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2jv11s
|
how do dns servers work?
|
I understand the purpose of a DNS server is to take a domain name and convert it into an IP address. But how does the DNS server 'know' which IP is the right IP? How does it know that '_URL_0_' is actually 74.125.226.39?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jv11s/eli5how_do_dns_servers_work/
|
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"It basically has a list, if it doesnt have the answer, it asks other dns servers untill one does, or it figures out that the server doesnt exist",
"the dns reply may seem like it comes from a dns server but it infact goes to a lot more, which we don't see.\n\n\nlet's take the case of www._URL_0_ and the ip address for that is 203.0.113.10\nlet's also assume that your pc is configured with 8.8.8.8 as your dns server.\n\n\n\nnow here is what happens:-\n\n\n- i own the website www._URL_0_, and i run it on a server with the address 203.0.113.10.\n\n\n- i bought the domain name from go daddy and told them i will host my website on my own, just point it to my ip.\n\n\n- now an end client (your pc) sends a request for www._URL_0_ to its dns server 8.8.8.8.\n\n\n- 8.8.8.8 doesn't know what the ip is, however it does know the dns servers responsible for root (top level) domains like .com .org .ca etc.\n\n\n- 8.8.8.8 forwards the request to the server for the root domain (.com).\n\n\n- the root dns server doesnt know the ip either, but it knows _URL_0_ is at go.daddy dns server. so it tells 8.8 8.8 to go to godaddy dns server.\n\n\n- the go daddy dns server looks for the ip for www._URL_0_ and finds the record i told them (203.0.113.10). \n\n\n- the response is sent to the 8.8.8.8 server and that server sends the response to you.\n\n\nthis is how it works in layman terms.\n\n\n\nto add more control i could ask my provider (go daddy) to forward the request to my own dns server and then i can set an ip for www._URL_0_ on my dns. this gives me more control and i do not have to go to my provider (go daddy) everytime i make a change. \n\n\nso the place where the record for a site is stored is called an authoritative dns server for that site (zone). like there was an authoritative server for the root domain of .com, it knew where sites ending in .com can be found. Similarly my dns server would be authoritative server for the (zone) site ._URL_0_.\n\n\n*excuse me for poor formating and choice of words as this is typed under influence*"
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2oku4r
|
why do athletes get drug tested for recreational/non-performance enhancing drugs (weed, etc.)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2oku4r/eli5_why_do_athletes_get_drug_tested_for/
|
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"Cannabis is great for endurance training, you can zone out and run forever. Psychedlics are even better. Athletes push their mental limits as much as physical, anything mind altering will change thise limits. ",
"These are the criteria for a substance getting added to WADA's list.\n\nBasically if it improves your performance, brings the sport into a bad light or increases the danger to others its considered.(e.g. anyone rowing a rowing boat stoned off their rocker would create a hazard for other lanes)\n\n1. Does using the substance or method endanger the health and safety of the athlete or those they are competing against?\n2. Does using the substance or method enhance the performance of the athlete?\n3. Is use of the substance or method contrary to the Spirit of Sport?",
"Because even though sports league's do not have police departments and a system of courts they are held to outrageously high standards in the court of public opinion when an athlete breaks the law in their private life. Look at the Ray Rice situation. He was let go by a police department working in consultation with the local DA and no one is on the internet screaming about how the DA's office has a problem. The NFL on the other hand is being held publicly accountable for something that happened in the offseason in a city that doesn't have an NFL team. Because of this reality sports league's punish athletes for doing things that aren't popularly accepted (when they are caught). ",
"Because professional players have strict agreements in their contracts. One is to not break the the law, criminal prosecutions on a player undoubtably affect the team as a whole, through not being able to participate in the game, to public image (I.e. Merchandise sales). \n\nProfessional players being tested for drugs is just a part of that. Many contract go even further like not being able to own a motorcycle because it's more dangerous. \n\nIt's a lot of money at the top level, they don't want to invest that much in someone that is at risk of being sent to jail, or hurting themselves off field. If you accept millions of dollars to do anything, morality clauses and other such binding obligations are a part of that. ",
"Len Bias. There's a great 30 for 30 documentary called Without Bias. Basically he was drafted by the Celtics number 2 in the 1986 NBA draft and died a few days later from a cocaine overdose. That was pretty much the start of recreational drug testing in the major American sports leagues.",
"Same reason you have to take a drug test for your job.",
"I have the actual answer to this! The world anti doing policy bans substances based on three criteria: does it enhance performance, could it be harmful, and does it violate the spirit of the sport. \n\n\nMarijuana enhances performance and violates the spirit of the sport. \n\n\nWHAT WAS THAT? MARIJUANA ENHANCES PERFORMANCE?!? What is this nonsense? Yes, marijuana does enhance performance by calming the body. How is that performance enhancement? It helps regulate pre competition anxiety. About to go fight mma? Too excited? Some a little and it'll calm your nerves.",
"Because teams have way too much money invested in these guys for them to be fucking up their bodies and being poor role models.",
"I also have a really hard time understanding why athletes get tested for weed. Since weed stays in your system so long, it almost \"Encourages\" the use of drugs such as cocaine that are in your system for only 3 days. Its such as convoluted scenario with many points of view and contradictions.",
"ELI5: Why wouldn't we want to watch 2 teams of equally enhanced super athletes having at it",
"Fun fact: in professional shooting, alcohol is considered a performance enhancing drug due to it being a depressant, slowing the heart-rate and steadying the hands.\n\nI imagine other recreational bans are for similar reasons.",
"The same reason McDonald's will probably drug test their employees. \n",
"You could argue that most recreational drugs are performance-affecting if not enhancing. A bit of coke lets you train harder in the runup to your big game, some pop helped you relax mentally...",
"Im not sure if anyone has brought it up yet but alcohol is considered performance enhancing in shooting sports. \n\nNot getting shitfaced but having some alcohol in your system can steady your hand. "
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1lse4n
|
why, when i get to the 3rd or 4th page of reddit, do i see the same 10-15 posts on every page?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lse4n/eli5_why_when_i_get_to_the_3rd_or_4th_page_of/
|
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"When you search reddit the rank of each submission can change dramatically within seconds, especially those not on the front page. By the time you reach the lower ranks, the posts you read before drop or rise to another page.\n\nWhat can also happen is the same news story or event is posted at once because many redditors quickly submit that story in the hopes of reaching the top and getting all of that sweet karma. You may see the same page, submitted by different users.\n\nThat's how I interpret it.",
"1. because your not using RES. \n2. because of vote shuffling. "
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1668wn
|
how do moths form? do they really feed on cloth? how do moth balls work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1668wn/how_do_moths_form_do_they_really_feed_on_cloth/
|
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"Moths are born from eggs laid by other moths. They live and die just like any other insect.\n\nSome moths do feed on cloth, particularly wool and silk, because those come from animals and have protein in them. Other moths eat leaves, other bugs, or fruit.\n\nMoth balls are made of a chemical that evaporates and turns into gas over time. The smell of it is bad enough to make moths stay away. Additionally, if used in a tight container, the evaporated chemical will replace enough of the air in the container to kill bugs inside."
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2mdwxk
|
why are we friends with communist china, but communist cuba is our enemy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mdwxk/eli5why_are_we_friends_with_communist_china_but/
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"Basically, because Cuba wouldn't bow to the US's demands (read about the Cuban missile crisis), so the US stopped all relations with them and banned good to and from Cuba.",
"If by \"we\" you mean the U.S.: neither China nor Cuba are friends or enemies, politics isn't high school relationships.\n\nHowever, China is a major trading partner of the U.S. and thus it is important for both countries to maintain good diplomatic relations. The fact that China has essentially moved away from communism doesn't hurt, either.\n\nCuba's economy is unimportant for the U.S., while its leadership caused a dangerous crisis for the U.S., the Cuban missile crisis. When the political top changes and Cuba becomes less communist, things may change.",
"/u/kouhoutek gave a perfect answer about Cuba.\n\nAs far as China is concerned, two points:\n\n1. During the Cold War (specifically, in the early 1970s), China was much more receptive to the US than the USSR was, and Nixon started to normalize relations with China. This was less about being friends with China than it was sticking the middle finger to the USSR. China and the USSR were supposed to be standing in communist solidarity, but they had major fundamental differences that they couldn't resolve, and the US drove a wedge between them. It's difficult to imagine how the Cold War would have progressed had China and the USSR truly joined together. As such, China and the US didn't have a particularly adversarial relationship. There were still major issues (they *were* still communist and in many ways worse than the USSR, and there was a major issue concerning Taiwain, which probably eclipsed everything else) but from a diplomatic standpoint they were fine. Cuba, on the other hand, was (rightly) considered nothing more than a Soviet puppet state and thus not much different than the USSR.\n\n2. China hasn't been communist for almost two decades, probably even longer. They more or less abandoned the principles of communism after the USSR fell, and now operate much, much closer to capitalism. They are still a dictatorship, albeit one in transition, that just happens to still be called communist rather than a communist dictatorship. Cuba, on the other hand, has only recently opened up their economy, and even that is pretty limited."
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6s0ot7
|
why do some people exist on one meal a day while others feel the need to eat 3 and graze constantly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6s0ot7/eli5_why_do_some_people_exist_on_one_meal_a_day/
|
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"Because people were raised to think one was the norm and other people were raised or now believe the other is the norm or better. \n\nChecking your height and weight (BMI) can give you a rough estimate about how many calories you burn a day. People have varying opinions about how many means and how large and small they should be",
"I am one of those who lives on one meal a day, and it is because I cannot afford to have enough food to graze and have 3 meals a day. I typically eat one large dinner at night when I get home from work. I have a small snack here and there, but nothing huge. Usually a handful of chips, or a piece of fruit.",
"This will be hard to answer because many factors contribute to variations in appetite between people and there is still a lot to learn. I'm going to leave out quantities for simplicity's sake.\n\n1) Different people will have different total daily energy expenditures (TDEE). Naturally, the larger you are, the higher your TDEE will be. The higher your lean body mass (the weight of your body minus the fat), the higher your TDEE will be. The more physically active you are, the higher your TDEE will be. The higher your TDEE, the more food you will need to eat to maintain your weight.\n\n2) Your basal metabolic rate (a component of TDEE) decreases as you age. \n\n3) Some people suffer from food addictions of varying severities. Sugary and high-fat foods stimulate the expression of a protein called ΔFosB, which is known to be associated in the development of addictions. ΔFosB plays a role in the reward system of the brain to reinforce certain behaviors. Just as people vary in how addictive their personalities are, people will vary in the degree this protein is expressed even if it doesn't manifest in a full-blown food addiction that results in obesity. Twin studies show there is a genetic component in susceptibility to addictions.\n\n4) Just as people vary in their susceptibility to addiction, they vary in the neural and hormonal signalling mechanisms that are responsible for communicating hunger and satiety between the brain and the gut. For example, people with anorexia nervosa have altered signalling of hormones such as ghrelin and leptin, which make you hungry and full respectively. This alteration doesn't cause anorexia by itself, but it is a risk factor. Again, twin studies show that anorexia is partly genetic.\n\n5) Environmental conditioning. People tend to do what everybody around them is doing. \n\nAnother reason I left out quantities is that it is not exactly known what percentage of the variation in appetites is explained by each of these factors. ",
"Whilst there are variable factors I suspect the most pertinent is routine, and tradition. If you do something at a similar time every day, or with a similar frequency every day, your body begins to expect and anticipate it. That's why for example people having a late lunch, or a late tea can really throw them - their bodies are anticipating the meal and preparing for it, and it isn't arriving. \n\nAnother part of this relates to natural cycles of various hormones, including leptin, ghrelin, blood sugar levels etc, all of which naturally fluctuate and change in response to various conditions. If you eat a very sugary food versus a high protein food you will often feel hungry sooner. This is because the body over compensates for the easy to digest sugar, and ends up reducing your blood sugar level to a bit below normal to compensate for the rise (this mechanism being abused lies behind the development of diabetes). It's also the reason you feel hungry after a night out of drinking - alcohol contains lots of simple sugars which raises the blood sugar level, gets overcompensated for, and then crashes once you've finished drinking. Anticipation of meals activates this system amongst others - your body preemptively tries to prepare for the input of food it knows ought to be arriving soon.\n\nAfter a while of practise at not eating for long periods of the day your body doesn't bother messing about with its various hormone levels and just slowly ticks over in a neutral state until food arrives. Both are natural states for almost all humans based on prior inputs and a homeostatic system that can cope with a wide range of inputs. \n\nEdit : spelling",
"I've gone from consuming, and burning, roughly 4000 calories a day to consuming 2000-2500 in two sittings. Once you cut out all fluid calories, processed foods and potatoes, rice and wheat, your insulin response becomes less severe, allowing extended fasting periods with no feelings of hunger. \n\nI've gone from someone who had lattes with two sugars, who ate breakfast and couldn't go four hours without eating to someone who just isn't bothered by not eating. Now I feast on meat, fruit, vegetables, nuts and dark chocolate twice daily and only eat during an eight hour window.\n\nA big piece of the puzzle is that the modern western diet of high glycemic load foods prevents leptin's effects on the brain. Leptin is the hormone that makes you feel full. Ever noticed how you're hungry again soon after eating junk food? That's the sugar preventing you feeling full.\n\nCheck out \"intermittent fasting\", particularly the research done by Dr Michael Mosley.",
"I accidentally deleted my answer... in short our guts have different efficiencies at converting food to useable nutrients. Some have smooth digestive tracts that have less surface area than a person that has a lot of folds. Also microorganisms preform a critical function in breaking down nutrients.This is well documented in livestock. So your genetics play a large role in digestion, but there also many more mentioned in this thread, but I didn't see anything about the variety of digestive structures and the importance of organisms that breakdown the nutrients.",
"Several days a week I'll have 12 oz coffee and bowl cereal breakfast and an energy drink lunch just because I'm busy . I don't feel hungry all day but later after a good dinner I'll snack like I haven't eaten all day. \nBored eating I've been told. ",
"The largest contributor will be habit. If you did it for a while, and it worked, you might not change it. Your body will get used to not eating except for once a day, and you will become accustomed to ignoring any hunger you have during the rest of the day. "
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f42o19
|
tempering chocolate
|
When you temper chocolate I believe you have to raise it to a specific temperature and then lower it to a specific temperature but isn't that just melting chocolate? How does Tempering chocolate work??
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f42o19/eli5_tempering_chocolate/
|
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"Tempering chocolate is a complicated mystery, but the shortest explanation is that the sugar and fat have various ways that they can crystallize together when they solidify. By raising and lowering it by these certain temperatures, you can coax it into the crystallized form you prefer.",
"Tempering chocolate controls the cocoa butter crystallization.\n\nThere are a bunch of different ways that your cocoa butter can crystallize. Some result in crumbly products, some give a dull sheen and some take forever to set. \n\nIf you want to get a shiny, fast setting hard chocolate, you want to make one type of crystallization the preferred/easiest to form type. Tempering does this.",
"You have to raise and lower it to specific temperatures because of a property of *cocoa butter,* the main fat in chocolate. This property is that cocoa butter is comprised of three to four different chemicals, which each solidify at different temperatures, which would lead to a bad product.\n\nBy lowering the temperature (and adding some chocolate that's already been tempered), you cause the fatty acids to assume a single form as they lock together against the seed chocolate; by raising it again, you keep the chocolate from solidifying until you're ready for it to do so.",
"What are the temperatures and how is raising and lowering to specific temperatures not just melting the chocolate? And how do you temper chocolate by itself, if you're supposed to add tempered chocolate to melted chocolate? How do you temper the first chocolate?",
"Think of Kinex style building toys. Because chocolate isn't one thing - it is stuff suspended in cocoa fat - the pieces are complex and there are several kinds of parts.\n\nAt low temperatures, some pieces melt apart, and at higher temperatures more pieces melt apart. When it's very hot all the pieces are all separate.\n\nBecause of the complex pieces, there are at least half a dozen ways that chocolate can re-freeze. That is, crystals, or patterns of do-dads that can be built with the various pieces.\n\nThe most stable total pattern of do-dads one is what we call \"tempered\". Other patterns are wobbly and some patterns even leave pieces out extra. \n\nHeating to a certain temperature melts *some* pieces apart but not all, and cooling to a certain temperature uses *some* pieces to build with and encourages some kinds of do-dads to be built out of those available pieces. You can also \"seed\" with tempered chocolate, that is, you toss in stable bits to build around. That helps the overall pattern to become stable too."
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9prof5
|
why are pumpkies an american halloween decor staple? jack'o'lanterns but also just virgin uncut pumpkin gourds?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9prof5/eli5_why_are_pumpkies_an_american_halloween_decor/
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"The Jack'o'lantern was a religious protection to ward off evil spirits, fairy folk, and other supernatural things during the Celtic holiday of Samhain which was a holiday celebrating one of the days that they considered the boundaries between worlds to be thin. They were commonly carved from gourds, as well as hard root vegetables such as turnips. They would be placed outside the entrances of homes to act as \"guardians\", and small ones would even be carried around the necks of people. These traditions carried on after Christianity was introduced to the region as Christianity had a habit of co-opting traditions and slightly altering their meanings and the names of things rather than stamping out the old pagan culture when they converted people. \n\nWhen the Settlers got to the US they brought these traditions with them. With the pumpkin (not pumpkies, I have no clue what that word is) being a native North American Gourd it was natural for that to take the role different gourds did in the old world. \n\nThe uncut pumpkin being used as a decoration is not really a Halloween thing. That is more of a general fall/harvest season decoration thing. Other common fall decorations are cornucopias filled with fruits, various other gourd species, collages of changing leaves, etc. "
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6sp2ob
|
why are young children generally fussy eaters? shouldn't they be biologically wired to eat anything and everything for strong growth and development?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6sp2ob/eli5_why_are_young_children_generally_fussy/
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"This would just make them eat something poisonous and die eventually.\n\nIt's basically so they can survive until they are old enough to know which things they can safely eat.",
"Kids are wired to eat the stuff that used to be most important to surviving: high-calorie stuff, fatty stuff, etc. They're also more sensitive to bitterness than adults are (bitterness, evolutionary, tends to mean \"bad for you\"). So when you put a kid in front of a slice of pizza and a brussel sprout, the kid's naturally going to prefer the slice of pizza.",
"People tend to like what is familiar. This is just as true for art as it is for food. The people who hated van Gogh's paintings in 1885 weren't uncultured, they just found his work unfamiliar. Children aren't fussy eaters, they are just drawn to familiar tastes. They start with milk and formula and work out from there. Commercial baby foods are also pretty bland and very soft. If children are going to eat a more varied diet, there are two keys to pulling it off: 1) start them young. As soon as they eat solid food have them try everything. 2) Don't force them. If they really hate asparagus, getting angry and forcing them to eat 7 stalks will reinforce it. Instead, have them eat 3 bites... enough so they remember the taste next time (remember, familiar is good), but not so much that the memory is a bad one. By the 3rd or 4th time they try it, they may find they like it. \n\nThis has worked amazingly well for our children. They'll eat everything except even mildly spicy foods and eggplant. Heavily garliced foods, brussels sprouts, broccoli, okra, lamb, etc... no problem.",
"Kids will eat anything at first, literally everything goes in the mouth, but if they're only offered a limited range of flavors and textures over time they only want certain things. We are all creatures of habit and there's comfort in knowing what to expect and what you're getting.",
"It's protective. If they ate strange things between the time they learn to walk and the time they learn to know better, they'd quickly eat poison berries or poison leaves and die. Their tastes widen up as they get older and less impulsive.\n\nThen they learn to drink beer around age 16 and just fuck up everything around them. ",
"Babies will eat anything, because they haven't developed taste yet, so there's really no point in caution.\n\nHowever, once they're able to taste, they become picky because children are particularly susceptible to poison. Much like how Elephant Tranquilizer would probably kill a person, acceptable toxin levels for adults would probably kill a small child.\n\nThus, fussy eating acts as a safety limit on foul tasting foods (which usually indicates poison) in children, and gradually drops off with age as increased body mass reduces the danger of poisons.\n\nReally, the strategy is to eat as much as you can without dying.\n\nDISCLAIMER: not a doctor or biologist, just an enthusiastic reader",
"Everybody else is pointing out the biological reasons, the reasons that keep kids from eating nasty alkaloid 'berries' or other things that might harm them. This is critical, without this behavior many - most? - kids would have poisoned themselves at some point. Avoiding bitter foods is a very good survival trait for young kids.\n\nBut there are additional reasons. After you give them something they *do* like, they are going to want that every time... if they want icecream but got peas, they won't eat the peas *even if they love eating peas*. Below a certain age they generally can't communicate that other than by refusing to eat or by pushing the food away from them, so the message parents take away is \"she is a fussy eater, she doesn't like peas\". When it happens again with another food, they aren't surprised because they already know that the kid is a \"fussy\" eater.\n\nWhich means there are cultural facets, too. In many cultures you eat what you are given, even as a toddler. Different expectations, different behavior.",
"I believe someone answered a similar question with \"infants slowly develop preferences and tastes for food as they age\", and it makes sense that it would progress to them wanting more of those kinds of flavors and less of other flavors.",
"I have some VERY strong opinions about this topic...\n\nMy kids have always eaten whatever we give them. It was never an option for them to be fussy or picky. We have never forced them to eat anything, ever, and if they didn't want to eat something we served, that was and is okay. However, they didn't get something else instead. \n\nWhen parents give kids a new food and say 'Here, *try* this', the child gets the message that they might not like it or want to eat it. When parents say 'Just take a bite', the child gets the message that it is an option for them to reject the food. Even the expression on mom or dad's face, looking anxious or even hopeful, tells the kid that this food might be weird. \n\nWhen our kids (now 12 and 13) were babies, we fed them a wide variety of foods and they only outright rejected a couple of things. We would not make any issue over it at all, but just put that food aside for a week or a month, and would then try again. Some things still got rejected, so we did the same thing - don't offer it again for a while, and try it again later, always trying to make mealtime as pleasant and calm as possible. When they were old enough to feed themselves, we filled their and our plates with the same food (in age-appropriate amounts), sat down, began eating, and they would as well. Eventually they ate whatever they were given, and still do for the most part. \n\nEveryone has preferences and dislikes, and that's okay. But the thing I noticed is that there are cultures that eat things that other cultures might find weird or even gross. Chinese breakfasts often consist of a bit of fish, some vegetables, and other savory things which American kids would find unpalatable, in favor of sugary cereal or pancakes. Latin and Asian cuisines can be quite spicy and kids in those cultures seem to relish those flavors, where perhaps Scandinavian or British folks, for example, might be amazed at that level of heat. So it seemed to me like it's a matter of what is presented as 'normal' by the parents.\n\nI also think the kind of snacks kids eat between meals will greatly affect what they are interested in eating at mealtime. Calorie dense, high fat or high sugar things, and mini-meals have not been available between meals for our kids. I love to cook and work hard on balanced, nutritious meals, so I want to make sure everyone is hungry when it's time to eat. So snacks at our house have always been things like fresh fruit, veggies, yogurt, a few whole-grain crackers, a handful of nuts, and stuff like that. My feeling is that a peanut butter and jelly sandwich is the main part of a meal, not a snack. They can have all they want of the snacky things, (because no kid should be made to go truly hungry), but they can't mindlessly eat chips at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, because then of course they aren't going to want much at dinner. \n\nOf course this is all just my humble opinion. I don't judge the parents of the kids who bring a bag of Doritos and a Coke to school for breakfast because parenting is ridiculously hard. If your kid is fed and dressed and still alive every day, God bless you because you're doing alright in my book. But I've struggled with weight and eating all my life, and I *really* want to give my kids every chance to possibly not have that struggle.",
"Junk food is covered in additives to make them appealing. There's scientists that work on the perfect crunchiness of springles. Adults know if you eat pizza everyday, you will be obese and have illness. Children don't care so much yet.",
"I think this goes for anyone addicted to a sugary diet. Sugar puts your body in a heightened state physiologically and relaxed state mentally. It's a great way to store fat when we lived in ancient hunter gatherer societies when sugary foods were hard to find, but now when junk food is so prevalent in our society this ancient mechanism can work against us.",
"Young kids absolutely do eat anything and everything, up until around somewhere between two and three. Before age to, you have to stop kids from literally eating newspaper. And this point, their rapid growth slows down, and parents start freaking out that their kids don't eat anymore, and start trying to trick their kids into eating.\n\nThis typically goes poorly, and you end up with super picky eaters. \n\nInstead, we should be relying on the appetite of healthy children to eat however much they need, so long as it's healthy food and snacks.",
"You can get as scientific as you want, but personally I think a lot of it has to do with the Parents attitude toward food for their child. I think kids menus are a joke. Feed your kids real food and don't use negative food language. They will eat if they are hungry. ",
"I don't think it has to be that way.\n\n1 Kids have very little power and will use what power they are given in strange ways. Often after a long day, parent(s) and kids are tired it was just easier to not fight and make a second dinner (do not do this it is a trap!). They will notice this pattern and exploit it as it a small level of control.\n\n2 If you kid(s) doesn't want to eat what I made the can sit quiet until we are done or if not quiet the in time out. When they tell me they are hungry just before bed I pull out the plate they turned down earlier for them to eat.\n\n3 exposure give them lot of types of foods to eat when going out. But let them pick between two **new** items. They get the power of choice and have to try new things.\n\n4 let them help you cook, they will be more likely to eat if they helped make it. ",
"Kids tend to have more food these days than the past which allows them to be picky. If they know they don't eat this pile of peas their mom will make them corn. Back in the day if you didn't eat you starved. There wasn't a can of corn being opened cause you didn't like the first option. Eat this grass or starve. That made kids not so picky back in the day. It's more of a learned behavior than an evolution trait. ",
