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1ahksh | how can dogs sniff without hyperventilating? | As in, when following a scent of something interesting, or even work dogs that look for drugs or criminals. How can they sniff excessively without hyperventilating after a while? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ahksh/eli5_how_can_dogs_sniff_without_hyperventilating/ | {
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"Hyperventilation is not about taking in too much O2, but instead about blowing off too much CO2. Sniffing doesn't involve any excess exhalation."
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67ed53 | why are mountains that are 14ers noteworthy. why was the line drawn there and not higher or lower? | Being from Colorado you always hear about 14ers. Why are all of the "13ers" left out, is there something special about 14,000 feet. A friend just moved here from California and I nonchalantly mentioned climbing a 14er and he looked at me like I was speaking gibberish. Had no clue what a 14er was and asked why that mark was noteworthy. I have been unable to find an answer online... | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/67ed53/eli5_why_are_mountains_that_are_14ers_noteworthy/ | {
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"Depending how you count, there are about 85 14ers in the US. Outside of Alaska, there are no 15ers or higher. There are over 600 13ers in Colorado alone, making 14,000 feet an exclusive cutoff.\n\nIt also gives Colorado some good bragging rights. Of those 85 14ers, 53 are in Colorado, and no other state besides California, Washington, and Alaska have even one. Even though there are higher mountains in California and Alaska, focusing on 14ers make Colorado seem more distinctive."
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93lhtp | when an object is suspended by magnetism, does it weigh anything? if you placed the whole mechanism on a scale, magnets and object, and weighed it before powering the magnets, would the overall load weigh less once the object is suspended, or is the weight distributed to the magnets? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/93lhtp/eli5_when_an_object_is_suspended_by_magnetism/ | {
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" > For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction\n\nTo make the object float you need the force from the magnets to be equal and opposite to the force of gravity. This upward force on the object requires a corresponding downward force on the magnets.\n\nThe end result is that using magnets to make an object hover still requires you to support the weight of the magnets and the object",
"Functionally using magnets to suspend something is identical to building a structure. The weight of the object is supported by the magnets which would still measure the same weight overall.",
"Simple answer: Yes, the object still has weight. However, there is another force pushing against the pull of gravity from the Earth. The object has weight but is stopped from being pulled towards the center or gravity. An analogy, but not a direct comparison, would be leaning into the wind. While you have the same weight, you are stopped from falling by an opposite force. Same idea, different force acting on the object.",
"Even when an object floats in the air it doesn't lose its mass. Weight is a subjective measurement created by the objects mass and the gravitational pull. The object floats because the force of the magnet pulling on the objects mass is higher than the pull gravitation has on the object.\n\nSo when you put it on a scale and add mass the weight will increase."
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a08ejz | how can you use a potato to generate electricity? | Like when they plug in wires into the potato to light up a light. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a08ejz/eli5_how_can_you_use_a_potato_to_generate/ | {
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"Two pieces of different metals in a partially conducting liquid will generate a voltage, that's how batteries work. A potato, a lemon and similar provide the conduction but the electricity is essentially generated by the dissimilar metals.",
"Can we eat the potato after passing electricity through it ?"
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1w65ps | why do we get bored? | Basically, just that. Why do we get bored? Do our brains simply decide to receive less stimulating information if it isn't new information? Also... Do animals (specifically pets) get bored? How can lying around for most of the day be stimulating? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1w65ps/eli5_why_do_we_get_bored/ | {
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"Just for you my friend\n_URL_0_",
"The ability to get bored is evolutionarily advantageous. To be bored often means to be unmotivated, unstimulated, and our brains need constant stimulation, so we are used to the fact of being constantly stimulated\n\nThere's [a great video by Vsauce](_URL_0_) on the topic that will probably make it easier to understand.\n\nA fantastic quote by Louis CK that I'm sure we all have heard at least one time is:\n\n > \"'I'm bored' is a useless thing to say. I mean, we live in a great, big, vast world that you've seen none percent of. Even the inside of your own mind is endless: goes on forever, inwardly, do you understand? The fact that you're alive is amazing, so you don't get to say 'I'm bored'\".\n\nOn the other hand, animals who lay around all day every day would eventually get used to it, specially if born in such circumstances.\nBut the point is that animals such as pets don't have the notion of time that we do. Most of us get bored when we're doing nothing at all, right? We are thinking about what we should be doing at that time and how to fill that gap with some activity, animals don't *exactly* do that. \nNotice how a dog that hasn't been out all day gets very excited when you take him to the park, a dog that has been out several times in one day most probably would react differently to stimulating activities, since it would be tired and not in the mood for going out again, just like humans, tho that doesn't mean they get bored the *same* way we do.",
"boredom is a form of frustration from not getting the stimulation you crave. You can be busy at work, but find it very boring because it's not exciting or interesting. You crave stimulation that relieves stress or stimulation from a big reward.",
"I know you didn't ask for this, but [here](_URL_0_) is an emotion chart. I thought it was peculiar that boredom was described as a very mild form of disgust. At first I thought it was untrue, but the more i think about it, this chart is very accurate. I had never thought of boredom as a negative emotion, just kinda, you know, *boring*. But whenever you're bored you feel ever so slightly disgusted in the fact that you're wasting time and doing nothing entertaining or peoductive.",
"There is an excellent [article](_URL_1_) on boredom, with influences on meditation but I'll quote from it\n\n > Boredom is useful in terms of survival. It’s boredom that makes people really get interested in their environment. There’s nothing to do; so, they go out and explore. Being interested in our environment helped us survive. That’s how we learn. Even though it’s a beautiful spring day, instead of just laying there, maybe you figure out where’s a nice place to stay warm for winter, or where there might be some hidden food source that you might not need on a nice spring day. So, boredom is something that keeps you wanting to learn something new all the time. It’s kind of built into us; we look for stimulation, for a way to expand our ability to interact with the world around us.\n\nand another but with more spiritual advice\n\n > So, to finish this, boredom can be expressed as a lack of capacity to enjoy being: being without having to be any particular way. With practice we learn to deeply value being. It’s through meeting boredom mindfully that we can get free, not by avoiding it or trying to get rid of it. I really like this quotation from Gil, he said, “boredom is a stepping stone to realizing that life is enough as it is.” It’s through actually facing those quiet moments of boredom, those unsatisfying moments of boredom, and really experiencing them, looking at them with what I’d like to call, “affectionate curiosity,” into those moments, those unsettled feelings of boredom.\n\nIf that doesn't satiate you, here's another [article](_URL_0_) on boredom. I HIGHLY recommend reading both because they really made me appreciate just silence. Both for my mind and senses, it's incredible. ",
"Boredom could be a contrived, convenient label for a whole slew of \"emotions\" (a term I use loosely) at play. In a behavioral sense, perhaps one of boredom's requisites is to realize that one is bored. \n\nThis act of realization I could then consider a discrete behavior that is reinforced by whatever one does to quell that boredom.\n\nIn other words, you realize you are bored (the **behavior** of boredom) in order to be not bored (the **emotive** phenomenon).",
"**Short Answer** - Humans feed on information and sensory stimulation. A lack of these or becoming accustomed to the same information or same stimulation over and over becomes dull, and thus we're bored.",
"It's possible you're interpreting anxiety as boredom too. For example, in the midst of procrastinating (internet, games, etc.) or walking to the fridge you might feel restless and bored, but there can be addiction issues underlying these things.",
"I've always heard, boredom is your mind's way of telling you that you should be doing something else. You're discontent with your surroundings, and your ability to react to them meaningfully.",
" Shortest possible explanation: Novelty is pleasurable. \n\n When you're experiencing something new for the first time, your brain is very stimulated as it tries to process the experience and deal with the new stimuli. If you're playing a brand new board game, your brain is racing trying to learn all the new rules, to formulate strategies and basically 'understand' the game. When it succeeds at understanding, it rewards itself with chemicals that make you feel 'happy.' When it doesn't succeed, say you get stuck or keep losing and can't tell what you're doing wrong, you can also get frustrated.\n\n Most relevant: when your brain does comprehend something, it becomes familiar with it and future exposure to it are less stimulating. So when you know all the rules to the game and know all the strategies, your brain doesn't find as much to occupy it when you're playing. So it stops rewarding itself and you no longer get the pleasurable feeling from playing it. If the pleasure you gain from the game drops below a certain threshold, your brain will basically prompt you to find something more stimulating to do to get more pleasure. That feeling is what we experience as 'boredom' and since its generally a negative feeling, we try to alleviate it with new, novel experiences. Just think of how you get 'bored' of Reddit, leave it for an hour, then come back and feel all that pleasure when you see a page of blue links.\n\n There are a lot of ways your brain derives pleasure, however, so if we're receiving pleasure from some other source (could be drugs, could be the sheer bliss of laying in a comfortable bed on a cold day) then the feeling of boredom is less pronounced even if the brain isn't being directly stimulated by some external experience.",
"I'm not answering the question but I do have a story. When I was younger, I was at home one day on the summer break from school. My dad was on his way out to work and as he left I told him I was bored. He answered with \"Enjoy it\". I asked him how he wanted me to enjoy being bored and he said that later on in life, I would new so busy that I wouldn't have time to be bored. Now, with school and work and stress and life I understand what he means. Hope this resonates with someone else out there. ",
"I heard a radio program about boredom. Pretty interesting show. People actually research the stuff and back in the day(I think it was the forties) They tried to come up with a way to make really mundane jobs less boring. If you have to tighten screws for ten hours your gonna get bored.\n\n\nSo the smart minds of the time experimented with amphetamines -which did a great job at keeping boredom at bay, they actually stopped the brain from being able to become bored, but resulted in numerous other problems, as you can imagine. \n\nAmphetamines were out, but these smart minds had discovered another chemical that destroyed the minds ability for boredom -caffeine. \n\n~~I'll try to find the link~~ -it was a CBC radio program. \n\nFound it:\n_URL_0_\n\n",
"Because survival is no longer the full time job it had been for millions of years.",
"Pretty late here. When we get bored it is because our minds are not being stimulated enough. I think boredom is a good thing in some cases though, it brings about creativity.\n",
"DAE never get bored?",
"Shopenhauer on boredom (excerpt from Vanity of Existence)\n\n Life presents itself first and foremost as a task: the task of maintaining itself... If this task is accomplished, what has been gained is a burden, and there then appears a second task: that of doing something with it so as to ward off boredom, which hovers over every secure life like a bird of prey. Thus the first task is to gain something and the second to become unconscious of what has been gained, which is otherwise a burden.\n\nThat human life must be some kind of mistake is sufficiently proved by the simple observation that man is a compound of needs which are hard to satisfy; that their satisfaction achieves nothing but a painless condition in which he is only given over to boredom; and that boredom is a direct proof that existence is in itself valueless, for boredom is nothing other than the sensation of the emptiness of existence. For if life, in the desire for which our essence and existence consists, possessed in itself a positive value and real content, then would be no such thing as boredom: mere existence would fulfill and satisfy us. As things are, we take no pleasure in existence except when we are striving after something - in which case distance and difficulties make our goal look as if it would satisfy us (an illusion which fades when we reach it)- or when engaged ill purely intellectual activity, in which case we are really stepping out of life so as to regard it from outside, like spectators at a play. Even sensual pleasure itself consists in a continual striving and ceases as soon as its goal is reached. Whenever we are not involved in one or other of these things but directed back to existence itself we are overtaken by its worthlessness anti vanity and this is the sensation called boredom.",
"Just a person's opinin:\n\nBoredom only happens to me when I am doing something, or nothing, and there is something else that I want to be doing instead. It is my mind saying: \"That other thing sounds way more interesting!\" rather than \"This is terrible.\"\n\nI can, and have, spent days by the beach doing nothing but getting up, sitting in a chair near the water, and thinking/reading/napping/observing/ and other rather passive tasks. At those points in time there was nothing I would have rather been doing than nothing. I have sat for 8 hour car rides quite happily with nothing to do but snooze and look out the window.\n\nThere have been other days when the mere idea of sitting for 5 minutes in the sand doing nothing sounds about as pleasant as getting an acute case of tinnitus or going for a 40 minute drive sounds like a monumentally boring task.\n\nIn the case of \"new information\" you propose, my brain tells me this: It would rather be hearing something else and it is trying to get the rest of your body to go along with it and find that something else.",
"I'll throw in my two cents. Here are two different concepts to help you understand:\n\n - Conditioning. People get used to things. If you imagine a poor child in Africa, they get used to their atmosphere. They were given a doll as their only toy, they play with it a lot, they also learn to use what they have around them, from sticks outside or plastic cans inside. This is how it has always been to them, this is what they are used to. Everybody is used to different stuff, its normal to them. \n\n - Interpretation. Why do we get turned on when we see a person with a certain look. Mental processes are very complex and not very well understood. But everything, from emotions to our senses are run through the brain, and go through several different levels of interpretation. If you had a psychotic episode a normal room could suddenly change shape. Reality isn't as rigid as you make it out to be.\n\nIt is definitely a side-effect of the new generation, as we have computers and TVs with such a wide array of possibilities for stimulating our senses and mental states. \n\nTry to go for a walk (a dog if you have one, or go somewhere), without music or anything like that. You will see how it occupies your mind. You simply look at the things changing around you. You think about what is happening around you or things that have happened. You might pick up blade of grass and chew it, the motion will keep you stimulated. Pick up a stick and throw it, it wont explode or do anything dramatic, but trying to get it to land in a certain spot, or seeing the way it interacts with whatever it hits or the physics of the flight will keep you occupied.",
"Kids get bored, adults procrastinate.",
"Because we've run out of blue links. ",
"It could also be due to how automated our lives are now. we use computers and smartphones to complete what used to be series of small tasks. Isaac Asimov actually [predicted](_URL_0_) boredom would plague the future generations for this reason.",
"While I can't offer much enlightenment on this topic, Vsauce did a video answering this exact question.\n_URL_0_",
"There is nothing I abhor more than hearing someone say they are bored. Being bored is a choice, not a consequence. It is a sign of laziness and egotism to expect the world to entertain you. Grow up and seek out the world. ",
"there is no boredom, just fear",
"I'm always a but suspicious when questions like this are confidently rubber-stamped with 'Explained'. There is the tacit agreement that something as both universal yet idiosyncratic as boredom, both can, and has, been explained. And I'm never surprised that the answer usually draws upon a positivistic, cause-effect model to do this. Culturally fashionable, framing up an explanation in this pseudo-scientific way is the best guarantee of approval and upvotes. People are comforted that the puzzle has been solved. Isn't there something much more valuable in exploring the interplay and tension between boredom, and whatever its opposite might be?\n\nIn this case, the top answer frames boredom as a kind of side-effect of apparently 'needing' constant stimulation, which again is tacitly understood to be evolutionarily beneficial. If it's just about 'stimulation', then why do we 'need' to be constantly stimulated? Isn't there another persuasive argument which says that humans also 'need' to be in a state of homeostasis, or non-stimulation and rest? Are these two 'needs' mutually exclusive, or perhaps in conflict? This might explain why boredom is actually quite, well, interesting. It isn't rigidly formulaic, it can come and go seemingly at its own whim. We are both persecuted by it, but perversely, often seem to seek it. What about bringing in terms like 'unsatisfied' or 'meaningless' or 'unhappy' into the equation, if you think it's an equation in the first place? Boredom has a lot to do with these feelings, after all. Humans are surely more than animals who self-regulate their levels of stimulation. And we very often fail to do this anyway, finding ourselves bored when we least expect it, and thrilled by the ordinarily mundane. We're awful judges of why we get bored.\n\nReddit - seriously, I know that evolution and neuroscience and a generally positivistic approach to problem solving have great explanatory power. For instance, we might discover that whilst bored, people exhibit certain physiological correlatives, perhaps certain hormones, or brain-wave patterns. I'm no expert but I'd like to point out that very often nowadays, we have a strong preference for this kind of answer - as if these quantifiable correlatives 'explain' why an experience occurs.\nI think boredom can also be examined fruitfully from a phenomenological perspective, one involving meaning, a life's story, how things seem, what we want, how that might be being frustrated, where we are from, other people, conflict, the psyche, the unconscious mind... This is as much for the philosophers as evolutionary scientists. There is no final objective explanation, not for five year olds, not for anyone. Living well with a question like 'Why do we get bored' might involve holding a great many more issues than merely brain chemistry in tension, and accepting boredom as a complex, multifaceted artifact of a whole human life.\nLiving badly with boredom means treating it as a problem and trying to eradicate it with an explanation that a five year old could understand. Now that is boring.",
"Watch the Vsauce YouTube video about it",
"Doubt anyone will see this at this point, but I'll put it out there anyway.\n\nThe best explanation that suck with me was from my high school French professor. When one says \"I'm bored\" in french, its done in the reflexive -- i.e. \"je m'ennuis.\" Taken literally, this mean \"I bore myself.\"\n\ntl;dr We get bored because we allow ourselves to be.",
"I am bored of seeing this post.",
"Vsauce did a piece on this exact question. Here's the link:\n_URL_0_\n",
"Best explanation I've hear is this youtube video: _URL_0_"
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2fwxrj | why is it that there are cases of people falling from incredible heights and living, yet people getting hit by cars going ~30mph die? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fwxrj/eli5_why_is_it_that_there_are_cases_of_people/ | {
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"Dispersion of force, I'd say. The ground is fairly spread out, your bumper, less so.",
"There are cases of people getting hit and surviving, but they don't make nearly as good of a story as someone surviving a fall from some unbelievable height",
"The force and location of the impact can be wildly variable in these cases. Generally speaking, if someone survives a fall from incredible heights, it is because they landed in something fantastically soft and/or otherwise had their fall broken before impact.\n\nMost people who fall from incredible heights die.\n",
"Whether you fall from a skyscraper or airplane doesn't matter. Due to wind resistance, after 15 seconds the average, spread out human body will be traveling at 122 mph. The main ways to survive this is by trying to slow descent, trajectory (angle), and softening the landing. You'll still end up with significant damage either way.\n\nFor example, landing in a heavy snow area would create a cushion. Hitting the ground at an angle will let you roll longer/further (imagine someone being ejected from a car parallel to the ground compared to into a wall).\n\nThere's also a question of physical state. An in-shape teenager will have a higher chance of survival than grandma."
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58p1kv | what happens to a plant when you pull a leaf off of it? are you hurting it and is the plant able to regenerate? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58p1kv/eli5_what_happens_to_a_plant_when_you_pull_a_leaf/ | {
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"They don't feel pain so you're not \"hurting\" it really, but you are damaging it. The plant may or may not regrow a leaf in the same spot depeding on how bad the damage was and what kind of plant it is.\n\nThe plant uses those leaves to capture the sunlight, carbon dioxide, and oxygen that it uses to power itself. Pulling off a single leaf is usually inconsequential, but major loss of foliage can kill a plant that isn't ready for it.\n\nSome have enough loot stored in their roots and stems to re-grow enough leaves to recover even dramatic losses (like getting cut down to a stump), but others are quite sensitive and must be trimmed carefully."
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1k78s7 | engines. two stroke, four stroke, cylinders, etc. | Everyone is always asking me. When I ride or drive something with an engine. "Is that a two stroke or four stroke?" "How many cylinders?" I've never been able to answer this confidently. Can anyone simplify this for me? Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1k78s7/eli5_engines_two_stroke_four_stroke_cylinders_etc/ | {
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"Cylinder: the part of the engine that compresses the air & fiel to make combustion. Cylinders travel up and down and their size and distance traveled determine the engine size (displacement). Usually, more cylinders mean bigger engine, and thus more power, but not always.\n\n\n2-stroke: every time the cylinder goes up (hence the 2-stroke: up and down), the cylinder fires. More power for smaller size, but shorter life.\n\n\n\n4-stroke: every other time the cylinder goes up (compression), the engine fires. The next stroke is the expell the exhaust gases, and then the cycle repeats.\n",
"I'm no expert by any means but I learnt loads from this website: _URL_0_\nit has animations and descriptions of all different engine types and is very ELI5 ",
"Well it depends on the engine, most cars and motorcycles use a four stroke engine. What this means is that the piston makes 2 revolutions per firing cycle with 2 strokes per revolution. First is the initial down stroke which sucks in air and fuel is injected. Second is the compression stroke the valves close and the fuel air mixture are compressed as the piston rises. The third is the expansion stroke the spark plug ignites the fuel air mixture and the resulting explosion pushes the piston down. The 4th and final stroke is the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve opens and the piston pushes the left over gases form the ignition out of the ignition chamber. 2 stroke engines use 2 so compression and exhaust happen together and ignition and air/fuel induction happen in one stroke. This causes 2 stroke engines to run higher rpms then 4 strokes. 4 strokes the have better compression and low end torque. You can tell usually by the sound an engine makes things like lawn mowers and weed whackers with 2 stroke engines make the fast high pitched sound while cars and motorcycles with 4 stroke engines make the low pitched rumble. As far as the amount of Cylinders that depends on the size and what the engine was made for, but the basic conception is the more cylinders the more air/ fuel you can burn to produce more power.\nSorry for any grammer errors ive been up all night.\nEdit-fixed number of revoulutions for the 4 stroke",
"This is pretty simple to explain: an internal combustion engine works by taking fuel and air (intake) and squeezing it really hard (compression), then igniting it to create a small explosion (combustion) before expelling the leftover nastiness (exhaust.) \n\nA 4-stroke engine uses all four cycles; intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. The piston moves down to allow air/fuel to enter the cylinder (intake), and then the piston moves up again to squeeze the mixture (compression.) that cycle was comprised of two strokes of the cylinder; a down-stroke and an up-stroke. The spark plug then emits a small spark which ignites the fuel mixture (combustion), which forces the piston to move down. Finally, the piston comes back up to expell the pollutants (exhaust), thereby creating the last stroke.\n\nA 2-stroke engine simply combines two steps to create a higher-efficiency engine. Fuel is pulled in while the piston is combusting the previous fuel mixture. Then, it compresses the next mixture while expelling the previous pollutants. ",
"Here is a visual to help out the physical motion and the difference between the two. \n\ngif of a 4-stroke engine\n_URL_0_\n\ngif of a 2-stroke engine:\n_URL_1_"
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"http://www.animatedengines.com/twostroke.html"
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|
9om67n | what exactly do they mean when they say an album has a good production? what are the technicalities that they look for? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9om67n/eli5_what_exactly_do_they_mean_when_they_say_an/ | {
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"You have many instruments and sounds recorded and your job as a producer is to put them all together nicely. \n\nI. E. Make sure that all instruments/voices can be heard, nothing is too loud or not loud enough. Sounds from one instrument don't get over sounds from the others. There are no unwanted noises, etc. \n\n",
"Get a song you like, listen to it carefully. Try to pick out all the different instruments, imagine where they are in the room when it was recorded. Then you can start down the path to understanding good production. Do the same to a few \"classic\" songs. Then to a track by an unsigned artist. You will start noticing differences. \n\nGood production means that everything seems to sit well with everything else. Nothing seems to be more noticeable than the rest (except with things like solos), but everything is still clearly defined. You don't notice something as sitting out of place. \n\nI'd like to add that \"good production\" is subjective. You could give the same recording to 50 of the top mix engineers in the world, and get back 50 noticeable different tracks. "
]
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[],
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||
2f81lv | what exactly is 2 step verification? | Uber noob question here. What exactly is 2 step verification?. I have Lastpass and its already a bit of a hassle to open my vault everytime I want to login somewhere since all my passwords are just impossible to remember. I do have it setup to fill up automatically but this doesnt work in a lot of mobile environment apps. If I enable 2 step, Will I have to be doing an extra step if I use 2 step verification? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f81lv/eli5_what_exactly_is_2_step_verification/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"2 step is something you know (your password) and something you have (your phone). \nWhen you log in using your username/password, that is the first step. The second step is to refer to your phone for a code which is generated. Sometimes this is a text message sent or it could be through an app, eg [Google Authenticator](_URL_0_). The code will change every 30 secs, you need to enter this code to gain access to your account.\n\nYou can authorise compuers, so they are not always asking for the 2nd factor. Eg, I also use LastPass and have setup 2 factor, but on my main computer I have authorised access, so no need to worry about the second factor (rotating code) after it has been entered and authorised on the computer (there is a tick box to remember approval).\n\nMobile can be difficult at times, I have found that switching between apps to get the code can lose progress during the sign in stage, which takes some careful balancing of copy/paste and correct timing- but that can be a good thing, your account is more secure with this process. \nYour phone can also be authorised, meaning accounts won't always need the 2nd factor for access.\n\nEdit: Spelling"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2&hl=en"
]
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|
3sjh6m | how do you get a siren to emit the sound you want it to? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3sjh6m/eli5_how_do_you_get_a_siren_to_emit_the_sound_you/ | {
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"The sound emitting part is tuned generally by adjusting the mass of it. It is tested before manufacture to be sure it produces the right sound. It is tuned before production.",
"What sort of siren are you referring to? On an ambulance, our siren has a few different tones and patterns it can emit, whereas an alarm probably has one set frequency. "
]
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[],
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] |
||
4ufpwj | how google's founders can only have a salary of $1 a year but still be billionaires? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ufpwj/eli5_how_googles_founders_can_only_have_a_salary/ | {
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"text": [
"They own stock in the company that is worth a lot of money. The $1 is just so they are still considered salaried employees. ",
"Google's founders *work* for the company, but also *own* a substantial portion of it. When Google becomes worth more, the shares they own increase in value. They can sell the shares for money. Thus they can do the work for free, because if Google succeeds they are rewarded as shareholders.\n\nMost CEOs primarily work for their company, and own a much less substantial portion of the stock than Google's founders do.",
"Basically they accept only a small amount like $1 for a salary and they get the rest in stock options for the company. That way come tax time each year they are only taxed on their salary, not their stock options. They only get taxed on the stocks after they sell them. They sell a few here and there to get money to purchase items. Its all about tax evasion. One of the many things that should be illegal but the ones making the laws do the same thing so it will never change ",
"Because they still have stocks and get paid in the dividends from those stocks every year. They also still have all investments they made prior to taking a $1 salary. "
]
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[],
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||
1hi8kk | how does a quantum computer collapse into the right answer? | How does one go about programming qubits anyhow? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1hi8kk/eli5_how_does_a_quantum_computer_collapse_into/ | {
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"text": [
"You don't. I know that answer makes people cringe, but that's the point of quantum mechanics. A traditional computer typically works by reading a high or low voltage. When you're talking about quantum mechanics you're dealing with spin states of electrons. There's a possibility to where you won't be able to distinguish off from on, which is where the qubit comes from.\n\nA better question would be, how is a qubit useful. It's useful in the sense that it enables us to come up with more clever logic gates that can be designed to tackle problems quicker. That said, where not using binary logic anymore, so it gets infinitely more complicated (well, not really, but it does get harder). There's not many known quantum algorithms known currently, but the ones that are known are targeted towards cryptography, which is ultimately the entire motive for this kind of research.\n\n[If you're interested in these new logic gates check out wikipedia.](_URL_0_) It'll explain it better than I could.",
"This video explains it pretty clearly: _URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
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28gahr | when cooking meat, why is it ok to use the same utensils at the end when the meat is cooked as you used at the start, when the meat is raw? | Given how much emphasis gets put on not mixing cutting surfaces, and knives when preparingt the food, it seems like there should be a tipping point when you should change from the "raw" food tongs/spoon whatever to a "cooked" one to finish off cooking.
Or put another way, why doesn't using the same utensil from start to finish spread bacteria all over your cooked food? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28gahr/eli5_when_cooking_meat_why_is_it_ok_to_use_the/ | {
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"It isn't okay to do that. It does spread bacteria over the meat. ",
" > Or put another way, why doesn't using the same utensil from start to finish spread bacteria all over your cooked food?\n\nAs you've apparently realized, there's certainly no reason to think otherwise. You are potentially contaminating your cooked food every time you touch it with the same utensil. ",
"Uhm, usually I change it but sometimes I fortet, I actually never thought this, but I guess the meat it's super controlled and It's not so bad. \n\nI like the meat raw when I season the it before cooking it, I do it in the same plate I'm gonna use to serve it. \n\nI find it more tasty. \n\n\nI'm not saying it's the right thing to do, but I like it, so I don't care."
]
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4dne6h | if our bodies are made entirely of atoms, and atoms are over 99.9% empty space, does that mean our bodies are actually over 99.9% empty space? is our solidness an illusion created by rapidly moving protons, neutrons and electrons? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dne6h/eli5_if_our_bodies_are_made_entirely_of_atoms_and/ | {
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"You kind of answered your own question. While it is not an illusion, the concept of something being \"solid\" is a result of all the forces at work within all those protons. neutrons, and electrons. \n\nAlmost everything is just empty space. Us, the computer you are looking at, the bed you sleep in, and planet earth. It is kind of weird to think about but it's true.",
"_URL_0_\n\nI think you'll find this video related and interesting. Basically, \"solidness\" is a property of the arrangement of atoms and their consequent fields. A solid is arranged where atoms are basically locked into a particular pattern in space because of the interaction of their forces. A liquid allows atoms to move around. Gases disperse entirely if they can.\n\nSo nothing is \"solid\" only in the way we think of solidness. There is no 100% impenetrable wall that comes into contact with the wall of another object. There's only the fields that interact, where two separate fields create two separate structures we think of as solid. \n\nOne other way to say it: it's not an illusion, but the everyday meaning of solid is a little wrong.",
"It doesn't matter that the space between is empty any more than it does that the space between two magnets with the same poles facing each other is also empty. The more you push them together, the harder they push back.\n\nSolidity is more or less that same repulsion happening over short ranges (because atoms are very small and weak) and repeated over countless atoms across a surface (working together).\n\nThere's a few other forces and laws in place that keep atoms from overlapping, but that's more or less why solid substances form a barrier to each other.\n\nFor a less ELI5 version, look up [Van der Waals force](_URL_0_).",
"Atoms aren't really 99.9% empty space. That's one of those white lies. Think of electrons as being \"spread out\" like clouds around the nucleus. They *interact* like they're localized point particles, but when they're just chillin' they're all cloud-like, taking up all the space in their atoms.\n\n(Also, even \"empty space\" isn't empty, because there are \"virtual particles\" popping in and out of existence all the time.)\n\nThe rigidity of matter is mostly due to the Pauli exclusion principle: certain types of particles, including electrons, can't be in the same place at the same time,* and if you try to squeeze them close, they exert a pressure against each other ([electron degeneracy pressure](_URL_0_)). Note that this is *not* electric repulsion between the electrons. That plays a role, but a smaller one.\n\n*Really they can't be in the same \"state.\" Two electrons can be in the same place if they have opposite \"spin.\"",
"Nothing is 'solid\" at the atomic/micro level, because solidity is a concept that we use to think about objects and properties at ordinary/macro level. \n\nIt's the same with liquidity. No atoms or individual molecules are in a liquid- state. Liquidity is a function of weak molecular bonds, so to have liquidity you have to have a bunch of molecules, not just one. \n\nAnother way to think about it is that being solid (or liquid) is something that _groups_ of atoms *do* rather than *have*. \n\nFinally, you might say that solidity is something that is a property that can only be measured a by macro-level instruments: e.g.: your nerve endings, your visual system of perception, etc. ",
"Think of it this way - matter is 99.9% percent empty space. Since we can't really tell it's there, we just refer to matter as the actual area it takes up. When someone says your body is 70% water, it just means 70% of the matter is water",
"When you strike a volleyball, the forces in your hands' atoms are \"striking\" the forces in the volleyball's atoms. It's not matter striking matter... "
]
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5nnlsu | when a meteorite strikes a planet and leaves a crater, why is there a big hole but no meteorite in it? | Where does it go? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nnlsu/eli5_when_a_meteorite_strikes_a_planet_and_leaves/ | {
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"When it hits the planet, there is so much energy it literally explodes. That's why there's a crater and nothing bigger than meteorite gravel left behind.\n\nThink about tossing a snowball at a wall.",
"If you throw an egg at your wall, and it leaves a mess, why is there no egg in that mess?"
