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7m3pe4
|
why does gravity make things round?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7m3pe4/eli5_why_does_gravity_make_things_round/
|
{
"a_id": [
"drr3t0n",
"drr491q"
],
"score": [
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2
],
"text": [
"So there can be an even distribution of forces. The distance from the crust to the core of the Earth is pretty similar if you take into account the enormity of the planet. For example, Earth (or any planet/celestial body) could not be a rectangular prism, since the distance from the surface to the center would not be constant. ",
"Classically speaking, the force of gravity in the earth is \"pushing\" everything towards the center. Imagine a ball of clay that's being pushed equally on all sides. You can imagine why it would become a sphere."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3h8o4p
|
why are male names considered male and female names considered female? or to put it another way, if a child was raised in a society where the names for their respective genders were switched, would they reealize something was wrong?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3h8o4p/eli5_why_are_male_names_considered_male_and/
|
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"text": [
"No, they wouldn't. Names, like all language is a human construct, there's no \"objectively male names\" I've heard of men with names that are considered exclusively womens names where I grew up, I think it's weird, they don't.",
"I really don't think they would think anything was wrong. They are considered male or female because we are raised associating mike with males and Rachel with females. ",
"Words have no inherent meaning. There is no reason why a male name is \"male\" and a female name is \"female\" other than that people have been taught so, or taught a pattern that the name conforms to. This isn't unique to names -- the word *cat* has no inherent association with that animal that meows and purrs, and there are many places in the world where that's not the name for that animal. Words have no meaning other than what we give them or what we associate them with.\n\nThere are many names that have switched apparent genders through the generations, or which have different apparent genders in different parts of the world. *Morgan* is traditionally a male name, but has become more common for women in recent years. *Joe* is clearly a male name in the US, but the similarly-pronounced *Jo* is a common female name in the UK, where male *Joe* is rare. *Laurie* is a generally female name in the US, but a generally male name in the UK.\n\nThere is a common pattern in the English-speaking world where female names were created by adding a diminutive suffix such as *-a* or *-ina* to a female name -- often to honor a male relative. Thus *Paul* and *Paula* or *Paulina*, or *Michael* and *Michaela*, or *Joseph* and *Josephine*. Thus, sometimes a name can seem inherently masculine or feminine based on this pattern -- but that is just what we've gotten used to, and requires training before it works.",
"Ashley, Courtney, and Shannon are names that were mostly male a few generations ago, but in my experience today are mostly female.\n\nMy college Spanish teacher from Ecuador said she had trouble sometimes because some Spanish names are female in some South American regions and male in others.",
"Historical - lots of names have been around for many centuries or longer and are just traditionally male or female names.\n\n\n\nThey stayed that way because people name their children after people they admire or relatives.",
"There are, broadly speaking, *conventions* in some languages, where males will be called Mari**O** and females Mari**A**, so I suppose your person might notice if their language had gendered nouns, and the vowel-ending pattern was \"wrong\" for their name. \n\nBut as everyone else says, no. There's nothing inherent, it's all social convention."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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||
2e1bo4
|
how to create and scan barcodes for inventory?
|
I am trying to figure this out. Is there a way to create and scan barcodes in excel for a simple library check in and out? My school lends textbooks and we would like to scan things in and out. ANy help would be awesome!!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2e1bo4/eli5_how_to_create_and_scan_barcodes_for_inventory/
|
{
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"cjv42hl"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Your best bet is probably to use a system that already exists, like [this](_URL_1_).\n \nThat's just one, there are [a lot of others](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=barcode+for+library+books",
"http://www.thelibrarystore.com/category/custom_bar_code_labels"
]
] |
|
7hmolf
|
where in the body is an allergy? if i gave blood would the recipient get my severe nut allergy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7hmolf/eli5_where_in_the_body_is_an_allergy_if_i_gave/
|
{
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"dqs6hfl"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I could be wrong but I thought it was an inmune system respose. The theory is that certain proteins and other broken down particles in some foods leak into the bloodstream through the permeable walls of your lower digestive tract. This is how the allergy comes to be. Then after that allergy has developed, depending on how severe, your immune system reacts to the substance (basically, your immune system goes \"oh hell naw\" and attacks/defends against the substance). \nTLDR: It is not in your blood, it's a specific immune response that varies from person to person"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1ztt4f
|
how to pay student loans. principal or interest? which do i focus on paying off first?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ztt4f/eli5_how_to_pay_student_loans_principal_or/
|
{
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"text": [
"If you pay the minimum monthly payments, the majority of your money will go toward the interest at first. To pay on the principle directly, you first need to satisfy the monthly payment and make an additional payment on top. Check with your bank as to how to make principle payments, as some say just throw extra money in the check or some say you have to write a letter explicitly stating the extra is for the principle. Don't just make a big payment without knowing, as some banks will simply pay forward, meaning you're still paying the full interest of the loan and you are just satisfying future monthly payments.\n\nAs you pay off the principle, you will also drop the interest owed, so it's worth it to pay the principle down as fast as possible.",
"With what loan do you have the option?\n\nWith my student loan--they basically compute interest daily. When I make my payment, it covers any interest accrued first--and then any left over is applied to the principle.\n\nIf I want to make my principle get lower, I have to pay more each month--which is what I do. I pay well over the required amount, with the goal of decreasing my principle. This decreases the calculated interest, and my payment cuts ever so slightly more into the principle the next month.\n\nIf you have the option, it would make sense to pay off the principle first."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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||
24m66r
|
why did battery life stop evolving for the decade?
|
correct me if I'm wrong, my nokia 3310 was using the same battery technology as my current smartphone, it used to last much longer now phones need recharging all the time, why is this something no one is working on?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24m66r/eli5_why_did_battery_life_stop_evolving_for_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"Well, battery technology is advancing; it's just much more incremental/linear then other technologies. There's also energy-saving technologies out there which help battery life as well.\n\nAn old phone draws much less current then all the screens and processors of a modern phone, so I'd wager it's got a much longer battery life. I'll just focus on the actual battery tech.\n\nTo put it simply, the only difference between a battery and a bomb is how quickly the energy is released. As you go to higher and higher energy substrates, it becomes more difficult to keep packing in chemical potential.\n\nWe've pretty much reached the limit with standard Li-ion batteries; a certain mass of lithium can only hold so much energy. There's promise with thin film technology where the battery would essentially be printed on, to improve how much battery we could fit into a device\n\nThere's other non-battery devices which we could use, like fuel cells and ultracapacitors. But for the moment, battery technology has reached the physical limit of lithium's redox potential.",
"Your 3310 has nowhere near the amount of functionality as your smartphone. The screen alone takes a lot of juice to keep running."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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|
efagqf
|
do family members develop the same habits or traits through genetics?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/efagqf/eli5_do_family_members_develop_the_same_habits_or/
|
{
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"text": [
"It’s both. Genetic and non-genetic\n\nFor the genetic part, when meiosis takes place the chromosomes from each parent are split in two, and combine to make one organism. So, some traits come from your dad, and some traits come from your mom. There’s also traits that come in random that neither of your parents have because of evolution. (Someone else could explain meiosis a lot better than I can)\n\nThis means you may have the same eye color as your father but not your mother, or it could be a mixture of the two. It’s still in the early stages of knowing what genes do what in humans, but the technology is advancing pretty rapidly.\n\nFor the non-genetic part, humans copy each other all the time. It’s not like we do it on purpose though, it’s just what the brain does. Have you noticed the more you hangout with someone you start saying the phrases they say? Its the same idea. It’s the same reason why when kids from countries like the UK move to the US, they slowly lose their accent because everyone surrounding them is talking with an American accent. The brain autonomously does this.",
"Do you sneeze when you look at bright lights or go from a dark room to a brighter room? Sun-sneezing or [Photic Sneeze Reflex](_URL_0_) is genetic and people that have it in the same family tend to also have the same number of sneezes each time it happens."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photic_sneeze_reflex"
]
] |
|
2c1vnj
|
in competitive cooking shows, when do they record the scene where the competitor is talking directly to the camera on what they are doing?
|
In certain shows like MasterChef or My Kitchen Rules, when a certain competitor is focused on, the scene cuts away to that competitor talking directly to the camera on what they are doing.
My question is: When is that scene recorded?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c1vnj/eli5_in_competitive_cooking_shows_when_do_they/
|
{
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"text": [
"Every so often contestants gets a chance to a \"confessional room\" about their impression of how things went. They are also fed questions from the producers specific questions about what went on and what was going through their mind. ",
"I've worked on some of these shows. The contestants do their cooking, present to the judges, the judges eat and critique, the contestant says thanks, and they immediately are taken to a nearby camera setup where they are asked to walk through the entire process without giving away anything at the end. The producers take notes during the whole event and feed the contestants lines like \"Gee, I sure hope this one was the right call!\" or \"I saw X cooking this differently and thought to myself, 'Oh man this is going to be tough!'\" and so on and so forth.\n\nThe format changes a bit as contestant are eliminated in large shows that start with a lot of people and narrow them down, but this is generally how it is done."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
5jkzrk
|
why do hot things "pop" or "ping" when they cool?
|
I hear it in all over, but especially in electric baseboard heaters and old car motors. Why is that noise being made?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5jkzrk/eli5_why_do_hot_things_pop_or_ping_when_they_cool/
|
{
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2
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"text": [
"constriction basically.. metal cooling is shrinking and the pops are metals that are dissimilar shrinking at different rates sliding across each other. ",
"The expansion of the materials being heated. Upon cooling they contract . Certain metals expand more than others . Motors you may also be hearing oil dripping back down into the oil pan on the bottom of the engine"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
4k3fyc
|
why can't we find the wreckage for malaysian airlines mh370 when egyptair ms804 was located so quickly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4k3fyc/eli5_why_cant_we_find_the_wreckage_for_malaysian/
|
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"text": [
"The ocean is big.\n\nVERY big.\n\nThe search area for MH370 was convoluted, largely caused by [miscommunication and conflicting information](_URL_1_).\n\nFlights are always tracked and that's generally a point confusion. How could a flight simply go missing?\n\nThe region in question was a difficult region. It was either conspiracy, or bad luck, but the disappearance happened during the period where a handoff was taking place, from one tower to another, leaving one air space, entering another. There were reports that the flight had entered this airspace, and that airspace... no one had a clear picture but one thing was certain, not everyone could be right.\n\nUnfortunately, it seemed like everyone had their own theory or story of where the flight vanished and where it was going. Sadly, a lot of egos were at play and a lot of people were covering their asses. No one wanted to be wrong and inevitably, the misinformation sent the search efforts in many different directions rather than a focused region. No one even knows if any of those initial search efforts were in the right spot because the reports were so wildly varied.\n\nThis is a larger problem. Who pays for the search efforts? It's expensive and the ocean is massive as I've already indicated. Mounting a search effort to a region that large is next to impossible. Even when they had a focused area, or thought they were in the right area, they still could barely cover a fraction of the space required.\n\nInevitably, some said it went south, some said it went north, some said it went west and there were some that said it even continued further north and into China...... Clearly it couldn't have been all of those.... so they sat on their thumbs waiting for a clear picture to appear... which never happened.\n\nThe story for MS804 is substantially clearer with far less ambiguity, with only one individual claiming they saw the beacon pop up again, which was later retracted.\n\nEssentially, they knew the exact spot where they lost communication, and further, the region has substantially [more marine traffic](_URL_0_) than the areas where they believed MH370 went.\n\nAll in all it was substantially easier to find MS804."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://twitter.com/nwiakr/status/733294746198638595/photo/1",
"http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/13/malaysia-airlines-flight-mh370-media-claims"
]
] |
||
4ak62v
|
what is a computer science major? are you a scientist?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ak62v/eli5_what_is_a_computer_science_major_are_you_a/
|
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"text": [
"Kind of. The distinction between computer engineering and computer science can be very thin at some schools. but the basic idea is that a computer scientist is doing research into new technologies or methods, wheres the software engineer is the one who actually builds shit. \n\nJust as with other \"hard\" science and engineering fields, there's always some bleed from one into the other. There's plenty of engineer involved in research and plenty of scientists doing piratical things.",
"Depends. \n\nA computer scientist major studies the sciences of computer software design, languages and algorithms. Most become operational employees, doing things like IT, software development, DBA, and other vocational jobs. Some become more advanced and become application architects. Some become more advanced focus on the academics as researchers and scientists. \n\n",
"Generally most computer science majors are programmers. Some specialize in different things like networking, complete hardware/firmware, etc. \n\nA science is just \"a systematically organized body of knowledge on a particular subject.\" \n\nVeterinarians study veterinary sciences, doctors study medical science, anthropologists study social sciences, etc. ",
"I'd say Computer Science straddles the line between mathematics and engineering. There's a large aspect of it which is essentially a branch of mathematics dealing with algorithms. But there's also the practical side of learning how to use those algorithms to solve real world problems (i.e. programming). Some CS courses are more on the theory side, some are more on the practical side. But most will have some element of both."
]
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c5zkl7
|
when you get surgery or any other kind of major cut on your skin, how do the blood vessels and nerves know how to line themselves back up when its healing?
|
Sorry if this has been asked before. I'm happy to just get a link to a previous post that covers this as an answer.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c5zkl7/eli5_when_you_get_surgery_or_any_other_kind_of/
|
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"They don't really. There is some angiogenesis, where new blood vessels are built. They may or may not cross back across and connect with other blood vessels. If they do, it's just them growing until they bump into other vessels. It's not like a bunch of hoses that have to get reattached to all their other halves. And nerves don't always grow back. Lots of of lacerations remain sort of numb after the scar forms. Sometimes peripheral nerves will grow back, through a process called Wallerian degeneration. It's pretty cool, and there are some good youtube videos about it.\n\nYour blood vessels aren't just a loop that can be cut and have to be repaired. It's more of a vast network that has general direction of flow through it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
5bcqso
|
what would need to happen for us to be able to create fully immersive virtual environments using only our brains?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bcqso/eli5_what_would_need_to_happen_for_us_to_be_able/
|
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"We would need to learn the exact sequence and amount of stimulation required in the exact location of the brains to trigger specific subjective experiences, and how to \"read\" the responses people make from their neural signals so they can interact with the stimulation... in real time. And we would need to be reasonably certain we understand how small differences in brain structure can be accounted for in creating this stimulation-response cycle. \n\nThat is all. But it's ridiculously hard. The hardest part is probably just figuring out how patterns of stimulation can create specific experiences, and how to integrate that stimulation in real-time with a person's response. We've learned a fair bit about the localization of some things, like vision happens in specific areas of the occipital lobe. I saw a thing where they even could recreate (really blurry, fuzzy) images from someone's neural activity in their vision center. This was by taking EEG signals and running them through a complicated algorithm and matching to pre-selected images a person looked at. A computer is definitely going to have to be involved in reading neural activity and creating appropriate stimulation. \n\nThe next hardest problem is probably trying to disentangle what someone is just thinking versus the action they actually want to take. But I'm speculating on that part a lot. \n\nThat's pretty theoretical (in theory, do we know where to create stimulation). The next problem is how to actually create that stimulation in the appropriate neurons of a person's brain without having to stick electrodes into them... "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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4l1piu
|
why do some job sites ask for your gender/age/race/sexual orientation?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4l1piu/eli5_why_do_some_job_sites_ask_for_your/
|
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"text": [
"As far as I know, it's just for census purposes. Some businesses like to keep track of these things, to prove via statistics that they aren't discriminating.",
"For some places it's because of affirmative action. They want to have diversity. It's the same thing for college applications. \n",
"It is illegal to hire based on such criteria. So, how do they tell if they are inadvertently hiring in such a way that there is a different impact on racial groups? More importantly, how does the *government* figure that out?\n\nThe government requires the companies to report the information from such surveys to them. You don't need to answer them and the hiring manager doesn't get the information; it is diverted by HR and used for reporting purposes to the government."
]
}
|
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[],
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7jsa6r
|
how do engineers make sure wet surface (like during heavy rain) won't short circuit power transmission tower?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7jsa6r/eli5_how_do_engineers_make_sure_wet_surface_like/
|
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"text": [
"They space the wires far enough apart (for their voltage) that rain won't cause an arc between phases. \n\nIf you were to hover between them, it might cause an arc.\n\nThere was a lot of testing done to determine how close is too close for electrical safety.",
"Isn't fresh water not really that conductive? While salt water is. \n\nEDIT wording - rain is still conductive, just less so than you might think. ",
"If you look closely at a picture of a glass insulator like they use on the towers, you'll see that it's designed to have both a long surface area between one end and another, plus the bell shape helps ensure it's hard for rain to reach or remain on the inside surfaces. \n \nPower companies also wash the insulators as part of regular maintenance, using boom trucks that spray deionized water that's a very poor conductor. By keeping the insulators clean, when rain hits them it doesn't become a good conductor and voltage leaks are minimal. ",
"Just to add, we go into the 138kv switchyard in the rain sometimes to open up gas circuit breakers and isolate the buss from the grid in the pouring rain. It's actually not an issue to be around high voltage to certain distances. ",
"A rough rule of thumb is that air will insulate about 1000 volts per millimeter.. Or 10k volts per centimeter. That means that on the highest 330kv lines, you only need the cables to be at least 33 cm apart.. And they make sure that the earth cable (usually the single cable) is the closest cable...and that other cables are at least a meter away.\n\nNext, when the cables pass a transmission tower, the insulator that holds the cable up is at least a meter long... And there's a cable that jumps the join, so the path of least resistance is always away from the tower.\n\nNext, the single most common mode of failure for hv lines is that they oscillate when struck by strong gusts of wind.. ^1 Which is why cables in exposed areas are either bundles of cables separated by plastic spacers, or have large plastic \"football's\"on them to stop resonant vibrations.\n\n\n^1 The cables on one side \"skip\" one way, and the cables on the other in the opposite direction, and in some cases get close enough to touch... So you make sure they are under enough tension they don't touch, or don't oscillate.\n\nThe next most common reason for hv line failure is either joint failure.. The cables have to be joined at some point, and the joins fail because the cable is flexible. You can spot the fault with a thermal camera, and the fix is simple. (Cut, weld)...\nOr bird damage. Big Bird lands on cable, stretches wing, gets close enough to next cable for the voltage to jump.. And the arc runs away.\n",
"Question for you guys who know electricity:\n\nThere's a path my wife and I have hiked a couple times that goes under some high voltage transmission lines. Both times we went under them they were making a sound like a steak sizzling. Why is that? (The first time we heard it we were like, uh, do we really wanna walk under that?)",
"Power System Engineer here: Insulators are used to keep circuits separated. Insulators are typically ceramic and are structural supports that don’t conduct electricity. The insulators have groves on them so a complete coat of water cannot exist to create a circuit from phase to phase or phase to ground.\n\nHere is what an insulator looks like\n\n_URL_0_",
"They sometimes make insulators out of a special rubber that is hydrophobic which means the water beads and runs off. \n\nIn areas where pollution is higher - such as near the sea or near mines or bush fires area - they increase the distance across the surface of the insulator with a wider insulator or ribs to more surface on the underside.\n\nHeavy rain isn’t as much of a risk as any salt/pollutants/ash that might conduct will wash off with the rain. Fog is a bigger risk where the insulators are just wet enough to dissolve the pollution or salt on the insulators make a conductive path.",
"Pure water is a very good insulator. Rain water directly from the sky is pretty close to pure. Even fresh water (rivers/lakes) isn't all that as a conductor of electricity. So the issue doesn't come up as often you'd think. Not even at modest voltages (e.g. 120 AC line voltage or even at 100s to 1000s of voltage).\n\nTo be a good conductor you need \"ions\" from dissolved salts. So salt water conducts better. \n\nAs others have said - given ENOUGH voltage (\"electrical pressure\"), even a shitty conductor will start to conduct. But then the trick is distance: the amount of conduction (aka \"current flow\") depends on distance (R = 𝜌 d/A, I = V/R, increasing d increases R which decreases I).",
"It is put in an room setting full of steam. Nothing special really, the incredibly heavy amount of steam is a worst case scenario so they can see how it would react easily. This method was developed by students at Cleveland State University so it is aptly named the Cleveland Steamer, google it up as there are some interesting results in testing.",
"Rain water is pretty close to destilled water, very pure, and, as such, a very poor conductor. Even if it's somehow tainted and would transfer current, any current that would be anywhere near large enough to be a problem would vaporize the water very quickly."