"Kids are not fussy eaters. Spoiled kids are fussy eaters.\n\n* expose a child to _all_ food early on\n* if they refuse to eat, they go hungry until the next regular meal\n* if they act up too much, they go hungry until the next regular meal\n\nRepeat the latter two steps two or three times.\n\nCongratulations, that child will not ever be a fussy eater.\n\nAlso, hungry and/or starving children are not fussy eaters.\n\nSource: Extended family and lots of travel."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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||
3r5k27
|
how can metal and mirrors block wifi signal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3r5k27/eli5_how_can_metal_and_mirrors_block_wifi_signal/
|
{
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"cwl3b5k",
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"text": [
"Wifi is just radio, which is long wavelengths of light. Mirrors and metal reflect not only visible light, but infrared and radio as well. ",
"WiFi (and radio and microwaves and a lot of other things) are electromagnetic waves. They move through space by alternating electric fields and magnetic fields. One change makes the other change. Why does this work? It is because magnetic field flux likes to remain constant. If there are any changes in the magnetic field, these create changes in the electric field to counteract the changes in the electric field. These changes in the electric field cause the electric field to counteract the magnetic field. Back and forth.\n\nSo what is special about metal that disrupts this process?\n\nMetals are generally conductive. This means that they can move electric charges around easily. When electric charges build up in one spot, they like to disperse. It is like compressing a spring. Metals let that spring move more quickly and get back to its resting state in less time.\n\nSooooo....\n\nWhen WiFi hits metal, it moves the electrons away from their initial resting state but the electrons jump immediately back. These counteracting movements create counteracting electric and magnetic fields and cancels out the WiFi."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
dsmln3
|
why do people like drinking water thats close to 0°c but swimming in a 16°c pool is painfully cold?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dsmln3/eli5_why_do_people_like_drinking_water_thats/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f6qc5p4"
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"text": [
"Because the quantity of water is so different. Your body can warm up one glass of very cold water without getting too cold."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
p6yrl
|
why does msg make food taste better?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/p6yrl/why_does_msg_make_food_taste_better/
|
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"text": [
"I read this as why does Metal Gear Solid make food taste better?",
"MSG in fact is responsible for the umami taste, which is the 5th taste beside salty, sweet, bitter and acid. \nUmami also called 'savory' is the reason you can't ever stop once you start eating chinese food or pringles.",
"Lets start with some background on taste. You taste buds can taste five distinct flavors: salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami. The first four I'm sure you know, but the last is probably new. \n\nUmami is a Japanese word meaning \"pleasant savory taste,\" and has a mild but lasting aftertaste difficult to describe, with a long-lasting, mouth-coating aftertaste. Umami describes the taste of glutamates (in the same way that \"saltiness\" describes the taste of sodium). It is found naturally in meat, mushrooms, tomatoes, parmesan cheese, soy sauce, cured meats, broths and many other foods you eat daily. It is what makes these foods so good. \n\nMSG (monosodium glutamate) is pure glutamate. It can add this umami, or savory, flavor to food. It activates the umami receptors on your tongue in the same way that adding sodium chloride activates saltiness receptors. \n\nIf you taste pure MSG, it is a cloying über-savoriness, like parmesan cheese and a very rich chicken broth. MSG adds a mouth-filling goodness to foods, and is faster and cheaper than adding foods naturally high in glutamate.\n\n**tl;dr: MSG balances and rounds out flavor in food, by activating certain flavor receptors on your tongue, just like adding acid, salt, or sugar would.**\n\n\nAlso, MSG really isn't bad for you. There is very little evidence tying it to the symptoms commonly associated with it, and much more evidence showing no correlation. Check out [this article](_URL_0_) for more info. \n\n[Source](_URL_1_) \n\n",
"MSG = Makes Shit Good",
"If you've ever tasted plain MSG, it tastes just like chicken broth. So, when people say something like \"it enhances the flavor of food\", it's a little misleading. It's not something that magically makes things taste better, it just makes them taste \"meatier\".",
" ancient chinese secret",
"It's a flavor, just like salt."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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"http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2005/jul/10/foodanddrink.features3",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2r8tfs
|
why aren't quaaludes illegally manufactured these days? if they make meth and ecstasy, why aren't they making ludes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2r8tfs/eli5_why_arent_quaaludes_illegally_manufactured/
|
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"text": [
"Why aren't people peddling tramadol on the streets? Better drugs, as in higher potency drugs, appeared on the scene with a higher profit margin.",
"They are basically just weak benzos, not much of a market for them.",
"Still popular in some places, such as South Africa. Drug markets have local trends and fashions like anything else, in a lot of places they just went away or were replaced with other drugs once they couldn't be obtained with a prescription.\n\n_URL_0_",
"There are **way** better recreational drugs to be had.",
"Quaaludes are similar to barbituates. Barbituates were, for the most part, phased out after benzodiazepines became popular.\n\n\nIf you really want to experience the same effect quaaludes provide just take GHB. ",
"Because they don't get you as high as they do in wolf of wall street and barbiturates basically replaced ludes. Believe it or not barbiturates are really easy to find..",
"Who says they aren't illegally manufactured, and perhaps just not widely distributed? Now let's see... where did I leave that anthranilic acid?",
"Qualuudes were manufactured illegally as recently as the late 90's, or at least pills were pressed with the \"lemmon 714\" stamp just like in WOWS* (oops).\n\nSource: I acquired several hundred of them in 1999. (Sadly, no pictures to prove it)\n\nI do not and cannot know if they were actual Qualuudes or other chemicals pressed into knockoffs, but the high/experience was precisely what has been described. I lost a few days of my life on those things.\n\nThat said, it wasn't a great buzz, just more of an escape from reality. If I were to illegally manufacture a drug, it wouldn't be that one. You can get benzo's for dirt-cheap, with pretty much the same effect. Ecstasy and meth are FAR better and more powerful, and better party drugs.",
"Just read a fairly accurate answer on /r/drugs from user\n\n/u/Methylendioxy\n\n\"The reason is yield and cost efficiency (you need rather large doses, a couple of hundred migs). A few precursors are heavily regulated (anthranilic acid, acetic anhydride) and therefore have to be made from scratch. This lowers the overall yield since more steps are involved. The synth is not difficult and should be scalable so I'm sure it has been done already, just probably for private use only and not for wholesale drug trafficking. Also benzos are easily available now and much more potent so why would anyone waste 10 bucks on a lude when you can get a 10-strip of lorazepam for the same price?\"\n\nSeemed pretty dead on.\n\nEdit: extras\n\nEli4 The cost to profit ratio is not worth it for manufacturers. Plus there are plenty of alternatives that give you a similar high. Just not exactly the same. Also i guess its great to have sex on.\n\n",
"They are legal in all countries but the USA.....Thank you Ronny Raygun for making them illegal in the US. He called them suicide pills.",
"My guess is that there isn't a huge demand for them, so that making them illegally just isn't profitable enough to motivate many people to do it.",
"[This](_URL_0_) explains it pretty well. The tl:dr is the US government convinced the manufacturers to stop producing the drug and thereby made it impossible to get either legally or illegally. ",
"They still legally manufacture and sell them in South Africa.\n\n",
"They're hard/expensive to make compared to methampehtamine and MDMA, and the later invented \"benzos\" class of drugs (both diverted medical grade, and illicitly produced) give largely similar effects taken recreationally. \n\nReal methaqualone is still out there, it's just strictly a small batch thing a chemist cooks up for his friends, or some very rich bored people pay a chemist already involved in making illegal MDMA, ketamine, benzos, etc. to make up a small batch of 'ludes. Anything you comes across stamped \"lemmon 714\" or whatever is almost guaranteed to be a bunch of some benzo, not methaqualone.\n\nedit:added second paragraph",
"Here's an interesting bit of history: In the seventies lots of people were dying from quaalude overdoses2q and they were considered really dangerous. The US drug czar went to Mexico and essentially convinced the Mexican drug cartels to stop producing quaaludes. I wish I had a reference for you but I read an article on this one.",
"I did a year exchange at SLO in 2000, they were almost certainly available in Ensenada over Spring Break. Exactly what Sean Penn told me they'd be like",
"They ARE still being made and you can get them you just have to look. They are very strong drugs :)",
"I hate to be that guy, but quaaludes are produced a'plenty in India.\n\nThe chemical compound methaqualone has never really stopped being manufactured in Indian drug companies - yes, legitimate drug companies where at night their state-of-the-art equipment is used covertly to produce now outlawed chemical compounds.\n\nIt's mostly sent over to South Africa, where it's sold as Mandrax. They don't really ingest them orally much, it's mostly about grinding them up and throwing them on top of a little weed. Needless to say, all the binders in those pills make smoking them a terrible idea.\n\nIt's basically hillbilly heroin in South Africa. [Here's an example of someone smoking it from a broken beer bottle.](_URL_0_)\n\nSearch for \"Mandrax\" on Google if you want to know more. [Here are their Image results. ](_URL_1_)",
"It's a very interesting story that reaches beyond quaalude production to meth. There's a Frontline interview with [Gene Haislip of the DEA](_URL_0_) that explains how quaalude production was stopped and why the same method did *not* work to stop meth production.\n\n*Very briefly*: When quaalude became the illegal drug of choice in the '70's Gene Haislip figured out that while both legal and illegal quaaludes were produced all over the world, there were only a limited number of factories that actually produced the active ingredient. \n\nHaslip convinced the manufacturers to stop producing the active ingredient. The ingredient was apparently only useful for that one item, and not a huge profit maker, so they agreed. The illegal production stopped because the active ingredient was no longer being manufactured.\n\nUnfortunately, that left a gap in the recreational market which meth stepped in to fill.\n\nWhy do we still have a meth problem today? Haslip attempted to do the same thing with the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine producers, but unfortunately, the over-the-counter market for cold remedies was waaaaay too profitable to give up, and he was stonewalled.\n\n",
"It's because of a few reasons. There were only a handful of factories in the world that had the ability to produce quaaludes, and the profit margin for the pharmaceutical companies was not very high. Under pressure, and with little profits, these factories stopped producing the drugs, hence drying up the illegal supply.\n\nThe same guy who worked hard to have this happen (I forget his name, some DEA or ex-DEA), has unsuccessfully tried to have the same thing happen with pseudoefedrine (though I believe was successful with efedrine). The profits big pharma make from cold and flu medication is in the billions of dollars annually, and despite only 9 odd factories producing pseudo worldwide, lobbying to have the production stopped at the source has failed due to there being too much money in the game for big pharma.\n\nSo despite 20 odd years of trying to have efedrine and pesudoefedrine production ceased, it hasn't happened, which has allowed it to fall into the hands of illegal producers to make meth.\n\nDrug lords are not the only ones profiteering from this, big pharma does, too.\n\nEDIT: Source (documentary) _URL_0_",
"simple, there are much better \"legal\" prescription drugs now that will get you wayyyyyy higher...",
"Where's a high school Professor dieing of cancer and needs money for his Chemo treatments when you need him?",
"OK, don't tell anyone but here's a little secret. (mexico) sshhhh!",
"Because they are very difficult to manufacture, require a lot of very unfriendly chemicals... and one of the intermediaries is nitrotoluene. Which is the \"NT\" in TNT.\n\nThe end-user cost of quaaludes would be very high since scaling production would be very dangerous. Since, drug manufactures like profit as much as all capitalist and don't, in general like the operation to a large scale explosive hazard, it falls straight away why they aren't readily available.",
"I'm old enough that I took them several times in the late 1970's and early 80's. They made you feel better (or at least more like alcohol) than benzo's, which are the most used sedatives now. Among other things that people have covered here, quaaludes also had an anesthesia effect on the extremities which made it more possible to injure oneself. I think every other time I used them I sprained an ankle. ",
"This explains it better than I can. \n\nTLDR: it will piss off the Reddit libertarians but the government won the war on this drug. \n_URL_0_",
"Mandrax are quaaludes. Very popular in india and seth efrika.",
"What makes you think they aren't? ",
"Because even tho they look cool in wolf of wall steel they aren't that good. Just pop a xan.",
"Quaaludes are in-fact available throughout Mexico. The quality ones are made with the original active ingredient of Methaqualone, but they are only available in different doses by different names in different shapes than the original 714's these days. Bootlegs are also available and usually have garbage along with benzos in them. Have an awesome 2015.",
"According to #9 of this article (_URL_0_), the DEA convinced the chemical manufacturers to stop making some of the essential ingredients, thus stifling the market.",
"I think I've seen people ask this before and can I just ask why people are so interested in quaaludes? Is it just because of the Wolf of Wall Street Movie? I had never heard of them before I saw that movie and I think someone would have to be fairly old to have actually been of drug-using age back when they were around. Just curious since I guess I don't understand if they a really are some sort of desirable drug or just the best available at that time?",
"The real answer, straight from my psychopharmacology professor: because ludes have pretty much the same effects as benzos (same for barbituates). The most significant difference is that benzos have a much higher therapeutic index, i.e. it's just waaaayyy easier to OD on ludes and barbituates than on benzos. I haven't done ludes so I can't personally compare the high to benzos, but I'm pretty sure they're not different enough for it to be worthwhile for many people to synthesize ludes when they could just buy cheap generic xanax or valium or klonopin. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://m.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/Man-appears-for-Mandrax-drug-bust-20140901"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/meth/faqs/quaaludes.html"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.mobieg.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/mandrax22.jpg",
"https://www.google.es/search?q=mandrax&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=H5KoVJ7LKIXmUtifhLAL&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1280&bih=891#tbm=isch&q=mandrax&imgdii=_"
],
[
"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/meth/interviews/haislip.html"
],
[
"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/meth/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/watch/chris-hayes-quaaludes-and-the-politics-of-power-42616387885"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://elitedaily.com/news/world/wolf-wall-streets-drug-choice-10-things-didnt-know-quaaludes/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
3e72vd
|
why don't we wake up during lucid dreams?
|
To me, if you're "awake" in your dream, why wouldn't your brain just wake you up for real? It doesn't make sense to me, and it seems like it would be less restful if your conscious mind is "awake" during sleep.
I used to have lucid dreams all the time as a kid, but I'm wondering how that works.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3e72vd/eli5_why_dont_we_wake_up_during_lucid_dreams/
|
{
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"text": [
"I always wake up as soon as i go lucid. It really sucks. Haven't had a full lucid dream since my early teens. ",
"Sleep is much more than just your conscious brain being 'asleep'. There are phases of sleep/rest that the brain cycles through, like a wave pattern. Lucid dreams that you remember occur during one part of this cycle, and is relatively close to the lightest of sleep, during which you can wake up the easiest. \nAnother important thing to remember - remembering. You might be lucid dreaming still, as an adult, but not remembering it. \n",
"I lucid dream quite often. And part of the experience for me is that as soon as I realize Im in it I give myself the conscious decision to wake up or not. Obviously rarely do I choose to, but my brain does tend to give me the option. It's like walking into a sim program and going \"would you like to continue? Y or N ?\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
9v609h
|
what's the big deal about jeff sessions being fired?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9v609h/eli5_whats_the_big_deal_about_jeff_sessions_being/
|
{
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"e99np0w"
],
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"text": [
"Rod Rosenstein, the Deputy AG, is the one who started the Mueller special investigation and is the only one that can stop it. Sessions, as his boss, could theoretically stop it, if he hadn't recused himself from the investigation.\n\nSessions is now gone and replaced with Whitaker who wrote [this](_URL_0_) last year. So clearly he has no problem halting the probe. Indeed, Whitaker has already removed Rosenstein from the Mueller probe.\n\nSo Trump (via Whitaker) is poised - and appears to be making the moves - to end the Mueller investigation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/06/opinions/rosenstein-should-curb-mueller-whittaker-opinion/index.html"
]
] |
||
1z7fd3
|
what happens when i get a random twitch/flinch?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1z7fd3/eli5_what_happens_when_i_get_a_random_twitchflinch/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfreddy"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Essentially, its the result of phantom nerve signals that don't come from your brain. Something in the electrical system of the nerve responsible for one small bundle of muscle fibers goes haywire, and the nerve fires without being prompted. Most often some kind of local electrolyte imbalance is to blame (whole body electrolyte imbalances severe enough to cause random firing of nerves would be a medical emergency)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1wiu2o
|
why are games like minecraft addicting?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wiu2o/why_are_games_like_minecraft_addicting/
|
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"Because they're fun. People like having fun. ",
"After watching the kids play and play and build I have come to one conclusion.. there is no game over. \nThink about how many times does Mario die before your parents say calm down or turn it off. How much lag In C.O.D before \"this game f**king sucks lets play Madden. Minecraft none of that shit. IT COULD GO ON\n FOREVER ",
"The reason Minecraft is so addicting is freedom.\n\nLet's say you woke up in an island. Nobody can rescue you. You must live in the island forever.\nNow imagine that situation in real life. Imagine the freedom you would have to manipulate the world around you: start building a house, then a town (if you're not alone), then complex machinery (but that would take hundreds of years to do), etc. You're basically going from prehistory to modernity (or fantasy medieval, in Minecraft). You can do it the way you want to do, there are no rules. "
]
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9oeli2
|
how does water pressure coming into my house translate to water pressure for my hot water?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9oeli2/eli5_how_does_water_pressure_coming_into_my_house/
|
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"You have one water line coming into your house. At some point that line splits and feeds into your hot water tank. The pressure from your water main will drive water through your hot water tank and provide hot water throughout your house. If you reduce that pressure by splitting it across multiple uses such as watering the lawn or running a washing machine, the water pressure going into your hot water heater is also reduced and so is the output from the water heater."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
3bxtyu
|
why are different subreddits going private? what's happening to reddit?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bxtyu/eli5_why_are_different_subreddits_going_private/
|
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"Victoria (u/chooter) was let go/fired from Reddit today, and because she does a lot of the background work behind r/IAMA it left that subreddit and a few others that also require her in a state of clusterfuck.\n\n[Here](_URL_0_) is a link to the explanation given by u/karmanaut on the whole situation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[
"https://np.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/3bw39q/why_has_riama_been_set_to_private/csq204d"
]
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||
71tp8e
|
why does a familiar word sound unfamiliar after you overly repeat it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/71tp8e/eli5_why_does_a_familiar_word_sound_unfamiliar/
|
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"It is a phenomenon called semantic satiation.\n\nWhen you hear a word, your brain isn't really paying attention to the sounds, it is translating those sounds into an idea, and is primed to put it together with other words to form a more complex idea.\n\nWhen you repeat a word over and over, your brain stops recognizing it as a word, and it breaks down into sounds that really have nothing to do with what the word means.",
"It's called semantic satiation! There were some experiments done in the '60s and apparently what happens is a specific pattern is triggered in your brain by a word/phrase as you're parsing its meaning. If you do this repeatedly, the intensity of the reaction decreases",
"To add to this, it is similar to when you're eyes look at something for too long and don't focus as well on the thing you are looking at. The receptors in your eyes start to get too used to the stimulus and send less new information to the brain. That is why eyes move around a lot when looking at anything such as when reading and looking at television. Sounds will be similar because it would be the receptors receiving the same exact stimulus over and over again so your brain begins to focus less on the whole words and the meaning becomes fuzzy much like an image becomes less focused.",
"So, I've a question in-relation to this one: who else out there doesn't actually experience this? I can't imagine I'm alone in that regard.",
"Others have already explained this accurately; I wanted to add a bit about things related to this.\n\nConsider the brain. Natural selection has determined we need to process things very quickly to react to them. In this way, the brain abstracts an output of senses into a \"symbol\" that it can process readily.\n\nWhen observing children's pictures of houses, you will notice that after five years old or so, they will nearly *always* put a door knob on a door. Even if it's more of a handle or something else, they will put the thing there that their mind associates with \"mechanism for opening doors\".\n\nThis makes drawing difficult because you need to see the world without abstraction in order to replicate it. One exercise to do so is to draw the \"vase or two faces\" picture while saying the part of the face you are drawing until you can do both sides without messing up. It forces you to remove the association of the words with the image you are making. As you get into this mental state, you will begin to lose the symbolic association your mind makes with the items in the world and see them for the shapes and colors they are.\n\nThis is like a grander scale of losing track of the meaning of a word. It's losing track of the meaning of everything you see while simultaneously really seeing it for the first time.\n\nIf you're interested in more, the book \"Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain\" is a great read. Sure, left/right brain stuff is scientifically inaccurate, but as a metaphor for linear vs abstract thought, it works.",
"It is actually something called Jamais Vu, a similar phenomenon to Deja Vu. Semantic satiation is the end result of the process.\n\nheres a simple video that explains it.\n\n_URL_0_",
"a podcast called \"a way with words\" has a good term for this. they called it the \"gnarly foot\" syndrome. \n\nessentially, the longer you look at your foot, the weirder it seems we have such an odd appendage on our body. \n\nSearch for that episode. explains this pretty well - better than we can do here.",
"Probably because you start incrementally realizing how absurd the word is, and how it sounds. Then language itself starts breaking down and you wonder what you sound like to people who don't speak your native tongue. Then you start feeling sorry for the dog who has to put up with it all day. ",
"It's basically the same confusion and irritation you experience realizing you are manually breathing, manually holding your jaw up (neither closed or fully open), manually blinking, your ears pop when you swallow, you have to find a good resting place for your tongue, what direction your pupil is facing when you sleep, etc.\nThe trick is to not think about it, but now that I mentioned these things, you are thinking about them all.",
"the neurons in your brain which encode the meaning of the word stop firing, so you do not \"feel\" the meaning anymore, because they have adapted (the same underlying mechanism which causes you to see green when you close your eyes after looking at red)\n\nbut the neurons in your brain which encode the sound of the word are still firing\n\nso your brain feels the sound but not the meaning",
"I... Have some learning disability and this doesn't effect me. Can someone explain how this feels? I've seen this talked about a lot and I can repeat a word 100s of times and never get to this point.",
"I don’t recall experiencing this audibly, but i do know if i write a word repeatedly i start to question it’s spelling even if it’s correct. Probably the same phenomenon though.",
"In a word: uniqueness.\n\nWhen teaching a dog a trick with a word, like to sit, or to lay down, the dog doesn't *actually* understand what the word(s) mean; they realize the unique sound that the command makes relative to the sound of everything else, and those unique combinations of sounds \"to sit\" trigger a part of the dog's brain to react to it.\n\nIt's very primal, but the same effect applies to humans: we choose different sounds for different words because unique sounds allow us to separate meanings for the different particular sounds. We do this for THOUSANDS of sounds and attach more *meaning* or *command* to these sounds whereas you would only teach a dog a few sounds with probably a single command that the dog should react with.\n\nWhen you mess with the \"uniqueness\" of sounds, by repeating it over and over again, it starts to lose the reason why it was a word to begin with, and, to your brain, reverts to nothing more than a generic sound that your brain has very little remaining synapse connections to (at the moment) but also intensely trying to understand because it does know what it should mean as the few synapses do trigger a larger understanding in your brain (\"it's on the tip of my tongue\" phenomenon)",
"You have stumbled on to a very deep question about how we understand the world. This issue is a major concern for AI studies (Artificial Intelligence, since this is for 5 year olds) \nThe human mind has an amazing ability to take a single word and understand a complete concept. \nTake the word \"chair\" for example. We all just know what a chair is. Size, color, shape and many other features may be in the background but your mind instantly has the idea \"chair\". This is the default position in your mind as it is most likely what you need. \nHowever if you start repeating the word \"chair\" your mind refocuses on the actual word. The sound, the intonation, the break down of the parts of of the word.\nThis feature of the human mind, the ability to move from a lager abstract concept of a single word to a specific breakdown of the same word is very interesting to anyone trying to create computers that actually \"think\" like humans. ",
"I typed the word \"get\" one time when I was drunk and for some reason it has just looked weird ever since.",
"A lot of people have answered by saying that it is semantic saturation without actually explaining why that occurs. Here is the explanation from wikipedia:\n\nThe explanation for the phenomenon is that, in the cortex, verbal repetition repeatedly arouses a specific neural pattern that corresponds to the meaning of the word. Rapid repetition makes both the peripheral sensorimotor activity and central neural activation fire repeatedly. This is known to cause reactive inhibition, hence a reduction in the intensity of the activity with each repetition. Jakobovits James (1962) calls this conclusion the beginning of \"experimental neurosemantics\".",
"Weird. this sometimes happens with I stare at a common word. Then after some time, I will find it odd and question myself if it is spelled right.",
"I worked at an auto auction many years ago. We would sell 100s of cars once a month. (like GM program cars or leases, etc). I was one of the ones that would write 'sold' on the car window after the auction with wax chalk. After the first 50 or so of writing sold over and over I was convinced I was spelling this simple four-letter word wrong.",
"There's a great video on this that explains it far better than I could, (_URL_0_) but basically, when you overstimulate the neurons necessary for recalling something (A word for example) they get exhausted and can't continue to be stimulated. \n\nThat's why when you say pencil once, it's normal, but when you say it for the 67th time, you're like \"How the heck is this even a word?\"",
"You begin to notice that we communicate with nothing more than a set of clicks, whistles and grunts. How do any of these things have meaning, you begin to wonder.",
"Many of the top answers are incomplete. The answer is neurologic. \n\nHere's a true Eli5 answer. Neurons are used for your senses. Neurons are kind of like guns firing. When you continuously expose yourself to a sensation, a neuron cannot continuously fire, just like a gun cannot continuously shoot a bullet. Just like the gun has to reload, the neurons also have to take some time to reload. \n\nThere are several other examples:\n\nTry staring at something for a long time. You will eventually stop seeing it. \n\nWhen you wear a cap, you eventually stop feeling it. Throughout the day you adapt to your clothes being there and are not continuously \"feeiling\" them.\n\nTry smelling some perfumes. As you smell one a few times, you start to get used to it. Many perfume places have a coffee bean scent, which helps to reset the neurons. ",
"Hopefully this thread gets repeated even more than it already has. That way the next time someone asks it, it may seem unfamiliar and I'll get enjoyment out of reading it again."
