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30oxjl
|
how can someone have negative karma for every comment yet still have a positive karma score?
|
Here's the example:
_URL_0_
Every comment this user has made has huge negative karma, but she has positive karma on the summary.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30oxjl/eli5_how_can_someone_have_negative_karma_for/
|
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"text": [
"Reddit employs algorithms that try to prevent vote brigading and mass downvoting. For example if you clicked on a user's page and started downvoting every comment, reddit will probably ignore those downvotes when calculating the user's total karma. \n\nIn this case, the thread was linked from /r/bestof, which caused a massive influx of redditors to view this threads. Most of the downvotes probably come from there. Reddit probably has an algorithm that prevents these downvotes from being counted in the total."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://np.reddit.com/user/ConfuzzledWife"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
dk6tlg
|
why does the sun hurt my eyes after coming outside from a darker house?
|
This is a question submitted by my 6 year old. After he came outside to a sunny day after playing indoors all morning he asked me why does the brightness from the sun hurt his eyes after being in the darkness of the inside? After some googling, I'm only able to find information about medical conditions, but we're asking specifically for just your run of the mill response to change in lighting.
Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dk6tlg/eli5_why_does_the_sun_hurt_my_eyes_after_coming/
|
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"The eyes have a layer of light-sensing cells on the back called the retina. Those cells don't like being exposed to too much light and they will protest with that feeling of pain. To compensate the eyes have an iris (that colored part around the black hole of the pupil) that will expand and contract to control the amount of light let into the eye. When you move from a dark house into the bright outdoors the iris will contract, reducing the light let into the eyes and the cells of the retina stop complaining."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1wljc0
|
what would happen if the wind stopped blowing?
|
Not as in stopped blowing for a few seconds, but what if wind no longer existed. What would the effects be?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wljc0/eli5_what_would_happen_if_the_wind_stopped_blowing/
|
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"If natural wind stopped entirely, the Earth's weather patterns would be severely messed up. These are some of the things that would change:\n\n- It would rarely rain in inland locations (wind moves moist air over dry spots and falls as rain). All land not near a body of water would turn into a desert.\n\n- There would be more extreme temperatures (the warm/cold air over the ground would not be replaced by the steady temperature air of the oceans and seas).\n\n- The trade winds would no longer exist, and ocean stream currents would eventually stop. This would to serious climate changes. (The Gulf Stream keeps Europe warm).\n\nNo natural wind would also seriously damage the ecosystem because a lot of plants need the wind to move their pollen around. Also, oxygen would no longer spread across the atmosphere.\n\nNow, if the question includes relative wind (eg. the wind you put your hand out of a car window) then the following would not longer work:\n\n- Airplanes and helicopters\n\n- Air dryers\n\n- Air horns\n\n- Basically any item that requires the movement of air\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
398zk3
|
why can't humans control their organs and tell them to stop working? it's like our conscious mind is imprisoned by our subconscious mind
|
I'm not trying to voodoo myself or anything. Just curious
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/398zk3/eli5_why_cant_humans_control_their_organs_and/
|
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"Presumably over time any individuals who did possess such abilities would be removed from the gene pool. Because they'd be dead.",
"Living bodies are incredibly complex machines. Each part of these machines perform functions which we have no innate understanding of. Having the conscious ability to flip switches on things that we do not understand would be much like yanking out wires or tubes from under your car's hood. It may not instantly kill the car, but could cause serious problems down the road. \n\nOur brains can, under extreme circumstances, shut down organs or bodily functions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
23xhc1
|
how difficult would it be to crowdsource a successful isp in the us?
|
Defining successful as:
1. Delivers at least broadband speeds
2. Accessible by at least 50% of the United States
3. Ability to charge less than Comcast for the same speeds or higher, and still make profit
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23xhc1/eli5_how_difficult_would_it_be_to_crowdsource_a/
|
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"text": [
"Got a few hundred billion dollars lying around?",
"This question isn't ELI5. This is for AskReddit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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] |
|
1q4pqq
|
how can my browser ensure that i am securely accessing a website (https:)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1q4pqq/eli5_how_can_my_browser_ensure_that_i_am_securely/
|
{
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"text": [
"When you access a website via https, you get a secure certificate from that server. That certificate is usually signed by a third party of trusted security entities, like Entrust.\n\nThe website will encrypt it's pages using an asymmetrical key. The key that they use to encrypt can only be decrypted with your key. Since your key decrypts and renders the page properly, you know that it was encrypted by their private key (the likelyhood of another key decrypting the file into a different completely readable webpage is essentially 0)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1mz5yh
|
why is the muslim brotherhood, especially in egypt's case, "bad"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mz5yh/eli5_why_is_the_muslim_brotherhood_especially_in/
|
{
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"text": [
"It all depends on your point of view, and what your values are. The Muslim Brotherhood is a group that believes that government should be run according to the laws of Islam. In other words, they favor an Islamic theocratic system of government. If you feel the same way, then there's nothing wrong, or \"bad\", about the Muslim Brotherhood.\n\nIf you want personal freedom, and the ability to make your own choices, then a theocratic government is \"bad\" from your perspective. If you belong to a non-Muslim religion, then an Islamic theocratic government is going to be \"bad\" from your perspective.\n\nIn the more general sense, the Muslim Brotherhood has been accused of quite a bit of violence in the past (bombings, political assassinations, etc.). So, there's that, too."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
rfbqq
|
why is europe so much more "liberal" than america?
|
Socially, economically, etc. Never been able to figure this out, hoping someone else has any ideas.
EDIT: I meant "left", more so than "liberal". Full disclosure, I'm an American, so I use politics terms in weird ways. :-/
EDIT2: I apologize also for the gross simplification.
EDIT3: Thanks everyone for great responses! Lots to think about. :-)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/rfbqq/eli5_why_is_europe_so_much_more_liberal_than/
|
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"There's a few reasons for this. Socially, there was the emigration of puritanical Christians from Europe to America during the 16th and 17th century. This meant that a lot of the religiously conservative populations in Europe moved out then. Counter-intuitively, the fact that we don't have a state religion actually helped maintain social conservatism. State and/or centralized religions, like the Church of England or the Catholic Church, had educated elites at the top setting policy, which meant there was more moderation of theology, less literalism using modern contexts, plus an inherent motivation to treat the state as a good thing. The largely decentralized protestantism in America meant that the larger culture could be ignored, and there was no need to say anything nice about the state.\n\nEconomically, America has always had a much stronger narrative in our national mythos about self-reliance, economic opportunity, and social mobility. A lot of this had to do with the absence of a nobility, plus a seemingly infinite frontier. We love the story of the immigrant who comes here with nothing and dies rich. Take Annie Moore, the first immigrant to get processed at Ellis Island. For a long time, it was assumed (and told in many a classroom) that she moved out to Arizona, opened a hotel, and became successful. However, that Annie Moore turned out to be an American-born citizen from Illinois. The immigrant Annie Moore never left the Lower East Side of Manhattan, was poor, lived in a tenement, had a lot of kids, and died young. But that's not the version we like. So this narrative drives a lot of assumption about how we're all going to be rich one day (or as Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels put it, we're a nation of haves and soon-to-haves), which creates a lot of conservative economic politics, even in those of the proletariat class.\n\nThere's also a fundamental difference in how Americans and Europeans see class, race, and social spending. The European attitude is \"sure, we pay a lot of taxes, but we all get things from those taxes.\" The American attitude, on the other hand, is that there's no overlap between the taxpayers and those who benefit from social spending. A lot of this, although not all of it, is driven by racial notions of class, that race determines class. So you get white voters, especially older, less educated, rural, and southern white voters, who assume that their race means they're a taxpayer, and that non-whites are therefore tax-takers. I ran into this recently with a conservative who simply would not listen to my point that 40% of households on food stamps have a wage earner, he just kept saying \"removing food stamps will motivate them to get a job.\"",
"Remember that Europe is composed of many countries, and does not just compromise of NATO nations and Scandinavian countries.\n\nAlso, fiscal policy can't be that so simply defined as \"having social programs = liberal, not having them = conservative\" (not a criticism against your op, just a trend I see on reddit). \n ",
"Why no mention of WWII? You guys forget that Europeans witnessed firsthand the destructiveness of war and what happens when you give politicians too much control. Talking about entire cities destroyed, millions slaughtered like livestock. No such thing happened in America. We were insulated from war and we \"won\" so we were able to put a positive spin on it back home for propaganda purposes.\n\nMeanwhile, the \"victory\" in Britain and France, which were bombed out husks by the end of the war, were a harder sell to the public. People remained skeptical. Experience taught them firsthand the dangers of power consolidation, intolerance, and war. Americans have not had such a lesson since the Civil War.\n\nOh, let's not forget WWI either.",
"Noone explains it like people are five. Okay, economically:\n\nEurope is generally more left-wing. Left-wing is an idea where the money should be shared out more evenly among all the people. In the extreme of left-wing is communism, and America for a long time was at war with communism. Some of the communists were very bad people. Because of this history they are distrustful of left-wing ideas.\n\nEurope is generally more culturally liberal. This means that people have more freedom to live how they choose. This is because America has a high proportion of very religious people, who think that everyone should live according to the rules in the bible.",
"I think that calling Europe more \"liberal\" than America a gross oversimplification. \n\nThe US is a huge country with many different cultures. Compare a liberal area like San Fransisco to a more conservative area (like Utah, maybe?) Then think about the fact that Europe is a whole continent with more than twice the population of the US. My home country of Norway is just as different from Albania as San Fransisco is to Suriname.\n\n\n___\nBut I can try to explain the difference between Norway and my perception of the US if you like.\n\n**Economy:**\n\nFirst of all, Norway is *not* more liberal than the US when it comes to economy. We have rigid regulations and in my perceprion much more government follow-up on those regulations. Starting new businesses is a hassle and you don't need more than a few hundred thousand dollars in turnover before your accounting needs to be done by a certified public accountant. \n\nThere is a huge bureocracy in place for just about everything and the government has it's say in surprisingly many aspects of the daily runnings of the business. This is a double edged sword, because this means that large business doesn't get free hands, while small business still need to think about things like centralized wage negotiations.\n\n**Religion:** \n\nReligion plays a much smaller, and a different role over here. Untill 1997 we still had to sing religious songs before lunch in elementary school and had to attend church two times a year (you could get out of the latter, but that meant a full day at school instead of a half day in church). This wasn't a huge deal and didn't affect us much, because most of us didn't come from religious homes, and in the homes where the families went to church, they ususally went a few times a year as well. I believe we think about it as more of a cultural or generally spiritual thing than purely christian.\n\nEDIT: Now it's up to each school to descide if they want to have a christian seremony.\n\nIn the same way, most of us are members of the state church. I am as well. Not because I believe in any deity, I'm an atheist, but because having a church wedding might be neat when I descide to marry some unlucky girl. Also, because I couldn't be bothered to opt out. I know the church gets it's money based on members, but most of it goes to maintenance of old churches, and the state has to pay for it anyway.\n\nSo most of us are still members, and this forces the dominant religion to be completely unbiased. The church have to have female staff and have to marry gays, because it's the *state* church, and it can't discriminate.\n\nThis doesn't mean that there isn't real religious people here, but they are tiny communities.\n\n**Socially:**\n\nWe do have a large focus on the good of the people, not the good of the individual like the US. This might be because we have lower economic mobility than the US, and that we really haven't different classes. Even though Oslo has a bit of a divide, I don't think this is something properly present in the rest of the country, and certainly not in my town of 50 000 people.\n\nOur educational system makes it possible for anyone that wants to go all the way to a doctor's degree without having a wealthy background. \n\nFor example, my father was a mason, and I have (almost) a master's degree in economics, while my sister is an engineer and her son is going to be a electrician. When you live in a system where the government catches you when you fall, being middle-class or upper middle-class isn't important. \n\nHealthcare and welfare is around 1/3 of our national spendings. (Everything except housing taxes goes through the government, so we don't have large state budgets - or states for that matter.) Our welfare system is expensive as hell, but it works. Is it perfect? Absolutely not. Is it economically substainable in the long run? Haha, no, but some tweakings in government spending could make it so.\n\nRegarding drugs, we're probably more conservative than the US. Weed is still completely illegal, and we have a major problem with hard drugs in Oslo. I belive some people call it the heroin capital of Europe. I don't want to go into a drug debate, but seing completely fucked up junkies all over town does something to your stance on drugs.\n\n**Politics**\n\nI could write a lot of this, but to keep it short: We used to have huge social differences (and almost a caste system under Danish rule) from the viking era untill the late 19th century. Then the labour movement got a kick start, and welfare for everyone became our motto.\n\n**To make some kind of summary**\n\nWe don't define our norms based on religion, but on what we precieve as human rights. Healthcare and education is something everyone should have acces to, and fundings should be distributed equally. Everyone has a family member that had benefit of the welfare state and that keeps us more or less happy to pay our high taxes, thinking \"even if I fail, I know I will be cared for\".",
"The United States of America has never learned any lesson about the disadvantages of being a fascist state.\n\nMost European countries have, at some point in the past, been highly imperial or under a true fascist ideology. Once that all exploded on each country, they basically as a country came together committed to never let that happen again. So political parties that have and kind of similarity to fascists from the past, or a perception that it does, tend to do poorly in elections.\n\nSince the US has never been taken over by fascist government that failed, we Americans, in a sense, don't know how bad it could be. We don't have in our mind an association between right wing policies and complete failure of the country in the same way that many European countries have.",
"It is also important to note that, while the Europe is much more Left-Wing than the USA: that doesn't mean itself is particularly politically aligned and that the whole continent differs of pretty much everything.\n\n",
"I haven't really read anything about the media here. It's certainly not the whole story, but in my opinion an important part.\n\nIn Europe, a lot of countries have state-owned channels. They don't have to rely on ratings for money, so they're generally higher quality than commercial stations. (Take the BBC for instance.) There's also the fact that these channels were usually the first to be on the air in Europe, with commercial stations coming along much later. The effect of all this is that Europeans generally watch the news and get a lot of other information from these state-owned media. These media don't have to worry about ratings, so they're generally more creative and neutral (which sometimes equals boring).\n\nIn the US, there is no state media. As such, the most entertaining news or the one that most people want to watch has a monopoly on 'the truth'. Commercial channels are afraid to say anything that might offend a large part of their viewers, so this 'truth' never changes, even though the world evolves.\n",
"It Simple all the liberals went north to live in Canada/",
"Because america cut its labor movement at the knees in 47 with the Taft Heartly act, which forbayed unions from meaningful political involvement, general strikes and closed shop contracts. As a result, the working class in this country is pitifully unorganized and powerless, allowing power to be concentrated with those who have money. Last year, only 11.8% of american workers were in a labor union, compared to 95% in sweeden. Unions fight for better health care, retirement benefits, time off and most importantly: pay for all workers. Without them to fight for the middle class, the rich are free to take whatever they want, and they tend to want quite a bit.",
"The deck is stacked.\n\nIgnore the Senate, it is there for very good reasons but is not a democratic institution - it is there to represent areas.\n\nBut the house, is a place where congressional districts are so big that it takes major money to campaign. Which in turn means more representatives are beholding to big business for campaign financing.\n\nMost European electoral districts represent around a hundred thousand people, whereas American districts run around a half million or more.\n\nA house with two thousand members would need a much different way to politic, and would need more consensus, more consultation, less radical actions.\n\nChange just that and see what difference would come.",
"There can be long explanations that a correct. I'll keep mine short: They've been through the shit already, for a lot longer.",
"To be fair, it isnt always more liberal. Just liberal from your perspective. Fir example: i cant own a gun in the EU. If i own property, i cant evict the tennants as easily as in the US. If i am a businessman, my hands are tied by regulations. If i want to drive, i have to take months of lessons and get a special sticker.\n\nI know what you mean, but there are people in the EU who consider the US to be more free. It depends on how you look at it.\n\n\nIm not disagreeing with anything that has been written, just offerring a different perspective.",
"Europe is much more ethnically homogenous. Homogeneity promotes higher levels of social cooperation because the people receiving the benefits of this cooperation more closely resemble the people doing the sacrificing.\n\nIf you can conceive of 'diversity' as being the opposite of homgeneity, then you'll realize that studies which document the problems that diversity brings effectively corroborate the conclusion that I stated above:\n\n[**The Downside of Diversity**](_URL_0_)\n\n > ...a massive new study, based on detailed interviews of nearly 30,000 people across America, has concluded just the opposite. Harvard political scientist Robert Putnam -- famous for \"Bowling Alone,\" his 2000 book on declining civic engagement -- has found that **the greater the diversity in a community, the fewer people vote and the less they volunteer, the less they give to charity and work on community projects. In the most diverse communities, neighbors trust one another about half as much as they do in the most homogenous settings. The study, the largest ever on civic engagement in America, found that virtually all measures of civic health are lower in more diverse settings.**\n\n > \"The extent of the effect is shocking,\" says Scott Page, a University of Michigan political scientist. ",
"Basically and to be frank, the educated and the middle class who had job and shit to do in in Europe stayed in Europe (England initially), while the rest of the peasants and the uneducated moved to America so that's why they're still behind now",
"I've always thought of the conservative lean in American politics over the past few couple of decades as a legacy of the Cold War. Communism was made the \"bogey-man\" for so long that we forgot *why* we were afraid of it (impending threat of nuclear apocalypse) and began to have a visceral reaction to anything that smacked of communism. For example:\n\n* Religion - Faith became something that we had, unlike the \"godless Commies.\" Fundamentalist Christianity obviously has deep roots in America's religious history, but Europe also has a deep religious history. The difference was that America had a reason to cling to extremist theism.\n\n* Government interference with business - Free-market capitalism is something that many people in America still think of as \"the American way\", in large part because it set us apart from the Russians. That's how things like Universal Health Care get branded as \"socialist\" (and people consider that a bad thing here). \n\n* Personal liberty - \"it's a free country\" \"land of the free\" \"this is America, dammit!\" You here these things a lot from people, especially in the comment sections of political articles. The basic message is usually \"I have the right to do it, so why shouldn't I do it?!\" This logic is obviously flawed (since the answer is usually that it's bad for you, or bad for other people, or just a dick thing to do). But it has its origins in a time when flaunting the more bizarre extremes of our personal liberties were a way to demonstrate to our enemies (at least symbolically) that our system was better. Freedom became an analog to happiness. It may seem bizarre that people want to own assault riffles without having a background check, but to them, a gun is a symbol of pride, not a tool. The libertarian streak emerging in the Republican Party is a more dramatic example of this ideology; Ron Paul fans are convinced that if you take away the government's control of *everything*, *everything* will get better. This is a Cold War mindset.\n\n* Terrorism - after the Cold War, the military-industrial complex and the type of politicians that like to fear-monger were at a loss. I'm not saying these groups have some kind of conspiracy going on, we just had built up a huge MIC and fear-mongerers always exist. Terrorism presented the perfect, new threat to fuel that fire. It reminded me of the scene in 1984 where the banners change from \"Eurasia\" to \"Eastasia\" and no one bats an eye. The same language and tactics have been used by the American government (most prominently by the Bush administration) to describe terrorism that were used to describe Communism during the Cold War.\n\n",
"The people who were sent over to colonize North America were, largely speaking, so religiously backward and anal that the British kicked them out. "
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680w48
|
why people sing to their baby to make them sleep?
|
To be honest, it's kind of annoying
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/680w48/eli5_why_people_sing_to_their_baby_to_make_them/
|
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"Short answer: **Because it works!**\n\nMy 7 month old will do anything to try and stay awake but is super grumpy (cries a lot) when he is tired. If I just cuddle him he is wriggling round trying to see what's going on or get put down. You sing to him and he just stays still and stares at me till he falls asleep. Basically he is focused on me singing and not everything else. Also I sing the same thing over and over. Every time. So it's familiar and soothing for him.\n\nYou think it's annoying hearing it? Try singing it! Lol! But if it works.....",
"The baby would feel relexed when listening her mother's soft whispers, although he didn't understand what's it meaning. He just trusts his mother, feels safe on his mother's arm. As he grows up, softly telling story would also make them sleep. "
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
6l1qba
|
why is it when we see a wheel spinning fast we often times catch a partially still "frame" of it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6l1qba/eli5_why_is_it_when_we_see_a_wheel_spinning_fast/
|
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"Something to do with the \"refresh rate\" of our eyes/brain. Say our eyes renew an image every 1 second, the wheel is spinning so fast that it catches it at the right moment to seem stationry. Similar to why we start seeing it go backwards agter a certain speed, the eyes refresh happens as the wheel does 99%of its turn then the next image is 99%of that turn and so on.",
"So, fun thing about the eyes.\n\n\nAt the center of your vision, about 2 degrees of your visual field are capable of tracking movement and detail. The rest of your field of view doesn't handle detail well. Your brain actually fills in detail for you out side that 2 degrees.\n\n\nWhat that means, when you move your eye off something, like a wheel, and move it back, your essentially requiring the detail, briefly, then losing it again to motion blur, as your field of view shifts. You could create the same effect as well by blinking rapidly. \n\n\nThe eye moves rapidly almost all the time to keep detail in our vision, we just aren't aware of it."
]
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[] |
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[
[],
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1tqn9a
|
if the u.s. government makes all drugs legal, would that put drug cartels out of business? if yes, then who would manufacture and distribute those drugs?
|
Edit: Excluding marijuana and other drugs that you can find in nature.
