disasters worldwide involved weather, water, and climate-related hazards. These disasters accounted for 56% of deaths and 75% of economic losses from disasters associated with natural hazards reported during that period. As climate change continues to threaten human lives, ecosystems and economies, risk information and early warning systems (EWS) are increasingly seen as key for reducing these impacts. The majority of countries, including 88% of least developed countries and small island states, that submitted their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to UN ...Published by: WMO ; 2020
Between 1970 and 2019, 79% of disasters worldwide involved weather, water, and climate-related hazards. These disasters accounted for 56% of deaths and 75% of economic losses from disasters associated with natural hazards reported during that period. As climate change continues to threaten human lives, ecosystems and economies, risk information and early warning systems (EWS) are increasingly seen as key for reducing these impacts. The majority of countries, including 88% of least developed countries and small island states, that submitted their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to UNFCCC have identified EWS as a “top priority”.
This latest WMO report highlights progress made in EWS capacity – and identifies where and how governments can invest in effective EWS to strengthen countries’ resilience to multiple weather, water and climate-related hazards. Being prepared and able to react at the right time, in the right place, can save many lives and protect the livelihoods of communities everywhere.
Collection(s) and Series: WMO- No. 1252
Format: Digital (Free)World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); et al. - WMO, 2020PermalinkOrganisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Banque mondiale ; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - OMM, 2020PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; World Bank the; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - WMO, 2020PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; World Bank the; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - WMO, 2020By aligning its programming with other investments, CREWS is enabling its country partners to generate additional funding for greatest impact. CREWS impact is monitored through its results-based Monitoring Framework.PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); et al. - WMO, 2019PermalinkPermalinkThe latest-generation Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2) provides high-resolution observations of Earth's atmosphere, including the ionosphere. In this video, scientists and mission planners introduce the instrumentation used and describe the collaborations that made the COSMIC-2 mission possible. These experts describe how COSMIC uses a technique called radio occultation—making use of existing navigation satellite signals passing through the atmosphere to provide detailed measurements of temperature, pressure, and water vapor. They ex ...PermalinkWant to know about COSMIC, and how satellite signals can provide information about Earth's atmosphere? This video provides anyone interested in the topic with a brief overview of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate, called COSMIC. Targeted to students and teachers in Grades 5-9 but accessible to anyone, the video introduces the latest COSMIC mission (COSMIC-2), which uses satellites orbiting near Earth to measure how the atmosphere affects signals from global positioning system (GPS) satellites high above the surface. This technique is called radio occul ...PermalinkThe World Meteorological Organization dispatched an expert mission to Mozambique to assess the requirements and capabilities of the National Institute of Meteorology (INAM) and the National Directorate of Water Resources Management (DNGRH) and their coordination with the National Disaster Management Institute (INGC) for an End-to-End Multi-Hazard Early Warning System in the context of disaster risk management. The results of the mission should inform plans and investments in strengthening the Early Warning System and disaster risk management in the country, particularly during reconstruction t ...PermalinkHIGHWAY delivers improved early warnings to local communities by using innovative products and leveraging existing scientific expertise of the national meteorological services in the East African Region.PermalinkHIGHWAY delivers improved early warnings to local communities by using innovative products and leveraging existing scientific expertise of the national meteorological services in the East African Region.PermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalinkOrganisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Banque mondiale ; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - OMM, 2019PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; World Bank the; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - WMO, 2019PermalinkPresentación
por Harry F. Lins y Petteri Taalas, 3
Seguridad hídrica en un clima en cambio
por Michael H. Glantz, 4
El agua en el contexto internacional
por Tommaso Abrate, 9
Celebración del 25o aniversario del WHYCOS
por Michel Jarraud, 11
Gestión de información hidrológica y desarrollo sostenible
por Frédéric Maurel, 13
Caso práctico: ejecución del proyecto IGAD-HYCOS en Uganda
por Nebert Wobusobozi y Leodinous Mwebembezi. .15
Innovaciones en planificación y ges ...PermalinkПредисловие
Гарри Ф。 Линс и Петтери Таалас。 3
Водная безопасность в изменяющемся мире
Майкл Х。 Гланц。 4
Решение проблем, связанных с водой, в рамках международных соглашений
Томмасо Абрате。 9
Празднование 25-летия ВСНГЦ
Управление гидрологической информацией и устойчивое развитие
Анализ конкретного примера: осуществление проекта ИГАД-СНГЦ
Неберт Вобусобози и Леодинус Мвебембези。15
Инновации для устойчивого планирования ...PermalinkContient:
Par Harry F. Lins et Petteri Taalas, p.3
Approvisionnement en eau dans le
contexte de l’évolution du climat
Par Michael H. Glantz, p.4
L’action internationale en faveur de l’eau
Par Tommaso Abrate, p.9
Le WHYCOS fête ses 25 ans
Par Michel Jarraud, p.11
Gestion de l’information hydrologique et développement durable
Par Frédéric Maurel, p.13
Étude de cas: mise en oeuvre du projet IGAD-HYCOS en Ouganda
Par N ...PermalinkContains:
By Harry F. Lins and Petteri Taalas, p.3
Water Security in a Changing Climate
By Michael H. Glantz, p.4
Water in the International Framework
By Tommaso Abrate, p.9
Celebrating 25 Years of WHYCOS
By Michel Jarraud, p.11
Management of Hydrological Information and Sustainable Development
By Frédéric Maurel, p.13
Case Study: Implementation of the IGAD‑HYCOS Project in Uganda
By Nebert Wobusobozi and Leodinous Mwebemb ...PermalinkThis lesson provides an introduction to the benefits, important input (forcing data), and key products of the National Water Model. Both official and evolving products are presented. The lesson uses the flooding associated with Hurricane Harvey in August 2017 to demonstrate key products.PermalinkThis resource demonstrates the variety of satellite imagery and products accessible through the Community Satellite Processing Package (CSPP). Two videos, the first focused on imagery applications and the second on microwave applications, provide an overview of the types of weather and environmental information available through CSPP. Using CSPP, forecasters and others needing timely access to data can download and display imagery and products from Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) instruments. The resource provides some background information for obtaining and using the CSPP software, which ...PermalinkThe Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) flies aboard the GOES-R series satellites and provides lightning detection data at a quality and resolution not previously available from space. The GLM's continuous lightning monitoring capability is a valuable asset to detecting and monitoring developing thunderstorms 24 hours a day. This 30 minute lesson introduces learners to the benefits of using Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) observations in assessing convection. Learners will explore a severe weather event near Buenos Aires, Argentina, and practice using GLM observations to determine initia ...PermalinkThe effective communication of public information and warnings is a critical element of emergency management, with the power to save lives. This handbook provides insight and guidance to people who have responsibility for communication with the public in the event of an emergency. The handbook presents nationally agreed principles for warning policy and practice and explores the essential elements and discipline of effective public information and warning delivery.
This handbook is designed to be of value across a wide range of hazards. Whether it is a natural hazard or weather ...PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; World Bank the; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - WMO, 2018PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; World Bank the; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - WMO, 2018This report presents the key findings and recommendations for strengthening multi-hazard early warning systems in the Caribbean, following the first-ever systematic review of their performance in a post-disaster environment. The review took place after the passage of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria which significantly impacted more than 12 island States in the region in 2017.PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; World Bank the; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - WMO, 2018
The CREWS 2017 Annual Report highlights the results achieved in this first year of implementation in 19 countries through 7 national and regional projects.
By aligning its programming with other investments, CREWS is enabling its country partners to generate additional funding for greatest impact. CREWS impact is monitored through its results-based Monitoring Framework.PermalinkOrganisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Banque mondiale ; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - OMM, 2018Le présent rapport contient les principales conclusions et recommandations relatives au renforcement des systèmes d’alerte précoce multidangers dans les Caraïbes, qui découlent de la première étude systématique de leurs performances dans un contexte post-catastrophe. L’étude a été effectuée après le passage des ouragans Harvey, Irma et Maria, qui ont gravement déstabilisé plus de 12 États insulaires de la région en 2017.PermalinkOrganisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Banque mondiale ; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the ; et al. - OMM, 2018PermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalinkPermalinkis an issue of Bulletin. OMM, 2017PermalinkСодержание
- (Не)стихийные бедствия: сообщение информации о связи между экстремальными явлениями и изменением климата Сюзан Джой Хессол, Симон Торок, Софии Льюис и Патрик Луганда 。2
- Создание комплексной структуры метеорологического обслуживания для наземного транспорта Целевая экспертная группа ВМО и Секретариат ВМО 。10
- Метеорологическая отрасль: глобальное государственно-частное партнерство Алан Торп。 16
- Результаты КС-21 и МГЭИК Джонатан Линн и Уэрани Забула。 22
- 20 лет влияния – работа в партнерстве по проблемам водных ресурсов Стивен Доуни и Фреде ...Permalinkis an issue of Boletín. OMM, 2017Índice:
- Desastres (no) naturales: cómo comunicar los vínculos entre los fenómenos extremos y el cambio climático
por Susan Joy Hassol, Simon Torok, Sophie Lewis y Patrick Luganda, p. 2
- Integración de la prestación de servicios meteorológicos para el transporte terrestre por el Grupo de expertos de la OMM y la Secretaría de la OMM, p. 10
- La empresa del tiempo: una asociación mundial entre los sectores público y privado
por Alan Thorpe, p. 16
- Resultados de la CP21 y el IPCC por Jonathan Lynn y Werani Zabula, p. 22
Permalinkis an issue of Boletín. OMM, 2017Índice:
- Más cálido, más seco, más húmedo. Afrontemos el futuro. Día Meteorológico Mundial de 2016
por la Secretaría de la OMM, p.2
- Apoyo de la OMM a la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible
por la Secretaría de la OMM, p.4
- Mi visión. Entrevista con el nuevo Secretario General de la OMM
por la Secretaría de la OMM, p.12
- Desplazamientos relacionados con los desastres en el contexto de un clima cambiante
por Michelle Yonetani, p. 16 Aspectos destacados de la primera Declaración quinquenal sobre el estad ...PermalinkThis video provides an introduction to the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), including information about the COSMIC-2 mission. COSMIC uses a technique called radio occultation to profile temperature, water vapor, and ionospheric information within Earth's atmosphere. The high-quality, high-resolution data contribute to improvements in numerical weather prediction, hurricane forecasts, climate studies, and ionospheric analyses. This full video resource covering COSMIC data and science is hosted on COMET's YouTube Channel. A short video highlightin ...PermalinkThis lesson introduces learners to the challenges in predicting and communicating localized tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall threats. The lesson discusses the key ingredients conducive for heavy TC rainfall, and the tools used by the National Weather Service to forecast it. Learners work through a TC case to practice interpreting precipitation guidance correctly and communicating the threat and impacts. The lesson also highlights the issuance of flash flood emergencies and areal flood warnings during TC events, and how to best communicate TC rainfall impacts for a local area. The lesson will tak ...PermalinkThis lesson provides an in-depth case study to illustrate principles of dam failure modeling and examines some of the critical data inputs and outputs. Output is provided from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS model for simulated failures of a large dam. Several simulations are presented that show the impact from varying the size of the breach and the time it takes the breach to fully develop. The lesson also summarizes several infamous large dam failures from around the world and the impacts from other factors are such as reservoir shape and size, the age of the dam, and the material u ...PermalinkThis lesson provides an overview of basic weather processes, beginning with how the distribution of incoming solar energy helps to establish Earth’s atmospheric circulations. Learners will gain an understanding of the differences between weather and climate, and how Earth’s winds tend to have dominant patterns determined by region. An introduction to atmospheric stability, clouds, precipitation processes, and thunderstorm characteristics is also included, along with an introduction to weather impacts affecting aviation operations.PermalinkThis lesson offers users of climate information a demonstration of the utility of the Local Climate Analysis Tool (LCAT) for water resources applications. The training follows a NOAA Climate Resilience Toolkit case study in Tampa, Florida, and illustrates how LCAT analyses can be used to inform the steps to climate resilience outlined in the Toolkit. This text-based, interactive lesson will be accessible to anyone using LCAT for water resources decision-making, though will be most useful to those with some familiarity with drought/water resources questions and information needs. Some backgroun ...PermalinkThis lesson introduces learners to the challenges in predicting precipitation associated with tropical cyclones (TCs). It also provides an overview of the deterministic and probabilistic rainfall guidance products issued by the Weather Prediction Center (WPC) to forecast TC-related precipitation. Learners work through a TC case to practice interpreting the guidance correctly and communicating the precipitation threat. The lesson also highlights the different interpretations of probabilistic products from the WPC and National Hurricane Center, and the need for collaboration between national cen ...PermalinkGOES-16, the first satellite in the GOES-R series, launched in November 2016 and now provides 16 multispectral bands of satellite data, including CONUS scans every five minutes, with 0.5 kilometer visible imagery resolution and 2.0 km longwave infrared resolution. This lesson harnesses GOES-16’s increased temporal and spatial resolutions to identify convective development and intensity signatures on traditional longwave IR and visible band imagery, and compares the experience to using legacy GOES products. The lesson is geared toward early-career forecasters, those forecasters wanting more exp ...PermalinkThe lesson is intended to help NOAA's National Weather Service facilitate forecasters' use of ensemble forecast information in hydrology. The lesson provides information about the benefits and limitations of the Hydrologic Ensemble Forecast Service (HEFS), explains the sources of uncertainty (meteorological inputs and hydrologic modeling), and demonstrates how to interpret a HEFS product for hydrologic analysis and forecasting.PermalinkThis volume contains peer-reviewed papers from the Fourth World Landslide Forum organized by the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL), the Global Promotion Committee of the International Programme on Landslides (IPL), University of Ljubljana (UL) and Geological Survey of Slovenia in Ljubljana, Slovenia from May 29 to June 2, 2017. The complete collection of papers from the Forum is published in five full-color volumes. Thisfirst volume contains the following:
• Three forum lectures
• Background and Content of the Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025
• Contribution from th ...PermalinkFloods and droughts are one of extreme weather climatic events that result in loss of life and property in Malawi. However, a well detailed knowledge of understanding of previous extreme climatic events and their associated impacts can be a precautionary in reducing their impacts, as it will help to project future events timely. Therefore this paper presents an analysis of Dec-Feb seasonal flood/drought events and their associated circulation anomalies over Malawi. The DJF seasonal flood/drought was studied using monthly data from 9 selected stations for the period of 1978-2010. A set of regio ...PermalinkThe Roadmap is first and foremost a document that can be used by both WMO Members, partners and users to understand how NMHSs in partnership with other agencies contribute to increasing the resilience of communities, nations, regions, and the world under the above-mentioned frameworks, through a coordinated WMO-wide plan of action on DRR. It is hoped that this Roadmap will guide the Organization, in particular the NMHSs as well as key partners, in the development of its strategic and operating plans that fully take into account the contributions of the WMO community to all components and phase ...PermalinkThis review of available literature on the benefits of action and costs of inaction of drought mitigation and preparedness shows that significant progress has been made over the past decade in improving understanding of droughts and their impacts. However, significant gaps in research, policy and practice remain. This paper reviews several methodologies for making economic drought impact assessments and describes the main obstacles and opportunities facing the transition from crisis management to risk management. It identifies drivers of ex ante and ex post action against drought and highlight ...PermalinkDans ce travail nous avons voulu étudier sur la zone tropicale les liens entre les systèmes convectifs et la pluie. L’algorithme TOOCAN introduit a pour but d’améliorer la caractérisation de l’évolution du bouclier nuageux associe aux systèmes convectifs au cours de leur cycle de vie. Des composites des structures précipitantes au cours du cycle de vie du système nuageux organise sont alors construits en fusionnant les données des satellites géostationnaires avec des estimations de précipitations issues des mesures micro-ondes à bord des satellites défilant. L’objectif de ce travail est non se ...PermalinkPermalinkThe regional activities under the WMO Tropical Cyclone Programme consist mainly of the programmes pursued by groups of countries acting in concert to improve their warning systems. In Region IV (North America, Central America and the Caribbean) there is a long history of collective action specifically designed to protect people and property from the severe tropical cyclones which are called hurricanes in the Region. A working group, known as the RA IV Hurricane Committee, was established by the seventh session of Regional Association IV (Mexico City, April May 1977) to promote such activities ...PermalinkLas actividades regionales del Programa de Ciclones Tropicales de la OMM consisten principalmente en los programas que llevan a cabo grupos de países que actúan de consuno para mejorar sus sistemas de aviso. En la Región IV (América del Norte, América Central y el Caribe) existe desde hace mucho tiempo una acción colectiva cuyo objetivo específico es proteger a las personas y los bienes contra los ciclones tropicales violentos, que reciben el nombre de huracanes en la Región. La séptima reunión de la Asociación Regional IV (Ciudad de México, abril-mayo de 1977) estableció un grupo de tra ...Permalinkis an issue of Bulletin. WMO, 2016PermalinkВ последнее десятилетие научное сообщество осоз- нало важное влияние атмосферной пыли на климат, здоровье человека, окружающую среду и различ- ные социально-экономические секторы. ВМО и ее Члены, приступив в 2004 г. к использованию систем мониторинга, прогнозирования и заблаговременного предупреждения об атмосферной пыли, находятся на передовом рубеже деятельности, связанной с оценкой этого влияния и разработкой продукции, содейству- ющей выработке политики в области обеспечения готовности, адаптации и смягчения последствий. 1 2PermalinkКитай является одной из стран, наиболее подверженных воздействию опасных явлений. В период с 1984 по 2014 г. метеорологические опасные явления в среднем ежегодно уносили 4 066 жизней и наносили прямой экономический ущерб в размере 192,2 млрд китайских юаней (30,5 млрд долларов США), что составляет 2 % внутреннего вало- вого продукта Китая. Показатель среднегодовых убытков (отношение прямых экономических убытков к годовому ВВП) снизился наполовину – с 2,08 % в период с 1984 по 2000 г. до 1,03 % в период с 2001 по 2014 г. – благодаря повышению эффективности мер по предотвращению и смягчению посл ...PermalinkБюллетень, Том 64(2). BMO, 2016Сендайская рамочная программа действий по умень- шению опасности бедствий на 2015–2030 гг. (Сен- дайская рамочная программа), принятая 18 марта, является первым крупным соглашением в повестке дня на 2015 год. Ее семь глобальных целей и четыре прио- ритетных направления действий чрезвычайно актуальны для ВМО. Уменьшение опасности бедствий является одной из семи приоритетных областей деятельности Организации. Защита жизни, источников существования и собственности занимает центральное место в рамках ее миссии, и поэтому ВМО будет поддерживать Сендай- скую рамочную программу посредством осуществле ...PermalinkWMO is establishing networks of Regional Climate Centres (RCCs) to support Members, through their National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, in better meeting their climate-related goals. Droughts, heatwaves, cold waves, floods, extreme storms, land¬slides, bush and forest fires and coastal erosion, to name just a few, are often triggered by large-scale climate drivers such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation. Thus, efficient and effective early warning systems for such climate extremes require cross-border collabora¬tion. The setting up of RCC networks for early warning systems to ant ...PermalinkClimate-related displacement is already a global reality. Every year, the lives of millions of people are affected when they are displaced by the impacts of weather and climate hazards. Some of the largest disasters make the international headlines, but most disasters do not even make the national news. Yet, for poor and vulnerable families struggling to survive, even a small weather-related event can make an enormous impact on their lives. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) has estimated that between 2008 and 2014, an annual average of at least 22.5 million people were displac ...Permalink
PermalinkLa Chine est l’un des pays les plus durement touches par les conditions meteorologiques. Entre 1984 et 2014, ces phenomenes ont provoque en moyenne, chaque annee, la mort de 4 066 personnes et des pertes economiques directes de 192,2 milliards de yuan (30,5 milliards de dollars E. U.) – 2 % du produit interieur brut (PIB). Le coefficient de perte annuel moyen (pertes economiques directes/ PIB annuel) est passe de 2,08 % au cours de la periode 1984–2000 a 1,03 % entre 2001 et 2014, grace a l’amelioration des mesures de prevention et d’attenuation des catastrophes. Meme reduit de moitie, ce coef ...PermalinkBulletin, Vol. 64(2). OMM, 2016Le Cadre de Sendai pour la reduction des risques de catastrophe (2015–2030) a ete adopte le 18 mars dernier; il s’agit du premier accord d’envergure signe au titre du programme d’action de 2015. Ses sept objectifs mondiaux et quatre priorites interessent particulierement l’OMM, qui a fait de la reduction des risques de catastrophe l’un de ses sept domaines d’action prioritaire. La protection des personnes, des moyens de subsistance et des biens est au coeur de la mission de l’Organisation – qui soutiendra donc le Cadre de Sendai par un large eventail d’activites scientifiques et techniques.PermalinkClimate is changing at unprecedented rates in recorded history. A variety of lines of evidence demonstrate that climate change is likely to affect the hydrologic cycle and thus create new challenges in water management. This requires that climate change information be included in water and water-related resources planning, operations, and management. Climate and Water Resources Management, Part 1: Climate Variability and Change describes the terminology, global evidence, regional manifestations, and basic science of global climate variability and anthropogenic change, with a focus on water res ...PermalinkClimate is changing at unprecedented rates in recorded history. A variety of lines of evidence demonstrate that climate change is likely to affect the hydrologic cycle and thus create new challenges in water management. This requires that climate change information be included in water and water-related resources planning, operations, and management. Climate Variability and Change for Water Resources Management - International Edition describes the terminology, global evidence, regional manifestations, and basic science of global climate variability and anthropogenic change, with a focus on wa ...PermalinkThis lesson uses water vapor satellite imagery from Himawari-8 to describe the typical extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone. The Himawari-8 imager previews comparable capabilities coming online with the GOES-R ABI imager. The lesson also provides a brief overview of subtropical cyclones and their transition to tropical cyclones. This lesson is a part of the NWS Satellite Foundation GOES-R Course.PermalinkThe TsunamiReady® program began in 2001 to promote tsunami hazard preparedness and improve public safety before, during, and after tsunami emergencies. In 2015, the National Weather Service updated the TsunamiReady Guidelines based directly on emergency management principles and with input from the social sciences. This training provides an overview of the 2015 guidelines, which are focused on mitigation, preparedness, and response. The training will equip community officials and others interested in becoming TsunamiReady with strategies for streamlining their implementation of the guidelines. ...PermalinkJetStream - An Online School for Weather is a free teaching resource covering a wide variety of weather topics and weather safety. It provides educators, emergency managers, or anyone interested in learning about weather with comprehensive, well-organized, colorfully illustrated curricula. Each section or “module” includes “learning lessons", classroom experiments that use common household items demonstrating various aspects of weather. JetStream is developed and maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service and is not produced, owned or ho ...PermalinkThis lesson describes the physical processes, both natural and human-induced, that lead to changes in sea level. The processes described include climate induced changes in ocean heat content and volume, natural oceanic cycles, and both natural and human-induced changes in coastal land elevation. The learning is enhanced with rich graphics and periodic questions.PermalinkCrafting clear, concise and effective messages focused on customer needs is a crucial skill in every decision-support situation. Tropical cyclones that threaten a coastline have the potential to inflict devastating damage to communities and communicating relevant weather information will assist decision-makers in their plans and preparation work. This lesson examines how to effectively prepare for the hurricane season and then focuses on how best to support NWS partners through meteorological briefings during tropical cyclone events. Basic familiarity with probabilistic forecast guidance is re ...PermalinkOrganisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture (FAO) - OMM, 2016 (OMM-No. 1175)La présente publication est avant tout un guide de référence général destiné au personnel des centres nationaux de lutte antiacridienne et des SMHN des pays victimes du criquet. Toutefois, elle sera également utile au plus grand nombre car elle permet d’en savoir davantage sur le criquet pèlerin et les phénomènes météorologiques ayant une incidence à son égard. On y trouvera des informations de base sur la biologie et le comportement du criquet pèlerin, ainsi qu’un historique des invasions, une analyse des facteurs météorologiques qui influent sur le développement de ce ravageur et des conseil ...PermalinkThe 18th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases, and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT - 2015) took place from 13 to 17 September 2015 at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla (CA), USA. It was the 40 th anniversary of the first GGMT meeting (then called "CO 2 Experts Meeting") which was also held at Scripps in 1974. WMO has provided the framework for all carbon dioxide experts meetings since 1975. IAEA in Vienna joined WMO as a co - organizer in 1997 due to the increased use of carbon isotopes in studying the carbon cycle. The meeting reviewed current WMO ...PermalinkThis study investigates spatial and temporal features of the West African Summer Monsoon (WASM) and its relation to the Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA). The variability of the WASM from June to September was analyzed during the period 1960-2013, with methods including EOF analysis of the precipitation anomaly and SSTA and the associated large scale circulation pattern. The result from the first EOF-Mode of the precipitation anomaly which has the highest positive loadings over the region shows that during the summer, the precipitation anomalies are positives in the Sahel and the Sahara. ...PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) - WMO, 2016 (WMO-No. 1175)PermalinkThis report describes the evolution of the climate system during the period 2011–2015. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has assessed this five-year period in order to contribute to a better understanding of multiyear warming trends and extreme events that can help governments to implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change more effectively.PermalinkUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - UNEP, 2016The specific objectives of the assessment are to:
1. Synthesise and highlight the environmental and socio-economic causes and impacts of SDS, as well as available technical measures for their mitigation, at the local, regional and global levels.
2. Show how the mitigation of SDS can yield multiple sustainable development benefits.
3. Synthesize information on current policy responses for mitigating SDS.
4. Present options for an improved strategy for mitigating SDS at the local, regional and global levels, building on existing institutions and agreements.
...PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) - WMO, 2016PermalinkIn this report, we summarize the reported changes in TC satellite analysis techniques since IWSATC-I (2011) and highlight the continued development of existing objective analysis methods as well as the emergence of new algorithms.PermalinkWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United States Agency for International Development (USAID); et al. - WMO, 2016Flash Flood Guidance System with global coverage (Res 21, Cg-XV) enhances early warning capabilities of the NMHSs, currently covers fifty two (52) countries and more than two billion people around the world saving lives and decreasing economic losses.PermalinkWhile drought conditions are generally a common and recurring phenomenon of the climate in Southern Africa especially Lesotho, the frequency of droughts in Lesotho has increased significantly over the past few years. Lesotho has suffered the devastating impacts of drought during the past several decades resulting in poor harvests and large livestock losses to rural farmers. The majority of the population in Lesotho engages with rain- fed agriculture and is dependent to some degree on own production for household food supply and/or cash income (Dejene, Midgley, & Marake, 2011). Any negative cha ...PermalinkThe purpose of this handbook is to cover some of the most commonly used drought indicators/indices that are being applied across drought-prone regions, with the goal of advancing monitoring, early warning and information delivery systems in support of risk-based drought management policies and preparedness plans. These concepts and indicators/indices are outlined below in what is considered to be a living document that will evolve and integrate new indicators and indices as they come to light and are applied in the future. The handbook is aimed at those who want to generate indicators and indi ...PermalinkThis study attempted to investigate the variability of extreme rainfall and temperature over Rwanda and the associated circulation anomalies forecasting on wet and dry rainfall events between 1961 and 2010. The datasets used to achieve the objectives includes Temperature, the rainfall dataset, wind vector, pressure vertical velocity (omega) and the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST). The methods used include correlation analysis, Standardized anomaly, composite analysis, and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis. The results show that the mean annual cycle depict two rainy Seas ...PermalinkThe Sahel drought mechanism: insights from two contrasting extreme events during boreal summer July-August-September (JAS) is investigated in this study using the standardized precipitation index (SPI). Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and composite analyses were deployed in this study, where the global precipitation climatology center (GPCC) rainfall data is used. The SPI shows large widespread decreasing rainfall trend in the Sahel in the mid-1980s; thereafter, Sahel rainfall have recovered somewhat through the late 1990s, even though the drought conditions have not ended in the region. A ...PermalinkGlobal climate change is remarkably changing the climatic patterns of the Pearl River basin and are significantly impacting the hydrological processes. Projection of future climate change impacts on steamflow variation is potential to provide scientific guidelines for sustainable water resources management and effective prevention and control for flood and drought disasters. In this study, a hydrological modeling system for assessing climate change impacts on runoffin the Pearl River basin was established and were used to simulate historical hydrological process and to project future streamflo ...PermalinkThe current study is an attempt to assess meteorological drought in Myanmar during the South west pre monsoon and monsoon period using observed rainfall data from 34 stations in Myanmar spanning from 1971 to 2010. The components of drought that were analyzed in this study were severity, persistence, frequency and probability of occurrence. Additional, trends in drought occurrence were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall (MK) method while the wavelet analysis was applied to PI value to identify various periodic processes.Permalink
PermalinkPermalinkВсемирная Метеорологическая Организация (BMO); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United States Agency for International Development (USAID); et al. - BMO, 2016Система оценки риска возникновения быстроразвивающихся паводков (СОРВБП) с глобальным охватом (резолюция 21, Кг-XV) расширяет возможности НМГС для заблаговременного предупреждения, охватывает сейчас 52 страны и более двух миллиардов человек во всем мире, спасая жизни и снижая экономические потери.PermalinkOrganización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United States Agency for International Development (USAID); et al. - OMM, 2016El Sistema Guía para Crecidas Repentinas con cobertura mundial (Resolución 21, Cg-XV) dota a los Servicios Meteorológicos e Hidrológicos Nacionales de mejores capacidades de alerta temprana y abarca en la actualidad a 52 países y a más de 2 000 millones de personas en todo el mundo, salvando vidas y reduciendo pérdidas económicas.PermalinkOrganisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); United States Agency for International Development (USAID); et al. - OMM, 2016Le Système d’indications relatives aux crues éclair à couverture mondiale (Résolution 21, Cg-XV) vise à renforcer l’aptitude des SMHN à émettre des alertes précoces. Il couvre actuellement cinquante-deux (52) pays et plus de deux milliards de personnes dans le monde, et permet de sauver des vies et de réduire les pertes économiques.Permalink
Permalinkالمنظمة العالمية للأرصاد ; Global Water Partnership (GWP) - المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد, 2016 (مجموعة مطبوعات المنظمة-No. 1173)الغرض من ھذا الدلیل ھو تغطیة بعض أكثر المؤشرات/ الأرقام القیاسیة للجفاف شیوعاً التي یجري تطبیقها في جمیع المناطق المعرضة للجفاف، بهدف تعزیز نُظم المراقبة والإنذار المبكر وتقدیم المعلومات الداعمة لسیاسات إدارة الجفاف وخطط التأھب لھ القائمة على المخاطر. وھذه المفاھیم والمؤشرات/ الأرقام القیاسیة مبینة أدناه فیما یُعتبر وثیقة تداولیة سوف تتطور وتضم مؤشرات وأرقاماً قیاسیة جدیدة مع ظهورھا وتطبیقها في المستقبل. والدلیل موجھ إلى أولئك الذین یریدون إعداد مؤشرات وأرقاماً قیاسیة بأنفسهم، وكذلك إلى أولئك الذین یریدون فحسب الحصول على نواتج أُعدت في مكان آخر واستخدامها. والمقصود ھو استخدامھ من جانب الممارسی ...PermalinkPermalinkالمنظمة العالمية للأرصاد ; منظمة الأغذية والزراعة للأمم المتحدة - المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد, 2016 (مجموعة مطبوعات المنظمة-No. 1175)PermalinkPermalinkOrganisation météorologique mondiale (OMM); Global Water Partnership (GWP) - OMM, 2016 (OMM-No. 1173)Le manuel présente les indicateurs et les indices les plus couramment employés dans les régions sujettes à la sécheresse dans le but de faire progresser le suivi, l’alerte précoce et la diffusion de l’information à l’appui des politiques de gestion des situations de sécheresse et des plans de préparation axés sur les risques. Les méthodes et les notions qui les accompagnent y sont brièvement exposées. Ce document est appelé à évoluer et à s’enrichir à mesure que de nouveaux indicateurs et indices seront élaborés et mis en pratique. Il intéressera les personnes qui souhaitent définir leurs prop ...PermalinkВсемирная Метеорологическая Организация (BMO); Global Water Partnership (GWP) - BMO, 2016 (BMO-No. 1173)Цель настоящего справочника заключается в том, чтобы описать самые распространенные показатели/индикаторы засушливости, которые применяются в подверженных засухам регионах, с целью совершенствования систем мониторинга, заблаговременного предупреждения и представления информации в поддержку политических мер в области борьбы с засухами с учетом рисков и в поддержку планов обеспечения готовности. Эти концепции и показатели/индексы кратко изложены в нижеследующем тексте, призванном быть интерактивным документом, который в дальнейшем будет развиваться и включать новые показатели и индексы по мере и ...Permalink本手册旨在涵盖适用于干旱易发区域最常用的干旱指标/指数，目的是促进监 测、早期预警和信息提供系统，以支持基于风险的干旱管理政策和备灾计划。 这些概念和指标/指数将在下文进行介绍，它是一份动态文件，随着新指标和指 数出现及在未来的适用性加以更新及整合。本手册面向那些希望制作其自身指 标和指数的机构以及针对那些只愿意获取和使用为其它地区所制作的产品的机 构。本手册适用于一般干旱从业人员使用（例如，气象/水文部门、资源管理者 及其它各级决策者），并旨在作为一个起点，表明哪个指标/指数可用，并在全 球投入实际使用。此外，本手册的制定考虑到了干旱风险管理过程。然而，本 出版物并非旨在推荐一套“最佳”指标和指数。对指标/指数的选择是根据与利益 攸关方关注的影响最密切关联的干旱具体特点。PermalinkLa finalidad del presente manual es tratar algunos de los indicadores e índices de sequía de uso más habitual en las regiones más propensas a las sequías, con el objeto de impulsar sistemas de vigilancia, de alerta temprana y de suministro de información que respalden los planes de preparación y las políticas de gestión de la sequía basados en riesgos. Estos conceptos e indicadores o índices se describen a grandes rasgos a continuación, en lo que se considera un documento dinámico que evolucionará e incorporará nuevos indicadores e índices a medida que estos salgan a la luz y se apliquen en el ...Permalinkفي توحید أفضل المعلومات المناخیة المتاحة من المرافق الوطنیة للأرصاد الجوية والهیدرولوجیا في بیانات سنوية عن حالة المناخ العالمي. وفي عام 2013 ، أصدرت المنظمة ( WMO ) ملخصاً عقدياً عن المناخ غطى الفترة 2001 - 2010 . ومنذ عام 2006 ، أنتجت المنظمة WMO) ) أيضاً نشرات سنوية عن غازات الاحتباس الحراري تقدّم إفادة عن تركیزات غازات الاحتباس الحراري في الغلاف الجوي التي تدفع إلى تغیر المناخ. ولقد كانت التأثیرات المبكرة لتغیر المناخ واضحة باستمرار على النطاق العالمي منذ ثمانینیات القرن الماضي، وهي: زيادة درجة حرارة العالم على الیابسة وفي سطح وأعماق المحیطات، وارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر، وانصهار طبقات الجلید ...PermalinkEl presente informe describe la evolución del sistema climático durante el período comprendido entre 2011 y 2015. La Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) ha evaluado este período de cinco años con el fin de contribuir a comprender mejor las tendencias plurianuales al calentamiento y los fenómenos extremos que pueden ayudar a los gobiernos a aplicar con mayor eficacia la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Esto se aplica en particular al Acuerdo de París de 2015, que proporciona a la comunidad mundial una oportunidad histórica para actuar con más urgencia en l ...PermalinkLe présent rapport décrit l’évolution du système climatique entre 2011 et 2015. L’Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) a analysé ces cinq années afin de mieux comprendre le réchauffement constaté sur cette période, ainsi que les phénomènes extrêmes et, par là même, aider les gouvernements à mettre en oeuvre de manière plus efficace la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC), et en particulier l’Accord de Paris. Adopté en 2015, ce dernier représente, pour la communauté internationale, une occasion sans précédent d’accélérer les efforts visant à limiter ...PermalinkOver the last decade, the scientific community has come to realize the important impacts of airborne dust on climate, human health, the environment and various socio-economic sectors. WMO and its Members, having started implementation of monitoring, forecasting and early warning systems for airborne dust in 2004, are at the vanguard on evaluating these impacts and developing products to guide preparedness, adaptation and mitigation policies. 1 2PermalinkChina is one of the countries most affected by meteorological hazards. From 1984 to 2014, on average per annum meteorological hazards caused 4 066 deaths and 192.2 billion Chinese Yuan Renminbi (CNY, US$ 30.5 billion) direct economic losses – 2% of the Chinese Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The annual average loss ratio (direct economic losses/annual GDP) halved from 2.08% from 1984 to 2000 to 1.03% from 2001 to 2014, thanks to improved disaster prevention and mitigation measures. That 1.03% ratio is still 8 times higher than the global average (0.14%) and 3 times higher than that of the United ...PermalinkBulletin, Vol. 64(2). WMO, 2015The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (Sendai Framework) adopted on 18 March is the first major agreement of the 2015 agenda. Its seven global targets and four priorities for action are highly relevant to WMO. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is one of the seven priority areas of the Organization. Protecting lives, livelihoods and property is at the core of its mission – thus, WMO will support the Sendai Framework through a wide range of scientific and technical activities.1Permalinkis an issue of Boletín. Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM); Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) - OMM, 2015Permalink
PermalinkNew sources of atmospheric observations, faster supercomputers and advances in science together revolutionized weather forecasting in the latter part of the 20th century. On the global scale, we can today predict up to five days ahead as accurately as we could do for three days 20 years ago. This means society has much more advance warning of weather hazards than before, permitting people to prepare and, thereby, limit the loss of lives and property. Expectations are high for even greater advances in the years to come.PermalinkQing-Cun Zeng, a famous academic meteorologist, is a pioneer of numerical weather prediction, dynamic climate prediction and remote sensing theory for meteorological satellites. His semi-implicit (1961) and quadratic (1981) schemes as well as his inversion variation method (1974) are still widely applied to theoretical and practical studies in meteorology and geophysical fluid dynamics. Through his active involvement in the study of global climate and environmental change, he has contributed to advancements in the study of meteorological hazards and related disaster risk reduction. He has rece ...PermalinkNatural hazards involving weather, climate and water are a major source of death, injury and physical destruction. Over the past decade (2005-2014), 3 253 hydrometeorological hazards were reported around the world, resulting in 283 0351 deaths and economic losses amounting to US$ 983 million.PermalinkThe Operational Manual consists of the text and the appendices. Items included in the text relate to the Typhoon Committee agreement, in particular, basic information for executing meteorological operation, whilst the appendices contain national practices and procedures (it is felt that the Member concerned should have the right to be able to change without having to get prior formal agreement of the Typhoon Committee) together with detailed and technical information for meteorological operation. Information described in WMO official publications such as Manuals is only referred to and not i ...PermalinkThis brochure is part of a series highlighting the World Bank's achievements in disaster risk management initiatives. The brochure offers lessons learned on managing disaster risk and promoting urban resilience and it presents Bangladesh's path-breaking Urban Resilience Project, the product of a collaborative effort among the government, the World Bank, and GFDRR, which equips key government agencies with state-of-the art emergency management facilities and improves construction permitting processes.PermalinkThis lesson describes the role of forecasters in supporting emergency managers during tropical cyclones with a focus on the wind hazards. It provides an overview of the wind speed products produced by the National Weather Service, including how they are used to create local wind forecasts. Learners will practice interpreting probabilistic wind speed guidance and conveying appropriate wind speed information to decision-makers using projected scenarios of hazardous wind events. Developing messages for emergency managers and the public that include the potential wind speed, threat, and impact inf ...PermalinkThis lesson introduces learners to the uncertainty and errors in forecasting the track, timing, and intensity of tropical cyclones. It provides an overview of how the National Hurricane Center’s cone of uncertainty is constructed, as well as its uses and common misconceptions. Learners will explore the influences of track, timing, and intensity forecast errors on potential tropical cyclones impacts. The lesson offers suggestions on how to communicate tropical cyclone forecasts knowing their inherent uncertainty. This online lesson is part of the Tropical Cyclone Storm Winds: Forecasting and Co ...PermalinkThis lesson introduces forecasters to the probabilistic guidance products used by the National Hurricane Center to assess tropical cyclone wind threats. It provides an overview of how these probabilistic wind speed products are created, their purposes, and how to interpret them. The lesson also provides practice in determining the total risk and timing for location-specific peak wind events. This online lesson is part of the Tropical Cyclone Storm Winds: Forecasting and Communication course.PermalinkThis lesson provides information on climatology—what it is, the factors that create an area's climate, and the sources and uses of climate information. Focused specifically on tropical Pacific islands, the content covers the key features influencing climate in that region and includes examples for four locations distributed across the tropical Pacific Ocean, both north and south of the equator. The lesson provides a basic introduction to tropical climatology intended for a wide range of users, from meteorology technicians, forecasters, and scientists, to those in industries or sectors influenc ...PermalinkGood rainfall draws many people to settle across the eastern Africa highlands for farming and other businesses. However, factors such as steep terrain, logging, livestock grazing, agriculture, and construction, have increased erosion and contributed to less stable slopes. These factors can lead to devastating landslides and mudslides, especially during episodes of very heavy rain. Forecasting and monitoring heavy rainfall is challenging, especially in mountainous regions that have few surface observations. This make satellite data critical for meteorologists and hydrologists forecasting for th ...PermalinkThis lesson introduces forecasters to the physical processes and impacts of tropical cyclone storm surge. It provides an overview of the factors that affect storm surge, how it is measured, and the limitations associated with storm surge data. This online lesson is part of the Tropical Cyclone Storm Surge: Forecasting and Communication course.PermalinkThis lesson provides an overview of the primary influences of watershed and channel sedimentation. In a short narrated portion of the lesson, we explore a section of the Rio Grande watershed and channel in New Mexico using Google Earth imagery, river profiles, and graphic animations. We highlight features of the upland catchments, the river channel, and the Elephant Butte Reservoir. We then demonstrate how environmental factors (climate, geography, land use changes, reservoirs) impact the supply and movement of sediments for the Rio Grande and other rivers. The focus is on the three primary pr ...PermalinkThe climate of most of the coastal region of Libya can be classified as semi-arid, while that of the rest of the country is arid. Rainfall is erratic with extremely variable yearly rainfall amounts: a series of dry years may follow a year with adequate rainfall. Furthermore, monthly and seasonal totals are not homogenous and most precipitation occurs during winter months.