]
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[],
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)#/media/File%3AInsulator_railways.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5iddao
|
how current climate change is any different than the little ice age or medieval warming period?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5iddao/eli5_how_current_climate_change_is_any_different/
|
{
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"text": [
"The current climate change is heavily influenced by human industrial activity that didn't exist in the previous periods.",
"Biggest difference is the speed of the change. Natural climate change has a general ebb and flow over thousands of years.\n\nYou don't get multiple degree global temperature increases over a decade naturally, and there's no telling at what point that increase will drop off, or go back down."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
ta817
|
lucky 7 and unlucky 13
|
What is number 7 consider lucky. while, 13 is consider unlucky?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ta817/eli5_lucky_7_and_unlucky_13/
|
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"text": [
"The truth is: neither numbers are lucky or unlucky - and different cultures have considered both, one or the other, or neither to be lucky/unlucky.\n\nThe cultural fascination with 7 goes back to the dawn of mankind and arises from looking at the night sky. Of all the millions of objects in the sky, 7 seem to move against the others which are fixed. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn - and the Sun and Moon make 7.\n\nLess obviously, the fascination with 13 may have arisen because every year there are roughly 12 full moons...and a bit (~12.41). That 13th partial month was very confusing for the ancients!\n",
"Did you try Google at all? ",
"I can answer seven but not 13. When you roll two six sided dice, the number of combinations that make up seven outnumber that of any other number combination for the same two dice.",
"This illustrates the difference between this subreddit and r/answers. This kind of requests doesn't belong here.\n\nr/explainlikeimfive serves the purpose of explaining hard things in easier ways. \n\nr/answers works for trivial and curious questions like this one."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1i7vlz
|
hawking radiation
|
What is it? How is stuff created from nothing? How do black holes lose mass, and what happens if a black hole loses enough mass for light to escape?
Edit: marked as answered, but additional responses and clarifications are welcome! Science is neat!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1i7vlz/hawking_radiation/
|
{
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"text": [
" > What is it?\n\nPairs of so called \"virtual particles\", where one of them end up in the black hole and the other particle takes mass form the black hole to become a \"real particle\". The radiation is that second particle that gets away with the mass from the black hole.\n\n > How is stuff created from nothing?\n\nTechnically it isn't, but quantum mechanics has this wierd uncertainty principle which essentially results in the fact that you not only can't be sure if a vacuum truly is entirely empty, it might be physically uncertain, which leads to that there can be any number of short-lived virtual particles of any type showing up, but the vast majority of them won't interact with anything so you don't know they're there. Since they can't get mass or energy out of nowhere, they can only become \"real\" through taking it from something else.\n\n > How do black holes lose mass\n\nIt happens when the black hole destroys one of the virtual particles in the virtual particle pairs, and they can otherwise only be destroyed together, just like how they were created together, so if anything separates them then they must take energy from that object in order to become real (any other result would cause a physical paradox). So the other particle in the pair gets it's mass from the black hole.\n\n > and what happens if a black hole loses enough mass for light to escape?\n\nIt is no longer a black hole, or in other words it no longer exists since it gave up ALL it's mass to particles from virtual particle pairs.\n\nEdit: Wording",
"Is hawking radiation emmited constantly, sporadically, or randomly and only in theory?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
7cfa0q
|
why do images burn in to tv screens when you leave them there for too long?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7cfa0q/eli5_why_do_images_burn_in_to_tv_screens_when_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dppf32z"
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"score": [
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],
"text": [
"That used to be the case with CRT (cathod ray tube) displays on older TVs. Here each pixel was generated by beaming it onto the screen, and leaving the same image for too long would literally burn the screen. Nowadays with LED technologies this is no longer a problem. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2h54zk
|
how do directors and writers who are known to be bad and universally disliked by almost everyone still get to make movies
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2h54zk/eli5_how_do_directors_and_writers_who_are_known/
|
{
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"text": [
"Generally, that is true. If you're talking about Uwe Boll in particular, its because there used to be a tax loophole in Germany where you could write off movie losses (and all of his movies have been financial losses)\n\n > Until the law was changed in 2005, Boll was able to acquire funding for his movies thanks to German tax laws that reward investments in film. The law allowed investors in German-owned films to write off 100% of their investment as a tax deduction; it also allowed them to invest borrowed money and write off any fees associated with the loan. The investor was then only required to pay taxes on the profits made by the movie; if the movie loses money, the investor would get a tax writeoff.[citation needed]\n\n > In the DVD commentary of Alone in the Dark, Boll explains how he funds his films: \"Maybe you know it but it's not so easy to finance movies in total. And the reason I am able to do these kind of movies is I have a tax shelter fund in Germany, and if you invest in a movie in Germany you get basically fifty percent back from the government.\"",
"The answer is basically money.\n\nPutting together a movie is hard. I mean look at how many movies come out each year and how many are considered truly good by critics or the general public. It isn't that many.\n\nThe ability to write a movie that is at least decent is tough. The ability to organize the production and direct all those moving parts is tough. So a studio might go with someone who at least go their movie out on-time and on (or under) budget. A lot of times movie studios know the movie they are making isn't very good but they expect it will be \"good enough\" to make its money back - as long as they can make it cheap enough.",
"M. Night Shyamalan. While certainly an awful director in recent history did have some decent movies in the beginning of his career. So much so that he even won some awards and was considered a rising star at some point. This was of course before \"The Last Airbender\" and the other jokes came out. \n\nThe reason people continue to take chances on Shyamalan is because of his succesful past. They don't see him as a total flop. They see the $ he was able to pull in with his more succesful films (6th Sense in particular). They figure it's better to invest in someone who's had a bad streak but is also a proven money maker. Rather then someone who doesn't have either but may be far more talented. ",
"Michael Bay seems to be the master of the summer popcorn flick so that's why he gets his movies . Plus I assume most people decide to see a film based on brand name and ads, not the director.",
"A tangential point here...\n\nPauly Shore, in the mid-90's, was known for starring in several really bad movies that were never even close to the top grossing films. However, the movies were also quickly and cheaply produced, which also fit the genre of tacky 'college-kid' comedies.\n\nSo even though a movie may have only had receipts of $15 million, it only cost $9 million to make and market, so it would turn a small, steady profit. In Hollywood, where films can be expensive and then go bust, often for strange and random reasons, a relatively low-risk payday was enough for the next Pauly Shore movie.",
"yesterdays bad movie flop could be tomorrows b-movie classic",
"partly the money. Even crap movies often do better than break even.\n\nMore importantly, though, there's a fair number of people **with** money who want to be involved somehow in the movie process and feel like they're part of hollywood. The amounts often aren't really that large relative to what one normally thinks of for movie budgets.\n\nThere's also many well-known/often seen but less-than-A-list actors who are willing to work for scale/non-astronomical sums. A friend got [Colm Meeney](_URL_0_) (of Deep Space Nine fame) for a decent price. \n\nHis production company also looked at Charlie Sheen for another film. That was in '98 when Charlie was in and out of rehab and no one trusted him (the insurance rider was a small novel) to fulfill a contract. Charlie literally needed a resume credit to offset his rep so was relatively cheap.",
"Firstly, recall that if a movie \"loses money\" it often actually made loads, but Hollywood Accounting Magic made it appear to be a loss-maker, both for tax-purposes and to avoid paying pesky things like royalties.\n\nSecondly, a lot of filmmakers who are hugely unpopular with the critics are actually hugely *popular* with the audience. Michael Bay is a classic example - his films are often considered terrible despite being great box-office successes. No matter how bad you think the Transformers movies are, they wouldn't keep getting made if they didn't rake in the cash.\n\nThen there are people like Terry Gilliam - it's well known that he's nigh-impossible to work with, and that his films need blockbuster budgets despite having only niche audiences. But he has a lot of rich friends in Hollywood who believe in his artistic talent, and he's able to invest his own money too. So while most of the industry won't touch him these days, he still gets to make movies.",
"If you're talking about just poorly reviewed films, the answer is the international market. Many movies that aren't taken seriously here often do very well on home video in other parts of the world. Qualities we attribute to a bad movie such as pointless action with no plot, one dimensional characters and low brow dick and fart jokes are sought after for dvd sales in other parts of the world due to their universal language. Deep character studies aren't as popular when they have to cross language and cultural barriers. Too much gets lost in translation. But everyone of any culture can enjoy explosions, people falling down and general spectacle as it speaks to everyone on a base level. Working class Chinese people on the whole won't care to watch something like There Will Be Blood, but are more likely to want to watch something with spectacle and action, even if it's something like The Last Airbender. This is why some bad directors continue to be hired. There is a market to be tapped and the movies made by these people are able to make a profit. "
]
}
|
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[] |
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[],
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"http://www.everythingaction.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/colmmeaney-startrek1.jpg"
],
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||
6125td
|
why is mouth breathing bad, and the best soloution to fixing it?
|
So, I'm a mouth breather. I have been since I was born and I have no idea why. I need to have surgery to get my jaw broken when I'm 17, could my jaw be the problem?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6125td/eli5why_is_mouth_breathing_bad_and_the_best/
|
{
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"People become mouth breathers when nasal airflow is insufficient. For me this was due to allergies.\n\nIf you grew up storing your tongue against the roof of your mouth automatically then your facial growth was protected from gravity and you got your genetic face. If you grew up mouth breathing then lateral and anterior facial growth was warped into downward growth by gravity.",
"So I'm a mouth breather because of my allergies. The only negatives I've noticed are that my mouth gets dry which in turn makes my breath smell bad\n\nYour jaw problem might be due to a different condition",
"Mouth breathing isn't the best for your health because the nose is designed to \"treat\" incoming air in order to heat it and filter out particles from reaching your lungs. If you just suck it in through your mouth you don't get that. It isn't a big issue normally but in some specific cases it can be bad.\n\nThe other side of things is that mouth-breathing is looked down upon socially. There are other phrases such as \"slack-jawed idiot\" or \"drooling moron\". This likely stems from the practice of mentally handicapped people to leave their mouths to flop open, perhaps while staring blankly into the distance or when fully mentally occupied. Precisely why this control escapes them I am unsure; it might simply be that they don't recognize the social importance of such body language rather than because their mental resources are unable to keep up with such secondary concerns.\n\nIn any case the perception exists that those who do not control their mouths are simpletons, so if you breath through your mouth you run the risk of picking up such associations. Of course we can't speak about your particular medical situation but if you need your jaw to be broken it seems likely you already run the risk of abnormal physical appearance leading to assumptions about mental ability, so avoiding the commonly recognized signs is even more important.\n\n\n\n",
"In children, it can affect the growth of the palate. It causes an arched palate which can further block the nasal passages.",
"Dentist here. There are several different reasons mouth breathing can be detrimental. I'll just list a few, and then answer any specific questions in response.\n\nWhen your mouth is constantly open and/or exposed to air flow, it dries out your saliva - which is the mouth's way of cleaning itself. With poor salivary flow comes an increase in bacteria, which can cause significant damage to teeth and gums. This damage can be seen as cavities, decalcified tooth enamel, brittle teeth, swollen or puffy gums, and bad breath just to name a few. Dry mouth can also be caused by certain syndromes and medications.\n\nAnother concern for mouth breathers is the excessive eruption of back teeth. Like many other animals, human teeth will erupt or grow outwards away from the bone until the teeth run into something else - usually another tooth, but sometimes soft tissue like gums. As a mouth breather, your teeth spend less time touching, and more time erupting. Normally, this slow but steady eruption would compensate for tooth wear and other changes in your bite, but as a mouth breather your teeth will erupt excessively. This could cause an open bite (where the front teeth do not touch while the back teeth do), excessive vertical growth of the lower jaw, constriction of the nasal passage and sinuses, a longer face appearance, poorer breathing due to lateral constriction of the airway, and several other anatomical changes. The worst part about these changes is that each one of them typically leads to poorer nasal breathing and more mouth breathing, which in turn leads to poorer nasal breathing and less mouth breathing. It's a vicious cycle that can impede everyday life, lead to poorer sleep quality, sleep apnea, significant dental issues, and generally a poorer quality of life.\n\nSome people are born with perfect dental and facial anatomy, and some are cursed with really bad anatomy. Unfortunately, there are very few therapies besides surgery available at this time for those with less than ideal anatomy. Orthodontics may help, some medications can dilate nasal passage ways and increase nasal breathing, and there is a growing field in myofacial therapy aimed at correcting these issues non-surgically. \n\nThe good news is that the surgeries available are getting better and better, and the medical and dental fields are beginning to take these issues much more seriously. It has led to some significant changes in the ways we view and treat compromised or less than ideal airways, and the factors that lead to them.\n\nIf you suffer from poor nasal breathing, research dentists or ENTs in your area, and find someone who specializes in sleep and airway disturbances. It could literally be life changing.\n\nGood luck OP!",
"If you live somewhere cold, breathing through your mouth sends cold air straight into your lungs, when you breath through your nose it warms the air up and humidifies it. ",
"I'd definitely make sure that the problem isn't in your nose first. I had a deviated septum from a broken nose as an infant, apparently. It was bad to begin with and was getting worse with time. Anyway, have an ENT doctor check you out. Of course... I still mouth breathe after as well. I've just accepted it.",
"How many people read this and thought about breathing so now you aren't sub consciously breathing but now thinking about it. Honestly that is the worst.",
"I'm an orthodontist, so I can give some insight to the dentofacial orthopedic side of it.\n\nYour maxilla (upper jaw) develops by equilibrium forces between the tongue and the cheeks. If there's an shift in that equilibrium the maxillary development suffers, and this imbalance can occur from mouth breathing and other oral habits (thumb/finger sucking, tongue thrusting, pacifiers, lip biting, low tongue posture, etc.).\n\nWhen you mouth breath, you're taking the tongue from its normal superior (upper) posture and bringing it inferior (lower). Without the tongue helping to shape the maxilla the cheeks squeeze it inwards. Narrow maxillas usually result in posterior crossbites (back upper teeth sit towards the tongue side of the lower teeth). If it is asymmetric in constriction, the lower jaw gets forced to one side and that shift can alter your TMJ and mandibular (lower jaw) development. People with these crossbites are usually recommended palate expanders if they are age/development time appropriate. If you catch these crossbites too late in the game, surgical expansion is required to obtain a normal bite again. Also, keep in mind the asymmetric lower jaw development that would occur if a narrow maxilla forces a mandible to shift to one side as it's growing.\n\nFrom the dental side of things, dry mouth will result in inflamed gums and reduced saliva. Saliva is a natural antibacterial that helps to reduce decay by diluting sugars and \"attacking\" cavity creating bacteria (IT ONLY HELPS AND PROPER ORAL HYGIENE IS STILL NECESSARY). Inflamed gums are bad, because it creates stress on the soft tissues. Recession and bone loss can result from significant or prolonged inflammation. \n\nIn your case, it sounds like it's too late to attempt simple Rapid Palatal Expansion. So, you need Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion. This is because your maxilla has fused at the maxillary midline suture (happens when we complete jaw growth).",
"Mouth-breathing screws up the development of your face, good example:\n\n_URL_0_",
"Rewording a comment so it's in line with the rules:\n\nSpeech therapists can help with mouth breathing, as well as any irregularities in eating (if the patient thrusts their tongue when eating, for example). They may or may not be able to help with this situation, given the jaw issue, but that's one avenue to explore.",
"Research mouth taping, I have only come across it recently on the High Intensity Health YouTube channel but haven't tried it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
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[],
[],
[],
[],
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"http://www.consciousbreathing.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/conscious-breathing-mouth-breathing-negative-impact-teeth3.jpg"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
3dve2b
|
why did they remove baseball from the 2016 summer olympics?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dve2b/eli5_why_did_they_remove_baseball_from_the_2016/
|
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"text": [
"I'd assume it's mostly because it's not a very popular game globally. There's only a handful of countries that would ever compete and the Olympics has plenty of alternatives to choose from.",
"I think it is because most countries don't care about it too much. Europe, most of Asia, most of Africa don't play it too much. The major countries who do play are the US, Japan and a couple of South and Central American countries. ",
"There are plenty of sports that are not globally popular that continue in the Olympics. The real reason is that baseball has a very robust professional league (which is itself international in character -- it's a primarily U.S. league of course, but the great players from all around the world come here to play). Moreover, the Olympics take place in the middle of the baseball season, so the best players aren't available to compete (and by best, I mean like ~750). Unlike hockey, MLB isn't interested in interrupting its season for the Olympics. So instead of exhibiting poor quality play, the IOC removed the event.",
"They were actually removed for 2012. The IOC has a limit on the number of sports that are permitted to be in a single Olympics. Occasionally, sports are removed and others are added. \n\nRemoving the two sports of softball and baseball opened up two spots that were unfilled in 2012. However, this has enabled golf and rugby sevens to be added for Rio 2016.\n\nBaseball was dropped because it has a limited popularity outside of North America, the Caribbean, and the Far East. Additionally, Major League Baseball has never released their players to take part, meaning the competition isn't always the best. Softball is even less popular globally. \n\nAlso, baseball requires a very oddly shaped stadium which can drive the cost of the Games up. While golf courses are also expensive to make, the public can utilize the course after the Games are done or an existing course can be used."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5c3bkh
|
i know scientists have managed to do reactions with some noble gases in a lab setting. how is this possible? i thought noble gases couldn't react with anything due to having a full valence shell
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5c3bkh/eli5_i_know_scientists_have_managed_to_do/
|
{
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"text": [
"Noble gasses are perfectly happy with their valence shells and don't want to get any more electrons. But there are some compounds which want electrons so badly they can strip them away from the noble gasses and form bonds regardless."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1t8six
|
how do some people eat a lot and still remain thin even without exercising? what exactly is a high metabolism? and why is obesity more common among the poor and less educated?
|
Does weight have a correlation to how intelligent a person is i.e., more brain power burns more calories?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1t8six/eli5_how_do_some_people_eat_a_lot_and_still/
|
{
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"text": [
"Not an answer to your question but an example of why some people don't gain any weight. My uncle has a thyroid problem, because of this he can't gain weight. He is 130 pounds and only eats sweets and fast food in huge portions all day everyday. He only drinks soda and coffee with about 70/30 ratio of sugary creamer he also does not exercise Even with medication from a doctor he is unsuccessful at gaining weight I think it's awesome but feels hes too small for his height (about 5'11)",
"The brain does burn a fairly substantial amount of calories, although I'm not aware of any correlation between intelligence and weight.\n\n > And why is obesity more common among the poor and less educated?\n\nEating properly can be expensive, and the less educated may not know how or be tricked by the millions of \"lose 50 lbs today!\" scams.",
"Healthy food is generally more expensive than fast-food.\nYep.. the future is looking bleak :("
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2nuva7
|
how does a little person carry a baby full term with no complications and give birth?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2nuva7/eli5_how_does_a_little_person_carry_a_baby_full/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmh7qa2"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"By having smaller babies.\n\nBaby size tends to scale with the size of the mother, and is largely independent of the size of the father."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
dwc084
|
we were taught white reflects all the light while colored items only part of the spectrum. why are neon colors still more visible in dark?
|
In Hungary they're called neon colors, but I don't know for sure if it is the right term in English. I'm specifically thinking safety vests like policemen use.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dwc084/eli5_we_were_taught_white_reflects_all_the_light/
|
{
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"text": [
"An orange colored vest reflects less light than a white one. However, it is more noticeable: A white vest might be mistaken for white snow or fog. But this is really more meant for daytime, where there is plenty of sunlight.\n\nFor the nights, these vests have so called [retroreflectors](_URL_0_). That is a material with tiny pyramid shaped mirrors built into it, which always reflect light back to where it came from. So if the headlights of a car shine onto the vest, it will light up for the driver of the car.",
"The term you're looking for is [fluorescent](_URL_2_). \n\nThe definition of a fluorescent material is that it absorbs electromagnetic radiation (light) of a particular frequency, and emits light of a lower frequency. \n\nThe magic bit comes if you shine UV light at a fluorescent material. UV or ultraviolet light is beyond the highest visible frequencies of light, so to us, it's invisible. But fluorescent materials take that light, drop it down and re-emit it at lower frequencies, making it visible. That's how those graphics work in dark environments, and it's also how 'day glow' paint works [like on this van](_URL_1_). The vivid yellow pigment reflects light as normal, but it also converts UV light in the air to visible light which makes the whole thing brighter than it should be.\n\n\"Hi-vis\" [fluorescent vests](_URL_0_) also use this same principle to make them super visible. For night time (when there's no light, UV or visible to activate the fluorescent pigment) they have reflective strips to make them visible. During the day though, the vividness is down to fluorescence."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroreflector"
],
[
"https://images.promotionsonly.com.au/hires/hi-vis-fluorescent-vest.jpg",
"https://www.vinylwrap.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/19764663_312169462528363_157870306172600320_n-540x272.jpg",
"http://www.tripleviewart.com/catalog/images/IMG_2745.jpg"
]
] |
|
6t04d5
|
how does chirality work if there are no absolute directions?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6t04d5/eli5_how_does_chirality_work_if_there_are_no/
|
{
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"text": [
"Molecules with *chirality* are asymmetrical in some way. The details differ greatly since molecules are incredibly diverse. There are a variety of components that exist in 3d space that can be arranged, flipped, twisted, or curved in different ways. Many molecules are simple enough that they do not have alternatives, but molecules can contain dozens or even hundreds of atoms.\n\nA good example would be two gloves. No matter how you rotate or flip a left-handed glove it will never be a right-handed glove",
"Look at your hands.\n\nYour hands are both very similar, almost to the point where your left hand is a mirror image to the right hand.\n\nObviously trying to grip something with your right hand is different from gripping something with your left hand.\n\nIf you try to shake someones hand with your own, only one hand will really fit. You can shake a persons right hand with your own left hand without it becoming awkward.\n\nYour fingers on your right hand bend counterclockwise and the ones on your left hand clockwise. You can rotate your arm 180° to make your fingers turn the other way, but then your thumb will be on the bottom instead of the top.\n\nThe same holds true for most 3d structures that aren't symmetric in respect to mirroring.\n\nThere are many molecules that you mirror and get an almost identical molecule. No amount of turning and twisting will give you one from the other. They are as different as your right hand and your left hand.\n\nMany molecules that interact with these molecules will do so selectively, like a handshake. This means that while chemical formula and everything is identical the way they interact with some other molecules is not.\n\nThese molecules can have two different chiralities."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1jiez7
|
multithreading - computer architecure and software.