]
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4f4llj
|
what does it feel like to go through chemotherapy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4f4llj/eli5_what_does_it_feel_like_to_go_through/
|
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"It depends on the type of chemo, some are taking pills, some are the infusions you normally see, it all depends.\n\nThe sort I had was the infusion method, I had a mediport under the skin, so they would clean it off and pierce a plug through the skin to the port and would just run the bags through it. \nHonestly it didn't 'feel' like anything at the time, it made my taste buds tingle and gave me dry mouth, plus tended to make me pee just due to the quantity of liquid I was adding in. \n\nHow it feels afterwards is different, and you will hear a variety of different answers. The first couple of times I was sick as a dog afterwards, the best way I can describe it is similar to drinking too much or having terrible stomach flu, pretty debilitating. After a few adjustments to blockers they were giving me that went away, and the first few cycles of meds were pretty uneventful. \n\nHowever by cycle 4 or 5 I started getting serious fatigue and was constantly feeling like I was run down, and became physically weak. Around cycle 6-7 my white blood cell count was virtually nill so I kept getting very sick so was in and out of the hospital as I would pick up a common cold and it would get serious very quickly. \n\nAfter the 8th cycle and my body purging it out of the system I mostly went back to normal.\n\nA few interesting notes:\nMy fingernails had bands that the 21 day cycle kept discoloring at intervals making them look very interesting.\nIt *does* change your taste buds for many people, chocolate tasted metallic and I suddenly started craving spicy food. Also I got some kind of intolerance for pork products, it was very odd. \nThe worst side effect was actually a reaction to the white blood cell count increaser: nulasta. My marrow was reacting to it and it felt like my entire skeleton was trying to pull itself apart, most pain I have ever been in. My medical file has a huge \"NO NULASTA\" in sharpie on the front.\nIt messed with my memory badly. By cycle 4 or 5 I was having serious problems with my short term memory. It took about 4 or 5 years after for it to really be fully back to normal. I still have huge holes in my memory from that time.\n\nI will also add that I went in as a very healthy 21 year old, and with very aggressive cancer they used the strongest cocktail with 8 cycles rather the normal 2-4. However because I was young I had fewer side effects from other people. And my regiment (enhanced BEACOPP) has different reactions then other ones will. ",
"First, there are many different kinds of chemotherapy used to treat a myriad of illnesses (not just cancer). Second, like most medicines, different people react very differently to the same medicine. A third issue is that some side effects are actually caused by your pre-meds: a mix of steroids and anti-allergens.\n\nI have had five different chemotherapy medicines: Taxotere, Carboplatin, Adriamycin, Cytoxan, and Taxol. Along with those I've also had Herceptin and Perjeta, which, although technically targeted therapy and not chemotherapy, are administered the same way and serve the same purpose.\n\nI'm not sure if you mean what it feels like to physically have chemo meds infused or if you mean the entire experience. Chemo is physically and emotionally tiring. You find it can become a job. You make friends with the nurses, you start to recognize your other weekly chemo pals, you get used to needles VERY quickly, and you realize that anything with your body--and I mean anything--that is even slightly abnormal has to be reported to your oncologist because it could be life threatening. \n\nPhysically, the day of chemo is not usually too bad. Currently I get my blood drawn, wait an hour for lab results, and then am set up in a chemo chair and assigned a nurse. Premeds are administered (currently a bag of steroids, liquid pepcid, and liquid benadryl). Injecting liquid benadryl is unpleasant. It makes me light headed, slurs my speech, I have trouble with coordination, and often makes me sleepy. That usually fades by the time I am done with the infusion. I feel good at home, but at night wake up generally around 2:15 from the steroid \"buzz.\" The best way I can describe it is feeling like you're vibrating very lightly from the inside. This generally fades after several days.\n\nFor me, over the next few days I battle nausea and horrible diarrhea. This is not your average diarrhea meaning loose stools. This is involuntary-all-bowels-will-be-evacuated-immediately diarrhea. It is more like vomiting in that you cannot leave the bathroom until the contractions are done. It's horrible and--again this is for me--if I take Immodium or a prescription med to solidify things then I end up constipated. It's a pendulum: one or the other.\n\nOften I just feel off. It's like having the flu but worse. You can't really pinpoint what's wrong but your body feels broken down. Because there's not direct pain/symptom there isn't really anything to do to treat it. \n\nChemo can be administered as often as daily or (from what I know) up to every 3 weeks. Right now I'm going weekly so I have about 2-3 days where I feel normal; or at least not sick. I'm generally very tired, sometimes sleeping up to 13 hours a night with a nap during the day. \n\nPhysically, my hair is gone. I have been bald since July. Sometimes I still forget and get a shock when I look in the mirror. Some patients lose vast amounts of weight from not being able to eat. Others gain weight due to steroids (I have fallen into this camp). Healthy eating and exercise have slowed my gain but my oncologist tells me it's common and normal and there is nothing I can do about it. It's very difficult to look in the mirror and see a chubby, pale, bald person looking back that you don't recognize. Here is me on my [first day](_URL_0_). Here is me [now](_URL_1_). It may not look too different to you, but it's very different to me.\n\nI've also developed a phobia of the smell of rubbing alcohol. Mentally I know it can't harm me but when I smell it it triggers the panic button in my brain because I know what's coming. I start to sweat, my heart races, and the smell makes me gag. I panic to the point where I have trouble talking to the nurse because I become so scared. I'm working on this with my psychologist (therapy has been an absolutely must this entire time). \n\nIt's an experience I go through because I have to, but one I hope to never repeat. I know it's saving my life but I sure as hell wish there was an easier way. \n",
"That is a big question; as others have pointed out, there are so many different kinds of chemotherapy and they all have wildly different effects. But here's what it was like for me.\n\nI was diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) in 2011. I had two separate chemo regimens: the normal type delivered through IV, and an additional drug delivered through spinal tap.\n\nThe IV stuff was pretty unremarkable, as IV infusions tend to be. Took hours to do, but really the only effect I felt immediately was fatigue. I'd have to take a nap either on the spot or when I got home. I never got any nausea, but that's probably because they gave me some heavy-duty anti-nausea drugs to head it off at the pass. In fact, my appetite increased--one of my symptoms (realized after the fact) was loss of appetite, and one of my drugs was a steroid, which has the side effect of boosting appetite.\n\nI got a little bit of neuropathy (numbness) in my fingertips as I received more and more rounds, but that went away pretty quickly after treatment. For a day or so after each round, I got this weird sensation when I ate that I can only describe as sensory feedback in the taste buds--like when you eat sour candy, but without the actual sour taste. I would have to take tiny bites and work up to bigger ones. I got oral thrush twice from my immune system being so weak. And my hair never did come back, at least not enough of it to cover my head. But all in all, I got off pretty easy in terms of side effects.\n\nThe spinal taps were the worst part. Physically, it wasn't too bad, but it's mentally/emotionally taxing. I trusted my hematologist completely, but having to stay completely still, bent over in a sitting position, and just hope they don't fuck it up is a unique kind of tension. \n\nI hope that answers your question. If you (or others) have follow-up questions, I'd be happy to answer anything.\n\nALSO: If anyone reading this is A) currently undergoing or has recently undergone cancer treatment, B) 18-39, and C) Canadian, I STRONGLY encourage you to look up an organization called [Young Adult Cancer Canada](_URL_0_). Fantastic bunch of people, great community, and their conference & retreats have been transformative experiences for me.",
"Day 1: Feeling pretty good. Hooked to IV pump for several hours. Bored to tears. Staff and volunteers try to entertain me. Hate this but can't tell them that because they're trying so hard that I feel like a terrible person for not enjoying their efforts. Have to pee every 3 minutes because of the volume of liquids being pumped into me. Some of the chemo can't be mixed with saline (salt water), so it's mixed with dextrose (sugar water). I'm diabetic, so I'm checking my blood sugar every hour on the hour and injecting insulin as needed. One of the chemo drugs causes \"minor sensitivity to cold.\" This means that halfway through the day between one sip and the next, my cold diet drink goes from refreshing and soothing to feeling like I swallowed a taser. Get hooked to take-home pump and go home.\n\nDay 2: Pump hanging off my neck like some kind of millstone. More irritating than anything else. Feeling rundown but generally okay.\n\nDay 3: Go back to office to have pump disconnected. Tired. Could barely get out of bed. Ask for tenth time if there isn't some kind of way that I can disconnect the pump myself and just let someone else bring it back for me. Ha ha.\n\nDay 4: Worst. Hangover. Ever. Apparently, I only thought I was tired the last couple of days.\n\nDay 5: Pain. Imagine earache or toothache. Not sharp, splitting pain, but dull ache that seems to originate from everywhere and nowhere. Too tired to sit up or go anywhere, but it hurts to lay down. No position is confortable.\n\nDay X: Go to bed one day, wake up a few days later. Family says that I was up and around during those days, even went out to eat with them, but I can't remember it. Scares the crap out of me. It's one thing to think how I may only have three months left. It's another thing altogether to imagine I can wake up tomorrow and find that it's three months later.\n\nDay 10: Appetite, which I didn't realize had gone away, makes the slightest attempt at coming back. I'd been eating by habit only. Have to try three different cans of soup because nothing tastes the way it used to. Wash it down with tepid water because \"minor sensitivity to cold\" is only starting to wear off and it feels like I'm swallowing 9V batteries. Choose soup because it's easy to throw up. Wise precaution.\n\nDay 11-13: Strength finally coming back. Pain fading. Can eat/drink without a phenegren chaser.\n\nDay 14: Feel like my old self again. Almost feel good. Realize it's time for next treatment."
]
}
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"http://www.youngadultcancer.ca"
],
[]
] |
||
5nkxo8
|
particles that travel at light-speed
|
Perhaps I formulate this incorrectly but I'll try.
Imagine that there are 3 particles, p1, p2, and p3 on a plane that all start at the same origin x.
Particles p1 and p2 move at light-speed at the same time in the directions y and -y.
The third particle is stationary.
To the third particle, the other two particles are moving at the speed of light in opposite directions who can measure the distance between the two as distance = 2(time)(c).
If I'm riding on a moving particle, will the other moving particle be moving at 2c or just c?
Just thought it would be fun to know how this works and why. Thanks.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nkxo8/eli5_particles_that_travel_at_lightspeed/
|
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" > If I'm riding on a moving particle\n\nLet's ignore the fact that anything with mass can't actually move at c. Due to the way relativity works, if you're moving at light speed, you would cease moving through time. So regardless if other particles are moving or not, they (and the rest of the universe) would appear to be stationary while you're at c. Thus relative to you, they are travelling at c.",
"First of all, you can't ride on the moving particle, because you have mass so you can't travel at the speed of light.\n\nBut let's say each were moving at 99.99% the speed of light. That's possible and doesn't ruin your question.\n\nSo your question translates to:\n\n > If I'm riding on a moving particle, will the other moving particle be moving at 2(.9999c) or just (.9999c)?\n\nThe answer is neither, it'd be moving away at somewhere between, and always less than c.\n\nBasically what you're doing here is adding velocities, same as the \"what if you shine a flashlight out of the front of your near light speed ship\" question. Normally we add velocities like A + B = V. Done and done.\n\nBut turns out that is only *close* to the right way you add velocities.\n\nThe real way is:\n\nV = (A + B) / ( 1 + (A * B / c^2 ))\n\nSubstituting in values you get:\n\nV = (.9999c + .9999c) / (1 + (.9999c * .9999c / c^2 ))\n\nV = (1.9998c) / (1 + (0.99980001c^2 / c^2 ))\n\nV = (1.9998c) / (1 + 0.99980001)\n\nV = 0.99999999499c\n\nYou may be able to realize that as long as A and B are less or equal to c, V can never be more than C.",
"Velocities are not additive; it doesn't matter what frame of reference you are in, massless particles will *always* travel at c in vacuum relative to you, no more, no less. This causes some situations that seem impossible, but you have to accept that much of relativity is not remotely intuitive.",
"Your question can not be answered. Under our current understanding of physics, it is invalid.\n\nIn any reference frame, the observer is stationary. \n\nIn addition, in any reference frame the speed of light is constant.\n\nYou try to place the observer on a particle moving at the speed of light. That would require for observer not to move, but the speed of light is constant. Since the speed of light is not zero, your question is invalid.\n\n"
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[] |
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|
73hxra
|
why does something like a bluetooth wii remote operate from several rooms away, but bluetooth headphones have difficulty staying connected from a pocket?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/73hxra/eli5_why_does_something_like_a_bluetooth_wii/
|
{
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"text": [
"The Wii remote transmits a minuscule amount of data compared to an audio file. The remote can re-transmit lost data very quickly without effecting the flow of the game. \n\nAudio, not so much. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
c39j7n
|
why can birds stand freely on the train’s electric wires, while a human can start an electric just by standing close to any.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c39j7n/eli5_why_can_birds_stand_freely_on_the_trains/
|
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"They're not touching the ground\n\nSo theres nowhere for the electricity to go.\n\nYou could do the same if you let's say fell and landed on them cleanly",
"Grounding. The bird isn’t grounded to anything, therefore doesn’t have the current passing through it. We’re grounded (by standing on the ground) and therefore are the path of least resistance to the ground.",
"Electricity likes to travel along the easiest possible path (like a really good conductor of electricity) to its target.\n\nWhen the bird stands on the wire, the electricity would much rather continue traveling along the cables (which conducts well) than take a detour up one of the bird’s leg, through its body and down the other.\n\nWhen a human touches the wires, the electricity decides that it takes much less effort to go through the human straight to the earth where it’s journey ‘ends’, rather than continue along the long cables. \n\nThat’s as ELI5 as I can phrase things!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4lubrc
|
why do animals such as gorillas and horses get huge muscles from just growing up, but humans don't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4lubrc/eli5_why_do_animals_such_as_gorillas_and_horses/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3q6rug"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The human body is geared towards other things. Most notably, a big brain, fine motorics to let us use tools better, and a upright stance letting us travel very efficently overland, letting us chase down much faster prey through sheer endurance."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1pj5o8
|
vw was a company that was created and funded by the nazi regime. why did the vw brand become the car of choice during the hippie movement and symbol of freedom only 15 years after the fall of the nazi's. a car with completely different origins to what the hippie movement was all about.
|
EDIT: I must note that I have nothing against the VW brand, this is only a question about conflicting ideologies.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pj5o8/eli5_vw_was_a_company_that_was_created_and_funded/
|
{
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"cd2twzl",
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"cd2u9fe",
"cd2wfg7",
"cd30s7s"
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"score": [
12,
10,
3,
5,
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"text": [
"It was cheap, and hippies weren't known for their cash. Foreign car that was very contrary to the cars Detroit was pumping out, so very much the anti-establishment ride.",
"Actually VW in a lot of ways got started by the British. The VW factories were in the British occupied zone after the war and the British put money and resources into rebuilding and restarting the factory, seeing it as a good starting point for rebuilding the german economy as a whole.",
"I'm sick of all this \"Hitler invented the beetle\" crap.\nYes it was commissioned as a car for the people\nBecause the Nazis were not all about killing Jews and blacks, they actually started as a party for the people, which is why they were supported by the German people at first, the ideology just got skewed, and remember history is written by the victor.\nNOT SAYING THEY DIDNT DO ANYTHING WRONG JIST THAT THEY STARTED AS A WELL INTENTIONED POLITICAL PARTY. \nNow that's cleared up\n\nThe modern VW brand was a product of the British, British soldiers during the \"clean up\" from WW2 in Germany (when the war had effectively ended but there were still some fugitives) A group of British soldiers find a funny little car in the rubble of a Volkswagen factory it was cheap to build cheap to maintain which was important In the aftermath of the war. \n\nNowadays they are known for making solid well built cars even if they are a little pricey! ",
"The VW was cheap, reliable & simple to work on yourself. Post-war, the company was apolitical. If anything, being foreign was an act of protest against the American military-industrial complex.\n\nThe only thing that VW had to do with the Nazis is that it was a product of their centralized economic/industrial machine.",
"Only people have ideologies. Things/Products are ideology free - it's all about utility. If the Nazi's had found a cure for cancer, we'd be happy to use it.",
"It was a cheap car/mini-bus. Very basic (air-cooled engine) but reliable and easy to maintain."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
65v6zn
|
why cant nerve's causing discomfort / constant pain be "killed"
|
for the treatment of Sciatica etc..
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/65v6zn/eli5why_cant_nerves_causing_discomfort_constant/
|
{
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"dgdf095",
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"text": [
"Because what we often call a 'nerve' when you see it on a large scale is actually a bundle of LOADS of neurons doing different things. [See this image.](_URL_0_) \n\nFor example, the 'sciatic nerve' contains neurons supplying sensation to the leg, but also contains neurons that supply the hamstring muscles. Sciatica is often caused by compression of this nerve. So if you cut the nerve, you may stop sensation going from it to the brain, but you will also no longer be able to bend your knee. We don't have any way of only cutting the offending nerve fibres, because they're all mixed in together. \n\nSo basically, the short answer is that we can't do it without stopping muscles from working. ",
"Because it also serves for motor purposes: if you suppress the whole nerve you'd end up with a paralysis together with your comfortable anestesia...",
"We do it all the time, but as others have mentioned, there are usually consequences that go along with it. For example, a patient that has severe abdominal pain secondary to terminal pancreatic cancer may receive a celiac plexus block to relieve the pain. This causes your digestive system not to function properly, but you're dying anyways, so why not relieve the pain before you die?",
"It's been tried in cases of 'phantom pain', when people feel pain in limbs that aren't there because they were amputated. The phantom pain tends to return anyway. If it's being made at the ends of the amputated nerves, the new ends after the cut cause it again. If it's being made in the brain, messing with the nerves wouldn't help."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://content.stockpr.com/axogeninc/files/pages/axogen-resources/for-patients/IL-407-R00-Nerve-Cross-Section-w-Labels-Transparent-Bkgd-1024x772.png?1418678906"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
73t8wr
|
why someone bleed from their mouth after they have already died?
|
My friend told me her grandmother bled from her mouth in her funeral (she died from natural causes) because she regreted not having a chance to meet her beloved relatives before she passed away. However, I think there is a scientific explanation for this phenomenon.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/73t8wr/eli5_why_someone_bleed_from_their_mouth_after/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dnsx6gh"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"There is definitely a scientific explanation, and it had nothing to do with the method of death or the deceased's regrets. \n\nThis phenomenon is usually called \"purging\", and is the result of decomposition. (Note: embalming slows but does not stop decomposition. The purge is not a result of poor handling by the funeral home.)\n\nEssentially, as decomposition occurs, gas builds up in the body which can force some fluid out. It's not pretty, but it's nothing sinister. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1omus7
|
sublimation, deposition, recombination, ionization, and plasma
|
Most people know that there are states of matter that we learned about in school. Some also know of a fourth state of matter called plasma, which is ionized gas. Phase transition is when one state of matter changes into another. Solids melt into liquids and liquids evaporate into gasses. Gasses condense into liquids and freeze into solids. But gases and solids can change directly, I recently learned. Solids can sublimate into gases, and gases can deposit into solids. Gasses can also be changed into plasma by ionization and plasma to gas through recombination.
So, I'd like someone to please explain exactly what plasma is and how it is fundamentally different from gas, and how sublimation, deposition, recombination, and ionization all work and what happens during the processes. Thank you!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1omus7/eli5sublimation_deposition_recombination/
|
{
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"ccthrqg"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"To understand this you first need to understand how temperature works: It's basically a measure of the average amplitude of the oscillation of atoms and molecules (eli5: how fast stuff swings)\n\nIt's important to note that this is an average, as all the atoms interact with one another and may oscillate way below or above this average.\n\nIf an individual atom reaches or loses enough energy it can break free of its existing structure and change its phase. Usually this only happens, or at least tends to happen, at existing boundary layers: Surface evaporation, gas bubbles rising and increasing in volume and ice or other chrystals growing. You also can heat distilled water way beyond 100°C at 1bar if you use a glass container, in theory all the way up to the critical point where liquid water cannot exist any more (but don't do it!).\n\nSublimation and deposition works very similar, only that the atoms change the state between solid and gaseous - at the boundary layer.\n\nIn each case the atoms changing their state take their energy levels with them, which is why evaporating water cools and freezing water takes so long\n\nA plasma is a state where an atom has so much energy that it can't hold all its atoms in its orbits any more. The big difference to a gas is that a plasma consists not of uncharged atoms but of positive atom cores and negative electrons that can move freely - making it an excellent conductor. The reason plasma is often very bright is that if the electrons recombine with an atom core they unleash the energy set free in the process in the form of a photon\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1x7xp5
|
why does my lamp seem darker when there is a little bit of sunlight coming into the room?
|
If I turn on a lamp in my room at night, it lights up the whole room. If I turn it on during the day, when there is some sunlight entering the room, the lamp and room seem dark. Shouldn't two light sources add together to make the room even brighter? Why does the lamp seem dark, and why does the room seem dark?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1x7xp5/eli5why_does_my_lamp_seem_darker_when_there_is_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cf8w96a"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"When your eyes are exposed to bright light such as sunlight, the pupils constrict - the hole through which light enters gets smaller. This makes all light look less bright.\n\nConversely, when it's dark, your eyes dilate to allow more light to enter."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
441c9j
|
what exactly do un peacekeepers do?
|
title
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/441c9j/eli5_what_exactly_do_un_peacekeepers_do/
|
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"text": [
"The role of UN peacekeepers is basically to be an impartial military force from outside of a conflict that can be trusted to maintain a ceasefire or other agreement.",
"They stand between 2 parties that want to kill one another, stopping them from doing so. At least, that's the traditional role. They also respond to natural disasters and act as police when a nation cannot field it's own police force. ",
"It varies on each conflict and there is no black and white order. However normally they will announce a ceasefire in a certain area (normally an area which is on between the two countries at war) and they will be there to ensure the ceasefire is not violated. This allows other organisations to set up refugee camps, being medicine, and support the innocent as much as possible. However, normally it doesn't go that smoothly and the UN troops are caught in the middle",
"As a former soldier in the US Army who also was deployed as a \"blue helmet\".\n\nOur missions were \"Peace Support Operations\" aka peacekeeping. The only difference between a NATO or UN deployment was the color of our helmets.\n\nAt the very basic level, our job was to provide enough firepower to deter warring parties from fighting, so NGOs could do their job. On a practical level, it was a weird combination of being a soldier, police officer, and social worker.\n\nThis was for the 1990s, US Army, in the Balkans, so it's probably not exactly what you're looking for but is probably reasonably accurate for deployments from EU countries but much less so from other nations.."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
fs7leb
|
what does it mean when an aircraft stalls, and why is it dangerous?
|
So, I tried reading the wikipedia article covering the subject, but nothing made sense; so if y’all could explain the critical attack and things like that as well, it would be great!!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fs7leb/eli5_what_does_it_mean_when_an_aircraft_stalls/
|
{
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"text": [
"A stall in aviation is when there isn't enough air going past the wings for them to provide enough lift to keep the plane in the air. .\nIt could be because the plane is flying too slow or the nose is pitched up too high.",
"An aircraft needs to travel at a certain speed or above (that means air flows over its wings at a certain speed). This air travelling *over* the wings causes something called “lift”. Lift is the upward force which causes the aircraft to stay in the air. Lift can only happen when the air travels over the wings at or above this speed. Hence why aircraft need to reach this speed when on a runway. If an aircraft drops below this speed when in the air, the amount of air travelling over the wings drops, meaning the lift is no longer sufficient to keep the aircraft in the air. This is what is called a stall. The cause of the drop in speed can either be too little power (engine problem), or the aircraft is pitched too high (pointing upwards too steep).\n\nImagine a paper airplane - you must throw it forward at a certain speed for it to keep airborne, otherwise it will fall out of the sky. It is a similar concept (although it is the shape of the wing on the real aircraft which is key to generating lift), but it should help you to imagine. \n\n\nNow for critical angle of attack... imagine the same paper airplane, if you throw it angled towards the ceiling, it would immediately fall from the sky regardless of how fast you’d thrown it. This is because it’s angle is above it’s critical angle.\n\nAll of the above is filled with very complicated mathematics, but I’ve tried to ELI5, hope it helps.",
"Airplanes fly by shoving air down really hard. Forget about Bernoulli's principle, if the shape of the wing was that important, planes couldn't fly upside down and they do. \n\nIn a stall, because of either the position of the wing, or the speed of the plane, enough air is not being shoved down. \n\nThat's bad because you start to fall. Falling is different from flying downwards in the same way that sinking is different from swimming downwards. \n\nWhen you fall, that also means you're not controlling the plane. That's bad because you use the ability to control the plane to stop falling.",
"lots of people have already answered your question but if you're interested in learning more, [this guy](_URL_0_) makes great videos about aviation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/Kg6jV5mkf-8?t=85"
]
] |
|
1wqb8n
|
why is my internet connection speed much faster on my laptop than on my ipad from the same place in my house?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wqb8n/eli5_why_is_my_internet_connection_speed_much/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cf4eh97",
"cf4env5",
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],
"score": [
5,
13,
6
],
"text": [
"Are you talking about a connection speed test such as _URL_0_? Or how quicker web pages seem to load on your laptop?\n\nIf it's the latter, rendering engines in browsers are complicated and resource-hungry things. The iPad might load the web page at the same speed, but have a delay in displaying it due to the engine having to crunch the data. The quicker your device, and the better the rendering engine, the quicker the page will render and display. And if it's a modern laptop, then it will be much quicker than an iPad.\n\nIf your iPad is slower when testing with _URL_0_ or whatever, then it's likely that it is a wifi standard issue. Wifi comes in several versions, and newer ones are much quicker than old ones. Your internet router may be sending data to your iPad at a slower rate than your laptop.",
"Because your laptop is probably euipped with an better wireless card, that will give you further range and faster speeds than a simple Ipad.",
"It's just because your laptop itself is faster. The internet is like you and a professional chef cooking. It takes the same amount of time to drive to the store to get the ingredients but when home putting it all together he can chop slice dice and mix faster than you. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"speedtest.net"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
7vimo5
|
how do you figure out what percentage a battery is at?