Dust and sand storms, the focus of the present study, are one of the main extreme weather phenomena that affect Libya. In this paper, spatial and temporal distribution, frequency and seasonality are studied and analyze ...PermalinkPermalinkPermalinkFlood events are known for their profound capacity to positively or negatively affect humans. Floods improve overall human well-being by providing services such as groundwater recharge, surface-water replenishment, soil-fertility enhancement and a general increase in the value of social–ecological systems. Equally, however, flood events pose a series of diverse health threats, ranging from contaminated water sources to decreased agricultural productivity, especially when communities are vulnerable and lack the capacity to effectively respond to, and recover from, the adverse effects of floods. ...PermalinkCommunication is the imparting or exchange of information between individuals or groups through a common system of symbols, signs or behaviour (Merriam-Webster, 2013a; Oxford Dictionaries, 2013). In recent decades, different conceptual models have been developed to explain the process of human communication. One of the best representations of the flow of information in flood communication is the Interactional Communication Model proposed by Schramm (Schramm, 1954).PermalinkIt is not enough to assert—to an elected official, a regulator, a donor organization or the taxpayer—that one’s organization is doing an effective job of flood management. One also has to be able to provide a credible answer to the question: “How do you know?” 2 There is a multiplicity of flood management activities that can be pursued by a plethora of government jurisdictions, government agencies, NGOs, private and volunteer groups— independently, in cooperation, in competition. These activities may include: constructing flood prevention infrastructure; rebuilding houses, buildings and infras ...PermalinkThis work operationalizes the determinants of climate change risk, exposure and vulnerability, through the perceptions held by Native hunters, fishers, and gatherers in Savoonga and Shaktoolik, Alaska. Informed by their skill, experience, and the traditional knowledge of their elders, hunters, fishers, and gatherers in these communities are astute observers of their environment and environmental change. A questionnaire is used to sort and rank their perceptions of the most obvious and disruptive elements of climate change as representations of exposure and vulnerability, respectively.PermalinkThis document presents an overview on the impact of the Dry Corridor phenomenon in Central America, and the work the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) - in collaboration with its partners - is doing to support countries to increase disaster resilience of households, communities and institutions.PermalinkFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO); Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) Myanmar - gov ; Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development (MLFRD) Myanmar - gov ; et al. - FAO, 2015This report assesses the disaster impact of the cyclone Komen on agriculture and rural-based livelihoods of affected populations in Myanmar. The assessment was conducted in the six most-affected regions/states of Ayeyarwady, Bago, Chin, Magway, Rakhine and Sagaing. It was co-led by FAO and WFP under the framework of the Food Security Sector in partnership with UN women, World Vision, CESVI, CARE, JICA and LIFT.PermalinkThis flagship publication of UN ESCAP provides an overview of the state of disaster resilience in Asia-Pacific region, and places disaster risk reduction at the heart of sustainable development. It identifies emerging new risks in the region and the sectors that are most at risk.PermalinkThis article assesses the current state of disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA), and focuses on interventions and policies to mitigate hydrometeorological risks. The research analyzes, as main case study, the program “Regional Climate Prediction and Risk Reduction in the Greater Horn of Africa” funded by the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (USAID OFDA) in the early 2000 that targeted risk preparedness.PermalinkThis paper investigates if and how current EU policies influence flood insurance. While the question of supply and demand is at the core of the debate, the authors argue that another key dimension is often overlooked: how to use insurance as a lever for risk reduction and prevention efforts.PermalinkThis report extends, reviews and explains in detail the historical flood series for the Ba River at Ba, Fiji. It is the longest quantitative flood series for a river in Fiji, describing 32 floods that have inundated Rarawai Sugar Mill over the 123‐year period from 1892 to 2014, at an average of once every 3.8 years. The accuracy of each flood level is assessed, with 56% of these floods deemed to have a high rating and 34% a medium‐high or medium rating. Flood levels for 12 lesser floods are also estimated. This extended and verified flood series provides the basis for forthcoming statistical a ...PermalinkVanuatu - Gov, 2015This report summarises the discussions and outcomes from the national debriefing workshop to identify lessons learned following Tropical Cyclone Pam (TC Pam). It reviews key aspects of coordination, including preparation, response and recovery.PermalinkThis report presents the outcomes of a rapid assessment on the drought situation carried out by the Government of Papua New Guinea. It includes the findings/ highlights on the impact of drought on food, water, health, livelihood and education. It finally presents recommendations based on the assessment.PermalinkWorld Bank, 2015This study’s overall aim is to provide local decision-makers an effective planning approach for minimizing the damage risk of rainfall-induced urban flooding in Dhaka in a changing climate. Specific objectives are to assess the vulnerability of the Greater Dhaka area to urban flooding and waterlogging, estimate probable economic damage due to climate change, develop structural adaptation measures, evaluate the reduction in economic damage resulting from implementing these measures, and estimate their cost.PermalinkThis report summarizes the rapidly-growing body of research on resilience, describing the main ideas that are driving policy and practice across the country, and examining current thinking on regional and economic resilience. It is intended for regional development organizations (RDOs) as well as local governments, community foundations, voluntary organizations, and others who step forward as planners, conveners, organizers, fundraisers, mediators, coordinators, and advocates on behalf of communities impacted by, or at risk of being impacted by, disasters, natural and human-induced.PermalinkThis synthesis report explores the opportunities, challenges and required steps for leveraging the new ecosystem of Big Data to monitor and detect hazards, mitigate their effects, and assist in relief efforts. Ultimately the goal is to build resilience so that vulnerable communities and countries as complex human ecosystems not only ‘bounce back’ but also learn to adapt to maintain equilibrium in the face of natural hazards.PermalinkDroughts pose a major risk in most African countries including Ghana where agricultural activities are heavily dependent on rainfall. Efforts at assessing droughts and providing decision support tools to farmers are hampered by a lack of rainfall and other meteorological data over many parts of Africa. Satellite based rainfall measurements have been suggested to fill the rainfall data gaps over Africa to enable effective assessment of droughts. Traditional methods of assessing droughts have been based on statistical formulations that relied mostly on precipitation. This approach to assessing d ...PermalinkPermalink
PermalinkThis handbook provides decision makers, planners, responders and disaster management practitioners with an overview of the disaster management structure, policies, laws, and plans for ASEAN countries.
The handbook presents an overview of natural and man-made threats most likely to affect ASEAN countries, basic country background information, including cultural, demographic, geographic, infrastructure and other data, as well as endemic conditions such as poverty, water and sanitation, food security and other humanitarian issues. It also provides an overview of the health situatio ...PermalinkThis report examines the resilience of the global food system to extreme weather.
This summary is built on three detailed reports and presents evidence that the global food system is vulnerable to production shocks caused by extreme weather, and that this risk is growing. It highlights evidence that our reliance on increasing volumes of global trade, whilst having many benefits, also creates structural vulnerability via a liability to amplify production shocks in some circumstances. It argues that action is needed to improve the resilience of the global food system to weather-re ...PermalinkThis report aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the implications of social media analysis tools for disaster preparedness, focusing on the Asia Pacific region. The research it is based on follows a technology-in-practice approach, that is, it examines users’ practices enacted in their interaction with technological features and functions (e.g., message broadcasting on Twitter, visual analytical tools on ThinkUp) in different situations. Specifically, this research aims to solicit data from humanitarian organizations’ self-reported opinions and usage of social media and relat ...PermalinkIn this article, the author tabulates and measures the burden of disasters on the Pacific Island Countries (PICs) by aggregating and comparing the data found in the two global datasets on disaster impacts.
The paper shows that the most commonly used dataset greatly underestimates the burden of disasters for the Pacific islands. Next, it describes a new index that aggregates disaster impacts, calculates this index for the PICs, and then compares the burden of disasters for the island countries of the Pacific with the island countries of the Caribbean. This comparison demonstrates ...PermalinkThe Policy Brief is primarily aimed at a human rights audience, and intends to both inform human rights policymakers and provide guidance on how international human rights law, institutions and mechanisms might contribute to more effective, just and sustainable policy responses (at the international and national levels) to climate change and crossborder displacement.
It reflects primary and secondary research; the outcome of a meeting during the 25th session of the Human Rights Council (the Council) on the ‘human rights implications of displacement in the context of disasters’ o ...PermalinkThis scoping study report is an analysis of the monitoring and evaluation frameworks and tools in Uganda with focus on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. It provides an overview of Uganda’s climate change and other related policy context and their provisions for monitoring and evaluation frameworks. The report also highlights the current reporting systems and the mandates of different institutions for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. The tools and systems used for data and information collection, processing, reporting, storage and dissemination are hig ...PermalinkThis white paper explores the lessons learned from Katrina and how the recovery in New Orleans inspired the creation of new methods of building resilience. The paper identifies a number of critical areas to keep stakeholders aligned, including prioritizing flooding as the paramount risk, devoting more resources to preventive measures rather than post-event disaster relief, and overcoming current infrastructure vulnerabilities. The paper also offers first steps and tactics to help assess and address communities at risk, and ways to improve the affordability of risk-based disaster insurance.PermalinkWharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center (Risk Center) ; Zurich Insurance Group Limited - Zurich Insurance Group Limited, 2015This white paper explores the lessons learned from Katrina and how the recovery in New Orleans inspired the creation of new methods of building resilience. The paper identifies a number of critical areas to keep stakeholders aligned, including prioritizing flooding as the paramount risk, devoting more resources to preventive measures rather than post-event disaster relief, and overcoming current infrastructure vulnerabilities. The paper also offers first steps and tactics to help assess and address communities at risk, and ways to improve the affordability of risk-based disaster insurance.PermalinkThis report argues that there is a gap for disaster risk reduction (DRR) financing, which could be filled by adaptation funds that have the capacity to invest directly in DRR activities and to integrate DRR into their other activities.
It suggests that water and coastal protection are the sectors where DRR is most integrated. DRR investments through adaptation funds appear to be more focused on the poorest countries in comparison to DRR finance from international aid.
This was particularly the case for Small Island Developing States (SIDS). DRR channelled through ...PermalinkThis paper focuses on the regional allocation of public spending for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Bangladesh.
The objective is to identify all of the directly observable determinants’ of publicly allocated and realized spending at the local government (sub-district) level. The Heckman two stage selection model is used with detailed public finance and other data from 483 sub-districts (upazilas) across the country. It is found that government does not respond to the sub-district’s risk exposure as a factor affecting the DRR financing mechanism. The DRR regional allocations do ...Permalink
This report reviews and discusses the agreed commitments and targets, as well as the negotiation leading to the Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR).
It discusses briefly its implication for the later UN-led negotiations on sustainable development goals and climate change, including the Conference of Parties taking place in Paris, France at the end of 2015.
SFDRR was adopted by UN Member States in March 2015 and was the first major agreement of the post-2015 development agenda, with seven targets and four priorities for action: 1) Understanding disaste ...PermalinkThis brief gives an overview of the disaster trends and challenges across the Arab region.
There is a special emphasis on infrastructure, informal settlements, climate change, and cross-cutting issues such as governance, inclusiveness, decentralisation and legislation. The report also provides an analysis of proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Targets from an Arab Perspective.
As introduction is given to the issues around disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the Arab region. The main trends and challenges in DRR and reliance building are identified, spec ...PermalinkMalawi - government, 2015The PDNA report indicates that the Malawi 2015 floods affected 1,101,364 people, displaced 230,000 and killed 106 people. The assessment focuses on medium to long term reconstruction and provides the guiding principles for recovery, including assessment of the damage, losses, and recovery and reconstruction strategies for each sector are provided in detailed sector.PermalinkThe report describes the extensive work undertaken by all risk management authorities to (i) manage the risks from flooding and coastal erosion, (ii) achieve the objectives of the National Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management (FCERM) Strategy for England, (iii) plan for future flood and coastal erosion risk. It also reports how lead local flood authorities have progressed on their local strategies and asset registers.PermalinkInternal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC); Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2015This annual report draws on information from a wide range of sources, including governments, UN and international organisations, NGOs and media, to provide up-to-date figures and analysis on displacement caused by disasters associated with rapid-onset geophysical and weather-related hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and storms. The report, the sixth of its kind, aims to equip governments, local authorities, civil society organisations and international and regional institutions with evidence relevant to these key post-2015 agenda.Permalink |
Vampires got something right. According to new research, the blood from younger individuals may act like an elixir of youth. Young blood gave a lift to old brains and bodies — in mice, at least. Three new studies suggest compounds in the blood from young mice improve an older animal’s ability to learn, remember and build new muscle.
People have long searched for a simple way to keep old minds sharp. “Maybe they were just looking too far,” Tony Wyss-Coray told Science News. A neuroscientist at the Stanford University School of Medicine in Palo Alto, Calif, Wyss-Coray worked on one of the new blood studies. His team published its findings May 4 in Nature Medicine.
Two others studies published that same day, but in the journal Science, report similar results. All found that old mice get better at learning and remembering when they have young blood circulating in their brains.
The Science studies linked those mental and health benefits to one particular ingredient found in the blood of young mice.