]
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7nf1ih | why does candle light feel intimate and romantic? what is happening to us biologically, in candlelight? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7nf1ih/eli5_why_does_candle_light_feel_intimate_and/ | {
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"text": [
"Nothing. Its purely cultural. Candle light is associated with romance, but historically it was just the main method of illumination.\n\nIts only romantic because you think it is, nothing magical/biological about it."
]
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[]
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200nas | how do we leave fingerprints? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/200nas/eli5_how_do_we_leave_fingerprints/ | {
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"Your fingers have swirly patterns on them (let's not go into why). The surface of your skin constantly secreting oils and stuff. When those oils are on your swirly patterns, it's sort of like a rubber stamp - touching things will deposit those oils onto a surface in a pattern that matches the swirls."
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1vnoon | are michelin star (restaurants) and michelin tires come from the same company? | This might sound like a really dumb question, but I've noticed the Michelin Man in reference to both, and since there is no relevance, I'm super confused by this.
edit: fuck my title | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vnoon/eli5_are_michelin_star_restaurants_and_michelin/ | {
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"Yes. \n\n_URL_0_\n\n > In 1900 the tire manufacturers André Michelin and his brother Édouard published the first edition of a guide for French motorists. At the time there were fewer than 3,000 cars in France, and the Michelin guide was intended to boost the demand for cars, and thus for car tires.",
"They are the same. They started out as a guide for french motorists and it grew from there.\n\nNot only does Michelin go to great lengths to remain anonymous. Beyond this, they were one of the first guides to restaurants around Europe to maintain consistent standards year after year. \n\nWith the sheer length of their guide and their high standards, they have been the de-facto guide to the the best cuisine available. As you're probably aware, gaining a star can have a dramatic increase to the restaurant's popularity, while losing a star can be a major blow. \n\nThe other benefit of the guide is the brevity of the reviews. Instead of a lengthy description of one person's experience, their reviews give a quick nod to what is exceptional -- thus allowing you to experience the highly rated restaurant without any preconceived notions apart from 'it's one of the best'.\n\nWhile they are the same company, in a sense they are two distinct parts of the company, almost operating individually."
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4zvf5j | how do leds get so hot despite putting out so much light and using relatively little power? | If you touched an incandescent lamp you would probably burn yourself, but that used 75 or 100 watts. Meanwhile LED lamps use 10-15 watts and put out just as much light, yet still get insanely hot. Even LED tape needs some sort of cooling to run at their specified voltages and current. Why do they get so hot? Shouldn't most of their energy be released as light rather than heat? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zvf5j/eli5how_do_leds_get_so_hot_despite_putting_out_so/ | {
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"Led has little lighting area. Like 1cm2 max. Lightbulbs has area like 50cm2. Divide power of lightsource by his cooling surface and you get power surface density. So you can have 15w/cm2 with led and 2w/cm2 with lightbulb. So its hotter on touch...",
"incandescent bulbs give about 14 lumens per watt (2% efficient)\nLEDs theoretically can generate over 200 lumens per watt (30% efficient)\nLED bulb turns a larger fraction of the source power into visible light, virtually none of the waste energy is radiated away, so it must be handled by conductive/convective means.\nLED that has a 30% conversion efficiency, 11 watts x 0.7 = 7.7 watts have to be dissipated. So with LED, the idea is to get as much heat away from the emitter as possible. That's why you'll end up with a hot casing of an LED lightbulb. The casing is hot because it's trying to dissipate the heat of the electronic driver circuit and of the LEDs themselves.\nthe emitter die itself is highly refractive, which causes some of the generated light to reflect back into the die rather than leave. That light strikes the die and heats it up.\nfor a white LED. A white LED is made up of a blue emitter with a phosphor coating. The blue light hits the phosphor coating, which in turn fluoresces and emits yellow light. Some of that light is simply absorbed though, which heats up the phosphor. Some of the blue light also passes through. Your eyes see this mixture of blue and yellow light as white light.\n\nSo you've got heat losses in the electronics to regulate the power that the LEDs need, losses in the emitter die, and losses in the phosphor. To keep all of that stuff running properly, the heat needs to be removed.The housing is a heat sink, so it will be hot.",
"Try to touch an equally bright incandescent lamp. Actually, don't try it. Because you would burn yourself.\n\nYes, an LED gets warm or even hot. But not even close to a incandescent lamp.\n\nI do some manual labor, so I have thick skin. I can switch an 11 W LED with my bare hands. It hurts a little but it's okay. 100 W incandescent lamp? Lol, no...",
"An LED has to be kept pretty cool < 150C, and the LED itself is extremely small, so the heat transfer out of the LED is almost all by conduction via the heatsink. This means the heatsink is going to be maybe 60 or 70C, which is fairly hot. Almost all that heat is transferred to that heatsink. Almost none of the heat energy is radiated to the environment because the LED is only 100C or so above the temperature of the rest of the room. \n\nAn incandescent lamp element is in a vacuum (EDIT: or suspended in a below-atm inert gas) inside the bulb. The element itself is at > 2550C; 2500C higher temperature than the surrounding room. Most of the heat energy passes straight through the glass and is absorbed by the surrounding environment through radiative heat transfer, which is why incandescent bulbs heat up a room. The visible light is the same as the LED, but because the element is over 2000C, the radiative heat transfer is huge. The increase in temperature in the room is only about 5-10C or so because the environment is so large and the heat is distributed evenly to everything the element can \"see\". Even this is pretty noticeable if you hold your hand a foot away from a bulb. Only a very very small fraction of that heat is absorbed by the glass, so the glass ends up at only 60 or 70C. \n\nThis is why the LED bulb and the incandescent bulb are about the same temperature to the touch, but the incandescent bulb takes 10x more power to run. That extra power taken up by the incandescent bulb is radiated to the environment because the element is so hot. Only 1/10th the power of the incandescent bulb is absorbed by the glass... hence the glass gets about the same temperature as the LED heat sink. ",
"I'm confused by this post. LED lights don't typically get insanely hot, and are much cooler than incandescent, halogen or CFL lights. ",
"Most of the energy is released as light, but still not all of it. If you compare an LED to an incandescent bulb they will both get hot, but the LED gets hot only in one small spot, while the incandescent bulb gets hot all the way around. Here's a picture:\n_URL_0_",
"LED lights don't get hot. I've had LED lights running over my pot plants for four weeks now with a thermometer under them, 65 degrees two feet from the lights, and the panel of lights themselves is barely 75 degrees F. In comparison the fluorescent bulbs on the ceiling run at 100 degrees once they've been on a while. \n\nIf you have LED's that are extremely hot they A) May be about to burn out or B) are getting too much power and will burn out.\n\nOnly time I felt a hot LED was in sixth grade when I dipped one into a salty glass of water wired to a 6V battery, the LED burned out in my fingers, ouch!\n"
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2b547u | what is 4chan and why is it being banned in so many places? isn't 4chan just like reddit? | I don't understand why 4chan is despited and banned in many countries. Care to explain? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2b547u/eli5what_is_4chan_and_why_is_it_being_banned_in/ | {
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"It's not really the same, no. Some of the forums on 4Chan do resemble subreddits, but there are differences. One major difference is that 4Chan is designed to be anonymous, so people feel freer to say/post whatever they want without it being tied to their username/account. \n\n4Chan is most well known for its /b/ (random) forum which has been highly controversial. Basically it started off as a forum with no rules (or rather very limited rules) and the rules that did exist were often not enforced very well. This meant that it was common for people to post illegal and legally questionable content. 4Chan's /b/ has also been implicated in things like encouraging people to kill themselves (which some have ended up doing) and basically starting witch-hunts against people they didn't like and other similar behavior, but /b/ has also been seen as a force for good in some cases.\n\nAnyway, still today /b/ is filled with highly offensive, nsfw and sometimes legally questionable content, so the site is still highly controversial and doesn't really resemble any mainstream subreddits of reddit.",
" > Isn't 4chan just like reddit?\n\nReddit has a thin veneer of respectability, nominal traceability, and much better CSS.",
"the internet is like a giant human centipede. 4chan is the mouth, gobbling up new content (memes, etc) and shitting it out into Reddit's mouth. Reddit in turn shits it out into, i don't know, Buzzfeed or something, and this goes on until content has been shat out and swallowed up throughout the internet. ",
"4chan is no worse than reddit. It has fewer boards than reddit so it's basically like if everyone on reddit was forced to post in the same few subs; without a username so you can't tell who's posting what.\n\nThis means users are less protected from each other. The result is reddit subs are usually big circlejerks while many 4chan boards are full of hate and arguing.\n\nThe reason it is banned in many countries probably has more to do with the fact that it is anonymous and everything posted on the website is deleted from history in a short period of time (usually within 24 hours) which gives a lot of freedom to what can be said and difficult to regulate.\n\nAs for the actual content on the site, reddit is worse. There are subs far worse than any board on 4chan. Hell, Facebook is worse than 4chan. Actual paedophile rings and hate groups operate on reddit and Facebook, not on 4chan. ",
"EDIT 2: Gilded? For this? What in the everliving fuck? Please don't.\n\nOh god, it's my time to shine.\n\n4chan was founded in 2003 by a 16 year old named moot. It was based on Futaba Channel (_URL_1_), japan's largest image-based message board, and by based on, i mean moot downloaded the board software and ran it through google translate. 4chan, like 2chan, is a place where people are invited to post images (more so than text) on specific topics, divided into subboards which are headed by a single letter, like /a/ - Anime & Manga. 4chan based its boards on 2chan's, but in the beginning, it had way, way less. Back then it was mostly about /a/, which was ostensibly the point of the whole site, and /b/ - Random, which was affectionately referred to as 'the retard bin'. It's called /b/ because it was named after 2chan's catch-all board, also a /b/.\n\n He first advertised the site on the forums of Something Awful, a place whose slogan is \"the internet makes you stupid\". This is actually really important to the history of 4chan. SA was and kind of still is the original bastion for sarcastic assholes on the internet. So the initial userbase is made up of caustic older nerds who have sort of a twisted sense of humor. They came for the anime, but they stayed because of 4chan's other unique feature: everyone posts anonymously by default.\n\nTo a 4channer anonymity is sacred and unquestioned. Their position is that by removing names you remove ass-kissing and circle-jerking and are left with the value of your content alone. Nobody cares about who you are and there's value in having discussion this way. However this had a few unintended side effects.\n\nAnonymity means you can say whatever you want without consequence, so 4chan breeds aggressive, uncompromising behavior. Esstentially, people are much more forceful about their opinions, are more likely to call out others without provocation, and many use it as a platform to say things they'd never admit to believing in real life.\n\nAll these factors came together and had a profound effect on the larger internet. In the beginning, everyone was in on the joke, so /b/ was all about pretending to be stupid for a laugh, and in the other boards, passionate discussion went on in smaller numbers. But /b/'s \"legendary threads\" kept getting screencapped and shared about the internet, the site grew and added boards users demanded, ranging from the accessible, like video games, to the more niche, like hentai/alternative (for when people who are into H are telling you YOUR shit is too weird). Eventually, concepts that were culturally 4chan started seeping out into the wider internet, like Caturday, and the Rick Roll. Fun fact: the rickroll meme is actually based on the duckroll, an old 4chan troll that would seem to quote someone in a thread, but would actually take you to a completely different thread where someone had posted an annoying picture of a duck on wheels.\n\nAs 4chan exploded in popularity though, less and less people were 'in on the joke', so to speak. The signal-to-noise ratio plummeted and people started posting the most offensive, insane content they could, because that's what they thought being in /b/ was all about. Eventually this insanity started spilling into other boards, like /v/, which killed video game discussion there for a long time but gave us rage comics - which is one reason why reddit is so popular today!\n\nNow, as 4chan is increasingly an internet-household name, moot's taken steps to beef up the moderating and cut down on the crap. The result is a 4chan that is a little more focused and usable, vs the complete mess it was circa 2010. Though /b/ will never be the original content machine it once was, 4chan is still a great place for fearless opinion-making. I visit both 4chan and reddit regularly because each offer unique perspectives on news. Reddit is always understanding and trying to see all sides, and 4chan doesn't tolerate any bullshit.\n\nYeah, you're gonna see some weird shit there. But it's a place built for weirdos. It might not be for everyone, but it's a big part of the internet.\n\nEDIT: I just want to add a couple things.\n\nIf you're gonna go to 4chan, please lurk moar. The reason why it's gotten diluted is because people like to jump in, and 4chan culture is complex and historic. Plus if you say something stupid I and others will tell you to fuck off.\n\nSecond, don't bother going to /b/. So many people post there now (and by now I mean for the last like 8 years) that it's a total blur, no meaningful discussion can happen, and if it were to be destroyed, nothing of value would be lost. If you want to see memes being created as they happen, go to /sp/, and if you do do that, please let me know when you plan on visiting. And lastly, if the cognitive dissonance starts to give you a headache, remember [this](_URL_0_).\n\n\nEDIT THE THIRD: Seriously! Don't go to /b/! /b/ is not 4chan! Similarly for those bitching about reddit, GET THE FUCK OUT OF THE DEFAULTS, nothing of value happens in most of those. People badmouth both these sites without investigating them to find the good stuff!\n\nThis is my biggest post and I got a lot of comments. I only wrote it because I decided to not smoke weed today. Take that as what you will!",
"4chan is an image board. It is hardly any different from reddit. Only difference really is anonymity, unless youre a tripfag, and none of these imaginary internet points. As for why people are banning the site? Cause they're fragile little daisies",
"Reddit is 4chan on meds.",
"In my country 4Chan is not banned but Reddit its banned.\n\n^^^Filthy ^^^4Chan ^^^scrubs",
"It is usually seen on 4chan first. ",
"4chan is reddit without the karma filter.\n\nIf you could post anything you wanted and not have to worry about being downvoted, you'd end up being way more honest. That's the draw of 4chan to a lot of people.",
"4chan is like reddit's crazy Uncle on cocaine.",
"4chan has less, and more, faggots.",
"My interpretation of 4chan is if you took reddit, and replaced all of the nice people with all of the banned people. Then present it in an almost unreadable format.",
"Why would 4chan be banned?",
"I liekd 4chan b4 it wus kewl",
"Ok, so lots of long answers here that are right. Here's the short short of 4chan. Folks can and do say whatever the fuck they want. It's the true showing of the masses. Sometimes it's for the good, sometimes it's for the bad. It's the internet unmodified, unregulated. ",
"4 charn is the hardcore version of reddit. here you have a name, everything is tidy, and if someone is mean to you you can run to ~~mommy~~ the mod team and have him punished and there are rules.\n\n\n\nno such luck on 4chan.",
"Nice try Moot. ",
"4Chan has culture, Reddit does not. ",
"Honestly, why come here to ask this when you could just go on 4chan and see for yourself? \n\nThe differences are pretty clear.\n",
"It's like a YouTube comments page with cartoon porn instead of videos..",
"I use both websites. I am sick of people treating it like it is the deep web. I like it for the anonymity. Also, a lot of the boards are pretty well regulated. I mostly use /mu/, /tv/ and /x/. I use /b/ when I am drunk and want some quick laughs and random fun. If I ever want serious discussion though I would more than likely go here!",
"Reddit is democracy\n\n4chan is anarchy\n\n\nReddit: The opinion of the majority is upvoted, the minority is hidden. Many people want it? They get it. People are nice to each other, and politically correct.\n\n4chan: Everyone has equal chances of being seen. No accounts, no authority. You don't have to be nice, you won't be recognized anyway.",
"newfag.\n\nTits or GTFO",
"To sum it up for you, the first time I visited 4Chan was about 3 years ago, and the first thing I saw there is some mexican cartel members, beheading two dudes from a rival cartel using a Chainsaw. Yep.\n\nSo if you're a twisted gore-hungry fucker, or just some weirdo looking for the worst humanity has to offer, go there. ",
"Lame troll is lame.\n\n",
"How do 4chan handle spam post then?",
"There are 2 statements about 4chan that are accurate. \n\n1. Trolls trolling trolls trolling trolls\n\n2. Invading 4chan is like pissing in an ocean of piss\n\nEdit I feel the need to add another fact about 4chan people here seem to forget:\n\n3. /b/ was never good. ",
"Oh dudeitsrazz, you're so cute: \"Isn't 4chan just like reddit?\"\n\n4chan is nothing like reddit. Think of reddit like the naughty nephew that steals beer from his uncle's frig...and think of 4chan like the shitty neighbor that burns down your house, after fucking your wife.",
"_URL_0_\n\npretty much sums up the difference between people visiting reddit and 4chan",
"4chan is the primordial, sticky goo from whence all internet content is spawned, unhindered by common decency, identity or moderation.\n\nReddit acts as a filter, sifting out the decent content, as well as generating some of its own.\n\nBuzzFeed gives Reddit content a crappy pop culture makeover, which then makes its way onto Facebook as some sort of hideous cancer.",
"The internet works like this:\n\nOC - > 4chan - > Sanity Filter - > reddit\n\nAlternatively:\n\nOC - > reddit - > Insanity Taint - > 4chan\n\n4chan is like justifying going into a downtown brothel because \"I've seen everything there is to see, nothing will surprise me\"... and then finding dead hookers.",
"My experience with 4chan is seeing how long you can last looking at the image dump. Its got such fucked up stuff that I am as a result scarred for life. ",
"For a quick answer 4chan is reddit on crack.",
"is it just me or am i seeing 4chan everywhere the past few days. All i konw is \"everyone there is dicks\" and apparently convinced someone to put a grenade in a microwave ",
"Long story short: don't waste your time on 4chan AND reddit.",
"it's nothing like reddit \n",
"toasting in an epic bread.",
"Reddit is 4chan but with a condom.",
"4chan is the hood compared to reddit",
"yes its exactly the same as reddit. you should go there and say hello, remember to tell them you're from reddit",
"4chan is where smart people go to pretend to be stupid, and Reddit is where stupid people go to pretend to be smart. ",
"Reddit is based on identity, we have karma and usernames to track our achievements and personality. In essence, it is Capitalism.\n\n4chan is based on anonymity, there is no metric of success or names to go by, everyone is the same and they create content as one. In essence, it is Communism.",
" > dosen't understand why 4chan is despited and banned in many countries. \n > Marks thread as NSFW\ntop kek",
"You know you're getting old when someone asks \"What is 4chan?\"",
"reddit is the shield. 4chan is the sword. ",
" ▲\n ▲ ▲\n ▲ ▲\n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲\n ▲ ▲ \n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲\n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲\n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲\n ▲ ▲\n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲\n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲\n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ \n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ \n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ \n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ \n ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲",
"I still consider this one of the funniest posts on the interwebs ever, I actually look it up from time to time: \n\n_URL_0_",
"If reddit had an asshole older brother, his name would be 4chan. ",
"Oh you sweet summer child, what do you know of winter? ",
"There's a lot of disinformation in this thread. As a dweller of 4chan myself, allow me to shed light:\n\n4chan is VERY MUCH like Reddit. It has much fewer boards and people cannot create them, but there are plenty of subjects, such as the paranormal, origami, travel, video games, flash files, art and such. It covers the interest of many people, porn included. \n\nWhy 4chan has a bad reputation, though, is solely because of a single board. And that board is /b/, the random board. On it features mostly socially unacceptable stuff - racism, usage of derogatory words, ultragore, dead people and such. Not a pretty place to be.\n\nThe reason why a single board puts down 4chan? Because it's a very prominent board on it, and a lot of the 4chan dwellers frequent it. So people, by association, think /b/ IS 4chan. It's like thinking that Reddit is solely a single subreddit. \n\nBut overall, it's not worse or better than Reddit - just different. With a quick search, I could find plenty of stuff on Reddit that puts /b/ to shame. The only thing that makes Reddit more accountable is that 4chan is completely anonymous - there are no accounts or anything, and the only way you could be found is if they did an IP trace - which is covered by using a VPN.\n\nAlso, contrary to what some other posters have said in this thread, child porn is no longer a problem since a few years - Moot, the creator/admin of 4chan, was approached the FBI due to that issue (child porn being posted, where else, but on /b/) to implement strict measures and moderation to immediately squash any attempt to do so. Neither will they try to hack you. Just don't let any personal information come to /b/ - that is where it gets nasty. \n\nIt's not a dark part of the internet. It's not the website of choice of scum. It's not anything scary. It's just another content/interest sharing website. \n\nTL;DR: it's Reddit without the usernames and with a lot of assholes in a single board.",
"4chan is like reddit in that each subsection is very different and has its own rules. On Reddit those rules are usually written on the sidebar or posted to a sticky. 4chan has some stickys but mostly the rules are unwritten, which is why lurking (reading a lot before posting) is necessary to pick up how things operate in each sub. This is kind of a throwback to the old days of the internet. It works as filter, deterring casual users.\n\nIt gets banned because every awful, racist, homophobic, soul crushing, violent thing you have ever imagined and a million you haven't get posted there daily. But, free speech means the freedom to offend. And no one is being forced to go there and read or see anything.",
"4channel is love, 4channel is life.",
"It's different because on reddit you vote i both directions to raise/lower awareness, while in 4chan you bump a thread to the top position by posting, but it will only raise it for a short time, so more luck is involved.\n\nAlso, because 4chan is an image board, people have fun with image replies that are (unlike reddit) visible as thumbnails even in replies.\n\nHowever, because downvoting is not exactly possible in 4chan (disabling bumping in a reply is as far as it gets) all filtering is left to the mods and they can't cope with the overall massive fagotry. In reddit downvoting kinda filters spam, so even if the mods are asleep, the site is not drowning in cancer. The downside being unpopular thoughts can effectively be hidden by the community, even if they are right or a few people would be interested.",
"God damn it, Rule 1 and 2 people, \"do not talk about /b\". You cannot utter it's name without summoning it into existence. Kinda like Betelgeuse. Anywhere /b is mentioned gets swarmed with /b like behavior.",
" > summerfag question",
"Well, if this didn't turn into a 4chan circle jerk. Like...literally...like, there are 5 guys over there, right now, stroking each other off. ",
" > Isn't 4chan just like reddit?\n\nYou made the worst mistake you could ever make OP.",
"The first rule about 4chan, is that you do not talk about 4chan.",
"IMO, one of the biggest differences between 4chan and Reddit is the underlying cultural expectation of civility on Reddit. Yeah it doesn't always work that way (plenty of assholes on Reddit, and some really nice people on 4chan), but in general being a dick on Reddit is frowned upon, where on 4chan it's more or less expected and even celebrated. It's stark enough to where if someone tells me they regularly go on 4chan, it's an immediate turn off (and they often live up to the stereotype). \n\nThis is just one factor where 4chan and Reddit differs, but plenty of other people have posted much more detailed contrasts. I don't know if anyone's touched on this part, but just in case they haven't I figured I'd post this. ",
"Reddit is like 4chan's retarded child. Honestly.",
"Ill have you know that i almost did 1year because of 4chan. Think before u post kids",
"4chan is reddits drunken racist father. Sure he's a major asshole most of the time, and he almost always ruins any family gatherings, but when he sobers up long enough he can do some really great things. ",
"Someone else said this, and it made sense to me. \n\nReddit is like capitalism. People try and accumulate points, and to an extent, the ones that accumulate the most have more opportunity to make more.\n\n4chan is like communism. Everyone has the same voice, the same say.",
"Check /r/4chan out too. It could give you an idea.",
"I love 4chan for the immature posts, but only on days when i'm feeling down and need a laugh to brighten the day up.\n\nOtherwise... Minecraft ftw!",
"4Chan is kinda like that single childless neighbour next door that has a bunch of kids toys in his backyard. It may look fun to visit, but if you do things will probably get weird. ",
"Okay I guess I'm gonna sound like newbie here.\n\nWhen was 4chan banned in countries? This is the first time I've heard of this.",
"4chan is to the Internets as LA is to the US - its dream and nightmare.",
"The fact that I couldn't go on their video game board without seeing toddlers being molested is a good enough answer",
"I guess one part of it being banned is, that in the 10 years i'm on the internet daily, 4chan is the only place where is stumbled randomly onto child pornography. I'm not saying that it happend often (I haven't been there for 2 or 3 years) but it was something that could be expected to find every know and then, depending on the visited boards.",
"The difference is karma. People on reddit, for the most part, don't post much that's controversial or it would get them downvoted. Also, you see the top rated comments and get the consensus view on matters with reddit. 4chan is pure anonymity because there is not accounts, karma, or voting/sorting system. People say whatever they want without fear of reprisal.",
"Well looks like that nobody really explained OPs question: **why is it being banned in so many places?** \n\nAnswer: It is full of **porn**, **gore**, **racism** and even though it is much more moderated today and you can still find **childporn** pictures. ",
"but, but, *Caturday*",
"It's banned so much because it's a place where you can express your opinion while anonymous (you can't make an account, at most you can use a name and a tripcode but nobody likes those faggots), any kind of opinion, without being censored (downvoted like on Reddit, and have your comments hidden) just because what you say is different from what other people believe. Of course that also leads to people posting illegal stuff (mostly porn, but other stuff too), DOING illegal stuff (not so much today, since most of 4chan is now full of redditors and other normal people that have nothing to do with internet and 4chan culture) and posting disgusting stuff like fucked up porn and gore.\n\nReddit is just a place where you go to circlejerk about popular stuff that everyone likes, If you don't believe me go to /r/worldnews and try to defend the Palestinians who are getting bombed the fuck out by Israel, you'll get downvoted to hell and possibly banned. \n\nThis site should at least freeze post karma to 0 even if you get lower than that. Let people downvote you, deduct your post karma to 0 but no more than that, the rest of the downvotes could still deduct your total post karma on your account. And they should disable the hiding of posts because of low karma, that's just dumb. That way people would be punished less for not saying \"wow *popular thing* is great I agree, I can't argue with that opinion, upboat! did I fit in guys? am I one of you yet?\"",
"Many of these comments gave me cancer",
"Reddit is 4chan with a tie.",
"4chan is where smart people go to act dumb, reddit is where dumb people go to act smart!",
"Back in high school me and a group of my friends were deep into 4chan and I remember one night, one of my friends linked me to a thread and it was a girl from our school who was one of those \"anime nerd\" chicks who had started a thread with a nude of her self with user names written on her and the date then asked for requests what people wanted to see next. It escalated to pictures of her with a sharpie and a hairbrush in her ass and some completely naked pictures of her. The word got around school and everyone started calling her Potato-Chan as that was her username she used on 4Chan. she ended up changing her name from Emily to Amanda and moved to a different province a couple months later",
"Dumb people go to reddit and pretend they're smart. Smart people go to 4chan and pretend they're dumb.",
"Smells like summer up in here.",
"Its basically the Mos Isley Cantina of the web. ",
"Reddit is where the dumb go to act smart, 4chan is where the smart go to act dumb.",
"4chan used to be much worse than it is now. Whereas loli/shota/furry threads abound now, there used to be child pornography, raids, and stalker fanbases (guys who would stalk people online, usually girls on youtube or other cam girls). Raids are essentially attempts at organizing the collective for the purpose of making a statement, fucking with someone, or for teh lulz. Anonymous, Lulzsec and other hacktivist groups were liky founded there as well, although all 4channers were not involved with those groups.\n\nBut yeah, CP, organized anonymous hacktivists and dudes who beat it to pictures of drawn little girls is usually enough to get a site banned.",
"4chan allows ACTUAL free speech, for good or worse. Reddit is a lot like the USA, say you're 100% free, but really, you aren't.",
"* They used to post CP until the FBI got involved and moderators got better.\n\n* They post scams involving fake coupons to defraud retail stores\n\n* Harassment of people IRL\n\n* They are a magnitude more racists homophobic and sexist than the average internet forum.",
"4 chan is better than reddit. "
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5yreux | why are most large explosions compared to how much tnt it is equivalent to? | Anytime I hear about how large a nuclear explosion is or the impact of an asteroid hitting Earth would be, it is always explained using some amount of TNT.
Why is TNT the go-to comparison? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yreux/eli5_why_are_most_large_explosions_compared_to/ | {
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"Explosives used to consist of lots of different mixtures, and it was hard to express just how much energy would be released with a particular explosive. They weren't very consistent. Trinitrotoluene is one chemical that explodes via a predictable chemical reaction: a certain amount of TNT always corresponds to a certain amount of explosive energy. This very useful property is why it was adopted as a standard for comparison.\n\nNowadays we have other predictable chemical explosives we could use, but since it's an arbitrary choice anyway, the use of TNT has stuck."