|
Obviously if you're on a phone or something it will give you the percentage, but how does the device figure it out? How is that measured?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7vimo5/eli5_how_do_you_figure_out_what_percentage_a/
|
{
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"dtskfa9",
"dtsrngd"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"The voltage of a battery cell decreases slightly as it drains. The phone/device can measure this, and based on how it drained in the past, calculate how much charge is left given the current voltage.",
"when the battery is full, it has a voltage that's high Vf. when the battery is empty, it has a voltage that's low. Ve. Vf > Ve\n\nas the battery drains, it follows a specific predictable curve from Vf to Ve. the curve may or may not be linear depending on battery chemistry. alkaline and NiCad batteries were pretty linear. when battery is half full, the voltage is about halfway between Vf and Ve. newer NiMH and Li-ion batteries keep their voltage somewhat close but still lower than Vf. then once the battery is near empty, the voltage drops drastically\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_\n\n\nso given any measured Vcurrent, you can just check on the curve what the SOC(state of charge) % is"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://siliconlightworks.com/image/data/Info_Pages/Li-ion%20Discharge%20Voltage%20Curve%20Typical.jpg",
"http://i.stack.imgur.com/TWEP2.gif"
]
] |
|
3p0hm4
|
how do texas education standards dominate american education?
|
Is this because the major textbook publishers in the US are headquartered there? What are the details surrounding their dominance in education policy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3p0hm4/eli5_how_do_texas_education_standards_dominate/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cw21sn9",
"cw21wlq"
],
"score": [
2,
6
],
"text": [
"I believe Texas buys the school books by a central purchasing office. So it is a big market. The publishing houses have to follow the demands of Texas to have a shot at the market there.",
"Texas is the second-largest state in the union and the Texas State Board of Education approves textbooks which are used throughout the state. Getting your textbook chosen by this board means you are going to sell many, many copies, so being rejected is going to mean you miss out.\n\nThe structure of textbook selection in most other states just isn't as potent as Texas with the exception of California, which is another big target for textbook manufacturers.\n\nThe result is that textbooks get targeted to appeal to Texas and California, either both at the same time, or with different editions for each target. Other states don't have enough clout to get their own versions, so their schools end up buying these same books."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
a7d4a0
|
rear-view mirrors - when you angle it down, why can you see the back seat, but look "further" and still see the cars behind you?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a7d4a0/eli5_rearview_mirrors_when_you_angle_it_down_why/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ec20iyb",
"ec20rlg"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Do you mean when you switch between daytime mode and nighttime mode? You can kinda see the overlap in the two?",
"It's the night mirror, if you go to far from the main mirror you end up on the secondary mirror. Same as flipping the switch."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1asod0
|
how can there be wifi on an airplane?
|
I'm taking a flight across the country, and my plane has WiFi. What kind of black magic is at work here?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1asod0/eli5_how_can_there_be_wifi_on_an_airplane/
|
{
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"c90dr1e",
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56,
14,
2
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"text": [
"The earlier systems, like Boeing's Conexxion, used a special kind of antenna called a phased-array antenna. That antenna sent radio signals to a satellite in orbit which was then sent back to earth to an ISP. Slow, but it kind of worked. You also needed an antenna dome added to the top of the plane.\n\nThe newer systems, like Gogo, use cellular transmitters on the plane to talk to special towers on the ground. The towers are just like your 3G/4G towers but the signals point UP instead of down at the ground around them. Gogo is planning to add satellite transmitters later so they can handle overseas flights.\n\nOnce the signal gets to the plane it's sent to a normal wifi access point and access/billing is handled at the ISP. ",
"its internet transmitted by radio. same way your smart phone does it, just at a larger scale.\n\n",
"Follow-up question: Is the price most airlines charge justified? Would these systems be running regardless of whether or not I pay?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6uvmqg
|
bacteria become resistant to antibacterial products but why not bleach and alcohol?
|
I understand that some of the bacteria survive the antibacterial products and the ones that survive are more resistant, however why doesn't some bacteria survive alcohol or bleach and become more resistant to those products?
For example, if I swap my skin with alcohol even if the bacteria under the swab are all killed when there be some on the edge that would survive but get a partial dose of alcohol?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6uvmqg/eli5_bacteria_become_resistant_to_antibacterial/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's the mechanism. Antibacterials work internally to disrupt processes and alcohol is external. It's like how you can tolerate my alcohol with repeated exposure but you can't tolerate more fire no matter how much you try",
"Antibacterials target certain parts of the bacteria. If a single bacterium is born without that part, it will be resistant. Alcohol and bleach, however, just kinda go in and fuck everything up, which is kinda impossible to avoid.",
"Picture a working computer. You need to make it stop working. \n\nOne thing you could do is to pull the plug. It will work, but there are ways around it, like installing an internal power source. \n\nAlternatively, you could drop a nuke on it. There's not much that can be done to prevent it. \n\nAntibiotics work like pulling the plug, and bacteria can develop adaptations that protect against it. Alcohol and bleach work like nukes. \n\nWe have to use antibiotics when we can't just drop a nuke - like when the bacteria is inside your body, and drinking bleach, while certainly effective, will also destroy the rest of the body. But your skin is tough enough to take it. ",
"Imagine a bacterium as a big factory, with the bacterium's membranes and cell wall being like the factory's walls and ceiling, the enzymes like the factory's machines and the DNA like a big book of instructions for building the factory.\n\nAn antibiotic is like sending a saboteur into that factory - maybe to break a critical piece of machinery, or to blow up a structurally important support pillar. The factory could counteract that sabotage by, say, positioning guards that could catch the saboteur (similar to how bacteria may become immune to an antibiotic by mutating an enzyme that can break down the antibiotic.\n\nBleach or alcohol (or also heat) are more like carpet-bombing the factory until just a pile of rubble remains - they damage a bacterium in many different places at once, and in a much cruder manner. That is also why you cannot use them internally to fight an infection - they would cause too much collateral damage to your body's cells.",
"I know this isn't ELI5, but these are the underlying mechanisms.\n\nBacteria are little guys with cell walls to protect them from the world. When we put something in say a dish to kill said bacteria, they react in different ways in order to protect themselves. When a bunch of a substance (Penicillin or something of the sorts) comes to the bacteria, it has four choices: refuse, spit it out, tolerate, neutralize. \n\nThis sounds similar to humans with foods, but back to bacteria. The bacterium (only one) crawls over to your antibiotic in question and several things can happen. \n\nIf the bacteria doesn't recognize it (through a protein on its wall), then it may be absorbed as possible food/pass through the cell wall. If the bacteria has learned that this antibiotic can hurt it and has a protein to identify it before it gets in, the bacteria will ignore the substance. \n\nIf the bacteria absorbs the substance, then proteins inside can identify it as a hazard and then spit it out (some bacteria even specialize in very efficiently eliminating substances that enter). The bacteria can also recognize the substance, and make a protein to break up the substance so it is no longer a threat. \n\nFinally, the bacteria can just learn to tolerate the substance through continued exposure (through a mixture of the previous three methods). \n\nSo how come bleach/alcohol ALWAYS seem to work? They're such small substances that you can't stop it from getting in, that it can't be broken down further, or if it is broken down then it will become more toxic than the precursor. \n\nOther redditors have ELI5'ed this, but a full answer may help some understand it a little better.",
"Alcohol desicates the outer protective layer of bacteria and eventually kills them. Hydrochlorite, the main component of bleach, is a very disruptive agent that will also disrupt the cell walls of bacteria.",
"There is another aspect to resistance that most replies have neglected. Bacteria can and do become resistant to alcohol/bleach/heat/whatever if given enough time. There is a species of bacteria colonising wine vats that can withstand up to 90% ethanol for prolonged time, for example.\n\nThe problem with most bacteria in a typical setting is that the cost of developing such resistance far outweigh the benefit of having them. Penicillin resistance is taxing enough for bacteria that they lose the natural selection race if there is no such antibiotics around. Alcohol content of over 10% is an extremely rare environment, so any bacteria that develop such resistance will be quickly selected out as well."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3fkot0
|
how come killing small animals is a warning sign and precursor to sociopathic behavior, but killing insects is something people do without a second thought?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fkot0/eli5_how_come_killing_small_animals_is_a_warning/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because bugs frighten people and can be a nuisance, like mosquitoes and ticks that bite. But killing other small animals isn't necessarily a sign of being a sociopath. If you kill some squirrels but did it to make a delicious brunswick stew, no one will think you're a sociopath.",
"I am not a psychologist, but here goes. Insects frequently approach us and some bite or sting painfully. Even the common housefly can be annoying when it is hovering over your plate and we don't usually relate to such short-lived creatures. Small, wild animals like squirrels and rabbits would be unlikely to approach us or interfere with us directly and we might not be attached to them individually but when someone kills them for fun, they are actively seeking a victim. Family pet is worst, there should be a kind of bond there, but a sociopath would fail to make that kind of connection. ",
"Committing violence against small animals is largely seen as a precursor of sociopathy because it indicates you are not internalizing common social morals. \n\nIn communities that value the lives of insects, just as Jainist communities, someone who would blatantly harm insects might very well be exhibiting warning signs of sociopathy due to violating common social norms. ",
"Particularly with mammals, animals exhibit pain responses that humans can easily pick up on (I.e. Screaming, whimpering,recoiling from painful stimuli). Killing small animals outside of socially acceptable desensitization (like slaughtering animals on a farm) is an indicator that someone lacks the standard empathic responses, as well as being very highly correlated with compulsions of sadism (killing one animal is worrisome but, ultimately, could just have been a fluke incident. Repeatedly killing animals is a big warning sign as it demonstrates there is some sort of internal pressure or need to kill them)",
"Small vertebrates run away and show obvious signs of pain and fear. Insects do not.\n\nAlso, we mostly only ignore killing pest insects, like ants. Kids that go around killing butterflies *do* get scrutinized.\n\nFor that matter, people in farming communities generally aren't going to care if a kid goes around shooting vertebrate pests like rabbits, as long as they're not torturing them.",
"Torturing insects *is* seen as a warning sign (pulling the wings/legs off of flies, for example, is a classic \"that kid warn't right\" sign) even if outright killing the insect would be unremarkable.\n\nLikewise, killing small animals isn't usually seen as a sociopathic behavior if there isn't an element of cruelty or unconcern for their suffering. Hunt rabbit and squirrel for food? Not sociopathic. Kill rodents and snakes just because you don't like them around? Some people may disapprove of you, but most people won't consider it a sign that you're outright *psycho.* But if you take even the most reviled vermin and cause it unnecessary suffering— either because you want it to suffer, or because you simply don't care about its experience and watching it struggle and die is interesting— people will start to think something's wrong with you. ",
"Insects are all over the place and are relatively simply organisms, not much in the way of a complex brain. However, most mammals can feel and show signs of distress of pain. If you can look at an animal and see it suffering, and just continue with the torture without putting it down then you are a looney. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6a1tq9
|
why aren't college degrees universally accepted?
|
I keep reading stories about immigrants having advanced education in their home countries but coming to the states and having to work in the trades. I know post WW2 the US imported german scientists to work on their rocket program.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6a1tq9/eli5why_arent_college_degrees_universally_accepted/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because for a college degree to be useful, it needs to be from an accredited and competitive institution. If I founded \"Crazy Uncle Stu's Discount University and Dental Floss Farm\" and offered you a PhD in the field of your choice for the low, low price of $249.99, you would be skeptical, right?\n\nWell we have laws that keep universities like that from existing, but who's to say other countries do?",
"There are several reasons. Most of them are due to the tertiary education being less bound by the government's enforcing system.\n\nFirst, tertiary education system varies between countries, and this makes recognition a bit difficult. For example, NZ and Australian universities usually offer three-year Bachelor's degrees, and then an extra year of research for the Honours degrees (now classified as a postgraduate degree). At many English institutions, however, Honours is just a distinction for high-performing Bachelor's degrees. Worse, both awarding systems are found in the US. The systems for postgraduate diplomas are even more jumbled, ranging anywhere from three-month short courses to two years of full time studies even within one university.\n\nSecond, the degrees are accredited by the institutions, not the government. There are huge benefits of this, but it also has the downside of the degree heavily depending on the reputation of the accrediting institution. And overseas degrees are much harder to verify/appraise than domestic ones.\n\nThird, this is not a problem limited to college/university degrees. Many companies will not recognise overseas work experience for various reasons as well.\n\n > I keep reading stories about immigrants having advanced education in their home countries but coming to the states and having to work in the trades.\n\nThis is a completely different problem. It is caused more by other factors such as language and cultural barriers, different skill set required, lack of connections, not understanding the country's system, needing to find a work quickly due to their immigrant status, immigrants opting for changes in profession, etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1vdvxy
|
aliasing in audio file (music etc.), is it good or bad? when? same about anti-aliasing.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vdvxy/eli5aliasing_in_audio_file_music_etc_is_it_good/
|
{
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"cer9lk5",
"cer9x47"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Aliasing in audio is bad. It's a form of distortion, which happens when you try to record something that's higher frequency than the sampling rate can handle. Recording at a given sampling rate can only handle frequencies of half that rate (example: recording at 48kHz can only take frequencies up to 24kHz). So to prevent aliasing, you apply an anti-aliasing filter to cut off all of the frequencies above that point.",
"If I sample a signal at a particular frequency S, say, 100 hz, I will be able to *precisely* reconstruct all frequencies in that signal that are at or below S/2 (this is the Nyquist Theorem). Frequencies in the original signal higher than S/2 will be \"aliased\" - meaning that they will appear in the reconstructed signal as lower frequencies. \n\nTo take CD audio as an example: the human ear can detect frequencies up to ~20 kHz. So CDs are sampled at 44 kHz, fast enough to precisely reconstruct all parts of the original signal that would be detectable by the human ear. In order to avoid aliasing, the frequencies higher than 20kHz are removed (using what's called a low-pass filter) before sampling; and since there's no such thing as a perfectly sharp filter we roll off the frequencies between 20 kHz and 22 kHz (thus 44kHz sampling, rather than 40).\n\nAliasing also shows up in spatial sampling - for instance, [moire patterns](_URL_0_) when photographing finely textured materials. Most digital cameras have an anti-aliasing filter to prevent this, which basically subtly blurs the image so there are no frequencies (spatial this time) which are higher than what the camera can resolve. Because this results in a slight loss of sharpness some high-end camera makers don't have a AA filter over the sensor, leaving it up to the user to deal with any problems. \n\nEdit to add - so anti-aliasing is basically the act of slightly blurring an image or using a low-pass filter on an audio signal to eliminate high-frequency signals that could be aliased; this is usually done on purpose and is generally a \"good\" thing, but does lead to some *very slight* loss of sharpness in images. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"http://posterdrucken.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Original-and-moir%C3%A9.jpg"
]
] |
||
3cm5rt
|
how does sesame street get so many celebrity guests as a non-profit?
|
My daughter watches Sesame Street every day, and it blows my mind how many celebrity guests they have. Macklemore, One Direction, Taye Diggs, Casey Affleck, Jack McBrayer, Train, and more just recently.
I can't imagine Sesame Street pays for their appearances (really, does my 2-year-old care who Macklemore is or that this song is a parody of Thrift Shop? Then why would they pay for it?). Are they all just doing it out of the kindness of their hearts? Are their incentives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3cm5rt/eli5_how_does_sesame_street_get_so_many_celebrity/
|
{
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],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Well, a major incentive is good publicity. The news runs stories saying \"Hey, Macklemore's a sweet guy, he even went on Sesame Street to teach your kids math!\" \n\nThen, of course, there's the demographics who watch Sesame Street. You might not be selling yourself to the kids, but their parents are usually close by, and a lot of them will say \"Oh Macklemore, I've heard of that guy... I should check out his album.\"\n\nSesame Street might pay a small fee to the artists and celebrities who come on (I honestly don't know if they do), but I guarantee it's not a big sum, if anything at all. People are there for the positive benefits of charity, and they probably feel pretty good about themselves for doing it, too.",
"Actors who are part of the Screen Actors Guild (basically every celebrity) are required to be paid for all non-documentary appearances. This fee is fairly minimal and is basically a minimum wage for actors. Celebrity agents always negotiate hundreds of times that, but for Sesame Street they usually just do the minimum. Many celebrities turn around and donate that minimum back to the Children's TV Workshop. Actors are not allowed by their union to do \"volunteer appearances\", at all, and they are fucking strict about it (and everything else). \n\nAppearing on children's TV is an excellent PR move for celebs and can make them more approachable especially for parent's. Much more likely to let their kid buy Katy Perry's CD when they say her on Sesame Street being all nice and wholesome.\n\nSource: I work with SAG every day"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
345nuu
|
the current situation with bitcoin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/345nuu/eli5_the_current_situation_with_bitcoin/
|
{
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"cqrh21l"
],
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"text": [
"It's very complex, but here's a high level overview.\n\nBitcoin is cryptocurrency-a digital \"key\" tied to a \"coin\" with a value determined by the marketplace. It's only worth what people are willing to accept it's worth.\n\nThey were cheap in the beginning, but due to the way they work, easy to acquire. Now that years have passed and many coins have been made, they are difficult to make (by design, each one is harder to make than the last one). \n\nBetween the increasing difficulty of creation, the spreading acceptance, the publicity/hype, the fact that they are near untraceable, and the black market that emerged online using these as the sole currency (like the infamous Silk Road), the value of bitcoins shot up quickly. From $50 in April 2013, to $1,210 just six months later in November.\n\nBut, things have fallen apart. Silk Road was shut down. MtGox, one of the biggest trading platforms, has gone bankrupt. Coins were stolen, or irrecoverably lost. Confidence dropped, and people were willing to pay less. Many people who were paid in high value coins quickly found that no one was willing to buy them and they were losing money, causing them to stop accepting coins. (Sold something worth $1,000 for a $1,000 bitcoin, but now the coin is only worth $600. I'm sure you can see how they won't want to do this.)\n\nAt this point, they're hovering around $200, with no sign of picking up. Because of this, no one is willing to accept them, which means no one is willing to buy them, which continues the downward spiral."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
pj5b6
|
miranda rights and how far you can take your right to remain silent
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/pj5b6/eli5_miranda_rights_and_how_far_you_can_take_your/
|
{
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"text": [
"If you are being interrogated, you are supposed to be informed of your rights. As the line goes, you have the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney, even if you can't pay for one. Additionally, you must be aware that anything you say in the interrogation can be used against you in a trial. (Contrary to popular belief, the cops don't need to read this statement word-for-word or in any particular way. If they explain the concepts and you understand, it's legal.) \n\nSo, how far can you take the right to remain silent? It depends on your definition of taking the right to its extreme. You could just sit quietly while the interrogator asks questions. The other, more beneficial way to take advantage of this is to utter the magical phrase, \"I'd like to see my lawyer.\" Once you say this, the interrogation is postponed until the attorney arrives. At that point, he or she can help you out and give you advice. Again, you can just say nothing, but I'd generally trust the wisdom of the lawyer than of some random guy on Reddit. ",
"You can take your fifth amendment rights very far. \n\nThis [video](_URL_0_) is a fantastic lecture by a former defense attorney and law professor. ",
"Except in a few specific cases where you agree with the police/courts to waive the right, it's absolute. In the US, you can never be forced to reveal information that might make you seem guilty, and neither the police nor the courts can use the fact you did that as evidence that you're guilty.",
"The ACLU recently released a free little ebook on the subject, with explanations for how to act in a variety of situations (being pulled over, being arrested or detained, being unlawfully searched, etc.). \n\nThe central messages, as I saw them, were (1) your right to remain silent / demand a lawyer is extremely powerful, and (2) always be calm and respectful in these situations. \n\n_URL_0_",
"Ok, for a five year old:\n\nWhen a police officer asks you questions, as scary as it sounds, you don't ACTUALLY have to answer him. It's not like with your mom and dad where you have to always answer, or you'll get punished. ESPECIALLY if the questions they ask you will make you \"self incriminate.\" Now that's a big word, and it basically means tattling on yourself. You never, ever, ever have to tattle on yourself with a police officer, that's a fundamental rule. If you think you may end up tattling on yourself, or you're scared, or you just don't know, you ask for a lawyer. It's kind of like asking for an adult when you can't figure out a test problem or if you think you might have broken something. It's always the best idea to ask for a lawyer.\n\nNow, there are a few questions that if you don't answer will end up with you having a bad afternoon. If an officer asks for your ID card, you don't have to give it to him, but he can still take you to he jail so your fingerprints can be run. It's not illegal to hide who you are, but it's legal for law enforcement to keep you in jail until they find out.\n\nNow, if you LIE to the officer, then you'll get in trouble. ESPECIALLY if you lie about who you are. That's called \"Providing False Information,\" and can be a crime, depending on where you are. Remember, each state has different laws, and each city within each state can have different laws.\n\nYour best bet when dealing with a police officer is to answer questions about who you are, but then if any of the questions sound like they want to know if you were involved with a crime, like \"do you know so-and-so?\" or \"where were you 30 minutes ago?\" or \"do you drive a white Nissan Maxima with plate number 387WRF?\" Then you should immediately ask for your lawyer. Or, if they give you the Miranda Warnings (you've heard these on TV when the hero cop hussles off the bad guy) you should also immediately ask for a lawyer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://youtu.be/6wXkI4t7nuc"
],
[],
[
"http://www.aclu.org/files/kyr/kyr_english.pdf"
],
[]
] |
||
63hcj1
|
why is the moon visible at 2pm pst?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63hcj1/eli5why_is_the_moon_visible_at_2pm_pst/
|
{
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"dfu3hgz",
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],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The amount of time it takes to revolve around the earth is less than one day, so as long as the sun is shining enough light on it to make it visible during the day, it will be visible.",
"The moon takes 28 days to orbit Earth. Its position has nothing to do with the time of day. It's visible even in daylight (unlike stars) simply because it's so bright."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
32smix
|
how can large restaurant chains keep their ingredients secret and get away with it? what if some are dangerous or simply gross?