Young blood confers benefits to the heart, liver and pancreas, earlier studies showed. The new ones found that an elderly mouse brain also can improve and become sharper through this simple treatment. That suggests the mental problems that many people experience when they grow older may be preventable, Lee Rubin told Science News. He’s a neuroscientist at Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. He also worked on one of the studies just reported in Science.
How young blood may help
The experiments carried out by Wyss-Coray and his colleagues were simple. They connected blood vessels from old mice to young mice and let the blood mix. The blended blood flowed through both animals. In 2011, these researchers reported that this mixing harmed the brains of young mice getting the geezer’s blood. But the researchers now find that the same is not when the treatment is reversed. Old animals benefitted from mixing young blood into their veins.
For a mouse, “elderly” means 18 months old. That’s equivalent to a person between 55 and 70 years old. The young mice were only three months old, which corresponds to a human that’s 20 to 30 years old.
The function of nerve cells, or neurons, also improved in the old mice receiving the mixed blood. Neurons are brain cells that communicate with each other. The neurons of old mice pumping young blood appeared to grow new places where they could connect with other neurons. This growth of new connection spots is something that typically occurs in young brains. More connections should help a brain work better.
The researchers also treated old mice with 8 injections of blood plasma taken from either young mice or other geezers. (Plasma is the liquid part of blood and often looks yellowish in color.) The injections were delivered over 24 days. Afterward, the researchers tested each mouse’s ability to learn and remember new things. Old mice getting plasma from young animals performed better than those receiving plasma from other elderly mice.
But don’t worry: Grandparents won’t start poaching blood from their grandkids. The mouse findings may not hold up in people. And if they do, scientists will search for the key ingredients in blood that confer benefits. Then they can develop new treatments based only on what they learn about those ingredients.
One of those blood ingredients that shows promise is called GDF11. That stands for growth differentiation factor 11. The amount of this protein in the body falls with age. One of the new Science papers injected that protein into older mice. And it helped turn back the clock on aging. GDF11 helped these elderly mice retain muscle and strength, compared with animals who did not get the protein treatment.
The second Science study showed that GDF11 can help an elderly mouse brain grow new blood vessels and neurons. Rubin was an author of that second study. He suspects young blood’s benefits may last several weeks. “Maybe you wouldn’t have to be a Dracula feeding on fresh blood every day,” he quips.
The new studies are interesting, but only look at half of the situation, Dobri Kiprov told Science News. He studies the immune system at California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco. The new studies “concentrate on what’s being enhanced,” he said. But just as important, he says, will be learning whether there is any harm if the treatment dilutes potentially good compounds in old animal’s blood.
compound A compound is a substance formed from two or more chemical elements united in fixed proportions. For example, water is a compound made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. Its chemical symbol is H2O.
differentiation The maturation of a cell or organism from a simpler form to a more complex form. Differentiation occurs as a few fertilized cells develop into an embryo acquire the specialized organs that will be needed later in life. Even cells can differentiate from a stem cell into the various specialized cells needed to later perform particular functions.
immune system The collection of cells and their responses that help the body fight off infection.
liver An organ of the body of animals with backbones that performs a number of important functions. It can store fat and sugar as energy, breakdown harmful substances for excretion by the body, and secrete bile, a greenish fluid released into the gut, where it helps digest fats and neutralize acids.
neuron or nerve cell Any of the impulse-conducting cells that make up the brain, spinal column and nervous system. These specialized cells transmit information to other neurons in the form of electrical signals.
neuroscience Science that deals with the structure or function of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Researchers in this field are known as neuroscientists.
pancreas A gland found in animals with backbones that secretes the hormone insulin and enzymes that help breakdown foods in the gut.
plasma The colorless fluid part of blood.
proteins Compounds made from one or more long chains of amino acids. Proteins are an essential part of all living organisms. They form the basis of living cells, muscle and tissues; they also do the work inside of cells. The hemoglobin in blood and the antibodies that attempt to fight infections are among the better known, stand-alone proteins. |
Image courtesy NDSU
Middle and high school students from around the world are sharing their clean water science projects via video chat this week.
The WaterRediscover initiative is coordinated by North Dakota State University. Seven teams from Bangladesh, India, Saudi Arabia, West Fargo, N.D., and Hudson, Wis., gave 15-minute presentations May 15 on how they designed, fabricated and tested water treatment and wastewater recycling technology.
NDSU Assistant Professor Achintya Bezbaruah, whoi coordinates the international science project, said it helps connect students who are interested in science and math.
The students work with very little money, so they use materials that are readily available where they live. Some American students went dumpster diving to find plastic bottles and other materials for their project.
International students often believe Americans have unlimited resources, Bezbaruah said, and they are surprised to learn students in the United States face economic constraints.
Bezbaruah said the project also exposes students to cultural differences they might not experience firsthand until they are older.
The University also looks at the project as a recruiting tool. It’s important to develop the NDSU brand in countries like India and Bangladesh, Bezbaruah said, because the university wants to recruit the best American and international students to study science and math.
This is the second year the WaterRediscover project has been held.
Bezbaruah hopes to expand the program to more countries in the future. |
Stanford University’s Sustainable Urban Systems initiative applies multiple engineering knowledge fields in an integrated approach to shape the future of our cities.
Today’s urban areas provide a disparate quality of life and quality of services to their populations, and they inflict a mostly adverse impact on our natural environment. Our challenge is to design and re-engineer our urban environments for the future to provide modern services in ways that allow humans and nature to flourish.
The engineered systems that support cities today are largely stand-alone entities, such as the electricity grid designed by individual sectors under the assumption that bigger is better to leverage economies of scale. Unfortunately, this approach often creates inflexible systems that can be difficult to manage, impose high environmental costs and largely ignore interactions with the people they serve. Yet with advances in information systems, engineered technologies and understanding of human behavior, we can design cities that respond better to the needs of the inhabitants and adapt more readily to changing climatic and environmental pressures and demands.
See past student projects and initiatives like our annual Symposium. If you are a current Stanford student, explore our courses available during the 2016-17 academic year. If you are a prospective graduate student, learn how you can apply to our new Sustainable Urban Systems concentration in the Sustainable Design and Construction Masters of Science program. |
In December, Springer published an insightful article about the value of deep learning for VPNs. The article “Deep learning-based real-time VPN encrypted traffic identification methods” delves into the use of machine learning to improve encryption models.
However, there are other ways that machine learning is improving the quality of VPN technology. It is also used for testing more effectively.
Machine Learning Improves Testing Capabilities of VPN Products
The primary function of a VPN is to provide us with safety and security while online, but how do we know that it is working correctly? There are several steps that can lead us to be exposed and leak our data while online even-though we are connected to a VPN. This is why it is crucial that we perform a VPN app test to make sure that everything we do online stays anonymous and guarantee our safety and protection. Fortunately, machine learning is enhancing the quality of these tests.
What is VPN
Before we dive into the methods of testing the reliability of a VPN, in case you are not familiar with it, we first need to realize what VPN is.
VPN or Virtual Private Network is an essentialinternet tool that provides its users with the maximum anonymity and online safety. Using tunneled protocols that create a single shared network between the user and the server VPN allows us to safely venture into the online world without the fear of being tracked or becoming a victim of a cybercrime.
In other words, by encrypting the data used it ensures that whatever we do online remains only for our eyes. This means that no third party viewer will be able to take a peek at what you do online nor to track you since VPN successfully hides the real IP address and replaces it with a virtual one. This is the best way to prevent any prying eyes such as the government, the Internet Service Provider (ISP), and even cyber criminals such as hackers, scammers, and others.
Ways to perform a VPN app test with machine learning
Now that we know what VPN is and how it works we are going to dwell on some of the methods that can be used to test the reliability and safeness of this app. Machine learning is critical for running these tests in 2020, since it can reduce the prevalence of false positives and false negatives with different variables.
The first thing we need to do is figure out if our VPN has any leaks, by going through a leak test:
- DNS Leak Test – Domain Name System or DNS is used to provide easier access by translating domain names to corresponding IP addresses. In most scenarios, this translation is done by the ISP (Internet Service Provider), but when connected to VPN the real IP address is being masked in order to prevent others from tracking your location. If you are connected to VPN and see an advertisement and other things that are targeted to your country or area know that your DNS is leaking. Note that DNS leaks do not reveal your real IP address but instead reveal the ISP IP address which can then easily be traced to you. To prevent DNS leaks, opt for VPN services that provide protection from these kinds of leaks. Machine learning is useful for this test, because it can identify new sources of leaks based on previous tests and discoveries.
- IP address Leak test – Most VPN providers claim that they protect your real IP address, but you can never be sure. The best way for testing this is to connect to a VPN and use any IP leak test tool from the internet. If you are connected to a different country and it reveals your real IP address it means that the IP address is leaking somewhere. The best way to change that is to do the research and opt for a VPN service that will guarantee IP masking followed by a guarantee against IP leaks. Once again, machine learning helps identify sources of leaks better than previous tests.
What to do if you encounter leaks during the VPN app test
If it happens that you encounter a VPN leak during testing the best way to fix that is to contact the VPN support team which is obliged to help you in fixing the issue. Another method is to simply do the research and switch to a VPN provider that has this area covered up, offering you features and services that will guarantee safety when it comes to IP and DNS leaks.
VPN speed test
Another way to make sure that your VPN is good during the VPN app test is to ensure that the connection speed is satisfying. This is also one of the biggest features to look for in a VPN and machine learning is important for conducting it. There are a lot of factors that can have an impact on your VPN connection speed and we made a list of the most important ones:
- Limitations of your Internet Service Provider – Since the ISP controls the maximum amount of your internet speed you should know that by connecting to a VPN your speed cannot be faster than it already is.
- Encryption level – The speed of VPN lowers as you require bigger encryption levels. L2PT protocols are much more secure than PPTP ones but they have a significantly lower speed. If you are requiring less encryption with your online tasks we recommend using the protocol that gives you faster connection speed.
- The physical distance between the server and the user – When doing a VPN app test in order to determine the connection speed take into consideration that the bigger the distance is between you and the server the slower the connection speed will be. Choosing servers that are near you can greatly improve internet speed.
- The popularity of a VPN service – The more used a certain VPN server is the more likely you are to have connection issues as the server gets overwhelmed with a number of users using it and it slows down the internet speed.
When performing a VPN app test you should take into consideration all of the things mentioned above as they will determine how your VPN will perform. By knowing the issues that you may encounter with this app you are practically one step ahead of the problem.
Machine Learning is Important for Testing the Reliability of VPNs
Machine learning has made VPNs more effective than ever. One of the biggest benefits of machine learning is that it can help conduct speed and security tests that were previously not possible. |
Push-ups are a simple body weight exercise that most people know how to do. Get into the starting position by putting your hands on the floor and move your legs back. Then alternate between pushing yourself up with your arms and lowering yourself back down. That is how you do regular push-ups but there are lots of push-up variations.
Since your legs are on the ground you only lift about 65% of your bodyweight when doing a regular push-up. A person that weighs 134 pounds will be lifting about 87 pounds with their arms when they push themselves up. Push-ups are usually considered to be an endurance exercise because doing two or three of them is too easy. If they are not too easy at first they will become too easy after you increase your strength a little.
The only way to make regular push-ups difficult enough to provide you with a good workout is to do a lot of them. I started doing 100 push-ups a day. It provided me with a good workout but it was an endurance workout. So it was not good for increasing my strength and bulking up. That is why I switched to doing push up variations that require more strength.
My New Push-Up Routine
For my new push-up workout routine I picked push up variations that I could barely do. They required a lot of strength. Doing just two reps was a struggle. I avoided ones that were easy and ones that were too difficult to do with good form. The exercises on my list were:
- Wall-assisted handstand push-ups,
- Wall push-ups,
- Medicine ball push-ups,
- Wide-grip push-ups,
- Finger push-ups, and
- Decline push ups.
Later I added exploding push-ups and tucked push-ups with my feet in the air to continue to challenge myself. Sometimes I mixed two variations together.
- A medicine ball push up is when you place your hands or feet on a medicine ball. I put my hands on a medicine ball and did narrow grip push ups also known as diamond push ups. To do wide grip push ups you just place your hands wider than shoulder width apart.
- Finger push ups are good for increasing the size of the forearms and they are easier on the wrists.
- Decline push ups can be done by placing your feet higher than your head. To do them I placed my feet on chair or stability ball.
- To do exploding push ups use a combination of strength and speed to propel your upper body into the air as high as you can.
- To do the tucked push up get on your knees, put your hands beside them and lower your head close to the floor. Then push yourself off the floor.
Focusing on difficult push-up variations gave me better results than doing a large number of regular push-ups. My strength and the size of my muscles increased. I noticed the most change in my shoulders and triceps. You can get big tricep, shoulder and chest muscles doing push-ups if you continue to challenge yourself by making the individual reps more difficult.
I am an ecotomorph. Meaning I am have a hard time bulking up. I am light, I did not change my diet and I only did the workout for a few months. There is still lots of room for improvement because I still have trouble doing push ups with my legs in the air. If you are not a skinny ecotomorph then your body would be better at putting on muscle mass and you would have the advantage of having more weight to lift.
Results of my Push-Up Routine
Switching from Endurance to Strength
After doing 100 regular push-ups 6 days a week for a long time I became really good at doing them. The workout started to feel too easy. When I tried doing variations that had me lifting more of my body weight I struggled to do one. My endurance increased a lot while doing a large number of regular push-ups but my strength only increase a little.
To change push-ups from an endurance exercise to a strength exercise you need to make doing individual ones more challenging. You can change the type of push-up or add weight. Instead of doing a lot of easy push-ups, do a small number of really difficult ones. One-handed, decline, and wide-grip push ups are a lot harder. So are exploding push ups and ones with a weighted backpack. The most difficult type is when your legs are in the air.
If you struggle to a few, then push-ups are a strength exercise.