Edit 2: Yes, I realize there is a difference between legailzation and decriminalization.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tqn9a/eli5_if_the_us_government_makes_all_drugs_legal/
|
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"Cartels - as in the organizations that you are referring to as \"Drug cartels\" would not go out of business. The major players in Mexico are now large-scale, diverse criminal organizations, with operations ranging not only from what you would consider \"normal\" for these organizations - drugs, trafficking, extortion, prostitution, kidnapping to wide ranging enterprises such as illegal mining and agricultural produce theft - notably avocados in Michoacan, Mexico. \nNow legalizing drugs would easily put a crimp in the payroll, some of which is used to help start and protect \"new enterprises\" But it would not cripple or kill all these organizations. They are businesses like any other - some are better run, some are not. Some can and will adapt. The difference is that anyway they can figure out a way to make a buck, they will, legality be damned. So, if allowed, they would look to compete legally in the new \"drug marketplace\" on the basis of lower margins are still profits. And even if that market was banned to them, they would continue to operate in other areas of \"illegal\" activity. ",
"They'd never completely go away. They'd lose a lot of revenue which would affect the ability to bribe and coerce people. They'd be exposed to competitors who'd now have government protection behind them. Governments in Latin America would be far more able to crackdown on them, possibly with the US government behind them.",
"If legalized drugs aren't priced to compete with the black market stuff, the drug-dealing aspects of the cartels will continue to exist, if not flourish. For example, if cocaine was legalized and available at the liquor store for $2000/gram (~10x street price), the cartels would do *even better* than they do now -- there'd be less risk for the users (and much higher demand), but the the premium for a legally obtained product wouldn't be worth it. \n\nThis is actually a big issue for legalized marijuana in Washington and Colorado -- if the official recreational dispensaries aren't competitive with the black market, people will continue to use the black market and the anticipated tax revenues will fall way short, creating a backlash. If the backlash is strong enough the feds might try and ride it.",
"I imagine that drug cartels would lose a lot of potential revenue because the risk of selling the drug would be LOW as compared to now. By losing that revenue that they would otherwise make if the drugs were illegal, they would lose power. I'm not sure if they would go out of business but I do think they would diminish. \nI also imagine an entrepreneur opening up a business where they can sell the drugs since it is legal, so why not? These people would probably be the ones making and distributing the drugs. Did this not happen with alcohol? ",
"In the short term no. Logistically the formerly illegal cartels would have an advantage in manufacturing & distribution. In the long term, other organizations would find a way to make them cheaper and provide them to the consumer cheaper & safer, which would force the \"cartels\" to adapt to a different business model.\n\nAvailability goes up (supply), price goes down. He who can make it the cheapest wins."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
b5wdz5
|
why can we visibly see steam, but can’t see air normally outside? and why is it sometimes we can see the shadow of exhaust (like from a bus) but not exhaust itself?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b5wdz5/eli5_why_can_we_visibly_see_steam_but_cant_see/
|
{
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"ejgcvz7",
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],
"score": [
25,
3
],
"text": [
"When you can see steam, what you’re seeing is tiny drops of water being carried upward by the invisible water vapor. Since the air around steam is usually cooler than the steam, as soon as it evaporates tiny drops of water will condense out of the steam. It’s basically a cloud being carried up by hot air. \n\nThe air outside usually has much less water vapor in it relative to its temperature. However, if there is a lot of water vapor in the air and it is a cold day, you will see the water vapor condense into fog. That’s also tiny droplets of water. \n\nAs to the shadows, those happen because exhaust is much hotter than the surrounding air. This heat means that light travels at a different speed through the exhaust, and when light moves from a medium where it travels at one speed to a medium where it travels at a different speed, it bends, or refracts. You see the effect of that refraction as a shadow on the ground. For a similar effect, try holding a pair of glasses a short distance above the ground on a sunny day. They bend the light, creating a shadow. ",
"You can't actually see steam. What you can see is steam after it turns back into water, which appears as a white \"smoke\". If the steam wasn't allowed to cool, it would be transparent, like air.\n\nThe second part of your question is an excellent observation. The reason you can see the shadow of exhaust, but not the exhaust itself, is a lens effect. Since the exhaust is hot, it is less dense than the air around it. This difference in density bends the light passing through, and results in a visible difference when it illuminates the ground. The bending of light due to differences in density is a complex question on its own, but you see the same effect on light when you put a stick into clear water. While both the air and the water are transparent, the light bends differently in the two different medium, and the stick appears to bend at the point it enters the water."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5jfgyd
|
what's the difference between animal fur and animal skin?
|
I read something today about the debate of using real animal fur in fashion, and that using animal skin was ok
What's the difference between animal fur and skin, and what makes animal skin more acceptable to use in fashion compared to fur?
Thanks! :)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5jfgyd/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_animal_fur_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbfvsq1"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Ultimately, there is no real ethical difference between using an animal skin and using animal fur. They both involve killing an animal and skinning it.\n\nThe major argument I know of is that cowhide - the major animal skin used for fashion, which is converted into leather and suede - is more acceptable because cows are already slaughtered for their meat, so it's less cruel to also use their skins. Most animals that are killed for fur are not mainstream sources of meat, like rabbit or mink (although rabbit is eaten in some cuisines). As such, fur is often framed as more harmful than leather. But really they're pretty much the same, and there are other \"exotic\" animal skins that are harvested from animals that are not food animals either (snakeskin, alligator skin)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
218370
|
why do oil spills happen so often?
|
Given the recent Texas oil spill, I realized that oil spills are not an all to uncommon occurrence. Given the great environmental ramifications I'd think that this type of event would almost never take place, but it's happened several times in my 20 years of life. Why is this so?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/218370/eli5_why_do_oil_spills_happen_so_often/
|
{
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"cgahvv4",
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],
"score": [
2,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"They all have their own reasons, despite how good things are you cant predict or prevent everything.",
"we move a lot of oil around. if there's a ship collision and the damaged ship is carrying rubber ducks or laptops, you're just unlikely to hear about it. but oil causes natural catastrophes when things go wrong, so it's big news.",
"Oil spills are like airplane crashes. They're relatively rare compared to many other accidents (especially given how much we move a day), but because of that rarity combined with the impact, it's very easy to sensationalize it into a big story. \n\nTo paraphrase Stalin, \"One oil spill is a tragedy, a million car crashes is a statistic\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2mbpwd
|
how do mouse clicks make websites and advertisers money? how do clickbait websites like buzzfeed make money
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mbpwd/eli5_how_do_mouse_clicks_make_websites_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm2rftu"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Websites make money from mouse clicks because advertisers will pay the websites for the mouse clicks, based on the pay-per-click advertising model.\n\nAdvertisers make money from mouse clicks because if the websites' visitors click on the ads, they may be interested in the advertised products or services and may end up buying the products or services and giving the advertisers profit.\n\nClickbait websites use attractive contents to draw visitors in. These visitors may click through the ads out of interest in the products or services displayed in the ads, thus making the websites money based on the pay-per-click advertising model. \n\nAs for pay-per-impression advertising model, advertisers will pay websites based on a minimum number of visitors, not the number of clicks by the visitors. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
dc3ebj
|
why do trains make a low pitch noise when they start accelerating and why is there a linear progression of pitch to speed
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dc3ebj/eli5_why_do_trains_make_a_low_pitch_noise_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f25q2g2"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"I assume you mean modern high speed train, refer to **Electromagnetically excited acoustic noise.** \n\nfaster speed = faster rotation of motor = faster and more frequent vibration, same with a string instrument, a low frequency would produce a lower pitch, whereas a high frequency produces a high pitch."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1sq671
|
how did stone age man hunt big game?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1sq671/eli5_how_did_stone_age_man_hunt_big_game/
|
{
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"text": [
"In groups, usually with some sort of plan (if they did it well). They used spears, slings, and later bows and arrows to strike at a distance.",
"A lot of their meat came from scavenging for already dead animals too ",
"This is all based from memory of numerous documentaries seen through the years(and quick google searches for dates), so forgive me for any inaccuracy.\n\nWe started out ambushing them and stabbing them with spears, then following the animal until it died. This is obviously very dangerous and a lot of people were injured during these hunts. Eventually, we learned that we can throw the spear, which is a lot safer then running up beside a large animal and stabbing it. Just for reference, we think spears were invented over 500,000 years ago while throwing spears came around about 400,000 years ago. The next step was to add more force to the spear than we can provide through strength alone. The most basic way was to put the spear in a what's called a [Atlatl] (_URL_0_) aka spear thrower. \n\nThe bow wasn't invented until around 64,000 years ago. Now you could throw a smaller spear with even more force from a farther distance away. Slings are also good for throwing a fast projectile from long distance, and can crack skulls. A quick search didn't give me a good date on sling invention, but both of these really improved our ability to hunt animals that are much stronger and faster than ourselves. ",
"Suppose you have a man with a stone spear and maybe a sling. Alone, the best he could do is piss off an animal.\n\nNow imagine 10+ men Zerg Rushing a single animal. I'd say most land animals would be fucked."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear-thrower"
],
[]
] |
||
7fci73
|
what makes food taste the way it does? what makes sugar taste sweet? what makes lemon juice taste sour?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7fci73/eli5_what_makes_food_taste_the_way_it_does_what/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dqbmruu"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I answered a similar question a few weeks ago in more detail if you'd like more info, but here goes\n\nOur tongue is covered with a bunch of proteins that are activated when you eat\n\nWhen they activate, each can send a signal to the brain electrochemically (chemical and electrical) that your brain reads as that taste type\n\nEach protein is specific to a specific taste, (taste buds), so you have one type for salty, one for sweet, etc.\n\nThey do this because all molecules that our body interprets as a certain taste all look very similar to each other. So two things that are sour will have similar sour components, which activate the same taste bud. The reason some things taste more sour than others is because they activate more of the sour proteins at the same time"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1gyvol
|
why does my computer prompt me for a java update at least once a day?
|
It's SERIOUSLY fucking ANNOYING. I know I can disable prompts for it, but why why WHY does this piece of shit software have SO.FUCKING.MANY.UPDATES. ? Seriously, I know it's bad, but is it really *this* bad????
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1gyvol/eli5_why_does_my_computer_prompt_me_for_a_java/
|
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"text": [
"It's partly your perception, it's partly that you probably postpone updating java, thus seeing java asking for updates more often.\n\nAnd the big one: Java is very common and thus it's a high value target for hackers. If you find a good java exploit you can hack a huge amount of computers. This means that the exploits need to be fixed FAST. In other words: the fact that java updates very often is a *good* thing.\n\nIf you want to get rid of the annoyance; just uninstall java, your computer will be safe and you don't have to worry about updating java.",
"What /u/drminicus said, but try this:\n\nGo to the control panel, find Java (press J to quickly jump to it), start it, find the tab called \"updates\", and set it to check daily, weekly, or monthly. Or even never, if you'd like.",
"Think of Java like a bucket that holds water.\n\nPeople are always trying to find ways to get water out of the bucket without tipping it over ( alerting you ).\n\nNow imagine that all of your friends and family use the same type of bucket.\n\nWhen someone finds a way to get water out of the bucket without anyone noticing it's bad.\n\nThis water can be all kinds of different personal data, heck, if they can take water out of the bucket maybe they can put something in through the same channel. \n\nSince everyone uses java's bucket the people at Java have to make sure they have the safest bucket possible. Thats why they update your bucket so often. \n\nIf someone finds a way into java's bucket, that very same way can be used for millions of buckets, so the people at Oracle are always updating it.\n\nIf the bucket became unsafe, you'd switch or another type and they'd lose business.\n\nbuckets.",
"Are you sure you're actually following the updates through to completion? I've noticed that quite often you'll get a UAC prompt to download the update, and then it'll sit quietly in the taskbar waiting for the update to actually be installed. If you don't do the second step, then you'll get the update prompt every time you turn your PC on.",
"You should not be receiving several update notifications per day for Java. Java does not release updates as often as you are claiming to receive notifications, so the updates must not be installing the updates properly or something else is foobar in your system.\n\nJava certainly does update frequently, but if you are updating correctly you should receive in the ballpark of one notification weekly; definitely not one or two per day as you are experiencing.",
"According to this [Java Version History](_URL_0_) listing it's only been updated roughly once every couple of months for the last two years.\n\nI think that if you're getting more notifications than that then you might have several different versions of java installed and they're each requesting an update. Or there's a corrupt entry in your registry which is preventing java from telling your computer that it's updated properly. \n\nI'd try uninstalling everything to do with java and then just downloading and installing the latest version (Java SE 7 Update 25).\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_version_history#Java_7_updates"
]
] |
|
emexvp
|
why can't we see germs, even when there's tons of them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/emexvp/eli5_why_cant_we_see_germs_even_when_theres_tons/
|
{
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"fdo89pp"
],
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2
],
"text": [
"You can see microbes, such as bacteria, when they're in very large quantities (like when you grow them on a plate). These will be in the billions of cells. If they are found in your environment, they may only be in the 10,000 to 1,000,000 region.\n\n\nThrough this link, you can see different plates with different bacteria growing on them. Each little coloured circle is made up of lots of cells. \n _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.microbiol.it/en/4-chromogenic-media.html"
]
] |
||
924phk
|
why do spaceships always take off from warm places like florida?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/924phk/eli5_why_do_spaceships_always_take_off_from_warm/
|
{
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"text": [
"It’s closer to the earth equator so they get a little extra help from the spin of the earth, Plus if they have to abort and crash down there right by the water",
"Temperature is a side effect of where they launch from. They launch closer to the equator, which in USA tends to be florida or 'warmer' climates. ",
"They take off from places closer to the equator because its more fuel efficient to do so. \n\nThey also take off from places where it's not populated towards the east because it's more fuel efficient to go east than any other direction since the Earth spins that way.\n\nThey also pick places where weather is more predictably calm because you don't want to launch when it's windy or stormy",
"Taking of from closer to the equator allows you to use the spin of the earth to add to your velocity and makes it easier to achieve orbit.\n\nRussian rockets taking of from French Guyana in South America can carry more stuff into orbit than the same rockets would when launching from Russia.\n\nFlorida was chosen by the US because it is fairly southerly compared to the rest of the country and surrounded by ocean (that part is important in case the rocket fails and crashes near the launch site).\n\nThe most ideal place to launch a rocket from would be from the top of a mountain on an island near the equator, but it would be harder to get all the rocket parts to such a place even if you could secure the use of one. So Florida is as close as it gets for the US.",
"You have to go fast to stay in orbit. The speed of earth's rotation is greatest at the equator (about 1,000 miles per hour). This is 1000 miles per hour less that you have to achieve with fuel. If you were to launch from the poles, it would be close to zero, instead. \n\nFurthermore, Florida has a handy ocean nearby in the direction of most launches, so you are over water if something goes wrong, instead of, for example, a city. ",
"They don't! A couple of weeks ago the UK Space Agency [announced](_URL_0_) it was planning to build a new spaceport on the North coast of Scotland. There's also plans in the works to build one in Sweden.\n\nHistorically, only three places have been used to launch people into space (well, orbit-height); Florida, Kazakhstan, the Gobi desert, Inner Mongolia - by the USA, Russia/USSR and China respectively.\n\nSatellite launches are [a bit more spread out](_URL_1_); with some from North-West Russia, French Guiana, Japan, India, California, Virginia... lots of places.\n\nBeing hot isn't important.\n\nBeing near the Equator can be useful if you're trying to get things into an equatorial orbit, as you get an extra push from the spin of the Earth.\n\nBeing near water is good - if you launch over water you've got a big area to crash into if things go wrong.\n\nBeing in a nice empty area is also good - it gives you lots of space for your facilities.\n\nFlorida has all of these things.\n\nBut if you're heading for other types of orbit (such as polar orbits), an Equatorial launch site isn't necessarily that good - hence spaceports near the poles (the proposed ones in Scotland and Sweden, and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome 800km North of Moscow)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-44839536",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport#Spaceports_with_achieved_satellite_launches"
]
] |
||
61t57d
|
during sunset, the sky acts like a prism, changing color from blue to red before going dark. but it skips one color of the spectrum -- green -- why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61t57d/eli5_during_sunset_the_sky_acts_like_a_prism/
|
{
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3,
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"text": [
"A clear cloudless day-time sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light. So we get blue light from all sorts of angles, which overpowers the red light that manages to get through to us. When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colours because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line of sight instead.\n\nSo it isn't that it changes from blue to red, but rather the amount of blue decreases relative to the amount of red. As such, green doesn't really play into it at all.",
"The color change of the sky isn't due to the separation of the spectrum of light as in a prism, but rather due to scattering and the gradual increase in the amount of atmosphere the light needs to travel through as the angle increases. The orange and red light penetrate progressively farther so the total lighting is slanted in that direction when the sun is setting.",
"It doesn't. It's just that the green is really short. \n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_flash"
]
] |
||
zeqvt
|
could someone eli5 sucrose, glucose, fructose and how it pertains to losing weight?
|
I'm lost as to its applications.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zeqvt/could_someone_eli5_sucrose_glucose_fructose_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c63xiqw"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Glucose and fructose are very simple sugar molecules. They can be absorbed by the body directly into the bloodstream, to be used as fuel for cells.\n\nSucrose is a complex sugar molecule, in fact, it is a glucose and fructose molecule linked together by chemical bonds. Sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose by the digestive system.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
47itva
|
visualizations of how gravity "bends" spacetime always shows the latter as a plane that is being push down by the mass of the object: _url_0_. in with direction is it actually bent if there's no up or down in space?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/47itva/eli5_visualizations_of_how_gravity_bends/
|
{
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"text": [
"That's because it's happening in 3D, and that's extremely difficult to imagine, let alone draw. \n\nJust imagine that no matter what direction you approach from, you see a depression in the \"surface\" you're travelling along because of the mass of the object in front of you.",
"As discussed [here](_URL_0_), it's an analogy for people who want to \"understand\" what's hapenning without the maths, which looks like [this](_URL_2_). For our purposes here, the important thing about that equation is that it reads (complicated description of shape of spacetime) = (complicated description of how full the space is with matter). Objects move along the \"straight lines\" (geodesics) of the resulting shape. This includes the photons of which light is composed, which is why the Sun can also [deflect light](_URL_1_)."
]
}
|
[
"https://youtu.be/MTY1Kje0yLg"
] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://xkcd.com/895/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens#Explanation_in_terms_of_space.E2.80.93time_curvature",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations#Mathematical_form"
]
] |
||
d2x5kw
|
why is rhyming satisfying, and does it cause a chemical reaction in the brain?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d2x5kw/eli5_why_is_rhyming_satisfying_and_does_it_cause/
|
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"text": [
"Because our brains are designed to recognize and use patterns.\n\nWe feel satisfied when things in the world match a pattern. Rhyming is one type of sound pattern that makes us satisified as the same sounds repeat with different meaning. The ability to string different meanings using the same pattern is considered impressive when looking at poems, songs, or rap lyrics.\n\nHowever, our sense of patterns can come with issues. For example, the gamblers fallacy. Just because you have lost many times does not mean your next chance has any higher odds but our pattern-finding brain can trick us to think that way.",
"From what I know, yes. If we had to guess I’d say it’s the brain feeling sane because of the patterns.",
"Regarding the second part of your question, technically every thought or emotion you've ever had is a chemical reaction in your brain.",
"Rhyming is timing with all that it brings. If you can get something to rhyme then it sings. And singing is stringing your words to a song, and songs are a way to stay mentally strong. \n\nWhen you say words that sound similar with chords you’re familiar with everything resonates inside your brain. This makes connections between different sections and keeps you on edge between crazy and sane. \n\nExploring is boring if nothing is foreign but too many changes at once are too much. Rhyming is climbing the gearbox with timing and verse disengages your mind like a clutch. The sound recognition allows for transitions through states\nof cognition with less of a hitch. It’s a break from the breakneck pace of the statements that otherwise make us think learning’s a bitch. \n\nRhyming is timing the sound of your thoughts to align to divine a fresh set of spots in the space that your mind could be where it’s not. Like the succession of rings on a railgun it flings you, and this action brings you to where you were shot to. \n\nThe brain needs its patterns so let it be free. See where it takes you, or maybe just see. Listen for glistening bells that you hear: the sparkles are meant to show you new gears."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1he6zj
|
the legality of industrial hemp
|
I often hear people talk about legalizing industrial hemp in the US, but isn't it already legal? I mean, i see hemp necklaces and bracelets as well as hemp protein supplements at the grocery store. What is legal and what isn't for industrial hemp?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1he6zj/eli5_the_legality_of_industrial_hemp/
|
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"a_id": [
"catirag",
"catjfh3"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Hemp is illegal to grow/produce in the US under Federal law, unless you get a permit that is probably impossible to obtain. All the hemp used in commercial products is imported, which is why it's all low-volume, specialty stuff. ",
"It is legal to buy, sell, or own hemp produces that can't be used as a drug, or used to grow marijuana. It is illegal to produce hemp, so all hemp products are imported."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6m9y6n
|
how do we capture the (electric) energy produced from motion, like a dam or a windmill, and store it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6m9y6n/eli5_how_do_we_capture_the_electric_energy/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djzze68"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"By using that mechanical energy to rotate a magnet in a wire coil. A rotating magnetic field inside a coil of wire induces an electric current in the wire.\n\nBasically all of our energy sources are converted to electricity in this way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5ugvpe
|
how come some erasers erase perfectly while others barely get anything off at all?
|
i have some pencils where the erasers are top notch and don't leave much behind while my other pencils have a shit for eraser. aren't they all made from the same material?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ugvpe/eli5_how_come_some_erasers_erase_perfectly_while/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ddty605"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"So this is basically an issue of materials. Erasers work by the friction of rubbing it on the paper causing the rubber eraser to heat a little and become slightly adhesive. This allows it to gather the graphite up from where it is sitting on the paper. The eraser wears from the surface where the graphite stuck (those little eraser flakes you have to brush off).\n\nNow you pay more for quality pencils. These also generally have the better erasers as time and research has gone into improving their ability to create an adhesive effect when rubbed while still being gentle to paper. But lots of people will grab the cheaper option even if it's not much different. Those companies to lower cost use a cheaper and less effective eraser material because people will buy them anyway.\n\nAlso over time rubber dries out. This can cause them to lose the adhesive effect that friction gives them so old pencils that used to erase well might not anymore."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
48zdqu
|
what could happen to oj simpson if the knife found from his property turned out to be the knife that killed nicole zbrown simpson?