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9tyjfu | why do nutrition labels show a calorie amount for a half serving, but then the calorie amount for a full serving isn’t always double what a half serving is? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9tyjfu/eli5_why_do_nutrition_labels_show_a_calorie/ | {
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"Usually this is due to rounding.\n\nSometimes it can be due to errors.\n\nSometimes what is listed as 1/2 serving isn't actually one half of a full serving, due to rounding to the nearest half-serving.\n\nDo you have an actual example?"
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3ic785 | why are american schools so big? | i know America is massive and it has a ton of people, but the schools seem unnecessarily big. my cousin that lives in California went to a highschool with ~1000 students in it, and i saw a post on TIL about this american highschool with a 60 million dollar stadium and almost 6000 students, now i saw that the city (Allen, Texas) has ~90,000 people in it and one highschool. now my town has ~40,000 and 2 highschools.
is it cheaper or more efficient to build one huge school instead of spreading them out?
by the way i'm not trying to criticize the school or whatever, just trying to understand the rationale | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ic785/eli5why_are_american_schools_so_big/ | {
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"I am not an expert by any stretch of the imagination, but I'd hazard it has to do with funding. School districts are frequently underfunded, so building new schools is often out of the question until the situation simply becomes unmanageable. As for expensive stadiums, sports nearly always gets more attention and funding than the rest of the school needs.\n\nAt least, that's been my observations growing up here.\n\nEdit: as an example, my highschool was so over populated that they put up more modular classrooms on the lawns every year, but the diving team had an Olympic winner for a coach.",
"Sadly, educational funding is one of the top areas cut in most states when budgets need to be balanced, costs cut and such.\n\nThis leads to school closures. On top of the fact that the population faces a net rise every day, this means less schools for more students. Class sizes in existing schools increase dramatically, and when new schools are built, they're built to accommodate huge rises in student numbers.",
"There are a couple benefits to having bigger schools. One is that the cost of building a bigger school is cheaper on a per-student basis (in terms of building costs). A bigger school also allows you more opportunities in clubs and classes. For example, my high school had 1,700 people and the math club had maybe 7 members. If the school had fewer than 1,000 students we probably couldn't have done it. I also had an advanced Physics class that only had 3 people in it. "
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2dg5xm | why don't computers come pre-overclocked? | Wouldn't it be so much easier for developers to upgrade the computer with maximum CPU power before they sell it and risk damage to the computers? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dg5xm/eli5_why_dont_computers_come_preoverclocked/ | {
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"overclocking is exceeding the manufacturer's specifications. It's like buying a ladder that's rated for 200lbs, and then putting your 300lb cousin on it... It might hold, but.. depending on the individual ladder, it might not.\n\nNot all CPUs can be reliably overclocked by the same amount, that's what makes it a tinkerer's endeavour for people to do if they have the interest and desire to do so.\n\nCPUs and other computer components are spec'd for reliability. With their complexity and the amount of errant EM floating around, it's a wonder they operate as reliably as they already do. If you want to risk decreasing the reliability for a bit more performance, that's up to you - but it's not a decision which should be made for you by people assembling the equipment.\n\nI'd rather pay for less and get more, than pay for more and get less.\n\n > before they sell it and risk damage to the computers?\n\nThey're not risking anything. You are. They've already determined the maximum \"safe\" speed, which allows the CPU to be tolerant to summer weather and poor internal cooling. The user then goes and ignores that recommendation, sometimes reliably, with 3rd party cooling products, etc... but sometimes it doesn't work out so well.\n\nYou say that like they have an expectation that everyone's going to overclock, so they may as well do it for you -- but that's not right. Only a TINY percentage of people overclock their CPUs and they do so at their own risk.",
"CPUs are sold at a given clock speed for one of two reasons:\n\n1) It failed QA tests at a higher speed. That doesn't mean it's faulty, it just means there are transistors that can't switch fast enough; when the CPU switched state, some of them missed the transition, and it reflects the previous step. This causes errors in the data.\n\n2) CPU manufacture has gotten so consistent and high quality that the manufacturer *can't* make shitty, slower CPUs. They got one production line from which they make everything. So they have all these high speed CPUs and a market demand for slower, cheaper processors. What are they to do? They're not going to sell their top end product for cheaper, so they'll lock some of the faster processors at a lower rate to capture that area of the market.\n\nSo you have to ask yourself, which of these two processors do you own? How do you tell the difference? One of these is perfectly fine to overclock, and the CPU can run at a rate it's capable of doing so within spec of it's actual design. The other one is running out of spec and introducing errors. Those errors don't mean shit if all you do is browse Reddit and play video games, but heaven forbid you balance a checkbook or do *anything* where you cannot tolerate an error, because you'll basically never know it happened. You especially can't afford it in a commercial setting or in equipment, like, say, an MRI.\n\nA retailer can't afford the risk of their product failing prematurely, or faulting as a consequence, and overclocking a CPU is by definition taking it out of spec and voiding its warranty. The only retailer I knew of who sold their machines overclocked were very clear they were designed and built for multimedia production and video games and for no other purpose, because no one is going to die or get tax audited as a consequence of a single byte error in a video game or an encoded media file.",
"Overclocking is a trade off with speed on one side, and reliability, longevity and heat on the other. An overclocked computer will likely crash more often and break sooner, and to get significant overclocking gains, you typically have to beef up your cooling.\n\nAlso, overclocking isn't like a switch that makes your computer go faster. You can overclock a little, with few risks, or overclock a *lot*, and have superfast machine with a massive cooling system that crashes every hour. There is no way for the manufacturer to know which one any particular consumer will want. ",
"There are some video cards that come pre-overclocked. Additionally you're able to even boost those past what the manufacture does. Currently I have an nvidia 560 TI overclocked edition, and I have overclocked it further. I also have an I-7 3770K cpu which is not overclocked by the manufacture (Intel) but it is unlocked to be overclocked. \n\n\nOverclocking pass what is set at the manufacture can reduce the life of the piece of hardware. be warned!"
]
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[],
[],
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|
5g8lk4 | how much & what kind of data is my iphone collecting? | Tonight I went to a bar with a friend. We talked about a great many things, one of the things I confessed to him is that my sister is/was a heroin addict.
When I got home I turned on youtube and the first ad was for Narcan. Now I've been using youtube all year and I have yet to see a Narcan ad but the night I mention heroin I see the ad...
Coincidence?
Edit: 4 minutes after posting this I got [this](_URL_0_) advertisement. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5g8lk4/eli5how_much_what_kind_of_data_is_my_iphone/ | {
"a_id": [
"daqbstm",
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"The inner workings of an iPhone are fairly closed-off for people who don't work for Apple, BUT the kind of work required to snoop on you would get noticed.\n\nIn order to listen to your conversations, your iPhone would have to be continuously running the microphone and transmitting that data. That would have quite a significant battery impact. Plus, it's easy to tell when an iPhone is sending data over the mobile network or wifi. Even if that data is encrypted, lots of radio hardware can monitor if and when your phone is trasmitting, and sending audio is quite a lot of data. Someone would notice if iPhones were regularly listening to you, there's no way to effectively hide it.\n\nIt's more likely this is coincidence, or other input youve done (Google searches, etc) are being tracked to produce the relevant ads.",
"I have read and personally heard very similar stories from friends and family. They swear they never typed anything about a very unique discussion they just had hours earlier and a advertisement pops up. It's always been in Facebook but Google could be listening too. I'm convinced Facebook listens through the mic. ",
"I'm a programmer, previously in the ecommerce business. This is a pretty deep rabbit hole.\n\nHere's the important detail to remember: we like to imagine programs as dumb machines that _remember like a machine_ (\"I searched for chocolate, so now it'll show me Hersheys ads\"). The truth is that computers can extrapolate this to mind-boggling lengths. Advertisers are no different.\n\nFirst of all, sources. Remember a little fuss about cookies and do-not-track a while back? Here's the thing: every website you've visited - plus advertisers, analytics, and third parties - has full control to track what you're doing on it. \n\n- What you click. Every click. Hell, every cursor move.\n- What you type. Also the backspaces.\n- What device you're on. What version it is. How big the window is. If you're tapping.\n- How long you're there. If you're idle. If you're copy-pasting stuff away.\n- How you go there. Where you came from. How many times you've seen the thing.\n- Where you are, if you enabled geolocation. Many websites do, to offer you personalized information.\n\nYour browser has even more leverage; so do mobile apps. A great deal of this information is sent to centralized servers to be processed.\n\nIt seems benign. In many ways, it's useful - sites know what products you're interested in, blogs know how far you read, shops know which buttons or dropdowns confuse people. But extend this data to even more of your tracked behavior - geolocation, your interaction _between_ websites, etc - and there's a lot more you can get.\n\nHere's a simple one. Based on what kind of products you see on Amazon, they can guess what else you like, right? Well, they can also cross-match you with their other customers. \n\n- They can guess your income level. Are you buying a fancy $500 gaming mouse, a nice $100 mouse or a $10 plastic one?\n- Education level or profession. Buying textbooks? Looking for kitchen appliances? How about clothing, their sizes and colors? Where are you going with that thick fur coat? Grats on the new baby!\n- Your job and its details. What time do you browse? What shifts do you take? Those are some nice metal-toed boots. Wait, you usually browse at 7-9 PM, but now you're looking for cheap things at 11 AM on a monday, what happened?\n- Guess your tech stance or group. What phone are you using - a high-end Samsung, a nerdy Pixel, an oldie Blackberry or a simpler iPhone SE? Holy crap, why are you still on iOS 8? Oh cool, you have a Mavic drone. How'd you get that within a week of launch when your country hasn't released it yet? Nevermind, you were in London buying some ~~cookies~~ biscuits to take back as gifts. Probably for your mom who loves baking.\n\nEven teeny weeny stuff. What size is your monitor? A guy who can afford a 4k display can afford more than a 1080p. YouTube has a different idea of you if you binge a 45 minute video at night on a tablet, if you've commented on anything, if you take breaks, if you like particular shows, if you like a particular subject, or watch particular political topics.\n\nDouble down. They try to categorize _you_, they do the same to others, so now they can match you up with other people. Google noticed that you like the TV show Firefly, your OS is Linux and you often search for physics-related stuff. Maybe you're on the same crowd that enjoys [xkcd](_URL_0_), and you get lumped up with those people. You get the same recommendations they do. Then based on your reaction to that, they further narrow down their guess.\n\nSometimes, and with some advertisers/trackers more than others, they'll go to rather questionable reaches. For instance, they might check your GPS location to determine where you are, who you're with, and what you're doing. They know your commute. They know where you live (just check where you're making those searches at 1 AM). They know your lifestyle - what you eat, what you find funny, what movies you watch, when you wake up. _They don't need to track your text messages to guess who you're meeting up with._\n\nHell, I've seen a proof-of-concept that guesses your age based on mouse movement. Younger people have more precise movements than clumsy old people. Again, this goes a _long way_.\n\n***\n\nIf this sounds scary, that's because it is. And here's what's key: **in the age of artificial intelligence, programmers aren't writing this logic. The computer is.** There isn't a single dev sitting behind a desk at google thinking \"hey, we should match commute patterns to guess a user's income\". A computer found that this metric was a reliable source, based on billions of data points it's collected over time, and decided to factor it in. This is why companies invest in big data, supercomputers and AI. Google has a strong AI division. So does Amazon. Apple does too.\n\nThis isn't inherently an evil thing. Facebook, for instance, measures metrics of who has clicked what link. Simple data point, right? But by studying the billions of data points in a day, it can easily figure out the kind of news you might be interested in, and push that to your Facebook feed. Call it a social bubble, call it personalized information, but it does, technically, \"work\".\n\nAnd yes, governments are doing this too. We don't really know to what extent, and most governments are still reasonable enough to only use these as leads instead of going full minority-report.\n\n***\n\nTo be very clear, I'm not sure if your case was the result of actual eavesdropping or a result of all this advanced 'customer analysis' stuff that's going on. I _can_ tell you that it is real and it's happening, and there's a very very real chance that internet companies know more about you than you let on.\n\nI mean, they probably have a profile for your sister. Same hometown? Shared a wifi? Met? Bought something for her? Bought clothes for her size, then flew to the same parents for thanksgiving? They know who you are. They know who she is. They might think it was a genuinely useful suggestion. Maybe you just noticed this time, since it's particularly jarring.\n\nOr maybe it really was just a coincidence!"
]
} | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s488jRN5R68"
] | [
[],
[],
[
"http://xkcd.com"
]
] |
|
a5m69j | where do plants get proteins and fats from? | We know they photosynthesize to make carbs, and other minerals and vitamins can be absorbed from the soil. But there's no direct source of fats or proteins for them (as far as I'm aware). How so are some beans, lentils, nuts, etc. so high in protein and fat? Do they make them themselves? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a5m69j/eli5_where_do_plants_get_proteins_and_fats_from/ | {
"a_id": [
"ebnl0ki",
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"text": [
"Protein is made from nitrate, a form of nitrogen that has been fixed by microorganisms. Plants cannot use nitrogen directly, so they rely on bacteria to convert the nitrogen into a form they can use. These bacteria reside near the roots of the plants or in special structures on the roots called nodules. The bacteria in nodules have formed a symbiotic relationship with the plants where they exchange usable nitrogen for sugar from the plant.\n\nNitrates taken into the plant through the roots are pulled into the plant, where they are converted into 20 different kinds of amino acids. These amino acids are turned into proteins in special structures in the cells called ribosomes. These structures reside in four places in the plant. Some float free in the cytoplasm of cells, while others are attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria and the chloroplasts.\n\nFrom the ribosomes contained in the endoplasmic reticulum, the proteins are sent into the golgi apparatus. The golgi apparatus sorts those proteins for distribution throughout the plant, where they will be used to form new structures for further nutrient transport, as well as basic metabolic processes.",
"They make them. All living organisms have the ability to make fats and amino acids. Animals like humans are just quite bad at making enough protein as we usually get it through our diets. However we can still produce some. It is just that plants are very good at it and can make enough protein and fat for themselves using carbohydrates and minerals as source of energy and materials to do so."
]
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[],
[]
] |
|
61bora | why is old technology often painted pastel green on the outside? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61bora/eli5why_is_old_technology_often_painted_pastel/ | {
"a_id": [
"dfd9mwq"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"If you are talking about household appliances from the 40s through 60s--that was the style. Like stainless steel is was the style from 2000 - 2010 or something.\n\nDon't ask me what the style is now. All my shit is old."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
nbwzp | can someone tl;dr li5 the ndaa act without bias? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nbwzp/can_someone_tldr_li5_the_ndaa_act_without_bias/ | {
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"text": [
"Its a bill spending all the money on the military this year. Because no one wants to be the guy voting against the troops, its a good place too add controversial amendments.\n\nOne would allow U.S. citizens accused of terrorism to be held forever by the military. (more complicated but you wanted tldr)",
"Its a bill spending all the money on the military this year. Because no one wants to be the guy voting against the troops, its a good place too add controversial amendments.\n\nOne would allow U.S. citizens accused of terrorism to be held forever by the military. (more complicated but you wanted tldr)"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] |
||
2dh4l0 | why bio-hazard suits are so puffy. | It just seems they would be more likely to snag which is definitely not what you want in that situation. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dh4l0/eli5_why_biohazard_suits_are_so_puffy/ | {
"a_id": [
"cjpfe4g",
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"score": [
5,
2,
3
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"text": [
"Because the suits have air being constantly blown in so that the scientists inside the can breathe.\n\nAlso, constantly blowing air in has the benefit that if the suit gets a puncture, the air gushing out of the suit will prevent air (and germs) from spilling INTO the suit.",
"I believe many of them are positively pressurized, so that if there is a tear in the suit, air blows out (keeping you safe) rather than in.",
"A filter and air intake push air into the suit to create a positive pressure environment inside the suit. Should the suit get a puncture or tear, the positive interior pressure will push biological agents away from the compromise until it can be patched. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
67tfem | why shotguns cannot fire in a straight line like other firearms. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/67tfem/eli5_why_shotguns_cannot_fire_in_a_straight_line/ | {
"a_id": [
"dgt4kmk",
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"text": [
" Shotguns fire a barrage of small projectiles that are susceptible to interference from outside forces, like air resistance, and the fragmentary nature of the shot means energy is overall wasted compared to a jacketed bullet.\n\nThe strength of a shotgun is in the numbers, with hundreds of little shells spreading the target, instead of one bullet. ",
"Shotguns can fire in a straight line like other guns depending on the choke of the barrel. Most modern shotguns have removable choke tubes at the end of the barrel. Choke tubes change the inner diameter of the barrel and are used to control the spread of the shot. For hunting purposes it is better to have the shot spread out a little bit to give to a larger kill zone. Some older guns have fixed chokes that cannot be changed out, so they are usually set up for a slight spread."
]
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[],
[]
] |
||
5yqzzj | antimatter recently discovered by nasa as a byproduct of thunderstorms... how does this effect the atmosphere/space? | How does this effect the atmosphere? I understand the collisions create gamma rays but what does this mean for our technology in space and the atmosphere?
[link to NASA article on antimatter from storms](_URL_0_) | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yqzzj/eli5_antimatter_recently_discovered_by_nasa_as_a/ | {
"a_id": [
"desftuc"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"It doesn't. Very few positrons are produced in lightning strikes. Not enough to matter, and it takes sensitive detectors to even see them annihilated in a thunderstorm. \n\nWe've known lighting produces gamma rays for a long time, and suspected positronsfor formation. All the satellite did was positively confirm the specific energy levels generated the presence is positrons. Nothing in this article is new, it's basically a TIL article. "
]
} | [] | [
"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/fermi-thunderstorms.html"
] | [
[]
] |
|
21hri1 | why does burnt skin turn white when you press it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21hri1/eli5_why_does_burnt_skin_turn_white_when_you/ | {
"a_id": [
"cgd50s5"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Your skin an d tissue is comprised of very small veins and arteries called capillaries. These provide blood to the skin cells. (And thus feed them and transport waste).\n\nWhen you squeeze your skin you obstruct the flow of blood to the skin, and thus the skin takes on it's original color. (Whiteish)\n\nProlonged lack of blood flow to skin/tissue cells will make the skin necrose (die), which is what happens with bed sores, a constant pressure stops blood flowing to the skin and tissue and thus the tissue dies."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
fcgyxn | why do our bodies feel windchill yet instruments that measure temperature are unaffected? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fcgyxn/eli5_why_do_our_bodies_feel_windchill_yet/ | {
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"fjalhl8",
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"text": [
"Windchill is an estimation of about how cold the air temperature is as a result of the rate of heat loss with regard to skin temperature. \n\nIn short, windchill exists because our nerves feel heat loss. Temperature sensors don't have skin and don't experience heat loss (in the way that humans do...once they equalize to the air temperature there is no heat to be lost). Air temperature is air temperature no matter how hard the wind blows.",
"Instruments can be affected if they are sprayed with water vapour that acts similarly to the water that’s evaporated from exposed skin by the wind."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[],
[]
] |
||
4obagx | what exactly is going on with the right to repair act? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4obagx/eli5_what_exactly_is_going_on_with_the_right_to/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The wiki for it covers it pretty simply:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nBasically legislation proposing that manufacturers shouldn't be the only ones able to offer service on vehicle computer systems, which would create a monopoly on that type of service.",
"Modern devices use computers, even cars. Manufacturers can use these computers, and other tricks, to lock out any changes or repairs they don't like. This can include putting ink into a empty ink cartridge, to repairing your own car rather than use a dealer, to fixing an iPhone rather than buying a new one. The idea is you should be able to fix anything you buy.\n\nRight now we don't fully have these rights.\n\n_URL_2_\n_URL_1_\n_URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Vehicle_Owners%27_Right_to_Repair_Act"
],
[
"http://inthesetimes.com/article/18155/fight-for-the-right-to-fix-it",
"http://www.righttorepair.org/main/default.aspx",
"http://repair.org/legislation/"
]
] |
|
371k45 | what are sound waves, light waves, radio waves etc? | I find it hard visualising how exactly these things move in waves. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/371k45/eli5_what_are_sound_waves_light_waves_radio_waves/ | {
"a_id": [
"criw43h"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Well for starters sound waves are different from light/radio/etc waves.\n\nSound is a *[Mechanical wave](_URL_4_)*. Mechanical waves are caused by vibrations in the atoms and molecules that make up matter. These atoms/molecules then collide with surrounding molecules and cause them to begin vibrating, moving the wave along. However some energy is lost with each collision and as the waves spread over a larger area the energy becomes more spread out and less intense. This is why sound decreases in volume with distance.\n\nThe best way to visualise Mechanical waves is [this](_URL_3_).\n\nLight/radio waves are part of the *[Electromagnetic Spectrum](_URL_2_)*. They are caused by oscillating (moving back and forth) Electric and Magnetic fields. Their energy, however, travels through these fields in packets called photons. The Photons themselves do not move in a wave like motion, they move along the Axis (direction) of the Electric and Magnetic Fields at the speed of light. The Fields themselves also move outwards at the speed of light. Again, the fields do not move in a wave shape, but a straight line.\n\nThe best way to visualise Electromagnetic Waves would be [this](_URL_1_), with the energy packets (photons) like [this](_URL_0_)."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Wave_packet_%28no_dispersion%29.gif",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Electromagneticwave3Dfromside.gif",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg",
"http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/waves/Lwave-v8.gif",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_wave"
]
] |
|
aqfz6w | why does one see little specks of light floating around, especially when there's a swift motion involving the head? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aqfz6w/eli5_why_does_one_see_little_specks_of_light/ | {
"a_id": [
"egga01c"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"We are not entirely sure for the case of sneezing. The phenomenon is called Phosphene. It can be caused by pressure on the retina or by electrical activity either in the retina or in the visual cortex of the brain. \n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
381l5l | why is it so rare to see posts with upwards of 6k upvotes? | Does Reddits algorithms go "okay enough people have seen this, time to archive"? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/381l5l/eli5why_is_it_so_rare_to_see_posts_with_upwards/ | {
"a_id": [
"crrk5ys"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Points and votes are different. As the votes get bigger, they are worth less points. Points are what you see the posts score as.\n\nThis next part is speculation\n\nIt's possible that a post can get so popular so fast that it doesn't get those beginning down votes. Once the post is that big, naturally it gets downvoted back down to an average level.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n > A submission's score is simply the number of upvotes minus the number of downvotes. If five users like the submission and three users don't it will have a score of 2. Please note that the vote numbers are not \"real\" numbers, they have been \"fuzzed\" to prevent spam bots etc. So taking the above example, if five users upvoted the submission, and three users downvote it, the upvote/downvote numbers may say 23 upvotes and 21 downvotes, or 12 upvotes, and 10 downvotes. The points score is correct, but the vote totals are \"fuzzed\"."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.reddit.com/wiki/faq"
]
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|
5f8nye | why do tootaches hurt so bad? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5f8nye/eli5_why_do_tootaches_hurt_so_bad/ | {
"a_id": [
"daicglq"
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Not sure if this will fully answer it, but I'll try my best.\n\nFirst, I'll explain the anatomy of a tooth. What is on the outermost aspect of your tooth is enamel. Is is a very, very hard substance made of mostly inorganic materials, the vast majority of which is hydroxyapatite. The next layer in is dentin. This is less hard than enamel, but still harder than bone. There is also cementum around the root of the tooth, which is very similar to bone. Finally, inside of the tooth, at the \"center\", if you will, is the pulp. This area is where you find blood vessels and nerve endings. What's interesting about these nerve endings is that the only type of sensory receptors in a tooth are free-nerve endings, which only detect pain. So no matter the stimulus, hot, cold, hitting your teeth, you only can feel pain. Fact of the day. \n\nNow, most tooth aches are caused by reversible pulpitis, or inflammation of the pulp. When this occurs, the nerve endings are fired more frequently, supplying a more frequent amount of pain. What's different here, versus other areas of the body, is the fact shown above: that the only \"feeling\" in teeth is pain. Therefore when you have a tooth ache, it doesn't matter what happens to your tooth, you feel more pain. You have something hot: pain. You have something cold: pain. You bite down a bit hard: pain. Therefore, when you have a toothache, due to inflammation, you will feel a more frequent amount of pain.\n\nTl/dr: It may not be the fact that it hurts worse than other \"illnesses\". It may be due to the fact that the only sense felt from teeth is pain. This is because the pulp's only sense receptors are free-nerve endings, which transmits any stimulus as pain. \n\nEdit: wording."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
40r8ll | urban sprawl | What is urban sprawl? I'm from the always rainy and bicycly netherlands and we don't have the concept of urban sprawl. When I think of it, I think of houses with gardens as far as you can see. Is this correct, or is there more to it? What made it happen and is it still happening? What cities are the perfect example if urban sprawl and why? Is this just an american thing or does it happen in more countries? What are the pro's and con's of urban sprawl?
Okay lots of questions but thanks in advance for answers! | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40r8ll/eli5_urban_sprawl/ | {
"a_id": [
"cywgg72",
"cywgh1m"
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"score": [
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3
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"text": [
"It's a natural process as cities grow. Industry expands outside a town which creates a demand for more residential housing. Residential housing creates a demand for retail. Repeat over. And often it's cheaper to build on new land than recycle existing brown field sites. Look at Leeds / Bradford in the UK on a map for an example outside the US. But it's probably more common in the US since there's more land and so land is less expensive.\n\nIf this doesn't happen in the Netherlands it might be due to high value farmland, planning restrictions, or something to do with your low lying land. (Caveat: not a geographer.)",
"Isnt the Randstad urban sprawl?"
]
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1wkbo7 | the italian justice system particularly with amanda knox | The Amanda Knox Trial seemed comical to me like some trial in the 1400s. Witchcraft and other things were brought up that seem ludicrous. The evidence also seems to have been poorly handled. How does the rest of the European Union respond to something that seems laughable? It seems, at least from an American perspective, that the trail was more like something from Saudi Arabia than a first world country. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wkbo7/eli5_the_italian_justice_system_particularly_with/ | {
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"The short of it is 1) a verdict is only final once the Supreme Court rules on it and 2) either the prosecution or defense can appeal. \n\nEdit: also, jeopardy attaches when the verdict is ruled final by the Supreme Court. These retrials aren't violating Italy's idea of double jeopardy. "
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2og131 | why do planes fly lower when it's cloudy/raining? | I've already Googled this question, and maybe I'm not reading the right ones but all they talk about is the plane being louder, but not why they're lower. I'd also like an in-depth description, cause aviation stuff interests me. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2og131/eli5_why_do_planes_fly_lower_when_its/ | {
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"What type of aircraft are you talking about?\n\nIf it's airliners, then they don't.\n\nIf it's light aircraft, it's because most light aircraft pilots fly for a hobby, and as such they aren't qualified to fly in cloud. They stay below the cloud so they can see the ground to navigate, and so they can see the horizon to use as a reference to keep their aircraft the right way up."
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afmqn2 | cancer - is it inherently random? | My friend and I were talking about cancer recently and how even though it is technically an anomaly, the exceedingly uncontrolled rapid growth of cells, I argue that since it is is rather common (even though each cancer is individually unique) and since factors can attribute to it; is it really as random as we suggest?
I don't know where I heard this but I have been told one shouldn't be outside for too long in the sun as it can raise the chances for skin cancer. Now in addition to there being known carcinogenics, and the fact that random by definition is inherently untraceable, doesn't suggesting a certain disease (or range of diseases / mutations) can happen more often suggest that it isn't random.If I told you that you have a higher chance of contracting a disease, then it isn't solely random, there are other factors at play. All in all, doesn't the existence of carcinogenics imply the opposite? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/afmqn2/eli5_cancer_is_it_inherently_random/ | {
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"Cancer is, by definition, uncontrolled growth. All it takes for that uncontrolled growth to happen is a single error in dna replication, a process that is continually happening over the course of your life. Some are more predisposed for these types of issues to happen.",
" > doesn't suggesting a certain disease (or range of diseases / mutations) can happen more often suggest that it isn't random.\n\nNot entirely random in that sense, but it is random in its genesis.\n\nCancer is the uncontrolled replication of cells, but this happens by damage to the DNA which controls how cells behave. It actually takes about 30 individual mutations of this DNA on average to produce a cancerous cell, and this happens by things like damage to the DNA being repaired incorrectly. Increase the damage to DNA and you increase the chances some are repaired incorrectly, and in turn that those flawed repairs don't kill the cell and add to those necessary to produce cancer. Things like sun exposure cause huge numbers of cells to have DNA damage from UV exposure, and from that there are a smaller subset of non-lethal mutations, some subset of those which are part of the 30 or so necessary to make a cell cancerous. Keep up the exposure and those chances compound.\n\nThink about it like the lottery, winning is random but if you buy more tickets it becomes more likely you will win. Getting more tickets is exposure to carcinogens and winning is... cancer.",
"Allow me to add another answer to fully explain what random means. Suppose you have a bag with 50 red balls and 50 blue balls. You can't see into the bag so every time you pull out a ball your choice is random - you cannot tell what it will be before it happens. But you would expect that doing this a number of times, you will eventually approximate the distribution in the bag - roughly half the time you will get a red ball and roughly half you will get a blue (assuming you replace the balls back in the bag). \n\nNow change it so that there are 75 reds and 25 blues. Each individual choice is still random, because you can't say what it will be before it happens, but the chances have now swayed in favour of red, and doing it many times will reflect this. Now change it to be 99 red balls and one blue. It is overwhelmingly likely you will pull out a red but every once in a while you will still get a blue and you can never say for certain what you will get. It is still random even though one choice is much more probable than the other. \n\nNow think of red as being \"has cancer\" and blue as \"doesn't have cancer\". Your body will periodically pull a ball out of the bag to check if it's developed cancer. You will be born with a certain number of reds in your bag. These are your genetic factors. Overtime, some of your blues will change to red naturally. This is ageing. Certain choices you make will artificially change some of your blues to reds, such as diet, smoking and alcohol consumption. Some things outside of your control will also change blues to reds, such as exposure to the Sun and pollution. Eventually you may tip the balance to make it more likely to pull out a red ball, both through your own choices and factors you can't control. But fundamentally, the choice is still random. "
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5ozufp | why do children typically have more frequent nightmares/night terrors than most adults? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ozufp/eli5why_do_children_typically_have_more_frequent/ | {
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"They have more vibrant imaginations. You have to imagine something to be afraid of it.\n\nExtra sentence.",
"Because adults live a waking nightmare. Sleep is the reward. \n\nExtra sentence. \n\nExtra, extra sentence. ",
"Because they have less experience and knowledge about the environment. AKA their brain is less adapted to the environment, when you are an adult you have thousands of experiences and confidence in how the universe works. When young you are ignorant of everything and haven't learned about anything just yet. The lack of knowledge and experience means it's easier to be scared of everything, your body and mind adjust to experiences after repeated exposure. If you performed an experiment where you raised children at home and have them grew up around adults doing scary things the child would eventually normalise their behavior. The mind/body adapts to the situation it finds itself in after repeated exposure. It's the same way cannibalism and killing can be found among tribal peoples and those tribal people will think its 'no big deal'.",
"Because children don't have a grasp on their environment, so everything is perceived as unknown, thus source of fear/anguish.\nDreams are usually an expression of desires/worries/anguish and nightmare are also a way for your brain to train you against danger. So when everything around you looks like danger (especially when your mom keeps on saying \"don't do that/go there, it's dangerous\"), your brain has to train you often to cope with all that danger."