Train Like a Weightlifter
To build strength weightlifters increase the amount of weight they are lifting as they get stronger. They do a small number of reps for big gains. The workout is quick but it takes a long time for them to recover. Lifting light weights and doing a lot of reps does not help you bulk up. If you workout like a weightlifter that is trying to bulk up then you will have a better chance of building muscle while doing push-ups
You can increase your bodyweight. Build up your leg muscles by doing leg exercises. Do exercises like barbell curls and pull ups to build up your biceps. Don't neglect the muscles that are not worked enough by doing push ups. I gained 25 pounds doing leg exercises. Wearing a weight vest or weighted backpack is a quick and easy way to put on more pounds. Another way to increase the amount of weight on your arms is to reduce the amount of weight you are lifting with your legs. Raise your legs higher, place your feet against a wall or hold them up in the air.
Regular push-ups mainly work your triceps, chest, back, shoulders and abs. You can do a variation that work your triceps, chest, back, shoulders, abs or forearms more by putting less emphasis on the other muscles. Changing the positions of your arms and legs changes how the weight is distributed. Think of it as shifting the weight. When I do wide grip push-ups my chest muscles work a lot harder. When I do narrow grip push-ups my triceps work a lot harder. If I did superman push-ups with my arms out in front of me it would put more emphasis on my back muscles.
If you start doing a push-up routine with difficult variations, then you will not stay the same size. Your body will change a lot. You will look and feel different. If you want big arms don't forget to workout your biceps. Push-ups workout your triceps, the muscle on the opposite side of your biceps. Pull-ups are good for working out the biceps and other upper body muscles that are not worked enough with push ups. You should also do some cardio to reduce fat while strengthening your legs, heart and lungs.
People say you need to lift heavy weights to build muscle mass but you have your body weight, you can add weight, you can use explosive power and you can increase the load on specific muscles by decreasing the load on others. If doing a small number of reps is difficult than you can build muscle mass. Even if you have a bench press I recommend trying out some difficult push-ups variations like the tucked push ups with your legs in the air.
Push-ups are enough to get you ripped. You can bulk up doing difficult variations. To bulk up, continue to increase the difficulty of each push-up. You will work more muscles than by using the bench press, but not your whole upper body. By themselves they are only good for your triceps, shoulders, chest, abs and, to a lesser extent, your back.
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.
© 2014 Michael H |
Definitions for boatboʊt
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word boat
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
a vessel for transport by water, propelled by rowing, sails, or a motor.
a small ship, generally for specialized use:
a fishing boat.
a boat-shaped serving dish:
a gravy boat.
(v.i.)to go in a boat.
Category: Nautical, Navy
(v.t.)to transport or place in a boat.
Category: Nautical, Navy
Idioms for boat:
in the same boat, in similar difficult circumstances.
Origin of boat:
bef. 900; ME boot, OE bāt; c. ON beit
a small vessel for travel on water
gravy boat, gravy holder, sauceboat, boat(verb)
a dish (often boat-shaped) for serving gravy or sauce
ride in a boat on water
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
a small vehicle for traveling on water
We crossed the river by boat
a large ship
passengers getting on the boat
A craft used for transportation of goods, fishing, racing, recreational cruising, or military use on or in the water, propelled by oars or outboard motor or inboard motor or by wind.
A full house.
One of two possible conformations of cyclohexane rings (the other being chair), shaped roughly like a boat.
To travel by boat.
Origin: From boot, bot, boet, boyt, from bat, from baitaz, from bheid-. Cognate with beit.
a small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved by cars or paddles, but often by a sail
hence, any vessel; usually with some epithet descriptive of its use or mode of propulsion; as, pilot boat, packet boat, passage boat, advice boat, etc. The term is sometimes applied to steam vessels, even of the largest class; as, the Cunard boats
a vehicle, utensil, or dish, somewhat resembling a boat in shape; as, a stone boat; a gravy boat
to transport in a boat; as, to boat goods
to place in a boat; as, to boat oars
to go or row in a boat
A boat is a watercraft of any size designed to float or plane, to provide passage across water. Usually this water will be inland or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed to be operated from a ship in an offshore environment. In naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel. Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water.
British National Corpus
Spoken Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'boat' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #2081
Written Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'boat' in Written Corpus Frequency: #1210
Rank popularity for the word 'boat' in Nouns Frequency: #637
Translations for boat
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
a small vessel for travelling over water
We'll cross the stream by boat.
- قارب، قارِب، زَوْرَق، مَرْكَبArabic
- barcoPortuguese (BR)
- loďka, člunCzech
- das BootGerman
- båd; fartøjDanish
- barco, barca, embarcaciónSpanish
- båt, fartøyNorwegian
- وړه بیړی، کښتیPashto
- kayık, filika, sandalTurkish
- 小船Chinese (Trad.)
- چھوٹی کشتی ، ناؤUrdu
- 小船Chinese (Simp.)
Get even more translations for boat »
Find a translation for the boat definition in other languages:
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- Product Reviews
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Show depth and perspective
Let me give you my perspective on perspective.
Specifically I want to tell you about how single-point perspective, also known and vanishing point perspective, works in photographs.
The classic example of single-point perspective is a railroad track going into the distance, the two lines seemingly getting closer together as they are receed in the background.
The classic example: Railroad tracks heading into the distance is an example of single-point perspective. If the tracks were extended straight they would meet at a point slightly above the top edge. Photo © istockphoto/ gocosmonaut
Single-point perspective adds depth to an image. The effect can be subtle or obvious, depending on how you shoot the picture and what else is going on in the scene.
To get the lines-coming-together effect, position your camera at a 90 degree angle to two (or more) straight lines. While most straight lines end at some point before they would appear to merge, if you were to draw lines continuing them, the lines would merge. Hence, the "single point."
You can exaggerate single-point perspective by using a wide-angle lens, and lessen the effect by shooting with a telephoto lens. Single-point perspective is one of many elements you can throw into the mix to make an image succeed.
Many lines, one perspective: There are other elements in this scene, but there are several parallel lines at 90 degree angles to the camera, creating many single-point perspectives. Photo: Mason Resnick |
How to help children cope with the effects of disaster, as well as how to be prepared before a disaster strikes.
Children can feel very frightened during a disaster and afterwards some children will show temporary changes of behavior.
For most children these changes will be mild, not last long, and diminish with time. However, reminders of what happened could cause upsetting feelings to return and behavior changes to emerge again. Watching scenes of the disaster on television can be distressing for children, especially for younger children.
Younger children may return to bed-wetting, have difficulty sleeping, and not want to be separated from their caregivers. Older children may show more anger than usual, find concentrating at school harder, and want to spend more time alone than usual.
Some children are more vulnerable, and their reactions can be more severe and last for a longer period of time.
Factors that contribute to greater vulnerability include:
Direct exposure to the disaster. This includes being evacuated, seeing injured or dying people, being injured themselves, and feeling that their own lives are threatened.
Personal loss. This includes the death or serious injury of a family member, close friend, or family pet.
On-going stress from the secondary effects of disaster. This includes temporarily living elsewhere, losing contact with their friends and neighbors, losing things that are important to them, parental job loss, and the financial costs of reestablishing their previous living conditions.
Prior exposure to disaster or other traumatic event. How parents and caregivers react to and cope with a disaster or emergency situation can affect the way their children react. When parents and caregivers or other family members are able to deal with the situation calmly and confi dently, they are often the best source of support for their children. One way to help children feel more confi dent and in control is to involve them in preparing a family disaster plan.
What parents and caregivers can do
It is important for parents and other caregivers to understand what is causing a child’s anxieties and fears. Following a disaster, children are most afraid that: The event will happen again; someone close to them will be killed or injured; they will be left alone or separated from their family.
Parents and caregivers can clarify misunderstandings of risk and danger by acknowledging children’s concerns and perceptions. Discussions of preparedness plans can strengthen a child’s sense of safety and security.
Listen to what a child is saying. If a young child asks questions about the event, answer them simply without the elaboration needed for an older child or adult. Children vary in the amount of information they need 4 and can use. If a child has difficulty expressing his or her thoughts and feelings, then allowing them to draw a picture or tell a story of what happened may help.
Parents and caregivers can take the following actions:
Encourage your children to talk and listen to their concerns.
Calmly provide factual information about the disaster and plans for insuring their ongoing safety.
Involve your children in updating your family disaster plan and disaster supplies kit
Practice your plan.
Involve your children by giving them specific tasks to let them know they can help restore family and community life.
Spend extra time with your children.
Re-establish daily routines for work, school, play, meals, and rest.
Monitor and limit your family’s exposure to the media
News coverage of the disaster can cause fear, confusion and anxiety in children. This is particularly true for a large-scale disaster or terrorist event, in which significant property damage and loss of life has occurred. Especially for younger children, repeatedly watching images of an event can cause them to believe the event is occurring again and again.
Parents and caregivers should be available to encourage communication and provide explanations when children are permitted to watch television or use the Internet if images or news about the disaster are being shown.
Parents can also limit their own exposure to anxiety provoking information.
Use support networks
Parents and caregivers can best help children when they understand their own feelings and have developed ways of coping themselves. One way of doing this is to build and use social support systems of family, friends, community organizations, faith-based institutions or other resources. In the event a disaster strikes, they can call on these support systems to help them manage their reactions. In turn, parents and caregivers are more available and better able to support their children.
If a child continues to be very upset by what happened or if reactions interfere with their school work or their relationships at home or with their friends, it may be appropriate to talk with the child’s primary care physician or a mental health provider who specializes in children’s needs.
Prepare your family
Preparing for disaster helps everyone in the family accept the fact that disasters do happen, and that they can do something about it. Families should work together to identify and collect the resources needed to meet basic needs during and after disaster. When people feel prepared, they cope better.
Take the following actions with your family to get prepared:
Get informed. Call your local emergency management office or local American Red Cross chapter and ask about the specific hazards in your community and about your risk to those hazards. Also learn about community response plans, evacuation plans and routes, community warning systems, and nearby buildings that are designated as disaster shelters.
Learn about the emergency plans and procedures that exist in places you and your family spend time. Priority locations include places of employment, schools, and childcare centers.
Create a family disaster plan. Discuss with your family the hazards that could impact your local area, the potential for community evacuation or sheltering, and your community’s warning systems and what to do if they are used.
Determine where to meet in the event of an emergency. Designate one location right outside your home in case of a sudden emergency, like a fire, and another location outside your neighborhood in case you can’t return home.
Ask an out-of-town friend or relative to be your emergency contact. Following a disaster, family members should call this person and tell them where they are.
Include provisions for your pets in your family disaster plan.
Practice the plan.
Once you have developed your plan, you need to practice and maintain it. For example, ask questions to make sure your family remembers meeting places, phone numbers, and safety rules. Conduct routine fire and emergency evacuation drills, test fire alarms, and replace and update disaster supplies. |
Guided reading questions for chapter one
1. What is the Knight News Challenge? What example does the author give of a successful project funded by the Knight News Challenge?
2. According to the author what are the major phases of communication throughout history?
3. What innovation started the age of mass media?
4. What is the name given to the first generation of American media consumers? What form of media was popular for that generation?
5. What three eras followed the first generation of American news consumers? What media defined each era?
6. What does the author mean when he refers to World War 3.0?
7. What names does the author give the four generations that will follow the Digital Age? What will be the relevant media in each era?
8. According to the author, why is news literacy important to college students?
9. According to the author, what is the disadvantage of having news that is more "portable" and "personal" than ever before?
10. What solutions to the current state of journalism are offered by the four reports highlighted by the author? |
Answer the following question in detail.
Why an astronaut in an orbiting satellite has a feeling of weightlessness?
- For an astronaut, in a satellite, the net force towards the center of the Earth will always be, F = mg – N.
where, N is the normal reaction.
- In the case of a revolving satellite, the satellite is performing a circular motion. The acceleration for this motion is centripetal, which is provided by the gravitational acceleration g at the location of the satellite.
- In this case, the downward acceleration, ad = g, or the satellite (along with the astronaut) is in the state of free fall.
- Thus, the net force acting on astronaut will be, F = mg – mad = 0 i.e., the apparent weight will be zero, giving the feeling of total weightlessness.
Concept: Earth Satellites
Is there an error in this question or solution? |
You’re petting your dog when all of a sudden you feel a small bump on the back of his neck. After closer examination, you notice that this bump on your dog’s skin is actually a blister.
While it may be a surprise to you, dogs can also develop many of the same skin conditions that their human counterparts are affected by. There are a variety of different factors that can cause blisters on dogs. As your pup’s trusted owner, it’s important that you know the symptoms and side effects so that you can get your dog proper treatment.
While most of the time these burdening blisters are temporary and curable, they can also be a symptom of a more severe and life-threatening issue.
What are blisters?
Vesiculopustular Dermatoses, commonly known as skin blisters, are defined by any general abnormality in the dog’s skin involving blisters or vesicles. These blisters can be caused by a number of different complications, ranging from autoimmune diseases to allergic reactions in dogs.
Blisters are elevated bumps on the skin, filled with either a clear serum of white blood cells or pus, which is a mixture of cellular debris, dead tissue, and white blood cells. Depending on the severity of the blister, they can sometimes burst, causing inflammation, infection, or painful sores on your dog.
What causes blisters on dogs?
One of the most common causes of dog blisters is a condition called Pyoderma. Pyoderma occurs when an area of the dog’s skin becomes infected with bacteria, leading to redness, blisters, inflammation, and hair loss in dogs. Typically, this skin infection is caused by a weakened immune system where the body can no longer defend itself against common bacteria.
Warm and moist areas can also cause an overgrowth of bacteria, making it harder for your dog to protect himself from harmful canine skin conditions.
Skin Fold Dermatitis may not apply to all dogs, however, it is very prevalent in Bulldogs, Pugs, and other breeds that have loose, folding skin. Skin Fold Dermatitis occurs when a dog’s skin becomes irritated within the folds, causing redness, blisters, and inflamed skin. This condition needs to be cared for as soon as possible as it is known to escalate quickly if left untreated.
Another cause of dog blisters is Dermatophytosis (also known as ringworm), which is a common fungal infection that is linked to skin complications in dogs. At the beginning stage of this infection, the body develops small sores and blisters that eventually turn into a rash with bald spots. Parasitic infestations can be treated with oral or topical medications prescribed by your veterinarian.