|
For refrence
[Knife turned into police allegedly found on O.J. Simpson estate](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/48zdqu/eli5_what_could_happen_to_oj_simpson_if_the_knife/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0ntol0",
"d0ntoqg",
"d0ntqsl",
"d0ntvp9",
"d0nw5ad",
"d0nwjza",
"d0nwu9d",
"d0nwvvs",
"d0nzlo5",
"d0o2bmz"
],
"score": [
7,
87,
4,
2,
2,
3,
2,
19,
2,
6
],
"text": [
"Really, not much that hasn't already been done to him. He's already been acquitted of the crime, and already been found liable in the civil trial. There's not really anything more in the legal system that is waiting for him.",
"Absolutely nothing.\n\nHes already been found ~~innocent~~ not guilty. You cant be charged with the same crime twice. Hes untouchable.\n\nEdit: sorry mistyped but its an important distinction.",
"Not only that but I cant imagine they would be able to get much of anything off a knife thats been in the ground as long as it was, not to mention touched by who knows how many people.",
"He can't be found guilty of murder, as he's already been found \"not guilty.\" BUT he could be re-arrested on charges similar to murder, such as \"conspiracy to commit murder,\" for example. I doubt this would happen though, as the first trial was a real pain, took forever, and he's already in prison. ",
"He can't be tried again. The fifth amendment bans double jeopardy (trying a person twice for the same crime). This is why prosecutors sometimes spend years collecting evidence on important cases like murder. They don't want to be caught with insufficient evidence.",
"Even though a murder prosecution is barred by Double Jeopardy, he could be prosecuted for some ancillary crime, like evidence tampering. This discovery is one reason why you might decide, as a prosecutor, to only charge one murder at a time. If OJ had been acquitted only of the murder of his wife, he could still be charged in the other murder now.",
"He couldn't even be charged with perjury or tampering with evidence since the statute of limitations has expired. ",
"I think a far more interesting question is why hasn't the \"retired\" police officer who got possession of the knife and kept it not charged with a crime? \n\nIt was still potential evidence of a crime and technically speaking the case should still be open. Why is he not in trouble for trying to keep the knife as a souvenir?",
"Literally nothing, except maybe being able to say \"and I actually DID get away with that shit, fuck you and your meddling kids I'm out hoes, I've got prison time for some other shit.\"",
"It would be a painful reminder of how badly the police screwed up.\n\nOJ was acquitted, so he can never be charged for that murder again, even if they find a time stamped video of him committing the crime. \n\nMurder usually doesn't have a statute of limitations, so they could have taken their time and made sure the investigation was airtight, but that didn't happen. \n\nThe knife can't be used as evidence, anyway. Chain of custody means that the key can know exactly what's happened to the piece of evidence between the time it was searched for and the time is being shown at trial. Apparently, this knife was kept as a souvenir by a former detective after it was given to him by a construction worker who was working on OJ's house. It's beyond contaminated. \n\nThe only thing that might happen here is somebody who had that knife might be looking at obstruction of justice, since the case is still open, even though OJ was acquitted (since nobody's been pegged for the murder). "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.fox5ny.com/news/100443963-story"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
bew85z
|
how are magnets made into different shapes if they lose magnetism on impact or heating?
|
Many are shaped first then magnetised, but what about neodymium ones? Is there a way to shape natural magnetic rocks?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bew85z/eli5_how_are_magnets_made_into_different_shapes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"el912xe"
],
"score": [
73
],
"text": [
"Rare earth magnets are made by creating a fine powder, pouring it into a mold, and applying a strong magnetic field to rotate all the magnetic grains so they're parallel. Then the aligned powder is compacted and sintered. Sintering means the magnet is heated enough to fuse the corners of the grains to each other, but not so much that it reaches the Curie point.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/resources/magnet-manufacturing-process/"
]
] |
|
3n52m0
|
why do christians venerate the cross so much?isn't it, in its original form, a tool of torture?is there just something fundamental that i'm missing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3n52m0/eli5why_do_christians_venerate_the_cross_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvkv026",
"cvkvyyt",
"cvkz27t"
],
"score": [
22,
2,
6
],
"text": [
"To Christianity, the cross is a symbol of Jesus' sacrifice of himself to redeem mankind of their sins and to allow humans into heaven. The idea is that Jesus willingly chose to suffer for all of mankind, and the cross is a symbol of the sacrifice and not a symbol of the suffering. ",
"The cross symbolizes Christ's death and triumph over sin and death. Also, sometimes the cross is referred to as a tree, and some Christian traditions draw comparisons between the tree of life in Genesis and the cross, the \"new\" tree of life.",
"We do recognize the cross as a form of torture (see: how brutal the film *The Passion of the Christ* was in depicting what happened).\n\nThat Jesus was willing to endure that to atone everyone of their sins is what leads to the veneration. Its a respect and awe for what Jesus endured for our sakes when he himself was innocent. \n\nAnd in practical terms, a cross is easy to draw and easy to identify. Much easier than trying to draw a picture of Jesus himself (if we even knew what he actually looked like). "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
9mv1yn
|
how do climatologists determine ancient climate shifts? how accurate are these predictions estimated to be?
|
In a discussion with global-warming denier coworkers today, I was asked how researchers are so sure of what ancient climate change was like. I sufficed to answer "I don't know Ronnie, I'm not a damn climatologist, but I trust the people who are".
I know enough about the climate to give a conventionally educated explanation of how global warming works, and how modern researchers gather current data; I don't know how they make determinations of ancient climates?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9mv1yn/eli5_how_do_climatologists_determine_ancient/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e7hki3u",
"e7hq0bw",
"e7ip5x3"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"IIRC ice cores taken from the Antarctic are a source of ancient climate data. The ice cores give insight into the composition of the atmosphere at the time the ice formed. ",
"There are a few fairly simple ways that climatologists use. By simple, I mean easy to understand. By no means is the data easy to collect or analyze!\n\n * Ancient atmosphere. [Ice](_URL_2_) traps little bubbles of atmosphere at the time it is formed. [Lava and meteors](_URL_4_) do as well. These little pockets can be analyzed if you have sensitive laboratory equipment and the ability to isolate the bits from your lab's atmosphere before 'releasing' them. Ideally you study samples from the same source at multiple labs to increase your confidence in the results and rule out contamination.\n\n * Fossil ecosystems. We think of fossils as the fantastic displays at the local museum. This is true, but museums only display the best examples and those are usually out of context. In reality, the landslide or dunes or flood or bog or whatever it was that buried your fossil actually buried lots of fossils. In some cases, significant amounts of an ecosystem are buried. If we can measure the population of insects [and the size of those insects], we can get an idea of the local climate at that site. If we can work out broadleaf v conifers, that is another useful indicator [though not foolproof]. Ferns, fish, shelled animals [clams, snails, etc], pollens, are also useful in working out what sort of climate that area may have experienced. This is indirect, but consider the difference between a mountain glen and the alpine zone at a mountain top. Climate differences determine the ecosystems between those two zones, and the species found in the area are useful indicators of which zone you are in. It is no different with fossil ecosystems. [Example 1](_URL_0_), and a [wikipedia article on the Green River](_URL_3_) that discusses a specific example. Coal and peet beds are also good places to collect biological data that can lend itself to deciphering climate.\n\n * Tree Rings. Fossilized forests exist, often as very extensive fossil fields. Many are preserved well enough that we can see their rings. With a lot of samples and some analysis we can make an educated guess at prevailing conditions at the time those trees were alive. We can't say \"it was 90F on Tuesday June 3rd\", but we can say \"it was generally wet and cool, like the Pacific Northwest\". Or we can say \"this area was warm and dry, like the southern Rockies\". Or whatever. [A for example article+video](_URL_1_)\n\n * Human records and archeology. Foods, paintings, and [if they exist] written records within human history are useful in telling us about the climate; but these are limited to about 10,000 years back or so. Going further back requires other methods.\n\n * There are other methods, but from here on out they get increasingly complex, these should be fairly straightforward as examples to show that people aren't just making this sh*t up out of their backsides.\n\n",
"There are a surprisingly diverse range of ways that scientists use to interpret past climates. Most of these are some sort of proxy which require an understanding of how very specific physical or chemical properties of the proxy relate to the climate in which it was formed. There are a small number of direct lines of evidence that can also be used. Often several different methods are used in a single research project in order to get the best picture of what was going on, and obviously the body of scientific literature accumulates and gradually points towards finer and finer details of how the climate has changed in the past. \n\n\nThe main types of climate data available are as follows:\n\n\n**Ice core records**\n• geochemistry (major ions, isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen)\n• gas content in air bubbles (direct record of past atmospheric composition)\n• trace element and microparticle concentrations\n• physical properties (ie. ice fabrics)\n\n\n**Geological records**\n• biogenic proxies from marine sediment \ncores (oxygen isotope compositions, faunal/floral abundance, morphological variations, diatom alkenones)\n• inorganic proxies from marine sediment cores (wind blown dusts, ice-rafted debris, clay mineralogy)\n• terrestrial geologic proxies (glacial deposits and glacial erosion features, ancient shorelines, aeolian deposits, ancient lake features, fossil soil horizons, isotope composition of speleothems)\n\n\n**Biological records**\n• tree rings (width, density, stable isotope composition)\n• pollen (type, distribution, relative abundance, absolute concentration)\n• plant macrofossils (age, distribution, leaf morphology)\n• insects (assemblage characteristics, beetle populations are quite useful for this)\n• corals (various geochemical proxies)\n• diatoms, ostracods, chironomids and other biota in lake sediments (assemblages, abundance, geochemistry)\n• modern population distributions (refugia and relict populations of plants and animals) \n\n\n\nWhere these proxies overlap with modern data collection they can be accurately calibrated, this is particularly true for ice core data and tree rings, both of which have a very high resolution (year by year). The type of record may be telling us just one thing, like tenperature, but usually there are several potential sorts of information for each type of record. Marine sediments can tell us about temperature, composition of the atmoaphere, vegetation patterns, sea-level (and hence extent of polar ice-caps), precipitation levels, and geomagnetic field variations for instance. Ice cores are another rich source of different types of information. If you want to know any more about any of these in particular then just ask. Bear in mind that your colleagues are not likely to be satisfied by anything you bring to them though, it sounds like they have already made up their minds what they think of the whole climate change thing and evidence is not their motivator. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080428200309.htm",
"http://teachclimatechange.org/what-is-dendroclimatology/",
"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2616/core-questions-an-introduction-to-ice-cores/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Formation",
"https://cosmosmagazine.com/geoscience/ava-and-meteorites-unveil-ancient-earths-atmosphere"
],
[]
] |
|
dfsoyk
|
what actually happens to the bacteria in food after we heat it up? do their "dead bodies" stay in there?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dfsoyk/eli5_what_actually_happens_to_the_bacteria_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f35lox6",
"f35qr42"
],
"score": [
4,
4
],
"text": [
"Yea. Whole dead bodies, spilled guts and poop. If you're boiling the food, it's all in the water. If you're deep frying, it's in the oil.",
"You don't want to know what's in it. Any of it. Ever.\n\nYou'll become a distilled bleachwaterarian."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1nvj6f
|
why do i get the munchies
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1nvj6f/eli5_why_do_i_get_the_munchies/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccmhnno",
"ccmj7p5",
"ccmonii"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The munchies after Weed or what? You're not being specific as people can get the \"munchies\" all normal with no drugs.",
"Because you can't decide what kind of snack you want...?",
"If you smoke you consum THC. This THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) causes appetite! \n\nEvery human has a cannabinoid-system. This system contains cannabinoids which controls pain and other feelings like hunger or appetite. \n\nSo if you smoke weed you increase the amount of cannabinods in your system. Normally your body sends out cannabinods to make you hungry if food is necessary or water. But if you smoke weed the body thinkgs because of the cannabinods from the THC that you need to eat and there you go: Munchies!\n\nYour body is rewarding you with a good feeling if the food is very tasteful"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
22q24q
|
why do most digital cameras' framerates drop almost to a slideshow in low-light conditions?
|
I used a few different digital camcorders, and high-end smartphones which even record at 60 fps, but when it comes to low-light conditions the framerate drops almost to a standstill and everything becomes blurry, unlike traditional tape camcorders. Why is that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22q24q/eli5_why_do_most_digital_cameras_framerates_drop/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgp98wh"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Digital cameras have the ability to adjust their \"shutter speed\" (not actually a shutter closing, but the sensor turning on and off). They do this because in low-light situations, the camera needs more time to collect what light is available.\n\nA tape camcorder cannot slow down how fast it runs the tape to achieve the same effect because that would simply slow down playback."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
apo7h2
|
if sepsis is the presence of infection in the bloodstream, how is it that every infection a person gets doesn’t turn into septicemia? if it’s already in your body, why wouldn’t the infection get into the blood?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/apo7h2/eli5if_sepsis_is_the_presence_of_infection_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ega0chw",
"ega0d0v"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Sepsis is when the body loses control of the immune proces. Normally during an infection the body dilates the blood vessels near the injury so that white blood cells can get to that area. Sepsis is when this goes apeshit and a lot of blood vessels dilate and leak blood which drops blood pressure to lethal levels. \n\nBacteria have a toxin called LPS that they release when they die. LPS tricks your body to do this exagerrated immune response. ",
"The answer is simple: Sepsis isn't the presence of infection in the blood stream.\n\nSepsis is rather the overwhelming and toxic response to infection which ends up causing inflammation and damage to the organs."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
a9qxut
|
why does the collision of matter and anti-matter release such a large amount of energy instead of merely canceling out?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a9qxut/eli5_why_does_the_collision_of_matter_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eclnmiz",
"eclnns1"
],
"score": [
17,
6
],
"text": [
"Anti-matter doesn't have negative energy or anything like that, it has opposite charge. When a particle-antiparticle pair annihilate, the energy that is released is the total sum of energies of both particles, which consists of kinetic energy and mass energy (E=mc²).",
"Quite simply, energy can neither be destroyed nor created but transferred. To cancel out energy would be to destroy the effect of the cause. It’s impossible to ever cancel out any energy, you simply transfer it"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
f766sg
|
why do crabs in a bucket pull one another down?
|
Do they just not want somecrab standing on top of them? Is it involuntary?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f766sg/eli5_why_do_crabs_in_a_bucket_pull_one_another/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fi9fk8e",
"fi9w515",
"fib2hbn"
],
"score": [
10,
11,
2
],
"text": [
"Its actually not true as far as why they're doing it. It isnt to make sure the other crab doesn't get out first, its because crabs are dumb and dont know to work together to get out easier. They just flail their legs and try to climb out, sometimes it pulls another crab down accidently. \n\nThey do however very easily climb out of buckets, don't let the old saying make you think otherwise.",
"They aren't trying to pull each other down, they're just stupid enough to think \"Hey! I could grab onto Jeff's leg and pull myself up!\" not realising that Jeff up there isn't really holding onto anything strongly enough to support both their weight.",
"They aren't trying to pull each other down, they are all just trying to climb at the same time, and in doing so, pull each other down. Each individual crab is doing what is best for it to get higher in the short term, but make long term escape impossible.\n\nHumans do the same thing. When there is a fire and a big crowd is trying to exit through a door that opens in, everyone rushes to the door, thinking they are getting closer to escaping, but they actually are only pinning the people in the front against the door, making it impossible for it to be opened."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1zglst
|
why is baby poo so brightly colored?
|
If they consume only off-white breast milk, why is their poop bright green and orange and off-white poop is the sign of a fatal illness?
Give me the scoop on this poop... whats the meanin' of this excretion?..
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zglst/why_is_baby_poo_so_brightly_colored/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cftgunm"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It's their liver not being fully developed (completely natural) so some nutrients which small children and older will use, babies leave behind. This leads to the colour difference to babies' and adults' poop."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8w78wr
|
how do fireworks have varying volumes and lengths of sound?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8w78wr/eli5_how_do_fireworks_have_varying_volumes_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e1tfl7q"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"It varies on the intensity of the explosion. Think of this explosion as a force that moves the air around it. This movement of air causes vibrations in your ear drums and is interpreted in your brain as sound. Think of it as waves in water. Small objects at high velocities much like firecrackers tend to have small waves with higher frequencies giving off a higher pitch. Large objects like artillery shells will fall into the water with lower velocities and cause larger waves with lower frequencies. This will give off a higher volume. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
28rh32
|
why aren't women as deeply interested in technology as men are?
|
It seems that outside of purchasing/using consumer products, men dominate the tech universe. Is there an explanation for this? From my observations, it appears that there are far more men creating new technologies, developing software, taking up hobbies like building computers and making video games, hacking and modding things, and so on. Again, I'm not trying to be sexist; I'm genuinely curious if there is some sort of reason/theory behind this. There are lots of things that men are more drawn to and there are lots of things that women are more drawn to, I'm just asking about this particular thing.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28rh32/eli5_why_arent_women_as_deeply_interested_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cidpvw5",
"cidr1eo"
],
"score": [
12,
4
],
"text": [
"Take a look at how we're raised. At a young age, boys tend to get legos, video games, rc cars, and the like. Girls get dolls, fake oven playsets, dress up costumes, and the like.\n \nParents set their kids up for this crap and so do marketers. I bet if more electronics and building type toys were marketed to girls, they'd be more interested in technology as grownups.",
" > From my observations, it appears that there are far more men creating new technologies, developing software, taking up hobbies like building computers and making video games, hacking and modding things, and so on.\n\nWhen the idea of programming started, it was seen as a womanly job, like baking. It took awhile before men started doing it. And CS degrees were handed out in roughly similar proportions until the 1980s. The 70s saw a decrease in CS degrees awarded across the board. Then when personal computing started becoming a thing CS degrees awarded jumped up... for men.\n\nThe reason that gap hasn't decreased is probably heavily about stereotype threat. That's where if you tell a woman that women stereotypically do poorly in math, she will suddenly do worse on tasks that require math to complete. And you can even make shit up too. Tell a ginger that ginger's do badly in spelling, and their spelling will suffer. ([highly relevant post](_URL_0_)\n\nThere's also a lot of negativity directed towards women in CS. In a programming course I took a student pretty much explicitly said that he didn't believe the female instructor was competent, and that she probably went to college to get her M.R.S. I'm sure if you were to ask any woman involved in CS, they will all tell you about being harassed and insulted at work or school because of their gender\n\nNow, you have a degree field that is mostly men, requires skill in a field that women stereotypically do poorly at, and the actual job field is known for being hostile to women, why would women pursue that degree field?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/TwoXChromosomes/comments/28qtt2/hello_ladies_im_a_guy_from_rchess_and_id_like_to/"
]
] |
|
5nsd0d
|
how does the brain encode sounds and music such that you can "hear" an almost perfect recording in your head, from memory, as if it's digitally encoded
|
Building on the earworm question posited recently.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nsd0d/eli5_how_does_the_brain_encode_sounds_and_music/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcdy32o"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Scientists have started to zero in on the way the brain stores and encodes information, called sparse distributed representation. This encoding mechanism is in fact digital. Large groupings of neuronal columns and micro-columns connected to sensory pathways are activated sparsely, and unique clusters of connected activated columns store spatial and sequential data. The collection of activated columns within the total collection of columns in a structure can be represented as digital bits, and each bit has semantic meaning. In the case of music, the semantic context is that of notes, duration, and other sound qualities. Each \"on\" bit, or 1 in a representation, is roughly equivalent to the column or columns of neurons in the brain that fire in response to hearing or recalling a particular note or sound.\n\nSo yes, it does appear that our experiences are digital in nature."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
6c2bnj
|
how do processors know which command to run first?
|
I can understand most of the technical information on the topic. I'm just unsure about the step-by-step process taken by the processor and programmer in turning the hunk of metal into a functioning computer. So, what tasks taken by each get a computer to start running commands input by a program?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6c2bnj/eli5_how_do_processors_know_which_command_to_run/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhrcj8n"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"It's hardcoded. A processor when it's powered on starts executing whatever happens to be at an address burned into the processor's circuitry. There's a ROM of some sort at that address that contains initialization and boot code.\n\nFor instance, X86 starts executing whatever happens to be at address 0xFFFFFFF0. That's only 16 bytes off the top of the address space, so all there is room for is for a jump instruction to wherever the actual initialization code is.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3cdxkp
|
what makes a pepper hot?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cdxkp/eli5_what_makes_a_pepper_hot/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csummkj",
"csumodn"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Chili peppers have a chemical called capsacium. It give the peppers their heat, and are fat soluble. So dairy will neutralize the heat better than water. ",
"There is a chemical in hot peppers that can pass freely through the walls to the cells in your mouth. On the other side of nerves in your mouth, this chemical can trigger the same machinery that makes you feel a certain type of pain."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2g68gz
|
why does the byte system use the base of 2?
|
Currently teaching my kid the rules of exponents in algebra. We're talking about how the byte system works similar to the metric system but uses the base 2. Can any body tell me specifically why 2 is used, in layman's terms?