|
I've read the [wiki](_URL_0_) on software multithreading, but am left with more questions than I started with. How does multithreading work? Does each processing thread relate to an available thread on the CPU? How many available threads would a CPU have, if say it was a quad core i7 with HyperThreading? Use [this cpu](_URL_1_) as an example.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jiez7/eli5_multithreading_computer_architecure_and/
|
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"Hyper threading and multithreading are two different things. \n\nmulti threading is the act of assigning cores to a process type, or, if the programmers really care, any particular thread. So, for eg, in a video game, they typically make the games logic process on core 0 and physics on core 1. Sound and I/O probably on core 3 or 4. \n\nHyper threading is a feature that allows a core to transform unused potential in to a \"logical\" core (pretend core ran by the parent core) which allows for a higher degree of multicore potential, meaning s multithreaded app programmed to use more than 4 cores becomes WAY faster. \n\nBasically nothing uses more than even 2 or 3 cores except professional applications and very well programmed video games, so the feature is pretty useless in most cases. \n\n**ediit: typing on phone. Too lazy to correct minor grammatical errors.**",
"The first place you should start is to learn how [multitasking](_URL_0_) works:\n\nImagine a single core, single CPU computer system. Such a system can only do one thing at a time, yet it can run multithreaded applications with ease. How is this possible?\n\nOne way is for the operating system to decide which thread gets to execute at which time. If my program has five threads, then maybe it will let thread 1 run for a few milliseconds, then let thread 2 run, then thread 3, etc. Such a simple scheme might be called \"round robin\" multitasking.\n\nOperating systems like Unix and later versions of Windows use [preemptive multitasking](_URL_0_#Preemptive_multitasking.2Ftime-sharing), which means that threads with higher priority trump those with lower priority, and threads that are blocked waiting for I/O don't get to run at all until their I/O is ready.\n\nOnce you have understood that, then it is easy to see how you extend this to multi-core multi-CPU systems. The OS simply has a pool of cores ready to do work, and a pool of threads ready to to be executed. It assigns the ready threads to available cores, sorted by priority, and if a thread blocks or a certain number of milliseconds go by, it suspends that thread and picks another ready thread from the pool to execute on that core.\n\nIt is a little more complicated than that, but that is the basic idea.\n\nAs /u/AFormidableContender said, HyperThreading just allows a single core to behave like two cores. As far as the OS is concerned, there are two cores... but on the chip itself there is only one core that is doing extra work whenever it has some free time.",
"* How many available threads would a CPU have ?\n\nTechnically CPUs don't have threads. CPUs have one or more cores. Each core may have one or more execution units. Threads are a software concept. The operating system can execute one or more threads on each of the cores. You can essentially run as many threads as you want however you will not get any speedup above the number of execution units that the CPU has, only improved responsiveness perhaps.\n\nFor example that 3770K has 4 cores and since it has hyperthreading each core has ~~more than one execution units~~ certain architectural elements duplicated, effectively leading to 8 virtual cores that the operating system sees. So if you have a task with a sufficient amount of parallelism you can split it into 4 threads and it will run 4 times faster. If you run it on 8 threads it won't go 8 times faster but it will run slightly faster than a quadcore without hyperthreading. Above that you can run it on hundreds of threads if you want but it will just keep making it slower.\n\n* How does multithreading work? \n\nOn each core of the CPU you have both the opearting system and one or more threads/processes running. After the operating system starts executing a thread it also sets a timer that will interrupt that thread shortly after and return control to the operating system. At this point the operating system can either continue running that same thread or switch to another thread that it has queued for the particular core. A thread/process can queue additional threads to be executed later. Multiple threads on the same core will keep getting switched between themselves, allowing a fair share of the computing resources for each, one doesn't have to wait until the other one finished, and this makes them more responsive to user input. Threads on different cores will actually execute at the same time, increasing performance.\n\nHope this helps :)."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multithreading_(software)#Multithreading",
"http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16819116501"
] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking#Preemptive_multitasking.2Ftime-sharing"
],
[]
] |
|
7dwyv4
|
what would happen to an aeroplane trying to land while there was an earthquake? would it have to wait until the earthquake has finished to land? or would it land anyway?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7dwyv4/eli5_what_would_happen_to_an_aeroplane_trying_to/
|
{
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"dq0ws1l"
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"text": [
"Unless it was an emergency landing, the pilot would have wait. It would have to wait to make sure the airport can handle landings, and to make sure there were no after-shocks. It may even have to fly to another airport depending on how strong the quake was and how much damage occurred to the airport/runway."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
68uts3
|
considering there has already been a synthetic alternative of palm oil produced, why have large consumers/companies not made the switch for the good of the planet?
|
[Synthetic alternative](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/68uts3/eli5_considering_there_has_already_been_a/
|
{
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"dh1gw4n"
],
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"text": [
"Because to the people that \"matter\" and have the power to change things, there's either more money in doing things the way that are done now, or converting will cost too much money in their opinion. To these people, having more money is more important than having a planet you can live on (stupid, I know). \n\nA lot of these companies also own or parent the manufacturing company. So in essence one company would own the plantations and the factories to make the palm oil. To switch to synthetic means that almost everything they have is now useless, they no longer need the plantations so the farming equipment is a write-off, and if the process to turn the raw materials into the end product is different, the people/machines involved in that process are write-offs as well. \n\nAnd finally, because the manufacturers won't make the switch, none of the consumers will either because we trust the big brand names (even though they are the last one's you should trust imo).\n\nIn the end it all comes down to $$$, and a healthy earth won't buy you that new Mercedes..."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://mancunion.com/2013/11/18/biology-team-wins-prize-for-synthetic-palm-oil/"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
6yijl7
|
how do people kayak or swim across oceans without...you know...dying.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6yijl7/eli5_how_do_people_kayak_or_swim_across_oceans/
|
{
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"dmnsrbx",
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"text": [
"Generally, the kayaks used are specifically designed for the trip- they are large enough to move around in, and contain things like navagational equipment, food/water, and space to sleep.",
"People who do long ocean swims have a support boat that follows them and carries supplies. They are ready to help if there is some emergency."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
69plmo
|
why do people on trial deserve the right to not incriminate themselves or not answer a question they're being asked?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/69plmo/eli5_why_do_people_on_trial_deserve_the_right_to/
|
{
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"dh8es2b",
"dh8ezhz"
],
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15
],
"text": [
"It is a protective measure to prevent the government from forcing you to confess to a crime that you did not commit. They cannot keep asking you if you did it over and over again, they cannot threaten you to give a confession, and they cannot torture you for a confession because you have the right tos simply not answer and they have to stop trying. ",
"The right to not incriminate yourself is important because the alternative is that a court could compel you to answer incriminating questions (questions where even explaining why you can't answer is incriminating).\n\n\"Compelling\" a person means forcing them, and that \"force\" was often torture. We don't like torture.\n\nBasically, what that right is saying is: \"Government, if you think I am guilty, you have to prove it in a court to a jury. You can't force me to help you find me guilty.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6kpk2w
|
how do sociologists draw the lines between baby boomers, gen x, gen y, and igen? what do these terms really mean and what are they useful for?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6kpk2w/eli5_how_do_sociologists_draw_the_lines_between/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djntq9u"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's not an exact science, and it's just some sociologist that coins the term and characterizes a generation with it. E.g. boomers are basically children of parents that experienced the Great Depression and WWII. They grew up in a world where pretty much every aspect of life got \"better\", and the adults all remember when it was a lot \"worse\". It says a lot about the kind of people they became, their outlook on the world, etc.\n\nThere's plenty of overlap between even the well-used terms."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
adk4hb
|
why is it so hard to tear plastic wrap or package, especially from the edge, but if you make a cut it immediately goes so easy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/adk4hb/eli5_why_is_it_so_hard_to_tear_plastic_wrap_or/
|
{
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"edhnnjq"
],
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43
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"text": [
"Polymers have a special property called viscoelasticity, which means they may strain elastically (elasticity) then flow (visco). \n\nIn a plastic wrap/package, the polymer molecules are arranged chaotically, as you start to pull they begin to arrange themselves into more organised \"lines\" so to speak.\n\nas for the hole - that's fracture mechanics. If you apply stress to something, cracks will concentrate at the tip. The closer you are to the tip of the cut, the more stress there is - and the easier it is to tear. Essentially once you've \"started tearing\", it becomes easier and easier.\n\nThat said, you will notice that just making a \"hole\" in plastic wrap isnt always enough. Sometimes a hole makes whole thing unwrap, and other times you need to make another hole. It all comes down to which \"strands\" of polymers you break. Sometimes you break them in a way that future stress you apply doesnt affect the \"tip of the hole\" as much.\n\nTo put it into simple terms, normally plastic stretches, but if you make a hole, that hole acts as a \"weakest link\" to start tearing before stretch has finished.\n\n\nRelevant: \n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2vfzkp/why_are_bags_of_chips_so_much_easier_to_rip_open/",
"https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/47522/why-does-plastic-tear-easier-when-you-pull-it-quickly"
]
] |
||
4rrr0c
|
why is the seed the spicy part of the pepper?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4rrr0c/eli5_why_is_the_seed_the_spicy_part_of_the_pepper/
|
{
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"d53ku0w"
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"text": [
"The seed isn't the spicy part of the pepper, it's the membrane *inside* the pepper that's spicy. Since the seeds are connected to the membrane, they get spicy oils on them & scraping them off often removes a bunch of that membrane so people erroneously believe that the seeds are spicy.\n\nWhy are peppers spicy? To stop most animals from eating them and digesting the seeds. Birds, OTOH, eat peppers because they *don't* taste the spice & seeds pass through their digestive systems unharmed. This means a bird flies away and spreads the seeds over a larger area than something like a squirrel would."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4qc8g6
|
is it better for your currency to be more valuable or less valuable?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qc8g6/eli5_is_it_better_for_your_currency_to_be_more/
|
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"text": [
"It depends on your economic strategy.\n\nIf you're a net importer you want your currency to be strong, so it is worth more when you're buying things.\n\nIf you're a net exporter you want it to be relatively weak, so your products are less expensive for your customers to buy.",
"There is no universal better. It all depends on what your economy depends on most.\n\nIf you have an economy that is mostly based on importing items from other countries, having a strong currency is great. It means you can get more for your money.\n\nIf you have an economy that is mostly based on exporting items to other countries, having a comparatively weaker currency is great. It means you are cheap for other countries, which can be the edge you need to get most of the trade. \n\nAs long as your currency is stable (as in, no great sudden changes) you will generally be fine. ",
"Depends on if you value import or export more. A stronger currency makes it cheaper to import goods but might damage your ability to sell to other countries, reverse with a weaker. ",
"A bitcoin costs 645 USD. A Japaneses yen costs .01 USD. That doesn't tell you much of anything about whether these currencies are worth owning (that is, if it would be smart to sell your Bitcoin for Yen, or anything like that). It's quite arbitrary.\n\nWhat does matter is if they're changing. If Bitcoin is going UP, you want to buy bitcoin. If it's going DOWN or an analyst tells you it's going to go down, you want to sell it. If there's a currency going up faster than Bitcoin, you might want to buy that instead.\n\nThink of it this way. I could just as easily tell you how strong the US penny is, as opposed to the US dollar... But a penny is one hundredth of a dollar. So if I have 100 dollars, that's exactly the same as if I have 10000 pennies. All the time. There's nothing to be said about how much a currency starts out as being worth."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
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|
1xaedw
|
why does e=mc2? more specifically, what does the speed of light have to do with the amount of energy in a given amount of matter?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xaedw/eli5_why_does_emc2_more_specifically_what_does/
|
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"text": [
"Einstein found this equation in his special theory of relativity. It's a consequence of the fact that in every reference frame the speed of light is the same. If you work out the equations for the energy on a system taking this into account you will find that the total energy of a body in motion is the sum of the kinetic energy (which classically we know as 1/2 mv^2) and a rest energy given by mc^2 (where m is the rest mass of the body). That means that something has energy just because it has mass, even if it is at rest. \n\nExactly what the result is saying is that mass and energy are the same thing.\n\nThis result is the basis of nuclear and particle physics because allows to convert particles into another particles of diferent mass (the most typical example is the transformation of a proton and a electron into a neutron and a neutrino. If you sum the mass of the resulting particles you don't get the sum of the initial masses, that means that some of the initial kinetic energy that activated the reaction was transformed into mass.\n\nThe question of what does mass-energy equivalence have to do with the speed of light is more tricky, but it essentially lies on the fact that mass and energy are not only equivalent, they are *equal* on a fundamental level. But we invented our units of measurements of energy and mass as diferent, so we need a constant of nature with velocity units (distance divided by time), and that is the speed of light. \nThere is something called natural units in which the constants of nature are equal to 1, and everything can be reduced to certain units. In this system the speed of light is c=1. Planck constant hbar is also 1. So E=mc^2 and according to quantum mechanics E=hbar f, where f is the frequency. So the units of energy are the same as the ones of mass, and the ones of frequency (so, in the international system of units it would be jules = kg = 1/s). But also the velocity has no units, so time has the same units as length, which means that energy has the same units as 1 over lenght. \nAnyway, now I'm rambling. ",
"The other posts have answered most of your question, but they're confusing about why it's the speed of light. To clarify, start with the equation E=mc^2 and ignore what c represents. In this case it's just a constant that scales mass in order to make it equivalent to the energy. \n\nNow, I can't figure out a way to explain this with any rigor that doesn't assume an understanding of special relativity, but what is actually happening is that the constant in that equation is what determines the speed that a particle that has zero mass will move in free space. Meaning that the speed of light is determined by the equation E=mc^2, not the other way around.\n\nEdit: For everybody wondering 'if m=0, does E=0?' (or anything related), scroll down. E=mc^(2) is not the general formula and that is explained a few ways below.",
"I know it's a bit lazy to just post a video link, but this one made it all clear to me. _URL_0_",
"I typed a really long post with the derivation of E=mc^(2), and then accidentally deleted it. So, fuck me.\n\nAnyway, mathematically it comes from the Lorentz factor. The Lorentz factor is a function that \"converts\" between frames of reference in relativity.\n\nYou've probably heard of time dilation. The idea is that if someone is moving really fast, what they measure as one second will seem longer to you because of how fast they're going. The formula for how we calculate the amount is:\n\nt = γt*_0_*\n\nt is the amount of time you measure, and t*_0_* is the amount of time they measure. γ is the Lorentz factor: written out fully, it's\n\nγ = 1/sqrt(1-v^(2)/c^(2))\n\nwhere v is the relative velocity between you and the other person. There's also a similar relationship for mass:\n\nm = γm*_0_*\n\nClassically, the expression for kinetic energy is:\n\nE = mv^(2)/2\n\nOr, using calculus (which is more formal and accurate):\n\nE = ∫v\\*dp\n\nWhere p=mv, the momentum. In relativity, though, m = γm*_0_*, so momentum is\n\np = γm*_0_*v\n\nAnd thus\n\nE = ∫v\\*d(γm*_0_*v)\n\nThat γ kicking around under the squiggly sign (it's an integral sign) has a c^2 in it, if you'll recall. What we're gonna end up with is\n\nE = γm*_0_*c^2 - E*_0_*,\n\nwhere E*_0_* is something we have to determine. When the object isn't moving, we should have E = 0, so\n\n0 = m*_0_*c^2 - E*_0_*\n\nand hence\n\nm*_0_*c^2 = E*_0_*\n\nSo, like I said, the c^2 came from the Lorentz factor. The reason it's in there is because the speed of light is the one thing in the universe that any observer, no matter their speed, will agree on.\n\nI don't think that, physically, you can really draw an intuitive connection as to how it pops up in the equations for energy. It's just how the math works, and the math is correct.",
"Not a whole lot of ELI5 here. Let me try.\n\n1) If I lob a baseball at you, it won't hurt when it hits you. If I throw a baseball at you really fast, it will hurt you. \n\n2) Everything that's physical is actually made up of energy. If you burn a piece of paper, it doesn't disappear, it just turns into light and heat and ash. (This would be the hardest part for a real 5-year-old to understand)\n\n3) If you smooshed a bunch of light together until it was a solid ball, and threw it at someone, it wouldn't matter how hard you threw it, because light always moves at the same speed, really fast, so it would hurt when it hit someone. \n\nSo, since everything is made of different kinds of energy, but not light energy, even things that don't look like they're moving could do things like explode if they were someone turned into their energy really fast. Usually this can only be done by scientists in a laboratory. Burning something only makes some things explode because usually burning something happens really slowly. Only certain kinds of energy will explode when burned, like the stuff in a bomb. (This part would probably freak out a real 5-year-old unless explained right, because now they think their book or their dog might explode)",
"If you're interested you should read \"Why Does E=mc^(2)?\" by Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw. It goes into just the right depth to understand *why* the equation is the way it is without over burdening you with irrelevancies while still going into the maths behind it all so you are convinced without taking assumptions that say \"it is the way it is because I said so!\".",
"ITT: People who understand what E=mc^2 means but not what ELI5 means.....\n",
"This has to do with the speed of light not really being a speed, or rather being *more* than just a speed. Within the theory of relativity, the speed of light is an equivalence between space and time, just like there is an equivalence between inches and centimeters. 1 in = 2.54 cm the same way 1 s = 2.99*10^8 m. To us space and time seem unrelated and utterly different, but in relativity they are one and the same and are related to each other by very specific rules. \n\nNow look at energy. It's hard to define exactly what energy is, but it is closely related to motion. It is essentially another relationship between space and time that accounts for mass and charge and other properties that make things move around. Mass that is present in space-time (all mass that exists) distorts the field somewhat giving rise to gravitation, and this distortion is directly related to its potential to move other masses through space over time. This means that in order to distort space-time enough to exist, it has to absorb and store some amount of energy for each unit of mass.\n\nIf this mass were to be destroyed somehow, say in a nuclear reactor, all the energy stored up by its existence must then be released.",
"When somebody kicks a ball at you it knocks you back. The heavier the ball, or the faster it is moving, the further it knocks you back. This knocking back is called momentum. The amount of momentum is actually the mass of the ball times its velocity. In scientific symbols this is **mv**.\n\nScientists have discovered that when you hit something with a beam of light it also gets knocked back a tiny, tiny amount. Even though light has no mass! They have measured the amount of this momentum and found it to be the energy of the light divided by the speed of light. In scientific symbols this is **E/c**.\n\nSo, we have two equations for momentum. mv for particles and E/c for light. \n\nIn 1906 Einstein realised there must be a connection between these two kinds of momentum. Something connecting E m c and v. After some very clever maths he managed to lose v and came up with E=mc^2",
"c is the maximum possible speed of any object in the universe. Energy can, according to it's units, be written as m*v^2. So basically, E=mc^2 means mass contains the maximum possible amount of energy possible to squeeze into it.\n\nEdit: Unlike most of the other posts I read here, I think this one might be understood by a 5 year old w/o giving a wrong impression.",
"Personally, I figured out what this equation means when I read somewhere that when atomic bombs are detonated only a few grams of matter produce that massive amount of energy (this matter is completely eliminated from existence). Any matter which is in motion contains some energy in it's movement; this is called kinetic energy which is related to the speed and mass of the object. When atomic particles are completely converted into energy (as in atomic bombs) they release the same amount of energy which is needed to accelerate an object of the same mass to the speed of light. So that when a gram of matter is destroyed the energy it releases would be able to accelerate another gram of matter to the speed of light. This basically is trying to say that matter itself contains enough nuclear energy to accelerate it self to the speed of light (but not further) ",
"This might get buried, but the book \"Why does E=mc2\" by Dr.'s Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw does and incredible job of explaining not only this, but breaking down exactly what the implications of this theory are. Its an incredibly easy read and breaks down very complex ideas into terms that just about anyone can understand. Highly Highly recommend it",