Aside from these main causes listed above, a dog can also develop blisters through allergic reactions from food, fleas, or other external factors. If the cause of the reaction is due to something your dog has consumed, blisters may form in his mouth, paws, or other parts of his body.
Lesser-known causes may also include autoimmune diseases, skin injuries, and other conditions that suppress the immune system.
Diagnosing Blisters on Dogs
Since there are many causes of blisters on dogs, forming a proper diagnosis may be challenging and will need the attention of a professional. Take your dog to the veterinarian at the first sign of a blister. This is a critical factor since blisters may be a secondary side effect of a more severe underlying issue.
When talking with your veterinarian, make sure to provide them with a detailed list of your dog’s medical history, the type of dog food they eat with it’s listed ingredients, and any medications they may be taking. From there, your veterinarian will examine the location, size, and type of blister that is present on your dog.
Once they have examined the blister themselves, they may order a blood test or allergy test. A skin biopsy may also be done in order to see what kind of bacteria is causing the reaction.
In minor cases, blisters can be cured by topical and oral medication that is prescribed by your veterinarian. In more severe occurrences, your dog may need his blisters surgically removed or drained.
If you notice your dog is suffering from blisters or any other type of skin condition, take him to the veterinarian as soon as possible. The faster your dog receives professional treatment, the sooner he will be able to get back to his happy, normal self!
- “Skin Blisters (Vesiculopustular Dermatoses) in Dogs.” PetMD, Accessed 16 Aug 2017. www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/skin/c_dg_dermatoses_vesiculopustular.
- “Skin Blisters and Pustules in Dogs.” PetMD, Accessed 16 Aug. 2017. www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/skin/c_dg_bullous_pemphigoid.
- “Skin Blisters and Pustules in Dogs – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Recovery, Management, Cost.” WagWalking, Accessed 16 Aug. 2017. www.wagwalking.com/condition/skin-blisters-pustules.
- “Yikes – My Dog Has A Lump!” Petwave, Accessed 16 Aug. 2017. www.petwave.com/Dogs/Basics/Lumps-and-Bumps.aspx.
- “Pododermatitis in Dogs.” The Veterinary Expert| Pet Health, 15 Sept. 2014, Accessed 16 Aug. 2017. www.theveterinaryexpert.com/skin-problems/problem-paws-pododermatitis-dogs/. |
Ice Rings in Lake MichiganJanuary 24th, 2013 at 2:07 am by Bill Steffen under Bill's Blog, Weather
Several people have sent me this video of ice rings or “ice doughnuts” in Lake Michigan. There’s more pictures here, here, here, here, here, here, and here. The phenomena may be related to ice balls that formed earlier. I am not the expert here, I can only offer a guess as to their cause. I’ll say that the ice around the outside is caused by water lapping over the edge of an original ball or plate of ice. These have the ability to spin around, so at times they are “facing the wind” and at times a certain edge is on the east side of the west wind. Feel free to leave a comment if you’ve seen them before or have a better explanation. Pretty cool to see, though. |
The ‘alcohol shakes’ is a term to describe tremors caused by Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome, which occurs in some frequent alcohol users when they suddenly stop drinking.
It is part of a condition called alcohol withdrawal syndrome that occurs in around 50% of people with heavy alcohol use. In the mild form, typical symptoms other than tremor include anxiety, sweating, nausea, restlessness, headaches and alcohol craving. More severe forms of withdrawal can result in seizures, delirium tremens and hallucinations – and without treatment can lead to death.
Why do I shake after drinking alcohol?
It’s not actually the presence of alcohol that causes the shakes or tremors, but the sudden absence of alcohol in the body when the body has become used to its presence.
Withdrawal symptoms are a result of physiological imbalances which happen after a prolonged period of heavy drinking.
What’s the science behind alcohol shakes?
Alcohol has a depressant effect on the body, and heavy consumption can lead to the brain becoming used to a reduced level of stimulation. In more scientific terms, alcohol reduces activity of the central nervous system, by increasing the activity of the main inhibitory (depressant) neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
In response to the chronic increase in GABA activity, the brain reduces the number of GABA receptors in parts of the brain, in order to compensate.
When alcohol leaves the body, the brain has less of the depressant effect of alcohol but also fewer of the depressant GABA receptors because of the now reduced number. This leaves the brain in an overall excited state and this is what causes the tremors or shakes.
Are alcohol shakes serious?
Having the shakes can be irritating and embarrassing, but isn’t serious in itself. It is however a sign of alcohol withdrawal which in some patients can lead to much more serious consequences. It is also a strong indication that the person has a severe alcohol use disorder.
Complicated alcohol withdrawal can lead to hallucinations, seizures or “delirium tremens” – a medical emergency that requires specialist inpatient care.
Alcohol shakes can occur after a few hours after drinking, and alcohol withdrawal seizures typically occur between 6 and 48 hours after stopping or reducing drinking. After 48-72 hours they may get delirium, which can cause death.
What is delirium tremens?
Delirium tremens is a neurologic syndrome resulting from and marked by changes in mental status and autonomic nervous system excitation. Symptoms may include confusion, anxiety, fever, body tremors, rapid heartbeat, sweating, severe confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and high blood pressure.
Alcohol withdrawal delirium has a high mortality rate – of about 8% – and so it is important that people are treated in a safe and secure environment, by clinicians who understand the condition.
What medications treat alcohol shakes?
When alcohol shakes and tremors become more than just a bad hangover and are signs of alcohol withdrawal, clinical interventions are needed.
Medicines called benzodiazepines can lessen alcohol withdrawal symptoms, and commonly include chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and lorazepam (Ativan). These drugs are typically used to treat anxiety, seizures, and sleep disorders due to the calming effect that they have on the nervous system.
In a residential detox and rehab centre, the withdrawal process is carefully monitored by medical staff, to minimise potential risks. The process of detoxification involves weaning a person from a substance in a safe and effective manner, by gradually tapering out its use. This minimises the withdrawal symptoms and helps prevent complications.
How long do shakes from alcohol withdrawal last?
The duration and severity of withdrawal symptoms vary depending on how much someone drinks, for how long, and how regularly. Other factors such as age, gender, weight and family history of addiction also have an impact.
It’s important to realise that if you have the shakes when you stop drinking, it’s a sign that your body has become dependent on alcohol, and that’s a sign that it’s time to get help.
What’s the safest way to treat someone who has alcohol shakes?
Because of the risk of delirium tremens – and the fact it can cause death – if someone suffers from severe alcohol shakes it’s important to seek a safe, medically-led detoxification programme, where your symptoms can be managed carefully.
Alcohol detox and rehab
The safest way to detox from alcohol if you have been drinking heavily for a long time is under the care and guidance of trained medical professionals in a detoxification unit or in a residential rehab hospital that has 24/7 nursing care and a 24/7 onsite doctor.
The medical staff will ensure that you receive a slow, safe, supervised detoxification from alcohol at a rate that is comfortable for you and they will be able to support you through the side effects of alcohol withdrawal.
Once you have finished detox you will be able to join in the therapy programme and begin your recovery into a life free from alcohol.
At Castle Craig, we offer 24/7 nursing support with an onsite doctor in our specialist detoxification unit. Once detoxed patients join the main therapy programme which is based on the world-renowned 12 Step model of treatment, which is abstinence-based.
Through the programme, you will join in group and individual therapy to tackle your addiction and underlying mental health issues, such as trauma, that are contributing to the desire to drink alcohol. By joining in a programme like this you will eventually be able to leave alcohol behind and begin a new life in recovery.
Years later when I was 28 years old, I knew I had a serious problem for some years but I was too scared to admit it. One evening when I was thinking about my future I thought to myself… When I grow up I want to be…
Then I realised I was already grown up. And I should’ve been there already. I made the choice then and there that I was going to quit the bottle and get my life together. I didn’t yet know-how. I talked to my girlfriend about it and she didn’t support it. She wanted us to keep drinking and having fun. For me, the fun had been over for a long time.
If you worried about yourself or a loved one and want advice on residential alcohol detoxification contact our Admissions Department who will be happy to answer your questions.
For more help and advice about rehab please call our 24-Hour Helpline: 01721 728118
Page last reviewed and medically fact-checked | June 29, 2021 |
International Hydrofoil Society Presents…
Glossary of Hydrofoil Terms
(Last Update 22 Jan 05)
Note: Visitors to this page are invited to help expand the glossary by submitting additional terms and their definitions to [email protected]. We would also like to include the equivalent terms and their definitions in languages other than English. Please contact the webmaster if you are willing and able to assist in another language, whether with individual terms or with the entire glossary.
A foil system in which the main foil assembly is located forward of the vehicle’s center of gravity and whose main foil area (lifting surface) represents the major portion (65% or more) of the total foil lifting area. The remaining foil area is provided by a smaller foil located aft of the center of gravity.
Air Stabilized Foil
A lifting foil that uses controlled ventilation of air to modulate lift for achieving craft stability and control.
The measure of the ratio of a foil’s span to its chord. It is defined as span2 / total foil area.
(1) A system of forced ventilation designed to overcome the reduction in lift/drag ratio of a foil at supercavitating speeds. Air is fed continuously to the upper surface of the foil, unwetting the surface and preventing the formation of critical areas of decreased pressure. Alternatively, the air may be fed into the cavity formed behind a square trailing edge. (2) Air or water jet is used to provide side force forward of the center of gravity of the craft to assist in maneuvering. Thrust vector can be varied.
The approximate range of a craft based upon the average values of propulsion efficiency, specific fuel consumption, the ratio of initial-to-final gross weight, and assuming a constant life-to-drag ratio. Named after L. Brequet, who first suggested the simplified formula applied to airplanes.
The unwetting of a foil with resultant loss of lift due to the foil coming near to or penetrating the air-water interface.
A low-aspect-ratio foil, inclined at something like 45 degrees, and mounted on an outrigger. When it’s to windward, the Bruce foil produces a downward lift due to the leeway of the sailboat, and a positive lift when the foil is to leeward – both are stabilizing.
A foil system in which the main foil assembly is located aft of the vehicle’s center of gravity and whose foil area (lifting surface) represents the major portion (65% or more) of the total foil lifting area. The remaining area is given to a smaller foil located well forward of the center of gravity.
1. the rapid formation and collapse of vapor pockets in a flowing liquid in regions of very low pressure. 2. such a pocket formed. (Webster)
Angular intersection of the side and bottom of a craft’s hull, as opposed to a round bilge, which is sometimes called a soft chine.
A main foil system in which the foil area is one continuous section as opposed to being split in the center.
The motion of a craft when tending to follow the surface wave profile rather than tending to travel horizontally over the waves.
Conventional Foil Arrangement
Same as airplane foil arrangement.
The condition of foilborne operation of a hydrofoil caused by contact of the lower part of a hull and keel with the crests of the larger waves. The contact is brief and does not prevent the craft from remaining foilborne. Also called furrowing.
A foil whose span is not parallel to the horizontal (such as the PHM foils).
Small fins placed on struts or foils to prevent ventilation air from migrating down a strut or along a foil. The fences are attached to the strut or foil so as to be parallel to the direction of the fluid flow.
A method of controlling the lift of a submerged hydrofoil system by varying the angle of trailing edge flaps on the foils.
The distance between the keel and the mean water surface while foilborne. This provides a measure of actual keel clearance.
Lifting surface designed to support all or part of the weight of a waterborne craft at an appropriate forward speed.
A hydrofoil craft is said to be foilborne when the hull is raised completely out of the water and wholly supported by lift from its foil system.
Sudden breaking of the water surface by a foil or part of a foil, resulting in a loss of lift due to air flowing over the foil’s upper surface.
The distance between the foil and the mean water surface while foilborne.
Refers to the formation of a gaseous cavity in the liquid flow past a body, e.g. a foil, and which terminates downstream behind the body.
Fully Submerged Foil System
See Submerged Foil System.
Operating condition of a hydrofoil craft or Air Cushion Vehicle (ACV) in which the weight of the craft is supported by the displacement of its hull.
The hump or peak formed on the graph of resistance against speed for planing craft, hydrofoils, or ACVs due primarily to maximum wave-making drag of the hull and induced drag of the foils.
The speed at which the hump occurs.
The drag at hump speed.
Hydrofoil… in languages other than English:
- aliscafo, or “Battello ad ali portanti” (Italian)
- BÄRPLANSBÅT (Barplansbat) (Swedish)
- hidroala, aerodeslizador (Spanish)
- hidrofólio (Portuguese)
- hydroptère (French)
- snapirit (Hebrew)
- Tragflügelboot, Tragflächenboot (German)
- Vleugelboot, Draagvleugelboot (Dutch)
- Y’pepó (Guarani and Tupi)
Click Here to suggest additions to this list!
Hydrofoil Small Waterplane Area Ship (HYSWAS)
Hybrid vessel comprising a single submerged hull with fully submerged foil system and an upper hull structure supported by vertical strut or struts. At low speeds, the craft is supported by buoyancy of the submerged hull, the strut, and the lower section of the upper hull. At speed, dynamic lift generated by the foil system raises the upper hull out of the the water with reduction of the waterplane areas of the strut.
The method of controlling the lift of a submerged hydrofoil system by varying the angle of incidence of the foil or foils.
A surface-piercing hydrofoil system consisting of several small parallel foils such that as speed is increased, fewer foils are required to support the craft. The remaining foils are then above the water surface and contribute no hydrodynamic drag. This is one of the earliest foil arrangements and was used by Forlanini in his 1905 hydro-aeroplane, which was probably the first really successful hydrofoil.
A foil system consisting of a continuous foil connected to the main hull by two vertical struts, the entire assembly thus resembling an inverted Greek letter pi.
Operating mode of a high-speed craft in which most of the vehicle weight is supported by hydrodynamic lift rather than by static buoyant force and which is characterized by a clean flow separation at transom and chine.
An operating mode of a hydrofoil craft in which the center of gravity of the craft is constrained to travel in straight and level flight with the hull clear of the waves, rather than conforming to the wave profile.