*edit: I stand corrected that it is a binary system, not a 'byte' system. Clearly this isn't my forte, and I appreciate everyone's input.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g68gz/eli5_why_does_the_byte_system_use_the_base_of_2/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckg17wn",
"ckg1a47",
"ckg1bcj",
"ckg1v3c"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
16,
3
],
"text": [
"Because bits have exactly two states: 0 and 1; off and on. If you have 4 bits, you can express 2^4 values. A byte is 8 bits, and thus can express 2^8 values.",
"Its not \"byte system.\"\r\rBinary system is base 2 because you have 2 options: 1 or 0. Each 1 or 0 is a bit, and there are 8 bits in a byte.\r\r2 to the 10th power is 1024, and that's why there are 1024 bytes in a kilobyte and 1024 megabytes in a gigabyte, and so on.",
"Perhaps you mean the \"binary system\"?\n\nThe reason computers use base 2 is that base 2 has only 2 digits: 0 and 1. The computer's memory basically consists of little buckets that hold electrons. Each bucket can be empty (0) or full (1). Using binary, you can store any number this way.\n\nIf you wanted to make a computer that used base 3, you'd need to be able to recognize 3 different states of the buckets. For example, you could say the bucket could be empty, half-full, or full. If you wanted to use base 10, there would have to be 10 different states of the bucket. And it turns out that it's much easier to have the computer tell the difference between full and empty than it is to tell the difference between full, half-full, and empty, let alone 10 different states of fullness.\n\nEDIT: removed extraneous sentence fragment",
"Binary, as others have mentioned, is all 1 and 0. But the reality is simpler: on or off, something or nothing. The micro electronics in a computer are basically tiny little switches, like light switches on the wall, and each one can either be on or off. Billions of them in a row, some on, some off, store and process the information in a computer. The simplest way to store a number in a system like that is to just write it in base-2 since you only have two digit values. From there, the convention of displaying computer data as '0' and '1' was only natural. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3cg21b
|
what happens to a police officer when he/she shoots someone in the line of duty?
|
Is there an investigation internally/externally/both? Is the officer put on suspension until they can justify his/her actions, etc.?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cg21b/eli5what_happens_to_a_police_officer_when_heshe/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csv6lrq"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I'm not aware of any standard \"literally this happens every time\" routine. But typically:\n\nAn officer shoots someone. A supervisor and someone from IA (Internal Affairs) is called to the scene. The firearm that the officer used is taken from him or her and put into evidence. All the other firearms on the scene are checked to make sure that they weren't fired.\n\nThen the officer goes through a crapton of interviews including psychological evaluations. \n\nThen the officer is put on (paid) administrative leave. That doesn't mean that he or she gets to jet off to Cabo or something! They have to stay home between 8-5 and be ready to come in if they're called for something. If they want to leave their house for any reason during those hours, say going to the grocery store at noon, they need to call and get permission from IA first. They also have to surrender their badge and firearm.\n\nDuring this time there are two investigations. There is an internal investigation and an investigation by the District Attorney (DA). The goal of the internal investigation is to figure out if the officer broke any department rules or policies. The goal of the DA investigation is to figure out if the officer broke any laws.\n\nWhat the investigation reveals determines what happens next."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
f12v34
|
what does osi mean ??
|
I have problem grasp this concept, I'm not a network expert but I'm not totally five,
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f12v34/eli5_what_does_osi_mean/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fh1o274"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It stands for Open Systems Interconnection model. It's a way of splitting computer networking into distinct \"layers\" and different levels of abstraction.\n\nThe layers are:\n\n1. Physical (Physical copper wires and the electrons on them)\n2. Data Link (Data frames)\n3. Network (Addressing and traffic control)\n4. Transport (Datagrams, acknowledgement, etc)\n5. Session (Continuous exchange of information between multiple nodes)\n6. Presentation (Character encoding, compression, encryption)\n7. Application (High level APIs, remote file access, etc)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
a72mkb
|
what causes perceptions of human beauty to change throughout time, and is there any biological basis for these perceptions beyond "healthy"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a72mkb/eli5_what_causes_perceptions_of_human_beauty_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ebzswiw",
"ebzvli6"
],
"score": [
9,
6
],
"text": [
"Some beauty standards for women were a marker of wealth. \n\nA curvier woman meant her family was wealthy enough to enable her to be well-fed. Fat women = indulgence in food, a luxury. \n\nIn China, the practice of foot binding to create incredibly tiny feet was a mark of beauty and wealth, as that basically rendered the woman crippled - she needed to be waited on, cared for, and only wealthy families could afford it.",
"The standards of beauty are both societal and biological. It's hard to know how much of each, but the fact that certain things hold true around the world (such as facial symmetry) even in isolated cultures tells us that biology plays a role in our perception of beauty. But we also know that cultural/societal perceptions affect the concept of beauty for individuals, as well. We know this because of the variations between cultures and also because of changes over time.\n\nAs to the causes of change over time, in Western culture, TV, movies and magazines have a huge influence on perceptions of beauty. People in positions of power can play a role, as well. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4bf6mu
|
why are some upset about obama visitng cuba?
|
I understand some background of why there's tension in Cuba with the US, but why are some people so critical of him visiting and attempting to restore diplomatic relations with the country? How is any of this a bad thing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4bf6mu/eli5_why_are_some_upset_about_obama_visitng_cuba/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d18kem3",
"d18mop4"
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text": [
"There are some people that are critical of any actions to normalize relations with Cuba. There are also many people who are critical of anything that Obama does. So, this action gets both groups upset.",
"Bad habits. The US will pragmatically support all kinds of dictators and strongmen, and has over the last 50 years. But the US cut off relations and imposed an embargo on Cuba in after Castro came to power to see if that would cause his government to fall. It did not. But then Cuba was in the Soviet camp, so why change? Then it just became a habit to have the embargo in place. \n\nWhen the USSR collapsed, they kept the embargo with the hopes that it would now cause Castro's government to collapse. Never did. So there's not point in keeping it, but people have had the embargo for so long now, it's just a bad habit. There's so much time spent doing this thing that doesn't work that it hurts some people to finally admit \"hey, that thing we've been doing forever - it doesn't work and it was a bad idea.\" \n\nTL,DR: Sunk cost fallacy and inertia. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
nzrir
|
which form of radiation is the most dangerous to us: gamma, beta or alpha?
|
I know alpha is about 20 times more ionising, but gamma is much more penetrating, which is more dangerous to us and what exactly is ionising.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nzrir/which_form_of_radiation_is_the_most_dangerous_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3d8huv",
"c3d90pc"
],
"score": [
8,
2
],
"text": [
"It depends on how you're exposed to it. For example, alpha radiation can be shielded by a couple of sheets of office paper, but if you swallowed some, it's going to cause potentially more problems than gamma radiation in the same situation.\n\nPractically though, the two main factors that determine how dangerous it is are (a) how energetic the radiation is and (b) how easily shielded it is, which is related to how energetic it is. So generally the order goes:\n\n Gamma (more dangerous than) Alpha (more dangerous than) Beta.\n\nAs to what is \"ionising\". You know how an atom consists of a nucleus, which has protons and neutrons, and electrons, which orbit the nucleus? The process of ionisation is simply the removal of electrons from the atom (an atom or molecule with mismatching amounts of electrons and protons, and hence a net positive or negative charge, is called an ion)\n\nThe three types of radiation all ionise atoms in different manners:\n\n* Alpha radiation is basically a stream of helium atom nuclei with no electrons orbiting them whatsover. When these particles hit an atom (or even come close enough for the electrons to jump across), they then abscond with some of their electrons.\n\n* Beta radiation is either electrons or positrons, which are the antimatter equivalent of electrons. When positrons hit an electron, they both annihilate each other. As a positron only has ~~a quarter~~ half of the positive charge of a helium nucleus, it has to have much better aim to hit an electron.\n\n* Gamma radiation is a highly energetic form of EM wave, like light, radiowaves, and microwaves. An electron in an atom can absorb an EM wave, and move itself to a higher energy orbital. If it absorbs one with *lots* of energy (like gamma radiation) it can even become enrgetic enough to escape the atom entirely.",
"Gamma is dangerous on the outside because it can go through your skin and affect your body cells. Alpha, on the other hand, is blocked by skin and so can't ionise the internal cells. However, if ingested (for example what happened to Alexander Litvinenko) the radiation from the alpha source is extremely dangerous. Ionising is stripping atoms of their electrons, which means things called radicals (particles with unpaired electrons) are created, and these cause cancer and other biological damage."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
bop904
|
why do video game console makers lose money from consoles regardless of success and popularity?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bop904/eli5_why_do_video_game_console_makers_lose_money/
|
{
"a_id": [
"enixk15",
"enixrzh",
"enixwww",
"enj1vpg",
"enj2nqu",
"enj3xgj"
],
"score": [
2,
24,
8,
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Sometimes console makers sell hardware below cost to gain a higher market share or install base. As the price of hardware fall the loss per unit falls. The company intends to supplement the loss on hardware with the sell of software.",
"Because consoles are almost always sold at a loss. Making and marketing a home video game console is pretty damn expensive, and nobody expects to actually make a profit on the console. The point of the console is to get you into their game/media environment. Because games are basically all profit for the console manufacturers.",
"Not all of them do. It's a choice made by the developer to price consoles below costs of production to stimulate sales, since a single console will generate ongoing revenue for purchased games, which have a much higher profit margin due to pretty standardized pricing models and the shift to downloaded vs. physical copies reducing overhead. Losing a few hundred dollars upfront to have a pretty high probability of making that back and much more in game sales is a strategic decision.",
"Because if you overprice the console, people don't buy it, and it won't matter how many great games and features are being developed if nobody's bought the console. It's way more profitable to sell it at a loss in order to ensure that more units are sold, and then to earn the profit over time through game sales, accessories, and everything else. The point of the console is to ensure that you're a customer for the next several years, so it's worth a small sacrifice on pricing for the console itself to make that happen.\n\nThe same is true for the actual retail stores, too. I worked at an electronics store when the PS4 and XBO were released, and after the cost of buying the consoles from the producer and shipping them to the store, we were earning around a dollar for a PS4 and a few bucks for an XBO with its higher price point - not enough money to keep the lights on, let alone a the profit. The profit came from selling the games. Along with any other accessories or impulse buys of course - an extra controller, a new set of headphones, a longer HDMI, a candy bar on the way to the register, whatever. The consoles are a means to earn a customer and actually get them into the store. Everything else is the profit.",
"Console manufacturers also manufacture other things. Microsoft makes operating systems and other computer hardware and accessories, and everyone knows about Sony and their TV's and stereos and whatnot. They also sell their online services that need regular renewal and that are often required for multiplayer gaming.",
"The console, as a physical object, is sold at a price that's a break-even or a slight loss. Once you have the console, every game, accessory or online subscription you buy to go with it is making them money. They've done the math and figured out that a $400 machine and $400 of games is easier to sell people on than a $600 machine and $200 in games *because if you don't make the biggest purchase up-front, you have reason to make smaller ones*.\n\nThis is why so many stores are big on upselling you bundles of machines w/ games+accessories - the add ons are where all the money it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3ma4vk
|
why didn't bruce jenner go to jail after the fatal car crash
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ma4vk/eli5_why_didnt_bruce_jenner_go_to_jail_after_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvdbery"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"The investigation determined that it was an accident, not a criminal act. Sometimes shit just happens when people drive cars."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6m57ag
|
random erections?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6m57ag/eli5random_erections/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djyzfls"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I'm just assuming that is a \"everything is working here\" routine check.\nThe morning ones are like the POST test when you turn on a PC."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1mf44v
|
how is an alien lifeform supposed to know how to interpret information that we send out into space?
|
To start I'm sorry if this has been asked before but I could not find a similar link.
But to further elaborate, I saw the recent post on /r/pics of the images sent out with voyager I and could not understand how we expect them to understand a portion of it. Now of course I understand that math is a sure subject. As far as I understand a good portion of it cannot be disputed. And of course it would take an advanced and intelligent lifeform to comprehend the subject. However how do we expect something else to understand our form of math and language. The English language and our system of numbers is a product of our imagination. So how are they supposed to comprehend it all if they've never seen it before and have no exolanation of how to understand it. I hope I posed the question in a manner that you can understand. If not I can further elaborate
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mf44v/eli5_how_is_an_alien_lifeform_supposed_to_know/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc8ls8t",
"cc8ltxj"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"We hope they are super advanced geniuses. If the only living things out there are small unicellular bacteria, then its a no go.\n\nIf they are brilliant, then hopefully they will be able to use the clues we left them to figure out how to use it.\n\nTo be honest, the time capsule was more for us than for aliens. It is much more likely to be destroyed or lost in the abyss than for a super advanced race of aliens to find it. Perhaps if humans discover how to travel to the stars, one of us will find the capsule and pick it up at some point in the future.",
"We couldn't find anything better or more likely to be understood. Really breaking ground in cross-language communication has been difficult and involved a lot of interaction to try and figure things out, nobody really expects the messages there alone to get a full communication going per se."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
lsra8
|
how do modes in music work?
|
Mixolydian, phrygian, dorian? My main focus is solos, particularly in jazz where a soloist is said to be playing in a "dorian mode." How does it differ from a regular scale? Some youtube clips or examples of each mode would be appreciated, too.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lsra8/eli5_how_do_modes_in_music_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2vd9ls",
"c2vdi3h",
"c2vdpib",
"c2vd9ls",
"c2vdi3h",
"c2vdpib"
],
"score": [
5,
2,
4,
5,
2,
4
],
"text": [
"Modes are nothing more than different scales, just like the major and minor scales, that can be used at various times. Each mode or scale has a different mix of half steps and whole steps, which changes the feel of the music. It's up to the musician to know when each mode might sound good over which chord changes.\n\nAs far as how they are different, let's use compare A minor and A dorian. The A Minor scale is the same as C Major. Starting with A you have A B C D E F G A. One important thing to note is that the interval between the first A and the F is called a minor 6th. The Dorian mode is the same scale except it has a major 6th: A B C D E F# G A. Here's a video showing a cool sounding guitar jam in the Dorian mode. Interestingly, it also uses a Lydian mode (augmented 4th instead of a perfect 4th) when the backing track is on one of the major chords. It's a very cool tone.\n\n\nAs another example, let's compare G Major with G Mixolydian. The G Major scale is G A B C D E F# G. Notice that the interval between the first G and the F# is a major seventh. The Mixolydian mode has a minor seventh in that interval, so the scale would be G A B C D E F G. Here is a cool jazz fusion jam using the Mixolydian scale (over the head of a five year old, I'm sure.) _URL_1_\n\nAnd yet another example. Let's compare E Minor with E Phrygian. E Minor is E F# G A B C D E. Note that the interval between the first E and the F# is a major 2nd, or a whole step. The Phrygian mode has a minor second here, a half step: E F G A B C D E. It still has a minor sound, but it has an exotic vibe to it. Here's some good stuff using the Phrygian mode: _URL_0_\n\n",
"Modes are exactly like major scales, except starting on different notes. C Major is C - D - E - F - G - A - B - C. The interval pattern is Whole Whole Half Whole Whole Whole Half. Take the same notes and start on D (The scale starting on the second scale degree of a major scale is called Dorian) and you will have D - E - F - G - A - B - C - D. The interval pattern for this configuration is Whole Half Whole Whole Whole Half Whole. Ignore the pattern, focus on the notes, and you'll get it figured out.",
"Got some good explanations here already, but I'll give it my go.\n\nYou know how the C major scale and the A minor (natural) scale are virtually the same thing? They have the same key signatures and everything but they sound so different. It's because the way you play those scales revolve around different notes. That's how modes work as well, except instead of playing the scale around the relative minor/major, you can use any arbitrary note in the scale as the root tone. It might sound weird, but you can get some really unique sounds.",
"Modes are nothing more than different scales, just like the major and minor scales, that can be used at various times. Each mode or scale has a different mix of half steps and whole steps, which changes the feel of the music. It's up to the musician to know when each mode might sound good over which chord changes.\n\nAs far as how they are different, let's use compare A minor and A dorian. The A Minor scale is the same as C Major. Starting with A you have A B C D E F G A. One important thing to note is that the interval between the first A and the F is called a minor 6th. The Dorian mode is the same scale except it has a major 6th: A B C D E F# G A. Here's a video showing a cool sounding guitar jam in the Dorian mode. Interestingly, it also uses a Lydian mode (augmented 4th instead of a perfect 4th) when the backing track is on one of the major chords. It's a very cool tone.\n\n\nAs another example, let's compare G Major with G Mixolydian. The G Major scale is G A B C D E F# G. Notice that the interval between the first G and the F# is a major seventh. The Mixolydian mode has a minor seventh in that interval, so the scale would be G A B C D E F G. Here is a cool jazz fusion jam using the Mixolydian scale (over the head of a five year old, I'm sure.) _URL_1_\n\nAnd yet another example. Let's compare E Minor with E Phrygian. E Minor is E F# G A B C D E. Note that the interval between the first E and the F# is a major 2nd, or a whole step. The Phrygian mode has a minor second here, a half step: E F G A B C D E. It still has a minor sound, but it has an exotic vibe to it. Here's some good stuff using the Phrygian mode: _URL_0_\n\n",
"Modes are exactly like major scales, except starting on different notes. C Major is C - D - E - F - G - A - B - C. The interval pattern is Whole Whole Half Whole Whole Whole Half. Take the same notes and start on D (The scale starting on the second scale degree of a major scale is called Dorian) and you will have D - E - F - G - A - B - C - D. The interval pattern for this configuration is Whole Half Whole Whole Whole Half Whole. Ignore the pattern, focus on the notes, and you'll get it figured out.",
"Got some good explanations here already, but I'll give it my go.\n\nYou know how the C major scale and the A minor (natural) scale are virtually the same thing? They have the same key signatures and everything but they sound so different. It's because the way you play those scales revolve around different notes. That's how modes work as well, except instead of playing the scale around the relative minor/major, you can use any arbitrary note in the scale as the root tone. It might sound weird, but you can get some really unique sounds."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgpLzDX_ZFU",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AiZOa7Nxwgo&feature=related"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgpLzDX_ZFU",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AiZOa7Nxwgo&feature=related"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
ctp304
|
why can we clearly tell whether a singer is male or female 90% of the time even if they are singing the same pitches?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ctp304/eli5_why_can_we_clearly_tell_whether_a_singer_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"exmj1lq"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"In addition to the fundamental frequency, which is the note you're singing, human voice is also made up of three main resonating frequencies called [formants](_URL_1_). Formants are determined by the shape of your vocal tract, and although they don't change the pitch of the fundamental frequency, they do affect its \"quality\", sort of like how a piano and a violin have different quality, even when they play the same note. Because of differences in anatomy, women tend to have higher/more spread out formants than men.\n\nYou can see a plot, called a spectrogram, [here](_URL_0_) showing the differences between female (left) and male (right) voices. The x-axis is time, y-axis is frequency, and the degree of shading represents amplitude or loudness/volume. The darkest, thickest line at the bottom is the fundamental frequency. The other three lines above it are the three formants."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jillian_OConnor/publication/221689580/figure/fig4/AS:669613754966030@1536659768918/Spectrograms-of-the-average-female-left-panel-and-male-voice-right-panel-for-the-five.ppm",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formant"
]
] |
||
3tgj6f
|
why is it easier for me to remember long strings of numbers as sequences of other numbers, rather than individual digits?
|
For the number 431357990 I can remember "four thirty-one, three fifty-seven, nine-ninety" much easier than "four three one three five seven nine nine zero".
I understand that in my head I'm turning 9 digits into three numbers instead of nine numbers, and therefore have less total numbers to remember, but, it is arguably more brain power to convert "4 3 1" to "four thirty-one" than to just remember the digits, right?
Ugh, ELI5.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tgj6f/eli5why_is_it_easier_for_me_to_remember_long/
|
{
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"text": [
"You can only hold a certain number of items in your short term memory. By grouping them, you are creating a relationship with something you already know and remembering the relationships instead of the components. This is essentially a [Mnemonic device](_URL_0_).\n\n",
"If you remember the numbers {4, 3, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 9, 0} there are 9! ways to organize the numbers. If you remember the numbers {431, 357, 99}, there are 3! ways to organize the numbers. I think you're much more likely to remember 1 out of 6 possible orders than 1 out of 362,880 possible orders... there are just so many more ways to go wrong, it's more stressful and you're more likely to forget everything. That's why you are supposed to memorize information in batches... there is a name for it, like \"blocking\" or \"chunking\".\n\nPlus, there is a sort of intonation to blocks of numbers. When you do successfully memorize a number just as a string of digits, you always end up sort of singing/chanting it with a made up stress pattern. But at first it's just a bland block of nothing; \"431\" already has it's own stress, which might also help.",
"It could have something to do with where you grew up. I know some countries for example break down phone numbers in a different way creating a different cadence and part of the ways is that grouping type you noted."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
21tig2
|
why are we not using ionosphere?
|
I heard a lot about "free" energy transfer, "long distance efficiency", etc.
Also, some of Tesla's finest works include machines that are capable of producing, and transferring electricity throughout ionosphere.
Or maybe it's all a pipe-dream?
Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21tig2/eli5_why_are_we_not_using_ionosphere/
|
{
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"cggd58l",
"cggdk01"
],
"score": [
3,
9
],
"text": [
"Nobody has ever invented a scheme that could both actually work and also be efficient enough to be worth using. It is probably a pipe dream due to the inverse square law... ",
" > I heard a lot about \"free\" energy transfer, \"long distance efficiency\", etc.\n\nFrom crazy people you mean.\n\n > Also, some of Tesla's finest works include machines that are capable of producing, and transferring electricity throughout ionosphere. \n\nI wouldn't call it his \"finest works\" considering they didn't function. You can transmit power wirelessly, but it is immensely wasteful. We use it for things like RFID where we don't need much power, but wirelessly powering a city is simply impractical."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1ggizh
|
what is the difference between a cd and a dvd?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ggizh/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_a_cd_and_a_dvd/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cak0462"
],
"score": [
54
],
"text": [
"[Close up image of the two](_URL_1_)\n\nSince the size of the Disc's are exactly the same, for the DVD to store more space they have to fit more information on the same area. \n\nThey do this by using a laser that is smaller, that can read more things in less area. \n\nImagine it like you're trying to draw a picture. The CD would be a sharpie, you can still draw something but it wont be as detailed and the lines will be bigger, the DVD is more like a pen, and Blue Ray is like a microscopic fine pencil point. The smaller the tool the more detail (information) can be drawn on one page (CD)\n\nSo manufactures etch into the disk these pits, if you're using a smaller laser, the pits are themselves smaller.\n\n[Another and perhaps better explanation](_URL_2_)\n\n[Even more detailed one](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fa%2Fad%2FComparison_CD_DVD_HDDVD_BD.svg&docid=5eb9a8b1c0c28a5356d62fd2ad9a5659&a=bi&pagenumber=1&w=799",
"http://www.sharewareguide.net/images/guide/25-article/003.gif",
"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_8Syu65xoMf8/S-Gfjaees2I/AAAAAAAAADU/OgPmgvbCnXA/s1600/nl_bd_dvd_cd_laser.gif"
]
] |
||
1zxayz
|
how come even when a video online is completely loaded it still goes from crystal clear to hazy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zxayz/eli5_how_come_even_when_a_video_online_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfxy5p4"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"1. The resolution is dropping\n\n2. Thumbnails don't really need to be compressed.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5uw7ut
|
why are trains still used so much today?
|
I understand that before planes and other forms of modern transportation trains would be extremely effective modes of transportation for people as well as resources. But what is it that industrial trains are transporting nowadays that requires dozens of rail cars?