"I'll give you a brief overview of the derivation. It comes from the total relativistic energy. Starting with the relativistic momentum; P=(gamma)mu where gamma = 1/sqrt(1-(u/c)^2 ), m is the mass of the object, and u is the objects velocity. Using the work energy theorem we can find the kinetic energy of the object using dw=Fdx=(dP/dt)dx, and then integrating this equation with appropriate limits. \n\nIntegrating this gives K.E. = (gamma)mc^2 - mc^2. By adding mc^2 to the both sides we can see that (gamma)mc^2 which is the objects total energy is equal to the kinetic energy plus mc^2. (gamma)mc^2 = K.E. + mc^2.\n\nWhen the kinetic energy is zero, meaning the object has no velocity, gamma goes to one. Therefore the objects rest energy is mc^2. the factor of c^2 is just a result of integration.",
"_URL_0_\n\nThis helped explain the equation a bit in a simplified form. It does delve into antimatter.",
"I've read about half the threads, and almost everyone has missed the most important discoveries proposed by Special Relativity. I briefly mention the equation immediatley below, but will get to it in more detail at the bottom of this article. It is first important to understand how and why Einstein arrived at the equation.\n\nE=MC^2 is the equation Einstein proposed in his Theory of Special Relativity, which explains how to interpret motion between different inertial frames of reference — that is, places that are moving at \nconstant speeds relative to each other. Special Relativity was called \"Special\" because it only involved a special case of relativity: light - Einstein wanted to know what it was like to travel on a beam of light and what someone would experience. The other case of Relativity is General Relativity (see note below), which tried to figure out what creates gravity and resulted in the discovery of space-time. In other words, Special Relativity deals with stationary inertial frames while General Relativity deals with non-stationary inertial frames.\n\nIt was known during Einstein's time that light was invariant, which means to say that light moved at the same speed irrespective of an observers speed; light always travels at ~186,000 miles/sec or 300,000 km/sec; which is presented as C in Einstein's equation. NOTE: C is a function of time AND distance! The thought experiment that Einstein proposed was that if you were walking on a road at 15 mph, your speed was 15 mph. But, if you were walking 15 mph on a train that was going 40 mph then your speed was a combination of the two, meaning your speed is 55 mph. This assumes you were walking in the same direction as the train. if you were walking towards the back of the train, then your speed is 25 mph, relative to stationary person standing outside of the train. \n\nHowever, if one is moving on a train moving 40 mph and they take a flashlight and shine the light with the direction that the train is moving, light is still moving at a constant speed (~186,000 miles/sec) - it is not added to the speed of the train (i.e., ~186,040 miles/sec). Conversely, if one stood on the end of the train and shined the flash-light out the back of the train, the speed of light is the same (~186,000 miles/sec). What Einstein realized is that in order for light to remain a constant, then time had to change, or more specifically, the rate of time experienced by objects moving at different speeds was different! Thus, as a objects speed up, time slows down (referred to as time dilation). There was a secondary crux to this argument and that is as an object speeds up, its length is reduced, which is referred to as length contraction. Though, length contraction is beyond the scope of this explanation. None the less, time dilation and length contraction can be demonstrated with some simple Geometry using the Pythagorean Theorem - Gamma is introduced here. \n\nIn other words, moving clocks run slower and moving things contract in the direction they are traveling.\n\nSo, where does E=MC^2 come into play? Einstein's idea about time slowing down sounds fine in theory, but how can you be sure he's right? One way would be to hop in a rocket and travel near the speed of light. Yet everything we know about physics says we can't do that.\n\nWhy? Well, there's a good reason for this....\n\nAccording to Einstein's special theory of relativity, objects gain mass as they accelerate to greater and greater speeds. Now, to get an object to move faster, you need to give it some sort of push. An object that has more mass needs a bigger push than an object with less mass. If an object reached the speed of light, it would have an infinite amount of mass and need an infinite amount of push, or acceleration, to keep it moving. No rocket engine, no matter how powerful, could do this. In fact, as far as we know, nothing can exceed the speed of light.\n\nSo, Einstein wanted to know what it would take to accelerate to the speed of light. In doing so, he discovered the equivalency of mass to energy and realized that matter stores a breathtaking amount of energy. Sadly, we would destroy any object in an attempt to accelerate it to the speed of light due to the energy conversion. \n\nHence, it is impossible to travel at the speed of light. \n\nBelow are some weblinks that provide more reading material and videos on the matter.\n\nI hope this helps.\n\n_URL_0_\n_URL_2_\n_URL_4_\n_URL_1_\n_URL_5_\n_URL_3_\n\nNote: There is currently a huge push to reconcile General Relativity (the very big) to Quantum Mechanics (the very small) because the two currently cannot be used to explain each other. Every prediction made by Quantum Mechanics that has been tested in a lab has been verified to be true leading to Quantum Mechanics being referred to as the most accurate theory presented by the scientific community. Anyways, there is an exception to the statement that Quantum Mechanics and \nGeneral Relativity do not reconcile with each other and that is on the Event Horizon of a black-hole. Stephen Hawking proposed an equation that unifies Quantum Mechanics with General Relativity; the spontaneous blinking in and out matter and anti-matter on space-time (as I understand it) results in a black hole consuming the anti-matter particle and ejecting the normal matter particle. Considering black holes are made of normal matter, a normal matter particle is annihilated in a matter/anti-matter reaction, resulting in Hawking Radiation. This means that Black Holes are being evaporated! Hawking Radiation has yet to be discovered, but if it were then Stephan Hawking would win a Nobel Prize.\n",
"The equation states the equality of mass and energy. The factor of c² only appears because of our definition of meters and seconds, which comprises the unit of speed. Just imagine someone would have defined a meter by the distance light travels in a second and what you get is E=m. This is basically how it is done in particle physics, you just switch to another reference system in order to avoid writing c's all the time.",
"I don't know if we are allowed to post videos as answers but, [this video here](_URL_0_) answers your question perfectly in under 2 minutes"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnMIhxWRGNw"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.radiolab.org/story/122617-nothings-antimatter/"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rek7881OGRY",
"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/relativ/tdil.html",
"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/hotsciencetwin/",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U685DR19XyY",
"http://www.wikihow.com/Understand-E%3DMc2",
"http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/jw/module4_time_dilation.htm"
],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnMIhxWRGNw"
]
] |
||
9x5e4b
|
why does the flesh of an apple go brown fairly quick out in the open?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9x5e4b/eli5_why_does_the_flesh_of_an_apple_go_brown/
|
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"It's exposed to oxygen which activates enzymes (Things that break down parts of other things saliva for example contains a lot of enzymes and it breaks down food in your mouth) that turn it brown in the process. It mainly happens when the skin is not protecting the flesh as oxygen starts the reaction. ",
"Nutrition student who just did fruit browning in food science:\n\nIt's the activation of enzymes by exposure to the oxygen in the air! These enzymes turn phenols in the fruit into things called quinones. These quinones turn into melanin, a brown pigment.\n\nWays you can reduce this product:\n\nCook the fruit all the way through, this deactivates the enzymes. \n\nCover the fruit in acid. This reverses the process of the browning by turning the quinones back into phenols. This is why squeezing lemon juice onto cut apples works!",
"There is an organic compound found in apples and bananas called catechol (found in other fruits, too) that once reacted with oxide and an enzyme, catechol oxidase, produces a product called benzoquinone (and water) -- benzoquinone is the component that is responsible for the browning of apples and other fruits. \n\nThe enzyme, catechol oxidase, only facilitates that reaction and does not cause the browning of the fruits, itself. "
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
3vbwlf
|
why does smoke get a "stringy" appearance in relatively calm air instead of just dispersing evenly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vbwlf/eli5_why_does_smoke_get_a_stringy_appearance_in/
|
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"Hot air rises. Even \"calm\" air moves when there is fire / warmth involved, which creates currents. Very similar to dropping ink in water.",
"What makes you think calm air isn't stringy?\n\nEdit: Since explaining in the form of a question is not ok, calm air exhibits the same stringy behavior. You just can't see it.\n\nEdit 2: To elaborate further, the long, straight stringy mixing is what gets called laminar flow. If gasses flow past each other slowly or with sufficiently low shear force, they tend to stretch out like this. When the smoke gets more wavy or swirly or mushroom cloud like, you're starting to see turbulence in the flow, which is often described by something called a [Reynolds Number](_URL_0_). \n\nThe primary force pushing the mixing of your smoke with the rest of the air is usually temperature. If you put hot air below cold air, they try to trade places in a wonderfully chaotic manner that you usually cannot see. For the smoke, it's heated by the burning thing that made it like a cigarette or incense stick. If you are sitting in a room that's colder than you, you're probably warming the air around you and making a neat looking stringy stream of air rising off the top of your head. This is also happening around everything else in the room giving off heat like your TV, computer, cat, toaster, lights, chargers, refrigerator condenser coils, etc.\n\nIf you are smoking and exhale, the cloud looks different because you are pushing the air much more forcefully than the natural convection of the heat. This makes the flow much more turbulent and cloudy.",
"The stingy appearance might be laminar air flow, which is characterized by smooth even air flow. Since the smoke is initially a higher temperature then the surrounding air there is a pressure difference in the \"air current\", these tubes of different pressures are called stream tubes. Think of drawing a bunch of parallel lines. The smoke stays together because of this pressure difference, pressure is affected by temperature. As the smokey air cools the pressure differential becomes less and less, until finally it matches the surrounding air and breaks up into turbulent flow. \n\nsource: aerospace engineering student who smokes and has thought about this quite a bit.",
"The smoke must fight its way through the air pressure. Air pressure is different all over the place, and the smoke has a limited amount of energy, so the smoke must travel where it is able to travel, the areas of least pressure.",
"A lot of off-the-mark answers here. A large reason for the loss of laminar flow is actually due to Rayleigh-Taylor instability along all smoke-air interfaces, which is an instability that occurs due to a mismatch of densities [\"which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid\"](_URL_0_).\n\nThe ELI5 version of that is:\n\nIf you have [water on top of oil](_URL_0_#/media/File:HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif) (not oil on water!), you see crazy ripples as the water tries to push through the oil to get to the bottom. With rising smoke, you have column of hot air representing the oil, being surrounded by the atmospheric air (the water) trying to push its way in.",
"Diffusion is actually a pretty slow process. You can do the math and show that with nothing but diffusion, it takes days for a gas to diffuse through a room. Convection is a much faster process and that's much more directed, hence the behavior you see.",
"The trick here is that smoke is not a gas, or vapor. It is a [colloid](_URL_0_). Basically, smoke is a large number of very small solid particles suspended in the air. Thus, smoke does not act as a vapor, and expand into its volume, but as many particles. Therefore, it is affected by things like air currents, heat flow, etc. It just so happens that air flow is not uniform, especially around a source of heat, which is why you can see the smoke drawn out in wispy lines along with the air.",
"Because the buoyancy force is more dominant than the diffusion process in the beginning configuration.",
"To answer the original question: \n1. The flow has a 'stringy' appearance because it is initially laminar flow (i.e. parallel streamlines, i.e the fluid particles move parallel to each other) and is being driven upward by a density gradient (the hot smoky air is lighter than the cooler ambient air so it moves upward, similar to buoyancy) \n2. The flow does not evenly disperse because the time it takes for dispersion to occur (see Sutherland-Einstein relation) is long in comparison to the time in takes for the smoke to move upward due to the buoyancy force.\n\nSource: PhD student in Mechanical Engineering with a specialty in Fluid Dynamics ",
"Gas is never just static and motionless. Even in a closed environment at relatively consistent temperature, there's actually a lot going on. When warmer air mixes with cooler air, it makes thin, vertical vortices of swirling air. It's exactly what happens when a tornado forms, though on a much smaller scale. Inside at room temperature, it's completely imperceptible to people, but it's there. \n\nSmoke makes those strings because of those vortices forming in the air that's carrying the smoke.",
"ELI5 is better than Wikipedia. I think we should create a website with the information we have here.",
"If you want a visual of what is going on, I think this does a decent job.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nFrom my understanding, the flow begins laminar and after the smoke moves through the air which is not perfectly still itself, the smoke begins to transition into turbulence. The pressure differences and Reynolds number drive this I think.",
"The smoke is hot, therefore it is lighter than the air around it, therefore there is a strong buoyancy force pushing it upwards, in the same fashion as a bubble of air travels upwards in water even as it slowly expands.\n\nThe tendency of the smoke to dissipate in all directions is driven by the tendency of its molecules to mix with the adjacent molecules constituting air; this tendency is called diffusivity. Although this is also happening, the effect is overwhelmed by the strong upward buoyancy, and hence you see a thin plume of smoke. \n\nOnce the smoke has travelled a certain distance, it transitions to a much-studied but not-well-understood flow regime called turbulence, in which the flow generally tends to travel as a consequence of the aggregate motion of lots of chaotic eddies and swirl. As you would expect, all this eddying and swirling increases the all-directional diffusivity of the smoke, and since the smoke has also been cooling (the buoyancy is no longer as strong), the smoke begins to form a wider plume.",
"1. hot combustion gases carrying particulates (smoke) are less dense\n2. less dense gas rises because gravity\n3. the physics that would cause the smoke to \"disperse evenly\" (diffusion) are acting slowly compared to the speed at which the gases are rising (convection)\n4. check out what happens when gravity doesn't act; a diffusion flame (disperses evenly) at 1:25. \n_URL_0_",
"Related, and much simpler, can someone ELI5 what the fuck smoke is? I mean with regard to state of matter and all? In my mind (and this is a term I just kindof use to describe my theory) it's basically a gaseous colloid but I could be totally off. Is smoke a gas or a solid? Or something totally separate? What's the deal?",
"Now if you want to see something cool, look for a video showing a \"flame over\".\nDuring firefighter training we sat in a shipping container designed for a specific purpose: you sit to one side, they light material on fire and as the smoke gets thick and come down like a ceiling you start seeing long snakelike flames travel slowly like an animal through the air as it consumes heated gassed. Kind of eerie, but awesome."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93Taylor_instability",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93Taylor_instability#/media/File:HD-Rayleigh-Taylor.gif"
],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl75BGg9qdA"
],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zdD7lfB0Fs"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
4f9nkv
|
after baking food in the oven, why does cooking oil seem to appear underneath the baking foil when there are no perforations in the foil?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4f9nkv/eli5_after_baking_food_in_the_oven_why_does/
|
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"Aluminium foil is not going to be permeable to cooking oil. You can test this yourself by making a foil bowl with no holes in it and sticking it in the oven and just cooking that for a while.\n\nEither you have holes in your foil or it is leaking over the sides. In either case, oil under the foil will tend to spread out and coat the underside of the foil."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
dvwb6p
|
for people smoking for the same amount of time, why can some quit more easily than others?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dvwb6p/eli5_for_people_smoking_for_the_same_amount_of/
|
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"The part that makes smoking hard to quit is more than the nicotine dependence. I had a really hard time quitting a few months ago because my fiance didn't quit. Smoking is a very social activity, because there are only so many places to smoke. So standing next to a lit cigarette and trying to control yourself just makes the urge to start again even stronger. And thus the cycle continues. P1 quits, P2 doesn't. P1 starts, P2 quits, etc.",
"Some people’s biology causes their brains to develop a stronger attachment to addictive substances than others. Everybody is different along with their reactions to chemicals and compounds. However your strategy of quitting also plays a factor in your success. Some people quit with the help of special patches or gum while others can just put it down and never pick it back up again.",
"Its not just the nicotine. The habit itself is addictive. Having a morning coffee with a cigarette, lighting up as you get in the car, there are a myriad of little actions connected with it. Often you have to change your entire routine to prevent a craving which makes it even harder. At work most smokers have a smokers buddy who join you, it gives you a break from the desk and you go puff up a storm somewhere with some conversation. In social environments it is a good place to find like minded people and especially for more introverted people, gives you a conversation starter and something to do with your hands.\n\nI call it my crutch, I'm dreadful in large social environments and I can connect with a fellow smoker and have an instant buddy for the whole evening without any effort. It's also an escape hatch, if you see something you'd rather not be around, you pop out for some \"fresh air\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
95nw86
|
front wheel drive, rear wheel drive, all wheel drive: how do these impact the way a car moves, and why would one be more preferred than the others?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/95nw86/eli5_front_wheel_drive_rear_wheel_drive_all_wheel/
|
{
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"text": [
"Rear wheel drive is better for performance, since the force of quick acceleration pushes weight toward the rear tires to improve grip, it's easier to push than pull, and because the tires doing the propelling aren't the ones doing the turning. However, at slow speeds, rear wheels have less traction since weight is typically toward the front (engines weigh a lot). So front wheel provides better traction in snow/wet conditions, but has issues if you accelerate and turn at same time. AWD is the best because it has benefits of front and rear wheel drive, shifting power as needed to compensate for loss of traction."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1f5j1s
|
what is always-on drm and why is it "bad?"
|
I get that it has to do with piracy or something similar, but what is it exactly?
EDIT: Thanks to everyone who answered, I finally get what all the hub-bub is about.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1f5j1s/eli5_what_is_alwayson_drm_and_why_is_it_bad/
|
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"It means that in order to play games you have to be always connected to the internet. If your connection is crappy, then you'll not be able to play at all, not even singleplayer games. ",
"DRM means digital rights management, basically the company making sure that only the people who paid for the game can play the game. Seems fair right? Why would they let people play it if they pirated it?\n\nThe issue arises when we look at the implementation. Some early DRM was simple serial number programs, but people can get around that by sharing serial numbers. Later on, companies started making it so you had to be connected to the internet when you installed the game to properly register it with their servers, but people were able to get around that. \n\nA recent technique that companies have started using is called \"always on\". That means that to use that game or software, the computer needs to be consistently connected to the internet. The software would verify every couple of seconds with the verification server to see if your game is registered. If the verification server suddenly says \"no, the game isn't registered. they didn't pay for it!\", then your game shuts down.\n\nThe real issue comes up when you think about WHEN people will be using this game. They're not going to be always in the comfort of their own home when they want to play. What if the internets down? What if they're on the road on a laptop? There's no way for the game to verify with the main server then, so they won't be able to play.\n\nThats what people find wrong with it.",
"DRM is a lock that keeps things from working unless you are the owner and you are allowed to use it. The problem with DRM is that it can make mistakes - people who want to steal things find ways around DRM, and people who paid for the things are sometimes blocked if the DRM isn't sure. The people who sell things say that they need DRM to make things harder to steal, and the people who buy things generally don't fight them on it.\n\nAlways-on DRM is more complicated, and expensive for both sides. More things can go wrong with it, and for some people it won't work at all."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
1bhth1
|
why do different countries spell different words differently? (color and colour as an example)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bhth1/eli5_why_do_different_countries_spell_different/
|
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"text": [
"English was a language for a long time before getting standardized.\n\nThe oxford English dictionary spelt one way, the Webster another, one became standard in England, the other in the US, thus different spelling.",
"In the early 1800s, a man called [Noah Webster](_URL_0_) had a vision, which was to simplify the spelling of the English language. As part of this vision, he decided to remove the \"u\" from the word \"colour\", and to reverse the \"re\" in the word \"centre\", as well as changing many other words.\n\nHe started writing his own dictionary, which he completed in 1825, and published in 1828. Webster's Dictionary has been the standard in the USA ever since. However, in the UK, we still use the old spellings."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Webster"
]
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||
amkgje
|
how does being in the sun make you feel physically uncomfortable and feel hot? what’s actually making someone feel hot
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/amkgje/eli5_how_does_being_in_the_sun_make_you_feel/
|
{
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"text": [
"Sun emits a spectrum of electromagnetic waves that we can detect, for example visible light. The heat is carried by the part of em spectrum called infra red. So basically we can't see infra red, but our bodies can feel those waves in the form of feeling the heat."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1tjiz2
|
what make our voices sound different and what do "good" singers/voices have that "bad" singers/voices don't, assuming they aren't tone-deaf?