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2bs7cs | why does mcdonalds up charge for water? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bs7cs/eli5_why_does_mcdonalds_up_charge_for_water/ | {
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"What country are you in? Water is generally free at fast food places here in the U.S. Just ask for a water cup which is usually the small clear plastic ones and they will normally let you get water from the soda machine for free. Some people will abuse it and get soda if it's self serve but yea it's usually based off of trust. They'll sometimes watch you too. If it isn't self serve they'll just give you water in the same fashion. Bottled water on the other hand they'll charge."
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24nf7p | what happens to the medals that have been handed out to athletes who were later disqualified | There have been cases where athletes who were awarded medals at various sporting competitions were later penalized for having used performance enhancing drugs. Recently, [Tyson Gay](_URL_0_) admitted to using drugs at the 2012 olympics and his results were
> annulled going back to July 15th, 2012. The timeline presented has Gay being clean at the Olympic Trials, but dirty at the 2012 Olympics and the USA will lose its 4×100 silver medals.
So what happens to those medals? Do they get given to the 3rd place athletes or are they just turned to scrap? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24nf7p/eli5_what_happens_to_the_medals_that_have_been/ | {
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"They're given to the next runner up, who is the new winner. Belorussian Nadzeya Ostapchuk won gold at at the 2012 Olympics for shotput. She failed two drug tests, and silver medal winner Valerie Adams received the gold. \n\nPretty sure it was the same medal too. Adams is from New Zealand. She got an official olympic medal ceremony down here, which, since we've never held an Olympics was the first Olympic medal ceremony in New Zealand. "
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"http://www.letsrun.com/news/2014/05/tyson-gay-gets-one-year-drug-ban-cooperating-usada-admits-cheated-2012-olympics-many-questions-remain/"
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b73vb3 | how does wifi work on transport? | So I understand that the WiFi in my house works from the router. Which is then a mainline to somewhere else. But how does it work on planes. Train buses and anything else that moves? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b73vb3/eli5_how_does_wifi_work_on_transport/ | {
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"They have routers too. Which is simply connected usually via sattelite to \"somewhere else\""
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26ihd6 | why does the new day start at midnight, when its still dark? wouldn't it make more sense for the day to start at, say, 6am, since that's about when the sun rises? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26ihd6/eli5_why_does_the_new_day_start_at_midnight_when/ | {
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"While this is just guessing- there is really only one firm time of the day that's easily measurable. That's noon. Its when the sun is highest in the sky. Sunrise and sunset change with the seasons and lattitude. Noon only changes with longitude. As noon is easy to establish everywhere and as it breaks the daylight hours into two equal portions the night-time can also be segmented by 1200 midnight, which segments the dark into two.",
"When most people talk about \"yesterday\" and \"tomorrow\", they're referring to days as we experience them - broken up by a long period of sleep.\n\nPutting the (arbitrary) dividing line at a time when most people slept (remember, this was before electricity or even accurate clocks) allowed people to go to bed \"today\" and wake up \"tomorrow\".\n\nDoing it at sunrise would be problematic for farmers that were up before the sunrise.",
"In traditional West Africa (and I believe other parts of the continent, too), this is exactly how they've done it.",
"In the Royal Navy during the age of sail, the new day started at noon.",
"Where I live, the sun rises at 5:00am during most of May. By December, the sun does not rise until 8:00am. \n\nIn winter, the sun rises a little later every single day. In the summer, the sun rises a little earlier every single day.\n\n**Therefore, there's no way to \"start the day\" when the sun rises, because the sun rises at a different time each day.** It would be completely impractical to measure time based on when the sun rises. We'd have to learn a new \"start time\" every single day."
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2f8tyz | what is happening when a menopausal woman gets a hot-flash? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f8tyz/eli5_what_is_happening_when_a_menopausal_woman/ | {
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f14eio | why does a remote with a low battery work like new for a while after i smack it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f14eio/eli5_why_does_a_remote_with_a_low_battery_work/ | {
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"Sometimes it can be less about the battery strength and more about the connection. \n\nTypically what's happening in this situation is that the connections are becoming stronger after hitting it. Then over time, the batter shifts just slightly and the connection is not as strong this causing issues.",
"Already been asked before but I’ll copy my answer here: \nBatteries work by electrons being stripped from a piece of metal with acid and pushed through a wire. When the metal is degraded too much, there’s no more electrons to strip off it and the battery no longer works. When you slap the remote the acid hits parts of the metal that may not have been soaking as much and shakes any potential lingering electrons off making them available to be pushed through the wire. Imagine you vacuum a dusty rug and it looks pretty good but then you pick it up and slap it and some dust debris still flies off. Same idea.",
"It's not the smacking, just open the battery compartment and spin the batteries to get a better contact.",
"You get pretty much the same reaction if you move the batteries in any way. Take them out, reverse them if there's more than one. Take them out and shake them. Shake the remote. Put it on a heating vent or in the sun. All of these *seem* to work even better if you do a random incantation.\n\nAlso, btw, just letting the remote sit there for awhile untouched sometimes gets you a few more clicks.\n\nIt's all about disturbing in any way the connection itself or the distribution of chemicals within the battery, or letting capacitors recharge, etc. It's all very minimal and short-lived if the battery is really depleted.",
"I have been flipping the supposedly dead, no-brand batteries in a TV remote for about five years. It’s beyond weird now.\nE: some peculiar autocorrect!",
"Tiny bits of oxidation occur between the battery terminals and the contacts in the remote that over time can in some cases impede electrical contact. When you move the batteries around it \"breaks up\" that oxidation just enough to make a bit of renewed contact.",
"The metal of the battery terminal and the metal of the contact within the battery compartment both corrode over time. That corrosion is non-conductive, and it can diminish the metal-to-metal contact of the battery and the remote. Physically jarring it, or opening it up and spinning the batteries breaks up the fragile layer of corrosion and restores the metal-to-metal contact.\n\nNote: dust and dirt will do the same thing and can be fixed the same way.",
"Knocking bits off the plates in the battery to expose unused/conductive anode/cathode. \n\nWhile many say it is the connection between the battery and the remote, I find that only very old and near fully depleted batteries suffer from this.\n\nAnd on heavier loads like a flashlight, you can see it get significantly brighter when wacked, Yet only nearly dead cells need this, you won't find a flashlight with new cells that has been sitting for months need to be hit to get full brightness. \n\nIt also has to be wacked more and more as the battery dies. If it was oxide buildup on the connections it would matter more on how old the battery is and not its state of charge.",
"Anyone notice the Volume buttons working fine on a low battery remote, but the other buttons struggle to register. \nWhat is it about the Volume command that does this?",
"Don't do that but if you bite in a battery just crushing it a little bit, it definitely gets a second short life.\n\nSource : I was a poor kid, had to do it to keep playing my friend's game boy.\n\nDon't do it, it's not safe obviously."
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1xdopy | why is that when i stare at something red/pink for a long time and look away, everything has a green tint to it. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xdopy/eli5_why_is_that_when_i_stare_at_something/ | {
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"Eyes have two different sorts of sensors for detecting light, called rods and cones. The rods don't have much input into color vision, so I'll talk about the cones.\n\nWhen light hits the cones in your eyes, the cones send signals to your brain saying what they can see, using nerves. When the signal reaches the end of the nerve, it's transmitted to the brain by releasing chemicals, which is how your brain knows that you saw something.\n\nNerves keep a supply of these transmitter chemicals built up for the purpose of communicating. If you use the same nerve continuously for a long time, its stock of transmitter chemicals can start to run out. The nerves are capable of making their own transmitter chemicals, so this doesn't cause any problem long-term, but for a while the nerve will only be able to transmit as fast as it can make chemicals, rather than as fast as it can release the chemicals. So it won't be sending as fast as normal. The brain interprets this as the nerve seeing less light.\n\n(This behaviour makes sense for nerves generally because you need to be able to function normally even in extreme circumstances. For instance, if you're living in a very hot area, you don't want to be distracted by how hot you are all the time; so it makes sense that the nerves for telling you it's hot will send less than normal.)\n\nNow, in order to see in colour, the eye uses three different types of cone. Different cones respond to colours in different ways, and the brain can recognise the patterns. For instance, some cones will respond much more strongly to red light than other cones, and that's how your brain knows you're looking at something red. If you look at something red for a long time, then the cones respond more strongly red light will run low on transmitter chemicals first, because the other cones aren't trying to transmit as fast.\n\nThen, when you look away from the red object, cones will be lower on transmitter, the more strongly they respond to red. So everything will appear to be less red than it actually is.\n\nSo why does a colour looking less red than normal make it look green? It's because cones that respond strongly to green light tend to respond less strongly to pink (and to a lesser extent, red). So your brain sees the same pattern of chemicals arriving from the cones that it would if you were looking at something that had a little more of a green tint than it actually does.\n\nThe behaviour would be different in colorblind people. The most common cause of colorblindness is that only two of the three types of cone work correctly in a person, so the \"opposite of red\" for that person's cones would be different from that of a person who had full color vision. I'm not colorblind myself, but based on reading up about it, I'm guessing that red/green colorblind people would see everything with a blue tint after staring at a red object for a long time."
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2wpfh5 | what does really happen during a redox reaction? | Hi! I'd like to apologize beforehand for the mistakes I may make, since I'm not a native English speaker.
I'm a Chemistry student, and I've been working with redox reactions for a bunch of years. I know that some compounds or elements lose electrons, while others gain them. I can adjust a reaction, see if it's spontaneous or not, calculate its equilibrium constant, and that kind of stuff. But I really don't understand the most fundamental part, the 'gain/lose electrons' thing. What does it mean, for example, that a chlorine molecule gains two electrons to be converted into chloride ions? Do atoms really gain or lose electrons, or it's just a rule we use to figure stuff out more easily? (I ask this because of the definition of 'oxidation state', which assumes all bonds are 100% ionic, which isn't true).
Thanks for answering!
PS.: If I made any mistakes, please, tell me so I can improve! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2wpfh5/eli5_what_does_really_happen_during_a_redox/ | {
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"In real reactions what it often means is that molecules gain or lose atoms that have high electronegative differences. In organic systems, with which I am the most familiar, to become \"oxidized\" literally means gaining an oxygen atom, or losing a hydrogen atom (or both). \"Reduction\" is the reverse. In organic systems electrons are often carried by hydrogen atoms, which means that electrons are indeed literally being transferred via a hydrogen carrier. This is especially important during the electron transport chain, in which molecules are repeatedly oxidized to create free floating hydrogen ions (hydrogen atoms that have had their electron taken by a more electronegative atom). \n\nYour English is actually quite good. Keep doing what you're doing. "
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buv7rl | what does talking with a psychotherapist do to you, that makes you recover? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/buv7rl/eli5_what_does_talking_with_a_psychotherapist_do/ | {
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"First, you're talking to someone who is empathetic towards you but objective towards the situations you need to talk about.\n\nSecond, talking about situations sort of takes them out of your head and makes them easier to process.\n\nThird, a therapist can give insight on how to moderate emotions and teach skills to use when you're in a difficult moment.\n\nFourth, they can challenge or validate your feelings and opinions about something.\n\nThis assumes you're seeing a good practitioner and not a shitty one.\n\nEdit: it also normalizes talking about difficult things so that you can talk to friends and family about them a bit easier.",
"The therapist is almost always doing something called 'cognitive behavioral therapy.' The goal is to identify behaviors that are destructive, teach new skills for handling problems, and challenge incorrect or distorted thinking. It does not actually do anything to fix your 'hardware' problem, but it does help people deal with their problems more effectively."
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n2wi1 | what would happen if sopa or protect ip act passes and becomes law. | I dont want hate war or flame war. I just want to know if they actually pass what does it mean for the internet? Would the internet just not work any more? Like if i googled something what would happen? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/n2wi1/what_would_happen_if_sopa_or_protect_ip_act/ | {
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"Well, there are two versions. One is the version of \"if it becomes law and is used solely for the purposes stated in the bill, with restraint and reason\", and the second is \"if it becomes law and the government uses it with ill intent\". I'll try to explain both.\n\nAt its core, SOPA and Protect IP would do three things. First, they would create penalties on sites (and site-owners) who allow illegal content to be posted on their sites. Second, they would allow the wholesale blacklisting of sites from overseas which routinely violate American copyrights (Pirate Bay kind of stuff). Third, they would increase the penalties for what's called \"secondary\" copyright infringement.\n\nThe rationale for it is that the current system makes it damned difficult to actually enforce a copyright on the internet. Under the current system, if my song gets posed on Youtube (which would be a violation of my copyright), I have to go find the song, send a DMCA notice to Youtube, and wait for them to take it down. But, nothing stops someone from uploading it again as soon as it goes down, so I'd basically need to constantly be searching for these and sending notices if I want to not have my copyright infringed.\n\nSOPA and Protect IP are meant to reverse enforcement: Youtube has to police itself, or be personally liable. It gets a little complicated, but currently the only way to hold an individual liable for providing a way to violate copyrights (file sharing services like \"hotfile\" or even Youtube) is to prove they had a hand in actually violating the copyright, rather than \"people post whatever they want, we don't really oversee it\". SOPA and Protect IP would make Youtube responsible for what is posted, and thus put the role of policing content on *them* rather than on the copyright holder.\n\nThe fear is that it would make a lot of services really paranoid, to the point where places like Reddit would cease to be able to exist in the way it currently does.\n\nNow, here's the paranoid version:\n\nBecause it allows the Justice Department to blacklist sites for infringing content, it's argued that it could be used to shut down whole swaths of the internet that the government doesn't like. It's argued that you could have a site which posts lots of anti-government material, and someone (usually that someone is argued to be an agent provocateur of the government) posts something which infringes a copyright, and they block the entire site.\n\nFundamentally, it's still the same fight about how intellectual property should be treated on the internet.",
"i feel like torrenting and copyright infringement on the internet has become so ingrained in our culture. 70% of people between the ages of 14 - 30 download copyrighted materially ilegally. SOPA wouldn't do anything but piss a shit load of people off and the government would be creating more work for itself dealing with the outcry. ",
"The worst sections allow for the possibility of you going to prison if you film a party where people are singing happy birthday and put it on youtube.",
"One thing it will do is push a lot of the internet underground into the realm of Tor. If the government thought the internet was hard to police before, wait until everyone is anonymous and untrackable.",
"How would these acts passing affect people from different countries then? Do I have much to worry about being English?",
"So when is this actually going to be voted on?",
"I wrote a paper about this. \n\n\nThe Internet is one of the most, if not the most, powerful and influential tools in modern society. The Internet allows thoughts, opinions, and data to travel the world at the speed of light with no central control. With no central power, data passes uncensored; however, this results in copyrighted material easily being taken without permission. In response to this, the United States government has proposed a bill, currently called E-PARASITE, renamed from SOPA. The bill is very similar to a previously proposed bill called the PROTECT IP act. The proposed E-PARASITE act will not only create more problems than it solves, but it will also become a precedent for government power over the Internet.\n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act, officially known as “the Enforcing and Protecting American Rights Against Sites Intent on Theft and Exploitation Act”, has been created to counter copyright infringement, especially that of the entertainment industry. The E-PARASITE act functions primarily on two levels. First, it can be used to prevent a DNS look-up of a website and request that search engines, such as Google, block results pertaining to infringing websites (Ingrim). A DNS look-up can be seen as looking up a phone number, rather than memorize a phone number you just look-up the persons name. In a similar fashion a website has an IP address a series of numbers identifying a website, a domain name (e.g. _URL_3_) is easier to remember than this random string of numbers. When you enter a domain name your computer requests the corresponding IP address from a server. The E-PARASITE act will have servers remove the domain name from their “address book”, however the IP will still function. The second level is to block revenue to the website, E-PARASITE will prevent online advertising companies based in the U.S. from advertising on blocked websites. (Ingrim) However, these issues are rendered mute when viewed with scrutiny.\n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act was designed to prevent people from accessing online content that violates U.S. copyright laws, to prevent loss in revenue in the media industry. “The Motion Picture Association of America estimates that US studios lose more than $3 billion annually in box office revenue from piracy”; the total box office revenue is ten billion dollars (Walls). An individual analysis also showed a loss of 40 million dollars for a single movie (Walls). This is a significant loss in revenue, so to slow down piracy propagated by websites based internationally, preventing U.S. jurisdiction from directly closing them, the E-PARASITE act will instead prevent them from being accessed. To do this, the E-PARASITE act gives the Attorney General the power to “blacklist” websites that are “dedicated to infringing.” A bill is designated as “\"dedicated to infringing activities\" if it is designed or marketed as \"enabling or facilitating\" actions that are found to be infringing.”(SIY).\n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act is a cause for concern as a result of its broad nature, which results from the broad nature of the Internet. To label any website “enabling or facilitating,” they create a sweeping coverage of websites, limited not just to those websites dedicated to the practice of pirating (Siy). This broad generalization covers all websites related to the practice. This places too much power over the Internet into the hands of the government and leaves the door open to censorship. Giving too much power to the government in this situation is very difficult to avoid without being very specific on what websites can and cannot be banned. However, to be very specific will in turn allow many websites to get away with the act by working around the rules.\n\t\n\nThe intentions of the bill are sound; it calls for the elimination of online copyright violation, currently a major problem, especially in the movie business. The goal is to be met through the “blacklisting” of websites that are involved in piracy. The method of stopping these websites involves blocking a DNS look-up of the site, to prevent access. This will be used in conjunction with other techniques to protect industries that depend on copyrights. The list will be controlled by the Attorney General and those who provide DNS look-up services will be required to comply. (Temple)\nThis method of blocking websites is inefficient and will likely have little impact. The method to get around a DNS block is to not require a DNS look up, simply entering the web-site's IP address directly is sufficient. The use of a DNS look-up service based outside of the U.S. would also work. It is ludicrous to think that anything so simple to work around will have a major impact on the level of piracy. If someone is intent on committing a crime, closing your door will deter few criminals if it is unlocked, likewise those intent on committing piracy will find the bill irritating, but largely inconsequential. However, it will create more work for the companies that perform DNS look-ups and they will need to be prepared for the changes that occur to the list.\n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act will also work to prevent piracy by requesting that search engines, such as _URL_3_, block sites that are “blacklisted.” These companies will then have to comply to the request within a short time (Temple). The reasoning is similar to that of blocking the DNS look-up, it simply makes it harder to obtain what you are looking for by making it less noticeable. The intention is still to prevent copyright infringement through a widely used system by censoring the systems content. \n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act also fails to properly implement this area by being incredibly broad in defining a search engine. The E-PARASITE act covers all \"interactive computer services,” a definition that covers far more than search engines and could be used to cover any number of other services. The term was also used and defined in Communications Decency Act's section 230; the term has been used in a broad sense to cover many services (Siy). The current intentions may not be harmful, but what it can be is harmful. This system may also hinder development by being strict on growing start-up companies. For example, a new search engine may not be able to keep up with the blocked domains and be closed down as a result, that company had the potential to grow to become a major employer. This would hurt the economy as a result.\n\t\n\nThis bill, though good intentioned, is not written in such a way as to be advantageous to the American people. The only compromise at this time would be to create a very limited bill that very clearly covered what its boundaries were, a difficult task. Even if such a bill is proposed, it still pushes for censoring the Internet, which is something that has been open to hot debate for years. This will undoubtedly bring about uproar from the people. The bill also gives the government unprecedented power over the Internet and is written in such a way so as to provide room for expansion of their power. I suggest, based on current conditions, that the E-PARASITE act be dropped, because there will be little benefit when weighed against the consequences. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWorks Cited\nDe Vany, Arthur , and David Walls. \"Estimating the Effects of Movie Piracy on Box-office Revenue.\" Review of Industrial Organization 30 (2011): 291-301. Print.\nIngram, Mathew. \"Looks like Congress Has Declared War on the Internet — Tech News and Analysis.\" GigaOM — Tech News, Analysis and Trends. 27 Oct. 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. < _URL_1_;.\nKravets, David. \"Thousands Petition Obama to Block E-Parasites Act | Threat Level | _URL_6_.\" _URL_6_ . N.p., 1 Nov. 2011. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. < _URL_7_;.\nMasnick, Mike. \"PROTECT IP Renamed E-PARASITES Act; Would Create The Great Firewall Of America | Techdirt.\" Techdirt.. N.p., 26 Oct. 2011. Web. 8 Nov. 2011. < _URL_0_;.\nMasnick, Mike. \"Mainstream Press Realizing That E-PARASITE/SOPA Is Ridiculously Broad | Techdirt.\" Techdirt.. N.p., 4 Nov. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2011. < _URL_4_;.\nSiy, Sherwin. \"COICA v. 2.0: the PROTECT IP Act | Public Knowledge.\" Public Knowledge | Fighting for your digital rights in Washington.. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. < _URL_5_;.\nTemple, James, and .. \"Stop Online Piracy Act would stop online innovation - SFGate.\" Featured Articles From The SFGate. N.p., 2 Nov. 2011. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. < _URL_2_;.\n\n\nedit* I replaced indents with skipped lines\n",
"Basically, the internet would turn into **censored censored censored censored**",
"just a thought, if this bill passes, couldn't subversive people post links to copyrighted content on government websites therefore forcing them to shut themselves down?",
"Well, there are two versions. One is the version of \"if it becomes law and is used solely for the purposes stated in the bill, with restraint and reason\", and the second is \"if it becomes law and the government uses it with ill intent\". I'll try to explain both.\n\nAt its core, SOPA and Protect IP would do three things. First, they would create penalties on sites (and site-owners) who allow illegal content to be posted on their sites. Second, they would allow the wholesale blacklisting of sites from overseas which routinely violate American copyrights (Pirate Bay kind of stuff). Third, they would increase the penalties for what's called \"secondary\" copyright infringement.\n\nThe rationale for it is that the current system makes it damned difficult to actually enforce a copyright on the internet. Under the current system, if my song gets posed on Youtube (which would be a violation of my copyright), I have to go find the song, send a DMCA notice to Youtube, and wait for them to take it down. But, nothing stops someone from uploading it again as soon as it goes down, so I'd basically need to constantly be searching for these and sending notices if I want to not have my copyright infringed.\n\nSOPA and Protect IP are meant to reverse enforcement: Youtube has to police itself, or be personally liable. It gets a little complicated, but currently the only way to hold an individual liable for providing a way to violate copyrights (file sharing services like \"hotfile\" or even Youtube) is to prove they had a hand in actually violating the copyright, rather than \"people post whatever they want, we don't really oversee it\". SOPA and Protect IP would make Youtube responsible for what is posted, and thus put the role of policing content on *them* rather than on the copyright holder.\n\nThe fear is that it would make a lot of services really paranoid, to the point where places like Reddit would cease to be able to exist in the way it currently does.\n\nNow, here's the paranoid version:\n\nBecause it allows the Justice Department to blacklist sites for infringing content, it's argued that it could be used to shut down whole swaths of the internet that the government doesn't like. It's argued that you could have a site which posts lots of anti-government material, and someone (usually that someone is argued to be an agent provocateur of the government) posts something which infringes a copyright, and they block the entire site.\n\nFundamentally, it's still the same fight about how intellectual property should be treated on the internet.",
"i feel like torrenting and copyright infringement on the internet has become so ingrained in our culture. 70% of people between the ages of 14 - 30 download copyrighted materially ilegally. SOPA wouldn't do anything but piss a shit load of people off and the government would be creating more work for itself dealing with the outcry. ",
"The worst sections allow for the possibility of you going to prison if you film a party where people are singing happy birthday and put it on youtube.",
"One thing it will do is push a lot of the internet underground into the realm of Tor. If the government thought the internet was hard to police before, wait until everyone is anonymous and untrackable.",
"How would these acts passing affect people from different countries then? Do I have much to worry about being English?",
"So when is this actually going to be voted on?",
"I wrote a paper about this. \n\n\nThe Internet is one of the most, if not the most, powerful and influential tools in modern society. The Internet allows thoughts, opinions, and data to travel the world at the speed of light with no central control. With no central power, data passes uncensored; however, this results in copyrighted material easily being taken without permission. In response to this, the United States government has proposed a bill, currently called E-PARASITE, renamed from SOPA. The bill is very similar to a previously proposed bill called the PROTECT IP act. The proposed E-PARASITE act will not only create more problems than it solves, but it will also become a precedent for government power over the Internet.\n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act, officially known as “the Enforcing and Protecting American Rights Against Sites Intent on Theft and Exploitation Act”, has been created to counter copyright infringement, especially that of the entertainment industry. The E-PARASITE act functions primarily on two levels. First, it can be used to prevent a DNS look-up of a website and request that search engines, such as Google, block results pertaining to infringing websites (Ingrim). A DNS look-up can be seen as looking up a phone number, rather than memorize a phone number you just look-up the persons name. In a similar fashion a website has an IP address a series of numbers identifying a website, a domain name (e.g. _URL_3_) is easier to remember than this random string of numbers. When you enter a domain name your computer requests the corresponding IP address from a server. The E-PARASITE act will have servers remove the domain name from their “address book”, however the IP will still function. The second level is to block revenue to the website, E-PARASITE will prevent online advertising companies based in the U.S. from advertising on blocked websites. (Ingrim) However, these issues are rendered mute when viewed with scrutiny.\n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act was designed to prevent people from accessing online content that violates U.S. copyright laws, to prevent loss in revenue in the media industry. “The Motion Picture Association of America estimates that US studios lose more than $3 billion annually in box office revenue from piracy”; the total box office revenue is ten billion dollars (Walls). An individual analysis also showed a loss of 40 million dollars for a single movie (Walls). This is a significant loss in revenue, so to slow down piracy propagated by websites based internationally, preventing U.S. jurisdiction from directly closing them, the E-PARASITE act will instead prevent them from being accessed. To do this, the E-PARASITE act gives the Attorney General the power to “blacklist” websites that are “dedicated to infringing.” A bill is designated as “\"dedicated to infringing activities\" if it is designed or marketed as \"enabling or facilitating\" actions that are found to be infringing.”(SIY).\n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act is a cause for concern as a result of its broad nature, which results from the broad nature of the Internet. To label any website “enabling or facilitating,” they create a sweeping coverage of websites, limited not just to those websites dedicated to the practice of pirating (Siy). This broad generalization covers all websites related to the practice. This places too much power over the Internet into the hands of the government and leaves the door open to censorship. Giving too much power to the government in this situation is very difficult to avoid without being very specific on what websites can and cannot be banned. However, to be very specific will in turn allow many websites to get away with the act by working around the rules.\n\t\n\nThe intentions of the bill are sound; it calls for the elimination of online copyright violation, currently a major problem, especially in the movie business. The goal is to be met through the “blacklisting” of websites that are involved in piracy. The method of stopping these websites involves blocking a DNS look-up of the site, to prevent access. This will be used in conjunction with other techniques to protect industries that depend on copyrights. The list will be controlled by the Attorney General and those who provide DNS look-up services will be required to comply. (Temple)\nThis method of blocking websites is inefficient and will likely have little impact. The method to get around a DNS block is to not require a DNS look up, simply entering the web-site's IP address directly is sufficient. The use of a DNS look-up service based outside of the U.S. would also work. It is ludicrous to think that anything so simple to work around will have a major impact on the level of piracy. If someone is intent on committing a crime, closing your door will deter few criminals if it is unlocked, likewise those intent on committing piracy will find the bill irritating, but largely inconsequential. However, it will create more work for the companies that perform DNS look-ups and they will need to be prepared for the changes that occur to the list.\n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act will also work to prevent piracy by requesting that search engines, such as _URL_3_, block sites that are “blacklisted.” These companies will then have to comply to the request within a short time (Temple). The reasoning is similar to that of blocking the DNS look-up, it simply makes it harder to obtain what you are looking for by making it less noticeable. The intention is still to prevent copyright infringement through a widely used system by censoring the systems content. \n\t\n\nThe E-PARASITE act also fails to properly implement this area by being incredibly broad in defining a search engine. The E-PARASITE act covers all \"interactive computer services,” a definition that covers far more than search engines and could be used to cover any number of other services. The term was also used and defined in Communications Decency Act's section 230; the term has been used in a broad sense to cover many services (Siy). The current intentions may not be harmful, but what it can be is harmful. This system may also hinder development by being strict on growing start-up companies. For example, a new search engine may not be able to keep up with the blocked domains and be closed down as a result, that company had the potential to grow to become a major employer. This would hurt the economy as a result.\n\t\n\nThis bill, though good intentioned, is not written in such a way as to be advantageous to the American people. The only compromise at this time would be to create a very limited bill that very clearly covered what its boundaries were, a difficult task. Even if such a bill is proposed, it still pushes for censoring the Internet, which is something that has been open to hot debate for years. This will undoubtedly bring about uproar from the people. The bill also gives the government unprecedented power over the Internet and is written in such a way so as to provide room for expansion of their power. I suggest, based on current conditions, that the E-PARASITE act be dropped, because there will be little benefit when weighed against the consequences. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWorks Cited\nDe Vany, Arthur , and David Walls. \"Estimating the Effects of Movie Piracy on Box-office Revenue.\" Review of Industrial Organization 30 (2011): 291-301. Print.\nIngram, Mathew. \"Looks like Congress Has Declared War on the Internet — Tech News and Analysis.\" GigaOM — Tech News, Analysis and Trends. 27 Oct. 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. < _URL_1_;.\nKravets, David. \"Thousands Petition Obama to Block E-Parasites Act | Threat Level | _URL_6_.\" _URL_6_ . N.p., 1 Nov. 2011. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. < _URL_7_;.\nMasnick, Mike. \"PROTECT IP Renamed E-PARASITES Act; Would Create The Great Firewall Of America | Techdirt.\" Techdirt.. N.p., 26 Oct. 2011. Web. 8 Nov. 2011. < _URL_0_;.\nMasnick, Mike. \"Mainstream Press Realizing That E-PARASITE/SOPA Is Ridiculously Broad | Techdirt.\" Techdirt.. N.p., 4 Nov. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2011. < _URL_4_;.\nSiy, Sherwin. \"COICA v. 2.0: the PROTECT IP Act | Public Knowledge.\" Public Knowledge | Fighting for your digital rights in Washington.. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. < _URL_5_;.\nTemple, James, and .. \"Stop Online Piracy Act would stop online innovation - SFGate.\" Featured Articles From The SFGate. N.p., 2 Nov. 2011. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. < _URL_2_;.\n\n\nedit* I replaced indents with skipped lines\n",
"Basically, the internet would turn into **censored censored censored censored**",
"just a thought, if this bill passes, couldn't subversive people post links to copyrighted content on government websites therefore forcing them to shut themselves down?"