-someone woken up by train horns nightly
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5uw7ut/eli5_why_are_trains_still_used_so_much_today/
|
{
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"text": [
"Tracks are Already laid and trains can support tons of cargo (be it people and supplies) decently quickly and relatively cheap ",
"Trains still transport a lot of things, usually heavy things in large quantities to places that are hubs for more local delivery systems. They transport cars a lot, trash, coal, petroleum products, wood\n\nAnd trains are very efficient as far as pulling a load, I don't know any specifics but it's supposed to be the least carbon produced per ton pulled or whatever",
"Trains, for routes that already have rail lines built, have a very low cost of operation and high fuel efficiency. Having dedicated Right Of Way also has safety benefits. The cargo capacity of a rail train is massive compared to a handful of road trucks. \n\nAir freight is nice for getting stuff to places fast, but per unit of mass/volume, its expensive. \n\n",
"I just loaded 40 quarter mile long pieces of rail on specialized rail cars. We also load structural steel on rail cars where I work. Some stuff is just too big.",
"Trains mostly move big heavy loads that would be inefficient to move by trucks and planes. Trains move oil, coal, cars and trucks, raw steel, large machine parts, lumber, etc..\n\nTo my knowledge, we don't really use trains to move small, lightweight things like iPhones. It's better to move those by trucks and planes. \n\nA semi trailer with 4 axels usually has a max weight of about 80,000lbs including truck and trailer. \n\nA single rail car can carry upwards of 200,000lbs\n\nAlso, passenger trains are a whole other story. I live in NYC. Once a city gets too big, driving cars just sucks. There is gridlock traffic on the streets basically all the time, while there is rarely train traffic. I guess trains are just better at dealing with traffic because there's never a train in the left lane trying to make a right hand turn. ",
"Trains still have certain advantages. They can be very efficient, because steel wheels on steel rails have very low rolling resistance which means very low energy losses. This helps them be cheaper than air travel. They can be powered by electricity if the rail line has it. They can be developed to travel at high speeds, faster than road travel. The control and signalling means that journey times can be very predictable."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
145ceg
|
when making online purchases with credit card, why do they ask for the cvs number at the back of the card? how does it offer more security?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/145ceg/when_making_online_purchases_with_credit_card_why/
|
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"Since it's on the back, it makes it harder to sneakily snap a picture of someone's CC and use it. Just a guess though.",
"There may be more to it, but one way is the following.\n\nThe information contained on the magnetic strip can be stolen by devices called [skimmers](_URL_0_). So let's say someone with a skimmer has your account number. Sucks right? Well the skimmer can't get your security number which is on the back of the card, that information simply isn't stored on the magnetic strip. Therefore if a merchant requires that code, then someone who simply stole your account number can't actually make a purchase.",
"Its purpose is to verify that you, the purchaser, have the card with you when you're making the purchase. It's not foolproof, it's just an added measure of security.\n\nOnline retailers are forbidden from storing the CVV in their databases so that if the database is ever stolen, it's still difficult to make a purchase. \n\nIt doesn't protect you from people who skim your card and manually copy the CVV (but it's hoped that you would become suspicious when you see them doing so), it won't protect you from malicious websites that DO store your CVV. And further, some merchants don't require the CVV to make a purchase in the first place, so it's not useful everywhere. \n\ntl;dr - It offers a small amount of more security but still not a lot.",
"It doesn't really, at least not very much.\n\nIt is just a quick kludge to add something more than just your number to the transaction to make it more securer.\n\nIn theory it will prevent anyone who has just the card number and not the actual card from making purchases with it, especially as unlike card number security codes aren't supposed to be stored electronically by the people you do business with.\n\nIn praxis it just means that someone who is trying to steal from you has to learn three more digits in addition to the normal number. Also there is no one really forcing business to ask for your security number, asking for the code for verification is mostly voluntary.\n\nIn short the whole idea of credit cards was never designed for online purchases and when it became obvious how insecure the whole thing was as e-business started to take off they decided to add a quick patch rather than build an entire new system that would actually be safe. It is rarely their money that is lost if someone's identity gets stolen because of the lack of security after all, so why spend money on making things safer? It is not like customers could go to the competition to get better security.\n\nIt is for a similar reason that credit cards in Europe use a smart chip with a PIN, while the same cards from the same credit card companies in the US rely on the less secure magnet stripe that can be swiped by everyone.",
"These answers are good, I just want to add that until recently, credit card companies often printed your full card number on your paper bill. If someone happened to be going through your trash and found the bill, they would have the number and be able to purchase things online with it. \n\nAlso, at one point, people were using programs that created fake credit card numbers to make purchases, because there's actually a [formula for creating credit card numbers](_URL_0_). Since these CCV number is unique to each bank, and the keys are (theoretically) only known to the banks, these numbers are much harder to forge and therefore more secure.",
"The correct answers have already been put here, but let me summarise:\n\nOnline stores are allowed to store your credit card number but they're NOT supposed to store the CVS number. Some do and they'll probably be in a LOT of trouble if there's ever an incident with them but guidelines state that they aren't supposed to store them.\n\nThe idea is simple, sites can store payment details and all you have to do is enter a 3-digit code to prove who you are. If the site is compromised, they'll have your card number but not the CVS.\n\nIn a regular shop, the CVS is instead replaced by the signature on the back, or if you're not in the USA, a PIN number stored on the chip (The USA is slowly rolling this technology out).\n\nSo basically, think of the CVS as an online version of your signature/PIN.",
"The primary reason for this is that everyone (the merchants, the credit card processors, etc.) is forbidden to store the CVV code. That means that in practical terms, the only time the CVV even exists is during the time you place your initial transaction with a company. As soon as that transaction is concluded, the CVV code should simply be gone. Irretrievable.\n\nThis means that even if some hacker gains access to a database containing your credit card number, expiration date, other details (which are allowed to be stored in encrypted form), they will not get access to your CVV code. This is further enforced by the fact that should any company be found to be storing CVV codes, even encrypted, they will be subject to huge fines (in the hundreds of thousands of dollars).\n\nThis means that it is much more likely that it is really the authorized card holder making the transaction, and is simply a deterrent for fraud. ",
"I work in a bank, I can get hold of ALL of your card/account/personal information bar your cvs number and your pin number, without the cvs number an individual bank employee could get hold of countless customer card numbers and do a lot of damage with very little chance of getting caught.",
"Aside from the security aspect, some retailers/restaurants/etc pay smaller fees to the respective credit card companies for getting that extra information. Providing the billing zip code reduces the fees even further.",
"I have done development as regards payment processing. Fraud is a big issue with an online company. Basically if they take a bad card and ship goods they have to eat the costs (for the most part). There are various methods to combat fraud. \n\n1st is validation of the CC# \n\n2nd is validation of the address. it can either be full validation or zip code check. Full validation always presents problems since the customer may have moved or not know the billing address or spell it differently\n\n3rd is the CVS/CVV2 code. This is NEVER supposed to be stored by any CC site. So if a company database gets hacked they can get the CC#s (which should be encrypted for added security) but not the associated codes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://krebsonsecurity.com/all-about-skimmers/"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://techniglee.com/2011/01/credit-card-numbers-explained/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2rtgfn
|
soap; considering soap is a relatively new thing in the grand scheme of life, and is considered extremely important (obviously) so that we don't catch disease, how did people in the history of humanity survive without it?
|
Ok, so obviously soap and cleaning products are important to life today. We have to keep our bodies clean, our houses clean, and our food clean. If we don't do that, we put ourselves at serious risk of disease. So my question is: how did past societies stay clean and survive without soap, without constantly catching disease and getting sick? It seems like soap is almost necessary to survival, but it is too new. How did past societies stay clean, wash food, and avoid disease without soap?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rtgfn/eli5_soap_considering_soap_is_a_relatively_new/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnj41r2"
],
"score": [
16
],
"text": [
"1: Soap is old. Thousands of years old, in fact. There are other substances that will do something similar to what the soap is doing. Most ancient cultures had something like it. \n\n2: Soap is not necessary for life, and neither is hygiene, for all types of human settlement. Larger cities have more issues and need higher levels of hygiene to avoid awful sickness but wide spread tribes need a lot less. Various transmission vectors are cut off so the spread of disease is not as easy. \n\n3: Once you remove soap from the equation, the human body balances various skin oils and becomes fairly \"clean\" all on its own. We definitely start to smell more animalistic, but that's not a big deal. It's pretty mild. Really, it's our dense society and propensity to touch things that cause all the problems. Having soap doesn't really make your body much \"cleaner\" (or less covered in bacteria) but does wonders for your hands. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5ej0n8
|
how come we don't feel the weight of our bodies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ej0n8/eli5_how_come_we_dont_feel_the_weight_of_our/
|
{
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"text": [
"Short answer... we do. It's more the fact that our brain is specifically good at noticing change (which is why our eyes are attracted to rapid movement and after a minute of the AC turning on you don't notice it anymore until it turns off)... just go ask a female friend how much lighter their head felt after cutting 10+ inches of hair off",
"I do all the time. Perhaps it is my chronic nerve pain but I feel pretty much every step, every roll, every turn. I feel it when I shift my weight. I'm confused by this question. Am I not normal?",
"You do. All the time. You're just use to it. When you ride up a fast elevator, you feel it even more. When you ride down a fast elevator, or are on rollercosters with the negative G feeling (or if you were in outer space) you would feel it even less. If you lose a lot of weight, you'll likely notice the difference, too.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
11vjup
|
how college football rankings are calculated
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/11vjup/eli5_how_college_football_rankings_are_calculated/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6q64np"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The rankings are a composite made from three different standings.\n\n* Coaches' Poll, this is a standing created from a poll taken among coaches of college teams\n\n* Harris Poll, this is a standing created from a poll taken among select media figures\n\n* Computers, this is a standing created from an algorithm. The algorithm tends to favor teams who have beaten other \"good\" teams\n\nEach team is given a points value based on the results of the two polls and the algorithm. Each points value is divided by 3 and added up to give the total points value, which determines BCS ranking"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
62gt3j
|
why does the marijuana drug test (immunoassay) test look for thc metabolites instead of thc itself?
|
Seems like they could have made the test relevant for current intoxication instead of intoxication at some random time in the past. Was this done for political reasons or are there technical reasons?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/62gt3j/eli5why_does_the_marijuana_drug_test_immunoassay/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfmhew7"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Because it's easier. When you have an easily demonizable group you usually just take the easy route to discriminate against them.\n\nThis test makes it dead simple, they don't care if you're high at the moment, they just care that you have been high at all because then it's easier for them to discriminate against you. Firing somebody easily instead of paying them more or god forbid giving them a raise is much preferable to corporate entities."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4r5b69
|
what does growth mean in terms of a countries economy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4r5b69/eli5_what_does_growth_mean_in_terms_of_a/
|
{
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2
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"text": [
"The way I learned economic growth, the ways economic growth is measured is by increasing the production capacity the country has (or, in other words, produce more stuff, which then brings in more money when the country exports it). War is famously known to help production (although it also has its downfalls), as the government wants every ounce of resources it can get to produce weaponry and other goods, and hence WWII is usually credited with officially ending the Great Depression.\n\nThere's also growth that's caused by better quality of life for the residents, such as technological advances (such as from horse-and-buggy to cars), increased literacy rates, decreased poverty rates, lower unemployment rates, better environments, etc. With these, people are more eager to spend money rather than to spend (such as the \"world is ending\" mindset many people had during the last years of the Cold War in the '80s), and of course, with more spending, there's typically a healthier economy which leads to more growth.",
"Economic growth simply means an economy grew in value. Value can be expressed as GDP (Gross Domestic Product). GDP is the TOTAL value of ALL goods and services that a country produces. \n\nFor example, let's say in Year 1 the US earned $100b through selling goods and services. In year 2 they managed to earn $200b, which means they experienced economic growth.\n\nExtra: with growth, comes inflation. This is where the price level of all goods rises. This is because if an economy grows, people have more money to spend on items. Shop owners can increase their prices because they know people will continue to shop there"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
57bnxb
|
nuclear powerplant fuel rods
|
I'm watching some videos on Chernobyl and for whatever reason, my mind refuses to understand things unless they are explained in a very "plastic" (I hope I used the word in a right context) way.
The main culprit for that disaster was the design flaws of the reactor - so I'm looking into reactor, the RMBK, trying to figure it out.
Fuel rods - what are they exactly? I found this picture - _URL_0_ - is that the fuel rod or is this only a partial picture and somethings missing? What makes those rods so powerful that they can boil water? How long before they get "depleted"?
And a sidenote Chernobyl question, about the molten debris from reactor slowly burning thru floor and getting close to the pool of water, if those 3 workers didn't shut the valves off, if the molten debris reached the water, would it evaporate all the water immediately, release big amount of energy and blow up like a geyser or would it slowly puff out radioactive steam until it ran dry of "material"?
Sorry for loading the question, I'm stupid. :(
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/57bnxb/eli5_nuclear_powerplant_fuel_rods/
|
{
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"text": [
"I'll help as best I can:\n\nFuel rods are tubes containing pellets \n\nHere: _URL_0_\n\nHow they're physically handling them in the picture you provided I don't know.\n\nAs for the core melting into the water, the steam itself would have contained radioactive material and been carried more effectively into the atmosphere afaik. That's why there's a big concern when ones like three mile island vented steam during their incident (in that case venting was necessary to prevent the pressure vessel from blowing and making it worse).\n\nI'm interested to see what the rest of the community says, I'm not an engineer just read the governors report on tmi and enjoy this stuff has a curiosity.",
"Nuclear engineer here. \n\nWhen an atom splits, some mass is converted to energy using E = m*c^2. An average fission generates 200 MeV of energy. This is a [LOT of energy](_URL_0_). One fuel pellet has as much energy as a ton of coal. It's the size of the tip of your pinky finger. These pellets are stacked into rods, which are then assembled into bundles, which are then loaded into a core. And my 3400 MW reactor has about 11 million fuel pellets total. \n\nSo that's a LOT of energy in a very small space, 2 years worth of energy typically. Unlike a coal boiler where there is only enough fuel in the boiler at any one time to burn for a minute or so, a nuclear reactor has 2 years worth of energy in it at a time and if not controlled correctly, the core will try to use it as fast as physically possible (like at Chernobyl). \n\nAs for valves: one concern with a molten core is if water gets in contact with it, you could potentially restart the nuclear chain reaction and make the problem a lot worse. Typically you want to try and add boron (a reactor poison) to your water after a core melt which is a form of liquid control rod and would prevent the reactor from starting up inadvertently after a core melt. \n\nIf you have any more questions about Chernobyl let me know!"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/vNw2O0p.jpg"
] |
[
[
"https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nuclear_fuel_element.jpg#mw-jump-to-license"
],
[
"http://www.virginiauranium.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/energy_comparison-urainium-pellet.jpg"
]
] |
|
16b84r
|
what would happen if someone would drink a big mug of coffee and go to bed before it kicks in?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16b84r/eli5_what_would_happen_if_someone_would_drink_a/
|
{
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"text": [
"My intuition is that you would fall asleep just like normal, but then sleep lighter and maybe worse. There is a study I found that says [about that](_URL_0_).\n\ntl;dr: You'll sleep, but not very well.",
"_URL_0_\n\nA glorious caffeine nap.",
"You sleep like crap and have crazy dreams and wake up dehydrated.",
"This is actually a technique you can use to power nap, called a [caffeine nap](_URL_0_). You drink caffeine before taking a nap. Caffeine takes about 30-45 minutes to start working, and a nap lasts about 25-30 minutes, so you wake up from your nap feeling awake and alert.",
"Caffeine is a diuretic; I imagine you'll wake up wanting to pee and have a difficult time returning to sleep.\n\nAs other comments have said, this is probably great for a nap but terrible for a night's rest."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1402564/"
],
[
"http://blog.aarp.org/2011/11/01/to-stay-awake-drink-coffee-then-nap-no-really/"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_nap#The_caffeine_nap"
],
[]
] |
||
657gzq
|
why isn't internet available through city power lines?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/657gzq/eli5_why_isnt_internet_available_through_city/
|
{
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"text": [
"Telco- tech. \n\nThe reason is the type of wires and how they run from house to house, city to city. The long and the short of it is too much, too long and too noisy. In your house it's a short distance over low voltages so it can make do. If you really want to know more let me know.",
"Power lines in the US carry current at about 60 Hz, which leaves a lot of room for data frequencies. But the problem is power lines are terrible at transmitting data. Anything that conducts electricity is an antenna, and antennas work both ways. Power lines are constantly perturbed with noise that would interfere with data, and data signals turn the miles and miles of power lines into transmitters of radio noise which interferes with other radio infrastructure, and it's illegal to produce noise on most frequencies."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6frkuy
|
why back in early 2000 motherboards were green, and now they are mostly black. why the color change and why aren't we seeing any pink motherboards?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6frkuy/eli5_why_back_in_early_2000_motherboards_were/
|
{
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"Back in those days we didn't have fancy windowed PC cases. Once those modded cases and windows popped up the manufacturers started to built visually appealing components. E.g. fancy RAM heatsinks, nice motherboards, PSUs and so on. \n\nWouldn't there be such cases as today, I believe we would have stayed with boring, cheap green motherboards and RAM modules, etc. ",
"Search back in this sub, iv read a more in depth answer before. it was saying about how it's just the cheapest plastic that was available and done the job, and just so happened to be green. And if the manufacturer didn't specify what colour board they wanted (they may not of even knew they could ask) they were just given green as they could then make more profit.\n\nEdit:also if they used a different plastic that coloured the boards a different colour you'd be asking why their that colour."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6dpgmu
|
why can't youtube videos stay active in the background on mobile devices?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6dpgmu/eli5_why_cant_youtube_videos_stay_active_in_the/
|
{
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"di4dkr6",
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],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"IT can, why do you think it \"can't\" Youtube has purposefully changed their system to attempt to prevent you from doing this on mobile devices and making that \"feature\" available only to their YouTube Red subscribers as a benefit of subscribing.\n\ntl;dr: You gotta pay",
"It's now a feature of YouTube red.. So they want you to pay for it. \n\nJust download and app for it. I use. OGtube. There are plenty of others though. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
7r5ryn
|
why do cars slightly move up when your foot isn’t touching the gas pedal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7r5ryn/eli5_why_do_cars_slightly_move_up_when_your_foot/
|
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"Only ones with automatic transmissions do. A torque converter is between the engine and drive wheels. When the wheels are not turning but the engine is, the torque converter still tries to rotate the wheels.",
"It's called [Idle Speed](_URL_0_). The engine is still engaged just running at a lower RPM than when you're driving. ",
"If you mean why do cars with automatic transmission creep forward when your foot isn't on the gas pedal.\n\nBecause the nature of the torque converter. It's never fully disconnects the engine and the transmission. The car is always in gear. The engine is still spinning so the transmission is still spinning so the wheel is still spinning. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idle_speed"
],
[]
] |
||
8s6a2p
|
what is the actual purpose of having a united states space force?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8s6a2p/eli5_what_is_the_actual_purpose_of_having_a/
|
{
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"e0wwdq4"
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"I think the idea is to split the responsibility for space off of the Air Force, much like how NASA was split off for civilian aerospace work. The Air Force actually spends more on space operations than NASA (moreso if you include agencies like the NRO). Putting that as it's own organization would, in theory, let them focus on the core mission better. \n\nNot really sure I agree with it, since most of the best ideas come from the cross-pollination of different fields, and trying to silo space completely will, I think, be more harmful than helpful. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
49ki4q
|
what are the differences between mental and clinical depression?
|
So basically I've been trying to write a depressed character in a proper way for Nanowrimo, because I've yet to see popular fantasy put depressed characters in the spotlight (by 'popular fiction' I mean the likes of teenage books like Skullduggery, PJO, and books like that which I grew up with).
I'm very confused about depression, because people always said that it's to do with hormonal imbalances, but then you also get people that are depressed after a loved one died, or after a war, and people also said that depression is about feeling apathy (and from description, nihilistic?) towards life. I'm also very confused when people said that they 'broke out of their depression', but then I have depressed friend who said that you can't break out of depression, all you can do is to just take medicine and 'pretend' that you're out of it.