|
Shouldn't food be considered beyond industrial secrets policies?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/32smix/eli5_how_can_large_restaurant_chains_keep_their/
|
{
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"cqe7xu0",
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5,
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],
"text": [
"None of them keep anything secret. It's just a marketing thing to pretend there is a secret recipe. For whatever reason customers like it and companies can use it to make people not go to competitors since they already told you competitors couldn't have the same food. There is nothing real about it and their ingredients are well known. ",
"As has been pointed out, the ingredients are known. However the more important part in a recipe is how much of each ingredient is used and how they are mixed together.\n\nIf I give you the info that pizza dough consists of water, flour and yeast you'll have a very hard time figuring out how to make a propper dough if that is all you know.\n\nSo: ingredients are known, recipes aren't (and don't have to be)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
d5sdiw
|
why do men, who are not necessarily in good shape, still have more muscle showing than women? and why are men stronger than most women?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d5sdiw/eli5_why_do_men_who_are_not_necessarily_in_good/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's testosterone, yeah. Basically, testosterone, among other things, makes it easier to burn fat and build/maintain muscles. \n\nThink of your dominant hormones as the blueprint for your body, right? They tell your body where to allocate resources and how to manage them. They're not the only factor, but they're a big one.\n\nI'm transgender and have experienced both having a testosterone-dominant hormone situation, and having very little of it. It makes a pretty huge difference.",
"Biology as well. Looking back at our ancestors, women were more caregivers and men were laborers. Their bodies in general are more utilitarian in purpose because of mating preferences.",
"Evolution. Yes the root cause is the hormones and how it effects fetal and pubescent development. But the reason we developed that way is evolutionary. Males compete with each other more violently than females generally. So it pays to be strong physically. Add to that the hunters humans evolved as and that's only reinforced. Were also a socially territorial animal. As a group we control and defend an area. It only makes sense to put the primary responsibility on the less reproductively important members (you can loose most of the male population and rebound. Lose too many females and your group is doomed)\n\nIf its any consolation it also kills us sooner.",
"Its also possible that the guy who walked in and did 10 pull-ups on his first day had trained before at home, or at least has been doing some strength exercises elsewhere",
"Why men have more strength in general is because of testosterone.\n\nWhy men generally have more defined musculature than women is because men naturally have a lower body fat percentage than women. The amount of body fat needed for our bodies to produce the right amount of hormones and function more or less properly means that women have a higher percentage of body fat than men, even if they're at the same level of fitness, health, BMI, etc. Lower body fat percentages show musculature better.",
"It's testosterone in combination with numerous physical advantages men were born with, including more muscle fiber.",
"Our ancestors were ripped as all get out compared to modern humans because they lived in trees. Look at orangutans, saggy poptato apes that can lift their 300lb bodies up by one bicep because moving around in treetops is important to their survival. Evolutionarily speaking humans have been evolving to shed muscle mass and density to free up more energy for our massive brains. Females have had the most muscle sacrificed to the altar of bigger headed babies because that was the largest bottleneck our species had in terms of survival. Humanities survival hinged on female bodies that could survive multiple pregnancies and childbirths (incredibly dangerous still) of massive babies that had incredibly long gestation periods and required super long periods of dependency. \n\nLike a lot of species in the world it didn't matter that much what happened to men. Males in many species do stuff like sprout big dumb stupid antlers or bright pretty stupid feathers and engage in insane courtship competitions. Because evolution cares about selection pressure and the gestating of the next generation is one of the most direct pressures that determines what traits get passed on.",
" > a random man would walk in on his first day at the gym already more muscular than I will ever be doing 10 pull-ups effortlessly \n\nTrust me, no random man will ever effortlessly dish out 10 pullups on day 1. It might be his first day at THIS gym, but he has definetly been at another gym. Or training at home or at some park. \n\nI dare you to put up a pullup bar anywhere in the streets and ask the next 100 men walking by to do pull-ups. My generous guess is that less than 5 will manage 10 pull-ups.\n\nThat thing aside, as many already said, mostly evolution. Others have given good explanations.",
"Diffrent muscle tissue, man have more muscle fibers while female have more elastic fibers in their muscles.",
"It's kind of the same reason you don't see chimpanzees or gorillas working out at a gym, yet still have insane amounts of muscle mass compared to even the strongest men. Their muscle structure is different. It has a different combination of the building blocks that make up the muscle, the amino acids and other compounds, and this system bulks up their muscle compared to ours. This is due to many factors, starting with their DNA, that programs their cells to function a certain way and to allocate precious resources to building structures a particular way. Now our muscles are, generally and pound-for-pound, more endurance-based because of their structure. It's why we can toil all day and run marathons, while an ape could more easily just rip your arms out of your sockets and beat you to death with your own limbs. \n\nLikewise, women aren't generally programmed to have as much muscle mass as men have.",
"When a man doesnt train at all he cant do 10 pull ups either. The guy propably has a physical job of some kind. When i started working out it took me almost a month of rowing before my lat was strong enough for even one pull up. To be fair though, i havent done anything resembling exercise for years before that and was chubby as well."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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[],
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[],
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||
1ltuzi
|
why certain power cords need those big black boxes on the cord or near the plug in, but some don't?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ltuzi/eli5_why_certain_power_cords_need_those_big_black/
|
{
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"text": [
"The 'power bricks' are adapters, they change the power from the usual 110V 60hz AC power that comes out of a wall socket (In North America, anyway) to whatever sort of power the device may need to function properly.\n\nSome device don't need to convert it at all, so they can get plugged in directly.",
"In order for electricity to be transmitted long distances (from the power plant to your house) it's transmitted in alternating current. In order for it to be used by an electronic device, it has to be converted to direct current. The big black box is an A/C adapter, it changes A/C to D/C.\n\nSo, why do some power cords need it and others don't? Well, two reasons:\n\n1. Some electronics have the A/C adapter inside the machine. The ones that put it on the outside often do that for heat concerns, they don't want the adapter (which gets hot) to be close to sensitive electronic components in a laptop or game system. But lots of desktop computers have the adapter inside.\n\n2. The amount of power being used. More power = larger adapter = more heat. Something like a computer is going to use more power than an ipod. So the ipod can get away with a small adapter (the little white brick at the end of the cord) rather than a big one."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
47qv4w
|
what is the motivation for these hacker groups to keep taking down the xbox live and the playstation network?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/47qv4w/eli5_what_is_the_motivation_for_these_hacker/
|
{
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"text": [
"They wrongly believe they are fighting some social justice war against capitalist companies, but only hurting the consumers.",
"As many hacker groups put it, they usually do it \"for the lulz\".\n\nIn other words, they get a kick out of (pleasure/enjoyment from) causing destruction, chaos, and/or inconvenience to many people. \n\nIt satisfies their need for attention and to feel important -- as though they have accomplished something great (not great as in good, but rather great in the sense that it has a significant impact on people).\n\nIt's a similar reason why some people develop viruses that provide no monetary benefit to the developer (ones which merely cause significant annoyance or inconvenience for users that have been infected).\n\nSometimes these attacks are targeted though in the sense that they are motivated by certain ideologies or political beliefs (e.g. maybe the hacker/group views Microsoft or Sony as the enemy because they are doing something [or have done something] the hacker/group doesn't agree with).",
"Conspiracy theory alert: I've heard that the actual cause of the systems crashing is that psn most recent hardware/server update was 2008, and Xbox was 2010. The psn Christmas Day crash was simply garbage hardware that was supposed to be top of the line (especially since that was the year the pay-service started) so it was a face-saving move for Sony to point fingers at the hackers rather than admit they don't invest a penny in service upgrades for customers. ",
"In most cases hackers take out these targets because their popular. Taking out a popular target is a good way to get your \"credentials\" in the hacking communities. Credentials are a good way to make connections and then cash for your services.",
"It demonstrates the power of a hacker group to potential clients. Being able to take down PSN or Xbox Live is no cakewalk."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6b1wyq
|
what is the purpose of the grooves in gravel roads?
|
Whenever I drive on a gravel drive my car hits grooves that are perpendicular to the roadway across the entire road. What purpose do these grooves serve?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6b1wyq/eli5what_is_the_purpose_of_the_grooves_in_gravel/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"They don't have a \"purpose\". It's how the road wears. When the gravel road is first laid down (or regraveled), the grooves aren't there. They form over time as the road wears. \n \nWhy the road wears in that pattern I cannot tell you for certain. I suspect that it is due to the grader blade catching and jumping a bit as the road was first made. But I don't really know. ",
"The phenomenon is called \"[Washboarding](_URL_0_)\". It's caused by the wheels of cars bouncing on the road gradually moving the gravel, sand, or even clay around.",
"Its washboarding, like tsuuga said. Its caused by vehicles either bouncing on uneven rock or spinning their tires on loose gravel. Water accumulation from rain on a gravel road that isn't properly crowned can lead to improper drainage and water sitting on the surface and washing out the fines (very small rock/sand) that helps to bind the bigger rocks together, which can also lead to more bumps or potholes.\nThen it just compounds on itself, as more vehicles travel over one of these bad spots, it will lead to vehicles bouncing or spinning tires more and more and more loose rock and bigger holes and it will just keep increasing the problem exponentially (not really that fast, but almost).\n\nGravel roads will never stay perfect, no matter how well they are designed and compacted, eventually someone will spin a tire and everything will just go downhill from there. They require regular maintenance (grading and sometimes compacting), depending on how much use the road sees, and if its regular cars, or loaded log trucks. Its cheaper to build a gravel road and maintain it for low volume travel than it is to build a paved road.\n\nForest engineer here, I design and layout logging roads (gravel roads) for a living. I also used to maintain these roads with heavy equipment (grader operator). \n\nAny other questions, let me know"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washboarding"
],
[]
] |
|
4jhzv5
|
why is there such a thing as "gay" music?
|
Madonna, ABBA, Cher, Celine Dion, the list goes on and on. I'm gay myself, and I definitely gravitate toward these artists. Is it a confirmation bias thing or is there something in our brain chemistry as a collective that draws us in?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4jhzv5/eli5_why_is_there_such_a_thing_as_gay_music/
|
{
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"Artists like Abba unashamedly made disco, and discos were de facto gay spaces, a whole lot of the time, particularly when it wasn't especially safe to be out, in various parts of the country. Abba were camp. Camp has a long (long) history of association with a subset of gay people .\n\n",
"I have a theory about that.\n\nback in the early days of gay folk being more open as a sub culture there was still a limited range of gathering spots. yes, bath houses go back further, but that was less about gathering and sharing a culture than getting laid lol. but, since the era where gay culture became an actual culture, it was largely in cities, and also largely in gay specific bars and clubs. since music and dancing are a large part of clubs and bars, you can see why there would be a strong tie between those things and gay culture \n\nnow, as to why the specific type of music/artists is more complicated. of course disco and similar styles make sense. the disco era was also the same rough time frame as the expansion and strengthening of gay rights and presence. so dance music in general would be linked in the minds of gay folk in that era. and since they would be passing the flame (pun intended) to the next generation, with those same types of gathering places being the nexus, that style of music is going to become a part of the frame of reference for the sub culture.\n\nnow, specific artists are a different issue entirely. the ones you mention are all known for not only embracing gay culture, but supporting (to some degree or another since they're from differing eras) gay rights. abba wasn't as vocal and forward in their support, but at the time they were big, they catered to their gay fans in a way that was rather unique for the era.\n\nso, you've got dance music combined with artists that support their gay fans. that same support and openness was in return rewarded with higher degrees of loyalty and admiration by gay folk. heck, both Madonna and Bette midler both were known for performing in exclusively gay venues in their early days (Bette in the bath houses, Madonna in the dance clubs) by preference.\n\nso, it isn't brain chemistry imo. it's more about culture and mutual respect/support. I'm straight, but if I hear that an artist is strong in the gay community and culture, particularly if they give support and respect for the movement, I'm more likely to give them a try. I know my gay buds have often stated that even if they didn't like Cher's music, they'd still buy it just because she's awesome. (same with Bette, Madonna, and others).\n\nbesides, the four you specifically mentioned are considered to be at the top of their genre during their peak. abba isn't a popular now, but they are still deemed to be one of the best disco acts. the three ladies remain in demand as performers despite having hit past middle age with careers spanning decades. even if you aren't into their style of music, they're easily recognized for their talent, drive and social impact.\n\nI know for myself that I hadn't really given two flips for any of them until I started hanging with gay folk regularly. but seeing hundreds of gay men singing along and dancing and just full of joy and life while Madonna or Cher was blasting in a club changed my perspective on them. heck even the die hard super butch lesbians would be partying along with it. any musician that can bring that much joy is fucking awesome in my book. that they could give that joy to people that were oppressed, hated and often abused (I grew up in the eighties, and in the south, gay folk had it rough back then. still do sometimes) makes them very powerful figures.\n\nand that's the other part I think. those artists and those genres tend to be filled with songs about good things and life and energy. if I was gay growing up in the seventies or eighties, that kind of music would be a relief from the bullshit in the rest of the world. even now that things are finally getting better, it's still a good thing to head out to a gay centered club where you know you're accepted and just cut loose. it's no wonder that the music played there becomes so important to the culture."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2ynwa8
|
how is it possible to see red or blue with use of cmyk while red and blue are primary colours?
|
As a child I learned that red, blue, and yellow (RBY) were primary colours that when combining could create al other colours. By mixing RBY you can create cyan, magenta, and many other colours. How is it possible that printers can use cyan, magenta and yellow (CMYK) to create colours such as red, blue, and green?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ynwa8/eli5_how_is_it_possible_to_see_red_or_blue_with/
|
{
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"cpba06e",
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],
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2,
10
],
"text": [
"As a child, what you learned was wrong.\n\nThe primary colours, when it comes to inks and paints, are cyan (a bit like blue), magenta (a bit like red) and yellow. Because the colours you learned are a bit like the primary colours, you'd have been able to mix them and get some good results - but there are some colours you wouldn't have got.\n\nNote that these are the primary colours when starting with white and subtracting colours from it, which is what paint and ink do.\n\nWhen you start with black and add colours, which is how TVs and computer screens work, the primary colours are red, green and blue.",
"What you learned as a child is just an approximation. It is the same approximation used by painters for centuries, though. You may have noticed that when you mix red, blue and yellow paint, you get a sort of brownish color, instead of black. That's because the \"true\" primary colors are magenta, cyan and yellow.\n\nSince then we've learned a lot how light and our eyes work. Our eyes are sensitive to red, green and blue light. Cyan, magenta and yellow are the colors you get respectively, when filtering red, green and blue from white light. That's basically what paint does, filter out colors from the light hitting it. So for example, when you mix cyan and yellow paint, you filter out both red and blue light, so all that remains is green. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3putf6
|
why do expensive cars require expensive gas with high octane?
|
Do I really need to put high octane gas into the engine?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3putf6/eli5_why_do_expensive_cars_require_expensive_gas/
|
{
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"text": [
"Usually it's not about the expense of the car, but what kind of performance you expect out of the engine. High performance engines try to compress their fuel to the maximum to make efficient use of their air. Higher octane rating lets you compress the fuel more so you're relying on the spark plug to ignite the mixture instead of compressing the fuel.\n\nGenerally, you don't need to, but you won't be making the most of the engine. But most folks don't actually need/use the engine performance anyway. Using lower than expected octane fuel can cause it to ignite before the engine is expecting it, but modern cars generally recognize that and modify the ignition timing to compensate. The engine just won't run as well.\n\nEDIT: Using fuel with lower than recommended octane rating is bad to the engine because it produces knocking (the fuel igniting too soon) but most modern cars can compensate so it won't break the engine, just make it run poorly. Just to avoid some confusion, as I had worded that poorly above.",
"It's all about fuel, air, compression, and combustion. The more fuel and air you can cram in a cylinder the bigger bang and more power you get. The more you compress the fuel and air before igniting it, the more thorough and complete the combustion and the more energy you get without wasting any as unburned fuel. \n\nHigh performance engines may make use of cam settings and piston strokes which result in very high compression just prior to ignition. Some of these can compress the fuel so well that if the fuel were not stable it might pre-detonate before you're ready for it. We call this a knock or ping or pre-detonation, and it's very bad for an engine. It robs it of power, and it can damage it over time. To prevent this your fuel must be stable enough not to detonate until you apply the spark, yet unstable enough to explode when you want it to. One of the ways we measure this is octane rating. Generally speaking the higher the octane in a fuel, the more resistant it is to exploding during the compression stroke. The lower the octane, the less stable and more explosive the fuel. \n\nIn a normal engine which has compression ratios of 8.5:1 to 9:1 we use 87 or 89 octane fuel which is more than stable enough. However many high performance engines with racing cams may compress 9.5:1 or greater and to prevent pre-detonation they need higher octane fuel like 93 octane. \n\nIf you used this higher quality fuel in a normal car it wouldn't provide any additional power and in fact it might result in less power because the fuel is less explosive and the engine timing is set up expecting the 87 octane variety. \n\nSome engines have multiple profiles and can make use of high octane fuel when available, and they will retard the timing or use variable valve timing (VTEC) to prevent predetonation when used with lower quality fuel. VTEC engines for instance make maximum horse power on 93 octane but will run without knocking on 87 octane. \n\nRace cars use even more extreme compression and advanced engine timing and they may use an even more stable fuel like ethanol, E85, or race fuel. Alcohol is very stable so you can cram a lot of it under a lot of pressure which is one of the reasons it's used in 'top fuel' dragsters. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6qmtt8
|
why do some fat people's stomach look round and firm and some have flappy skin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6qmtt8/eli5_why_do_some_fat_peoples_stomach_look_round/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkygtij"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"The flappy skin type of belly fat is called subcutaneous fat, and it is beneath the skin, but outside of the abdominal wall muscles. The firmer type of belly fat is caused by visceral fat, which is inside the abdominal wall and around the internal organs. The visceral fat often accounted to be less unattractive, but is much more unhealthy and associated with diabetes and other diseases."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ld0zn
|
how can washington d.c. pass a law to legalize marijuana if it is not a state but it is "a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the congress"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ld0zn/eli5_how_can_washington_dc_pass_a_law_to_legalize/
|
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"text": [
"I don't know the specifics, but I'm pretty sure Washington D.C. still has its own voted regulations, by the people who live there. Most people in Congress don't \"live\" in D.C. so they would have no say in the vote for legalization.",
"DC has an independent city government like any city. They have a mayor, city council, and police force. They can pass their own local laws and ordinances. The difference is they operate within a framework established by a Congress, where other cities operate within the framework established by their state constitution and legislature.",
"Through the Home Rule act, Congress has agreed to allow DC an amount of self control. This control can be altered at any time by Congress, such as when the city's finances were taken over by the Financial Control Board. To quote Darth Vader, \"I have altered the deal. Pray I do not alter it further.\"\n\nThe way the law currently works, DC's city council and mayor can pass laws. Any law they pass, Congress has 30 days to veto, or it goes into effect.\n\nEdit: 30 Business days where both houses of Congress are in session, not 30 calendar days.",
"That law still needs the blessing of Congress before it goes into effect. As pot is still illegal at a federal level, I doubt Congress allows it. This may well end up in front of the Supreme Court, and could even lead to DC becoming a state and national decriminalizing of marijuana."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5uijgt
|
why should men pick up and put down toilet lid instead of women just putting it down?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5uijgt/eli5_why_should_men_pick_up_and_put_down_toilet/
|
{
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"text": [
"I put the lid down when I am done so that when I flush it doesn't spray particulate feces and urine across everything within five feet of the toilet.\n\nNothing to do with females.",
"The Lid of the toilet is the solid covering that prevents children and animals from getting to the water. It should be lifted and put down by both genders. Men if they are standing should then also pick up the seat of the toilet, so as to not pee on it. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4b8ad2
|
why do you become sexually attracted to someone once you develop feelings for them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4b8ad2/eli5why_do_you_become_sexually_attracted_to/
|
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"It is engraved In your DNA to do 3 things. Eat, sleep, and sexy time. It is part of human nature to want these things as they represent survival. Not only for you, but for your species. This might be super meta, but you want to have sex with anyone you are connected to, because we, being animals, want to continue ~~are~~ our species.",
"Because sex is intimacy. And when you know someone you sometimes want to be more intimate with them. ",
" > ELI5:why do you become sexually attracted to someone once you develop feelings for them?\n\nMost of the times, I don't, actually. That doesn't really answer your question, I know. Maybe your question is a bit hard to answer. Because you assume that I (or anybody) feel the same way about other people. When in reality, they often don't.",
"Part of developing feelings for someone is caring about their needs and wants. If they want to have sex with you then fulfilling that need is making them happy. Of course you are allowed to enjoy it too. \n\nWhen you really want to have sex with them and they really want to have sex with you then you are providing your two favorite people with one of their favorite things.\n\nAlso, if your 5 wait a little while.\n\nEdit: I'm glad to see this resonated with so many people. There are a lot of possible answers to this one since OP is essentially asking about what makes people love each other.\n\nFor those 5 year olds who have already learned they're air commas, keep up the good work. ",
"If that is ONLY when you're attracted to someone, maybe you are what they're calling \"demisexual,\" now.\n\n*What is Demisexuality?*\n\n*Demisexuality is a sexual orientation in which someone feels sexual attraction only to people with whom they have an emotional bond.*\n\n_URL_0_\n\nNot everybody is like this. I'm sexually attracted to strangers in the checkout line.\n\nIf you mean you are attracted to, well, attractive people generally but only to someone like a friend you once saw platonically once you get to know their personality better, that's not super unusual. But I'm not sure if that's what you mean?",
"Not everyone does. I'm either sexually attracted to a woman more or less immediately or never will be. In my experience what you're describing happens more often with women towards men.\n",
"that's not what happens universally, and there is no \"typical\" progression of love, deep feeling, sexual attraction, friendship, etc. It all happens in a different order for everybody.\n\nThe reasons I would speculate are due to how we learn about the world and what we learn about romance by the time we become attracted to the person; because it's such a variable thing I have to assume it's not hard-wired. Not a biologist, doctor, neurologist, or psychologist, and maybe they would know. It's hard to even design an experiment to actually fully answer your question, but they could do little parts of it at a time. \n\nWe need more science to really know for sure.",
"You want to procreate with them because you found favorable traits in them, you developed feelings for the same reason.",
"there isn't a real answer for this. Because we don't want to bang every person we care about. the infamous \"friend zone\" is a great example. You can be super close, love the hell out of someone and not want to have sex with them. I think the opposite of your question is far more common, where you have sex with someone and immediately develop feelings/closeness towards the person because you shared a very intimate thing",
"Physiologically, those feelings arise because your brain is producing higher levels of chemicals such as oxytocin and dopamines, which are generally precursors to establishing a relationship. Frequent sex is the norm. However, the levels of those chemicals drop after there is a perceived commitment in the relationship, such as an engagement ring, and sadly the frequency of sexual activity diminishes. \n",
"I, as a man, must be different. Because this is how it works for me. I am always more attracted to women after they show interest in me. Showing me that you like me, or making the first move, automatically puts you more in the running. ",
"Not everyone is like that. For some it's the reverse, or only one or the other, or the order of the two can be arbitrary. Vive la difference. ",
"Probably part of it relates to the \"halo effect,\" where if you have a positive view of anything about someone, it will boost your view of *everything* about that person. The most common form is where we think physically attractive people are smarter, funnier, nicer, etc. but it works in other ways too. So when you actually like someone's personality, think they're nice, etc. you will think they're more attractive too.",
"Been married 29 years, and to this day the most exciting sound I hear is when she gets home from work. I adore my wife and go out of my way to let her know that often, and while menopause has dampened sweaty all-out sex, I still adore her. Did mention how much I adore her? When when we first met sparks flew seriously, I held my tongue for a few months before asking for her hand, but I knew very early on this was it!",
"Why do you (think you) develop feelings for someone that you are sexually attracted to?\n\nA more honest question :D",
"Its a chemical trick our brains play on our body in an attempt to propagate our genes.\n\nIf you have \"feelings\" for someone chances are you will be able to overlook their bullshit (everyone has their own personal bullshit) for the 5ish years it takes to go from conception until about the age of 4 or 5 when a human infant is no longer requiring two adults to prevent it from dying.\n\nFor women \"feelings\" often means \"is capable and willing of giving me the resources and labor I require to breed\" and those feelings do a negotiations with physical attraction to see if the resources the man supplies are compensation for his less than perfect genetics. If the man has good genetics then the opposite internal negotiation begins, \"are his genes good enough to where I don't mind that he doesn't have/isn't going to give me the resources and labor I want.\"\n\nWhich is why good looking dudes (good genes) smash way more than short/skinny/fat/skinnyfat dudes unless said dude is rich/high status.\n\nThats pretty much dating/mating in a nut shell. \n",
"A bit late to the party, but Thurber and White wrote a book called \"Is Sex Necessary?\", which contains the immortal lines \"The fact of the matter is, it is very difficult to distinguish love from passion. We recommend that anyone who is not sure of the difference to either quit splitting hairs or give them both up\".",
"Can't speak for the ladies, but as a man/pig. I can be sexually attracted to a woman *before* I \"develop feelings\" for them.",
"Funny.. I tend to loose my sexual attraction ty someone after getting becoming close with them.",
"You don't. You develop feelings for someone during courtship because you were sexually attracted to them first.",
"\"You know how you can meet somebody who’s extremely physically attractive, and then when you get to know them, they have such a horrible personality that they don’t really look attractive to you? It works the same way in reverse. If somebody has an interesting, engaging mind and good heart and a beautiful soul, that is transformative. It shows through, and you love the person. And so you love being close to them, and you love the body that they’re in, because that’s the body that they have.\"\n\nA quote that I ran into forever ago and have saved over the years",
"Because sex is actually super cheap, whereas feelings are super rare.\n\nIn today's liberated culture, sex is something that can be enjoyed easily. That isn't a bad thing. Done right, sex can be as enjoyable and as risk free as asking a cute brunette to watch a movie with you next Saturday. But opening your own psychology up to a partner? that's difficult.\n\nFrankly, letting someone explore your body is much less invasive than letting them prod and poke and explore the deepest points of your psyche; especially so if you feel that you're some kind of freaky kinky sociopath that would be judged by civilization the instant they let down their guard....and for the record, we've all got something we feel we should hide. \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://demisexuality.org/articles/what-is-demisexuality/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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[]
] |
||
566giu
|
why did they place the kennedy space center in florida?
|
So this morning I read a story about how afraid are the people at NASA about the upcoming hurricane concerning the KSP. (_URL_0_)
My Q is, why did they built it there in the first place? Doesn't it make more sense to built a center, launch bay and all that jazz in a place that is less likely to have weather that can alter, say, the launch of a rocket? Maybe the Arizona desert or some place like that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/566giu/eli5why_did_they_place_the_kennedy_space_center/
|
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"text": [
"Near the equator, so you can take advantage of the Earth's rotation, and near the Eastern seaboard, so you can take advantage of your mistakes not crashing down across the continental United States. ",
"It's placed there because:\n\n* Rockets ideally need to travel east when launching - the spin of the Earth assists with the launch rather than trying to fight it.\n\n* Because they are going east, launches that go bad will then be dumping into the ocean rather than over populated areas. Early rocket launches were in fact tested in New Mexico, but they were much shorter range. When we began space rocketry in earnest we wanted things to not explode over our own cities.\n\n* Orbital mechanics favor launching closer to the equator for the most part - again due to using the rotation of the Earth in your favor.\n\nFlorida is south, east, and adjacent to an ocean. Combing the aspects necessary to meet all 3 above conditions. \n",
"you want to be as close to the equator as possible, the earth spins at ~1000mph at the equator, and 0 at the poles. so for a free boost of speed into orbit, launch from the south. \n\nYou also want to launch in the direction of the spin (or else, your hurting yourself), so that means, launch east. \n\nFinally, you wont want to be shooting rockets over land, if they explode, they come down on peoples heads. \n\nSo Florida is the farthest south and east landmass, and things can explode over the atlantic ocean if anything goes wrong.",
"Essentially all the reasons mentioned all ready are correct, but there's one additional dimension, politics. During this period of American History, the Democratic Party was heavily reliant on their Conservative Southern Wing of the Party, and these guys knew how to get things done in their own state. As a result, several military and government projects focused on the sun belt in the post New Deal Era. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://gizmodo.com/hurricane-matthew-is-a-nightmare-scenario-for-kennedy-s-1787471900"
] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4d7905
|
why does a star or other light source often appear as a cross, in a photo?