]
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"http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111026/12130616523/protect-ip-renamed-e-parasites-act-would-create-great-firewall-america.shtml>",
"http://gigaom.com/2011/10/27/looks-like-congress-has-declared-war-on-the-internet/>",
"http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-11-02/business/30353433_1_sopa-craigslist-internet-service-providers#ixzz1cgqwz6Wu>",
"google.com",
"http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111103/18003116626/mainstream-press-realizing-that-e-parasitesopa-is-ridiculousy-broad.shtml>",
"http://www.publicknowledge.org/blog/coica-v-20-protect-ip-act>",
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"http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/11/petition-obama-e-parasites/>"
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"http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111026/12130616523/protect-ip-renamed-e-parasites-act-would-create-great-firewall-america.shtml>",
"http://gigaom.com/2011/10/27/looks-like-congress-has-declared-war-on-the-internet/>",
"http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-11-02/business/30353433_1_sopa-craigslist-internet-service-providers#ixzz1cgqwz6Wu>",
"google.com",
"http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111103/18003116626/mainstream-press-realizing-that-e-parasitesopa-is-ridiculousy-broad.shtml>",
"http://www.publicknowledge.org/blog/coica-v-20-protect-ip-act>",
"Wired.com",
"http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/11/petition-obama-e-parasites/>"
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5hv90a | why do lower frequency sounds (bass) cause surroundings to vibrate? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5hv90a/eli5_why_do_lower_frequency_sounds_bass_cause/ | {
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"Resonance. Sound waves are compression waves, so they push and pull on objects. The larger the object the slower it can be pushed and pulled back and forth for a given amount of sound energy. That's why bass travels through structures. High frequency sound still does the same thing, however can only push and pull on lighter objects (lower inertia). That's why high frequency waves break glasses and such. "
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74yvtb | how are we able to manufacture super small objects? | Like the transistors in a cpu for example. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/74yvtb/eli5_how_are_we_able_to_manufacture_super_small/ | {
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"1) Print a pattern of the thing you want to make on a piece of photographic film.\n\n2) coat a piece of silicon with a special material (called \"resist\") that hardens when light strikes it.\n\n3) use a reducing lens to project that image, smaller, onto the silicon. The resist will harden only in certain places.\n\n4) Wash off the un-hardened resist.\n\n5) Now you etch the silicon, or add trace elements, or coat it with gold, or whatever you need to do to make your transistor or whatever. These changes will only take effect where there isn't any resist.\n\n6) Wash off the rest of the resist, and repeat the whole process to add multiple layers or other kinds of detail.",
"An integrated circuit may contain a billion or more transistors, and a few billion connections. \n \nThere are various kinds of process steps used to form them, most of which are done at high temperatures (but not all). Some of the layers are \"grown\" by exposing the silicon wafer to specific gasses that react with the layers already present, or which simply deposit materials on the wafer. Some of the steps etch holes through insulators at specific sites to create connections between conductive layers, or to etch away unwanted conductors. Some steps are done by aiming ion beams at the wafers at high energies so that atoms will be blasted into specific areas. \n \nThe key to most of these steps is something called \"photolithography\". It doesn't help to do all of these layers if you can't chose where specific things happen. A chemical called a \"photoresist\" is deposited on the entire wafer in a thin layer. If you expose the photoresist to a specific color of intense light, it changes its ability to be later etched away by a chemical solvent. This is incredibly useful. \n \nThe trick is to use a \"mask\" to block the light in some areas and let it through in others. If you shine the light through the mask, and then through a lens to reduce the size of the image, you can effectively print a pattern on the photoresist. After etching the photoresist (which only etches away in some places, due to the light masking you did) then the other process steps can also be selective.\n \nIn addition to using lenses to reduce the image, the mask image starts off being quite small. It is created by a similar process, but instead of using a mask to control exposure of the photoresist, the image is directly drawn on the resist using an electron beam. \n \nMost of the layers are then done in an add/subtract method: A layer is deposited or grown on the entire wafer, photoresist is put on, the photoresist is exposed through a mask, and the photoresist is etched off in some areas and left in others (due to the masking I described). Then the wafer is subjected to an etchant that can attack the deposited layer, but the photoresist protects the areas where it wasn't etched away. So the stuff under the photoresist doesn't get etched either. After the etching of the layer, a different etchant is used to remove all of the photoresist so that you can get ready for the next step. \n \nThere's also a process called Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) that is used to make the wafer very very flat and remove residue from previous steps. The wafer has to be flat so that the images you project onto the photoresist doesn't get distorted and so that all of the layers can be lined up precisely, one on top of the other. \n \nThis kind of process is repeated many times to build up different patterned layers of transistor parts, conductors, and insulators. After it is all done, the wafer is cut up into individual ICs which are then put into packages that allow them to be connected to circuit boards. \n \nThis is a great simplification of the process that results in an IC. It will typically take a couple hundred individual process steps and result in an IC with around 10 layers of conductors (wires) connecting hundreds of millions or billions of transistors together into a circuit. "
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1rxge4 | why are most goods cheaper in developing countries? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rxge4/eli5_why_are_most_goods_cheaper_in_developing/ | {
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"A great many goods are more expensive in economically less-developed areas, but staples tend to be less expensive for several reasons. One is that the cost of many products is largely in the processing and handling of products (labor costs), not in the basic value of them and the cost of labor in less-developed countries tends to be lower. The total purchasing power of people in less-developed places also encourages the use of products which have fewer inputs and less need for storage and transportation and the utilization of substitutes which might be of lower quality, but also are less expensive.",
"Purchasing power. The cost of an item is whatever the market will bear. That's why cars that sell for 25k to a consumer, can be bought by a dealer for 18k, and still only cost the manufacturer 11k."
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av4mry | spin of an electron. what is it? why can there be only two electrons with opposite spin in an orbital? what does “opposite spin” even mean? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/av4mry/eli5_spin_of_an_electron_what_is_it_why_can_there/ | {
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"A spinning magnet produces an electric field. Electrons produce a similar electric field so they were said to 'spin'. We now know electrons are not physical particles that spin but the term has stuck. \n\nElectrons produce a magnetic field as if spinning. Some do it as if spinning clockwise and others as if spinning counter clockwise. So we say they have opposite spin. Each electron is paired with one that has the opposite spin. This makes the total spin balanced.\n\nWhen an electron has its spin altered, its paired electron instantly alters its spin to match no matter how far away. We do not know how this can happen but it does.\n\nSo to sum up: we know electrons exist, have magnetic fields in one of two directions, and are paired. We don't know what they are, how they produce a magnetic field, or how pairs are linked. We use the term 'spin' even though it is inaccurate because we have no better term.",
"The reality is that we don’t have a completely accurate model of the atom. We can only define an area where the electron is likely to be 90% of the time. Still it’s the most accurate model that’s ever existed. \n\nSpin itself is defined as “intrinsic angular momentum.” In classical physics that would be like the amount a rotating ball would resist you if you tried to stop its rotation. The weird part is that electrons are “point particles” meaning they have no volume, so it doesn’t make a lot of sense to talk about them rotating. This is why the quantum property “spin” has no direct counterpart in classical physics. The weirder part is that they are also waves.\n\nWhat we know is that no two particles can exist in the same location at the same state yet two electrons can exist in the same orbital. The up or down spin of an electron is what allows this. \n\nUnfortunately, there’s no easy way to wrap your head around quantum mechanics. A lot of it seems to me like it is just the thing that gives you the right answer. Richard Feynman said, “if you you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don’t understand quantum mechanics.” It’s just too crazy to wrap your head around.",
"AgentElman and others below have already described spin as intrinsic angular momentum, but it might be useful or interesting to learn roughly how the idea came about.\n\nThere were two phenomena that needed explanation, and postulating that electrons had intrinsic angular momentum explained both phenomena simultaneously.\n\nThe first unexplained phenomenon was the way that electrons were arranged in stable atoms. By studying [emission spectra](_URL_1_) of atoms, it was found that electrons grouped into orbitals that surround the nucleus. The distribution of electrons throughout these orbitals could be explained by the \"Pauli Exclusion Principle\", which stated that electrons in atoms arranged themselves such that none of the electrons are in the same \"state\".\n\nIn order to formulate the exclusion principle, Pauli invented a description of the electron state made up of 4 numbers called \"quantum numbers\". The exclusion principle said that the electrons in an atom could not ever share all 4 quantum numbers simultaneously -- if they shared the numbers it would mean that they were in the same state, which the exclusion principle disallows. Turns out this was this missing piece needed to model the distribution of electrons in stable atoms.\n\nPauli didn't really have a physical interpretation for these numbers, though. This would only be resolved with the incorporation of the second unexplained phenomenon and the work of Goudmit and Uhlenbeck, who explained it shortly after Pauli published his exclusion principle.\n\nThe second unexplained phenomenon was that atomic spectra changed in a particular way (the lines \"split\") in the presence of a magnetic field. Goudmit was a young physicist who had come up with a formula that described the splitting, but he did so without a theoretical basis. This mirrors Pauli, actually: he too had a formalism in need of a physical basis.\n\nGoudmit went to Uhlenbeck, another student of Goudmit's advisor, for help. As it turned out, Goudmit went to Uhlenbeck to discuss two different things: the spectral splitting issue, and also the Pauli exclusion principle. Goudmit wanted to talk about the exclusion principle because he had a way of writing Pauli's 4 quantum numbers which made the math simpler. The upshot was that Goudmit wrote the last quantum number as taking only two values: either +1/2 or -1/2. Uhlenbeck suggested that this could be physically modeled as either a right-handed or left-handed \"spin\" of the electron, with a given angular momentum. Without Goudmit's representation of the numbers, that physical interpretation was not obvious.\n\nOnce Uhlenbeck suggested that the electron -- a charged particle -- was spinning, Goudmit found that the magnetic field generated by that spinning charge would interact with an external magnetic field *precisely in the way required to make his formula for the spectral line splitting work*.\n\nSo Pauli needed a collection of numbers with certain properties to represent the state of an electron so he could explain features of atomic spectra. Goudmit and Uhlenbeck jointly realized that one of those numbers could be interpreted as a right-handed or left-handed \"intrinsic angular momentum\". This interpretation was borne out because it also explained Uhlenbeck's correct but unmotivated formula for the splitting of spectra in a magnetic field.\n\nYou can hear this story told in Goudmit's own words here: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_)"
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a0u6ve | how is depression measured medically? does the condition physically affect the brain that we can actually see? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a0u6ve/eli5_how_is_depression_measured_medically_does/ | {
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"In my experience from being diagnosed by doctors, depression (a vague term here) is very much a spectrum. It's about communicating symptoms and working with your doctor to find whats right for you, medication-wise. That's why a lot of the time, your first shot at medication doesn't always work. You may need a higher dose, or a completely different drug all together. It's a process, but communication with who is prescribing you medications is key. There's no real way to measure depression medically.",
"There are brain scans available online you can look at which show much less activity in the depressed brain, so yes, it can be seen in the brain. But psychologists and psychiatrists don’t typically do a brain scan when diagnosing or measuring your level of depression. They ask questions and evaluate your answers against a set of standards that determine your level of depression. "
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qwabm | - what do the israelis want the palestinians to do? | They're constantly fucking with them. Latest news is they are destroying their solar panels. Why? What is their ultimate goal? What do they want?
Inversely, what do the Palestinians ultimately want? Do they want to just be let be or do they want the Israelis gone to, and would expel them violently if they could? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qwabm/eli5_what_do_the_israelis_want_the_palestinians/ | {
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"they want them all to disappear. ",
"Ideally I'm sure the Israelis simply wish the Palestinians left and I'm sure ideally the Palestinians wish the Israelis just left. Neither is going to happen. \n\nAfter the 1967 war, Israel took over a few territories that are inhabited by Palestinians. They've spent the ensuing years settling those lands and trying to force the Palestinians to move. Specifically the Israelis have tried to deny things like building materials and whatnot to the Palestinians. \n\nThe Palestinians argue they need things like building materials and solar panels and whatnot to live. The Israelis argue that the Palestinians use that stuff to support attacks against Israel. \n\nThey're both probably right to a degree. ",
"Israelis want Palestinians to withdraw to their reservations (Gaza strip and pieces of West Bank), disarm and keep quiet. The arrangement is not unheard of, we (USA) have done it with Native Americans, and Australians have done it with the Aborigines. \n\nPalestinians, on the other hand, want to reclaim all of former Palestine, land they lived in for centuries (along with some Jews) before Israel was founded. This involves dismantling the state of Israel as it stands. Their problem is that 5.8 million Jews are not about to just give up and leave, it's their homeland as well now. \n\nAt the moment, there are 4.7 million Palestinians vs 5.8 million Jews within Israel/Palestine, but Palestinian birth rate is significantly higher, so they'll be the majority soon. Therefore, a single multinational, democratic country would not work out well for Jews in the long term (even if it were possible, which it is not). \n\nA two-state solution with a strong Palestine is not in Israel's interest either, since Palestinians are not likely to give up claim to their ancestral homeland. Therefore, Israel wants to give some nominal autonomy to Palestinian areas, but to remain able to choke the new state at will. Palestinians, on the other hand, are too weak and divided to form a coherent strategy. ",
"Live in their little enclosures the Israelis made them, and stop attacking Israelis. "
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2ymdqb | the sapir-whorf hypothesis | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ymdqb/eli5_the_sapirwhorf_hypothesis/ | {
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"FIrst up, it's a highly controversial idea in linguistics, so don't take my explanation to mean that it's actually true. \n\nHere's the idea: \n\n* When you think, you subvocalize. You form your thoughts into words and sentences, and 'speak' them in your head. \n\n* Different languages have different limitations and tendencies: \n * Some have languages gender baked right into the grammar\n * Some don't have plurals as such\n * Some languages make framing hypotheticals fairly awkward\n * etc\n\n* As such, it would seem to follow that the rules of the language you speak would have an effect on the thoughts that you think. This is the hypothesis that Sapir and Whorf put forward.\n\nFor a simple example, imagine if English didn't have separate words for green and blue, and called both colours 'grue'.\n\nIf this were the case, and you'd been raised speaking only English, would you still consider them separate colours - or would you think of them as just different shades of the same colour? \n\nConversely, imagine if English had completely different words for greenish-yellow and orangey-yellow. Would it change how you say the world?\n\n"
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594c8i | does anything exist in intergalactic space? | The space between galaxies is massive and open. Are all objects in the universe drawn to galaxies due to gravity? Or are there objects floating around out there in the void between galaxies?
If intergalactic travel were ever a possibility, what kinds of things would we have to be cautious of while traveling in that much open space? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/594c8i/eli5_does_anything_exist_in_intergalactic_space/ | {
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"There are objects between galaxies. Some planets and starts can get thrown out of galaxies due to gravitational forces or collisions with other objects. They are rare but there are some stars that are way outside of any galaxy.",
"It is \"filled\" with intergalactic plasma. Dust, molecules and atoms float around between the galaxies. There is also the occasional planet or star. It is only an empty void for some values of void. The concentration is measured in particles per m^3 but over the huge distances involved it could be quite a bit of matter."
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3091nj | explain to me why people would think sandy hook is a hoax. | Was looking at the comment sections for a news article on Facebook and 90% of the posts were about how it didn't happen. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3091nj/eli5_explain_to_me_why_people_would_think_sandy/ | {
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"People can convince themselves of almost anything, and the ones that think they're revealing some hidden truth are going to be loud about it.",
"It's a weak \"conspiracy theory\" but there were no ambulances leaving the school after the shooting. Generally if there's a mass shooting with a semiautomatic assault rifle, there are multiple non-fatal victims. In Sandy Hook, there were only two. Some would say, just enough living witnesses to confirm that a tragedy in fact took place.\n\nMost other examples of \"evidence\" to prove it a Hoax are feeble at best. Like the claims that the emotional state of the parents after the fact was artificial.",
"There are a few conspiracy theories regarding the Sandy Hook shootings. These are the most prevalent ones:\n\n* The US government staged them in order to pass gun control laws/persecute gun activists. _URL_2_\n\n* Adam Lanza was simply a patsy; the shootings were really conducted by Israeli special forces as revenge for US interference with Israeli affairs. _URL_1_\n\n* The event was faked my the media or the government for some ulterior motive. Theorists source time-stamps on news articles concerning the shooting that did not correspond with the time of the shooting. _URL_0_",
"I stayed on top of this story through mainstream media right as it was happening. What gave the opportunity for \"conspiracy theories\" was the sheer amount of information lacking from reports, as well as a bunch of conflicting information from various sources. ",
"There's two questions hidden in your question. Do you want the evidence they cite in favor of a conspiracy, or the motivations behind why they want a conspiracy to be true?\n\nFor the former, it's generally evidence of contradictions from the initial reporting when it was very confused. A media outlet will report a rumor as soon as they hear it, then never talk about it again when they discovered they were in error. They also stretch the truth and make a big deal out of things that are perfectly normal. This is what happens for all conspiracy theories, if you want specific examples there's a pretty big video on youtube about it.\n\nFor the latter question, a lot of people buy conspiracy theories because it makes life more interesting and gives you a feeling that you know something other people don't. For the Sandy Hook conspiracies, some of them are also motivated by their extreme pro-gun beliefs, where they'll grab onto anything that \"proves\" the government wants to take away their guns.",
"It's an issue with logic. If I tell you \"If A then B\". But you desperately do not want B to be a truth. You therefore might deny the existence of A just because B not being true is very important to you. \n\nIf Sandy Hook happened that way, then we might need better gun control laws. Some people are so strongly opposed to gun control laws that they are willing to think that Sandy Hook was faked just so that they won't have to face the truth. It's also helpful that the ones pulling the fake are also the ones on the other side of the political debate. \n\nThat's why when you go to Fox they are all \"not real, never happened\" but if you read the same comments on MSNBC they would all be about gun control.",
"The shooting occurred while there was a national debate about gun control, and served as an impetus for many states to tighten up their laws.\n\nThis is inconvenient for people who oppose gun control, so spinning it into an conspiracy not only removes a point against them, but it turns it into evidence of how terrible the gov't is and how we need to keep our guns more than ever. That makes for a much better narrative to their way of thinking.",
"Conspiracy theories are all about the need to feel in control. If we can believe that enough people could cooperate to perpetuate a deception so huge and outrageous, even for nefarious purposes, that implies that we can control to the events that logic tells us we don't. If we don't control those events, even in an \"evil\" way, then life is really random and completely unpredictable.\n\nAlso some people get a real charge out of thinking they know some big secret thing that other people (who they will call \"sheeple\") don't believe.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nEdit: realizing the above is completely general, Sandy Hook is a good focus for conspiracy theories because it's narrative is about two very emotional things, firearm rights and the deaths of children.",
"Someone call V. This is some Saint Mary's virus shit going on.",
"The same reason most people believe these heinous acts are hoaxes: they can't deal with the fact that another human being, the same as they are, could do such a thing. It's incomprehensible to them, whereas if there's a plan by a shadowy government group it delegitimizes the fact that another human could freely choose to do those things.",
"I do not believe in the conspiracy theories. With that said, [this video](_URL_0_) got a lot of it started, I think.",
"The loud and often calls for stronger gun control immediately following the shooting made pro-gun-rights nuts think that it was made up as a gun grab.",
"Because [part of Gotham](_URL_0_) was labeled Sandy Hook in The Dark Knight Rises. Batman did it!",
"These conspiracies are going to rub people the wrong way but the idea of not questioning certain motives in today's society is ridiculous.",
"At one time people who said the government knows, records, and tracks everything we do online were conspiracy theorists. Then it came out they were correct. Soooooooo is it so hard to believe if the government can and will do those types of things to control their people then they couldn't possibly do some evil shit like this too? I mean, I'm open to possibilities here.",
"because mental illness is usually left untreated.",
"Since no one is answering the question I will. First thing is no one went to the hospital. Not one kid. All the victims were declared dead at the scene. No one was air lifted. Not a single person was treated by crisis standards. Second no children are scene leaving the building. Watch the helicopter footage. Actually this video sums up the theory. Before you kill me I am simply answering the question. Sandy Hoax - Full Documentary: _URL_0_\n\nAlso you have to admit the video of the old guy practicing his lines is strange. Also the dad laughing at his dead child's press conference. \n\nGo ahead attack me. Once again I am just answering the question and not just saying tin foil hat people are crazy. ",
"Some people look similar to those that were interviewed during the Boston bombings. That's what a conspiracy friend of mine was going about. There was the father who showed up late if my memory of the events are correct. ",
"I've always felt that the reason why people would believe that such atrocities are part of some grand conspiracy is that makes the event oddly easier to comprehend. \n\nIt's much easier and strangely more comforting to believe that some vast, often faceless organization concocted an event to gain influence. At least more so than it is to believe that person with their own goals, aspirations and dreams is simply a monster. \n\nWe refer to things like this as \"unthinkable\" for reason. Because it's difficult to believe that average people have it in them to do such terrible things.",
"I live here. I have kids that age. I've tried to confront those who believe it's a hoax, and strangely no one has any questions for me. Just seems questionable with as much as these truthquesters love to investigate everything. You'd think one would at least say \"hey there is a guy on reddit claiming to live in Newtown, we should tear apart his claims and reveal his true identity as a govt agent.\" \n\nIf I didn't know better I would assume that they only want to consider evidence that supports their theories. ",
"The same reason people say the holocaust didn't happen...",
"Any event like the Sandy Hook Shootings will generate a large number of people who don’t want to believe it was real or that it didn’t happen the way it was reported or that it was a conspiracy of powerful and sinister forces.\n\nOne of the reasons for this is that it can be very disheartening to believe that a deranged no-body with access to a gun can create such havoc, grief, and turmoil that profoundly effects so many people. It’s disheartening to believe that a low-life wife-beating punk with a $20 mail order rifle can kill a president and change history, or that 19 zealots with about $100,000 in funding can get into airplanes and radically alter the course of the the most powerful nation on the planet. The random nature of existence bothers our sense of how things should be.\n\nWe are story tellers; it’s hard wired in our brains through evolution as a survival mechanism. We look for patterns and try to make narratives that explain those patterns. And in cases like Sandy Hook we create narratives that we are more comfortable with. Narratives that don’t include randomness and don’t require that inconsequential little jerks do acts of great consequence. These narratives also create a more realistic enemy that we may be able to fight or least one that we can hate.\n\nFurthermore, the prejudices we hold will be vindicated in these narratives. If we believe that guns are good, our stories will not have random people with guns causing the harm, but rather a powerful and evil government or organization that we actually need more guns to defend ourselves against. If we are anti-science we will see how the moon landings were fake and that vaccines are really harmful.\n\nMost of this narrative making happens unconsciously; we are not aware of doing it. Confirmation bias (paying attention to evidence that supports our existing beliefs and ignoring evidence which is counter to our beliefs) is a very strong force; very smart people who consciously try to avoid it fall prey to it.\n\nEDIT: Thank you for the gold. If you are interested in reading about how and why we think the way we do about such things, the book *Thinking, Fast and Slow* by Daniel Kahneman offers some great insights.",
"I think there is a subset of people who have the attitude, \"I don't understand how this could happen, so it didn't happen.\"\n\nI knew somebody a long time ago who seemed to disbelieve anything that he had not personally witnessed. If it happened out of his point of view, he would not simply accept someone else's account. Lots of questions, suppositions, alternate theories, etc. \n\nHe is probably one of the conspiracy theorists today.",
"Because whenever there is a big national tragedy people try to make sense of it all and try to find a nice little neat and tidy explanation for it. \n\n\"It's the lack of gun control!\" \n\"It's the lack of mental health care!\"\n\"It was his parent's fault!\"\n\nIf you fall into the conspiracy theory camps, you'll believe that it was the illuminati/government's fault.\n\nTo put things in perspective, there are Pearl Harbor Truthers, which believe FDR got word of the Japanese attack and ignored it on purpose to enter into WW2 with the support of the US people.\n\n",
"\"The official FBI report listed 0 deaths. \". \n\nIf the FBI went through the lengths to hide or kill dozens of kids, don't you think they would change an excell #?",
"The same reason people believe in any conspiracy theory; it gives a comfortable story.\n\nYou know what's terrifying? The thought that a handful of people could murder dozens of others for no reason, with no warning or provocation. The thought that you could just *end* like that is terrifying.\n\nBut there *has* to be a reason this happened, the government! Nay, a shadow government! Massive forces that had a *reason*, a clear intent, plan and purpose.\n\nWe need structure, as a species, and some people take it upon themselves to impose this structure where there is none.",
"This is very similar to the idea that Bush and the government planned 9/11 to invade Iraq. If the u.s government wants to do something they can do it without something as drastic as sandy hook and certainly 9/11. As mentioned the media makes things worse by their ridiculous claims early on and being too proud to admit their ignorance after the smoke clears. \n",
"Because it's inconvenient to certain political agendas. So people want to wish it away.",
"Simply put, people will be quick to find ways for truly horrible things to be hoaxes. It's easier to some than accepting that we live in a world where awful things happen for no good reason.\n\nBesides, the anti gun lobby HAS been milking the hell out of it, and where someone is gaining, people are quick to look for blame.",
"A coworker's wife is a teacher at Sandy Hook and was there the day of the shooting. Saying she's messed up about what happened is over-simplifying it.",
"My mother doesn't believe in the Sandy Hook shootings. She hasn't gone into any particular depth but I'm 99℅ sure her theory is as follows: Sandy Hook shootings are a conspiracy by the U.S. government to increase controls (not necessarily just gun laws) over citizens. This is one step on the way to readying the people for their subjugation to a one-world government (a \"New World Order\" if you will). This New World Order is going to be the regime that follows the second coming of Christ (the rapture) and the Antichrist is, of course, Obama. Obama's secret alter-ego is further evidenced by schemes such as Obamacare where MICROCHIPS will eventually be imbedded in the body of the people; I.e. the mark of the beast (666).\n\nA lot of this is inspired by the Left Behind books and various Christian 'end times' prophecy websites. Now I love my Mother, but GODDAMN she looks insane when I read this back to myself.\n\n",
"Pics or didn't happen.\n\nNo pics of Bin Laden, no pics of dead kids. Both events had massive effects on the public discourse and neither is held to scientific standards of proof. It's \"it happened because authorities said so\".\n\nWhy should I trust an organization built on lies, who has even proposed attacks against its own people to further its agenda? _URL_0_\n\nWhen people I trust say things, I believe them. When people I don't trust say things, I don't believe them until I see proof for myself. Especially when what they say has a large impact on how people think.",
"Because some people are dumb. I am being completely serious.",
"I think the better question is; If there is even a slight existence of evidence for any of these theories, why are they not fully investigated. I know that it would be the other way around in most other cases.",
"people have or find pictures of similar looking kids and parents from different areas and say they were paid off and hidden in a different area.\n\nSomething about the gunshot to the kids head was from behind therefore he was killed.\n",
"Things you see on TV are not real. Those are actors reading from scripts.",
"The main reason I personally think there was some fuckery afoot here is because the day it went down I was working a double delivering pizzas. I worked 12am-midnight and was in the car listening to news radio almost that whole time. I must have heard 5 or 6 different series of events come across the radio in the course of the day. First it was Adam Lanza's brother then it was him, then he used a bushmaster to do all his killing, then he only used a couple glocks. Inconsistencies in the way the story was reported by the media throughout the whole news cycle planted the seed for me.\nThen you see that video of the dad who lost a child go from sobbing to laughing when he thought the cameras were off, and you hear they arrested multiple guys in camo gear and see news footage of that.\nI don't know what happened that day, I wasn't there, but the whole narrative about it rubs me the wrong way....that one AND the batman shooting.\nI simply think there is more to them than what the general public has been allowed to know.",
"First off, I think there's a justifiable amount of reason to not trust the government or media in this country 100% of the time.\nThat being said, many people like to keep an open mind when they hear about such a tragedy. They just don't want to blindly believe everything they see on tv, especially when there are a considerable amount of inconsistencies.\nNot saying this is the case for all. For some it's a denial thing. If I said I found the lost city of Atlantis you'd want proof, right? Of course you would because it's too crazy to believe. It's also crazy to think someone could shoot a whole bunch of kids... 'there must be some explanation. Maybe it's a lie. Maybe it's the government making it up for reason X.'",
"Gullible person here. I watched a video on youtube. Don't remember what it was called, but it it brought up some interesting points. It definitely tilted me in the direction of believing there was something off there. Then I read a thread like this where people say they actually knew the victims and it makes me feel bad for doubting it. People can present all kinds of misleading information. I never know who to believe.",
"Same as the 9/11 people. Give them enough internet and anything can happen.",
"\nThe just world fallacy. It's horrendously bad and unfair that some nutjob killed a bunch of innocent kids. Most people don't want to live in a world where things like that happen. This has an interesting effect: Some peoples' rejection of such a tragedy as morally acceptable turns into a rejection of the possibility that such a tragedy could happen. They basically subconsciously decide that it's not real.\n\nOf course, people whose minds start to believe that the massacre wasn't real, now have to find an alternative explanation for why people are talking about it. Which is a conspiracy theory.\n"
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"http://www.globalnewsdesk.co.uk/north-america/conspiracy-sandy-hook-hoax-emilie-parker/03040/"
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cr28ph | how can websites impose us law on non-us residents? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cr28ph/eli5_how_can_websites_impose_us_law_on_nonus/ | {
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"It's like if a German comes to the US. They will blue under the obligation to follow US laws, they dont get free reign. The website is housed under US jurisdiction, therefore you have to either not use the site or agree to abide by the laws the site is affected by.",
"Imagine that you flew out to the US, walked into the headquarters for the website, and had them manually print out a meme for you. The law that would govern printing out that meme would be US law. If you had a dispute about the meme you would need to sue in a US court. The fact that you came from Germany is only relevant in that you should expect that US law will both *generally* treat you the same as it would a US citizen and *generally* within reason given international norms.\n\nThe internet works the same way. When you go to a website you are not inviting that website into your home. Instead, you're travelling to wherever that website is physically located. If the website only has a physical presence in the US then, legally, you're travelling to the US to view content there.\n\nIf the website has a physical presence in your home country then it *generally* has to obey your local laws as far as content that it hosts or shows within your country's borders. Typically websites either block content or users if local laws would be illegal in countries that they have a physical presence in.\n\nThere is one exception to this, but its a rare one. That exception is that companies have to obey a country's laws if they specifically target traffic in that country, regardless of whether the website has a physical there. This doesn't mean that the content is accessible in the country, that the website is popular in the country, or that the website is willing to sell/ship to the country. It means that the website has taken significant, deliberate steps to attract traffic from that country.\n\nGenerally that exception is only applicable to websites that are perpetrating fraud. For example, a German language pyramid scheme that was active on German language social media pages and had \"representatives\" who lived in Germany would theoretically be subject to German law. I say theoretically because countries like Belize derive a substantial amount of economic activity from such fraud and aren't likely to cooperate with German authorities."