There's so much conflicting info that I don't fully understand and most of the thread searches on reddit are a year old or more. Can someone please help?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49ki4q/eli5what_are_the_differences_between_mental_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"By \"clinical depression\" they are referring to major depressive disorder (or similarly named conditions), as categorized and studied by psychiatrists. Your friend is using \"depression\" as a special term in psychiatry. Traditionally however, \"depression\" refers to an emotional state that all humans experience from time to time, which is perhaps what you have in mind for your story. Unfortunately, people who don't really understand the importance of context improperly assert that only one meaning or the other is the *true* meaning, which is silly.\n\nFor comparison: everyone experiences anxiety once in a while, and the concept is well understood, but a psychiatrist would only diagnose you with an *anxiety disorder* by referring to formal diagnostic criteria established in his profession. The psychiatric term must be distinguished from the ordinary use.",
"Just adding to u/tokyojokeyo's excellent answer - Re: your comment about not 'breaking out of it', and your friend's comment, I'd say they were both somewhat incorrect.\n\n'Breaking out of it' implies a stark moment of realisation or change; this does occasionally happen, but more often than not it's more about being on an upward slope towards a happier place. When things start to get better (like, you can leave bed/your house), you can start to do more fulfilling things that also encourage your recovery. it's not that you suddenly wake up one day feeling fine, it's that you overcome a big obstacle that opens the door to you dealing with other aspects of your life. But it's rarely just an upward slope; people falter and fall back again, as with any recovery.\n\nRe: your friend's comment, I'm concerned if they're just 'taking tablets and pretending to feel better'. Drugs are typically an enabler, that gives you the motivation to do more things to aid your recovery. They shouldn't be used independently of other good life choices. Also, it may be that through your friend not speaking up about the fact they're still struggling, they're not necessarily on the right dose - as with any medication, everybody is different and it can take a bit of time to find the right balance for you. (and some people don't require medication at all - for some people it's about talking therapies or life changes.)\n\nIn terms of people being affected by life crises, this can still cause depression. It is about a chemical imbalance, but it's also not a perfect science (and unlike physical health, there are rarely physical symptoms) - fundamentally, it comes down to not having the tools available to be able to cope with the world around you. It may be am internal issue, it may be a physical one or it may be an environmental issue - and similarly, a change to any one of those three things can start the path to recovery. \n\nClinical depression is the diagnosis. People can feel depressed, but not have depression. People can have depression, and have a good day. People can also be depressed and not be diagnosed. \n\nI'm surprised you're struggling to find out information about it. A quick Google of 'experiences of depression' should come up with a range of blogs and stories.",
"Speaking as somebody with a diagnosed history of major depressive disorder, I can explain the difference. However, you need to understand that everybody has a slightly different experience. What I write is my own.\n\nWhen somebody dies or another tragedy strikes, you feel sad. Sometimes monumentally sad, and sometimes for a very long time. It's tragedy *within* your life.\n\nDepression is a little different. It's a different way of living, and a terrible way at that.\n\nWhen I was about 3 years old, I used to play by pretending I was He-Man. I would find some straight object, like a pen, that would be my sword, and I would widen my stance and hop around, pretending I was riding Battle Cat. This was apparently a lot of fun to me at the time. Now, 32 years later, I don't do that anymore. At some point along the way, it just ceased being fun, and in and of itself, losing interest in just one activity is ok. It's replaced by other stuff.\n\nDepression is sort of like that: the stuff you used to enjoy just isn't enjoyable anymore. Except that it like that with everything. Nothing brings you joy.\n\nNow, that's kind of problematic, because the world keeps pounding you with its stresses and anxieties. You become tired and frustrated, getting no relief. You still get upset, anxious, angry, and sad, and it keeps pounding you day after day. It's so bad it keeps you up at night. It starts to physically hurt.\n\nMeanwhile, all around you, everybody else is acting like life just has its ups and downs. For you, it's just the downs, and there is zero reason to think it's going to change. Because you're tired and distracted, you make more mistakes, so it gets worse (and, really, since you made those mistakes, it's your fault). Eventually, you catch on that it doesn't change, and you're getting worse. You lose the one thing that most people might have had at that point: hope.\n\nAnd, of course, because you've lost interest in anything that used to be interesting, and because you're tired from all the sleepless nights, you aren't interacting with people. You're too tired to go out, and you're a downer when they come around. Your friends start drifting away. Now you're lonely as well.\n\nSo, now you're miserable, tired, irritable, lonely, and hopeless. It's so severe and so hard to explain that its seems like nobody else could understand. It isn't just sadness--it's a lifestyle based in a mood that moves between apathy to horrifying sorrow. \n\nBecause nobody talks about it, you must eventually conclude that there must just be something wrong with you: you're a problem and you need to fix it. You were the one who didn't interact with your friends, your the one who can't find enjoyment, you're the one who can't handle what's going on in your life, you're the one continuing to make stupid mistakes because you're tired. So, really, it's all your fault. If you're depressed, it's because you're a screw up. So, toss guilt and the need to second-guess and overanalyze everything you need to do into the mix, and overanalysis to the point of increased shame and guilt is really easy to do in the sleepless nights and friendless free time.\n\nNow, take all that and mix it together for 24 hours a day, seven days a week, sometimes for months or years on end, with absolutely no relief in sight, nothing to look forward to but a life of daily misery, and you aren't supposed to talk about it, because that amounts to being ashamed at admitting that you're only failing at having the same basic living skills that everybody else apparently has (not that you have anybody around to talk about it if you wanted to try). \n\nAnd so, no matter how strong you are, no matter how bravely you try to face the world (more out of habit than anything else), the world erodes away at it all. Part of you fights against it so hard, but you're throwing punches at fog bank: the world just shifts into a new way of wearing you down. You can't stay tough against it forever. You're only human.\n\nSo, at some point, something occurs to you. Why not just toss yourself off a building? I mean, you know a simple truth: some people might be upset for a little bit, but they'll get over and go on with their lives, and your pain will stop. Really, that's what will happen. They'll cry and wonder if they couldn't have helped, but they'll get over it. They'll get over you. It isn't like you have anything to look forward to, so, logically, there's no reason *not* to do this. It makes *perfect sense*. It's the only rational course of action. Or, if you don't want to go out that way, get a gun, hang yourself, find some sort of pills, crash your car in hopes that it looks like an accident so that nobody feels guilty, or just Google some other way to your grave. Maybe leave a note if you want to assure everybody that they couldn't have known, or leave a note to create guilt in somebody you dislike. Doesn't matter. \n\nThat's sort of what it's like. Painful sorrow, loneliness, self-loathing, guilt, and occasional bouts where you are so far gone that you just go numb. Life, death, it's all the same after a while. Maybe you start giving away possessions you used to really value to people you know would enjoy them. You won't need them when you're lying in that coffin. Maybe you put off on something you had saved for previously, because now you won't need it, and whatever money you have should go towards your funeral expenses anyway. \n\nThat was my experience for a very long time (years of therapy and continuing medication help, but even that isn't enough for everybody). Having lost a daughter and having had depression--two separate events--they're radically different. My kid's death is something I'll never get over (at least, after 8 years, that appears to be the case). It was crushing...but I've coped enough to live with it and function in the knowledge that it happened. The depression--it's scary to know how bad that was. It wasn't tragedy within my life; it was a life defined by its utter lack of anything but daily tragedy. Just typing this brought me a great deal of grief, remembering what it was like...but it's grief that I know how to cope with now. I'll be ok in 10 minutes because I know it isn't my life anymore.\n\nAs for what causes it, it can be a chemical imbalance. For some people, that's all it is (it turned out to be part of the reason in my case, but it wasn't the only factor). But the truth is, we don't know all the causes. Environmental reasons, biological reasons, psychological reasons--sometimes it's just a perfect storm to turn one life completely inside out, and it's hard to pinpoint exactly what factors came together in that one person's experience. ",
"I've gone through both situational depression and long-term, diagnosed depression. In the day to day, there is not that much difference. \n\nWith situational, you can trace back your shit feelings to \"because X happened\", but that doesn't make you feel any better. With long-term, you can try to trace it, but it doesn't always work and you end up feeling frustrated that you can't understand your own brain.\n\nMedicine can help, but it doesn't make the depression go away. It just gets that shit feeling to a more manageable level, where you're able to ignore it long enough to function at a job or school. You know it's not gone, though.\n\nI've had breakthrough moments, but they don't last. There are definitely moments when you feel like everything is going right, the depression is gone, definitely gone, and you're going to be okay. After a day that doesn't go right, the depression pops up again and you're not sure if it ever really left.\n\nMy situational depression went away, but I don't know when or why. It just happened that I woke up one day and realized I hadn't been hating myself for a while. And then five years later my long-term depression hit, so there's no guarantee that the situational depression ever *did* go away. \n\nYou learn to live with it. I've gone to multiple therapists and made my own coping strategies to deal with the anxiety attacks that are a side effect of depression for me. I don't know if I'm ever going to get over it entirely. \n\nOne thing that might help you form your character is that depressed people do not sit around thinking, \"I'm depressed.\" It just *is*. It's a disability, just in your brain instead of your body. Someone in a wheelchair can have varied hobbies and interests and be a regular person, just struggling a little with certain things. Having depression feels like my brain's in a wheelchair. Mostly normal, but it struggles with certain things. It doesn't mean that it's the only part of me, though, and I never think of it like it is.",
"I had depression for years, and still take SSRI.\n\nDepression is exactly as described by /u/rofelli. For me, it was days and days laying on the floor, unable to even force myself to eat, or go to the bathroom. You can't feel anything except desire to stay \"off\". Nothing is enjoyable or fun. In my case, I became also rather aggressive and confrontational, overanalyzed things, got extremely \"philosphical\" about great topics. \n\nPhysically, my vision changed, specifically my field of view (tunnel vision). You normally don't stay depressed all the time. You bounce between complete apathy to general apathy with some form of energy to go by. I could tell when I switched between the two because my tunnel vision changed, opening up when I was less depressed.\n\nThe fact is that also you don't and can't realize that how you perceive the world is distorted. You are trying to measure something with an instrument that is broken, and pretending to fix it though its invalid reading. It simply can't be done. People will tell you to cheer up or similar bollocks, but truth is that you can't cheer up. It's like telling someone with pneumonia to stop coughing, take a run and enjoy the fresh air. They can't. They have pneumonia.\n\nSSRI worked for me, but now it's hard to stop taking them. I get sick if I reduce the dosage of even one droplet.\n\nAnother thing I noted is that when I started taking SSRI for the second time, my brain switched immediately in high gear, and I lost memory of the previous days. It's like having two people in the same brain, each with their own thoughts and memories, and the SSRI just kicked one away and reinserted the other. I could not justify behaviors I remembered or phrases I said. \n\nFinally, there are panic attacks. They happen out of nowhere, for no reason at all, and you feel like you are dying. People say that a panic attack is one of the most frightening experiences. I don't have a lot of comparisons, but I can guarantee you that it wasn't a walk in the park. I ended up at the hospital, sedated.\n\n",
"Giving a proper answer to the question posed in the title is difficult because of your use of the term \"mental depression\". Depression IS an affliction of the mind, so using the term \"mental\" to describe a form of depression is redundant. In the context of your question, all I can say is that mental depression and clinical depression are just two phrases for the same thing. However, only one of those terms (clinical depression) has any significant, easily definable meaning, so stick to that one. Googling the term \"mental depression\" will yield no results for that exact phrase because no one uses the phrase \"mental depression\" when talking about depression. More likely, depression is refereed to as a \"mental disorder\".\n\nTo address some of your other concerns: depression does involve a prolonged change in the chemical activity in the brain. This can happen for all sorts of reasons. Depression most commonly occurs when a person experiences something emotionally traumatic, but it can also be brought on by biological defects, genetic predispositions, substance abuse, or unrelated illnesses such as a brain tumor. Events such as a loved one dying or the experiences of war can cause the brain to enter a prolonged state of \"hormonal imbalance\". So you see, it's not that a hormonal imbalance is somehow unrelated to the emotionally traumatic events; it's the traumatic events which cause the imbalance.\n\nWhat it feels like to be depressed is highly subjective and heavily dependent on the flavor of depression we're talking about (Major Depression, Persistent Depression, Bipolar Depression, Seasonal Affect Disorder, Psychotic Depression, Postpartum Depression, Situational Depression, etc), however, I think that for the average depressed person, Rofelli has given a sufficient description. A cursory google on the subject provides parallel results.\n\nAs for your friend who says \"you can't break out of depression\": again, this is heavily dependent on the flavor of depression we're talking about. A person with Bipolar Depression will almost certainly never break free from their depression. However, most people who are depressed are suffering from Major Depressive Disorder, and people absolutely recover from this type of depression all the time. The road to recovery from Major Depressive Disorder will often begin with a formal diagnosis from a psychiatrist and a prescription for antidepressants and it will likely not end until the depressed person puts in a significant amount of personal effort, moving forward, setting reasonable goals, meeting those goals, staying positive and improving their life. It is difficult, but people do it every day.",
"Mental depression is when you are legitimately sad at life's BS.\n\nClinical is when you don't have a valid reason. A supermodel may be in love with you and it still won't make you happy.",
"Sometimes, one can spend all day waiting for the moment when they can finally crawl into bed and go to sleep, but when that moment arrives they feel a sense of dread because it means it's one step closer to having to wake up and face a whole new day."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
2oe1cg
|
where did all the biomass that makes up animals and plants come from?
|
I know that matter cannot be created nor destroyed, so something had to be consumed to make up the huge amount of biomass on earth. As I understand it, soil used to be biomass as well. Where did it all come from?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2oe1cg/eli5_where_did_all_the_biomass_that_makes_up/
|
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"text": [
"Biomass is not intrinsically different than regular mass. Plants are made up of mostly air and water for example. Gasses and stone.",
"The Earth. All the biomass on the planet is a minuscule fraction of the total mass. \n\nSome amount may of course be from infalling material, and the sun's energy is harnessed by life as well. \n\nThose things which make up life, like carbon and water, tend to be fairly abundant. ",
"Plants and some bacteria can convert inorganic materials like CO2 and H2O into organic materials like C6H12O6.\n\nThat is just 1 example. There are tones more for converting things like phosphorus and nitrogen into useful forms.",
"That's a bit like asking where lasagna came, since there are no \"lasagna trees\" or \"lasagna animals.\" Biomass, like lasagna, is the arrangement of simpler stuff in a certain way.\n\nThe elements for biomass, basically, are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Those basic elements are all over the place, and as life evolved, it evolved in an environment (Earth) where those elements were abundant.",
"I will attempt to really explain it to a 5 year old, or 7, idk how smart kids these days are...\n\nThere is stuff in the air, we call them molecules, like CO2. CO2 contains stuff that all life needs, like the \"C\" in CO2. But animals can't use CO2, since we don't have the right bodily tools for that.\n\nThankfully, there's plants, that can suck in CO2, and make it into a different stuff that animals can use, which we call carbohydrates.\n\nThe more CO2 the plants suck in, the bigger they get, and the more carbohydrates they can make.\n\nWe eat those carbohydrates, and we get bigger too.\n\nWhen both plants and animals die, we don't get to keep the stuff that we been putting into our bodies, so they get released to the environment and air as CO2, which the tree will suck in, thus continuing the cycle.\n\nWe also give plants CO2 by breathing out of our lungs."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
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] |
|
bjp7vu
|
why can we catch a slight buzz shortly after a sip of alcohol even though it hasn’t been digested yet?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bjp7vu/eli5_why_can_we_catch_a_slight_buzz_shortly_after/
|
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"text": [
"Drugs can pass into your bloodstream directly through your tongue. For alcohol, you could even have vapour entering via your lungs, though I guess that would be a minimal effect. Going via your stomach can be very rapid too, especially on an empty stomach.",
"It can also be a purely mental effect...the chemicals in your brain triggering in response to the act of taking that sip",
"Most of the alcohol is absorbed through the small intestine. However, about 20% of each sip of alcohol is absorbed through the mouth, throat, and stomach. \nAlso, alcohol is metabolized by the body, not digested.\n\nSource: I teach safe alcohol service to servers and bartenders for state certification.",
"Think of the pavlova effect (the salivating dogs). It's the same brain response system in action. It's the same brain response that causes addiction and tolerance.\n\nYour brain is hard wired to respond to the environment around it, and when you feel that initial buzz, that's your brain responding to the environment, more so than the first sip. So you walk into a bar, the brain readies itself for alcohol consumption and starts anticipation that nice glowing feeling (so essentially the brain starts drooling) and that's why you get the fuzzy feeling before the body could possibly have had chance to digest the alcohol.",
"The skin under your tongue is thin enough to allow transfer of alcohol/drugs directly into the blood stream. \n(That's why people with some heart medication spray/place pill under the tongue to quicken it's delivery into the blood stream.)"
]
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[] |
[] |
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[],
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||
3q0hik
|
why are orcas considered dolphins and why are they called killer whales?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3q0hik/eli5_why_are_orcas_considered_dolphins_and_why/
|
{
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"Biologically, orcas belong to the order Cetacea which includes dolphins, whales, and porpoises. Orcas are technically the largest dolphin in the world. There are approximately 35 other oceanic dolphin species. The term 'killer whale' is a misnomer because orcas are more closely related (genetically) to other dolphins than they are to whales.",
"People name things when they first see them. Common names are made this way. Orcas look like whales. They are the size of whales. So people call them whales. \n\nOrcas are more closely related to dolphins than whales. But people didn't know that until after people started calling them \"Killer Whales.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2sih88
|
why did the swiss bank change the value of the franc and what effects does that have on the economy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2sih88/eli5_why_did_the_swiss_bank_change_the_value_of/
|
{
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"The Swiss Central Bank has been holding the Franc/Euro Exchange rate at a 1.20 Francs per Euro minimum rate since 2011. \n\nToday they announced to no longer keep it this way, which made the rate shortly drop to 0.85 Francs/Euro, right now it's about parity/1:1. At the same time they announced to push interest rates from -0.25 to -0.75%, meaning you \"pay\" to hold Swiss Francs.\n\nSo what are the consequences? Bad news for Swiss export industry and tourism (no one can afford the Swiss Franc anymore, Swiss Market Index is about 10-15% down), Franc/Euro and Franc/USD went down, USD/Euro also went down, and bad news for people holding credits in Swiss Franc (lots of Polish people apparently, it gets much more expensive to pay off their loans).",
"The central bank has bought Euros and various other currencies in order to keep the Franc's value lower than market value (increased supply - > lower price). Next week, the European Central Bank is expected to introduce quantitative easing to the Eurozone, which is likely to increase demand for the Swiss Franc, meaning that the central bank would need to print more money in order to keep the exchange rate at around 1.2 CHF/EUR. Many people speculate that the bank decided that it was better to end the policy now rather than after quantitative easing is introduced (if it is) when the demand for CHF would be even larger.\n\nRegarding the effects it will have on the economy:\n\n* Tourism will probably decrease as the franc becomes more expensive relative to other currencies.\n* Companies that rely heavily on exports will suffer as their products become more expensive abroad\n* People with loans in Swiss Francs and salaries in another currency will need to pay more than before to pay back their loan\n* People earning Swiss Francs can purchase goods abroad for less than before + imports will be cheaper\n* People earning Swiss Francs with loans in other currencies will be able to pay them back more easily."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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] |
||
25d85z
|
what was america online (aol), and how was it different from the internet.
|
All I remember was a couple of friends who used to have AOL and hearing, "Visit us on the web at _URL_0_, or America Online, keyword: example."
What was a keyword? Why was the web address different from the AOL keyword?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25d85z/eli5_what_was_america_online_aol_and_how_was_it/
|
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"AOL was both an ISP and a search engine and a content provider. People would use AOL as their dialup provider. AOL had its own search engine technology that would search web pages, like its competitors yahoo and Google and altavista. AOL also did news aggregation like MSN does now. AOL also hosted private pages. Kind of like MySpace.",
"A keyword was basically an AOL pointer to that company's presence on AOL. It was pretty much like a web address that was internal to AOL, used widely before (and even after) AOL provided its customers access to the Internet.\n",
"The early versions of AOL didn't provide their customer's access to the web at all. Instead they provided their own content in their own interface that they had complete control over (AKA a walled garden). It was sort of like a giant graphical BBS. They used \"keywords\" as a simple way to access these content pages. The interface resembled the way modern video game consoles handle online content much more than it did a web browser (i.e. category links that branched off into a limited pool of approved content). If you do a quick google search I'm sure you can find some screenshots from those years.\n\nLater as the web became more popular AOL included a web browser as an option and they became more like today's ISPs, but their closed ecosystem still existed for a long time.",
"I think I just got old. ",
"You would have to use the AOL program to dial up and connect to the internet. Within the program would be a browser and access to AOL specific content. There was a search area for 'keywords' which would bring up the AOL page for such content. Although I believe you could still use an independent browser like IE or netscape to access the internet while the AOL program was running and connected. I later had AOL broadband DSL which was disappointing because even though DSL is an 'always on' connection you would have to run the AOL program and sign in for the internet to activate.",
"It was 50 billion free CDs that ended up in the lanfills.",
"Man, I remember how pissed my Mom would be at me when I'd get a TOS violation and they'd email it to every screen name on the account so there was no way to hide it from her. \n\nSadly, I also remember using {s drop, {s goodbye, {s filesdone, and {s gotmail in chat rooms/\n\nMore sadly, I specifically remember warez private rooms and \"progs\" like Ao-hell, Fate x2, AoIce, etc",
"The governments attempt at trying to keep our (America's) social connectivity under close supervision. They were afraid and also are control freaks and want to rule the world."
]
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4xya4a
|
why do snipers have to take the coriolis effect into account even though the shooter and the target spin together with the ground?
|
What I mean is : if you shoot a projectile that travels 500 mp/h from a truck that goes 50 mp/h in the same direction, the bullet goes 550 mp/h relatively to the ground but 500 mp/h relatively to the truck because the truck's momentum transfers to the shooter and the rifle.
Same goes for jumping on a plane : it doesn't escape from under your feet.
So since both the shooter and the target spin, why do you have to take Coriolis effect into account?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xya4a/eli5_why_do_snipers_have_to_take_the_coriolis/
|
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"Suppose we have a sniper on a rotating sphere, located on the axis of rotation. He shoots a bullet towards a target standing on the centre of the sphere. The target is also rotating about the same axis, but because of its distance from the axis about which it's rotating it's also moving tangentially to the centre of the sphere. The bullet follows a ballistic trajectory, it will not accelerate in flight (discounting the effect of drag), so by the time the bullet arrives, the target has moved out of the way.\n\nFrom the perspective of those on the sphere, the bullet appears to curve away from the target, but it is actually the target that's rotating. [This animation from Wikipedia should make it a bit clearer](_URL_0_).",
"If the bullet is traveling north (EDIT: in the northern hemisphere) then the target is moving east slightly slower than the shooter (in the extreme, a target at the North Pole has no eastward speed, it's just rotating in one place). The bullet maintains the eastward speed that it had when fired, so as it approaches the target it appears to curve to the east because the target is moving slower."