|
For the people who have no idea what I am referring to;
[Example A](_URL_1_)
[Example B](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4d7905/eli5_why_does_a_star_or_other_light_source_often/
|
{
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11,
3
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"text": [
"They're called diffraction spikes, and they're caused by the structure of the telescope that took the photo. There's a mirror in the middle of the top of the telescope, and that's held in place with struts. As light passes the struts, it diffracts and produces that pattern. Different arrangements of struts produce different patterns of spikes. [This video](_URL_0_) has more examples and explanation.",
"it has nothing to do with the polarity and everything to do with the camera.\n\nin the hubble space telescope there are 4 bars that distort the shape light via diffraction it has a + cross bar like the photo\n_URL_1_\n\nin humans it's because of imperfections in the back of our eyeballs star get there points.\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/3vXkVlx",
"http://www.redmoonrising.com/images/stars.jpg"
] |
[
[
"http://youtu.be/ipe3NN1yPzM"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVAKFJ8VVp4",
"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/multimedia/barrel.html"
]
] |
|
4vnk5v
|
vintage photo recolourisation, how does it work?
|
Is it pure educated guesswork type stuff or is it done with some of the algorithms that modern cameras use to help turn straight black and white data into colour? What about in the days before digital capabilities?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4vnk5v/eli5_vintage_photo_recolourisation_how_does_it/
|
{
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],
"text": [
" > Is it pure educated guesswork type stuff\n\nYes, basically. They aren't flying totally blind, though. Modern pictures of clothing or other items from that time period can often be found as reference items thanks to cameras being a relatively recent invention. Researching an advertisement or logo or specific item of clothing can often turn up a color picture of the exact item (particularly useful for uniforms). But, it's a lot of skill and guesswork at the end of the day."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7adiqe
|
is it "couldn't care less..." or "could care less..." why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7adiqe/eli5_is_it_couldnt_care_less_or_could_care_less/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dp923ta",
"dp92hsc"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"\"I couldn't care less\". \"I could not care less\". means that you are at the bare minimum of caring. saying \"I could care less\" implies that you care at least a small amount, as it would be possible for you to care less. Both are accepted colloquially, but \"couldn't\" is correct.",
"\"I could care less\" does not make sense grammatically at first glance and was a phrase that was Americanized in the 1960's. It makes no sense in the literal context because if you could care less, then it means you care somewhat.\n\nHowever, in the American vernacular, it is used in a sarcastic context as opposed to the standard English phrase where someone \"could not care any less.\"\n\nIf you want to be grammatically correct, use the former. If you want to show off your sarcastic side and piss off a few Brits, say the latter while you cut in front of them in a line. \n\nEdit: I just wanted to add that the Americanized phrase \"I could care less\" suffers from the Nimrod problem where a word or phrase that originally had a heavily sarcastic meaning but then became lost in the colloquial usage of the term. King Nimrod was an expert hunter, but the association of a nimrod as a dunce came in the form of a sarcastic statement made by Bugs Bunny regarding Elmer Fudd (since the latter was, in all fairness, a terrible hunter). People began associating the word \"nimrod\" to mean \"stupid, ineffective, unskilled.\" Not every American realizes that \"I could care less\" is actually sarcastic and not literal, and often would say it in a very casual tone, which actually increases the overall hilarity of the statement much like someone using the term \"nimrod\" without intending to be sarcastic."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4wblcs
|
how the secret service protects the presidents children when they are in college?
|
How much space does the presidents children get from the secret service growing up? Do they have guards posted outside of their dorm room? How has it worked with past presidents kids? Do they try to let them live a normal college life, or are they there to prevent them from going to parties and drinking underage? If they chose to do drugs would the secret service intervene?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4wblcs/eli5_how_the_secret_service_protects_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d65my30",
"d65n21q",
"d65omgn"
],
"score": [
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7,
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"text": [
"They will have \"plain clothes\" agents who look like a student who will attend classes with them and walk with them on campus, and they will have some normal looking agents that will attend, stand in the room and the hall if there is a reason to think there is a higher threat level. If there is a major threat they will be put into lockdown and taken to a hiding place. \n\nI attended a Christian University and we had the President visit for a speech once (before I attended) and they put a lot of plain clothes agents on campus for days ahead of time to make sure things were secure. They made one mistake at first though. These plain clothes students dress plain clothes for a typical State school which is much less modest than the standard dress students chose at my school at the time so when you see pictures of the event you can actually point out the agents fairly easily. ",
"President Obama joked about the secret service and his daughters:\n\n “I had to explain to her, sweetie, let me tell you something, if you think that you’d be over at your friend’s house until 11:30 p.m., and then I’d be coming to pick you up, you’re crazy,” Obama told comedian Marc Maron for his WTF podcast that was recorded Friday and released Monday morning. “So the only reason you’re out is because you’ve got a detail.”",
"My wife worked for years at the University of Texas at Austin campus, including the time when Jenna Bush was going to school there. Suit-wearing agents would regularly sweep rooms before Jenna went into one, and would interrupt classes in adjacent rooms (briefly) to make sure there wasn't anything going on next door.\n\nThis was in addition to plainclothes agents that followed them around.\n\nA buddy of mine was working on his master's at UT at the same time, and the house next to his was rented out by the Secret Service as a field office."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5pblm4
|
why do so many people stress protecting yourself on public wifi but no one says anything about mobile data towers shared by everyone?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pblm4/eli5_why_do_so_many_people_stress_protecting/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcpw2gv",
"dcpx2i6",
"dcq0c6s"
],
"score": [
6,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Your phone is not designed to pick up other phone's traffic normally. While you could hack a device to do this it os not that easy by any means.\n\nOn the other hand, wi-fi devices listen to all packets transmitted over their wi-fi connection but only process packets sent to them. It is a small matter, in a lot of cases, to put a device in a mode where you look at all packets.\n\nIn truth, your data is safe nowhere. There are levels of security, however, and we try to not make it easy. As the saying goes, locks are made to keep honest people honest.",
"Its very easy for me to sit down in a Starbucks with my laptop, and set up a network called \"public wifi\". If you jump on it, now I can capture all your traffic. Its not nearly so easy to do the same with with a cell tower.",
"Previous answers are basically right.\n\nThe biggest difference is only a question of scale: who has access to the needed equipment. Fairly few people have access to the equipment needed to set up their own cellphone tower (thus becoming the carrier for your traffic) or to intercept and decrypt your cellphone signal. By contrast, anyone can buy and deploy a WiFi base station for under $100, and anyone with a laptop can intercept your WiFi signal."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
taatk
|
eliv: the proper distinction between the terms arab, arabic, and arabian.
|
my current understanding:
arab: the person.
arabic: the language.
arabian: an adjective?
does the word arabic also serve as an adjective? i don't want to commit the faux-pas equivalent to, "do you speak mexican?"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/taatk/eliv_the_proper_distinction_between_the_terms/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4kvr8d"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"Arab is an ethnicity, kind of like Swedish or Irish. Arabs are a very widespread people, across much of the middle east and north Africa, but do not confuse Turkish or Persian people for Arabs - they're not.\n\nArabic is a language with many dialects. It is also widespread across the middle east and north Africa.\n\nArabia usually refers to the Arabian Peninsula, that big thing of land that Saudi Arabia is on. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1f1woc
|
japanese people consume tons of white carbs and beer, how are they so thin?
|
And sodium-filled sauces!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1f1woc/eli5_japanese_people_consume_tons_of_white_carbs/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ca5z5wz"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They eat less. According to [one source](_URL_0_), which may or may not be reliable, they eat 25% less than Americans on average."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/diets-of-world-japanese-diet"
]
] |
|
2s0mbm
|
what is taking so long with the oculus and other vr headsets?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2s0mbm/eli5what_is_taking_so_long_with_the_oculus_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnl0smk",
"cnl219l"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The platform isn't widespread enough for content developers to invest in it. At the same time, the general public doesn't seem to believe that such platforms offer enough of an upgrade over current options to drive sales.",
"You can buy one right now. But they're still considered prototypes. Samsung has theirs ready. Sony has theirs ready. Its just working out small kinks, getting developers interested, and getting enough support from developers to push out a appealing product."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1111y5
|
why can't mlb pitchers throw faster than 100mph?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1111y5/eli5_why_cant_mlb_pitchers_throw_faster_than/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c6idch3",
"c6idnx2",
"c6ihbkf"
],
"score": [
2,
10,
2
],
"text": [
"Because the human arm can only naturally grow so strong.",
"In order for a pitcher to throw a 100mph pitch, the arm has to be moving faster than a 100mph (the air slows down the ball as it moves towards home plate). At that speed, you reach the structural limits of both the muscles in the arm (your arm can't go any after), or you reach the speed where you LITERALLY break your arm. Look at the some pictures of pitchers mid-throw... their forearms are literally bending. ",
"_URL_0_\n\n > He made an instant impression by regularly registering 100 MPH on radar guns."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Koch"
]
] |
||
1j6cz0
|
how to tell if an image is photoshopped with just the naked eye (things to look for)
|
Examples would be appreciated.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1j6cz0/eli5_how_to_tell_if_an_image_is_photoshopped_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbbl97z"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"I can tell by some of the pixels, and from seeing quite a few shops in my time"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
8fdp7h
|
how is there ice floating in the salty ocean?
|
I was wondering how icebergs and other formations are not affected by the saltwater they float in
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8fdp7h/eli5_how_is_there_ice_floating_in_the_salty_ocean/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dy2n0wv"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Salt lowers the freezing point of water, which means that the temperature has to be colder before the water freezes. The temperature in the arctic is cold enough that the salty water freezes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7pgjvd
|
why the us east coast generally has flat sandy beaches and the west coast has sheer cliffs dropping off into the ocean.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7pgjvd/eli5_why_the_us_east_coast_generally_has_flat/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dsh2hij",
"dsh2inr"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"The West Coast is a plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate (and also the Juan de Fuca Plate in the area of Oregon, Washington, and Southern BC)\n\nBy contrast, the East Coast is not a plate boundary, because the North American Plate goes all the way to the mid-Atlantic where it meets the Eurasian plate. \n\nThe fact that the West Coast is a plate boundary explains the coastal mountain ranges and steep cliffs that you see. Basically, the Pacific Plate is going underneath the Juan de Fuca Plate, jacking up the Juan de Fuca Plate (creating what is called the Cascadia Subduction Zone). The Pacific Plate is also sliding up against the North American Plate, creating a slip-strike boundary known as the San Andreas Fault.\n\nThere's also a plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian Plates, but it's mostly under the Atlantic and forms the Mid-Atlantic Range. The only part that isn't underwater goes through the middle of Iceland, which accounts for all the volcanoes in Iceland.",
"The west coast lies on a boundary between two tectonic plates. When these plates interact and grind about, the earth there gets deformed. The east coast has no such boundary, so things are calmer and more sediment can accumulate on the coastline making sandy beaches. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
35o32r
|
why can we use computers to simulate humans visually, but not auditorily? i don't get why we can create amazing animated characters, but still need meatbags to do the voices, even though video is more complex than audio.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35o32r/eli5_why_can_we_use_computers_to_simulate_humans/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cr68gb0",
"cr69x7m"
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text": [
"I had a nice long comment composed but reddit's servers crashed and ate it.\n\nBasically, our visual perceptions are more forgiving than our aural ones. We're used to taking simple line drawings and being like, \"Okay, that's a face, I can roll with this.\" Auditory errors (or even just simplifications) strike us as not-real in a way that animation just doesn't.\n\nAlso, human language is incredibly subtle and complex and conveys so much more than just information--emotion, tension, and mood all come out of voices. How do you code for that? Human speech is an art form. It's multi-layered. It is, weirdly, more than the sum of its parts. It resists being broken down and reassembled in a way that visual reality just doesn't, for whatever reason.\n\nCreating a \"bank\" of human words and phonemes that could be altered or combined into an approximation of \"human speech\" is incredibly time consuming and difficult. Anyone who has messed around with Siri knows this. True, bots have two different major processing problems to tackle (responding meaningfully to questions as well as sounding understandably human), but the basic principle applies. Most computer-speaking programs that I know don't tackle things at the word level, instead, they break a language into phonemes, and then they can analyze written words and break it into phoneme and combine the phonemes to speak those words out loud (this is why GPS devices often mispronounce proper names of streets). It's a ridiculously complex processing task that, as far as I know, computers just aren't good at yet.\n\nA non-movie application of this is AAC devices, like what Stephen Hawking uses. Stephen Hawking purposefully uses, if not super-old software, a super-old voice sample, which is why his voice sounds so robotic. There's been advances over the years, but really, if you're an AAC user, you probably have maybe six voices in your device to choose from (a couple of males, a couple of females, an English accent, an American accent, and so on). And all of those voices, while sounding more human than Mr. Hawking's, are still recognizably robotic. I know at least one researcher is looking into taking audio samples from AAC users (who are often not totally mute, but can make sounds or individual syllables if asked, they just can't manage words/sentences) and mixing them in with the stock voice phonemes to create an individual voice for an individual user, and make that voice sound like theirs. Lots of AAC users would much rather sound like themselves than some bland English woman. But the technology is still years away.\n\nAlso, frankly, recording voices is just easier, more fun, and less time consuming.",
"Well, that's more or less what Vocaloid is. I don't know japanese so I can't speak to how real it sounds, but given that vocaloid is huge in japan and there are actually concerts that thousands of people will go to that just have a holographic avatar on stage I'd imagine it sounds real enough:\n\n_URL_1_\nand\n_URL_0_\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhYaX01NOfA",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocaloid"
]
] |
||
46jtpj
|
is a irrational decimal number also irrational in a different base numbering system?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46jtpj/eli5is_a_irrational_decimal_number_also/
|
{
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"text": [
"Provided that the other base is an integer base, yes (it is possible, with some modifications, to work in 'base pi', but in base pi, we write pi as just 1.0 [ed: 10, not 1]). A number is rational if and only if it can be written as a fraction with integer top and bottom, which doesn't depend on base.",
"Rationality is a property of numbers themselves, not a property of our choice of ways to represent numbers. As an analogy, a base is like a language (English, Mandarin, Russian, ...) and rationality is like, oh, being on the table. Either my wallet is or isn't on the table, and whether it is does not depend on whether I use Hebrew or Swahili when expressing a claim about that wallet's location."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
267on3
|
if a completely unknown virus would appear. what is the process from discovery to vaccination?
|
What steps need to be taken to fight it? How can you look at a new kind of virus and learn how to fight it? And how long would it take to develop a vaccine in a scenario where money/resource isn´t a problem?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/267on3/eli5if_a_completely_unknown_virus_would_appear/
|
{
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"text": [
"All of your questions really depend on specifics of the virus. If we had an airborne, highly contagious rabies virus spreading, the response would be increadably different from a virus that causes a runny nose for a few days, and rarely kills anyone.\n\nGenerally, the process starts when people get sick enough to require hospitalization. The hospital will then start trying to identify a known cause. Depending on the outcome, and whether more cases start showing up, the hospital may just record what happened. If the patient died, or more, similar cases are coming in, they hospital will start contacting national or international health government organizations for help identifying the cause. Eventually, someone will figure out that virus X is causing the illness.\n\nIf Virus X is in a family of known viruses with existing vaccines, it may be pretty quick for a vaccine to show up. If its not, it could take years to come up with a vaccine. Obviously, if there were truely unlimited resources dumped into it, it may happen faster, but no viruses have ever been bad enough to get that sort of response. In addition to a crash vaccine program, there are other steps that could be used to fight the spread of a virus, but at least in the US, we haven't really gone beyond extra careful infection control in hospitals in almost a century. There are additional drastic measures that could be implemented if the virus was really bad, but again, there hasn't been one bad enough to justify it since the Spanish flu in 1918, and we didn't really do much then either.",
"Try playing Plague Inc. in the App Store. It's not 100% realistic, but it'll provide a nice interactive experience to help you grasp the concept."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6a5rl4
|
why are american politicians running for presidency allowed to take money from big company or lobbyists ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6a5rl4/eli5_why_are_american_politicians_running_for/
|
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"text": [
"Thanks to the idea that corporations are legally \"people,\" the courts have upheld the notion that political contributions are an exercise of \"free speech\" by these *people*, and the *Citizens United v. FEC* ruling by SCOTUS removes the caps on these donations and allows the donors to remain anonymous, thereby creating the perfect storm for the sort of campaign contribution abuse to which you allude.\n\nAnd, yes, it has created an environment in which our elected representatives are beholden more to their benefactors, the ones who enable them to be elected and to keep their jobs, than they are to \"we the people.\"\n\n**Edit:** To clarify, *Citizens United* does not permit massive corporate contributions directly to the coffers of individual politicians or political parties, by establishing procedural and policy hoops they have to leap through. However, there is never any question where the money is coming from or for whom or what it is intended, so the net result is still the same.",
"Runs for office are incredibly expensive. Without going broke, almost the only way is funding. Is it somewhat of a bribe/pay? Yes and no. You should ignore whoever gave you money, because they supported you based on what the candidate stands for, but it can also serve as an incentive for whoever is elected to pass a bill supproting or remove restrictions on whoever helped you into office.",
"I'll provide a more macro perspective on this because I think it helps. One must ask first, why would the government deny anyone the right to do anything that they want? If two people make an agreement whos the government (being the third party) to come in and tell them that the agreement they made is void? \n\n\nAnd so we come to a very old idea between two parties regarding the freedom to contract with one another. This old idea is incorporated across the world in many different ways from the most simple of cultures to massive political systems such as the USA. Determining whether agreements are equitable between parties or bad for public policy or many other things is what each governments burden is when creating laws that suppress this original freedom.\n\n\nSo to answer your question in a nonspecific way, the United States has not abolished (although they have made some campaign finance reform in other ways) this idea... yet. \n\n\nI hope my answer was helpful as a foundation for the basis of your question in the first place. ",
"To be clear, it does NOT go into their pockets. Not legally, at least. It is used to help them campaign, achieve reelection, and achieve other political goals. The problem is, it's still possible to \"buy\" or unfairly influence politicians by giving lots of money to their reelection campaigns. \n\nWhy is it allowed? There is an argument that it's free expression or free speech. You can give up your yard for a campaign sign, give up your internet bandwidth to share campaign slogans on social media, give up your time to call people and encourage them to vote for your cause.\n\nWhy can't you spend money in other ways to help the causes you believe in? Of course this can be incredibly unfair and has a lot of potential for abuse and corruption. But that's the basis of it. ",
"The idea of lobbying for political favor is just the people asking for what they want.\n\nHowever, it becomes a problem when people organize themselves into groups, and then lobby on behalf of their own interests as opposed to what's good for everyone.\n\nThese groups are often businesses, and businesses do what businesses are supposed to: make money. When a business lobbies for political favor, they are asking for special treatment in order to operate differently, and therefore, at an advantage to the competition. In order to achieve this goal, bribes are given, under the presumption that the bribed will work politically to improve the briber's ability to dodge competition or cut corners.\n\nThe problem isn't so much the bribes, it's where they are coming from. It's who is allowed to make the \"donations\".\n\nMoney is necessary in politics because campaigning is expensive, and politicians don't directly create anything of value. As such, they must be allowed to accept money.\n\nPersonally, I think the first step to fixing government is to fund campaigns via tax money and forbid direct donations. Appeals to political favor made through rhetoric, not money. And to best fight against under the table bribes, require campaigns to set goals and make promises that they must pursue, otherwise they forfeit their position and a new election is held.\n\nWhen individuals are politicians focus not collectives, then we can have good government.",
"It was a big topic during the races, but big media knows how to sweep important issues under the rug to favor more outrageous, irrelevant stories. Nobody likes it except the super rich.",
"The politician doesn't necessarily (as in legally or contractually) owe anything to a donor, to be clear. Of course, if they want the donations to keep coming in it is likely they are going to do a few favors.\n\nI guess what I'm saying isn't that the money corrupts; the people are already corrupt.",
"Rich people have the same rights as poorer people, so they're allowed to donate to whoever they want",
"America is a big cult of money worshiping. Incongruent decisions, violations of ethics, radical revocations of personal word or actions...always make sense if you follow the money. \n\nThe rest of it, the stern looking judgmental personalities on the news, the black vs white arguments, the inconsequential things most people are riled up about...this is the circus distracting emotionally susceptible people from the money and giving them poor (emotionally charged, simple enough) explanations. \n\nWe have our own caste system. Most people exchange hours of their lives for money. Some work hard for it (blue collar), other work less hard but must balance the books (white collar), The people making the real decisions have wealth so vast they live off the interest the rest of this society pays to use their money.",
"Because we can't imagine any way in which this could potentially undermine our political system, so why not?",
"The foxes run the henhouse.\n\nOf course, since its a democracy, us chickens could just vote for another chicken for president.... but if you don't vote for Fox B, Fox A will surely get in.\n\nAs long as the foxes keep agreeing to only argue about wedge issues like abortion, mmj, and gay marriage, everyone ignores the fact that both candidates are foxes, presented by a party full of foxes, whose only real desire is to divide up the chickens and eat them.",
"Watch the [Distinguished Gentlemen](_URL_0_), with eddie murphy. Its both funny and depressing at the same time....",
"Part of the idea is that if contributions are regulated and the information has to be recorded, then that awareness allows people to decide if they want to vote for a particular politician. If the contributions were illegal and conducted in secret cash transactions, the politicians would be a lot more beholden to the donors. A politician can publicly declare that they won't support a particular policy even though they received money from a donor. If the payment is cash under the table, then the politician would face exposure and jail if they don't support the policy.\n\nWhat a lot of people do not realize is that we currently have a system where a politician is bought before they run for office and everyone basically knows that the politician will support certain policies because of the money they are getting. If you don't like those policies, then don't vote for that person. It is rare that the support is a surprise. If you care about the environment, then you won't vote for a politician getting money from big oil companies.\n\nThe problem really comes from the fact that people don't use logic to evaluate the claims of the politicians who they support.",
"Most of the answers here are snarky Reddit answers. The real answer is that bibary needs and explicit quid pro quo. If a lobby gives me money and says \"pass this law and here's some money\" that's a bribe. If they donate money to the *campaign* the senator isn't obligated to do a thing for the company. Lobbiests exist as a matter of practicality. Politicians have limited time and it's hard to expect them to go through every single letter. So what happens is a group of people band together and hire a lobbiest to represent their interest. This lobby represents thousands to millions of voters so politicians can better get an idea of what people want by speaking with the lobbiest, who often has detailed plans and legislation to advance the interest in mind. The US views lobby donations and activity as a form of free speech then.\n\nThis was the central argument behind the hated citizens united ruling. *How is that different from a cooperation that represents millions of share holders?*\n\nThe court rules they wernt different. That the cooperation was advancing the will of people, so it donations were a form of speech.\n\nEdit: This isn't an apologia for the practice. I am just explaining it. ",
"I'm a corporation, I own and operate one. My property is under my control. I have rights that allow me to take action with my property, such as using it to promote a specific political idea or candidate as long as it does not infringe upon the individual rights of others.\n\n\nMaybe people should start worrying about a government that asserts it has the proper role and powers to infringe upon rights of others at the wants of some, instead of worrying about the wants of some and why they can express it.\n\n\nOf course, most of those against the people against the expression of wants don't actually want a government nitty able to infringe upon rights, they just want it to infringe upon it in the way THEY desire.",
"Because we, US Citizens, have become cowardly blow hards. We refuse to accept our civic responsibilities as members of our own democracy. We are appalled bystanders who feel \"someone\" should involve themselves in the doings of our local/state/federal governments, as long as we aren't inconvenienced. We post, as I currently am doing, our frustrations to the interwebs, but neglect our voices as constituents AND consumers. We pray that people will help one another, but vote with less than 65% of our voices. We beat our chests over how great we are, but forget that the weakest among us are our charges. We...have lost what made us want more...our desire to evolve, our need to \"form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity,\" ",
"A lot of wrong answers here. Very simply:\n\n* Corporations cannot give money to politicians directly.\n* Corporations cannot donate money to politicians' campaigns.\n* Corporations *can* spend money to advertise on political *issues*, but not \\[edit\\] in cooperation with a campaign.\n* Certain corporations have publicly advocated for or against candidates for most of the nation's history. We call those corporations \"newspapers\". The *Citizens United* Supreme Court decision basically made it so that any corporation could endorse a political candidate without having to go through the hassle of buying a newspaper. But that's not the same as giving money to a campaign, and certainly not the same as giving money directly to a candidate.\n* Most of what's reported as \"corporations giving money to politicians\" is actually *people who work for corporations* making *individual* donations to a campaign. There are websites that track this, but again, it's often incorrectly reported as \"Walmart gave $$$$ to Senator X\", when it's actually people who work for Walmart who made individual donations.\n* Individual people *are* allowed to make donations to political campaigns, because that's how they're funded. But it's limited in size so that super-rich people can't basically buy a candidate. People who work for corporations can give money just like people who don't.\n* There have been some proposals to make campaign costs be paid for by the government rather than from donations, but there's a serious problem with those proposals - they really help people who are already in office. People who are already in office have good name recognition and already have connections with the media, so they have a huge advantage over challengers. Fund-raising is one of the few ways that challengers have of getting an advantage over a veteran politician.\n* There is corruption and it is a real thing, but for the most part, this isn't it. Corruption tends to be more of an informal arrangement - where a politician looks out for a corporation or other special interest, then they offer him or her a cushy job or super-generous \"consulting fees\" or \"speaking fees\" after they leave office. That's entirely legal, but seriously questionable ethically, but it happens all the time. But again, this isn't it.",
"Jesse Ventura recommended that the politicians wear their sponsors on their clothes like advertising on sports uniforms. \n\n",
"This is such a dumb thing for Americans to be hung up on, and I vote Democrat, who are opposed to corporate money in elections.\n\nIf I'm a Republican from North Dakota, I'm going to be pro gun. The NRA doesn't have to give me a dime and I'll still vote their way every time. The NRA does give me money because they want me to have the tools to win. \n\nIt's not a bribe. I wouldn't be a Republican if I didn't believe in gun rights. As a Republican I'd also believe in deregulation of banks and corporations, more oil and gas drilling over environmental concerns, and letting Comcast fist you up the ass.\n\nSo the NRA, banks, corporations, and Comcast all want me to win, so they give me money so I have the ability to fly around giving speeches and buy advertising.\n\nIf people/companies couldn't give this support only the \"millionaires and billionaires\" would be able to afford to run.\n\nReddit has this so backwards. Republicans didn't vote to allow Comcast to fuck your mother because of the $600,000 Comcast gave them, Republicans believe that companies should be able to rape your sister, so companies give Republicans money so they'll win elections.\n\nThe money isn't the problem, the depravity of the pussy grabbing GOP is the problem. ",
"The short answer is -- \"they don't\". Politicians only receive support in a limited number of ways, and none of them are from actual corporations. When you see reports of \"Politician X accept $100,000 from Company Y\", what you're really seeing is the sum of all contributions by people who work for that company. When a person donates to a campaign, they are required to list their employer. So \"Google\" isn't donating any money to campaigns, their employees are, each individually.\n\nPoliticians receive monetary campaign support in a few different ways. \n\n1. The official campaign\n2. Political Action Committees\n3. Super PACS\n4. State, Local, and Federal Party Committees\n\n\n### Official Campaign Contributions\n\nOnly people can contribute directly to campaigns (not corporations) and there is a maximum contribution amount (as of 2017) of $2,700 per person. That limit is per election per candidate, so a single person could contribute $2700 for the primary election and another $2700 for the general election, and they can contribute to as many candidates as they'd like.\n\n### Political Action Committee\n\nPACs are just groups of people that get together with the goal of supporting 1 or more candidates. Usually, the PAC is created with a specific goal in mind, like lowering taxes, or increasing science funding, and will donate to candidates that they think will support those goals. In some sense, PACs are an exception to the restriction against corporations contributing to campaigns, since they're the only type of \"corporation\" that can contribute directly to campaigns. Again, only people can contribute to these groups, and there is a yearly limit of $5000 per person per PAC. PACs can contribute up to $5000 to any one campaign.\n\n### Local, State, and Federal Party Committees\n\nCandidates are usually part of a political party. These parties have \"committees\" that serve as their financial and decision making arms of the political party. These parties are allowed to advertise on behalf of their candidates. People and PACs can contribute to these committees. The limits are generally much higher than for individual candidates.\n\n### Super PACs\n\nA Super PAC is basically a person or group of people that doesn't accept any donations, but decides to spend a bunch of their own money to promote 1 or more candidates. This is the group that *Citizens United* was about. If you wanted to, you could form your own Super PAC called **Shawayne1 SuperPac** and spend as much money as you want on campaign advertisements. *Citizens United* basically said that as long as you're not coordinating with the campaign (because then that would be considered a contribution to the campaign), any attempt to limit your personal spending would be akin to limiting free speech, so Super PACs are allowed to spend as much as they want.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7fBwc803CI"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
9e74zq
|
why does a blue sign or light seem vague or unfocused?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9e74zq/eli5_why_does_a_blue_sign_or_light_seem_vague_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e5mrfmw"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Certain cells in your eyes (‘cones’ on your retina) can detect red, green and blue light. The ones that detect blue light are most sparse, and also located more away from the ‘center’ where the main point of focus is (the fovea)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1pg49s
|
how does daylight savings work for a person that works overnights?