|
I've taken music lessons since I was a little kid over 15 years ago and as much as I love singing, I have a pretty terrible voice for it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1tjiz2/eli5_what_make_our_voices_sound_different_and/
|
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"It really boils down to the tone and color of someone's voice, which is the result of the quality of their vocal chords. With other instruments, the quality of the sound is dependent on how the instrument is built, i.e. a $1000 guitar will sound better (in general) than a $150 guitar. If an excellent guitarist plays a song on a $200 Squier guitar/amp kit, the melody and rhythm might be fine, but the tone will be off. The difference with your voice is that you can't go out and buy a better voicebox, so no matter how good you get at pitch control, vibrato, air support, etc., you will always be \"playing\" on the instrument you were born with.",
"There's a lot that goes into it, like air support and posture and singing with the right dynamics, but something that my choral director stresses the most is the way you sing each word. Vowels are the best sounds to keep on pitch, so you have to keep your words really rounded and vowel-y. A lot of languages like Italian, Latin, and English (with an English accent) stress their vowels pretty well, which is why in classical singing or opera, you hear alot more of those languages/accents and you barely ever see any classical songs sung in an American accent, or other more consanant-laden languages/accents. ",
"As with most qualitative aesthetic judgements, there are multiple factors at play. The single biggest factor in the perception of \"good\" vs. \"bad\" voices (or art of any kind, really) is received social tradition. For voices, there are two main traditions - that of art (\"classical\") music, and folk music (essentially everything else). What's considered \"good\" or \"beautiful\" in one is not always the same in the other. This is why no one would want to hear Beyonce sing opera, or Pavarotti sing bluegrass.\n\nWithin the art music tradition, a fairly rigorous rubric is applied for \"good\" vs. \"bad\" voices. Having had years of training in this field, I can say that it almost always takes that - years of training - to achieve the vocal strength and control needed to be considered \"good.\" This isn't always the case; occasional natural prodigies do break through, but they rarely have long careers in art music, for one reason or another.\n\nFolk music is much more lenient, and sometimes actual vocal quality has little to do with it, because these artists are oftentimes creating their own new music, or performing new music written by others. Again, different voices are suited to different things. What works for Bob Dylan doesn't work for Katy Perry, and vice versa. Someone with a great metal voice would sound terrible singing other things.\n\nScientifically, there are reasons that one person might have a natural gift over another. A primary reason is how well a given person's voice produces overtones. The combination of overtones is what creates the tone color of a voice, and what makes one voice sound different from another.\n\nOn a personal note: don't fret! Love of singing and lots of practice can go a long way. I personally believe that there are very few people who \"can't sing.\" Some people have to work much harder to realize their potential, but it is almost always possible. You're probably also your own worst critic, which is true of most things. If you've taking formal lessons for a long time and a very discouraged, it may be time for a different teacher. [NATS](_URL_0_) is an excellent resource for finding great teachers. ",
"Here's an explanation from an engineer. I have done a little bit of work in speech processing. \n\nThe simple answer, is that everyone hears differently. I love bands where the lead signer is a guy who sings near falsetto like \"Coheed and Cambria\" or \"Mars Volta.\" However some of my friends refer to them as screeching vampire bats or nails on a chalkboard.\n\nBut virtually 99% of the world agrees that Michael Buble has a great voice? What makes his voice so great? Let's try deduce why he sounds so good mathematically. The human voice is generally modeled using a series of tubes. In speech we have two key elements, the pitch frequency and formants. \n\nThe pitch frequency describes what we know as \"notes\" or \"tones\" on a keyboard. If someone sings an A4, the pitch frequency is 440 Hz. The pitch period, the inverse of the pitch frequency, is 2.27 milliseconds. This means that when you sing an A4, your vocal chords are vibrating in a pattern that repeats every 2.27 milliseconds. \n\nFormants are natural frequencies in speech that describe why languages sound the way they do. All languages are made up of phonemes, the most basic units of language. I believe there is something like 122 possible phonemes in every human language. Each phoneme has its own unique formants. For example, in the English language, the phoneme \"aw\" has a large formant near 500-750 Hz. The phoneme \"ah\" has a large formant near 750-1250 Hz. \n\nThis might be a little past ELI5, but the Fourier Transform describes that an infinite sum of sinusoids in the time domain, can be used to represent an equivalent signal in the time domain. Why is the important? It means that our vocal chords can vibrate at the tone A4 (440 Hz), as well as 500-750 Hz \"aw\" tone simultaneously. No we can finally get on to why one voice sounds better than another?\n\nIt is a rather complex answer, but we can definitely state some attributes that will lead to a good voice. \n\n1) How well can some sustain their pitch frequency?\n2) Do the pitch frequency and formants cause constructive or destructive wave cancellations? \n3) How many harmonics of the pitch period are present? (harmonics are naturally repeating octaves that become weaker as they increase in frequency)\n4) How stiff or loose are the person's vocal chords? This could allow them to sing lower or higher notes but with less accuracy\n\nThat's my two cents. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"Also, why is it that others find my singing voice to sound great yet I think it sounds god awful",
"As a vocal teacher I believe timbre and colour, i.e what makes a voice sound rich or mellow or tinny, is largely the result of mouth shape/tongue position and where the sound is 'placed'. A good teacher should be able to take a vocal student through the basics of breathing, support and pitch control but should also be able to help a student understand the entire range of their instrument and show them how the voice can change. For example, a music theatre soprano has a very different sound to a bel canto soprano but a female (or male) with that range should be able to produce both (see Kristin Chenoweth in 'the girl in 14g') \n\nIf your teacher is not helping you find different colour in your voice I suggest you change teachers because I strongly believe that anyone can learn to sing beautifully. remember however that it is generally the individual colour and imperfections in the voice that we love because that's what makes it unique. If you can't find a teacher to help you change the colour of your voice, record yourself and experiment until you find it yourself, try and mimic voices you love to see how they do it. ",
"Most of how you sound comes down to muscle control. Some people intuitively know how to produce a very pleasing sound (which can mean all manner of things - opera vs folk vs rock). Other people have to work at it a whole lot.\n\nLet's look at sound. What is sound? We talk about it in terms of frequencies - how quickly things wiggle back and forth. \"Noise\" is when you have a bunch of random frequencies all happening at once. You can't say noise has a note (like the kind represented on sheet music or by a key on the piano). A pure tone is a single frequency (you rarely hear this in the natural world). Most sounds that are not noise are a combination of frequencies. If it sounds naturally pleasing to us, it's probably what we call a \"harmonic stack\" - the frequencies in the sound are mathematically related in that they're whole number multiples of each other. When you talk, you naturally produce some kind of harmonic stack.\n\nPart of what makes people sound different is that they can control the muscles that [effect](_URL_0_) sound production to create different sets of frequencies at once, and put different amount of power in each frequency present in the sound you produce. That is, it's possible to change which frequencies are present in your voice, and among the ones that are present it's possible to adjust how loud each one is relative to the others. You can't quite do it as precisely as an audio engineer operating a slider board, but you do have control over it. Part of vocal training is learning some rough way to control those aspects to get a desired result.\n\nIn vocal training, you also hear a lot about where you place your voice in your body (\"head voice\" vs \"chest voice\"). I really don't know the mechanism on this, but when changing this, you feel your voice resonate in your head vs in your chest. This resonance location within your body can also affect sound quality. This is also a matter of training (which some people also are more naturally good at).\n\nSo basically, almost anyone can learn how to sing well, but for some it comes much easier than others. It comes down to very finely tuned control of your vocal production apparatus.",
"Basically, 'good' singers have complete control over their breath and their tone quality. The breath is controlled by muscles in the trunk, and the tone is controlled almost exclusively in the head. The throat should be relaxed and free to do what feels right; 100% free of tension if possible. Someone who sings well can fully express the words they're saying while singing all the notes required. Bad singers force out notes and words to a rhythm. If someone can sing the way they feel is right for them and is able to express themselves through their music I would consider them to be a good singer. \n\nIf you're looking for advice on how to improve, start with learning everything you can about how to breathe for singing. People who have complete control over their breath are, generally, the better singers. ",
"As a longtime musician who's only recently really begun taking singing seriously, I can say the biggest thing with 'good' singers (something I realize as I get better anyway) is that they can hear themselves objectively, know what sounds better and what sounds worse, and have control over their voice enough to make the positive changes they need to. Sometimes you need to sing a little 'deeper', sometimes you need a little vibrato, sometimes you need a little grit. Can you make those sounds happen the way you want them to sound? It takes control, and that comes with experience and experimentation (aka practice). My advice: record yourself often and always think 'how can I make this better?'. Don't just try to justify your voice because then you ignore your weaknesses. Same goes for any skill.",
"ELI5 answer:\n\nthe voice is a muscle, train it and it will be strong, forget about it and it will be weak. ",
"Vocal pedagogy MM student here. Most of what I've seen in this thread is good information, but I wanted to put in my two cents.\n\nYour voice has three main parts, just like a wind instrument.\n1. Something to start the sound (your breath)\n2. Something that vibrates to actually create the sound (the larynx)\n3. A resonator for the sound (your pharynx/throat and mouth, sometimes nasal cavities)\n\nThe breath initiates the sound, the vibrating object creates the sound, and the resonators affect the quality of the sound. So essentially, the way that your pharynx and oral cavity is shaped determine the way that your voice sounds. Trained singers have learned how to manipulate the shape and size of their resonators to create the most aesthetically beautiful sound for the genre that they're singing. Of course, learning how to manipulate 1 and 2 affect 3 and all contribute to the sound of your voice, but it's the resonators that contribute most to timbre.\n\nFor example, in classical/bel canto style singing, achieving the \"singer's formant\" is ideal, which is a peak of frequencies (occurring between 2800-3200Hz depending on the voice type) which gives the voice a ring in the sound and helps to be heard over an orchestra. We're not really sure where this comes from yet, but some pedagogues have pinpointed the laryngeal tube (the space between your vocal folds and the top of your larynx) as the source of the singer's formant. So if your laryngeal tube isn't in the right proportions, you may not physically be able to create a singer's formant.\n\ntl;dr: Your anatomy ultimately determines the sound of your voice and what it's capable of.",
"I think the misconception is that people are stuck with the singing voice they've got. When I first started, I sounded awful, like cut your ears off and burn em- but after a couple years of practicing I have greatly improved to the point where I am singing in a band and considering making a career in music. It's all about finding your style and focusing on being the best in said style- whatever it is\n\nOh, and feel free to check out some of my acoustic stuff _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://nats.org"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://xkcd.com/326/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.reverbnation.com/alexjuliancountry"
]
] |
|
3gp0p6
|
why wouldn't betting double your last bet every time and restarting every time you win, on roulette work?
|
Suppose you had an unlimited amount of money and chose too donate all winnings to charity x. You start by betting 50 dollars, if you lose you double your bet (100,200,400,800,1600,3200....) and try again until you win, at which point you start again. Why would you not raise huge amounts of money for charity x.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3gp0p6/eli5_why_wouldnt_betting_double_your_last_bet/
|
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"The reason it wouldn't work is because there's a maximum allowed bet at any table. The house doesn't let you bet as much as you want because if you win they have to be able to afford to pay it.\n\nLet's suppose the maximum bet is $3200. If my calculations are correct, then 63/64 times you play, you'd win $50 total. However, there'd be a 1/64 hance that you'd lose *everything* meaning $12700 total, and you couldn't keep doubling your bet.\n\nThe other reason this doesn't work is that for someone who does have an \"unlimited amount of money\", or enough money to be sure they'd win, this isn't a very good return on their investment. Every time they \"play\" they'd have to spend up to thousands of dollars but only win $50.\n",
"Apart from what /u/dmazzoni pointed out, betting on color gives you back double, but the winning chances are slightly below 50% (because of Zero). So you have a chance of 18/37 (48,6%) for each color to win and 1/37 for zero.",
"Fundamentally, the people who design casino games are very good at math. If you ever think you've found a loophole, you are most likely wrong. It is possible to get lucky, but it's also true that the betting odds *always* favor the house.\n\nIn roulette, the common assumption is that betting on red or black yields 1:1 odds, but that's not quite true. The casino has one or more \"house numbers\" such as 0 or 00 which do not count as red or black. Because of this, the odds favor the house.\n\nThe prudent assumption with casinos is that you are always more likely to lose. In any circumstance where that's not true, the casino will either stop offering that game or end up going out of business.",
"Assume for a moment the scenario where you stop after losing X times in a row. If X becomes one bigger, the chances on that happening halve, but the losses also double.\n\nIf X grows to infinite, the chance becomes small, but not zero, while the losses grow to infinite.\n\nAssuming your infinite stack of money doesnt grow, then the losses will become more then your amount of money for some X. While the chances are astronomically low, it can happen. And the losses are so huge that if winning and losing are both a 50% chance, then: the chance of lossing times losses equals the chance of winning times winnings (winning is always 50 bucks in your example).\n\nIf your stack of money does grow faster than that you can gamble it away, why not just give some of it directly to a charity?\n\nSo it only works because you do not have to stop after a number of losses. \nTldr: infinite is weird.",
"I actually did this for one of my senior papers. Basically, my idea was to figure out what amount of money would I need to start with to have a 95% chance of not going bust over 1000 spins of the roulette table. \n\nSo, 95% confidence requires like $25k. So, over 1000 spins 95% of the time you'll win, somewhere in the neighborhood of $475. But, 5% of the time you'll lose $25k. \n\nNot really worth it.... ",
"Basically you don't consider a loss by replacing it with an infinite recursion. However with finite amounts of money to spend you can loose money",
"The bottom line is it only works in theory, with an unlimited supply of funds and an unlimited max bet, because the more you play the more likely you are to lose everything you have. Doubling every time increases the bet size extremely quickly.\n\nAt $50, 5 losing bets in a row = $800 (odds 1/28)\n\n10 losing bets in a row = $25,600 (odds 1/784)\n\n15 losing bets in a row = $819,200 (odds 1/21,964)\n\n20 losing bets in a row = $26,214,400 (yes that's $26million) (odds 1/615,123)\n\n25 losing bets in a row = $838,860,800 (odds 1/17,226,739)\n\nThe odds are based on a standard roulette wheel with a single zero, giving a 51.35% chance of losing each spin.\n \n32 losing spins in a row would lose $107billion, which even Bill Gates couldn't cover. \n\n**edit**: I made a mistake in how I wrote this out, I was working out what your stake would be on the *n*th spin. So on the 5th spin your bet would be $800, but after losing that you would've lost $1550. The odds of losing x number of spins are correct, though.",
"Some reasons have been posted here, including the top one, are wrong.\n\nIts got nothing to do with a maximum bet, though casinos do have a maximum bet that isn't the reason this is a losing proposition\n\nIt doesn't work because each bet is a losing bet. If one bet every became a 'winning bet' then they would all be winning bets. The same bet made 'down the line' or in the future doesn't become profitable. That's the theory answer, every pot made on a roulette table is a losing bet, regardless of what bets were made before it or after it, or next to it for that matter. \n\nThe practical answer is much in the same. You will eventually lose a staggering amount of money that will send you broke, it will happen, despite the astronomical odds they seem to be.\n\nA person not familiar with gambling may see something like \"if you lose 20 times in a row...\" and think well I'll never lose 20! times in a row, so this will work nearly all the time. That's the thing, NEARLY, all the time, and the time it doesn't you will be giving all of your early profits back and more. \n\nSome people like to then say, well if I had unlimited amount of money then I could get it work just once. The answer to that is, in a world where an unlimited amount of money is a thing, a never ending losing streak is also a thing. "
]
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[
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|
1l7ot9
|
why is there such a widespread dismissal of abstract art as being "easy" or "stupid" by mainstream society?
|
I don't understand why everyone hates on the likes of Mondrian and Pollock. And why every conversation (at least on Reddit) that even vaguely touches on the idea of expressionism or, really, abstraction in general, will include the remark "like, dude, you just don't get it, it's art," all snarky-like, made by someone with a limited breadth of knowledge of the art world, in a clearly condescending, patronizing tone, directed at someone attempting to articulate the nuances of splatter paintings or post-impressionistic works. I'm not necessarily a huge advocate for abstract art, but this sort of consensus seems so wrong to me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1l7ot9/eli5_why_is_there_such_a_widespread_dismissal_of/
|
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"In general the value of anything is based on the average person's ability to reproduce it. Dirt is not valuable because you can just walk outside and pick some up for free. A car is valuable because very few people could make a car by themselves from objects they could obtain cheaply. An amazing piece of art like a very detailed sculpture or a lifelike painting is valuable because most people could not make one for themselves. \n\nSo with abstract art, the perception (not necessarily the reality) is that yeah, my kid made something with crayons that looked very much like that. So we don't place much value on it because we suspect we could do it ourselves cheaply if we were so inclined.",
"I think it's because abstract art suffers from two major barriers to ever being appreciated or accepted by the majority of people:\n\n* It is difficult to understand: Even early modernist abstract art like Guernica is something that can be understood by someone with little to no formal education in art. Post-modern abstract artwork seems like complete and utter nonsense to someone who isn't an artist (and frankly to some who are).\n\n* It is difficult to explain properly: Try to explain a Picasso to a mechanic and then try to explain a Pollock to a mechanic. Mechanics can honestly be pretty smart people but there's a pretty good chance you will completely fail to explain the Pollock while you'll do much better with the Picasso. That is because the symbolism in the Picassos are recognizable. The nuance and symbolism in a post-modern abstract work will be completely alien to anyone who isn't a post-modern abstract artist them self. Everything you say to them will sound to them like you're just making things up off the top of your head. My mother is an artist and art educator and I still get that sense whenever someone tries to talk to me about the abstract pieces. I kind of get them, but I feel like I'm missing a lot and because of that some of the explanation sounds like something someone made up.\n\n\nIn this sense abstract pieces are a bit like the 'inside jokes' of the art world. It isn't that they're jokes themselves (although they can be), but it's this sense that only an art 'insider' will really 'get' the piece. There is a fairly high barrier to access in order to fully understand the point of a Mondrian. To most people it just looks like colored squares, and the explanations never sound very convincing without a significant amount of background knowledge.\n\n\nEdit: Just to add an example, I've chosen an article on Mondrian. This is from [Yahoo](_URL_0_).\n\nHere is a paragraph from an attempt to explain Mondrain to a lay-person.\n\n > Mondrian presents the ideas of absolute light and absolute darkness with white and black. With these elements alone can all art forms imaginable be contrived. To think that art can progress from astounding realism of the Renaissance to its contortion of the Cubist era to finally an artistic era that completely abolishes any indication of space, figure-ground relations, or even any recognizable figure of Mondrian. In the text book, Art Since 1900, Foster states that Mondrian translates \"the visible world into a geometrical pattern\". Such a style is indicative even in his earlier paintings of landscapes. In the verticality of the trees juxtapose strongly with the horizontal planes of the ground and sky. These landscapes provide an obvious precursor to his compositions marked of his heyday. \n\nHere is what ran through my head when reading this. Keep in mind I have been exposed to art for most of my life, but have no formal art education past high school. My own knowledge is probably a bit greater than an average person, but not significantly.\n\n* So this deals with contrast of absolutes, white and black. Why is this significant ? Contrast is present in many works of art, why make this single element the focus of the painting ?\n\n* Why break art down into its most basic elements ? Why tear down artwork to its simplest, most primitive level ?\n\n* The next sentence deals entirely with art history. I am fortunate enough to be relatively aware of these eras in the art world, but most people are not. Again, barriers to accessibility. \n\n* Reference to an obscure 100+ year old art textbook which perhaps explains this a bit better. We're breaking the entire world down into its most basic elements. But try explaining why anyone would want to do this in a way that most people would immediately understand, with little prior knowledge of the art world. \n\n* Points out the elements of design used in Modrian's earlier landscape works that are similar to his abstract pieces. Try explaining in simple terms why a landscape painting is the same as a painting with black lines and a red cube."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://voices.yahoo.com/understanding-modern-stylings-piet-mondrian-4030885.html"
]
] |
|
lhznw
|
what is a 'flat tax'?
|
A bunch of candidates are asking for a flat tax [including Rick Perry]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/lhznw/eli5_what_is_a_flat_tax/
|
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"A flat tax is one where everyone pays the same rate regardless of income or other consideration.\n\nSo, whether you make $1,000/year or $1,000,000/year you would pay the same percentage of your income in taxes.\n\nOn the face of it this seems the most fair way to do it but this means of taxation is highly regressive (that is it adversely impacts the poor far more than the rich).\n\nSo, say the tax is a flat 10%. In the above example those two people would pay $100 and $100,000 respectively in taxes.\n\nEDIT: Currently in the US we have a progressive income tax. So (for example), on the first $10,000 everyone pays a 10% tax. From $10,000-$50,000 the tax is (again example) 25%. From $50,000 - 250,000 it is 30% and everything above that is 35%.\n\nNote that no matter how much you make you pay the 10% on the first $10,000 and then 25% on the next $40,000 same as everyone else no matter how much money you make.\n",
"A flat tax is one where everyone pays the same rate regardless of income or other consideration.\n\nSo, whether you make $1,000/year or $1,000,000/year you would pay the same percentage of your income in taxes.\n\nOn the face of it this seems the most fair way to do it but this means of taxation is highly regressive (that is it adversely impacts the poor far more than the rich).\n\nSo, say the tax is a flat 10%. In the above example those two people would pay $100 and $100,000 respectively in taxes.\n\nEDIT: Currently in the US we have a progressive income tax. So (for example), on the first $10,000 everyone pays a 10% tax. From $10,000-$50,000 the tax is (again example) 25%. From $50,000 - 250,000 it is 30% and everything above that is 35%.\n\nNote that no matter how much you make you pay the 10% on the first $10,000 and then 25% on the next $40,000 same as everyone else no matter how much money you make.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
b0gahw
|
why do publicly traded companies tend to keep the cost of a share high these days, rather than do a stock split?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b0gahw/eli5_why_do_publicly_traded_companies_tend_to/
|
{
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"First off, I'm not an expert.\n\nA lot of long term investors go through funds that make individual costs less important. A higher stock price keeps small short term investors from adding volitility like what happens with Penny stocks, and people are nervous about volatility. \n\nSeveral companies have been doing reverse stock splits lately, and that is a pain."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7ben26
|
why it would be “no use” to collect dna from the last white male rhino, who is waiting to go extinct, in an effort to bring them back in the future.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ben26/eli5_why_it_would_be_no_use_to_collect_dna_from/
|
{
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"dphcn5u"
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3
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"text": [
"1) It doesn't address the reasons the white rhino is going extinct. Creating a captive population of white rhinos only to die in the wild isn't useful, first you need to address the cause of their extinction.\n\n2) It doesn't provide you a sufficient genetic diversity. With only one male you're going to have significant issues with inbreeding if you try to create a population.\n\n3) Cloning is super difficult. \n\nI don't know that I'd say it would be *no* use. But there are significant hurdles to jump. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3win70
|
how can mice fall the equivalent of a ten story building to humans and just walk away?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3win70/eli5_how_can_mice_fall_the_equivalent_of_a_ten/
|
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"Mass goes up faster as size increases than bone thickness- think proportional to r^(3) vs to r^(2). So there's more pressure over the cross section, more damage.",
"Well, there are a few important things, but they all center on the square-cube law. That says simply that as an object increases in size, it's volume increases faster than it's surface area.\n\nThis is important for a few reasons. The first is drag. Not all objects fall as fast as others, as the atmosphere slows them down. The force of the drag is related to the surface area (and shape of an object). The force of gravity is related to mass, and thus the volume of the object.\n\nHence, large creatures will have a proportionally stronger net downward force, higher acceleration, and a higher terminal velocity than smaller creatures.\n\nThis square cube effect also exists for bone structures. Bone strength tends to be proportional to the square of the length of the animal, weight is proportional to the cube. \n\nThis has some interesting implications. For one, elephants and other large mammals (such as Rhino's and hippo's ) are so massive they can't jump. It would damage their bones.\n\nIt's also why ants can lift 50 times their own body weight.\n\n",
"OK so the equivalent of a 10 storey building to a mouse that's like a table. So a mouse falls off a table that's about 3 feet or so. Gravity does not scale. When a mouse falls 3 feet it hits the floor at the same speed you would after falling 3 feet, so its velocity is pretty low. If you fall out of a 10 storey window you hit the ground a hell of a lot faster.",
"Wind resistance. \n\nIf you tried this in a vacuum, the mouse would splat quite nicely, because it accelerates at a steady rate according to gravity and Newton's laws.\n\nIn air, however, the mouse stops accelerating quite soon, because the air resistance builds to a level where the upwards force of the air balances the downwards force of gravity. This is called the terminal velocity, and for humans it's about 120mph, depending on position and altitude and stuff. For a mouse it's very much less because the mouse weighs so much less for its area than a human does."