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3w5mxl | why do we put our hands on our hearts during the us national anthem? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3w5mxl/eli5why_do_we_put_our_hands_on_our_hearts_during/ | {
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"Before 1942 during the National Anthem and Pledge of Allegiance a salute known as the [Bellamy salute] (_URL_0_) derived from a Roman salute was used. Bellamy wrote the Pledge of Allegiance. Hitler and our Italian enemies in World War II used a similar salute so in 1942 Congress passed a law changing the practice to the hand over your heart. \n\nEdit: a word\n\nEdit 2: It is not clear why they chose hand over your heart but it has been loosely attributed to Lincoln. Gridley Adams the leader of the US Flag Foundation was a supporter of this salute. "
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6v0edr | current debates surrounding left brain/right brain functionality theories. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6v0edr/eli5_current_debates_surrounding_left_brainright/ | {
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"There is nothing to debate. The left brain/right brain myth is exactly that; a myth. All parts of the brain are used by all healthy people throughout their entire day. Specific portions of the brain are more dominant during specific activities, but there is absolutely no merit whatsoever to the idea that someone can be \"left brain dominant\" and therefore \"more creative or artistic\". "
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4abjy8 | i see ads for the drug humira on tv all the time, and it seems like every time i see a commercial for it, the drug is being advertised to treat a different disease whether it be depression, ra, plaque psoriasis, crohn's disease, etc.. how can one drug treat so many ailments? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4abjy8/eli5_i_see_ads_for_the_drug_humira_on_tv_all_the/ | {
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"Humira is a drug that reduces inflammation. Because Humira treats a symptom, rather than the root cause of a disease, it's useful in treating a wide range of diseases that share that symptom.\n\nI don't think Humira is advertised as a treatment for depression, all I found online was people asking if depression was a side effect.",
"Humira is a treatment for several autoimmune disorders (where your immune system attacks your own body). I take remicade which is in the same class of drug and I've encountered other patients suffering from Crohn's, colitis, arthritis, etc.\n\nOne single infusion of the drug costs about $5000. I get one every two months."
]
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5lofv3 | what determines your blood type and what's the difference between positive and negative? | In the womb, what determines blood type? I am AB positive, what's that mean and how does it compare to negative? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5lofv3/eli5_what_determines_your_blood_type_and_whats/ | {
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"Blood type is determined by genetics, but is slightly different than dominant/recessive traits because it can be co-dominant (that's how you ended up AB). People that are A would have either AA or Ai (for some reason O is i in Punnett squares). People that are B are either BB or Bi, people that are AB are exactly that- AB, and people that are O are ii. \n\nWhatever blood type you are, is the kind of ANTIGEN you express on your red blood cells. You're AB so you express A and B antigens. You also have no antibodies in your plasma (in terms of blood antibodies, not bacteria/viruses). People with A blood type have B antibodies (so they would attack B type blood if they received a transfusion). People with B type blood have A antibodies. People with O blood have A and B antibodies (why O can only receive blood from other O's, and why AB can receive from anyone). \n\nAs to positive or negative, that again comes down to genetics. It's called rh factor, and it's also an antigen that is expressed on the surface of red blood cells. Your parents are either both positive or one of each, but they absolutely are not both negative. This means your parents could be any multitude of combinations (AA+, AA-, Ai+, Ai-, BB+, BB-, Bi+, Bi- OR both AB+). Positive and negative doesn't really have any impact on you, AB+ is known as the universal receiver, literally anyone in the world can donate blood to you! ",
"What determines it: Genes. Your blood type is dependent on both parents, although the details get a little weird.\n\nBasically, blood types represent little bits of stuff sticking off of your red blood cells, which your immune system can interpret. Think of it like a bunch of ID badges or uniforms. If your immune cells recognize your stuff as friendly, it's all good; if not, your immune system attacks and destroys the cell. The important point is that your immune system is ready to attack whatever you DON'T have on your own cells.\n\nThere are actually dozens of different things sticking off red blood cells, but the only ones we really care about are the AB system and the Rh system (the positive or negative part.) If you have the A thing only, you're type A. If you have the B thing only, you're type B. If you have both, you're AB; neither, you're O. The Rh system is another thing, and you either have it (positive) or you don't (negative.) Combine this all together, and you can be A+, B-, AB-, O+, whatever. \n\nWhatever you DON'T have on your cells, you make antibodies against, because it's foreign and weird. So, if you're A+, you make anti-B antibodies. If you're B-, you make anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies. If you're O-, you make antibodies against everything. If you're AB+, you don't make any antibodies. This gets important for blood transfusions, since you can only get blood you won't destroy. O- blood can be given to anyone since it has nothing offensive on it, while people with AB+ blood can receive any type.\n"
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jyyon | how pgp keys work and what it is used for | I've come across PGP keys, but I don't really understand what people use it for and how it works. Can someone explain those two things like I'm five? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jyyon/eli5_how_pgp_keys_work_and_what_it_is_used_for/ | {
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" > Search first. Use the handy search bar to see if your question has already been answered satisfactorily. If the question has been asked but you don't understand any answers, feel free to ask again.\n\n_URL_1_\n_URL_2_\n_URL_0_\n_URL_4_\n_URL_3_\n_URL_5_\n\n\n",
"The math behind PGP keys is not suitable for 5 year olds but the concept is.\n\nLet's say Billy and Sally want to communicate by sending letters back and forth. The information they will be sending is very important and secret so they have to make sure that nobody else is able to read the letters and they have to be confident that the letter they receive is actually from the other person, not from some person pretending to be the other person.\n\nTo do this, they each get their hands on a PGP machine. It has a place to put paper in, a slot where keys you make come out, and a slot for you to put keys in so it can read them. The first thing you do with a PGP machine is generate a private key by pressing the \"private key\" button and out from the machine pops a nice little key. You don't let anyone touch this key. Once that button is pressed, you can't generate any more copies of this key because there is no point. You only need one.\n\nNext, you need to make a public key by pressing the \"public key\" button. Out pops a little key. You give this to anyone who wants to communicate with you in a secure way. The public key is related mathematically to the private key so that the two of them can be used to do some neat stuff. You can just press the \"public key\" button again to make a new one to send to someone else. Apart from the generation of these keys (each person should of course get a unique set), each PGP machine works in exactly the same way.\n\nBilly and Sally send each other their public keys through the mail.\n\nNow Billy types up a letter for Sally. He puts the letter in his PGP machine's paper slot and the machine says \"insert Sally's public key\" so he does as he his told, putting the key he got from Sally into the machine's key-hole. The machine performs some interesting mathematical operations on the letter and starts to print out a new letter with gibberish on it. Next the machine asks for Billy's private key. So Billy puts it in. The machine whirs and beeps and adds another spot of gibberish onto the end of the letter. This is the PGP signature. The paper pops out of the machine.\n\nThe letter goes in the mail. Nobody who intercepts the letter is able to read it because it's gibberish.\n\nThe letter makes it to Sally's house. She opens the envelope, takes out the paper with all the gibberish on it and slips it into the machine. Her machine asks her for Billy's public key. When she puts it in, the machine reads the letter and looks at Billy's public key. Then it performs a bunch of neat math with those two pieces of information coming up with a final bit of gibberish. This gibberish exactly matches the \"signature gibberish\" that was on the letter she received from Billy. Sally is now reasonably certain that the letter came from Billy himself. Only a machine with Billy's private key could create that signature.\n\nFinally, the machine asks for Sally's private key. The machine reads the key and the gibberish on the main part of the letter from Billy that was created using Sally's public key. More neat-o math. Out pops a new letter exactly as it was typed up by Billy himself originally.\n\nAs long as the private keys are kept absolutely private, PGP can secure communication in this way. But it's only as secure as the private keys. That's why it's called \"Pretty Good Protection\"",
" > Search first. Use the handy search bar to see if your question has already been answered satisfactorily. If the question has been asked but you don't understand any answers, feel free to ask again.\n\n_URL_1_\n_URL_2_\n_URL_0_\n_URL_4_\n_URL_3_\n_URL_5_\n\n\n",
"The math behind PGP keys is not suitable for 5 year olds but the concept is.\n\nLet's say Billy and Sally want to communicate by sending letters back and forth. The information they will be sending is very important and secret so they have to make sure that nobody else is able to read the letters and they have to be confident that the letter they receive is actually from the other person, not from some person pretending to be the other person.\n\nTo do this, they each get their hands on a PGP machine. It has a place to put paper in, a slot where keys you make come out, and a slot for you to put keys in so it can read them. The first thing you do with a PGP machine is generate a private key by pressing the \"private key\" button and out from the machine pops a nice little key. You don't let anyone touch this key. Once that button is pressed, you can't generate any more copies of this key because there is no point. You only need one.\n\nNext, you need to make a public key by pressing the \"public key\" button. Out pops a little key. You give this to anyone who wants to communicate with you in a secure way. The public key is related mathematically to the private key so that the two of them can be used to do some neat stuff. You can just press the \"public key\" button again to make a new one to send to someone else. Apart from the generation of these keys (each person should of course get a unique set), each PGP machine works in exactly the same way.\n\nBilly and Sally send each other their public keys through the mail.\n\nNow Billy types up a letter for Sally. He puts the letter in his PGP machine's paper slot and the machine says \"insert Sally's public key\" so he does as he his told, putting the key he got from Sally into the machine's key-hole. The machine performs some interesting mathematical operations on the letter and starts to print out a new letter with gibberish on it. Next the machine asks for Billy's private key. So Billy puts it in. The machine whirs and beeps and adds another spot of gibberish onto the end of the letter. This is the PGP signature. The paper pops out of the machine.\n\nThe letter goes in the mail. Nobody who intercepts the letter is able to read it because it's gibberish.\n\nThe letter makes it to Sally's house. She opens the envelope, takes out the paper with all the gibberish on it and slips it into the machine. Her machine asks her for Billy's public key. When she puts it in, the machine reads the letter and looks at Billy's public key. Then it performs a bunch of neat math with those two pieces of information coming up with a final bit of gibberish. This gibberish exactly matches the \"signature gibberish\" that was on the letter she received from Billy. Sally is now reasonably certain that the letter came from Billy himself. Only a machine with Billy's private key could create that signature.\n\nFinally, the machine asks for Sally's private key. The machine reads the key and the gibberish on the main part of the letter from Billy that was created using Sally's public key. More neat-o math. Out pops a new letter exactly as it was typed up by Billy himself originally.\n\nAs long as the private keys are kept absolutely private, PGP can secure communication in this way. But it's only as secure as the private keys. That's why it's called \"Pretty Good Protection\""
]
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jjfyo/eli5_encryption/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jlahx/eli5_how_does_publicprivate_key_encryption_work/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jk239/eli5_passwords_and_cryptography_and_encryption/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j8cxn/eli12_how_does_publickey_encryption_work/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ji1vz/el5_pgp_encryption/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j3e0y/eli5_gpg_encryption/"
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jlahx/eli5_how_does_publicprivate_key_encryption_work/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jk239/eli5_passwords_and_cryptography_and_encryption/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j8cxn/eli12_how_does_publickey_encryption_work/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ji1vz/el5_pgp_encryption/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j3e0y/eli5_gpg_encryption/"
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p6yv3 | how does changing my ip address open me up to attacks? | I found a site called _URL_0_. they have a list of proxies but said that "open proxies" could be a honey pot(?)
also i'd like to know what i need to look out for when using a proxy and how i can safely browse anonymously
EDIT: How do i find a safe proxy? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p6yv3/eli5_how_does_changing_my_ip_address_open_me_up/ | {
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"Ok, so say you have a bully down the road, and you want to write him a nasty letter. Unfortunately, if you sent a letter directly to the bully your return address would be on the envelope and he'd know exactly who sent it. Then he'd beat you up!\n\nYou have this buddy Greg though. He's offered to let you send letters to him, and he'll pass them along for you. That way, the letter will look like it came from Greg. (Greg's big and the bully won't mess with him.) Greg also does this for lots of people, so if the bully comes around Greg can say he doesn't remember which of his friends sent the letter.\n\nSo you send a letter to Greg, and Greg removes the letter from your envelope, reads it, and sends it in a new envelope to the bully.\n\nThe next day at school the bully looks really angry. But he doesn't know who pissed him off! Hee!\n\nGreg is acting as a 'proxy' in this case, and notice that he read your letter. You have to be careful who you trust doing what Greg did for you. If he was a bad guy he might run up to the bully and show him the letter you sent. Or he might keep a copy around just to hold it over you later, or all kinds of nasty things.",
"Not sure what you mean by \"Changing my IP address open me up to attacks\". But let me address a few other things.\n\nGuiMontague did a great job describing what a proxy is.\n\na Honey Pot is a general term vaguely meaning \"something to draw you in\". In terms of computing, as per wikipedia: \"In computer terminology, a honeypot is a trap set to detect, deflect, or in some manner counteract attempts at unauthorized use of information systems.\" So in this case, an open proxy (one that's free to use for whoever wants to), could be set up to gather information about you, including whatever packets you send through it. It could also be set up as a sting operation, where the FBI, MPAA, etc might be watching out for suspicious activity. ",
" > How do i find a safe proxy?\n\nYou can't really, because you'd be giving all your internet traffic to the proxy it could look at almost everything you do online, could be recording it and there's no way of knowing.\n\nNow, I say almost, because any https sites should be safe as long as the browser doesn't give you a \"certificate\" warning, but the proxy will still know that you were viewing the site, just not what you were viewing on there.\n\nThe best thing for anon browsing is probably [Tor](_URL_0_), but even that isn't 100% safe."
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4um8lx | what is lactate efflux? | I have no clue what it means... It's a word from an article that I was reading: _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4um8lx/eli5_what_is_lactate_efflux/ | {
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"As /u/aroc91 mentions, efflux is the net flow of a species out of a cell.\n\nLactate, more commonly encountered in the form of [Lactic Acid](_URL_0_), is one of the possible byproducts of Glucose metabolism (/u/aroc91 was presumably thinking of the sugar, [Lactose](_URL_2_)). The implication, along with the statement \"increased oxygen consumption\", appears to be that the ginger extract is causing some sort of increased metabolic activity in the rats' legs.\n\nI recommend reading the [cited paper](_URL_1_) by Eldershaw et al. for more information on that particular tidbit. I don't have access to the article, or the Biochem expertise to give you more.\n\nELI-5: \"We added this compound to the gas tank and determined that the car is producing more exhaust, more heat, and using more gas.\""
]
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p7ubf | eli12: monads in haskell | Well i hope i picked the right subreddit and time for this question ...
I didn't get almost nothing from wikipedia. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p7ubf/eli12_monads_in_haskell/ | {
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"We did this a while back —\n\n_URL_0_",
"I did a rather long explanation of this one. The context was both scala and haskell.\n\n_URL_0_"
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3nbc96 | how was the us government able to run a surplus in the 90's? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nbc96/eli5_how_was_the_us_government_able_to_run_a/ | {
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"The Senate and house were both controlled by Democrats in 1993. During this time the [103rd United States Congress](_URL_1_) passed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, sharply raising taxes on the top incomes.\n\n_URL_2_\n\nWe had a large tax increase on the highest incomes, the economy was good, and the \"dot com\" boom.\n\nAfterwards control went to the Repubs, but the Democratic tax plan was already in place bringing in money to balance the budget - that every single Repub voted against.\n\nYou can't just say \"Repubs were in control then we had lots of money\" you have to look at the specific policies that made it happen. Things do not happen instantly, and many times it's the previous congress that made a difference, as in this case. The above budget act was in place long after the Dems lost control of the house & senate.\n\nThis boom ended with the 2002 budget from GWB and the Republican tax cuts.\n_URL_0_\n\nAs everyone has said, yes congress is in control of the budget. But a Prez can veto it. Once Clinton left office and Bush came in, Repubs cut the hell out of the tax rate without fear of veto.\n\n---\n\nTL;DR: Dems raised rich tax alot 1993. Reps came to power right after, were stuck with Dem tax rate but cut spending. 2002 Bush & Repubs cut taxes, deficit went to hell."
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2kckyh | why does instrumental music make me feel sad without any lyrics? | I was listening to [Kiss the Rain](_URL_0_) | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kckyh/eli5why_does_instrumental_music_make_me_feel_sad/ | {
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"I've wondered this, too. Do we learn at a young age which tunes are meant to be interpreted as 'sad' or are some tunes universally sad because of the nature of the human brain?",
"Because you're used to hearing those same sounds in sad contexts. A lot of music uses the same chords for sad things. A big part of this also the instrument used. If anybody cares I can give an example tomorow, play a sad chord progression on a \"metal\" guitar setup."
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byozns | why street lights during night time are warm orange colored and not white lights? won't having white lights seem more like daylight? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/byozns/eli5_why_street_lights_during_night_time_are_warm/ | {
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"The yellow light comes from Sodium lamps. It's just how they glow for chemical reasons. More modern street lights are LEDs and more white to light-blue. They're also brighter and more directed instead of glowing in all directions.",
"There are questions of the most efficient sorts of lights to implement, and there are also those of the nature of the eye.\n\nBlue light is *harsh* at night because we aren't supposed to have it at night, naturally it's only really from the Sun. And blue light is a component of white lights. And blue or white light is shown to affect your melatonin and your circadian rhythm, potentially keeping you awake at night.\n\nThe one question of *can we enable people to be awake at night* shouldn't \"outshine\" the other: *should we actually cause them to stay awake at night?*",
"Orange lights are way cheaper, and there’s also an argument that the blue light emitted from white lights cause more glare when driving through rain and snow. However, research has shown that using white light increases peripheral vision significantly, and greatly increases people’s ability to brake in time, so in that sense it would be the safer choice",
"Not only are high pressure sodium lamps cheaper, they don't compete with the white of headlights.",
"I believe light pollution is also a factor, in addition to the economic and safety reasons already mentioned. Light pollution is a significant issue for towns located near enough to space observatories. It's not as much of an issue now that we have telescopes in orbit, but it used to be."
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6tnjbq | why do some wind turbines, when all faced the same direction, turn while others do not? furthermore, why do they all seem to turn at the same speed? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6tnjbq/eli5_why_do_some_wind_turbines_when_all_faced_the/ | {
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"They might not be turning for at least two reasons: 1) they have been commanded offline for maintenance, because the power isn't needed, ...; 2) the local wind sensor on the turbine doesn't detect the minimum wind needed to generate minimum power because or hills, wind currents, spoilage from other turbines, ... .\n\nThe wind turbine has a rotation rate that extracts the maximum energy, as a function of windspeed. If all the turbines are made by the same company, and they are all in the same wind, then that optimization process is likely to have them turning at very similar rates.",
"Blade pitch can be adjusted to keep the turbine spinning at the most efficient speed. Like mentioned elsewhere, if they are all the same model of turbine they will all spin at approximately the same speed. ",
"I know that this is a seperate question but (forgive my ignorance here) do the turbines start turning purely by wind power or is there some sort of starter motor? I only ask because of the size and obvious weight of blades.",
"The reason they all turn the same speed is because the alternators are synchronized with the electrical grid frequency when they are generating. \n\nIn other words they turn at a constant rpm to generate at 50 or 60 hz and they will vary the blade pitch to extract the optimal energy from the wind. \n\n\n\n\n",
"1) trip alarm was engaged\n\n2) energy curtailment\n\n3) scheduled maintenance \n\n4) little to no wind. They come in streams and some turbines will get it while others next to it will not. Sometimes. \n\nAnd they're not entirely spinning at the same speed. It's just hard to tell from where you're at. If you were to look at the SCADA data, you'll see each one is spinning at a different rpm.\n\n\n\n",
"The reason they all spin at the same speed is because they use synchronous generators. \n\nThis type of generator is used in most large power generating equipment, and is what makes the alternating current alternate. Every single synchronous generator and motor on the grid is spinning at the line frequency divided by the number of poles in the generator/motor. Basically, if they start spinning too slowly, the generator will actually start working as a motor and turn the blades rather than the other way around. Similarly, if a motor was running a piece of equipment and the load on the grid suddenly went way up, that motor would start to act as a generator and turn it's momentum back into power until either the grid recovered or the motor slowed down to the point where it was synchronised again. That's one reason why wind turbines get turned off. If there's not enough wind in that spot, leaving them connected to the grid would actually consume power. In that case, you turn them sideways to the wind, disconnect them from the grid, and turn on the brakes so they don't spin. \n\nThe reason the rest all face the same direction is just because that's where the wind is coming from. "
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coir0g | is theres space around all your organs and stuff? whats there? | I’ve always wondered what occupies your body aside from organs and all the parts we know about. Is it just like veins and blood? Are we just packed tight? Is there some sort of fluid? Is this the stupidest ELI5 ever?