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3g8stm
|
why flies fly towards to light?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3g8stm/eli5_why_flies_fly_towards_to_light/
|
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"Many insects navigate by the sun. Since the sun is so far away from them it will stay in relatively the same place in the sky for an extended period of time. If they keep the sun in the same place in relation to their body they can then fly in more or less a straight line. When its dark and they cant see the sun, though, artificial lights become much more prominent. They basically confuse the light from something like your porch light with the sun. Since they are very close to it, though, as they fly past it it moves very quickly. In an attempt to keep the light in the same place in relation to their bodies they end up circling around it."
]
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57gh6c
|
when are two symbiotic species of cellular organisms considered to be one organism of different cells?
|
Say cells A and B are different species from each other, but they have an incredibly strong symbiotic relationship such that one would die without the other. Is there a point where this is instead considered a multicellular organism, where the previously different species are now considered specialized cells of the organism they make up?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/57gh6c/eli5_when_are_two_symbiotic_species_of_cellular/
|
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"The short answer is virtually never. The fact that despite the symbiotic relationship, cells A and B still reproduce by themselves without the need of each other and not from the same cell when reproduction happens, even if subsequent survival requires symbiosis. The case where Eukaryota gain mitochondria (commonly suggested to be a separate organism before being incorporated into the ancestors of Eukaryota) is a rather special case, since the latter is physically incorporated into the former through a rather long process, as well as the organelle itself being discovered long before the hypothesis is first proposed."
]
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28907g
|
why do huge shows like game of thrones and breaking bad use a different director each episode? wouldn't they want to keep a similar vibe and vision throughout the season?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28907g/eli5_why_do_huge_shows_like_game_of_thrones_and/
|
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"Television directors are different from Film directors. \n\nTelevision Directors will often have a say in shots or how scenes take place, but a lot of that is decided by the show-runner, who is usually the series creator or a producer who was working on it since day 1. Big-budget TV shows often keep a staff of a dozen or so producers and writers who are aware of the show's main characteristics and each of them are usually hand selected to direct an episode. (IE: Bryan Cranston directed a few episodes of Breaking Bad, and he's also a producer/executive producer.)\n\nSo TV shows do have a consistent vision, it's through the eyes of the show runner. The show runner just doesn't usually direct every single week.\n\nThe reason that the show runner doesn't direct every single week? Well I think that just comes down to versatility of Television. A film script is a single vision usually created by a writer and interpreted by a director. But when you have a dozen different people writing 15+ scripts a season, it would be boring to have the same direction in each episode.",
"After the show is shot, the director starts work on editing and post production. The crew and actors can't sit around waiting for him to be free to start shooting the next show. Switching directors allows the next show to get underway. The same DP And crew help ensure the same overall visual style, and the showrunner helps ensure continuity of story.",
"It's very unusual for one person to direct every episode of an American series for the same reason it's very unusual for one person to write every episode of an American series: it's too much work for one person to do, in the time allotted. Even when a show shoots all in one place, it's often impossible, as the production of episodes often overlaps.\n\nIt occasionally happens, in sitcoms, though. HIMYM was directed almost exclusively by Pamela Fryman, for instance.\n\nEdit: Thanks for the upvotes and gold. This question comes up weirdly often - hopefully it's answered once and for all, now.\n\nEdit 2: Wow, two months of gold! Pleased to be of service...\n\nEdit 3: My karma cracked 1,000. You're very kind, ELI5ers!",
"True Detective is one of the few exceptions to this, and it's been fantastic. As a matter of fact, it is one of the few series that's had only a single writer, too.",
"Sometimes when you have only one person as lead working on a creative project, it all goes to shit quickly. \n\nFor example let's look at Star Wars. During the production of 4, 5, and 6 George Lucas was as good as being literally nobody. He wasn't yet worshipped/revered as the creative mind behind Star Wars, so when other people in the working environment made suggestions, complaints, or had creative differences they had to work it out and talk about it and come to some kind of compromise. People were willing to stand up and contribute their ideas to make the movies/series better.\n\nThis is most easily seen in The Empire Strikes Back. When Han is being lowered into the carbonite freezing chamber, when Leia says \"I love you,\" Han was supposed to say \"I love you too.\" Instead he says \"I know,\" because that was how Harrison Ford felt the character was more natural. \n\nDuring the making of 1, 2, and 3 George Lucas had already risen to god status among nerds. He finally had the budget and the clout to demand COMPLETE CREATIVE CONTROL. \n\nTLDR; If you don't have multiple people working together as equals, you wind up with very forced/contrived results.\n\n \"Anakin, you're breaking my heart!\"",
"Also worth pointing out, the director of a TV episode is not nearly as influential as the director of a movie, except for the pilot. \n\nThe pilot sets the tone for the entire series. Set design, cinematography, any visual choices that make your show look distinct, that's generally all established in the pilot. \n\nSubsequent directors are tasked with making an episode consistent with the look and feel of the pilot and any other episodes that have come before. If the pilot was a 1 hour Michael Bay movie with slick visuals, hot girl closeups, explosions, and straightforward plot, and the second episode was a 1 hour QT movie with a non-linear story and grainy film and odd references to 70s stuff, people who liked the first one probably wouldn't like the second. And people who would have liked the second would have bailed on the show after seeing the first.\n\nTV directors after the pilot are still very important, figuring out how to translate a script into a story that can be told in the previously established format. And of course, they are responsible for getting the best performances possible out of the actors.",
"It is extremely taxing to direct, let alone to direct one episode while prepping the next. Even with a very hands-on showrunner, there is a LOT of prep-work that goes into directing TV, even for a simple show like Big Bang Theory, let alone for a massive clusterfuck of a show like Game of Thrones. Therefore, nearly all TV shows use different directors week to week.\n\nsource: I work in TV.",
"Film is the directors medium.\nTelevision is the producers medium.\nTheater is the actors medium.",
"Like has been said, there are shows that shoot multiple episodes at the same time, so having the Executive Producer around for everything would be impossible (there are the EP's that actually just sign things like checks, but most EP's have an active hand in the show's course), so they have people who have been tasked with writing and directing individual episodes.\n\nEver hear of ADR writers/directors? For some shows things get added in the redubbing of scenes just because. If you get a copy of the script before the episode was finished, it might not have the stuff in it, but the \"official\" copy after the episode is finished might have that stuff put in it, just so they can claim it was meant to be there.\n\nEither way, the writers and directors have usually ran their ideas for an episode (if not whole scripts) by the EP so they can make sure \"The Powers That Be\" like it. TPTB are the Producers and network execs.\n\nUltimately, a similar feel is kept throughout a season because the Executive Producer actually is the final step before the network gets a hold of an episode.",
"I work in the field. As many have suggested it's a question of time. A small handful of directors usually work on a show and know the look/feel/characters intimately. But while episode 1 is being shot, episode 2 is being prepped and episode 3 is being scouted and tweaked - not something a single director can do.\n\nHowever, you will frequently see a single Director of Photography throughout a series. This ensures that the visual look and feel of the show and the shooting style are consistent. \n\nThere's also a nuance to TV that's a little hard to explain - directors are LESS important and powerful in TV than in film (not saying they're not important because of course they are.) But on a film the director is god. On a TV series, the writer is god and the director services the story more than anything.",
"The director's prep time required for each episode can't be accommodated within a continuous shooting schedule. Usually there will be a rolling arrangement of multiple units that will allow one director to be shooting while another is in post and another is in prep. Directors coming onto TV shows are expected to work with the showrunner and/or producers to assimilate and deliver the style that has been designed for the show, which is how a similar vibe and vision is maintained. ",
"People have already contributed a few answers, but I wanted to give a more practical accurate one.\n\nIn any production, the director works in three phases. Pre-production, in which you plan the filming, make decisions about how you'll do things, etc; production, where you actually film; and post-production, where you oversee editing and music and so on. Usually the pre phase takes ~6 months or more, the post phase takes 3-9 months, and filming only takes 2-4 weeks. Filming's the quick part.\n\nSo when you make a movie, obviously you do all 3 things in the natural order. Plan, film, process, release.\n\nBut with TV, that would be really really inefficient. You might spend a month planning an episode, then a week or two filming, then a month finishing the episode in the edit bay, then move on to the next episode... so you can do what, 5 episodes a year, max? With actors showing up for 1-2 weeks every 2 months? \n\nInstead, they say that Karen, you direct episodes 1, 4, 7, and 10. Sam, you direct episodes 2, 5, 8, and 11. Jill, you direct episodes 3, 6, 9, and 12.\n\nSo Karen starts planning episode 1, films it, processes it, starts planning episode 4. Right after the actors are done filming episode 2, they can start working on episode 2, which Sam has just finished planning. And then after that, they can go to Jill's episode 3, and so on and so on, working in one consistent block without wasted time. With 4 directors, you can get more episodes finished, give each episode the time it deserves, and have a sane production schedule. \n\nNow you might think, wouldn't this result in huge shifts of tone and format, as each director has their own style? And what if the stories don't line up? Well, in TV, the writers and producers work in a team, led by a person nicknamed Showrunner (usually an executive producer, sometimes a writer). The showrunner has final say on all big decisions; he approves the plot outline the show will use, talks to the directors of photography about the visual aesthetic, approves the costumes and filming locations, etc. The directors, editors, composers, etc all have their own input and wiggle room, of course, but the showrunner sets the outline for what they can work in to make the show feel consistent and smooth. And usually after working on a few episodes, the crew gets used to the show's style, so the DOP might tell the episode's new director \"No, we don't use slow motion on this show, it's not in our style.\"\n\nMovies produce 90-180 minutes of footage over ~2 years, generally. TV shows produce as much as 1100 minutes of footage per year, each year, for multiple years in a row. Relying on just one director just isn't feasible for something like Breaking Bad or Game of Thrones. Some shows *do* use consistent directors, but they're not things like that. Peep Show has consistent directors -- but that's a half-hour comedy making 6 episodes per season. South Park's another one -- but they famously have a 7-day turnaround on new episodes, a tiny cast, and very basic animation, so it's a lot easier for one or two guys to handle on their own, they would never do it with Game of Thrones.",
"The short answer is because it would kill them. That's a lot of weight and responsibility to pack into an intense and very long shooting schedule. If you look at a UK show where less episodes have been filmed at a more leisurely pace you'll sometimes find the same director across a series, like Edge of Darkness or State of Play. ",
"If we Take HBO's \"True Detective\" into account, which did use ONE writer and ONE Director for the entire season, That Said Director mentioned at how Draining it was to Direct 10 full hours of TV. That Dude Directed a 10 hour movie.... that is a lot of hours.",
"It's because they can only do so much at a time. TV is shot in blocks, usually 2 episodes at a time which will have a different director, this is because while one is shooting the other is preping the next 2.. A lot of work goes into it, rehearsals, single episode casting, production design, story boarding locations recce's and so many meetings that a shooting director just can't do it all.. There would usually be different 1st and 2nd ad's also\n\nSource: I work in television",
"There is a practicality to the process.\n\nTypically one episode of a 40min tv series takes two weeks to shoot. However there is also a week of prep and a week or so of post production. Additionally sets have to be built, daily actors cast, scripts tweaked, wardrobe built or purchased, stunts prepped, props built or purchased and locations scouted. After the episode has been filmed all the above needs to be catalogued and saved incase the show ever comes back and reuses an actor, some wardrobe, a location, a set piece etc... All this takes time.\n\nRather than break each episode into it's equal piece, the episodes are overlapped. While one director is shooting an episode the next director is prepping his episode and the previous director is in post production for his episode. Then everyone needs to share the time of the other departments. Because of this time sink the directors share this time and as a result it's cheaper and more efficient to use multiple directors.\nIncidentally, a show runner will only direct the episodes he feels are most important to the series, if at all. They're very busy people and don't have the time to oversee every episode. Unless something unique or special or even problematic is happening, you'll rarely see them on the floor.\n\nSource: I work in TV",
"Interestingly, nearly every episode across the 9 seasons of How I Met Your Mother was directed by the same female director. Although HIMYM is dead to me now and I don't think I will ever watch it again.",
"I work on an hour long television show. Some shows, mostly half hour comedies, do have one director for all of the episodes. But with 1 hours shows, there is a prep process on each episode where costume/prop/casting/location decisions are made. That process takes 7 or 8 days for each episode (depending on the show). The director is part of all of those prep meetings. The scheduling is such that one person could not be available for all of those things and be on set shooting an episode at the same time. \nIts true that the vision for the series comes from a showrunner and not a director but the reason the showrunner doesn't direct every week is because MOST of the time, the showrunner is a writer/producer, not a director/producer.",
"For a more detailed response check out the breaking bad insiders podcast, it's a behind the seasons podcast with the cast and crew.\n\nThe answer is time. In breaking bad they had 8 days to film each episode with no time but maybe a days break in between. It takes that same amount of time for the director to \"spot\" the episode, which is where they'll choose locations, begin thinking about lighting and angles and how each episode will be broken down and shot. This time for the director is during the 8 days the previous episode is being shot. If you notice the only episodes Brian Cranston direct are the first episodes of a season because it's the only time he can come in and spot his episode before filming, because he's busy on camera the rest of the season.",
"There are a lot of reasons for this. One of the reasons is, it can actually be good for a show to get a little bit of different flavor from one episode to the next. Sometimes that really great episode you love from that show you watch was directed by someone that they couldn't get to commit for more than one episode, but they could get them for one episode.\n\nPlus, it can be a good proving ground for up and coming directors who don't have the resume to get funding for their movie. You'll notice it's not uncommon for the stars a show to direct an episode or two. Often it's because they'd like to try their hand at directing, so they work it into their contracts that they get to do an episode. But they aren't on the trapeze without a net-- the crew (including assistant directors) mostly knows what they're doing anyway, so it's not as daunting as it would be to do your own project.\n\nBeyond that, churning out 22 episodes per year can be a huge creative drain. To my knowledge, most directors wouldn't really want to do that without help. It's more fun and interesting to do a couple of episodes from a few shows.\n\nBut putting all of those things aside, there's a very practical concern: Directors are involved in the pre-production, production, and post-production of the episode that they work on. So if an episode takes about a week to shoot, there might be a few weeks before that of pre-production and another few weeks of post-production after.\n\nSo what they tend to do is have multiple directors working at the same time. While they're shooting one episode, the director who shot the previous episode is working with the various post-production teams (sound, editing, effects) to put the episode together. Meanwhile, the director of the following episode is scouting locations, casting, etc.\n\nDoing it this way means that all the people working at different stages get a nice steady flow of work-- the actors, for example, can just shoot their scenes for each episode, one week after another, rather than waiting for pre-production and post-production to complete for each episode.",
"Based purely on the Breaking Bad podcasts (which I highly recommend), the director, writer and producer all rotate.\n\nThe writers and show runner all meet and break the story out and the episodes are then handed off to a writer or writing team. This group effort to storyboard and break the full season is what keeps consistency and pacing of the season. The final script goes to the director and producer who work with the DP and other technical players to scout locations, build sets, prepare any tech elements (schedule cranes, that one shot they did with a weather balloon, etc). Then they shoot their week's episode (6 to 8 days). \n\nThe next week, the cast and crew and a new director moves on to a new episode but the precious director moves to sound and editing. While not in the editing room 100% of the time, they are actively involved in selecting the cuts and approving that version (and then cutting again to fit network restrictions on time). Then if there are any pickups, reshoots, ADR needed they get that as well.",
"Because although the filming of a weekly episode can be done in a week, the preproduction and post production on an episode can run for a number of weeks. If you are aiming at producing an episode per week this means you need to overlap producer/director roles. \n\nDirector A is in post production hoe the episode filmed last week, Director B is filming an episode and Director C is doing preproduction on the episode that begins filming next.\n\nThere other reasons as well such as some directors working across more than one show.",
"In tv, it's the producer who maintains the show's concept.\n\nThink of how Lucas did episodes 4-6. Though they're movies, it's a good example. He directed the first to set the tone and direction of the series, then hired directors to shoot while he held the monstrous projects together from all angles.\n\nTo digress, it was a great system. Too bad he totally fucked it up on 1-3.",
"Slightly off topic, but actors and actresses usually start gaining credit for other roles (producer, director, you name it) once the show has been running for 7 years (remember when just about every OFFICE cast member was an assistant producer or director around season 7?!)\n\nThis is because in CALIFORNIA, these are personal services contracts and cannot exceed 7 years (don't want someone signing their life away) but obviously some people want to work on a show/project for a longer period so courts are satisfied with a mere title change. \n\nSOURCE: California Labor Code Section 2855(a).",
"Doctor Who has different directors",
"Never tried to ELI5, but here goes... I work on a network television show (U.S.), and for us, it's all about the efficient use of time. It takes us about 24-27 days to produce just one episode. Of those days, only 8-9 of are spent actually filming. The other days are split between pre-production (casting, storyboarding shots and scheduling filming, securing locations, budgeting, etc.) and post-production (editing, sound, etc.). Our directors aren't as involved in \"post,\" but they're very important in pre-production planning. (Other shows have them involved for every phase.) At this rate, our director is \"busy\" for about 20 days, usually more. Considering we make 20+ episodes a year, if we were to use the same director for every episode, there would literally not be enough days in the year for us to finish. (And she/he would never have a break!) This is why shows tend to use a \"stable\" or \"rotation\" of directors. You try a few out, see who does a good job, then go back to them again and again when you know you can trust them to keep the \"machine\" moving on-time and on-budget.",
"That's part of the reason True Detective's continuity and completeness were so highly regarded. They only used one director. ",
"Since a show like Breaking Bad only has ~8 days to shoot each episode, and since they're shot back to back to back, there just isn't enough time. Bryan Cranston, who has directed a few episodes can only direct the season premieres. This is because he has to spend time before the shooting schedule starts blocking shots and laying out the look of the episode. Once the premiere begins shooting, he has to be on set directing and thus can't spend time planning the next episode, which will start shooting the day after that episode is done being filmed.",
"Seeing as you mentioned both Breaking Bad and Game of Thrones, I think that I should point out theat Michelle MacLaren (BrBa EP and directior) also directed a few episodes fo GoT (2 in Season 3 and 1 in Season 4 I think).",
"Some other good answers below, but it's worth pointing out that different artistic visions can help round out a show. For example, the GRRM directed GoT episode this season was fantastic. ",
"The longer your project's running time, the more difficult it is to direct something. 22 episodes at 45 minutes is upwards of 18 hours of final footage. That is a lot to try and keep together in your head. Most directors only do a few hours a year at most. ",
"They have different directors because once they finish shooting foe a week,(an episode) the director moves into the editing suite with the editor, the following week, whilst another director begins the next ep with the shooting crew, they do it to leap frog each other, and keep pumping out eps as quickly as possible.\nThat's why...it is all for you!",
"The Breaking Bad documentary really does a good job of explaining this. Each director has a larger role for the most part in the show and therefor understands the greater image as well.",
"I think it keeps it interesting. Those are two of the best TV shows of all time, so anything they have in common might be a plus to their quality.",
"Writers, producers....and really the entire production staff...has WAY more say in television than in movies. In a movie, the end product is the vision of the director. But in TV, the director is mostly there as a boss. Someone to lead everything and someone to organize the hundreds of people that work on location during filming. But the director is bringing the writers pages to life. Whereas in a movie, the director has his own vision. He is making his own interpretation of the script. Also, the production of TV shows is so much different than movies. One single director couldn't possibly produce 10-24 episodes of a TV show every year by himself.\n\n...he didn't ask the difference between TV and movie directors, did he?",
"My WAG: Keeps it cheaper, keeps a director from holding the series hostage if they decide to quit, and there is too much work for one director in the time they have to finish. ",
"On GOT, the directors are scared that if they stick around too long or are too well-liked, George R.R. Martin will kill them."