]
}
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[
[],
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b8a0dz
|
why india is the only place commonly called a subcontinent?
|
You hear the term “the Indian Subcontinent” all the time. Why don’t you hear the phrase used to describe other similarly sized and geographically distinct places that one might consider a subcontinent such as Arabia, Alaska, Central America, Scandinavia/Karelia/Murmansk, Eastern Canada, the Horn of Africa, Eastern Siberia, etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b8a0dz/eli5_why_india_is_the_only_place_commonly_called/
|
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"India is it's own land mass and sits on it's own tectonic plate. That plate smashed into another continental plate. So while it is part of the continent of Asia, it would also be it's own continent if it had not smashed into another one. So they call it a sub continent.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEdit: Its. \n\nAlso, why do all other versions of possessives require an apostrophe? If you get your message across it doesn't matter anyway IMHO.",
"India is its own small tectonic plate. The only other landmass in a similar situation is the Arabian Peninsula. The Indian Plate is also colliding with the Eurasian Plate at fairly high speed (in geological terms) and is actively creating the massive Himalayan mountain range that almost totally cuts the Indian Subcontinent off from the rest of Asia. The Arabian plate is generally being a lot more mellow, so the Arabian Peninsula isn't nearly as geographically separate from Asia and Africa.",
"Because India is on its own tectonic plate, and it is somewhat geographically isolated from the surrounding land that it is connected to. I.E. the Himalayas to the North and East, and the Thar desert between India and Pakistan.\n\nEdit: Also, the reason you normally hear about the Indian subcontinent is that really there are only two tectonic continental plates that are currently worth mention and those are the Arabian Plate and the Indian plate. And I don't know why a lot of people don't refer to it as the Arabian subcontinent, likely because there are other more... accurate political divisions that are used in the area.\n\nI have also heard Greenland referred to as a subcontinent, even though it is fully contained within the North American Plate... so I don't know.",
"Note that the use of the term 'Indian subcontinent' predates the discovery of tectonic plates.\n\nThe Indian sub-continent is bounded by mountains and other unfriendly terrain on all of its landward approaches.\n\nThis led to a degree of distinctiveness from the surrounding areas. Not only do Indians look different from the Persians/Arabs to the west and the Sinosphere peoples to the east, but they have a very different culture (or spectrum of cultures).\n\nYou rarely hear 'subcontinent' used in different contexts because there really isn't anywhere else like India in this respect. All of the various places you mentioned don't contain significant geographically isolated distinct peoples and cultures.\n",
"You've got some good answers for why India is considered a subcontinent. However no one has pointed out that India isn't the only subcontinent. The Arabian Peninsula is also often described as a subcontinent, as is Greenland.",
"Indian is on its own tectonic plate (one of the seven major ones). It’s slowly crashing into the Eurasian plate thus creating the Himalayas and rampant seismic activity around countries directly north of it.",
"If India is a subcontinent - should Europe also be a subcontinent?",
"So.. Before I can answer that... What is a continent?",
"Our definition for continent is very arbitrary. And the geography does not translate to the geology very well. The crust is made of plates, and usually we can identify continents as individual plates, but sometimes they smash together, form the Himalayan mountains, and look like one continent.\n\nPerhaps most simply: \n\nContinent = largely geographical description\n\nSubcontinent = largely geological description.\n\nDefinitely confusing.",
"You can just look up the cbse(central board of secondary education) textbooks(available free online for downloading) and read the geography first chapter of 6th or 7th standard books. both discuss this subject briefly. \n\nso, basically Indian subcontinent involves pakistan, nepal, bangladesh too. all of these countries are more or less separated from the rest of the asia due to rough terrain(well, most of that terrain is himalayas). this led to this area being a little secluded. eventually, developing a wide variety of cultures (buddhism, jainism, hinduism is more of a collective term for a lot of mini religion things, a bunch of tribal ones). also, it has a desert(thar desert), long coastline(around 7000 km), mountains(himalayas), plains(the great northern plan or ganges or whatever, its huge), plateaus (deccan which is one of the oldest land masses btw, chota nagpur etc..), marshes(where the famous bengal tiger is from and also mangroves ), wide variety of forests depending on terrain, waterfalls, one of the highest rainfall areas (cherrapunji), caves, hill stations, glaciers.. well, you should get the point by now. India seems more or less like a sample/preview of the rest of the world has to offer. this diversity(not just in terms of physical, but human geography too, bcoz the cultures, languages, dressing, lifestyle are completely different depending on the places. ) is what leads to the name \"sub-continent\" bcoz it deserves its own recognition instead of just calling it part of Asian continent. \n\nTL;DR: well, india is like a mini version of a continent bcoz it has all kinds of features(geographical/human) which are diverse within itself as a whole. a mini version of a continent if you will\n\nDisclaimer: i'm from India, there is a question in 9th standard about why India is called subcontinent, as far as i know, this is what i was taught in school. i also feel like the country deserves recognition about all of these things instead of just about shitting on streets/rapes that the media usually tries to sell. \n\nEDIT: well, everyone's kinda saying that the answer has nothing to do with the term subcontinent and its all about plates. maybe i'm wrong, i learned it a decade ago, so i didn't exactly research its validity. collins dictionary definition \"a large land mass, smaller than that usually called a continent; often, a subdivision of a continent, regarded as a geographic or political entity\". I still like my answer, so will keep it here",
"I always thought America was a continent where North America and South America were subcontinents.",
"According to a geologist of my acquaintance, it's due mainly to both visible geography and the (literally) underlying geography.\n\nMost of the body of land that includes India was in fact separate from the rest of Asia a very long time ago. It was originally part of a much larger landmass that included what is now modern-day Africa. India moved north and crashed into Asia about 55 million years ago, creating the Himalayas in the process. It is still the fastest known speed of any tectonic object in global history, around four times the average speed of tectonic motion. On a geological scale, this was a colossal crash. And it's still going, at the rate of around 5 cm per year.\n\nThe actual plate includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, and Sri Lanka.",
"The real reason is linguistic practice. People repeat the phrases that other people have used, to communicate in, and form a community. \n\nThe bottom half of Europe is on its own tectonic plate which smashed into upper Europe to form the Alps in exactly the same way that the Himalayas were formed, but it is never referred to as the \"Italian subcontinent\" as far as I know.\n\nConversely, Europe is commonly referred to as a \"continent\" in English, but it is just a peninsula on the Western edge of the top of the huge Afro-Asia-European landmass. Europe is just a cultural group of counties that were more or less affected by the Roman Catholic Church in history. ",
"According to Oxford English Dictionary, the term \"subcontinent\" signifies a \"subdivision of a continent which has a distinct geographical, political, or cultural identity\" and also a \"large land mass somewhat smaller than a continent\". \n\nBased on this definition, India satisfies both the conditions:\n\n1. It has a substantially large land mass 4.4 million km2, and\n2. It is indeed geographically, politically and culturally quite different from that in the rest of the continent or anywhere else in the world. \n\nThus, India aptly describes the definition.\n\nComing to the second aspect of your question, why not other regions?\n\nYou have come up with an exhaustive list which are actually \"subcontinents\" as per the definition. But they have not colloquially stood out compared to \"Indian Subcontinent\". The significant reason, I believe, is that people confuse that the term is provided when a particular region has its own characteristics which are unique to the rest of the continent viz. culture, land types, food, religion, etc. This is where India has historically notched up above the rest. And, this is stuck with the Western Media which have propagated to the entire world.",
"What about the new zealand sub continent?",
"Worth noting here that North and South America were taught as one continent before WWII and are still taught as such by Hispanic countries. So continents are largely cultural definitions. If going by purely tectonic definitions, India is more of a continent than Europe."
]
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[],
[],
[],
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[],
[],
[],
[],
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] |
|
8aimte
|
how roman concrete is better than modern concrete.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8aimte/eli5_how_roman_concrete_is_better_than_modern/
|
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"text": [
"Roman concrete wasn't necessarily better than modern concrete, but it had different qualities. It is very crack resistant and also resistant to salt water - which is why many Roman concrete structures are still around today.\n\nHowever, there's a good reason we don't use Roman concrete today, and that is that portland cement makes incredibly strong concrete. It binds the gravel and sand together much stronger than traditional mortar. So if we replaced the modern concrete with a Roman formula, a bridge might last a thousand years instead of half a century, but it would also be far more expensive - and the largest skyscrapers and widest bridges probably couldn't be built at all with it.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7yi5f4
|
how does a pinhole camera take pictures when its just a box with film inside of it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7yi5f4/eli5_how_does_a_pinhole_camera_take_pictures_when/
|
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"text": [
"Film is designed to capture whatever light hits it (through chemistry and magic) which is why you screw it up if you take it out without being in a dark room. The box prevents the unordered/random light from all around messing up the film and the pinhole (through some more magic science) and flips the light to properly expose the film\n\nTL;DR: the film is really doing all the work",
"Light comes in, it hits the film, reacts with the film, and leaves an image via chemical reaction. The pinhole means that each bit of the film only gets light from one angle.\n\nYou don't need a lens, you don't need zoom, you don't need a shutter if you manually cover it, you don't need a viewfinder. That's all you need for the fundamentals of a camera.",
"Lenses focus light by redirecting the rays from distant points to the same point on the focal plane (where the film sits). The pinhole camera has a similar effect by limiting all rays from distant points to a single point on the focal plane. Much less light gets through so the film must be exposed for much longer. You can see the effect by making a pinhole in a card, and letting the sun shine through it onto a sheet of paper.",
"Ahoy, fellow redditor. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained:\n\n1. [ELI5: How do pinhole cameras work? ](_URL_2_) ^(_2 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: Why (not how) does a camera obscura/pinhole camera work? ](_URL_4_) ^(_7 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: How does the pinhole camera work to see the eclipse?? ](_URL_1_) ^(_6 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: How does a Camera Obscura work ](_URL_3_) ^(_11 comments_)\n1. [ELI5: How cameras work. How do they capture an image and print it? ](_URL_6_) ^(_14 comments_)\n1. [[ELI5] this explanation of the pinhole effect and solar eclipse 'shadows' of tree leaves. ](_URL_0_) ^(_1 comment_)\n1. [ELI5: Why are particles in circular or oval form when a camera is unfocused? ](_URL_5_) ^(_4 comments_)\n",
" > How does a pinhole camera take pictures when its just a box with film inside of it?\n\nIn order to form an image on the film (or our retina) there must be light from one direction falling on one patch of the film, and not light from other directions. Without anything in front of the film light from any angle up to 180 degrees could hit any part of the film.\n\nWhen light passes through some materials it will refract or change direction. This is referred to as \"refractive index\" and you can notice this when putting your hand underwater. You can see that while your hand looks pretty normal it is offset from where it should seem to be, due to this redirection of light.\n\nWhat a lens does is use this refraction in different amounts to make it so light from only one angle is landing on the film, and that it is ordered so that it forms a clear image. All this light is collected from the area the lens covers and all the other angles are blocked out by the body of the camera and lens.\n\nA pinhole camera achieves the same goal by only have a tiny hole through which light can pass. Because there is only this one aperture through which light can pass any patch of the film cannot help but only get light from one angle. The downside of this is that the pinhole doesn't allow a lot of light through it so the camera has little to work with to form the image."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/txgjo/eli5_this_explanation_of_the_pinhole_effect_and/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2k65jm/eli5_how_does_the_pinhole_camera_work_to_see_the/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3dwqid/eli5_how_do_pinhole_cameras_work/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2sn9li/eli5_how_does_a_camera_obscura_work/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/50g095/eli5_why_not_how_does_a_camera_obscurapinhole/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5uyoqj/eli5_why_are_particles_in_circular_or_oval_form/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1hepsz/eli5_how_cameras_work_how_do_they_capture_an/"
],
[]
] |
||
2iow67
|
how do police recover "deleted files"?
|
When we delete something is it not actually deleted?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2iow67/eli5_how_do_police_recover_deleted_files/
|
{
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"text": [
"Most times, when you delete files from your computer, what actually happens is that only the file allocation table is updated, essentially removing the file from the table of contents. The information still exists on the computer's storage, and it will until it is overwritten with something else. What the police are actually doing is using software that looks at all the unallocated pieces of the storage to see if there's any orphaned data like this, and rebuilding the files they find.\n\nThere are programs you can get that will write junk data to unallocated areas, or to a hard disk as a whole. Some of them do it multiple times on the basis that overwriting it only once doesn't completely remove traces of the files.",
"Not usually.\n\nThe bytes that make up your file's data are still there. All that get's deleted is the index to the start of the file.\n\nIts like in the library: you're looking for a book. You go to the computer (or back in the day, the card catalogue) and it tells you what floor/row/shelf its on.\n\nBut if you destroyed that book's entry in the computer (or the card).... for all intents and purposes the book might as well be gone because you'll never find it otherwise.\n\nThere are software programs that \"wipe\" data (or \"secure erase\" if you will) from deleted files; using the library analogy, it goes and destroys the orphaned book as well as the card.\n\nAnyways - police forensic experts (or anyone really) can use software tools that brute force look for all the orphaned file segments. Using the library analogy, you start at shelf 1, book 1 and you cross reference with the entries in the index. If you find a book on the shelf that doesn't have an entry, you've found a \"deleted\" book."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
sl49o
|
why do i sound fantastic when i sing in the shower? but appalling everywhere else?
|
Title kinda explains it, I have a feeling it's due to with acoustics but i'm not sure.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/sl49o/eli5_why_do_i_sound_fantastic_when_i_sing_in_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"It is acoustics. Bathroom tiles give this echo-like affect that enhances the quality of your sounds. I've seen some youtube singers sing in their bathrooms because it has better acoustics. For example here: _URL_0_",
"Another possible explination is that, because of the reverberation in the shower, you can actually hear yourself which helps keep you \"in tune\". Many people have problems singing in tune if they can't heat themselves which is why professional singers use monitors.\n\nNote that \"professional\" does not necessarily equal \"trained\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHCbJjN6GMA"
],
[]
] |
|
3qt8in
|
why mint helps an upset stomach
|
I can't really find a chemical or scientific reason for this. Mint seems to help treat upset stomach/stomach paints as long as you don't have things like irritable bowels or heartburn.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qt8in/eli5why_mint_helps_an_upset_stomach/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwi591x"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"From what I know, menthol (the chemical that gives mint some of its flavor and its \"cooling\" sensation) stops muscle spasms and acts as a counterirritant. It's likely a combination of those two properties that help with upset stomachs."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4f5eur
|
why do we sleep less when we are happy and more when we're sad?
|
I hope I'm not the only one who's experienced this :/
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4f5eur/eli5_why_do_we_sleep_less_when_we_are_happy_and/
|
{
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"d2628vw",
"d262vhq"
],
"score": [
6,
9
],
"text": [
"When I was going through some depression, I spent a lot more time in bed, but not necessarily more time sleeping. I would stay up incredibly late and sleep in even later, but a lot of that time was spent awake, staring at the ceiling. \n\nI wonder if others have had similar experiences, or if most people do in fact sleep more?",
"Your dreams are better than your life so you escape into them. Hell when I feel really bad mere unconsciousness, without dreams, is preferable to being awake. Plus your body knows something is wrong and rest is its go to solution to fixing things that are wrong."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2rlguy
|
why are phone chargers "fat" and not just plain plugs?
|
I mean most electronics come with a plain plug. At the end of the day, it's just some electrons going from the one end to the other.
(That's why my dumb mind says)
Thanks
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rlguy/eli5_why_are_phone_chargers_fat_and_not_just/
|
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"text": [
"Most smaller electronics use much less than 110/120 volts, which is what comes out of American outlets. The fat part is a series of electrical components to step down the voltage. ",
"The voltage coming from the wall (120 V in the US) has to be converted from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and the voltage needs to converted down to something like 12 V or 5 V depending on your device.\n\nThe converting of voltage needs a transformer and that's what takes up most of the weight of your plug pack. Then to convert from AC to DC you need a diode rectifier and a few capacitors, which don't take up quite as much room. Plus there need to be voltage regulators, so you get the same voltage nearly independent of the current and safety circuits so you don't accidentally blow a fuse or electrocute yourself or damage your equipment.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_",
"Because the power from your wall outlet is AC power at 110 volts, and your phone usually charges via DC power at ~5 volts. The 'fat plug' is an [AC to DC adapter](_URL_0_), because the adapter circuitry is not integrated into your phone. ",
"You know the power brick on laptop chargers? It's that, but for a phone it's small enough to fit inside an oversized plug."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_adapter"
],
[]
] |
|
akw39u
|
at what point do doctors decide to give a diagnosis that signifies there being no diagnosis?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/akw39u/eli5_at_what_point_do_doctors_decide_to_give_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ef8ewpt"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"A lot of hard-to-diagnose diseases are basically a process of elimination. If there's 8 things that could cause the set of symptoms you have, and we can test for 4 of them, your doctors will run those 4 tests. If none come up positive, you get a \"reason unknown\" diagnosis.\n\nWe might not even be aware that there's 4 other possible underlying causes - they all just get lumped together as a single diagnosis. One of the aims of medical research is to uncover more of those underlying causes, and develop tests for them.\n\nIt's worth noting that IBS is Irritable Bowl **Syndrome**. A syndrome is simply a set of symptoms together, not a cause. For example, \"runny nose, mild fever, sore throat\" are a syndrome which may be caused by many different viruses. Similarly, IBS is just the symptoms the patient feels, not any specific disease. As we learn more about the human gut, we may discover that there are several diseases, each with their own treatment, which may cause IBS."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8cevg8
|
what's the difference between bushed and brushless motors?
|
(In relation to drones)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8cevg8/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_bushed_and/
|
{
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"dxedl0p"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Brushed motors rely on rotating electromagnets whose commutator terminals make and break contact with a brush. As the rotor turns, different coils get energized, and that rotates the rotor to try to align the fields with the permanent magnet fields of the stator.\n\nBrushless DC motors put the permanent magnets on the rotor, and set up multiple coils of electromagnets rotated axially from each other. Because the electromagnets aren't rotating, you don't need a brush rubbing up against a rotating commutator. They basically just switch which coil is energized through logic, and some sensors that know where the rotor is relative to the stator.\n\nThis is easier to see visually, so here is a youtube video that breaks it down _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCEiOnuODac"
]
] |
|
59xocc
|
how do testicles not get damaged from things like running?
|
When men run, their testicles move and swing around, and as a result get hit from both legs repeatedly.
These might be minor hits, but how does it not damage the testicles to get hit so much that frequently?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/59xocc/eli5_how_do_testicles_not_get_damaged_from_things/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9c59lo"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"They frequently DO get damaged. But for the most part, the nervous system is \"smart\" enough to retract the scrotum during intense lower body activity like running, so that they aren't just flopping around."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
20k0fy
|
it seems to me that the average salary has not kept up with the cost of living. is that so? if it is, then why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20k0fy/eli5_it_seems_to_me_that_the_average_salary_has/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg3znir",
"cg40ui5",
"cg43waw"
],
"score": [
2,
7,
2
],
"text": [
"Companies are cheap. They pay the minimal someone will work for. They view the worker only as a expense. ",
"companies aren't obligated to make sure you have earn a living. it's not their job to make sure you can survive.",
"Cost of living is an inaccurate and overall bad means of comparison because of how it is calculated. That's because it is based off of what people buy, not what they need to buy. Do you need that new TV or iPhone to live? of course not, but is it included in your cost of living? you better believe it. As Americans, we have one of the lowest budget shares for necessities in the world. This means that we buy all kinds of things that we don't need to live but again, are included in our cost of living. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3g1exy
|
what does israel offer the united states in return for considerable monetary support?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3g1exy/eli5what_does_israel_offer_the_united_states_in/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"One thing to keep in mind is that the vast majority of aid Israel receives (3 billion dollars per year in aid and military grants) was specified in the [Camp David Accords](_URL_0_), a treaty brokered in 1978 by US President Jimmy Carter with Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat and Israeli President Manachem Begin. \n\nIn the deal, Israel and Egypt would both receive yearly aid packages from the US. If you want to be cynical about it, you might say Carter bribed both governments to keep them at the bargaining table. Still, pretty much everyone agreed that the treaty was a good thing (Sadat and Begin shared a Nobel peace prize for the deal).\n\nIsrael also turns around and spends some of that money on US military equipment, so unlike most foreign aid, this money actually creates jobs in the US. That's likely one big reason why no one in Congress is in a hurry to argue that the treaty needs to be renegotiated. \n\nInteresting footnote: Egypt also bought some military vehicles and weapons from the US back in the 90s with their aid money. They've got Soviet-made T-62 and T-80 tanks serving along with American M-60 and M-1 Abrams tanks. ",
"Israel has to spend a certain percentage of that money on American military equipment acting as a a corporate subsidy for the American Defense industry of sorts. It also allows the US too align with a stable, democratic nation in an unstable region which is very important due to the resources in the region and the level of co-operation between the Israeli Intelligence Community and the US Intelligence Community. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords"
],
[]
] |
||
49p6ua
|
why do we tilt our head, and move our eyebrows when we see something we don't get?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49p6ua/eli5_why_do_we_tilt_our_head_and_move_our/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0tllyg"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"It's a social cue to indicate to others that you don't get it. Most of your facial muscles are there to be used for nonverbal communication in social situations. Frowns, furrows, smiles, etc. That is their primary and probably sole function. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1ptp4b
|
the mechanics and appeal of moba games, for example, league of legends and dota.
|
I understand Starcrafts appeal on competitive gaming, and can see the difference between pro and layman.