edit: i didnt expect this many replies or so many people to be educated on body goop. thanks everyone. keep educating me i appreciate it | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/coir0g/eli5_is_theres_space_around_all_your_organs_and/ | {
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"Organs, bones and veins are packed with diffrent layers of muscles and meat.",
"There's not a ton of empty space in there. Your torso is a fairly efficiently packed bag of organs, and your arms and legs are just solid chunks of meat with bone, and blood vessels included. \n\nYou're so well packed that when we start messing with things it can cause problems. My mom had a partial hysterectomy in her 30's (removed a problematic uterus). As a result things shifted around a bit, and other organs put pressure on her bladder. End result, she'll pee herself a bit when sneezing, or moving around to roughly (lots of jumping).",
"Imagine a rag doll, it is comprised of fabric and stuffing. Well, the human body is a bit similar: the fabric is a tissue (a tissue = bunch cells stuck together) called an 'Epithelium'. And the stuffing is a mixture of fat, protein fibers, blood vessels and nerves, together reffered to as 'Connective tissue', surrounding structures like bone, cartilage or even organs. Now each organ is basically of a balloon of that Epithelium fabric (some time goes by a similarly different name like 'Mesothelium'), filled with a specific functional tissue. The organs are packed together leaving almost no space, their slippery epithelium fabrics sliding against one another, and besides hollow organs (i.e lungs, GI tract) everything is tightly packed.",
"For the thoracic cavity, basically your lungs and heart fill the entire area, with a bit left over for your esophagus, windpipe and aorta. It's an enclosed area with no air or anything inside; in fact, getting air inside can be potentially life-threateningly dangerous. This condition is known as pneumothorax. In the off case that air can get in but not go out, your lungs would be compressed by the extra air and you would literally be unable to breathe. This case is known as a tension pneumothorax. The emergency treatment is to poke another hole open so that the pressurized air can flow out until you can get further treatment. Not fun.\n\nAs for the abdominal cavity. There's a fair bit of intestinal fat surrounding your organs and cushioning them, as well as another structure made of fat called the \"omentum\" which drapes over them like an apron. There are quite a few ligaments and other tissue holding everything together, and of course a few layers of membrane and muscles to keep it all inside. But aside from that, there's not much room for anything else. So little room, in fact, that when laparoscopic surgery is done, we need to pump in CO2 so that we can actually see anything. People have a surprisingly large amount of intestines.",
"echoing other posters, your innards are slimy but well packed and carefully fitted together, like a very tightly packed car trunk, with virtually no room to move around and a lot of blood vessels, nerves, and bones etc helping to hold things in place\n\nimagine carnival rides otherwise",
"Other people commented and explained the answer very well. I’d just like to add, the small amount of space around your organs are filled with something called interstitial fluid. Basically your organs are packed into these sack like things, and in between the sacks is fluid.",
"Surrounding your abdominal viscera is a fluid filled compartment called the peritonium. It isn’t super spacious but has some lubricating fluid to keep everything mobile. The omentum another poster mentioned is part of this. \nIn laparoscopic abdominal surgery, ie with cameras, they will inflate it with CO2. \n\nIt’s embryologically equivalent to the pleura, the sac around your lungs who’s low pressure keeps them stuck to your chest wall \n\nIf you’ve heard of abdominal adhesions post surgery, these are scar tissue between organs in the peritoneum.",
"Your body is just organs and a skeleton shrink wrapped in a meat bag with some body juice to lubricate it.",
"Ever had a headache because the muscles in your neck and back are sore and tight? That's because the swelling of those muscles pulls the skin tight and compresses the nerves as well, resulting in tension headaches. There's not a lot of room for your muscles to expand.\n\nYou can take a look into [Compartment Syndrome](_URL_0_) as well, which happens when the pressure and size of a muscle becomes too large that it puts too much pressure on an artery, which cuts off the blood supply to itself (resulting in muscle and nerve damage). If you were to present to the hospital with a acute compartment syndrome and it was severe, they would literally [cut open](_URL_1_) (slightly NSFL) your skin and fascia so there is more room for your muscles to swell and not cut off circulation. Your skin is pressurized like an overinflated tire at that point.",
"This may be more an ELI20, [your looking for interstitial space/fluids](_URL_0_)\nBasically the areas between your organs are filled with fluid to prevent rubbing, friction, sticking, adherence, and help with a thing called fluid shift(the exchange of fluids to and from your cells in your body).",
"In addition to all of the comments, what happens to a pregnant woman is pretty incredible in terms of rearranging her body. It was pretty new to me seeing how drastic this change was.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nPretty crazy stuff.",
"As a lot of people have explained, your organs take up all the space and are relatively tightly packed. \nThere is an interesting case in which a large chunk of your chest becomes empty and that is after you have one of your lungs removed (often because of tumours). In that case, the empty cavity slowly fills up with fluid over weeks/months until there is no air left in that half of the chest.",
"The fascia basically holds everything into position, it's a collagen rich structure that works like an internal body stocking. Thin bits keep veins in place, hammock-like fascia keeps the organs in place, and it thickens to merge with tendons, etc. It's very important for proprioception, moving and balance, and there is a lot of interest about the role of fascia in elite performance, by thinking of muscles as pre-tensioners in a tensegrity model. \n\nWhat interests me most about the tissue spaces is we forget the interstitium is full of collagen, elastin and reticular fibres and also interstitial fluid, which allows the body to transport substances round the body. It fills with oxygen and nutrient rich arterial filtrate which allows every cell in the body to take up the substances they need to be healthy. The veins and lymphatic system clear the interstitial fluid, the larger cell waste and debris going though the lymphatic system. The interstitial fluid transports enzymes responsible for metabolic function, hormones, fatty acids, proteins and all manner of substances to maintain cellular health. We forget this substance all the time, although it underpins the health of all our organs in the body. \n\nWhere there is fascial constriction through scarring for example, there will most likely be a compromised lymphatic drainage in that area, as movement between sub and epifascial collectors will be affected. In Germany they are able in some instances to re-pigment scar tissue with the understanding of the scarring process and the interstitial fluid, together with manual manipulation of the lymphatic system. It's awesome stuff.",
"There are three very different spaces with organs in them: the head, thorax abdomen.\n\nHead organs: brain, eyes, lymph nodes, salivary glands, thyroid. Your mammalian brain is relatively free floating in the vault inside your skull. There is not much extra room. This is why swelling is bad. The eyes are held in place by muscles and some soft tissue called the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis). The salivary glands, lymph nodes, and thyroid are attached just under the skin via connective tissue (think the clear tissue on between muscles on raw chicken)\n\nThorax: Heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, aorta and vena cava. The heart in mammals is attached from the heart base (were the vessels come out near the top) to about the middle of your chest near the spine. Your heart can swing in your chest somewhat. The lungs are more free to move as the change in size many times per minute. The important thing about your thorax is that it is a vacuum. Letting extra free material (Air, fluid, abdominal organs) can prevent you from being able to inflate your lungs (This is bad). \n\nThe diaphragm muscle attached to the bottom of the rib cage separates the abdomen from the thorax. \n\nAbdomen: liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, uterus. Mostly they are attached to the back bone or each other via connective tissue. You can move around mor freely in the abdomen. I can take you small bowel out of your abdomen to look at something deeper if I need to. You can then put it back and the organs generally find their place by themselves. They are pack relatively tightly just like that mannequin in science class.",
"Correct me if I'm wrong, but aren't all organs sitting on visceral fat?",
"What’s there? Bop Its, yes the human body is held together entirely with Bop Its!!!!",
"Hi all, I was a surgical technician for awhile and have LOTS of experience with many different types of surgeries and lots of brilliant doctors. Honestly guys and gals , after we get lower than our diaphragm, we are really pretty hollow. I've had my arm elbow deep in patients during some surgeries and have been amazed at how tightly coiled our digestive system is. \nNature had a pretty brilliant design for us and I've seen horrific trauma become total recoveries because major arteries (BIG blade wounds, bullet wounds, you name it) and organs were missed or slightly nicked. Not minimizing what those poor folk went thru, but if we weren't built that way they would have died for sure.",
"Had a laporoscopy. They make a small incision below the belly button. Then blow a load of CO2 in you like a balloon. Most painful thing I've ever felt.",
"Hey OP, if you ever get to Vegas, check out the Human Body exhibit. It's gnarly and it blew my damn mind. Here's a few of my pics, hopefully they can give you a good visual to answer your questions about where everything goes.\n\n(Possibly) NSFW - pics of actual preserved humans\n\nHuman body exhibit _URL_0_",
"To answer your question, there are no empty spaces not filled with new air or fluid rather quickly. Our organs have protective of different fat layers. That doesn’t give you much information, but it is a simple way to understand there is something everywhere in our bodies. Nothing is hanging in air swinging about.\n\nThese can be interesting sites. \n\n“The NLM Visible Human Project has created publicly-available complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of a human male body and a human female body. Specifically, the VHP provides a public-domain library of cross-sectional cryosection, CT, and MRI images obtained from one male cadaver and one female cadaver. The Visible Man data set was publicly released in 1994 and the Visible Woman in 1995.”\n\n_URL_0_\n\n\n“Welcome to BodyParts3D/Anatomography.\nBodyParts3D is an anatomical dictionary where terms are defined by 3D morphology of referents.\nBodyParts3D serves as a kit to build custom 3D manikins.\nWe plan to define all anatomical concepts listed in Terminologia Anatomica, started from those with volumes. < link to stat > \nAnatomography is a web application that enables users to build and publish own custom manikins.”\n\n_URL_1_",
"Ultrasound tech here. When something is removed the other organs take up the space. Example: if your spleen is removed I have seen the left kidney a little higher than normal, or the liver extending further than usual to the left. You aren’t left with a spleen-shaped empty spot. And the peritoneal fluid helps the organs slide across each other so there’s no friction. Example: your kidneys rise and fall as your diaphragm contracts with breathing.",
"I'm gonna give some facts about our body and some info about the spacing e.t.c and I'll try my best to fit it in the ELI5 standards :)\n\nThe body is well packed, there can be internal fat outside of the organs.\n\nIn cases of specific organs such as heart there is another protective case called pericardium which encases the heart. You cannot see the shape of the heart from outside without cutting the pericardium open, and total with the pericardium intact the heart looks like a deformed ball.\n\nThere is a barrier around your brain called blood brain barrier, blood actually does not touch your brain at all, it gets the nutrients from the blood without getting into contact with blood. The brain does not touch your skull or does not shake inside your skull because it is in a liquid called Cerebro-Spinal-fluid (cerebrum, cerebro- means brain) the liquid fills up the tube inside your spine and connecting to your skull and it doesn't leak. \n\nYour eyes are not solid, it's like a balloon filled with liquid\n\nThe thorax (chest area) and abdomen (belly area) are two separate spaces, they are separated with a muscle called diaphragm and diaphragm is the reason we breathe, (like a balloon attached to the bottom of a bottle, when you pull the balloon, air will get inside the bottle from the top)\n\nAround your intestines there is actually another motile organ called omentum (some sources don't accept it as an organ, I do.), which moves around almost constantly, filling gaps, helps with the immune responses, has role in certain cancer developments etc. It can be called as policeman of the abdomen when ever there is an inflammation or infection the omentum will be there. \n\nKidneys are the organ that decides on the speed of your blood flow, not your heart. When there is a kidney transplantation, the old kidney is left inside (because kidney is in an area that is almost impossible to perform a transplantation surgery.) and the new kidney is put in your hip/groin area\n\nThe testicles are outside the body because sperm cannot be produced in the body temperature, testicles are 1C degree cooler than our body.",
"Between organs there's just bands of fat and internal skin (called interstitial). Watch an online surgery to see for yourself.",
"It looks something like this, which is a transverse section through someone's abdomen at the level of their kidneys.\n_URL_0_\n\nThe blue spaces are the \"empty\" space, the rest is pretty well packed.",
"My friend was on peritoneal dialysis for a while, and I know the peritoneal cavity is a thing, but I'm not 100% sure what is is or how to explain it, or it's relavance, but I think there is something to be said for it...",
"Check out a cross section of the human body. _URL_0_\n\nNo empty space. Your skin is basically a big sack that holds all your innerds like a water balloon. If you gain fat, it'll push out, but it shrinks if you get smaller.",
"It's all muscles and fat on outer side or 'around the organs'. Other than that, it's bones and organs. Muscles make up most of our volume around the bones in limbs too.\n\nI also thought my organs just floated in skin balloon of blood (Rib cage was to ensure organs did't run away too far??) when I was younger because we bled irrespective of where we got injured. Someone also asked recently on reddit about why we bleed from any place if we have limited veins and blood vessels. It's because of capillaries which feeds blood to all our cells.",
"Your body is pretty tightly backed. Over your organs there are all sorts of tissue and structures. Connective tissue, muscle, fascia, fat, mesentery in your abdomen, vessels, etc. Everything is also pretty saturated in interstitial fluid. There is something called potential space, this is when space occurs between two parts of the body that are normally pressed up against one another. Typically this only occurs during trauma or disease but can be life threatening if it occurs in the wrong spot.",
"Fat. It's all packed in there real tight and most organs and compartments are wrapped in cling-wrap type (serous) membranes with fluid that prevents friction. But you do find a surprising amount of fat between the layers.",
"I kind of don’t like the answers to your question but maybe I don’t know exactly what you are asking. \n\nThere technically isn’t any “empty space” at all in your body unless you want to consider an inflated lung empty. All of your organs are suspended via connective tissue such as ligaments or fat. There is some fluid in your body that acts as lubrication but the amount isn’t enough that you would see it accumulate in a noticeable pool. \n\nI really think the answer to your question is basically fat. There is fat (adipose tissue) surrounding just about everything. Think of it like this. As people get fatter or get skinnier, the only thing that is changing is the size of the fats cells in your body. The other organs aren’t changing size at all. In fact, something that will blow your mind is that the number of fat cells doesn’t change at all (as an adult.) Meaning, a 200 pound you versus a 600 pound you has the same number of fat cells, it’s just the size (volume) of the cells that is different. So the number of fat cells (adipocytes) that you have can grow only during development and puberty, not as an adult. \n\nAnother organ system that not too many people know about is the lymphatic system. It is made of tiny ducts and lymph fluid that serves to clear away pathogens and coordinates a response to illness along with your blood vessels. \n\nSource: am a surgeon.",
"I'm very surprised that not many people are talking about the mesothelium layers. For example the epicardium and pericardium surround your heart and secretes a fluid that keeps the heart (and other organs) safe from friction.\nThere is also a later that keeps all of your digestive organs in place, even has little flaps they keep your intestines in place. \n\nIf you were to hypothetically open someone's chest you wouldn't see a beating heart, but instead a slippery beating sac that contains the heart.",
"This is actually a pretty good question. When I took my first anatomy lessons, based on textbook learning, each organ was depicted by itself as though floating in space, and each one seemed kind of oddly shaped. But when I did the actual dissection lab, I was kind of surprised by how closely packed the organs are, so that each concavity in one organ is filled by convexities of other organs. No extra space to speak of.",
"There’s an interesting element that’s been left out of almost every explanation I’ve seen so far: the connective structures of the body form a network of tissues made of a substance called facia. This facia is like the ground substance of the body, being composed of primarily collagen fibers, lipids, and lymph. Tendons, ligaments, and the coating surrounding organs are direct examples of this substance. It’s actually the most abundant tissue in the entire body, so abundant in fact, that if you removed everything besides facia, it would still resemble you.",
"For your arms and legs, and basically anywhere there is muscle (so also your thorax and abdomen) there’s plenty of connective tissue called fascia surrounding pretty much e wry layer of crap in your body that helps pack things in tight. Fat also helps with this. Your abdomen is pretty well packed as is your thorax (another reply already mentioned that). \n\nAs for your blood, it’s all in veins and arteries. A common misconception is when you cut a person open, is just a wet bag of blood and guts everywhere. If your blood isn’t inside vessels/organs, it means you’re bleeding, whether that bleeding is internal or external. And that’s bad. \n\nIf everything weren’t packed in really tight, you’d feel stuff move around (think a rollercoaster drop, you can feel your abdominal cavity’s contents shift). \n\nSource: third year med student. I’ve cut open some dead bodies. Totally legally though.",
"[Interstitium](_URL_0_), not a lot is known about it because it was only discovered recently.\n\nShort story is that it's sacs of fluid that may be a pathway for the lymph system and cancer.",
"Generally things are very tightly packed. Think Tetris but gross. There’s generally a thin liquid coating organ surfaces throughout the body. More of a thin lubricating film than something the organs sit within. \n\nThe closest to a space for something to sit in is the brain. We created a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid in the brain from a part called the ventricles. This fluid bathed the brain and spine. The brain is sort of floating within some of that fluid. It’s still not really what you think of when you think of a brain floating in fluid though.",
"Wasn’t there just a discovery about the interstitium being one big organ?",
"Not a direct answer but illustrative -- in my mid 30s (recent) it was discovered I had \"intestinal malrotation\" -- basically my intestines never coiled the way most people's do. In order to make sure they never twist (which would basically cut off blood flow and I'd die) they do this thing called a Ladd band procedure, where they cut these bands that are meant to hold normal people's intestines in place. So while there may not be a lot of empty space in there, there are various things that kind of hold things where they're meant to be.",
"There's a ton of connective tissue, fat, and fluid. There is very limited \"open space\". We don't want things moving around. \n\nI worked on cadavers in college and was always amazed how it looked when we first opened a body.",
"Most of that seemingly “empty space” is taken up by veins and blood vessels. I had a colectomy, so the removal of my colon left a lot of empty space. For the first few weeks I actually felt hollow in a few spots in my abdomen (best way to describe it) but over time my doctor says things end up spreading out and vessels will move and grow to take up the empty spaces and secure everything. No longer have a hollow feeling, but can feel that my stomach location shifted from the re-settling of all the organs.",
"That's actually a great question. And there is some areas with free space in the body usually to accommodate vessels and nerves etc. These are very important in Anatomy because most of the important structures are located in these.\n\n The area between your neck and upper limb is (the armpit) called the axilla and contains the vessels and nerves going to and from the arm. \nAnd another in the crook of your elbow called the cubital fossa\n\nIn your chest between the two lungs there is a space called the mediastinum which carries vessels going to and from the heart and the heart itself\n\nIn your abdomen there is the greater and lesser sacs where all your abdominal organs like stomach and intestines are. \n\nIn the pelvis you have spaces between the bladder uterus and rectum. Called retropubic space rectovesicle and rectouterine spaces respectively and something called the perineum\n\nIn the lower limb in front of your upper thigh you have something called the femoral triangle carrying all the vessels and nerves to and from the lower limb \nAnd another space called the popliteal fossa behind the knee.\n\nAll of these are there to provide free space for vessels and nerves to go through with space for expansion however in tight spaces swelling can be a problem.\nFor example if you take a limb they are usually partitioned into these tight compartments called by something called fascia so not much free space. So if there is an infection and swelling, the vessels get compressed and prevent blood flow which can cause cell death unless you relieve pressure by cutting the fascia. It's called compartment syndrome.",
"Reading what others have said about not much space in our torsos, it's amazing to think of all the space a woman's body displaces during pregnancy"
]
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"https://o.quizlet.com/lyLGwUPhdIS.olRLBX5jHA_b.jpg"
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7zk6v4 | how percolator style coffee brewers work. | I have a general idea, but my mind can't seem to put the details together for me. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7zk6v4/elif_how_percolator_style_coffee_brewers_work/ | {
"a_id": [
"duomn49"
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"text": [
"Expanding steam forces the hot water up onto the basket of coffee grounds, where it drips down and mixes with the water in the pot. Once the steam has lifted the water, it rushes out and is replaced with more hot water. Some of that water boils into expanding steam and the process repeats."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
183pry | could the usa completely resist a land invasion launched by both russia & china? | Let's say we had a month of forewarning. Russia and China team up. They want to invade the US and seize it.
We called home all of our troops.
No nukes allowed. Anything conventional goes - ships, subs, missiles, tanks, etc.
Could the US win in theory, or would we go down? Winning means fight them hard enough til they give up. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/183pry/could_the_usa_completely_resist_a_land_invasion/ | {
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"text": [
"The Americans have the best navy in the world. The USA has around 1500 naval ships, eleven of which are aircraft carriers. Russia and China also combine to about 1500 ships, but only combine to make two air craft carriers. Furthermore, if the Chinese and Russian armada managed to get close to the American mainland, they would get blasted away by the Air Force as well. With luck and good strategy, the Americans could defeat China and Russia before their forces step foot on American soil.\n\nIf the Chinese and Russians do make it to the mainland, they won't stand much of a chance. The American Air Force will go unchallenged, and destroy the Chinese and Russian ground forces on the beach. The American army would easily sweep up what's left.\n\nIf the Chinese and Russians somehow managed to establish themselves on land, and expanded the ground war over American territory, they would have a real hard time. Unlike the Americans fighting on their own land, they won't have easy access to reinforcements and supplies. Also, since the Americans are defending their own territory, they could use guerrilla warfare to really bog down the invaders.\n\nEDIT: If they Americans had a month of time to prepare, they would surround their coast with mines, creating the largest minefield in the world. The Russian and Chinese would lose a large part of their invasion force without even fighting a battle.",
"You should try /r/hypotheticalsituation, because \"no nukes\" isn't a realistic scenario in this case.\n\n",
"They have the best navy hands down, China can only hope to navally dominate the area near their shorline, if taiwain was where hawaii is then it would be no contest, US win.\n\nSecondly, nukes, if the US is about to lose the world will cease to exist.\n\nThirdly, I'm assuming nukes just disappeared but the russians wouldn't have a chance, when their backs are against the wall the massive difference in training and equipment will give the US a serious advantage.",
"Once they see our mighty neck beards they will turn and flee."
]
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1rc2qu | why do i always feel the need to check reddit/facebook/other social sites, even though i know nothing new happened? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rc2qu/eli5_why_do_i_always_feel_the_need_to_check/ | {
"a_id": [
"cdlotym"
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"text": [
"A mild form of addiction most likely. Whenever you check the sites and you find you have a message/update etc. you get a little good feeling. You crave that feeling and keep checking the site in the hopes of repeating that feeling.\n\nThat, and you are bored, and checking your messages feels like doing something productive."
]
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[]
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||
xo6lv | the difference between a quasar and a black hole. also, are quasars galaxies? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/xo6lv/eli5_the_difference_between_a_quasar_and_a_black/ | {
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"c5o4lej"
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"Quasars and Blazars are a side effect of supermassive black holes. These black holes suck in matter at an incredibly high rate of speed. Since black holes also spin, this matter also gets spun and twisted. The incoming matter gets sucked in so fast that it collides with other incoming matter and becomes extremely hot and energized. Some of this matter simply falls into the black hole but the rest is near enough to the edge to be ejected away by the extreme collisions of matter. Since this matter is so hot and moving so fast it comes out as an incredibly powerful beam of energy that can be detected from millions of light-years away. Since supermassive black holes are in the center of most galaxies, the quasars emit from the centers which is why for a long time scientists thought they were special galaxies. Quasars are so bright that they hide the black holes causing them.\n\nYou can read more about Quasars here: _URL_1_\n\nand Blazars here: _URL_0_"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazar",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar"
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||
1sgq52 | why would anyone put an upper limit on the number of characters in a password? | I don't understand at all why anyone (especially stuff like online banking and other places where credit card info or other personal details are involved) would set an upper limit to the number of characters possible for the creation of a new password.
As I understand it, passwords get exponentially (not the technical term here, probably, but you get the idea) more secure the longer they are, so why wouldn't every company out there just let you choose any password length you want? I mean, I guess it'd be within reason, so maybe setting a limit of 100 characters, but to set a limit of 12 or 15 just seems ridiculous.
Is there a legitimate reason for doing this or am I right in thinking it's really dumb? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1sgq52/eli5_why_would_anyone_put_an_upper_limit_on_the/ | {
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"text": [
"As someone who has worked with several project managers, who get to make the decisions on these types of things, sadly it just comes down to a guy in a suit wants to think he's doing his job. It's that the developer hired to build the account system is following project instructions laid out by someone who does not understand password strength.\n\nSeriously, I've only seen it happen three times, but it's like something straight out of Dilbert. \"Make the passwords 8-16 characters in length! It must have caps, lowercase, and a number! Oh, and make sure they get a special character in there too! Goddamn that'll make for some good passwords, our users will have the *most* secure accounts!\"",
"Legitimate reasons (not necessarily good reasons, but valid)\n1. Technical limitations of a hash in use\n2. To ensure compatibility with legacy databases and applications\n3. Concerns about undiscovered flaws that could be related to password length.\n\nBad reasons\n1. Storing passwords without first hashing them. Note: If a site is ever able to email/give you your plain-text password then you need to make sure that they don't have any sensitive information on file because they have broken the first rule of password storage so you can't count on them having done anything else right.\n\n2. Making sure people can remember them...somewhat valid but what if I have a system and always make my passwords 16 characters? Now I have to alter my system to work with that site. I think in the end that is probably a reason that doesn't hold water. Sure, raising the lower limit is going to increase your password reset traffic, but the upper limit? I doubt most people look beyond the smaller number.\n\n3. They are using some home grown password storage method...home grown is the enemy of security. If you invented your own method it is probably because you didn't know enough to use one of the existing libraries, which means you probably didn't know enough to do it right.\n\nHere is a fun toy: _URL_2_\n\nFun facts: For years Hotmail was shortening passwords without telling people. They didn't come out and say it, but they said \"if the password you have been using is longer, just type the first 16\". That means they were only hashing the first 16, or they were storing the first 16 in plain text. We'll assume they were only hashing the first 16.\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_ accepts passwords via http (plain text) and stores them in plain text. Their about us page \"Our customers include a broad range of companies and higher-education learning institutes, such as Microsoft, New Horizons, Pearson/VUE, Lockheed Martin, and Herzing College.\" Isn't that awesome?"
]
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[],
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"www.measureup.com",
"http://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2012/09/21/this-ridiculous-microsoft-longer-accepts-long-passwords-shortens/#!po4Jm",
"https://howsecureismypassword.net/"
]
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|
41i8qb | why do checks and balances only apply to branches of government and not political parties? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/41i8qb/eli5_why_do_checks_and_balances_only_apply_to/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The parties in the U.S. are not part of the government, they are merely collections of individuals who have freely chosen to work together politically. They're no different, fundamentally, from a work/school clique."
]
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[]
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||
3iwned | how much does a modern tv show like breaking bad or game of thrones make | I know good movies can make up to several hundred million. What are the upper limits on a good tv show. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3iwned/eli5how_much_does_a_modern_tv_show_like_breaking/ | {
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"I'm assuming the missing word in your title is \"money.\"\n\nIf that's the case, what happens is the network funds the production company who makes the shows.\n\nAnother way of thinking about it is the production company makes the show and sells it to the network, but the network pays for it before hand. The production company uses the money it makes by selling it before hand to make the show.\n\nIf the show does really well, they can try and sell it to the network for more money.\n\nSo how much does the show make? It depends on which point you're asking about. It makes the production company however much money the budget is. I think GoT is around $6mil per episode right now.\n\nHow much does it make the networks? Well, we'll probably never really know, but prime time network commercials can run for around half a mil per thirty seconds. But for a subscription service, it's much harder to figure out. The benefit to a subscription service isn't exactly how many people are watching, it's how many people are subscribing because of the show-- and that number could also be dependent on other shows. For instance, maybe someone says \"Yeah, GoT is good, but I don't want to pay for HBO just for that one show. But it also has True Detective, so I guess both of those shows are worth it.\" Neither show is directly responsible for a subscriber, but by having both shows, they get a subscriber.\n\nSo it's much harder to nail down the exact dollar figures on how much a show \"makes\" a network.\n\ne: I see a few people are eager to tell you how much money they make by dvd sales and merchandise and whatnot. Again, this depends on *whom* you're asking is getting the money, because dvd sales and merch and whatever don't make the network anything.\n\nWell, they *probably* don't make the network anything. It gets complicated. But in all likelihood they make the production company money, not the network. In GoT's case, I believe HBO actually does get the DVD sales because HBO sort of acts as its own production company, same as Netflix. But Breaking Bad, for example, was made by Sony so it's Sony who's getting the dvd sales."
]
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[]
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|
2uxe3d | why are .jpg's so bad? | There are so many comments saying "needs more jpeg" and the like, referring to pixelated images. I don't get it. I've seen plenty of .jpg images that look fine, so why do people knock them so much. If I make my own images, should I save it as something else? Something better? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2uxe3d/eli5_why_are_jpgs_so_bad/ | {
"a_id": [
"cocjlsk",
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"Jpgs lose quality pretty quickly as they're compressed. It's not horrible in general, but when you're dealing with people who do image editing and whatnot the limitations crop up readily. There just isn't the data there to make for good, solid editing. \n\nIn comparision, TIFF and RAW image files have more data to work with and manipulate, so they're \"easier\" for editors to deal with and generally look nicer. ",
"Jpeg is good for for photographs or other things that have lots of subtly different color gradients, but aren't great for things like logos or line drawings, or other things with sharp color transitions, or things that require transparancy, which jpeg doesn't support.\n\nUse JPEG for photographs and PNG for logos or drawings."
]
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[],
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|
3c2jle | what exactly is happening when a site like voat becomes inaccessible due to "extremely heavy load?" | I don't know anything about what happens on the other side of my computer screen. As far as I'm concerned, "all their hamsters got too tired" is as valid an explanation as anything else. What happens at a time like this? Is there a group of people working frantically night and day to do something to fix it? ELI5, please. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3c2jle/eli5_what_exactly_is_happening_when_a_site_like/ | {
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"Suppose you've been away from your friends for a while. Then, you come back to town and have a big party with everyone coming.\n\nEverybody wants to talk to you so badly that they all crowd around you and talk at once, and then start talking over each more loudly so that they can be heard, etc. There are so many people talking to you that you can't make out what any of them are saying or have a conversation with anybody.\n\nThat's what is happening, except instead of happening to a human, it happens to a computer.",
"Everything needs time. So when you request a site in your browser a request is send through the net. \nAfter some address conversion it ends at the front door of voat.\nTheir server takes your request and look if he can answer, preparing the answer and send it back to your address. \n\nSo far so good. Now the same as when you get under pressure the infrastructure at the site can make mistakes or is not capable to answer correct when suddenly thousands of requests coming at once. Because the net is so large nowadays it can route many many requests at once to the servers. \n\nAt a certain moment either the server says \"nope I am overload and before I can not respond correct, I do not respond at all\"\nOr maybe, like on a highway so many requests at once jam the line.\n\nWhat the provider of the site can do is looking what exactly the cause is he can try to give the servers more roads to communicate, means bandwidth. \nOr starts more servers to handle the requests, or do a better load balancing so the server is able to answer before the next request comes in.\n\nSometimes this is used to down a site on intention, this is then called \"denail of service attack DOS\""
]
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[],
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j6f5p | sleep. | Tell me why I need that shit physically, and why it blows my mind psychologically.
Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j6f5p/eli5_sleep/ | {
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"Inside of your head you have a brain. Your brain is the reason that you can do anything at all! It lets you move and eat and run and play and watch TV - anything that you can do, your brain is doing.\n\nYour brain also does a lot of things that you don't know about. It breathes for you when you're not doing it yourself (which you are now), it lets you blink even before you know you need to, it keeps your heart beating and your insides using your food, and so many more things that we're still learning more about what it can do!\n\nWith all that work that your brain has to do, it gets tired and needs to slow down a little bit. That's about the time that you get tired - your brain starts telling your body, \"OK, let's settle down for a bit, I need a time-out,\" and your body agrees.\n\nEven when you're asleep though, your brain is still awake - after all, you still need to breathe! During sleep though, your brain does *different* types of work, the kinds of work that it can't do while it's keeping you awake. Everything in your body slows waaaaaaaay dooooooown, and things that normally don't happen (or don't happen as quickly) can start to work. Your body has time to start rebuilding, since it's not being told to work, and you can wake up fresh and healthy for the next day. Without this, you would keep getting worn down!\n\nThere are a lot of things that sleep does - way more than I can explain here - but that's a basic overview. Do you have any questions? I would be happy to try to answer them.",
"Inside of your head you have a brain. Your brain is the reason that you can do anything at all! It lets you move and eat and run and play and watch TV - anything that you can do, your brain is doing.\n\nYour brain also does a lot of things that you don't know about. It breathes for you when you're not doing it yourself (which you are now), it lets you blink even before you know you need to, it keeps your heart beating and your insides using your food, and so many more things that we're still learning more about what it can do!\n\nWith all that work that your brain has to do, it gets tired and needs to slow down a little bit. That's about the time that you get tired - your brain starts telling your body, \"OK, let's settle down for a bit, I need a time-out,\" and your body agrees.\n\nEven when you're asleep though, your brain is still awake - after all, you still need to breathe! During sleep though, your brain does *different* types of work, the kinds of work that it can't do while it's keeping you awake. Everything in your body slows waaaaaaaay dooooooown, and things that normally don't happen (or don't happen as quickly) can start to work. Your body has time to start rebuilding, since it's not being told to work, and you can wake up fresh and healthy for the next day. Without this, you would keep getting worn down!\n\nThere are a lot of things that sleep does - way more than I can explain here - but that's a basic overview. Do you have any questions? I would be happy to try to answer them."
]
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[],
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|
1wluzs | why is the snow not melting when being lit on fire? | _URL_0_
Why is the snow not melting into water? It instead gets black. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wluzs/eli5_why_is_the_snow_not_melting_when_being_lit/ | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Soot from the lighter is black which gets on the snow so when it does melt. It has the contaminants from the lighter in it.",
"Soot from the lighter makes it black. Reason it doesn't melt much is it takes around 300-350 Joules to melt about 1 gram ice at 0°C.\nA typical lighter flame might give off 900 Joules pr. minute. So it takes time to melt even 1g of snow..\nAlso, a lot of the water from melting it gets absorbed by the snow, so the effects looks even better."
]
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66l7k1 | why should we scan instead of photocopying? | [Explaining digital archiving to an aunt who lives in the past]
When my wife's grandmother died, she entrusted several hundred old (1800s–1980s) photographs to my wife and me. My wife's aunt, who lives 1,000 miles away, is a hoarder stuck in the pre-computer age, and she keeps calling us requesting the original documents. She really wants to photocopy the pictures and snail-mail them to all her family, and she thinks she has a right to do so . . . right now!
We are both trained digital archivists, and we've tried to explain to her that scanned copies are the best way to distribute and preserve these photographs for future generations. She just doesn't seem to get it. What would you do? How would you explain it to her? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66l7k1/eli5_why_should_we_scan_instead_of_photocopying/ | {
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"Do it your way, then loan her the originals so she can do it her way, and you get 'em back.\n\nHer ~~mom~~ grandma died, dude. This is not the hill worth dying on, it's not really important to win this fight imho.",
"Sometimes being correct is not worth the effort it takes to get there. She is from a different time and this is what she wants. Sure you could fight the battle, but is the juice worth the squeeze? Scan the pictures and archive them, or put them on a cd and give her the copy as backup. Then photocopy the pics. IF she is curious as to which is better she may explore, if not you have a backup saved for if she needs it.",
"My girlfriend says the best way would just be to go over there and show her how it's done and how safer and more efficient scanning really is. \n\nMy way would be to tell her that those photos will disintegrate if she photocopies them. And then to ask her \"is that what you want to happen?\" ",
"As someone that works with technology with people that are old and don't understand technology she almost certainly just doesn't know what the heck you are talking about and just wants the thing she wants to happen to happen. She wants a photocopy because that is the word she knows to use to mean a duplicate to mail. So when you start talking about digital archives and scans and whatever it just sounds like you are saying you won't give her the thing she's asking for and it's not communicated that your thing is the same idea. Scan the documents then send her high quality print outs, higher quality than a xerox would be, because that is what she wants and when you talk about digital whatevers she thinks you are just denying her the ability to have copies. ",
"Well, a good place to start might be to explain that you'll have a hard time finding a photocopier that still uses good old-fashioned xerography. Nowadays, they are just digital scanners with printers attached. So one way or the other they will end up being digitally scanned.\n\nIf your wife's aunt wants to have copies in print, why not? Although digital files don't degrade in quality if properly stored, for the average person they are much easier to lose than physical photographs. Refer her to a photo shop that can print them out nicely in a way she would appreciate, perhaps with a sample. If she's happy with that, problem solved.",
" > She just doesn't seem to get it. What would you do? How would you explain it to her?\n\nI don't think the issue is with technology, to be honest. It sounds like she just wants the control over it (which to be fair, her mom just died). when you tell her digital copy, all she's hearing is \"nnebeel is holding onto them, i can't have them\". One of the ways people process grief is being able to touch things that have memories\n\nIf she really is struggling with the technology bit though, i would just tell her you *are* photocopying them, just say it's a professional photocopy that preserves better. (Besides, as far as she's concerned, it's the same thing). The same way you wouldn't go to Target for a wedding dress, or dry cleaning vs the washer.\n\nThe suggestion someone gave of just doing it and print copies for her and then showing her the result is smart, as well. Seeing is believing, and all that.",
"Tell her that \"scanning\" is basically the first stage of photocopying, after which you can print the picture, or multiple copies of the picture, or edit the picture. \n\nTo get her to calm down, mail her the pics you already scanned, along with some physical demonstration of what you can do with scans: \n- multiple quality prints of a few selected pictures, so she can mail them\n- a collage of several pictures, maybe even a family tree\n- a picture book, with annotations and dates\nAnd then a CD so she can get more of this from her neighborhood FedEx store (look up the address too).\n\nAlso, do not talk down to her. Some of these pictures survived for more than 100 years on paper. How long will your hard drive, or your cloud service provider, will last?"