|
Daylight savings takes place at 2 am. What happens on the days when the clock moves forward/back an hour for the people that work an overnight shift
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pg49s/eli5how_does_daylight_savings_work_for_a_person/
|
{
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"text": [
"I've worked overnight when the clocks changed. You either work an extra hour or work one hour less depending on which way the clocks are going.. The official changeover I believe is usually around 1-2AM so unless that's when you get off you just end up working less or more. You just have to make sure you don't get screwed on the pay if you work an extra hour. If they want to pay me for the extra hour I didn't work they are welcome to.",
"I used to work graveyard at a hospital (8 hr shift). Spring Forward was nice because we only had to work 7 hours, but got paid for the full 8. Fall back we worked 9 hours and got paid overtime for the extra hour.\n\nAlso we were responsible for changing all the clocks.",
"They are correct. I currently work 3rds and my company is the same way. We get credit for 8 hours worked when we spring forward and get an hour of OT when we fall back and work the extra hour ",
"I've worked lots of overnights on spring forward and fall back nights. You get paid for the actual number of hours you worked, even if the clock disagrees.\n\nThat is, if I worked on a fall back night, I'd clock in at say 2100.\n\n2100 - 2200: 1h \n2200 - 2300: 1h \n2300 - 0000: 1h \n0000 - 0100: 1h \n0100 - 0159:59: 1h \n0100 - 0200: 1h (although the clock does not show it, I effectively worked the 0100 - 0200 hour twice) \n0200 - 0300: 1h \n0300 - 0400: 1h \nTOTAL: 8h (this simplified example leaves out breaks and lunch, etc.)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
7pyy5t
|
how is it that the tiny cameras in our phones can match the resolution of larger dedicated camera
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7pyy5t/eli5_how_is_it_that_the_tiny_cameras_in_our/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dsl2rcz",
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2,
5
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"text": [
"Because they have the same number of pixels in their detectors.\n\nNote that resolution isn't everything, and most camera resolutions are beyond what the eye can easily see. A larger camera is going to have a larger detector, which absorbs more light and easier to get a good focus on.",
"On paper it might match, but if you have ever compared the two the difference is quite noticeable. The sensor in a camera is very small compared to say a 35mm full frame format dslr. Therefore you can logically deduce that the resolution capturing of the light levels and detail as well as reduction of noise (inconsistent light transmission or refraction of light from particles due to light sensitivity levels or ISO of the sensor) will be better when the surface area of your sensor is larger. This is why if you were to look at a 1080 x 768 image produced by both camera types you can still notice a difference in color and pixel accuracy even in day time photos, let alone the more drastic different as light availability goes down. \n\nAlso the quality of the picture not only reflects sensor size but also sensor quality, as well as the glass quality and type of lens focusing the light sources. It doesn't matter if you have the most expensive and largest sensor in the world, if you are using a piece of frosted glass as your lens you will get just a really large 2880 x 1440 picture of grainy blurs (albeit a very good one). Obviously great efforts are spent to make good quality glass that not only accurately focuses and directs the light onto the sensor in a way that doesn't introduce artifacts from glass production issues, distortion affecting extreme angles, or chromatic abberations from prisms and light angles, but is also light enough and practical for use on a camera. An example would be if you look up how they created the Hubble telescope which is essentially a single giant mirror that focuses all the light into giant sensors that use algorithms to filter out the noise and produce images. \n\nFor what it's worth, the technology behind phone cameras has become advanced enough and will probably continue to do so to the point where the limiting factor may only be manufacturing tech or physics of light and mediums itself, but I'd say at a physical perspective it can only get so good as a dedicated camera. Besides phones are already so good at so many things that are enough for the average person anyways . \n\nIn the end it's true the saying that the best camera is the one you have with you most of the time, because that's the one you will use and capture the moments with. A bad picture sometimes is better than no picture at all. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6yo74s
|
why is there some much violence against women in (mainstream) porn?
|
Don't most people just want to watch two people have sex which they are both enjoying? This is particularly true in blowjobs - it seems that most scenes have the woman deepthroating to the point of gagging. I have never met a person that enjoys gagging.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6yo74s/eli5_why_is_there_some_much_violence_against/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmovwuj"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text": [
"Don't mistake violence for doing something you don't like to please your partner, that happens all the time, both in and out of the bedroom.\n\nAlso, its raincoat and dirty book store roots are still deeply embedded in the porn industry. Porn used to be hard to find, so it often adopted a \"something for everyone\" mentally, where each movie has to go down a check list of positions and kinks to appeal to the broadest audience possible."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2gcb3q
|
why do apostrophes still sometimes appear as & #039; so often?
|
Why is this still an error that appears pretty often. I get that it is the html code for an apostrophe, but I feel like it should be a problem that is easy to fix. Why isn't it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2gcb3q/eli5why_do_apostrophes_still_sometimes_appear_as/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckhr18r"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"This is likely caused by what's called a \"double encoding\" error. Basically, when a user submits text content (such as a comment), you generally want to replace characters like `\"` and ` < ` with their HTML codes. This keeps people from doing stuff like putting JavaScript in their comments. The thing is that to make this work, you also have to replace ` & `, or browsers might incorrectly *think* that you're giving it an HTML code.\n\nSometimes, people do this replacement step twice by accident (once in client side JavaScript and once on the server, for example). So, they replace `\"` with ` & #039;`, and then when they do the replacement again they get ` & amp;#039;`. Then the browser interprets the first code and thinks you meant to display ` & #039`."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
9id939
|
does darkness genuinely affect sleepiness and tiredness or is it a learned trait?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9id939/eli5_does_darkness_genuinely_affect_sleepiness/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e6j0abs"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"It's biological. Darkness triggers our brains to produce melatonin, a hormone that regulates our sleep and circadian rhythm. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1vk3bq
|
why is american football considered boring to watch by non-americans?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vk3bq/eli5_why_is_american_football_considered_boring/
|
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"It's slow. Play seems to stop so often that to reduce the clock by 10 minutes seems to take about 30 minutes of play. It's like watching chess. ",
"If you're unfamiliar with the rules (they're not simple) and the strategy of the game, it can just look like 20 huge guys on a field giving each other concussions.",
"For me it has nothing to do with the sport itself, it's the commercial breaks. They're a bit ridiculous. ",
"Because it's 10 seconds of action followed by minutes of standing around.",
"We aren't as used to advertising in such a blatant way - the ratio of advertising to sport is skewed in the wrong direction by a huge amount.\n\nAlso, it's kinda like rugby, which already exists, so there's not much reason to watch it.",
"Because even though football games are over 3 hours long, there is only 11 minutes of action.\n\n_URL_0_",
"American here. Football is impossible to watch. Slow. Boring. Commercials every 2 minutes. I'd rather watch rugby.",
"I am an American and I find it incredibly boring. 10 seconds of play followed by several minutes of talking about the play and what strategies might be used next, then a commercial, then a replay of the last play, brought to you by Bud Light, and finally, maybe, the next play. ",
"It isn't very continuous compared to other sports at the competitive level, like football (soccer), rugby (union/league) or cricket.",
"im an american and its boring to me because its 10 seconds of big guys ramming eachother and several minutes of nothing.",
"Because it's essentially beer and SUV commercials occasionally interrupted by muscular men in homoerotic costumes running into each other at sprinting speed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704281204575002852055561406"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
s2yr0
|
why do i get headaches from 3d movies?
|
I wear glasses, I see 3D every day, but I still get massive headaches when I go to see 3D movies in theaters or on smaller screens.
I also get headaches from some of the 240 Hz TVs when there is motion blur.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/s2yr0/why_do_i_get_headaches_from_3d_movies/
|
{
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"text": [
"Close one eye.\n\nTry to focus on something far away. See how the stuff that's near is 'fuzzy'? 3D movies trick you into trying to focus on something that isn't there. \n\nFor some people this causes headaches and eyestrain. For others it does not.",
"This. I also used to have the same problem with those gigantic IMAX movies they would play at science centers during class trips. They would also induce nausea for me but if I closed one eye it seemed to help a little. I've always wondered if this was related to my susceptibility for motion sickness but I'm glad to know I'm not alone.\n\nHowever I still avoid IMAX and 3D movies as an adult just out of caution...",
"When you are sitting in a pile of LEGO's of all different shapes and sizes, and in a bunch of different spots from where your eyes are, they will automatically focus at whichever LEGO piece you are looking at, unless you force them not to.\n\nWhen you watch 3D movies, since the 3D effect is a trick, and you aren't actually looking at 3D objects, when your eyes try to focus on different parts of the screen automatically, those parts of the screen can't come into focus, since the focus was already chosen by the camera that was used for filming. Since your eyes are confused why this \"3D\" doesn't work like when you are looking at your LEGO's in the real world (true 3D objects), your eyes might give you a headache.\n\n\nThat's my theory as a filmmaker, anyway, with absolutely no scientific basis.",
"Hi. I work on the 3D in movies for a living, so I believe I can be of some help here.\n\nWhen you look at objects at different distances, your eyes must adjust in two separate ways:\n\nThe first is called \"convergence\". When you look at an object that's very close, your two eyes point inwards, so both eyes are looking directly at the object. You can see this effect by asking someone else to put their finger about five inches in front of their face and having them look at it. They'll go cross-eyed. The closer an object is to your face, the more cross-eyed you are. If you're looking at something *really* far away, your eyes are perfectly parallel (unless you have a condition known as [strabismus](_URL_0_)).\n\nThe second is called \"accomodation\". Inside your eye is a little round, transparent lens made out of protein. You can't see it from the outside because it's behind your pupil (the black dot in the middle of your eye). This lens focuses a picture of the outside world onto your retina (the back of your eye) like a camera, allowing you to see. \n\nThe physical shape of the lens determines what is sharp (in focus) or fuzzy (out of focus) in your vision. You may notice that when you look at something very close (a finger in front of your face), then everything behind is blurry. If you look far away, then close things are blurry (if you have bad eyesight, then everything is blurry all the time). This is because your lens only works at a certain distance. You are able to change this distance and look at different distances because there are small muscles in your eye that pull on your lens to make it flatter or rounter, changing the distance that it's focusing on. That shape-chaging is called accomodation, and it's almost completely involuntary (but if you focus and train yourself, you can control it deliberately like breathing).\n\nSo you have two things that change when you look at objects of different depth: The direction of your eyes (how much are they pointed inwards?) and the blurriness of the image (how flattened is the lens in your eye?). \n\nNormally, these things change *together*, in concert. In the real world, if you are looking at an object 3 feet away, your eyes will *always* be pointed a certain way, and your lens will *always* be focused a certain way.\n\nWhen you're watching a 3D movie, that changes. The movie theater and glasses are tricking your eyes by making each eye see a different picture on the movie screen. This fools your sense of depth, since the difference in what your two eyes see is how your brain tells how far away things are. So by fooling your sense of depth this way, we can trick your brain into thinking you're seeing 3D scenery when in fact you're not. \n\nAs such, when something appears to \"poke out\" of the movie screen, you go slightly cross-eyed trying to look at it because your brain thinks it's close. That's fine. And because blurriness and crosseyed-ness are always related in the same way, your brain goes, \"okay, we're looking at something close here. Change the lens shape for focusing on something really close\". But that's wrong-- the image is still far away on the screen. So if you focus your eyes \"naturally\", the movie picture will go unexpectedly out of focus. \n\nYour eyes will (usually) adjust for this and unconsciously change the focus back on the screen, but now your convergence (crosseyedn-ess) and accomodation (focus) are being \"ripped apart\" in a really unnatural way. And for a lot of people, that hurts. \n\nThe more discrepancy there is between the distance to the screen and the distance to the 3D movie-object you're looking at, the more it tends to hurt. Beyond about 20% disagreement ~~(e.g. the screen is 60 feet away, but the movie image appears 48 (60 * 0.8) feet away~~ **EDIT:** I think the units are diopters; my memory is fuzzy. I'm looking up the actual study that gives this number), it really starts to hurt. Stereographers who are trying to keep you immersed in the movie and create a pleasant experience will try to keep the image parameters will within this limit. Movies that are just trying to make a spectacle often ignore it and poke things inches away from your face, leaving you with a throbbing headache. This is what I would call a dick move. Good 3D design should keep all the important scene elements close to the depth of the movie screen, making them easy to focus on.\n\nThis problem is made worse by people's individual body quirks. For example, if you have poor eyesight, you may already be straining the muscles in your eye to keep everyday things in focus. Adding the extra strain of looking at \"unnatural\" 3D can push you over the edge. Some research suggests that up to 10% of people can't percieve 3D at all (even in everyday life), which complicates things a bit too.\n\nThere are more effects (some of which I don't think have been researched or published yet) that can affect the perception and experience of 3D quite a bit. In my experience, most people in the industry don't know anything about how to do stereo \"right\".\n",
"Order some [2-D Glasses](_URL_0_). Yeah, they're a real thing. They cancel out the double image and just give you a flat normal movie."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus"
],
[
"http://www.2d-glasses.com/"
]
] |
|
2tsjdd
|
what is induction heating and what is happening in the context of this gif [link]
|
As my title says, what exactly is induction heating and what is happening in the context of [this gif](_URL_0_)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tsjdd/eli5_what_is_induction_heating_and_what_is/
|
{
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2
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"text": [
"Electricity and Magnetism are intrinsically linked. A moving electrical field (such as electricity through the wires) creates a magnetic field. A moving magnetic field creates an electrical charge.\n\nSo what's happening with inductive heating is that basically you're using electricity to create a focused magnetic field, which is then turned back into electricity at the focal point (in the form of eddy currents, think swirling water around in a glass, but with electricity). Since it's putting more energy into the object than the object can get rid of, it heats up."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/KJD6IKZ.gif"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
3ypxrz
|
how do euro/east countries have severe smog problems, but the us doesn't have it even with the highest # of motor vehicles in the world?
|
I thought Europe had the same levels of industrialization as America and Europe also has more alternative energy solutions than the USA. I'm an idiot so please explain like I'm five.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ypxrz/eli5_how_do_euroeast_countries_have_severe_smog/
|
{
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"text": [
"The US *used* to have smog issues, but the government then put in emissions regulations. US emissions regulations (and, critically, testing) for the things that cause smog are stricter than in Europe; the priority for US emissions regulation is local air quality, while the priority in Europe is climate change. For instance, European regulations encourage diesel cars, which are inherently smoggier but have better fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
63rmzl
|
why is the latest pepsi ad causing so much political outrage?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63rmzl/eli5why_is_the_latest_pepsi_ad_causing_so_much/
|
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"Might just be me ... But seems pretty petty.\n\nBut people are connecting the fact that black people like M.L.K fought very hard for black rights, and this ad basically says \"hey if you have them a Pepsi it would have been ok\"\n\n",
"Protestors and police have had a pretty volatile relationship. Looong history of protests becoming violent either through the protestors becoming rioters or through the police becoming violent... Or both! No no matter whose side you're on when looking at a protest, emotions can run pretty high.\n\nSo for some people on both sides of the political spectrum, this ad is making light of something that people feel very strongly over. The ad carries an implication that the only thing standing between polarising views is a can of Pepsi. If you're on the side of the police, the ad implies that they need to lighten up with a refreshing carbonated beverage, when cops have been seriously injured or even died while doing their jobs. And if you're on the side of the protestors, the ad implies that we can overcome the social ills of the world (inequality between the sexes, racism, LGBT+ rights) if we sat with the oppressors and shared a can of Pepsi or two. \n\nAdd to that the general venom surrounding anything a Kardashian-Jenner does, and you have yourself an internet shitstorm. ",
"It reduced the protesters to a bunch of chill kids just looking to have fun and get involved, rather than showing them as politically engaged and at times violent people trying to force change.\n\nIt reduced the police from a paramilitary organization enforcing government rules which disproportionately affect certain demographics, to a bunch of hot guys who are swayed by a pretty girl and can of pop.\n\nIf it had been protesters sitting in the street and one grabs a can from a cooler and rolls it over to a cop who picks it up, that would have been one thing.\n\nBut it portrayed the protests like block parties and not as the serious force for change they are meant to be. \n\n",
"Well, it looks like they're stepping on a lot of toes...\n\n* They portray a public demonstration as some kind of wacky good time that just about anyone can join in at any time, like it was some kind of block party. As others have noted, a protest is not a good time; it's a serious activity that needs to be very carefully managed lest it disintegrate into an unorganized mob. Ironically, one of the bigger threats to protests these days have been uninvited strangers who have their own agendas, particularly ones who want to start fights with the cops.\n* A member of the Kardashian clan goes from \"hey guys what's this\" to \"figurehead of the movement\" in less than 30 seconds... and also somehow manages a wardrobe change from a supermodel outfit to a slightly more \"street\" model outfit while still walking. I'm sure all the people who actually organized that march really appreciated that.\n* Approaching the riot cops directly is a dangerous move, and generally should be avoided unless you've studied their standard operating procedures very carefully; their rules of engagement may include verbal warnings or detainment before you actually physically contact any officer, and your action might escalate an already potentially very tense situation.\n* And the overall issue is how blatant they are in trying to connect their product with young, \"hip\" politically active youth (read: the 18-35 demographic that marketers would figuratively sandpaper their own eyeballs to reach). If you view yourself as a politically active youth, you have reason to be pissed that they're using something resembling a Hollywood clone of you to sell a product. If you think the youth these days are crap (see: all the dissatisfaction directed at the \"millennial generation\"), then you see a product you may or may not like associated with a bunch of crap you hate.\n* These kids are stomping around in broad daylight, some of them carrying large musical instruments; they should be drinking water, or at least gatorade^tm.",
"There is a lot of injustice, and protests are one way for ordinary people to make themselves heard. Protests can be dangerous and people can die. This advert diminishes and over-simplifies all that power and conflict."
]
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3vqe0a
|
why its cheaper to buy spotify premium than it is to buy 1 album from a retail store, when that album is on spotify
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vqe0a/eli5_why_its_cheaper_to_buy_spotify_premium_than/
|
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"A couple of things can be said for this:\n- A digital stream will not have the same costs of production, shipping and packaging a physical CD has, this of course only accounts for a part of the cost difference.\n- Streaming services will not pay as much to the artist as buying a cd does, keep in mind that in the case of the physical CD, 50% goes to the retailer, and the majority of what's left to the record label. However, it is a bigger platform and easier for listeners to check out something new, for most artists, this means that they will choose for a bigger audience instead of a bigger cut.\n- this increased audience will then spend more money on live shows, which, for the artist, is where real money is to be made.\n- Despite this, some artists, notably Taylor Swift and Adele have opted not to stream their music on Spotify, instead relying on iTunes or CD sales for their profit, for starting artists, though, being listened to by many people is worth more than selling a few CDs and earning little money."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
28j79r
|
how did reddit get so popular and why there is no other competitior?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28j79r/eli5_how_did_reddit_get_so_popular_and_why_there/
|
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"There are thousands of forums out there but registration on reddit is incredibly easy and the system is set up so the most relevant topics get bumped to the first page, not just the thread that received the last comment. If I post in a 4 month old thread it doesn't bump it up to the first page like on almost every other forum",
"Slashdot got boring, Digg went to shit, reddit stayed pretty good.",
"There was a competitor, it was called digg. But Digg sucks, the end. In fact digg is older than reddit, but they still couldn't get their shit together despite having a longer timeline.",
"Sociologists and many others are diligently trying to figure that out right now. To me personally I like it because it is up to the minute, encyclopedic in its breadth of topics, convenient in its organization, and has an element crucial to addictive behavior: unpredictable rewards in the form of \"upvotes\" or \"karma.\" I believe researchers will reach consensus that these factors are the main reasons for its popularity. ",
"I'd say their community and flexibility for topics. But that would be oversimplifying it.\n\nHere in Spain we have Menéame, which is pretty popular here, but the community is more toxic/serious, also, \"subreddits\" aren't used by the majority, and the front page is mostly about links about politics or just some random facts, most of the stuff gets down voted because it isn't \"news\", it's kind of a mess.",
"Slashdot got boring and was bought out, after that it went downhill REALLY fast.\nDigg was ok for a little while and then it had a disastrous makeover and everybody left.\n\nA competitor will arise...you can even roughly work out when that will happen. Some people reckon the lifespan of a 'social' website is approx 11 years.\n\nReddit started in 2005, so 2016 is when Reddit goes to shit.\n(In other words, the competitor and eventual replacement for Reddit should already exist)\n",
"Any former fark'ers here? ",
"Keep in mind that reddit is not yet making any money, at least not as of a few months ago. From a business perspective, it's a loser. Why would anyone compete with that?",
"I disagree with competitors, you're just not familiar with them. But there is stuff like 9gag, chive, funnyjunk, and even imgur itself. \n\nThere was a few factors that popularized Reddit. Prior to Reddit's boom, _URL_1_ and slashdot were pretty much kings. Don't forget about _URL_0_, which at one point was the most popular site on the web in the mid-2000's. \n\nThe biggest push to Reddit was when Digg released a new version in 2010. Prior to this, Digg had a much larger community than Reddit. The release had bugs, terrible rating system implemented, and it just overall sucked. Couple that with the collapse of _URL_0_ about the same time and you have an explosion of Reddit.\n\nDAE remember the constant downtime and pressing F5 like a fiend? Good old days. \n\nAnother thing to keep in mind is that Reddit has pretty much remained consistent. Sure, they added some fancy new features and advertisements on the right side, but it's consistency and simplicity is what makes it special. \n\nOn a side note, I actually really enjoy Digg again since Betaworks took over. The Reddit community is becoming more like the Digg community before the whole collapse.",
"I came here when Digg turned to garbage and force fed you bullshit instead of allowing user submitted content. Stayed for gonewild and cat pictures.",
"reddit left justifies. I forgot how rare that was until saw a few other sites recently. Centered content is painful to read.",
"Think of reddit like the really smart kid at campus who likes to party, never gets tired, and has some really good grades, as well as a massive collection of pornography that, even though a bit extreme at times, is still accepted with the mainstream. He knows pretty much everything there is to know about everything and can always have a discussion with people of all walks of life, from an Atlanta Braves fan to a car tuner to a mandolin player to a zoologist. He is also extremely organized and punctual.\n\n4chan is the kid with Aspergers (like I do but I'm higher functioning that others with this), , He sits in the back of the class on his laptop, browsing the internet using TorBrowser to circumvent the schools firewall. He occasionally puts up his hand up when his laptop isn't working or the wifi is down, and when he is called on by the professor, he starts talking about something controversial (sexist, racist, politically extreme, etc). He only goes to class enough times a month to keep his attendance at the minimum. He has no social filter and his dorm room is filled with papers that are thrown over the place with no organization, but for some reason he knows where everything is.\n\nFacebook is the group of people who take up the entire hallway, talking and walking to their classes. You can try to pass through the cluster, but you will have difficulty getting out once your in because the cluster is about 7-10 people thick. This group of people likes to take pictures of everything they are doing and share it with every member of that group, which they see each other every night, except if they are on vacation.\n\nTumblr is the really beautiful girl with a personality to match. Think of the most beautiful girl in the world, Tumblr tops that. She is a friendly, but quirky girl. She is would fuck her until I pass out and die from exhaustion and dehydration/10, but she is a feminist who thinks that every man only likes her for sex.\n\nSlashdot is like the 38 year old guy who is married and has kids and is only going back to campus to get another degree to help him advance is his dead end job that he is barely getting by on.\n\nWorldStarHipHop is the guy you want to avoid at all costs. He never comes to class, has a girlfriend and gets defensive if you look at her, and is always hanging out with his aggressive friends (think athletic 6'4\" 320lbs muscular black guys who if they bumped into you in the halls, would knock you down). He always tries to start fights and has his friends record it and post it on the internet."