However, with MOBA games, I am simply at a loss when it comes to the intricacies and tactics to get any pleasure out of watching and playing.
I do not mean this as a slight on the game, as I simply have never been able to find a video that speaks to a beginner.
Edit. Thanks for all the responses. I very much appreciate it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ptp4b/eli5_the_mechanics_and_appeal_of_moba_games_for/
|
{
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],
"score": [
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2,
3,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Its quite a hard type of game to watch for a beginner, in both there's about 100 heroes all with a lot of different abilities that all do wildly different things. Add items on top of that and its quite hard to keep track of unless you know every hero and every item.\n\nThe mechanics of the genre are usually pretty tight and simple but with very deep variation on how to accomplish goals. The game also rewards outside the box thinking as well as extremely coordinated teamwork. Along with fast paced action and the ability to play with up to 9 other friends, its an extremely entertaining type of game. It has as steep learning curve though and the community is notorious for being ruthless to newbies.",
"Dota2 is free if I remember correctly, download it and play the tutorials.\n\nHow about you watch this [DOTA2 in 4min vid](_URL_0_) then come back and ask questions?\n\n",
"An easy way too look at the mechanics of a MOBA is to look at where it all started. In Warcraft 3 you had you say heavy use of hero units, units that were strong than your average units with their own unique abilities that set them apart from normal units. Some people to just play with the hero units without having to worry about managing an army so a game type was developed where structures and normal units (minions) were controlled by computer allowing the gamer to focus on the hero unit. The objective is still go destroy you opponents base but you only control one unit to control, thats the basic idea behind MOBA/DOTA games. \n\nI like watching LoL because it shares the basic elements of other team sports. Players have different positions with different roles that must work together to outplay their opponent. And like other team sports, you want to get to you opponents side of the field/map. ",
"I came from playing SC2 to playing Dota2/LoL, and part of the appeal of MOBA games vs. fast-paced games like SC2 is the importance of mechanics/reactions vs. experience/knowledge.\n\nSC2 can feel very limiting if you don't have the best reaction time or you can't fire off 300 APM (obviously excluding the exceptions, like gOoDy). Missing a drop before it devastates your main base can absolutely be the deciding factor in a game of SC2, but MOBAs tend to be more forgiving. Knowing (through experience or otherwise) when to engage, when to disengage, when to farm, not to farm, end up being more important factors than \"how fast are your reactions?\". \n\nGranted, if you're constantly getting ganked because you can't bother to pay attention to the minimap you're gonna have a bad time, but in general you'll be rewarded more for strategic gameplay as opposed to fast-paced gameplay.\n\nThen there's the other factors that make MOBAs appealing: the sheer number of characters means that most games never contain the same set of characters, so every game can be pretty novel as opposed to some games e.g. for a long time PvP on SC2 was just 4gate vs 4gate.",
"Eurogamer wrote about it in a way I understood. [The DOTA 2 Experience, Part One](_URL_0_)\n\n > *Dota 2 is fencing.*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akUNmFAzS98"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-07-10-the-dota-2-experience-part-one"
]
] |
|
2qxd1x
|
why doesn't the mayor or governor of new york punish or fire nypd members for disrespecting chain of command.
|
I'm in the Navy and we have articles in the UCMJ that cover disrespect towards chain of command e.g article 88, 89, 90, and 91 and 134. If police are gonna want to be more militarized how come city, county, and state governments have not passed laws or codes like this to keep police in line and make em respect the chain of command of elected officials. Those that join the police force do so willingly, but more importantly they are given the power to police by the citizens they police
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qxd1x/eli5why_doesnt_the_mayor_or_governor_of_new_york/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnadm3e"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Because they are in a union, and they are not governed by the UCMJ.\n\nIf he punishes and fires people he risks having the entire Police Department go on strike. If they passed laws like that it would be in direct violation of their union contract and previous laws passed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
ecfy75
|
how do self-sealing bandages work?
|
I recently got a flu shot where the nurse adhered a self-sealing bandage to my arm. He then stuck the needle through the clear bandage and into my arm. When he removed the needle, the bandage "sealed" itself and no blood escaped. Does anyone know the specifics of how this is accomplished?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ecfy75/eli5how_do_selfsealing_bandages_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fbbao4g"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"There is Vaseline or other jelly-like substance on the inside of the bandage. Once you remove the needle, the jelly will stick to itself sealing the hole. \n\nAlso, flu shot releases like a drop or two of blood, so there is not much to seal out."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
29krc2
|
how can banks charge overdraft fees for money i don't even have?
|
Ok, so usually I'm really good about watching my balance on my bank account, but somehow this past weekend I spent more than I had. By the way, I bank with Chase. The first charge was for $6.24 this past Friday the 27th, and then another charge yesterday Monday the 30th for $10.90. The the thing is that both of those charges weren't "pending" and they had gone through no problem and according to my online statement I still had $4.73 left in that particular account. But I woke up this morning and had two text alerts that my account was overdrafted by $72.49!! The $6.24 overdrafted me by $1.51 then the $10.90 put me overdrafted at $12.41. Then they charged me $30.04 for each overdraft! How can they "let" me spend more money than I actually have in the bank, then charge me a fee for doing so? On the same note, I cant' walk into the bank and withdraw more than I have available, so why do they let me spend more than I have available??
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29krc2/eli5how_can_banks_charge_overdraft_fees_for_money/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cilu71p",
"cilu90h",
"cilua7v",
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],
"score": [
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Not all charges are instantly posted to your account. In this fashion you can charge more than you have before your bank realizes you have overdrawn your account.",
"They charge you $30 per transaction to extend you credit on your account. It sucks and it's bullshit. If you aren't a habitual over drafter then just go in, talk to a manager and see if they will at least remove one or both overdrafts. They usually will be willing to work with you. Make sure you have money to bring yourself back into positive after they remove the fees though.",
"You can walk in and withdraw more than you have available; it is called a loan. Overdraft protection is the bank allowing you to make unplanned loans, but they charge a hefty fee for doing so. You can, if you choose, make them turn that feature off and live with your card being declined.",
" > How can they \"let\" me spend more money than I actually have in the bank, then charge me a fee for doing so?\n\nBecause they're offering you a service (or a \"service\", depending on your point of view). They allow you to borrow extra money from them so that your payments don't fail. In essence, they are granting you a sudden, unanticipated loan, and they charge you a fee for loaning you extra money at short notice.\n\nMost banks will allow you to remove overdraft protection from your account. In that case, instead of overdrafting and incurring fees, your debit card will be declined, or your check will bounce (the latter of which will incur fees from the person you sent the check to, instead of from the bank).",
"if u don't want the overdraft fee, either:\n\n1) don't post a payment when you don't have the mone\n\n2) tell the bank when you setup your account to opt out of the overdraft service. when the transaction comes over, it'll be rejected by the bank.",
"Check this out- I had a previous bank account with Wells Fargo and when I left them I had a negative balance. Well I had gone back to get a statment for some odd reason that I needed it. Wells Fargo said that they had written off the balance. So I had no balance anymore with them. After banking with a different bank I decided I was not happy with the current bank and decided to call Wells Fargo and see if I could get one of thier second chance accounts with them. They actually told me I qualified for a regular full access acount. So I opened an account with them again. Right away I set up direct deposit with them. About two months later I see that my account is negative in a amount that I never recalled spending. In addition to that amount they hit my account with overdraft fees. I called the bank right aways because I thought these were fradulent charges. What I was told was that the bank was taking money because of the old account I had and that they had the right to do so. I told them what I was told. I also told them that if they would have notified me we could have set up a payment arrangement or I could have settled the balance. But to have them take all my funds plus overdraft my account without any notice is B.S....",
"Chase does that shit all the time. They always find a way to put charges in so that they can guarantee an overdraft. I had them for years and they did that countless times. I'd recommend canceling them if you can.",
"First, bank with a credit union and not a bank and the fees are much smaller.\n\nSecond, When you run your card and you have to sign or don't have to input a PIN, then that charge will not be instant, could be up to 3 days before that posts to your account. \n\nSo say one day you check your balance and see you have $50. You then go and buy dinner at Outback for $30 including tip to be easy. They ran your card as a credit and you have to sign. Next day you see a movie you want to buy for $15 and they have you sign as well. Next day you forget you got the movie but, you check your bank account and see you have $20 in your account (because only the $30 Outback charge has posted at this point) \"Cool\" you go buy some grocery's for $20. Then next morning you wake up and you're overdrawn $15 plus fees.\n\nEdit: words"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
ah1k4n
|
what happens after hyperinflation?
|
I understand that countries either switch to other currencies or try to save their own, but how? What happens to the money that is in circulation, and how is the current currency converted?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ah1k4n/eli5_what_happens_after_hyperinflation/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eeao8st",
"eeas9xj"
],
"score": [
8,
4
],
"text": [
" > What happens to the money that is in circulation, and how is the current currency converted?\n\nA new exchange rate may be set, such as a billion of the old currency for one of the new currency. Those who have the old currency will be able to exchange them at places like banks which in turn exchange with the government treasury. This process is broadly called \"redenomination\".",
"The effects can be severe. In the 1990's, former Yugoslavia's economy crashed due to inflation that has been going on for far too long. The government began printing great amounts of money to compensate, but that made things worse as panic spread. Citizens stopped storing money into banks, many jobs were lost, and they were forced to barter for goods. People were hoarding as much supplies and non-perishable food as possible after the government took control of everything. Some time later, Yugoslavia switched to the German mark, which significantly slowed down the inflation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5p6bj1
|
how powerful would a theoretical 'antimatter bomb' be?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5p6bj1/eli5_how_powerful_would_a_theoretical_antimatter/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcoprww",
"dcopvrb"
],
"score": [
3,
7
],
"text": [
"\nGoogle it. \n\n\"One billionth of a gram of positrons contains as much energy as 37.8 kilograms (83 pounds) of TNT, making the 2004 cost of a \"positron hand grenade\" (10 trillionth of a gram of antimatter, 378 g TNT equivalent) that could be fitted in a sniper's bullet US$600,000.\"",
"It depends on how much antimatter was used. However, you should know that Chernobyl actually wasn't a nuclear explosion but rather a release of steam.\n\nThe energy released by antimatter annihilation is E=2mc^2 which is because not only is the antimatter converted to energy but also an equivalent amount of matter.\n\nEven a tiny amount of antimatter would result in an immense release of energy. One gram of antimatter would release energy equivalent to 43 kilotons of TNT."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2xu6di
|
do rappers own the mansions on the videos or do they rent them. if they rent them, who gives the service ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xu6di/eli5_do_rappers_own_the_mansions_on_the_videos_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp3fylh"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"Lots of rich mansion owners rent out their homes to music videos, films, commercials, porn or anything else people need mansions for. Of course rich rappers often have friends or properties of their own they can use for free."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
b4096v
|
why do mouths squirt spit when we eat something tasty
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b4096v/eli5_why_do_mouths_squirt_spit_when_we_eat/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ej3epac"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Salivation is the beginning of the digestive process. Starts in your mouth, continues in your stomach, gets absorbed in your intestines.\n\n > Why do mouths squirt spit\n\nI've never heard it said this way, but I laughed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2lugru
|
why is the liquid product of soybeans, coconuts,etc considered as "milk"?
|
ELI5: Why is the liquid product of soybeans, coconuts,etc considered as "milk" which is by definition is produced by the mammary glands of all mature female mammals after they have given birth and serves as nourishment for their young.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lugru/eli5_why_is_the_liquid_product_of_soybeans/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cly9woy",
"cly9zkw",
"clya42x",
"clyaemt"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
7,
5
],
"text": [
"They are milk like substances (not actually milk but look like it) derived from Plants.\n_URL_0_",
"because it is white, you can drink it, and it has a milky taste",
" > Plant milk is a general term for any milk-like product that is derived from a plant source. There is no formal or legal definition for plant milk.\n\nThat's from [this Wikipedia page](_URL_0_). I'd presume it has something to do with the fat content found in the 'milk' which would make it more similar to mammalian milk than most plant products.",
"It depends where you are. In Europe they're not allowed to advertise it as such. We still call it soy milk, but on the carton it says \"soy drink.\"\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_milk"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_milk"
],
[]
] |
|
9d3ify
|
what does it mean for a company to be "worth a trillion dollars"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9d3ify/eli5_what_does_it_mean_for_a_company_to_be_worth/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e5f5mxw"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It means that all of their shares times the most recent price that someone sold or bought a portion of ownership exceeds $1 trillion dollars. It's very hard to value a company, so the best starting point for a value estimate is the price at which agree to give up or take new ownership. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7xcqj6
|
what is the root sum square (rss) and how is it related to the root mean square (rms)?
|
I am in a Satellite Communications class and can't seem to understand the concepts of RSS, so any breakdown would be awesome! Thanks in advance!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7xcqj6/eli5what_is_the_root_sum_square_rss_and_how_is_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"du7eeai"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The root sum square is essentially the shortest distance formula, e.g. x^2 + y^2 = z^2 goes to z = sqrt(z^2+y^2). This is also known as the l-2 norm. A norm is a mathematical function which provides a way to measure or calculate a magnitude, such as the length of a line or the net velocity of an object moving through space. \n\nThe room mean square is the square root of the average of the squares of a set of variables. It has many applications, but the one I am most familiar with is calculating the average speed of a molecule of air (applications in statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, kinetic theory, etc). This another measure of the magnitude of an important metric, just as the RSS is a measure of euclidean distance. \n\nThey can be related as follows. If you have a room full of air, you wish to calculate the average speed of a molecule. You could use the l-2 norm on each molecule to obtain the magnitude of its velocity knowing its individual components (vx^2 +vy^2 = vz^2). If you have knowledge of only the magnitude of the speeds of the molecules, you could use the RMS to compute the average speed for all the molecules in the room as a whole. \n\nKeep in mind I am not an expert on using these techniques.\n\nTLDR: RSS is similar to the l-2 norm and can be thought of as a measure of distance. RMS is a method to compute a type of average, specifically the average of the squares of a set of data. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
q822x
|
determinism
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/q822x/eli5_determinism/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3vheti",
"c3vhf30",
"c3vjix2"
],
"score": [
24,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"The idea of determinism is that there's only one way the universe can go. An example of a deterministic argument might be:\n\n- The world follows strict rules - the laws of physics - which are true everywhere and everywhen; they can never be broken.\n- So every instant in time is completely determined by the previous instant in time. Each instant only has one possible instant that can follow it.\n- So you can follow that chain back to the beginning of time. The universe as it is is the only possible way it could be right now, and a year from now that will still be true.\n- So any idea that things 'could be different' only exists in your head. If you flip a coin and cover it without seeing it, you can say the odds are 50/50, but in fact the coin is either heads or tails; it has already landed. The probability only exists because your knowledge is limited.\n\nDeterminism is almost certainly true, but people often get confused and draw false conclusions from it, like that choice is meaningless in a deterministic universe.",
"If you knew the position and velocity of every particle, you could predict the future since they all act according to steady physical rules. This generally means that there is only one possible path through time, and that each step in any situation is determined by the previous step. It is generally considered to be incompatible with true free will.",
"Consider a line of dominoes. You set them up to fall a certain way when you tip the first. Cause and effect require that the subsequent dominoes fall according to the setup, which we call the \"initial conditions\".\n\nDeterminism in physics is the same idea. The universe had its own setup, its initial conditions that are completely unique from the other possible initial conditions. The idea is that only the exact universe we now see could have resulted from the exact initial conditions of our universe, because, like dominoes falling, every event, from the tiniest interactions of particles to the largest movements of galaxies, has been an unavoidable outcome of cause and effect."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
f0qbpd
|
what mechanisms take place in the human body in response to feeling cold? and how does being in freezing temperatures eventually kill you?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f0qbpd/eli5_what_mechanisms_take_place_in_the_human_body/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fgwh4dn"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"All biological functions rely on the activity of proteins. Proteins don't work as efficiently when it's cold, and if their activity falls below a minimum threshold needed to maintain core functions like nervous transmission, you die. \n\nThe body knows cold is bad, so it has some mechanisms it can use to defend itself from the cold. Firstly, blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict, reducing the amount of blood that moves near the surface. Less blood near the surface means less heat transmission, so slows down how much you lose heat. You also stop sweating for the same reason. You begin to shiver, which is your muscle cells spontaneously contracting in no particular pattern for the sole purpose of burning energy, since burning energy releases heat as a byproduct. You curl up into a ball, which basically uses your arms and legs as extra layers of insulation to help your core (torso and head) retain heat. All of these things happen to maintain high temperatures and therefore high activity in vital organs. Eventually, due to lack of blood flow, your extremities (fingers and toes) die from not getting enough oxygen, go black, and fall off. If it's *really* cold, the water inside your cells can begin to freeze. Since water expands when it freezes, this can cause your cells to explode."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
awt5gv
|
- mahabharat, the story in a nutshell
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/awt5gv/eli5_mahabharat_the_story_in_a_nutshell/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ehp0kgl"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"There are two sets of feuding cousins. They are the Pandavas who are the good guys and the Kauravas who are the bad guys. They go to war over a kingdom. The Pandavas have a smaller army but they have God himself supporting them and the Kauravas obviously have a larger army. The good guys manage to win at a very high cost in the end. \n\nThe thing about the Mahabharata is that the good guys have many flaws and the bad guys have many redeeming qualities. \n\nThe entire story is about why the war happened, how it happened and it's aftermath. \n\nThe Mahabharata includes within it the Bhagwat Geeta which is one of the core texts of Hinduism. It is a discourse given by Lord Krishna to his friend and disciple Arjuna on the field of the battle just as the war is about to begin. It's about duties of an individual, the relationship between the individual soul and God, how to attain freedom from the cycle of birth and death etc. Different sects of Hinduism interpret the Bhagwat Geeta on different ways."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1vkmxf
|
regarding the latest net neutrality ruling, is it possible it is a good thing because it will push google to role out google fiber in more areas? are there any upsides for consumers on that ruling?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vkmxf/eli5regarding_the_latest_net_neutrality_ruling_is/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cet8jx7"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It'd take at least a decade for Google, even if it wanted to, to become a decently-sized national ISP.\n\nNo, this is not a good thing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
e05hlr
|
how is debt paid to the federal reserve?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e05hlr/eli5_how_is_debt_paid_to_the_federal_reserve/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f8c31kg"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's easier to keep straight if you think of government debt as a thing that people buy and sell. The government writes on a slip of paper that whoever holds that paper in 30 years gets a certain amount of money. Then, they sell it for less than that amount (the difference is the interest rate). The Fed indeed buys these slips of paper all the time, so in some sense it's loaning money to the government (even if it often buys the debt from someone else rather than from the government directly). However, (1) the money the Fed used to buy those slips of paper was created out of thin air - that's what the Fed does and (2) the Fed often has no intention of actually collecting the debt represented by the papers - it will just throw them away. \n\nAll of this is in the service of adjusting the money supply. When the Fed buys debt with new money, the amount of money in the economy goes up. They can also do the opposite and sell debt for money, which they then \"destroy.\" This makes the amount of money in the economy go down. This power can be abused if the government generates a lot of debt, then orders the Fed to buy it all up and destroy it. Lots of countries have kicked off economic crises by not thinking through why that would be a bad idea. However, if used responsibly, the power to make and destroy money (by destroying and making government debt) is useful for keeping the economy stable. \n\nSo there are two ways in which your friend's argument is flawed. The first is the simple mistake of assuming that the government only acquires money by somehow taking loans out at the Fed. The government gets money from taxes and can use those to pay the interest on loans, from the Fed or from any old bank. The second mistake is not recognizing that the Fed and the government are essentially the same entity. Arguments to the contrary are conspiracy theories and easily debunked by the fact that the Fed DOES regularly forgive large amounts of government debt. You can only be \"in debt to yourself\" as an accounting trick. For various reasons, just that kind of accounting trick is helpful for making sense of the Fed's market activities, but it can just pile confusion onto the uninitiated."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
dnvvr0
|
why are certain liquids, like gasoline, colder than other liquids even when they're kept in the same environment?