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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[]
] |
||
371trm
|
university hospital vs. regular hospital
|
What is the difference between a university hospital and a normal hospital?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/371trm/eli5_university_hospital_vs_regular_hospital/
|
{
"a_id": [
"criyhnr",
"crizyc9"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"As far as patient care goes, nothing noticeable. University hospitals however, are teaching hospitals. That means that they will have medical students and residents providing patient care in addition to the full time providers. However, don't let this deter you. Many \"regular\" hospitals are also teaching hospitals and will have medical students and residents as well. Just remember that all of these novices have fully-licensed, attending physicians supervising all of their work, so you shouldn't receive any poorer medical care. ",
"from a patient care perspective, nothing. \n\nbut at the university hospital it is usually a teaching hospital. the docs on staff teach/train medicine and how to treat patients. the med students perform low level procedures without continued supervision. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6yesjg
|
my econ teacher posed a question to us regarding sunk costs.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6yesjg/eli5_my_econ_teacher_posed_a_question_to_us/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmmskc1",
"dmmsmjb",
"dmmsn0f"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"Quotes from Wikipedia:\n\n > In traditional microeconomic theory, only prospective (future) costs are relevant to an investment decision. Traditional economics proposes that economic actors should not let sunk costs influence their decisions. Doing so would not be rationally assessing a decision exclusively on its own merits. \n\nand\n\n > Evidence from behavioral economics suggests this theory fails to predict real-world behavior. Sunk costs do, in fact, influence actors' decisions because humans are prone to loss aversion and framing effects. In light of such cognitive quirks, it is unsurprising that people frequently fail to behave in ways that economists deem \"rational\".\n\nSo, to rephrase:\n\nYou ignore all costs that happened and that you can't influence and try to act rationally from the position you're in **RIGHT NOW**.\n\nIn your \"I lost 10 tickets\" example, I'd argue that the change in your wealth (say you had $750 to spend before you bought the 10 tickets) makes you re-evaluate the value of the ticket to you (because paying 50 out of 750 available dollars for a ticket seems more enticing than 50 out of 250 available dollars). But that last part is just me rationalizing, and - to my knowledge - not proper economic thought.",
"Once you lose the ticket, that money is no longer contributing to your concert experience. It's just gone - it's no longer part of the concert experience.\n\nIt's not that you ignore the money, you just need to look at the situation without considering that money was spent to it. It doesn't matter if the $50 was spent on a lost concert ticket, a parking ticket or stolen out of your wallet. You now have $50 less and need to decide if you're spending $50 on a concert ticket.",
"You don't have any choice about having lost the $50 ticket. Thus, you're choosing between two scenarios:\n\n1. Be out $50 and don't go to the concert.\n2. Be out $100 and go to the concert.\n\nThe difference between the two scenarios is $50 and a concert attendance, so if the concert is worth $50 to you, you should choose to go. You don't have the option of not going to the concert and being out $0, so it's irrelevant whether or not you would prefer that option to the ones you have.\n\nNow, whether the concert is worth $50 to you depends on your valuation of $50, and that in turn depends on how much money you have. If you have $550, $50 might be less valuable than the concert, whereas it might not be if you only have $50, so your decision can change if you constantly are losing tickets. But that's not based on sunk costs, it's just based on how much you currently value money. Regardless of whether you started with $550 and then lost 10 tickets or you started with $50, your decision should be the same."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2kw6da
|
why does packaged thin-sliced turkey stink so bad, even when freshly opened?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2kw6da/eli5_why_does_packaged_thinsliced_turkey_stink_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clpx67r",
"clpaiza",
"clpc7f3",
"clpclpp",
"clpjhtc"
],
"score": [
3,
78,
7,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"If you're talking about the Oscar Mayer 'deli fresh'. The package has a small amount of SO2 (sulfur dioxide) in the packaging air. This helps keep it fresh and is the reason it smells like ass when you open it. ",
"When it cooks, some of the fats react and turn into oils that break down or oxidise and smell like that. It happens with most meats. Even if you cook a steak and pop it in the a container for a while, it'll smell funky when you open it.\n\nI'm sure someone will post a more elaborate version though, but it's ELI5 for now",
"From my experience, it is the packaging. I have worked in as deli and most of the meat comes in pressure sealed plastic with a little bit of water. The turkey however, comes sealed with a gunky, salty brine that has the consistency of...well....snot. Most of the sliced turkey you get is just chunks of turkey and chicken lumped together so maybe that has something to do with it as well... Either way it smells horrible",
"Every packaged meat will ferment in the packaging from the presence of bacteria that don't require much oxygen to live. These low-oxygen bacteria will not spoil meat as fast as bacteria that occur in the open air and give off am odor I'd describe as \"sour\". with any packaged meats let it \"air\" before giving it the sniff check for wholesomeness.\n\nPoultry smells back in life and death anyways, my least favorite protein to work with, hate how it feels.",
"SO2 is a great gas to pack ~~meat~~ food with. keeps the color up, doesn't react to spoil the flavor but smells like poop\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2g13yk
|
scottish users of reddit: why is your country voting to leave the u.k. ?
|
American here. Wouldn't this be really more of a hassle than it's worth? What does Scotland gain from this besides a new found independence. (literal and figurative)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2g13yk/eli5_scottish_users_of_reddit_why_is_your_country/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckennt8",
"ckepa9i",
"ckepmyw"
],
"score": [
9,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"* Scotland would have all governing powers in the Scottish Parliament rather than England having the final say\n* We can vote in a political party we actually want. Fact - There are more Pandas in Scotland that Conservative MPs, yet we are governed by a Conservative Prime Minister.\n* No more nuclear weapons - saving money\n* Oil revenue can help boost Scotlands wealth - Scotland would be richer (GDP) than the UK as a whole\n\n\nBasically thats the main points.",
"A more democratic parliament (e.g. no unelected hereditary peers or Bishops influencing the law).\n\nAlso, the parties that are getting elected in England are pretty anti EU (meaning that a No vote could lead to us getting kicked out of the EU and all the benifits that come with that). Also, far right parties are gaining more and more votes in England (see UKIP).",
"self-determination.\n\nYou're American... would you be happy to hand all your government's powers back to London and no matter who you guys voted for, you ended up with a government that was actually decided by about 14million people who live in and around London?\n\nYes there will be downsides and not all plain sailing, but the right to govern ourselves trumps all."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
30pxve
|
unincorporated cities of the usa
|
Such as Universal City, Ca and Hacienda Heights, Ca. Why do these exist? What the the advantages of them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30pxve/eli5_unincorporated_cities_of_the_usa/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpunuml"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"An unincorporated area is basically just a region of a county that isn't governed by any municipality. Instead, the county government represents them."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1leqgf
|
if water cannot be "destroyed", why are we so concerned with preserving it?
|
By "destroyed" I mean that it just goes through the water cycle.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1leqgf/eli5_if_water_cannot_be_destroyed_why_are_we_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbyh8qa",
"cbyhc3y"
],
"score": [
14,
7
],
"text": [
"We're not concerned with preserving water, but preserving cleanm usable, or drinkable water. If we can't clean it as fast as we use it, we run out of usable water.",
"Because it can be polluted. And cleaning filthy water to make it drinkable is an expensive and exhaustive process. In the US, tons of contaminants make it into the drinking water anyway. For example, I get regular reports indicating how much lead, mercury, and radioactive isotopes end up in my water, among other things. There are also independent labs that measure things the government doesn't, mostly chemicals from plastics, pharmasudicals, pestacides, and things that are \"arguably\" detrimental to our health.\n\nFresh water is also one of the scarcest resources, and it's not evenly distributed. In the midwest Americas, anywhere around the great lakes, water is essentially free. In other parts of the world, water has to be bought and trucked in. People don't bathe, because water is such a luxury.\n\nEDIT: Long story short, while it doesn't necessarily get 'destroyed', it can be rendered unusable."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
eiql26
|
how do mics at concerts dont pick up the sound of the instruments or fans?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/eiql26/eli5_how_do_mics_at_concerts_dont_pick_up_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fcsvpuw",
"fcsvxjt",
"fct3fpl"
],
"score": [
14,
4,
3
],
"text": [
"The mics they use are designed to only pick up sound from a specific distance and direction. This has to do some with the pattern on the grill of the mic. In actuality, there will be some bleed-through of other sounds in each of the mics, but it’s negligible.",
"They do, but they're easily lost in the noise because they're so faint.\n\nWhen we hear things closer don't sound THAT much louder so you might think this would be hard to distinguish for microphones, but in fact things get much much less loud when they get further away, the signal strength is so much lower it's easy to either filter them out or if your equipment is not sensitive enough, they won't be picked up at all.\n\nIt's actually quite difficult to make a microphone that is sensitive enough for things further out, but also not blow out with things happening close by.",
"Two reasons: \n\n1) Distance. \nSound follows the Inverse Square Rule: the same sound from twice as far away sounds 1/4 as loud. A sound that is three times as far away sounds 1/9 as loud. Ten times as far away sounds 1/100 as loud. And so on. A microphone two inches from your mouth basically can't hear a guitar twenty inches away at your waist.\n\n2) Direction. \nMy understanding of [Cardioid directional microphones](_URL_0_) is that there are two sound pickups, and the 'back' pickup is wired in reverse to cancel out the sounds coming from 'behind' the microphone. That's an oversimplification, but it is a convenient way of thinking of it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone#Cardioid,_hypercardioid,_supercardioid,_subcardioid"
]
] |
|
359f6k
|
what does a panic attack or anxiety attack feel like?
|
I dated someone who had these frequently. I always tried to be understanding and supportive, but I couldn't comprehend the feeling. It was intense. I've never experienced one of these before. Help me understand.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/359f6k/eli5_what_does_a_panic_attack_or_anxiety_attack/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cr29q6q",
"cr29rm2",
"cr2j7p2"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Think about something you have a strong phobia of (e.g. spiders, snakes, etc.). Then imagine being locked in a small room with a bunch of whatever it is you have a phobia of and not being able to escape. That's the type of internal feeling you can have when you experience a panic/anxiety attack.",
"Effects can vary but a true panic attack absolutely cripples a person. Their brain is spinning up to the point that it interferes with proper processing of external stimulus and the person pretty much shuts off until they can get past it. \n\nYour heart speeds up and you can feel nauseous. Sometimes you can't catch your breath or your legs get weak and you need to sit down. You're so wrapped up in the issue that you can't properly analyze the inputs about it rationally any more, and you need some time or some kind of routine to perform instead to slow down its domination.\n\nIt's a bit like a kid's temper tantrum where you lose control of your thought processes and it's like someone else is driving for a bit. ",
"For me it manifests as a growing pain in my chest, massive heart rate rise, all the blood drains from my extremities, and the feeling of impending and absolutely doom. This lasts from five minutes to an hour. \n\n3/10 not recommend. \n4/10 with rice. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
b5usyr
|
why aren't email addresses case sensitive?
|
I'm learning programming right now, and it seems that by all accounts, coding is inherently case sensitive (so 'A' is a distinctly different character from 'a'). However, email addresses aren't case sensitive and will work if they have all the characters be in upper case, all in lower case or anything in-between. Moreover, they are almost always paired with passwords that (in every case I have seen) are case sensitive.
So how are email addresses designed to function like this? Was it at all taxing space in the days where computers were severely limited with the amount of space they have to add systems to make it non-case sensitive where 'A' would count as the same thing as 'a'?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b5usyr/eli5_why_arent_email_addresses_case_sensitive/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ejg18wc",
"ejg1hhi",
"ejg1n3d",
"ejg1too",
"ejg1wmp"
],
"score": [
9,
2,
2,
6,
2
],
"text": [
" > Was it at all taxing space in the days where computers were severely limited with the amount of space they have to add systems to make it non-case sensitive where 'A' would count as the same thing as 'a'?\n\nNo. It was done because it would be too confusing for the users. It would be hard to remember which characters in someone's email address where uppercase. Much easier to just make it case insensitive. \n\n & #x200B;",
"So can be case sensitive and some aren’t. It’s all about how the server is setup. For the most part they are not case sensitive but must be distinct to lower confusion. ",
"The username (*person*@domain.TLD) actually *is* case-sensitive! Most providers (especially big ones like Gmail, Yahoo, Outlook, etc) specifically add a validation step to make the email addresses *they provide* not pay attention to capitals. This is purely for users, as I'm sure you could imagine the headaches that would come from telling your customers \"send me the PO over at [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])\" and having them get one letter wrong.\n\nBack in the day, there were a lot more crappy email providers and this was legitimately a problem with university and corporate mailing systems. There's even a few crappy email providers today that I'm sure don't do the extra step required.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBonus Info: Gmail addresses not only disregard capital letters, but *periods* too! CollinHell(at)Gmail is actually the same address as C.o.L...L.i.N..hell..(at)Gmail!",
"If you want more details RFC 822 defines how email addresses should be formatted along with other email related items and protocol definitions. All standards generally have an RFC document that explains everything in detail. You will use these often in your career, so get familiar with them.",
"It isn't quite true that e-mail addresses aren't case sensitive. The part before the '@' could be case sensitive, and that decision is up to software handling that e-mail for that domain. The part after the '@' is the domain in question, and that is not case sensitive, according to the rules governing domain names. In actual practice most email systems treat the local name (before the @) as being case insensitive to avoid issues where a case change could cause email to be delivered to the wrong recipient. For this reason, they won't create [email protected] as well as [email protected], since it would be too easy to mix them up. Having said this, I'm sure some host out there allows it, since it isn't against the rules. However, I can think of any examples."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4p0cak
|
why does a liquid just bellow it's freezing temperature turn solid first when you pour or stir it?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4p0cak/eli5why_does_a_liquid_just_bellow_its_freezing/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4gzxra",
"d4h5ee9"
],
"score": [
37,
7
],
"text": [
"In order to freeze a liquid, there must be a point for the ice to propagate from. Mainly, these points are impurities, but it can also form by molecules lining up and connecting together to form the first crystal of ice. ",
"Liquids freeze in a similar fashion to vapors condensing. They need something (an impurity) to freeze or condense on. Or they just need some agitation to form correctly. The act of stirring or pouring it allows crystallization.\n\nI also wouldn't call the result \"solid\" its more of a slush. \n\nYou can do this at home with bottled water. Just stick it in your freezer unopened, wait a couple hours, and give it a nice shake.\n(Note: i used the freezer portion of my mini-fridge) \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
a2h2ze
|
how do self checkout machines ensure that customers aren't stealing items or taking things by mistake when scanned incorrectly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a2h2ze/eli5_how_do_self_checkout_machines_ensure_that/
|
{
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"eayai91",
"eayfeja"
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20,
4,
5,
8,
3
],
"text": [
"They've calculated risk. \n\nEssentially, people are generally trustworthy and scan all items. If there is an issue they wave down the assistant.\n\nFor the few people who do steal stuff, the expense of the stolen products is calculated into the price of the food. \n\nSo people who follow the rules pretty much subsidize those who are taking advantage of the low security, self check out system. ",
"Some have a scale that registers when you put something in the bag without ringing it up but they are slow and glitchy. Most don't have any way of knowing except for the attendant. ",
"There may be systems in place that weigh the items or which can detect if certain resonant magnetic strips placed on high value items leaves the store without being scanned. They may also call out for random controls. But overall it is a calculated risk that the shop is making. There will be more theft on a self checkout line then on a regular line but you only need a fraction of the staff so overall the shop is saving money.",
"As the others said, the machines don't know. Attendants are watching though and will randomly check customers who are done ringing their items up by asking to see the receipt + what they have in their bag. That way the can see if items are missing from the receipt. \n\nNothing is preventing people from stealing things inside the store either by putting it in their pockets, except for the risk of getting caught. It's basically the same thing with self-checkout.",
"A bunch of ways. First, the bagging area is actually a scale so if the weight doesn't match what was entered/scanned, it will not let you continue. In the UK, scammers worked around this by [buying avocados but entering the code for carrots](_URL_0_). Presumably the used traditional monitoring and enforcement methods to determine who was scamming and to build a case against them. ",
"It weighs to see if an item was placed in after scanning and then comparing the settled weight to an acceptable limit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/avocados-carrots-self-service-scam-supermarkets-checkout-stealing-a8370621.html"
],
[]
] |
||
6k1v9j
|
what did homo sapiens do for the first 90% of their existence?
|
[Anatomically modern humans][1] have been around from a conservative estimate of 200,000 years to as far back as [350,000 years][2]. There is evidence of [behavioral modernity][5] (abstract thinking, planning, burial, symbolic behavior (e.g. art, ornamentation, music), ranged weapons (spears and arrows)) between 50,000 to 100,000 years ago.
But, it was't until [~25,000 years ago that we find evidences of pottery, storage, cooking vessels, ovens, huts, hamlets, domestication of pigs/sheep/goat, ropes, pottery figures][3] and large scale settlements (the oldest known city, Jericho, is founded ~12,000 years ago). Even writing is a relatively new invention (about [5000 years old from Sumer][4]).
My question is - what did the humans do all this time? They have been around so long and why only during the last 10% of their existence we see evidence of some progress?
200,000 years is a LONG time. Think how much has happened in just the last 2000 years. Yet, we don't have much going on for the first 180,000 years of the existence of Homo sapiens. Why? Why did "behavioral modernity" itself take 100,000 years to manifest given that we were anatomically unchanged?
Secondly, we know that [Australia was settled 50,000 years ago][6] - how did early humans manage to build boats and cross large oceans 30,000 years before the invention of ropes, clay pottery and fishing nets?
We cannot even imagine what society would be like 1,000 or 10,000 years from now. Imagine 100,000 years from now!? Yet, there was hardly any noticeable progress amongst Homo sapiens between 170,000 BC and 70,000 BC - a period of 100,000 years!
[1]: _URL_0_
[2]: _URL_2_
[3]: _URL_1_
[4]: _URL_4_
[5]: _URL_3_
[6]: _URL_5_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6k1v9j/eli5what_did_homo_sapiens_do_for_the_first_90_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djis192"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"A simple answer is that they were hunter/gatherers. There won't be a whole lot of evidence that survived that long. Early humans used a lot of natural resources in their more pure form.\n\nEarly Australians probably used boats or rafts held together by plant fibers. It's not true rope but it does work.\n\nSo basically they hunted, gathered, and laid the groundwork for the civilizations that we can see evidence of."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_prehistory",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/science/human-fossils-morocco.html?mcubz=0",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia#/Arrival"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
5ush5q
|
how does exercise benefit a human physiologically?
|
It's difficult to explain what I'm trying to say, but basically how is exercise beneficial for the human body if you're putting the body under such stress where it tears the muscles and creates an uncomfortable burning sensation during the workout? It sounds counter productive right? Also what else happens in the body that benefits a person?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ush5q/eli5_how_does_exercise_benefit_a_human/
|
{
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"text": [
"Creating micro-tears in the muscle is one of the key components of muscle growth. The body produces more muscle fibres to fill the 'tiny holes' created by the tears.",
"A lot of hormonal stuff happens that I don't know enough about to explain, but basically, you damage your body and your body goes \"well shit, I gotta be stronger if this is gonna keep happening.\" \n\nSo then it gets stronger. \n\nNote that if you do the same exercises forever, you won't keep getting stronger, you'll just maintain that level of strength... Your body is already used to it.\n\n\nIf you DON'T exercise, your body goes \"Oh I don't need all this muscle anymore, I can get weaker!\" And you get weaker.\n\n",
"The faster and further you can run from immediate danger, the longer you will live. Biologically. ",
"If you exercise you body's muscles systematically, in a measured and controlled fashion, they become stronger, quicker and develop greater endurance. That muscular \"stress\" causes the heart and lungs to respond appropriately to support your entire system of muscles and major organs. \nPeople talk about scenarios where you may have to make a \"fight or flight\" decision, almost instantly - a body that has been systematically stressed is in a much better position to do either, successfully.\nIn my competitive years, when I was exercising most strenuously, I never experienced \"an uncomfortable burning sensation\", but I did feel a comfortable warming of the specific muscles being worked. After a strenuous workout, a warm, not hot, shower left me very comfortable and relaxed. Frankly, I've never felt better since! If you do consistently feel that sort of discomfort, you should probably explain the conditions to your doctor and see if possibly there is something wrong.",
"Your body requires energy to operate and building blocks to maintain. Your body hates wasting energy and muscle mass costs a lot of energy to maintain.\n\nThat means if you never exercise. Ie. if you never engage in any physically strenuous activity, your body will maintain the minimal amount of muscle mass you need to do what you usually do. If you were to become bedridden or wheelchair bound for a long period, your muscle mass might even waste away to the point where you're weak or too weak to walk.\n\nIf you do engage in strenuous activity that exceeds what your body can comfortably manage. It will start using up resources to build more muscle mass. This is the tearing process you mention. Essentially if your muscles are not up to the job you put them to, they will damage. Since damaged muscles are bad, your body will increase muscle mass in order for you to be able to handle your lifestyle.\n\nExercise regimes are really nothing more than controlled methods of constantly increasing the strain on your body so your body will keep adding muscle mass. Provided your nutrition is sufficient.\n\nIn terms of health advantages you're also working on your bone density, lung capacity, flexibility and let's not forget that your heart is also a muscle. A good strong heart is always a good thing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
e0mkjd
|
when people are super wealthy do they have to give money to charity because otherwise their taxes would be way too high?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e0mkjd/eli5_when_people_are_super_wealthy_do_they_have/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f8f27x3"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I think people that are really wealthy like Bill Gates donate to charity because at that point you have everything and did everything and because money doesn't buy happiness they decide to give it away as a purpose for them"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1v0qry
|
what exactly does a database do?
|
I don't quite understand what a database does/what it is used for. For example, Oracle's database, what does it do and how/why would a company use it? How does it help them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v0qry/eli5what_exactly_does_a_database_do/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cenkecd"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"A database is just an organized collection of information -- it can be as simple as a written ledger or as complex as a warehouse full of computers.\n\nEvery organization has information it needs to be able to store and access readily -- databases house said information. Pretty much every web service you use has a database at it's back end, holding information (files) that need to be accessed.\n\nOracle builds tools for creating and maintaining databases -- they're the Craftsman Tools and construction worker of the digital database world."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
g1fkd0
|
why is alcohol so effective for cleaning stuff?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/g1fkd0/eli5_why_is_alcohol_so_effective_for_cleaning/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fnfcxnr",
"fnffwca",
"fnfhjpa",
"fnflsyw"
],
"score": [
7,
3,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"Depends on what you're cleaning. Water will be a better solvent for sugar due to its higher level of polarity than alcohol. Alcohol is great for dissolving non-polar things like oil because they have hydrocarbon chains that essentially trap and dissolve greases into them.",
"Because it sucks water out of stuff. \n\nA jar of 100% pure alcohol doesn't stay that pure for long because it sucks water right out of the air. \nMost living things require a certain level of moisture or they are destroyed and/or the alcohol can react with the pathogen's surface itself, but I don't know much about those reactions.",
"Most liquids can either dissolve in water well (polar) or dissolve in oil well (non-polar). Alcohol (like rubbing alcohol) can dissolve in *both* oil and water, which makes it really good at cleaning things. Another fluid that can dissolve in both oil and water is soap! \n\nWhy we run around spraying isopropyl alcohol instead of washing everything with soap (at least in my lab) is because IPA evaporates quickly and won’t leave any residue. \n\nIPA also kills both bacteria and viruses by acting like a magnet to their cell walls and opens them up, killing them.",
"It is an emulsifier - it helps bridge the chemical gap between oil and water, and all other chemicals based on each. It can be mixed with gasoline, and it helps make water in the fuel tank somewhat burnable, and keeps it from freezing-which is why it's the primary ingredient in fuel system treatment. There is much more, but I'm not a chemist. Hope this helps."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
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