]
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35ldha
|
how long will it take to completly erase human tracks from world? through natural way, every man made structre or thing should completly dissolved
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35ldha/eli5how_long_will_it_take_to_completly_erase/
|
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"To remove every single trace would take past the end of the earth.\n\nHumans have moved radioactive materials and rare elements from scattered places to clustered places like landfills, cities, and so on. Even a billion years after humans are gone, those places that collected this stuff would have higher concentrations of it than others. This concentration couldn't possibly be explained by any natural phenomenon. Then there are things where we've changed surface features like open pit diamond mines that are both stable and clearly artificial.\n\nSure a lot of these places will get wrecked and moved around by plate tectonics (the earth's crust shifting) or coastal erosion, but some are in incredibly stable areas like the Canadian Shield where rocks are billions of years old, and they will remain pretty much until the Sun goes Red Giant and swallows us. These would clearly point at evidence of deliberate engineering of some sort.",
"Several billion years. Possibly not even then.\n\nHumans have created and refined a number of long half life radioactive isotopes that would not occur naturally. For example, U-235 has a half life of 700 million years. It represents less than 1% of naturally occurring uranium, but is refined to over 90% for weapons and nuclear power. Any future archaeologist encountering a fuel rod would be able to tell it has too much U-235 to occur naturally...even if it eroded into dust and was spread to the wind.\n\n ",
"There was a cool series called [Life After People](_URL_0_) that was about this very subject. It went on through hundreds of thousands of years. Very interesting. You can probably find it on YouTube.",
"Read \"The World Without Us\" by Alan Weisman. it basically breaks down this exact premise. \n\nThe show \"life after people\" is based off sections of the book"
]
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21501l
|
in countries without universally accessible healthcare, like the usa, how can a doctor refuse to give life-saving treatment to an individual who cannot afford it without breaking their hypocratic oath?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21501l/eli5_in_countries_without_universally_accessible/
|
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"They don't. Individual doctors will inevitably come to the aid of a bystander. Doctors need supplies and support staff, though, so what's really relevant is how hospitals provide care.\n\nBy federal law, virtually all hospitals are legally required to provide life-saving treatment regardless of ability to pay. (Once the patient's stable, they're out.) There's no money provided for this, so hospitals increase prices across the board in order to be able to afford it.",
"They don't and can't.",
"Oh, they'll save your life ... Then the hospital will bill you thereafter.",
"[Here] In China, you won't get service until you pay. An ambulance won't even be dispatched until you prepay. If you manage to get to the hospital on your own, you'll need to have somebody go to the bank and get enough money to pay for whatever treatment you need."
]
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6effa4
|
what is the paris climate agreement and why should i care?
|
Everything I Google is complicated and I'm 5. Why should I be mad at my President?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6effa4/eli5what_is_the_paris_climate_agreement_and_why/
|
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"So is the Paris Agreement an actual global financial commitment or is it more like everyone agreeing to cut down on greenhouse gases based on some loose terms? Couldn't the US still lower their emissions even without being part of the agreement? I've heard California and New York saying they still plan to uphold the agreement. Any chance the fact that Trump may back out will have no/little effect and states/cities will just enact changes at a more local level? ",
"Lets say for arguments sake that the current extreme weather we are experiencing here in Florida is due to natural climate change like that that has occurred many times in the past. Its a slow process with a devastating impact that will result in starvation and violence as everyone competes to survive and the cost of food and water will increase the worse things get. Now add in the human impact of the Industrial Revolution with its smelting plants going back as far as the mid 1600s and all the plastic that are now polluting beaches due to the volume of plastic we have thrown in the ocean since the 1950s that will help to speed up the natural climate change. Coal use became abundant in the mid 19th century and only recently looks like it will be extinct. And add in vast world wide human development along the coast line and the deforestation to build homes.\n\nSo if we are into the early stages of the next natural climate change, why would you not want to take steps to slow it down? Is it because it will not affect you as much as your grandchildren? Is it not being restricted in whatever you want to do and live for the moment? Is it because it will make you rich? Switching from a fossil fuel based economy to an alternative is no different than switching from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. Jobs will be eliminated and others created.\n\nAnd yes, it will cost more to implement the change. But it is a matter of what account you want to place your money because the money is going to be spent either way. You either spend it on fixing the problem or spend it on your fading health and damage caused by the worsening weather. The reality is you are going to have to fund both. \n\nAs for Trump pulling out of the agreement, fortunately we have states rights that say anything not mentioned in the Constitution are reserved to the states. And among them are the big liberal states that have the most industry, GDP and population that will abide by the Paris Agreement.",
"1. Jobs, in the U.S. There are 400,000 \"green\" jobs, there are 50,000 coal and jobs. The green sector is growing at a much faster rate than fossil fuels.\n\n2. Money, green energy is cheaper than fossil fuels. This was not true in the past but is true now, we already put in a lot of the investment cost pulling out now is a ginormous waste of money.\n\n3. It makes us look stupid when even China and India are doing more in this regard than us. \n\nE:Should not have included oil in this originally.",
"It was an agreement between countries through the UN to reduce their carbon emissions by a certain date. This would include a reduction in coal plants and associated jobs, increasing green energy resources. Each country determined what they could do, and committed to those numbers. \nThe goal is to keep the global average temp below a 2 degree c increase. \nYou should care because if we don't make any change, the earth will keep heating, severe weather may increase, droughts may get worse, arctic ice will continue to melt. These will affect global food and movement. \nThe us is no longer the number one producer of green house gas(may be wrong last I read it was China), but we are a huge contributor. Mainly it's industry not people, but reducing what you do helps too. ",
"**ELI5 Answer**\n \nBasically France produced an agreement which require developed and developing countries alike to limit their emissions to relatively safe levels. Finance will be provided to poor nations to help them cut emissions and cope with the effects of extreme weather. Countries affected by climate-related disasters will gain urgent aid.\n\nThe Paris Agreement (French: Accord de Paris) is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in the year 2020. \n \nThe language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 195 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015. It was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 (Earth Day) at a ceremony in New York. As of May 2017, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the treaty, 147 of which have ratified it.\n \nAfter several European Union states ratified the agreement in October 2016, there were enough countries that had ratified the agreement that produce enough of the world's greenhouse gases for the agreement to enter into force.The agreement went into effect on 4 November 2016.\n\n**Details -**\n \nParis produced an agreement which require developed and developing countries alike are required to limit their emissions to relatively safe levels, of 2C with an aspiration of 1.5C, with regular reviews to ensure these commitments can be increased in line with scientific advice. \n \nLike any international compromise, it is not perfect: the caps on emissions are still too loose, likely to lead to warming of 2.7 to 3C above pre-industrial levels, breaching the 2C threshold that scientists say is the limit of safety, beyond which the effects – droughts, floods, heatwaves and sea level rises – are likely to become catastrophic and irreversible. Poor countries are also concerned that the money provided to them will not be nearly enough to protect them. Not all of the agreement is legally binding, so future governments of the signatory countries could yet renege on their commitments.",
"The Paris Climate Agreement is an agreement to put regulations in place to help the environment and slow global warming. \n\nYou should not be mad at the president because he promised less regulation, and by not signing on to it, he avoids more regulation. He is delivering as promised. Unfortunately this is probably to everyone's detriment. ",
"Limits pollutant emissions of countries to save the Earth from global warming, president doesn't believe in global warming. ",
"Carbon pollution from burning fossil fuels and removing forests acts like a blanket, warming the Earth and causing floods, droughts, hurricanes and even wars. \n\nIn late 2015, after decades of negotiations, nearly every country on Earth got together and made a deal to reduce the amount of carbon pollution they each give off. Because no country would accept limits being imposed on them, each country voluntarily offered to make substantial cuts, with the expectation that this commitment would increase as it became more politically possible. \n\nBut this plan only works if everybody is on board. Without the world's second largest polluter, there's less incentive for other countries to do their own work to cut carbon, especially since many have people coming out of poverty who want access to the same polluting lifestyle that Americans have enjoyed for decades. \n\nGlobal warming is at the point now where we have just a few years to avoid the worst impacts. Donald Trump pulling out of the Paris Agreement could mean we have almost no hope of avoiding catastrophic droughts, floods, storms, wildfires and conflict. ",
"To add to this question, what is the argument for pulling out of it? Seriously. What is the perceived problem with the US being part of the agreement?",
"Long story short you shouldn't be mad. The Paris agreement with the scientists most optimistic projections was only said to slow global warming by .4 degrees in 100 years. That's a tiny shift of little magnitude and it would have cost the United States trillions."
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2068k1
|
how american politics work in relation to british politics so i can understand house of cards better.
|
Sorry, I wasn't specific enough in my original post, but I mean the roles of each politician - Majority Whip, for example, I'm still confused about, and I don't really know what the Secretary of State is supposed to be. I understand that senators are the elected politicians (sort of like the House of Commons), and there are others, which are sort of like the House of Lords. I'm basically wanting a brief overview of the legislative procedure (I imagine it's fairly similar to British, but again) and the roles of what I'm thinking is basically the American equivalent of the Cabinet.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2068k1/eli5_how_american_politics_work_in_relation_to/
|
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"You will need to be far more specific in what you are having problems understanding. ",
"What specifically are you asking about? The structure of the US government? Political parties?",
"Majority Whip is the person for the majority party in each house of Congress that keeps track of how members are going to vote on things. That way the leadership can know whether or not a measure will pass if they bring it to a vote.\n\nThe Secretary of State is, in the US, what many other countries would refer to as a Minister of Foreign Affairs. It is a very senior government position, and is part of the president's Cabinet.\n\nThe House of Representatives is the lower house of Congress (like the House of Commons). The Senate is the upper house (like the House of Lords).\n\nAny laws have to pass both the House and the Senate, and be signed by the president. There's various other details, like committees, filibusters and vetoes, but that's the basic process.\n\nEach House does have some unique properties. Revenue bills must originate in the House. Also, senior government officials have to be confirmed by a vote in the Senate.\n\nMembers of the House are elected for two year terms. Members of the Senate, for six. There are no term limits for anyone in Congress.",
"[Here](_URL_3_) is a thread that has some answers. I'm mostly copying my answer from that thread.\n\n----------------------------------\n\nThe US government has 3 branches: \n\n1. The Judiciary (judges/courtrooms/etc). They interpret the law.\n\n2. The Executive (the President). They execute the law.\n\n3. **The Legislative (the House and Senate). They create the law.**\n\nThe Legislative branch has two parts: the House of Representatives (often shortened to \"the House\") and the Senate. In order to create a law both groups have to pass the same bill. Once they both pass it then they send it to the President.\n\nMembers of the House are called Representatives. They are elected every 2 years. There are 435 Representatives. Each state gets a number of Representatives based on how many people live in the state. There are different numbers of districts in each state, a Representative is elected by the people in his or her district. A Representative is meant to look out for the interests of their district.\n\nMembers of the Senate are called Senators. They are elected every 6 years. There are 100 Senators. Each state gets 2 Senators regardless of how big or small their state is. A Senator has to be elected by the entire state. A Senator is meant to look out for the interests of the whole nation.\n\n***How does a bill become a law?***\n\n(PDF) [In the Senate](_URL_2_). [In the House](_URL_4_).\n\nA member submits a bill. It can either die there or be sent to a committee. It can either die there or be sent to the entire group (the entire House or the entire Senate). Then, after the same bill gets passed by both houses it gets sent to the President. If the President signs it then it becomes law. If the President vetoes it then the bill gets sent back and both houses have to pass the bill again but this time with 2/3 voting for it.\n\n\n\n > Majority\n\nThere are (basically) 2 parties: the Republicans and the Democrats. The majority is the party that has more members. So if there are 60 Democrats and 40 Republicans in the Senate then the Democrats are in the majority and the Republicans in the minority.\n\nIf you're in the majority then you have more power; if you're in the minority then you have less power. \n\n > Whip\n\nThe whip keeps everyone in line and keeps track of who is going to vote which way. The whip makes sure that the members vote to support their party. The whip can give things or take them away.\n\n > Cabinet\n\nThe [Cabinet](_URL_1_) is a group of people who advise the President. These folks work \"for\" the President and are in the Executive branch. For example, the [Secretary of State](_URL_0_). He or she is both a diplomat and in charge of the Department of State. ",
"We have no equivalent to the house of Lords. \n\nOur Senate has 2 representatives from each State. The House of Representatives has 435 seats that are divided among the states based on population. Together they form Congress and are equal to your House of Commons. They are in charge of writing law and public policy. \n\nThe President appoints people to his cabinet of advisers. Each of these positions is in charge of advising over a particular field. Secretary of State advises on and is in charge of foreign affairs. It is the equivalent of the \"Minister of Foreign affairs\" in Britain. \n\nThe \"whip\" is a position that is responsible for \"enforcing\" members to vote party lines, just like it is in the UK model. But here in the US both sides of Congress have two whips, one for each of our two major parties. Whether they are \"Majority Whip\" or \"Minority Whip\" depends on which party has the most seats and therefore being the majority. Whips have far less power in the American system than the UK system due to parties rarely ejecting members and money being raised by individual candidates rather than the party as a whole preventing the threat of less money being given for campaigns having much of an effect. \n\nAs for legislative procedure. Either side of Congress can propose a bill and vote on it. If it passes their side of Congress it moves to the other side for review and voting. If it also passes that side then it goes to the President for review and he can either sign it into law or he can veto it. If it is vetoed it is dead, but congress can choose to vote on it again and if it passes both sides again then it is law. ",
"The US Legislature is bicameral (two houses). The houses are \n\n1. **The Senate** - This body of two representatives from each state. This is done so that even the smallest state has representation that is equal to the largest states, and the legislate agenda is not dominated by only a handful of states. \n\n2. **The House of Representatives** - This body has 435 members divided proportionally among the states by population (minimum 1), so large states like California (53) have much more representation than small population states like Wyoming (1) or Alaska (1). \n\nIn order for any legislation to become law, it must be approved by both houses of Congress. \n\nBoth houses of congress have internal leadership structures to \"run\" their respective houses. \"Minority\" refers two whichever of the two parties currently holds fewer seats in that house. \n\n*For example, there are currently more Democrats than Republicans in the senate, so the leader of the senate Democrats is the \"Senate Major Leader\" while the lead of the Senate Republicans is the \"Senate Minority Leader.\"*\n\nThe \"whip\" is the person in a party responsible for making sure that the members of that party do what the their party's leader wants them to do, allowing them to more effectively bargain with the opposition as a single voting block. \n\n\nThe **Secretary of State** if a member of the Executive Branch of government, the head of which is the President of the United States. Cabinet Secretaries are appointed by the President, and for some positions (The important ones) must be confirmed by the Senate. \n\nThe Secretary of State is the leader of the Department of State, which is principally concerned with foreign affairs. \n",
"The big difference between the British Parlimentary system and American Presidental system is that the executive office (the President) is elected independently of the legislature - the president isn't necessarily politically aligned with it.\n\nThe two houses of congress (the House & Senate) are analogous to the two houses of Parliament. The president is analogous to prime minister, but again it's a separate branch of government. For a law to be passed, it has to go through both houses then signed by the president. The majority leaders are the leaders of their parties, the whips are next up and responsible for figuring out how party members will vote before it's brought to an actual vote.\n\nThe cabinet is part of the Presidental office. The secretaries are the head administrators of various government institutions. They are appointed by and report to the president, though some appointments and actions must be approved by congress. They're analogous to UK ministries.",
"The cabinet is the same as the UK parliament, except a separate body from The House, mostly appointed by the President. Its Secretaries are equivalent to Ministers.\n\nThe House Of Representatives is most like the House Of Commons, except they sit in a horseshoe arrangement, rather than across an aisle.\n(in electoral districts similar to ridings)\n\nThe Senate is most like The House Of Lords, except is elected (two per state, regardless).\n\nEither can introduce bills, which the other can second guess."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm",
"http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/cabinet",
"https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/legprocessflowchart.pdf",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xwn9q/eli5_what_is_a_house_majority_whip/",
"http://www.coons.senate.gov/learn/bills/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2nmwgj
|
cops television program- why are some suspects faces blurred and others remain visible?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2nmwgj/eli5_cops_television_program_why_are_some/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmf0m9d"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"You have to have consent to show someone's face on television. Some of the suspects give consent to have their face shown and others do not."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
44ys2y
|
what are gold reserves and what is their purpose?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44ys2y/eli5what_are_gold_reserves_and_what_is_their/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cztwhsj"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"A long time ago, currencies *were* gold; the state would accumulate gold so that if it had to go to war, it could melt down gold plate and issue it as coins to pay soldier (or whatever). Later on, currencies were just *pegged to* gold; the central banks would issue banks notes, and maintain their value by promising to redeem them in exchange for gold. Under this \"gold standard\", gold reserves had two important functions: first, every central bank needed gold reserves adequate to the amount of currency it had issued (and thus might have to redeem; second, every state could use gold to get foreign currency from foreign central banks (to buy war materiel, industrial equipment, whatever).\n\nIn the modern world there is no longer a gold standard, but even with currencies floating freely in value against one another, reserves are valuable. If the value of your own currency gyrates wildly, (i) you might want to buy back some of it to raise your currency's value, and (ii) you might want to be sure you can buy things even if your currency loses a lot of its value. For either of these purposes, having reserves of *your own currency* is useless. Having reserves of foreign currencies is the best idea; reserves of oil and other commodities might also work; but out of tradition, many countries keep part of their reserves in gold."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2o8yqz
|
if someone on broadband downloads a virus, do the neighbors share it? how is it routed?
|
A little back story: an AT & T spokesman came knocking on my door and started blabbering some bs to get me to switch to them.
Some of that stuff included something along the lines of "if your neighbors download a virus, you get that too."
I would like to know if that is true. Basically if data is snoop-able, or able to be shared over a neighborhood broadband network. Specifically something like a spyware program or virus.
Edit: a few words
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2o8yqz/eli5_if_someone_on_broadband_downloads_a_virus_do/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmku3ld",
"cmkvmqj"
],
"score": [
7,
3
],
"text": [
"He was lying...\n\nUnless the virus was downloaded onto to actual network that you and your neighbor are using, and the virus was specifically designed to work this way, there's no way that your neighbor watching porn and clicking a malware link will affect you. \n\nIf that were true, the entire Internet would have been crippled the first time someone made a virus.\n\nVirus's work locally only (unless like I said, it was designed and created and unleashed on AT & T's network to send out evil).\n\nData is snoop-able yes. But unless your the NSA or a hacker that works at AT & T, you're fine.",
"That's some *vile* bullshit.\n\nData packets have the IP address of their destination coded into their headers; this is how routers on the Internet get the data back to you. There's no possible way that it would ever work as described.\n\nIf you know his name or employee number, call AT & T and report the lying son of a bitch."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
y3l7k
|
the main arguments for and against philosophical zombies.
|
I understand what P-Zombies *are* but when pitted against physicalism I get all confused.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/y3l7k/eli5_the_main_arguments_for_and_against/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5s23p6"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I'm interest as well. Have not got any education on this subject though, unfortunately, so I can't help you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bzujk9
|
since vitamin b12 is only found in animal products, vegetarians and vegans get it from supplements or cereals for example. but where do the cereal makers get it if not from animal products?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bzujk9/eli5_since_vitamin_b12_is_only_found_in_animal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eqx1xor",
"eqxg5m8"
],
"score": [
130,
32
],
"text": [
"B12 is produced by micro-organisms. Animals get it from dirt, or supplements these days. The B12 for supplements is produced industrially, in the B12 factory.",
"B12 is not limmited to being found in animal products. It is also found in mushrooms. So a vegan can get it without supplements. And it can be artificially synthesized in a lab or factory."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
40c885
|
from an evolutionary standpoint, why are psychopaths/sociopaths often considered sexually attractive by the opposite gender?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/40c885/eli5_from_an_evolutionary_standpoint_why_are/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cyt1hah",
"cyt1pqn"
],
"score": [
6,
2
],
"text": [
"A few things. \n\n1) sampling bias. There are lots of unattractive psychopaths out there, but it is only the charming ones you are thinking of. \n\n2) confidence: if you take out all the little hiccups and social worry that makes people stumble, the result can look like wonderful self confidence. \n\n3 the front: psycholpaths don't naturally feel emotion, but many are able to mimic it for their ends. You aren't going for someone who is emotionless, you are going for someone able to put on the perfect emitting in each moment to get what they want (which might be your lust). \n\nIt isnt that your insticts are drawing you to their psychopapthy, its that their psychopathy is hijacking your natural instincts the way junk food hijacks our evolved tastes. \n\n Psychopaths are the doritos of society",
"Because psychopaths do everything in their power to maintain an image of their choice. They know how things they do and say will work within someone else's head, often times its actually impossible for a psychopath to be emotionally damaging when the person they are involved with isn't emotionally attached. They want the strings."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
16ubzh
|
why some workers are not allowed to accept tips
|
Pretty self-explanatory. I've often heard people say, "I can't take that," or "We're not allowed to accept tips," etc., and I wondered why.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16ubzh/eli5_why_some_workers_are_not_allowed_to_accept/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7zg1jx",
"c7zkrwh"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"It's a policy set by management. Typically it's because the store (or restaurant, or whatever) doesn't want customers to feel the ambiguity of whether or not to tip. That or it's because they don't want workers (who may be 1 on 1 with customers, away from the oversight of management) subtly pushing for tips.",
"In many lines of work, a tip is essentially a bribe. Imagine if you could tip a police officer, for example! But it would also apply to a food inspector, or a government clerk, or someone who approves mortgages. \n\nAlternately, there are jobs where a person's time is very valuable, and so allowing them to take mini-bribes to go an extra mile is bad for the company. Take for example a mechanic who services trucks on the road. This person may make $50/hour. This guy learns that he can make an extra $20 on the side by helping out someone put some oil in their car at a gas station, but of course, this cuts into his efficiency, as he should be driving to the next truck. \n\nLastly, there are some businesses who simply don't want customers to feel like they need to pay extra. It's an all-inclusive service, and so no tipping should be accepted. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
659okb
|
how are sport commentators able to keep with the action with such precision?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/659okb/eli5_how_are_sport_commentators_able_to_keep_with/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dg8js9e",
"dg8lmu4"
],
"score": [
2,
6
],
"text": [
"they're watching the game closely and they're very good at what they do. they've got decades of experience with the game.\n",
"The unspoken skill of a sports commentator is the ability to talk and listen at the same time. While they're talking to you, there's a producer talking in their ear. Try it some time, it's ridiculously difficult. The producer also has people talking in his ear, a lot of them. There are people in the truck watching the game live and watching replays and giving the producer as much information as possible which he relays to the guys in the booth. There are also other people in the booth passing info to the guys on the air, mainly stats guys and spotters (that's me, I'm a spotter). There are also stats guys in the truck and depending on the size of the crew the producer might also have a spotter.\n\nThat's not to say that the announcers are just talking heads, coordinating the info which all comes from other people. Everything happens so fast that announcers themselves have to be the first line. The rest of us can fill in around the edges but the first comment has to come straight from the announcer. They spend a lot of time studying the teams, players, reading articles, memorizing numbers, watching game tape, etc. A LOT of time. It's not a show up and wing it kind of job.\n\nThere's also experience. For the play by play guy, they've done hundreds of games before you've ever heard them on a national broadcast. The color analyst might just jump in to his first job with very little in game, on camera experience but he's been studying the game his entire life. Tony Romo will step into CBS's #1 job this fall having never called a game on live TV (though he will have done plenty of 'mock' games by then) but seeing and understanding exactly what's happening in a football game in real time is what he's been doing since high school. The difference is that he will have a much better angle of the game and no one will be trying to hit him (I assume, I've never worked with that crew)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
8iz194
|
how do casinos make money on poker games such as texas hold em?
|
Since the players are gambling against each other and not the house.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8iz194/eli5_how_do_casinos_make_money_on_poker_games/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dyvnuqh",
"dywaotv"
],
"score": [
11,
2
],
"text": [
"They have a thing called a \"rake\" which is a set percentage of the ante that goes to the house.",
"Depending on the house:\n\nEither by collecting a \"rake\" (percentage of pot) every hand.\n\nOr by collecting \"session fee\" from each player every half hour.\n\nOr in the case of \"sit-n-go\" tournament style, it would be factored into the price of admission.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
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