]
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4aorfh | are dogs having 'fun' when they play? or is something else else happening? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4aorfh/eli5_are_dogs_having_fun_when_they_play_or_is/ | {
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"Humans have a huge capacity to anthropomorphise, so it's very easy for us to ascribe human feelings and characteristics to, well, anything, but especially an animal *we* love. \n\nDogs probably don't have \"fun\" and feel emotions in the same way we do, but they do clearly exhibit playfulness, and enjoyment. Even if it's not the same exact thing as it is for us, for all intents and purposes we may as well say it is. It is clearly beneficial for both the dogs and for us who are playing with them. \n\nTo get a bit more technical - playing is something juvenile animals (and humans) do in order to learn skills they'll need as adults. Wild animals grow out of it, but domesticated animals maintain some juvenile characteristics for their entire life, so they remain playful for a long, long time. ",
"Be careful of any \"answers,\" as they generally fall into a couple ragged camps of guesses:\n\n1. Dogs play and emote closer to humans than we can understand, by simple virtue of the fact that we've effectively created them.\n\n2. Dogs are animals and humans just project human things on animals.\n\n-#1 is close, and #2 is a kneejerk, atheistic reaction to r/aww posts.\n\nBut the reality? Do *humans* have fun when they play? What part is the fun? Is it in the competition, or the resolution of competition, or simply the release of chemicals from strenuous activity?\n\nThe key to the answer is to start replacing \"or's\" with \"and's.\"\n\nLet's keep dogs out of this for now: \n\n1. A human plays a competitive game against a rival. The \"fun\" could be the adrenaline and endorphines and personal challenge and probably an intellectual/strategizing challenge. Maybe there are potential mates around, further complicating the cocktail. Maybe they win and maybe they lose, affecting their human perception of the fun that was had, but not the positive physical effects. Was \"fun\" still had?\n\n2. A human plays a competitive game against a friend, or with friends. Some \"fun\" may come from competitive responses, while more may come from oxytocin-tinged bonding. Perhaps the level of strategy increases, resulting in more strategy fun. And maybe they are bad at strategy and functioning in peer groups...\n\nThose two situations should give you an idea of just how poorly we do at evaluating ourselves and the experiences we reduce to words like \"fun.\" The group crying \"anthropomorphism!\" are, in reality, still clinging to a 20th century notion about humanity representing some special, exclusive zone in the animal kingdom. Essentially, the fact that we use human language to describe things is seen as a blanket-indictment of our capacity to reason the world. This was a good disclaimer about observational rigor, turned into a belief system based in human superiority. The current research does *not* support this perspective in any way, but it *seems* like it's the most scientifically-responsible. Hence, its popularity on Reddit.\n\nAnd while group 1 is still terrible at articulating truth, their animal impulse to \"same\" whatever species possible might itself represent greater insight into how animals operate. A dog may see you as its peer/leader simply because you have two forward-facing eyes. It may not have genuine dominance-play impulses with you, but could still have \"fun\" with a situation that simulates those things. Using a human word like \"fun\" to describe its response is not nearly as damning as it's been made out to be, but for the reduced observation involved. See: Cat owners loving their cats for panting like dogs, while failing to understand it as a sign of distress. Anthropomorphism *can* be a hindrance to understanding. But blind accusations of anthropomorphism have become a similar obstacle.\n\nTruly, it's a great question. But the only \"answer\" is a confusing storm of variables. You can see how some humans have fun resolving that storm down into a smart-sounding answer. This aspect of nature is almost wholly-ignored, and will almost certainly become the new \"smart\" response.\n\nBut like anything else, animals are not binary elements of our existence. If you just get rid of your \"or,\" you've got your answer in the question. Yep, there is a range of potential responses/impulses at play. Our current failure to comprehend what that \"means\" makes every answer here suspect as heck."
]
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2d41kt | why does a light shined from the bottom of someone's face make them look scary? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2d41kt/eli5_why_does_a_light_shined_from_the_bottom_of/ | {
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"It's because just about all faces that we normally encounter are lit more-or-less from above most of the time. Very few faces we encounter are ever lit almost directly from below. The different areas of brightly lit and shaded facial structure when the light source is below them completely changes the apparent structure of the face, making the chin and lower cheekbones and upper eye-ridges really stand out unlike everyone else. This makes them very different, and because of this, quite scary.\n\nIt's the same reason why some people have an innate fear of clowns or why some dolls and ventriloquist dummies look frightening. They're very different-looking and without an association with childish or absurd humour, scary."
]
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[]
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||
66fnhv | what happens if you never repay your loans? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66fnhv/eli5what_happens_if_you_never_repay_your_loans/ | {
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"text": [
"There are two types of loans: secured, and unsecured.\n\nA secured loan is a loan for an object that has value, like a house or a car. If you stop making your car payments, the lender takes back the car. Legally, when you took out the loan to buy your car you gave them the right to do that.\n\nAn unsecured loan is just cash, there's no specific object. An example of that would be credit card debt. If you fail to pay your loan, they can try to collect the money, if it's a lot - by getting a court order to garnish your wages or take money directly from your bank account. But if the amount isn't worth it, they'll just ruin your credit rating, making it impossible for you to get any future loans for the next ~7 years.\n\nIf you didn't actually commit fraud, then you won't go to jail. Failing to pay back a loan is civil, not criminal, and there are no debtor's prisons.\n\nIf you owe so much money that there's no way you could ever pay it back, you can declare bankruptcy. The way this works is that the court takes your remaining money, divides it among everyone you owe, then declares all loans paid off. You start over from scratch. You're left with items you need to survive like a car and a basic apartment, but if they're extravagant you may be forced to sell those and get something more modest.\n\nFun fact: prior to the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), the #1 cause of personal bankruptcy was medical bills. Obamacare may not be perfect, but it definitely helped this situation a lot - far fewer people are bankrupted by medical bills today.\n"
]
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||
31zvfh | why is the water in my marina especially calm in the early morning? | Setting: I live on a boat, in a marina on Long Island's south shore. There's a mile of water, and a barrier island, between the marina's canals and the open sea. At low tide the water there and in the canals is ~4 feet. You can easily see the tide going in and out by the direction of the ripples on the marina water.
The rest of the day the water may be rough or calm, but unless there's a storm brewing, even with the tide currents the water in the marina is as still as glass in the early morning.
Why is it so quiet then? It's harder to get a sailboat out of the slip when the water's rough, so we're often like "FFS, why does it have to be perfect at 5AM, rather than when we're ready to sail?" | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/31zvfh/eli5_why_is_the_water_in_my_marina_especially/ | {
"a_id": [
"cq6ibzs"
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"text": [
"Because at that time in the morning, the heat energy in the water is at its lowest. During the day sunlight will warm the water, and cause (small) convection currents to churn the water a little. Not much, just enough to negate that glass like surface. \n\nFirst thing in the morning the water's had the longest to expel its heat before the process starts again when the sun comes up. \n\nEdit - It's the same sort of reason that the air is a lot more still and quiet at night. \n\nEdit 2 - Also a lot of the water wildlife will be dormant and have been dormant for some hours. That will contribute too.\n "
]
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|
ce5wm1 | why does the moon appear to be larger when it's just raising than when it's high up? and why does it look more yellow during this time? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ce5wm1/eli5_why_does_the_moon_appear_to_be_larger_when/ | {
"a_id": [
"etz2hbb"
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"text": [
"It's all about perspective. The moon appears to be bigger when it's rising, because your brain has something to compare it to (hills, skyline, mountains, horizon etc.). Without anything to compare it to, it's difficult for humans to judge the size of things.\n\nAs for the yellowness or the moon, I believe it has something do with the light as it refracts in the atmosphere at that low angle. But I'm not entirely sure on that."
]
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[]
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||
54zny2 | what will registering to vote do if i don't agree with either major candidate or third-party candidates? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/54zny2/eli5_what_will_registering_to_vote_do_if_i_dont/ | {
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"Here's a thought - if you don't vote, you've voted for whatever fucking happens.\n\nThat's how a democratic system works. If you vote, you get to have an opinion... if you don't vote you can shut the fuck up and take what is given since you didn't bother to exert your right as a citizen to weigh in.\n\nSo yeah, there's nothing wrong with not registering to vote... but you're just saying \"whatever happens is fine\".",
"Registering to vote doesn't do anything except enable you to vote. Not just in the election, but also in the next primary/caucus. If you aren't happy with the current crop of candidates, then register and participate in the process that selects the major party candidates. \n \nVirtually no one totally agrees with any candidate. You either choose to vote for the one who is closest to your ideals, or you vote for the least objectionable candidate with a chance to win (the \"lesser of two evils\"). \n \nBesides that, there are a lot of other elections besides the Presidential election. Are you happy with Congress? With the state legislature? Etc. \n \nVoting is your chance to make a small difference, with little effort on your part. ",
"Allows you to vote... It doesn't obligate you to vote. That's like asking what getting a license does for you if you don't plan on driving - nothing since you don't have to use it.",
"Registering *by itself* does nothing beyond giving you the opportunity to vote. \nIt's the voting itself that *does something* \nBut don't make the mistake of thinking that the big Presidential vote is the only one that matters. It does, of course matter a lot, but your local races have a lot more potential to have immediate impact on your daily life.",
"If you register to vote, but don't cast a vote...then you basically wasted your time but you'll still be registered for the next election, I guess.\n\nThat said, do vote even if you don't fully agree with any of the candidates. It's rare (I'd say even unheard of) for a person to find a complete 100% match between their own views and the views of a candidate, so you really do need to settle for the best (or \"least bad\") option. You can also take the opposite approach and decide that you really DON'T like a specific candidate and vote for literally anyone but that person (preferably their most popular opponent) in order to try and prevent them from winning. This is called strategic voting.\n\nLastly, even though the presidential campaign gets by far the most media coverage, you also get to vote for your Congressmen (2 Senators and possibly a Representative) as well as any state and local positions that are currently up for grabs and whether you support or oppose certain proposed laws or state constitution amendments. The closer to the local level you get, the more your vote matters simply because you represent an ever-increasing proportion of the total number of people who can vote on the subject at hand.\n\ntl;dr GO VOTE"
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eztfv8 | why isn't the black box data on airplanes automatically uploaded to cloud storage somewhere? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eztfv8/eli5_why_isnt_the_black_box_data_on_airplanes/ | {
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"In the aftermath of MH370, experts say it might be time to update methods of collecting flight data. Passengers are able to text, stream and surf the internet but the data recorders on board are not communicating in real time with the rest of the world. However, the bandwidth needed to stream huge amounts of data from large aircraft is not currently feasible. Aviation author Stephen Trimble writes in the Guardian that Boeing has applied for a patent on a system that will transmit a subset of data including the plane's location:\n\nThis is an excerpt from _URL_0_",
"Well, I think it records hundreds or thousands of readings per second. \n\nPlus the bandwidth via satellite isn't that great. \n\nPlus we have over 10 MILLION commercial flights per year in the United States, and none of them crash. \n\nI think the last hull loss crash of a passenger jet was in 2009, if I'm remembering correctly.",
"Considering the makers of the engines track their units in real time yes I think it's time to update the system. It is absolutely possible.",
"It is a tremendous amount of data, and internet isn't a magic all reaching field. Current satellite internet is the only way to reach transcontinental flights, but it is slow, laggy and unreliable.\n\nEven then, with all that in mind, airplane crashes are an absolute minority. You're much more likely to die going to the airport by car, and infinitely more by motorbike for example, than in the flight you're about to take, so there's no real need to have such data available in real time.",
"Because the money required to implement that kind of a system would likely save more lives if spent somewhere else.\n\nWe'd certainly like to know more about how crashes like MH370 happened, but knowing won't bring those people back, and while it *might* uncover design flaws that *could* save lives in the future, chances are we'd just learn it was human error, or in that particular case, intentional. Investing that money in better training, more pilots to reduce fatigue, and better equipment is more likely to prevent crashes than spending billions to get one black box that otherwise would have been lost.",
"The FAA requires 88 parameters to be stored in the flight data recorder of any commercial aircraft. They are:\n\n > (1) Time; (2) Pressure altitude; (3) Indicated airspeed; (4) Heading--primary flight crew reference (if selectable, record discrete, true or magnetic); (5) Normal acceleration (Vertical); (6) Pitch attitude; (7) Roll attitude; (8) Manual radio transmitter keying, or CVR/DFDR synchronization reference; (9) Thrust/power of each engine--primary flight crew reference; (10) Autopilot engagement status; (11) Longitudinal acceleration; (12) Pitch control input; (13) Lateral control input; (14) Rudder pedal input; (15) Primary pitch control surface position; (16) Primary lateral control surface position; (17) Primary yaw control surface position; (18) Lateral acceleration; (19) Pitch trim surface position (20) Trailing edge flap or cockpit flap control selection (21) Leading edge flap or cockpit flap control selection (22) Each Thrust reverser position (or equivalent for propeller airplane); (23) Ground spoiler position or speed brake selection (24) Outside or total air temperature; (25) Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) modes and engagement status, including autothrottle; (26) Radio altitude; (27) Localizer deviation, MLS Azimuth; (28) Glideslope deviation, MLS Elevation; (29) Marker beacon passage; (30) Master warning; (31) Air/ground sensor (primary airplane system reference nose or main gear); (32) Angle of attack ; (33) Hydraulic pressure low (each system); (34) Ground speed ; (35) Ground proximity warning system; (36) Landing gear position or landing gear cockpit control selection; (37) Drift angle (38) Wind speed and direction ; (39) Latitude and longitude (40) Stick shaker/pusher (41) Windshear\n(42) Throttle/power lever position; (43) Additional engine parameters (44) Traffic alert and collision avoidance system; (45) DME 1 and 2 distances; (46) Nav 1 and 2 selected frequency; (47) Selected barometric setting\n(48) Selected altitude ; (49) Selected speed (50) Selected mach (51) Selected vertical speed (52) Selected heading (53) Selected flight path (54) Selected decision height (55) EFIS display format; (56) Multi-function/engine/alerts display format; (57) Thrust command (58) Thrust target (59) Fuel quantity in CG trim tank (60) Primary Navigation System Reference; (61) Icing (62) Engine warning each engine vibration (63) Engine warning each engine over temp. (64) Engine warning each engine oil pressure low (65) Engine warning each engine over speed (66) Yaw trim surface position; (67) Roll trim surface position; (68) Brake pressure (selected system); (69) Brake pedal application (left and right); (70) Yaw of sideslip angle; (71) Engine bleed valve position\n(72) De-icing or anti-icing system selection (73) Computed center of gravity\n(74) AC electrical bus status; (75) DC electrical bus status; (76) APU bleed valve position (77) Hydraulic pressure (each system); (78) Loss of cabin pressure; (79) Computer failure; (80) Heads-up display (81) Para-visual display (82) Cockpit trim control input position-pitch; (83) Cockpit trim control input position--roll; (84) Cockpit trim control input position--yaw; (85) Trailing edge flap and cockpit flap control position; (86) Leading edge flap and cockpit flap control position; (87) Ground spoiler position and speed brake selection; and (88) All cockpit flight control input forces (control wheel, control column, rudder pedal)\n\nThat is what's required to be stored, although many newer airplanes store far, far more parameters than this. The sensors are queried and the data is stored a minimum of 4 times per second, so we're talking lots of data. For instance, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner stores somewhere around a half terabyte of data (it's recording around 700 parameters, each 4 times per second, although the actual number of parameters and what they are is highly confidential and not publicly released) during a typical 6 hour flight. Multiply that by thousands or tens of thousands of flights per day and you'll being to see the problem with broadcasting the data back to the cloud. Satellite communications would quickly be overwhelmed. A flight data recorder writes the data in a loop, and typical models have ~25 hours of storage. Cockpit voice recorders don't have quite as much storage, with they typical capacity being about 2 hours.\n\nEdited to add: The Dreamliner in this example, if it's storing a half terabyte of data in a six hour flight, would require almost a 200mbit/second connection to dump all that data. That's 500,000,000,000 bytes times 8 bits/byte divided by 6 hours times 3600 seconds/hour, which equals 185,185,185.185mbit/second.",
"Pilot here (private pilot- I fly little planes for fun) \n\nThere are a few problems with this. \n\nThe first is cost. You know the satellite Internet modem you can buy and install on your RV for $2,500 so you get internet while you're bumming around the country? Make that an *aviation* Internet modem, and suddenly it costs $250,000-$2.5 million. The certification that anything aviation related goes through is insane, and it drives up the cost 10x or more. Fitting these gadgets on all airliners is going to cost a lot of money, and someone's gonna have to pay for it. Nobody will volunteer to pay for it. \n\nSecond is bandwidth. To transmit all this data in real time would take a lot of bandwidth, which becomes a problem when you consider that there's millions of flights every day. \n\nThird is privacy. Pilots will NOT want a live stream of their every cockpit conversation going somewhere that's easily retrieved and listened to and stored forever. Pilots have no problems with black boxes, but there is concern about airlines spying on their employees, or having their conversations subpoena'd. That's why cockpit voice recorders only store 10-20 hours of audio, and there's an 'Erase CVR' button in the cockpit to erase the cockpit voice recorder. In general that button only works with the plane on the ground and the parking brake engaged, but it's there because pilots were concerned the cockpit voice recorder would be used to spy on them. \nPilots would be 100% against a constant audio feed from the cockpit, and I don't blame them- chances are that audio would be stored forever on some cloud server, and what happens when 3 years from now Joe Pilot is getting divorced and his soon to be ex wife subpoena's every private conversation he's ever had with a first officer? Nobody wants that. \n\nTHAT ALL SAID, there are benefits to some limited data collection from commercial flights. A system that uploads a limited set of data every minute or so- things like altitude, airspeed, engine status, location, etc. wouldn't be a huge burden. The report would be about the size of 3 or 4 text messages, so it wouldn't cause any real bandwidth problems. Things like audio data or realtime data wouldn't be part of that. In a case like MH370 it would have been helpful- MH370 did have an engine computer that auto reported, but it wasn't getting location info, so that wasn't part of the report. If the plane started in any sort of distress, this could be increased in frequency or more data uploaded.",
"There is no need to upload black box data because it would be expensive and pointless.\n\nThe Location of the airplane is important and it is already possible to have airplane tracking via satellite-based ADSB system which basically sends airplane GPS data to the satellites. The only thing that airlines need is money and will to install these systems.",
"Whenever this subject comes up, the difficulty and expense are always listed. Apparently its \"all or nothing\". The fact that there is NOT a GPS ping recorded just once a minute is ludicrous.\n\nEspecially for planes that cross oceans. If it crashes on land, you can see the wreck. In the ocean, there might actually be a few survivors floating...if you simply knew where to start looking.\n\nWe can come up with a \"best\" system later, but GPS right now is not asking too much.",
"Even if we were to assume that the data link had the bandwidth to transmit all the flight telemetry and cockpit audio, the information that is of most use to investigators is from the point in time that there is a catastrophic failure, during which time this transmission probably will be compromised.",
"As a computer scientist, I think this would be feasible, maybe at the beginning, it wouldn't be that great, you wouldn't be sending tons of data, it will be really compressed if the plane crashes you might not have 100% of the recording on land.\n\nBut there are methods to deal with things like intermittent signal and low bandwidth and once there would be a system in place it will start to improve over the years.\n\nI think the problem is not so much in the system's part but most on other things, for example, it will cost a lot of money and it will add extra cost to plane construction (programmers are expensive, thankfully =) ), it will also require a lot of standards for example if a Russian plane takes off from USA it will need to start sending the data to the USA because send it to Russia will be problematic, then how does the US will treat those recordings and if the plane crashes how do you make sure the US didn't tinker the recording to make it look like an accident.\n\nBut of course, those things could also be sorted out while developing the system but everything adds a cost to the overall implementation.\n\nIn my opinion, it's not impossible quite the opposite (it will be way easier than sending people to the moon and having a recording of it) it's just nobody wants to put the effort and money into it.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEDIT:\n\nRethinking my answer I think that \"sending the black box data to a server\" is impossible but \"sending all the data that goes into the black box to a server\" is what is happening all the time. Let me explain myself: all the time planes are sending tons of live data to the airport like location, recordings etc. But the black box is a system that stores data when the communication system fails so by definition the black box is going to store the same or more data that is being sent to servers. But if the communication system is working seconds before the plane destruction that information is going to be communicated to an airport and is going to be saved in a hard drive the problem is that in most accidents the communication systems will not work and the only possibility is to store the data in the black box.",
"Why? It's (currently) not a function of the standard equipment. A lot of aircraft are actually very old, at least by consumer electronics standards, so it's just not been implemented.\n\nOddly enough, 'safety' and 'emergency' gear are the slowest to change in most cases, as they are forced to undergo the most rigorous testing before being implemented for widespread use. \n\nThere are discussions of adding features like that, and certain things are already in place on some aircraft to enable limited diagnostic and/or position data to be transmitted to a ground station.",
"A lot of data **is** available online. FlightAware offers altitude, speed, distance, and a moving flight tracker via ADSB tracking.\n\nAnd there are free ATC websites that allow anyone to listen in on radio transmissions.",
"The short answer is that the technology in black boxes hasn't changed much in a while, and they existed before we had satellite internet on planes. It's the same reason we dial actual numbers still to call people when it would make more sense to have unique user IDs for everyone. Or why we still have full time COBOL engineers. Technology moves fast. Implementations of it often change quite slow without specific market pressure. I mean nobody buys a ticket based on whether or not the plane has the newer black box or not.",
"Because critical management portions of airline and aircraft systems still use ancient programming languages like COBOL and send data over the Internet in the clear... the industry is not quick to make technological changes that don’t improve their bottom line.",
"Not an expert of airplane systems but... isn't everything connected at risk of being intercepted or even hacked? \nEven airgapped systems need to be protected in some way.",
"Well... I know there is a huge ammount of data involved to make this operation feasible at this moment. But the data keep being stored inside the flight recorders every second in real time. \n\nWe all know that most of plane accidents just doesn't happen like a flash.\n\nThey are a chain of events which ends in missing or crashed planes. \n\nSo why don't use some kind of sensor that could track some sort of odd event during the flight and THEN start to send data? Almost like the airbags in cars. They need a strong and unusual G acceleration to deploy and there are sensors for that inside our cars. \n\nThe same principle should be used in planes. As long as this sensor (or sensor array) detects some anomaly during the flight, instead of blow an airbag, a data link ONLY FOR THAT SPECIFIC PLANE could be created and the plane systems keep uploading every collected data from the 10 or 20 previous minutes and keep sending until it got sync'ed with real time events until the plane stabilizes, or crash.. \n\nThis will keep the data channels clear and could help find missing planes, like the MH-470 or AF-447(which is located months later).\n\nAnd most important, it will help the aviation industry to evolve and improve the reliability.",
"With Starlink and other low-orbit satellite based Internet providers imminent, this may become a possibility. Until then it's too much data for the current satellites that provide Internet.",
"Why not yet:\n\n1. The internet has only been available on aircraft for a short time.\n2. The internet on aircraft isn't 100% reliable, so, recording the data in the aircraft is still important.\n3. New aircraft will start having this as a feature when the market pressures demand it. Most likely, the demand will come from companies that insure the aircraft.\n4. Once new planes start coming out with this feature, it will take at least 15 years for half the fleet to have this feature. (Currently the fleet averages about 15 years old, but, that may be skewed a bit because the fleet has grown a lot in recent years and that growth may not continue)\n\nHere's an analysis of what it would cost to do this to the existing fleet.\n\n1. Per black box model costs:\n 1. A new, black box, compatible with it's predecessor needs to be developed.\n 2. It will have new hardware (networking)\n 3. It will have new software (to communicate the recorded data)\n 4. There will be certification costs.\n2. Per aircraft model costs:\n 1. Engineer the installation of the new BB.\n 1. This will include new wiring routed through the airframe\n 2. Mounting hardware\n 3. Mounting antennas\n 2. testing and certification\n3. Per aircraft costs:\n 1. New hardware\n 2. New wiring installed (antennas etc.)\n 3. testing\n\nKeep in mind that there are a lot of planes flying that are 20-30 years old. They replace engines, and systems all the time, but, the airframes last a long time. \n\n\nCertification is a slow and very expensive process. There are a lot of aircraft variations out there.",
"The problem today isn’t whether this is possible, it’s whether it’s affordable and who is going to pay for it.\n\nPeoples expectations about the ease and cost of data streaming are based on their experience with terrestrial use in populated areas, within cell tower coverage area. Data transfer OUTSIDE that coverage is MUCH pricier and far more limited than people assume\n\nOnce the SpaceX Starlink constellation is built out, routine streaming of aircraft ‘black box’ data will probably become routine",
"Crashes where the cause of the accident is unable to be determined are virtually unheard of. MH370 is a true anomaly, and I highly doubt the cause of it's disappearance is something to be concerned about regarding the safety of the 777 fleet.\n\nSo my opinion is that it's just not necessary. I'm a commerical pilot.",
"Can you imagine the videos we would have if 9/11 happened with todays phones. Just a thought.",
"The amount of time, energy, and resources necessary to transmit that amount of data that far in real time is so large with our current technology that it's way more feasible to just make the black box's almost completely indestructible",
"Probably simply cost.\n\nTake United Airlines. They have a fleet of about 800 aircraft. At $50,000 per, that's $40 million not counting the cost of taking the planes out of service for the upgrade.\n\nWorldwide there are around 40 thousand commercial aircraft. It adds up.\n\nWhy $50,000? It's a guess, but considering that an airplane coffeemaker costs around $10,000 I'm probably on the low side.",
"There is a company in Calgary that sells a product that does just this. They just signed a contract with weather to install it on their aircraft flyht avionics is their name I think",
"I guess it is a mix of a few things.\n\nThere are some calculations in this thread for telemetry data, but not voice data. Voice and video media tale up a lot more than some metrics, depending what you measure.\n\nEven the more expensive airlines I've been on have had crap Internet speeds. If half of this is used for black box data, it'll be even slower.\n\nThen there's the general laziness. There isn't a minimum required standard for live transmitting this data, and until there is, few will adopt it. It'll cost them money, be very little selling point to passengers, and probably doesn't reflect the likelihood of the data being being needed and also being so much more useful live that it saves lives. \n\nThat said, I'm all for it. I think if it saves even one life then it'll be worth making it a minimum standard for aircraft. It might be that (to start with) only the telemetry data needs to be live, but that'll be ok because it'll be enough to find the black box most of the time to get the voice data, and of course, find the passengers and airline crew.",
"From a quick search, in 2019 there was 39 million commercial flights, of those 39 million, there was less than 20 fatal crashes and essentially none where the black box was needed, but was not recovered.\n\n\nSo the reason, is that there is almost zero need for the black box to be constantly recorded to the cloud.",
"An airliner at its maximum speed crosses around 1 km in 3 seconds max. (actually it's more like 4-5 seconds)\nSo adding a GPS ping uplink every 5 seconds shall not be too hard. Coordinates including date and time stamp shall not exceed 100 bytes. Not too difficult to achieve these days over basic satellite communications."
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8lkpwg | how does gold found from a shipwreck from hundreds of years ago affect a nation's economy? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8lkpwg/eli5_how_does_gold_found_from_a_shipwreck_from/ | {
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"The countries that claim it are Spain and Colombia\n\nColombia have a GDP of 282 billion USD and Spain 1232 billion USD\n\nThat is 6% of GDP fro Colombia and 1.4% for Spain.\n\nLage amount of gold or even producing large amount of oil can be bad for a economy as is dependent on one thing and are sensitive to changes. Spain defaulted on loans four time in the regin of Philip II 1557 1560 1575 1596 because large spending and reliance on gold that decreased i value. It is a bit like how some nations today are dependent on oil\n\n\nBut a single injection of gold at that size is not a problem but can cause a bit of inflation and changes in some prices depending of how i its used."
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2t8k6a | why can't you replace the led lightbulbs in an led christmas light set? is there a scientific reason for this? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2t8k6a/eli5_why_cant_you_replace_the_led_lightbulbs_in/ | {
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"there's no reason. maybe the manufacturer just decided not to make sockets and plugs for LED bulbs that don't require replacing as often",
"there is no Scientific reason, the reason is economic.\n\nIt costs more to make a socket a \"replaceable\" one. LED lights last a VERY long time and do not burn out like incandescent ones do. So, to keep the costs of the lights down they do not make them replaceable, since that would almost never be needed anyway. "
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3ne1v2 | why did chrome stop supporting plugins? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ne1v2/eli5_why_did_chrome_stop_supporting_plugins/ | {
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"Google reckon that some are now possible with HTML5, and that others are not secure, so they've pulled the plug.\n\n[Source](_URL_0_)",
"You're asking about the NPAPI plugin framework. It requires a process separate from the browser (java, flash have separate .exe's). Modern browsers run website code in a \"sandbox\" so that in case it's malicious it can't do much. External plugins like Java and Flash have their own set of vulnerabilities and don't have sandboxes. HTML5 runs inside the sandbox.\n\n\nThis is a problem for many things, like VPN clients that launch from external corporate web pages, among others. \n"
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547mwg | why some people find history easier than math (and vice versa) | Obviously, some people have their subjects difficulties and abilities, but what I'm looking for here is the genealogy of this psychological characteristic. Is it genes? Is it random? Is it made up during one's childhood / life development? If one behaved differently, would it like more a specific subject instead of another? I've been very curious about this subject lately, so I'd really like your thoughts about this.
Peace. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/547mwg/eli5_why_some_people_find_history_easier_than/ | {
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"I think it has to do more with how someone learns, so environmental factors, I guess. Understanding concepts and memorizing events is easier than remembering how to manipulate numbers and memorize why things do the things they do. Also, history is more interesting to a lot of people, as they get to learn about the world.\n\nMath is fun once you start to enjoy figuring out how something works and are able to remember how to do certain things, and why they do it, so it's more problem solving and abstract than histoty, which appeals to a lot of people, too. Plus, it's great to be a contrarian. \n\n(Source: was super partial to histoty and now love math more than anything)"
]
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[]
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