|
I do yard work every weekend for my FIL and today I spilled gas on my hands and used a bottle of water to rinse it off. Both were kept on the trailer in the same garage. The gas was noticeably cooler than the water. What causes this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dnvvr0/eli5_why_are_certain_liquids_like_gasoline_colder/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f5glil1",
"f5gw4rc"
],
"score": [
37,
8
],
"text": [
"It's not at a different temperature. It's the fact the gasoline is volatile and will evaporate off your hands faster than water will. The act of evaporation draws the heat off your hands, making the gasoline feel colder.",
"Your body doesn't feel temperature, as a thermometer do, what you feel is \"heat\" which actually is the income or outcome of thermal energy.\n\nWhat that means?\n\nThat means that what you feel is the rate at which you are drained temperature.\n\nFor that certain liquids (and solids) are better than others. This is called thermal conductivity.\n\nSo, when touching 2 things at same temperature your body is actually being a thermal conductivity sensor, instead of a thermometer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1zalwv
|
can two police officers arrest each other at the same time?
|
If both police officers have handcuffs, what happens if they both arrest each other at the same time because they believe the other to have commited a crime?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zalwv/eli5can_two_police_officers_arrest_each_other_at/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfrz40r"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"This question is sort of funny. You have to first realize that the odds of this happening are basically minute. Most departments and most police officers take their job very seriously, and most of them are trained in the same place, like a state run police academy. I suppose, under extreme circumstances, that your scenario could possibly happen. I can tell you first hand, when you're a police officer, you not only know just about every guy in your department, but you usually know every guy in the surrounding departments. If I thought that a fellow officer had committed a crime while on duty, I'd call in other officers to help me out. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
yg6ar
|
nolo contendere, or plea of no contest
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/yg6ar/eli5_nolo_contendere_or_plea_of_no_contest/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5v8s15"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Normally, there are two possible pleas in court. Guilty or not guilty; \"I admit I did it, go ahead and punish me\" or \"I don't admit I did anything, prove me wrong\".\n\nIn some cases, you are allowed to take a plea of no contest. This plea is saying \"I don't admit I did it, but I'll let you go ahead and punish me anyway\". While the immediate effect is the same as a guilty plea, depending on your jurisdiction there may be some secondary benefits to *nolo contendere*. For instance, under US federal rules, a guilty plea can be taken as an admission of guilt in some later court case, while a no contest plea cannot be."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7mc2lp
|
what is the point when a material bends too far and it cannot be made the same and what is happening to it physically to make it that way?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7mc2lp/eli5_what_is_the_point_when_a_material_bends_too/
|
{
"a_id": [
"drsvui7"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"That is what is called plastic deformation. The material exceeds the stress the atomic bonds are capable of withstanding which causes the material to deform and eventually break. When a material deforms and returns to its original shape, it is called elastic deformation. During this, the stress is not large enough to break the atomic bonds in the material and it is able to retain or return to the original shape. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ez5gj
|
how much damage would be caused to the us economy if money stopped flowing for 24 hours?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ez5gj/eli5_how_much_damage_would_be_caused_to_the_us/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ck4cfv1"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"A lot, Keep in mind this also means that you cannot make any purchases. No buying food, medicine, gas, etc for that 24 hours. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
329nhx
|
why does it matter if i vote or not? (uk)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/329nhx/eli5_why_does_it_matter_if_i_vote_or_not_uk/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cq95zo0"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I'm not going to tell you whether or not to vote. But I'd like you to read this anyway before you decide if and who you're going to vote for.\n\nImagine a world where all decisions, not just government policy, were made democratically. Where surgical procedures and scientific discoveries were debated on television and with radio ads, where people who were not educated in either of these fields made sweeping decisions that change the world.\n\nConsult any expert in any field - whenever the public has become involved in decision making instead of the experts, that decision has been wrong. Climate change, mental health and addiction issues, every time there is an actual, right answer and we interfere, we get it wrong.\n\n*All* government policies are like this, if you are an expert in the right field. Everything from how we should regulate agriculture (chemists and the general public will disagree) to who we go to war with and when has an answer that requires technical knowledge way above your level to decide.\n\nToday, our enthusiasm for politics is destroying us. We take sides in issues we don't fully understand, and try to force our politicians to agree. They take opinion polls, and say whatever the majority of people who might be likely to vote for them want to hear, whether it's true or not.\n\nI urge you, therefore, to be calm in your politics, and not allow any one issue to rule you. Accept that some of your political beliefs are wrong, and try not to choose a candidate based on whether or not they agree with you on every issue, but how readily they listen to the experts, even if you think those experts are wrong. Look for politicians endorsed by university professors, candidates who have a strong education background who know when to admit that they don't have all the answers.\n\nWe took Democracy into our hands, and now it's all going crazy. It's time we gave the role of government back to the people who know what they're actually doing. But it means going beyond reading through a list of policies and seeing which sound truthy to you. It means looking into a candidates background, and picking someone who will make the *right* choices, no matter what those are.\n\nWhatever decide to do on election day, thank you for reading this far. I hope I've helped you to understand the gravity of your decision."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2pr6cf
|
do household appliances (toaster, coffee maker, lamps, whatever) use any electricity when plugged in but turned off/not in use?
|
My dad got this idea somewhere that appliances still use a small amount of power while turned off if they are left plugged in, and he likes to keep unplugging everything.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2pr6cf/eli5_do_household_appliances_toaster_coffee_maker/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cmz9th0",
"cmza247",
"cmzczbs"
],
"score": [
7,
11,
15
],
"text": [
"It depends. \n\n1. they can have digital indicators, lights and such. The run all the time. For example, it take power to run the coffee maker that starts automatically at 6am.\n\n2. some types of on/off switches require a little power to work.\n\nBut, generally speaking, in a simple device if the \"on\" circuit is not complete then no power will be drawn from the outlet. If the circuit is not completed then its _exactly_ like how the circuit is not completed in the outlet itself.",
"It depends on the appliance, but it's frequently true. It's called a phantom load, standby power, idle current, or even vampire power.\n\nAnything that has a standby light, remote control, or clock do, but also just about anything with a power adapter for it will too. Some devices use a trickle of power to offer an instant-on functionality, or to trickle-charge a battery.",
"Some rules of thumb:\n\n* If the device doesn't have a computer in it, then it probably doesn't use power when off.\n* If the device turns on and off with a physical switch on the device (not on a remote), and it turns on and off instantly, then it probably doesn't use power when off.\n* If you can use a remote to turn the device on, it uses power when it's off.\n* If the device has a power brick, the power brick wastes some power when it's off (and even when it's on; they're not 100% efficient).\n* Otherwise, you may need to actually test it (with a Kill-a-Watt or similar device).\n\nToasters, coffee makers and lamps all fall in the first category - they don't have computers in them - unless they're really fancy. All the ones I know of fall in the second category as well. So they probably don't use any power when they're off.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2y222e
|
mercenary groups such as blackwater
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2y222e/eli5_mercenary_groups_such_as_blackwater/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp5hlpk"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"for the first question. They are a private business, think private investigators or rental cops on an international, better trained, scale. Two sort of. They are included in the budget which is approved by congress. They are a separate entity so they are usually just used for security of certain \"interests\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
38c023
|
why does everyone around me get eaten alive by mosquitoes but i never use spray and have little to no trouble with them?
|
I need answers! !!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38c023/eli5_why_does_everyone_around_me_get_eaten_alive/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crtx2bd"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"[Figured this would be more helpful than paraphrasing](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/chemical-attraction-why-mosquitos-zone-some-people-not-others"
]
] |
|
1m5kpj
|
when my internet lags and i'm watching a video, why does my audio continue but my video skips?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m5kpj/eli5_when_my_internet_lags_and_im_watching_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc5zlvf"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"in many formats audio and video exist as two distinct streams. video may be .avi for example while the audio is .mp3. the audio requiring only a fraction of the data of video to be reproduced may stream easily over the bandwidth available while the video may be buffered before streaming. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
30v48k
|
indiana's religious freedom bill
|
Hello, I've recently moved away from Indiana, and my Facebook feed has been full of posts giving this bill a huge amount of backlash. To me, it seems very confusing. Businesses are already allowed to refuse service to anyone they want (can't they?) so what makes this any different than that?
A lot of my friends are upset about the timing of the bill. Homosexuals have been granted a lot of privileges as of late, and now this bill surfaces which seems to allow discrimination against them as long as it goes against the person's religion.
So, please ELI5 this for me, and anyone else who could use a little clarification.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30v48k/eli5_indianas_religious_freedom_bill/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpw2r8x",
"cpw2x2v",
"cpw4vg7",
"cpx7a03"
],
"score": [
4,
9,
34,
2
],
"text": [
"It allows business owners to decide for themselves if they want to celebrate homosexual marriage, based on their religion. So if a gay couple comes into a bakery asking for a cake for their wedding, a Christian baker wouldn't have to bake one. However, if they came for a birthday cake, the law would not protect the baker if he declined based on his faith, as celebrating a homosexuals birthday does not qualify as celebrating homosexuality. ",
"Businesses have the right, elsewhere, to deny a person service, so long as that denial is not based on discrimination. For example a restaurant can deny to sit you for w/e reason, so long as it isn't discrimination, example include: not wearing shoes/shirt, being close to closing, or the fact that you've been there before and typically cause problems... etc. In Indiana, under this bill, if someone were to sue a business claiming they were not served based on discrimination, a for-profit company is completely able to use \"religion\" as a reason for denial of surface, this is different than other religious freedom bills because in other bills the state government must be involved in order for those laws to apply.\n\n\nPErsonally, I feel its wrong to force people to attend matters or celebrations for catering or photography job when they would not go to this type of thing of there own freewill, but likewise its wrong to allow businesses to discriminate under the guise of \"religion\" \n(Jesus set at a table with hookers and lepers, but God forbid you have to do business with a gay person).",
"The law cannot 'significantly burden' religion except in the case of 'compelling interest'. That's already the rule.\n\nSo, there can't be a law forbidding you to go to church or forbidding you to wear your burka or making you stand and say there is no God. Amish people aren't made to do a lot of the birth certificate, compulsory schooling, etc, that the rest of us do.\n\nSometimes, there is a 'compelling interest' -- a good reason for the government to say you don't get to follow your religion. An extreme example would be if you decided to kill infidels. A more normal and relevant current example would be if you refused to vaccinate your kids. Another example might be the lady in the burka wanting to wear it for her driver's license photo.\n\nSo, these new laws, they're basically meant to increase your ability to defy established (or new) law based on your beliefs. One thing that's different in Indiana's, as opposed to the longstanding federal version, for instance, is that businesses can also have religious beliefs. \n\nMy own state, NC, is currently considering a similar one, that will go even further, by saying that the government not only can't 'significantly burden' your beliefs, but simply cannot 'burden' them at all. \n\nThis is very much about same-sex marriage, of course, such as the couple who orders a cake and the baker won't provide it because the couple is gay, and she thinks being gay is a giant sin. However, there is really far more to it than that. You can basically defy any law if you can demonstrate that it 'significantly burdens' your religious beliefs, and the government can't demonstrate a 'compelling interest' in making you obey. We have a lot of shitty laws, but we also have quite a few that have good reasons, and there are mighty few that should have special exceptions for religious people.\n",
"Isn't there comparable federal law that is identical to the Indiana law and also identical laws in several other states? What makes Indiana law so different that it's come under so much scrutiny?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5bx9sr
|
my vote doesn't matter? confused about voting.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bx9sr/eli5_my_vote_doesnt_matter_confused_about_voting/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9ry8rs",
"d9ryurx"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
" > How can they say who won if they didn’t count all the ballots.\n\nThey will count the mail ballots that are still in transit if the vote totals are close enough that the votes could change the outcomes of any elections.",
"Your vote only contributes to the popular vote which Is not a direct way of electing the president. The electoral college is technically the ones who cast the vote for president. Your vote matters only in the sense that the electoral college is supposed to vote with the popular vote in their area. This is NOT always the case. What comes to mind would be Minnesota always votes Democrat, regardless of the popular vote. I believe Texas is always Republican regardless of the popular vote. (Don't quote me on texas) this is why your vote matters a little but ultimately not at all. Welcome to democracy!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2lmcxz
|
why do seemingly minor car accessories like dome lights or radio drain the car battery so quickly when the engine is off? what gives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lmcxz/eli5why_do_seemingly_minor_car_accessories_like/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clw4o4a",
"clw5uox"
],
"score": [
6,
4
],
"text": [
"Seemingly minor doesn't mean electrically minor. Your battery only has a limited capacity. Its primary use is to start the engine, not run the electronics. A car stereo can take same amount of electricity as your room space heater. A dome light much less so. But you're not running a space heater on a battery. If you did, you'd find out it quickly runs out",
"Car batteries are designed to give out a high level burst of power when you crank the engine, but not to continually provide less current to devices. There is a different type of lead-acid battery for that use.\n\nStill, you should be able to get hours from the dome light."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
270yls
|
why can i 'hold in' pissing or pooping, but if i am gonna vomit, it's impossible to hold back?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/270yls/eli5_why_can_i_hold_in_pissing_or_pooping_but_if/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chwc61q",
"chwcil4",
"chweh81",
"chwg4mr",
"chwgdr4",
"chwge7v",
"chwh36l",
"chwo8on",
"chwq6rl",
"chwu4b7"
],
"score": [
7,
84,
2,
3,
2,
2,
7,
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Vomiting is much more urgent, you've eaten something you shouldn't have and it needs to go *now*.",
"You vomit to get rid of a potential toxin. If you do not throw it up, your digestive system will keep absorbing it into your body. As far as I know, digestion doesn't just turn off. So if you consumed poison, it will continue to get absorbed until it leaves the system through vomiting or absorption. \n\nPoop and pee on the other hand are waste and are going into areas that are made to hold it temporarily. Your body knows what it is, and it does need to be excreted eventually, but the urgency isn't there because your body isn't going to re-absorb it if the waste doesn't leave.",
"I presume it's because you have muscles to allow you to \"hold\" your pee or poo, but there is no muscle to hold in vomit. I mean you can't really hold your throat closed, plus by the time it's in your throat it's too late. If you're asking why it is that way biologically, I agree with the other posters in that health wise it's OK for your body to hold your pee or poo for a certain amount of time, but it's bad for it (or it thinks it's bad for it) to keep its stomach contents for any longer. ",
"Because you practice bladder/sphincter control every day, but you only try to suppress your gag reflex on rare occasions. ",
"Hold in your puke- Just keep smiling. We do it all the time down here. Like for-real; you cannot vomit if you're cheesing your dick off. ",
"I'm able to hold back my vomit. For a small period of time. Usually when I do it just makes it worse. I have a terrible GI :(",
"Involuntary muscle control vs. voluntary muscle control. You actually have two levels of sphincters for your bowels and bladder: an involuntary one that relaxes to let the waste out when there is bladder or colon distention and one that is under your conscious control. When you \"hold it\" you are only using the voluntary sphincters. For vomiting the stomach-esophagus junction is not under voluntary control and the contraction of the stomach muscles are not under voluntary control. Thus the reflex dominates and you vomit. You can do a bit to consciously suppress this reflex but not as well as holding your pee or poop because of the lack of voluntary muscle control. ",
"parasitical moves food into/out of stomach. This is controled by parasympathatic nervous system (automatic). So when u throw up, you have no control. By you i mean ur somatic nervous system.\n\n",
"Peeing or pooping is mandatory, but not required immediately. Vomiting is your bodies way of quickly and efficiently removing toxins from the body. You're not holding back an emergency evacuation.",
"we also have voluntary control of the external sphincters of our anus and urethra, while anything related to vomiting is a reflex that we have no control over. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5w1khf
|
what is the point of xml?
|
I have a great understanding of database systems, HTML and CSS but I after reading for hours and even watching videos I cant see why anyone would ever use this. It does not seem an appropriate or efficient way to deal with data.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5w1khf/eli5_what_is_the_point_of_xml/
|
{
"a_id": [
"de6lc1x",
"de6lseu",
"de6pcx2"
],
"score": [
3,
11,
2
],
"text": [
"XML allows you to define complex data sets, including metadata and relationships, in a plain text format without the need for a database. Now adays JSON tends to be the road more traveled because it's easier to interpret and traverse in a program, but XML still has its place, if for no other reason then it would take a lot of effort to rewrite all those systems that used it previously.",
"XML is a well defined, general purpose, data transfer language that's designed to facilitate the transfer of data from one system to another in a standard way. Before XML was a thing, every program had its own protocol so you'd have to write new parsers for data import or interchange between every system. XML is basically HTML intended to be used for machine-readable data.\n\nIt's not intended to be efficient from a CPU or space perspective. It's intended to be a single, easy to work with standard so that all systems can transfer data between each other using a standard XML parser to interpret the data - it's efficient in terms of *programmer time*.\n\nWhether it's actually effective at this is a matter of debate.",
"So imagine you have an object. That object has properties.\n\nNow imagine you need to transfer that object across a system that you can't literally pass the object itself--say, over the web. \n\nHow do you pass that data? Do you turn everything into a string and send it like that? \n\nXML is a language designed to facilitate easy transfer of this type of data across systems. It allows a programmer to clearly define an object, that object's properties, and that object's properties' types in such a way that another system can easily parse that data back into an object on their system. \n\nIt's a standard everyone can work with, which is the entire point."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5ib01p
|
how does caffeine increase focus?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ib01p/eli5_how_does_caffeine_increase_focus/
|
{
"a_id": [
"db6plfw",
"db6z9w1"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The caffeine molecules bind to the adenosine receptors in brain cells and block adenosine from binding",
"We know what receptors in the brain ( & body) caffeine binds to: Adenosine receptors.\n\nBut that doesn't tell you much by itself. Adenosine receptors are involved in several different systems, and caffeine can affect many of those systems.\n\nFor example, some of the physical effects of caffeine (e.g. high heart rate) happen because of caffeine's effects on adenosine receptors in the body, which are involved in regulation of the cardiovascular system.\n\nIn the brain, adenosine appears to be generally associated with regulating wakefulness / arousal (arousal in this context = \"general amped-up-ness\")."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2htva5
|
why is the wounded warrior project a charity? shouldn't the us government cover any expenses for someone who lost their legs while in service to the country?
|
I know that the compensation and benefits for military service is not what it should be in general but I am wondering what kind of expenses injured military personnel are saddled with and what the government actually covers.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2htva5/eli5_why_is_the_wounded_warrior_project_a_charity/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckvybea",
"ckw6l76",
"ckw6rgx"
],
"score": [
6,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Sure, the government covers them. They get their medical covered through the VA & get paid disability from the military. It's enough to get by but not enough to really have a \"normal\" life again.\n\nThings like the WW Project just try to help more.",
"The wounded warrior project is a great program that helps assist the soldier moreso in their personal lives, they organize fishing trips and family outings so the stress of being in a wtu is lessened and with active lives it promotes better healing.",
"The government pays a portion of their military salary for the rest of thier lives. The percentage is based off off the injury. (For example, 25% for a missing limb). On top of this, they have thier medical expenses paid for, and they can collect money to make necessary modifications to adjust to a disabled lifestyle (like modifying a car with hand controls.)\n\nThis money doesn't always provide a comfortable life, so the WWP helps with more expenses."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5eycpu
|
if fireplaces draw more heat than they produce, why are they in so many homes historically?
|
I understand there are aesthetics reasons, but from a functional perspective, have fireplaces always been designed for homes in such a way that they draw heat from the room rather than filling the room with heat?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5eycpu/eli5if_fireplaces_draw_more_heat_than_they/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dag2fke",
"dag2ftl",
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"score": [
6,
11,
2
],
"text": [
"They do not really draw heat from the room. Warm air rises so as the air directly above the fire goes out the chimney it draws in air from around the fireplace, and so on till it is drawing in from other rooms. But it does not drop the temperature of the room it is in because heat warms the air faster than it travels up the chimney. ",
"Whoever told you fireplaces draw heat out of a room is a dummy who has apparently never sat next to a fireplace.\n\nFireplaces and stoves are an effective (if not terribly efficient) way to heat a home.\n\nEdit: Though this is less true of many modern homes whose fireplaces are primarily decorative.",
"In our home, at least, there are fireplaces for the sitting room (living room I guess), and two large bedrooms. \n\nA fireplace will use air for fuel, pulling cool air into the house, and reducing average house temperature. This fact is often spread as though he room you're in will be colder, which is not the case. The average temperature falls because cool outdoor air replaces the indoor air used up by the fire/flue. However it will warm up the room you're in, no doubt\n\nThat said, the answer is that you would use the fireplace in the room you were in. It didn't matter if the other portions got cold at night when you weren't going there anyway. Many older houses also have/had other existing heating systems for daytime/general use such as a wood stove, or wood boiler (wood burns water and sends steam to radiators), in the basement. \n\nOlder fireplaces often used external air as fuel, as well, and better radiation into the house/room. It wouldn't completely offset cooling eventually, but it would make it much slower, unless you could make the fireplace air tight so as not to pull house air in at all. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
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