General term describing the performance, controllability, and dynamic response of a vessel in a seaway.
Quality of a craft/ship behavior in waves characterized by easy motions (i.e. low accelerations), dry decks, absence of propeller racing and slamming, and easy steering.
Slamming or Hull Slamming
Violent impact between sea waves and a portion of a craft’s hull, resulting in large plating loads due to the large relative velocity. This can occur subsequent to a forward foil broach.
A main foil system with the foil area divided into two, either to facilitate retraction, or to permit the location of the control surfaces well outboard, where foil control and large rol- correcting moments can be applied for small changes in lift.
Streamlined, column-like appendage or support for foils or components of water propulsion systems.
A general classification given to foils similar in section shape to subsonic airplane wings. These foils are designed to operate effectively (high lift-to-drag ration) in fully-wetted, non-cavitating flow conditions.
Submerged Foil System
A foil system employing totally submerged lifting surfaces. The depth of submergence is controlled by mechanical, electronic, or pneumatic systems that alter the angle of incidence of the foils (or flaps attached to the foils) to provide stability and control. Also called Fully Submerged Foil System.
A general classification given to foils designed to operate efficiently at high speeds while fully cavitated. Since at very high speeds foils cannot avoid cavitation, sections are designed to induce the onset of cavitation from the leading edge and cause the cavities to proceed downstream and beyond the trailing edge before collapsing. Lift and drag of these foils is determined by the shapes of the leading edge and undersurface.
Cavitating flow, with cavity artificially vented to the atmosphere or a source of pressurized air.
Surface-Piercing Foil System
A foil system in which the lifting surfaces are partly submerged at foilborne speed. The system is stabilized by the varying submerged foil area. The lift produced is proportional to the submerged foil area.
The transition from hullborne operation to foilborne operation.
Tandem Foil Arrangement
A foil system in which the area of the forward foil(s) is between 35% to 65% of the total foil area.
Hydrofoil craft operations with struts down and main engine running, but craft not foilborne. Examples are: proceeding at reduced speed in restricted channels to or from berth; to maintain heading and reduce rolling when operating above design sea states; and, to reduce radar signature by lowering craft to displacement mode.
Foils designed to have no abrupt changes of loading as they pass from the fully wetted flow region through partial cavitation to the fully cavitating flow region at high craft speeds. Also called transiting foil.
Process by which a ventilated flow is formed and maintained. “Natural Ventilation” exists when a continuous or intermittent flow of air is created by means of the flow itself, as from the free surface in the case of a surface-piercing, ventilated strut. “Forced Ventilation” exists when the air is continuously supplied into the cavity by auxiliary means such as a pump.
A water propulsion system consisting of an inlet, a duct, and an exit nozzle, or combination thereof, with a pump located in the duct for transferring energy from a prime mover to the fluid. The system is used for propelling low-speed craft where low draft is required and for propelling high-speed craft as an alternative to a mechanical transmission and propeller system
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Why Drinking Water is Good for an Athlete Health
Health Benefits of Drinking Water
Have a look at these few reasons which shows why water is important for maintaining a good health?
Maintain the Balance of Body Fluids
Our body consist of 60% of water. Digestion, absorption, circulation, creation of saliva, transportation of nutrients, and maintenance of body temperature these are the function that bodily fluids do. These functions perform better because of water circulation in the body.
Control the Calories
As a weight loss strategy, drinking water becomes the essential need for this purpose.
Boosts Your Energy
If you’re feeling exhausted and tired, water will help you to become energetic. You feel tired when you are dehydrating. The heart pumps your blood, work more efficiently if you take the right amount of water on a daily basis.
Your brain tissue based on 70% to 80% on water. Your body and mind are stressed. If you’re dehydrated and dehydration occurs if you’re feeling thirsty. Carry a bottle of water if you want to live a stress-free life.
Body get stiffed because of the lack of oxygen if you consume water your body is relaxed because the water contains oxygen that fulfills body’s oxygen requirement.
Water plays a significant role in increasing body performance because it keeps your body hydrated and you are able to perform your activities effectively.
When you feel thirsty, it means you are already in dehydration state so keep drinking water for your good health. |
In “traditional” dentistry, the back teeth (premolars and molars) almost always need crowns to hold them together after a root canal, but for front teeth it all depends on how big the cavity was; since many front teeth still have a lot of healthy tooth left after the root canal, a crown is often not needed on front teeth. However, microscope-enhanced dentistry allows us to save more healthy tooth, so even some back teeth don’t need crowns after a root canal. However, you need to make sure and ask your dentist, because if you need a crown and don’t get it, the tooth will break and become non-fixable, which ends up being a waste of time and money.
A Dental Crown Holds the Tooth Together When a Lot is Missing
Very often after a root canal, there’s simply not a lot of healthy tooth left over, and this is why many root-canal-treated teeth do need crowns. Here’s one example of a tooth we recently fixed with a root canal and a crown. The photo on the left is how the tooth looked after all the decay was cleaned out and smoothed (90% of this was done with our Lightwalker dental laser BTW), and the photo on the right is the “After” picture, once the root canal procedure was done, and after we’d bonded in the porcelain crown made the same day.
Dental Microscopes Help Avoid Dental Crowns After Root Canals
On the flip side, when the tooth has not been badly destroyed by decay, or not broken or cracked, a dentist with a microscope can do the root canal procedure with only a very small hole. With such a small hole, and most of the tooth preserved, we can avoid doing a crown and just do a simple bonded filling, and the tooth should still be fine for decades to come. Even if the patient needs more work down the road (the patient in the following photos is only 14yo), there will be a lot more healthy tooth to work with, than if I’d drilled it down for a crown.
If this is the kind of dentistry you’d like,
Request an Appointment Online or call us at 704-364-7069.
We’ll look forward to meeting you soon! |
Limit the use of any one group during the growing season. Always plant at the same depth as in the nursery. Indigenous people used the bark of Pacific dogwood to make a brown dye and a decoction for stomach trouble. The infection is manifested in the form of leaf spots and stem cankers. While for some stem and root diseases physical injury is the main concern, those diseases, specially of the flower and leaves can be controlled by a regular spray of fungicides. (field bean, kidney, lima, navy, and pinto), Garbanzo Bean (Chickpea), Cicer arietinum, Control of Some Common Aquatic Weeds with Herbicides, Treated Water Use Restrictions (Number of Days), Effectiveness of Major Forestry-registered Herbicides during Seasons of Optimum Usage, Oregon Basis, Recommendations for Broadcast Spraying for Control of Listed Species, Recommendations for Directed Spot Spray, Tree Injection, and Basal Bark Treatment, Hybrid Cottonwood (Hybrid Poplar) Grown for Pulp, Vegetation Management in Orchards, Vineyards, and Berries, Blueberry, Gooseberry, Currant, and Elderberry, Important Preharvest Intervals (PHIs) for Vegetables, Site Preparation, Stale Seedbeds, and Burndown Applications, Registered Uses of Carfentrazone (Aim) Herbicide in Food Crops, Crop Rotation Intervals (months) for Common Soil-active Herbicides, Herbicide Effectiveness in Christmas Trees, Weed Control in Container-grown Nursery Stock, Weed Control in Field-grown Nursery Stock, Ornamental Bulb, Rhizome, Corm, and Tuber Crops, Established Tree, Shrub, Rose, and Ground Cover Landscapes, General Maintenance around Ornamental Plantings, Susceptibility of Broadleaf Weeds in Turf to Common Herbicides, Weed Treatments and Available Products for Home Gardens and Landscapes, Managing Unwanted Vegetation in Riparian Restoration Sites, What to Do in Case of Pesticide Poisoning, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Definitions, Cleaning, Recycling, and Disposing of Agricultural Pesticide Containers, Disposing of Unusable Pesticides and Agricultural, Household and Residential Pesticide Products, Pesticides, Endangered Species, and Mandatory No-spray Buffer Zones, Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides. Anthracnose starts with brown splotches on the leaves; as the fungus spreads, it will move into the stems. Chemical control Begin sprays at budbreak and continue at 10- to 14-day intervals until dry weather. Pacific dogwood is in the Cornaceae (dogwood Family) which contains approximately 12 genera and 100 species distributed primarily through temperate and tropical mountainous regions. The canker slowly girdles the tree. Do not use a silicone-based surfactant. The centers of these spots are yellowish in color with borders that are in darker shades, generally brown to black. ProCon-Z at 8 to 12 oz/100 gal water. Do not let irrigation wet the tree canopy. 12-hr reentry. The seedlings of this tree may suffer from root infection caused by the Pythium fungus species. Often, the diseased area is at or near the leaf tip, centered approximately on the midvein. Dogwood tree pruning promotes reduction of certain diseases; as more air circulates within the canopy and the tree receives more sunlight.
The principal disease of Pacific Dogwood is anthracnose which is spread by a foliar fungus which results in leaf spotting and defoliation. Roots of mature dogwood trees may also suffer from infection caused by the fungus Clitocybe tabescens. Over-application of fertilizers over the root area can kill the roots. Group 3 fungicide. Many leaf lesions can disfigure leaves and stunt growth when disease pressure is high. Tourney 50 WDG at 1 to 4 oz/100 gal water. Warm, dry weather will curtail the disease. Severe and prolonged infections of dogwood anthracnose can weaken a tree and, if not kill it outright, make it prone to other pests and diseases. Group 3 fungicide. The spread of these diseases usually depend upon the humidity conditions that is well out of our control. Bayer Advanced Disease Control at 0.75 fl oz/gal water. Group 11 fungicide. The initial symptoms appear as medium to large purple bordered leaf spots and scorched, tan blotches. The shoots are also killed in this disease. Patches of gray mold grow on the patches if the weather remains very humid. See All Pest, Disease and Weed Identification, See All Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits, See All Community Planning and Engagement. Group 1 + M3 fungicide. Dead gray leaves often remain on the tips of these infected twigs all winter and spring. Small, reddish-brown spots without brown centers may pepper portions of the leaf or extend along veins. This disease occurs only if weather conditions are very wet and humid in the spring. Apply a fungicide as soon as symptoms are seen.
Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. However, for the fungus to infect the base of the trunk, there should be a prior physical injury to the area. Ortho MAX Garden Disease Control at 2 teaspoons/gal water. Entering your postal code will help us provide news or event updates for your area. Flowering dogwood (C. florida) is moderately susceptible but is severely damaged under conditions ideal for disease development.
The fungus persists through years and may cause infection to spread further throughout the tree. 24-hr reentry. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. chinensis has been quite susceptible in some studies).
Hence, using fungicides is the only way of ensuring healthy growth of the trees. In case of a mechanical injury, remove the dead tissue with your fingers. No reentry interval listed. Tiny, dark-brown fungal fruiting structures dot the brown areas. Group 7 + 11 fungicide. over the next years the disease spread among both garden trees and forest trees, and by 1991 the cause was formally identified as a new species of fungus – Discula destructiva. These products include Phospho-Jet. Eagle 20 EW at 6 to 12 fl oz/100 gal water.
The tree grows up to 20-30 feet and its spread can also be about 25-30 feet.
Heritage at 1 to 8 oz/100 gal water plus a non-silicone-based wetter sticker. During this time, the tree flowers and fruits profusely but eventually dies. Despite the ease with which they grow, there are a number of dogwood tree diseases and troubles that need to be taken care of. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. Reddish-brown dead spots occur on the flower bracts. Spores are spread by wind to surrounding dogwoo… Severely infected fruits are deformed, and ‘shot hole’ like formations are seen on the leaves due to infected tissue. Copper-Count-N at 1 quart/100 gal water. Do not pull off the bark or any other intact part of the tree around the infected area. Other than the stem and branches being infected due the diseases that spread from the leaves and flowers, there are other diseases that affect these parts. Dogwoods are beautiful trees that are a sight to behold when in full bloom. In fall, bright red/purple leaves and fruits enhance the beauty of the tree. 24-hr reentry.
12-hr reentry. The rainy season the Northwest is famous for can render your trees particularly vulnerable. Dogwood trees are very susceptible to certain common herbicides. Cause Discula destructiva, (formerly Gloeosporium sp. Angular gray to brown spots with yellow or dark purple halos form on leaves. Erysiphe pulchra and Phyllactinia guttata. Mechanical injuries are most commonly caused by lawn mowers or string trimmers. Infected leaves exhibit marginal leaf scorch, dead patches, reddish discoloration, yellowing and premature defoliation. Do not use organosilicate additives. The entire tree may be killed over a period of years. The ‘shot hole’ formation that is seen in spot anthracnose rarely occur.
Victory Gardening in 2020: Spring is Not Cancelled, Green Pavement Creates Beautiful Environmental Solutions, Tips & Tricks for Lawn Weed Identification, Dealing With Tall, Thick & Obstructive Weed Stems, The Secret to Getting Rid of Weeds Without Killing Grass. While the leaf disease will not kill the tree, it … Mancozeb-based products. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Dogwood trees, scientifically known as the Cornus florida, are great for adding color to one’s garden and landscape. Dogwood anthracnose in Northeastern United States. Never spray herbicides to young sprouts or the root base with herbicides. Rake and destroy fallen leaves from spring through fall. Landscape use only. How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides, Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee (Megachile rotunda) Pests, Horticultural, Landscape, and Ornamental Crops, Field Characteristics of Fruit-Tree-Attacking Spider Mites in the Pacific Northwest, Pests of Cabbage and Mustard Grown for Seed, Pests of Rutabaga and Turnip Grown for Seed, Biology and Control of the Garden Symphylan, Bean, Dry Cultivar Resistance to Bean Common Mosaic, Grape (Vitis spp.) Journal of Forestry 104:21-26. Fame SC at 4 to 8 fl oz/100 gal water. Mechanical and chemical injuries are other common dogwood tree problems. Propiconazole-based products.
Kousa dogwood (C. kousa) and hybrids of kousa and native dogwood (C. florida) are resistant to anthracnose and decline and should be used to replace dying trees.
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