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2x6ehh
|
if a person were to live in an environment with more intense gravity would they become stronger?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2x6ehh/eli5_if_a_person_were_to_live_in_an_environment/
|
{
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"text": [
"Yes, you are correct.\n\nSince we aren't going to be traveling to a place with higher gravity any time soon (or manipulating gravity), a common way of replicating this phenomenon is to put on a weight vest. Now you suddenly have to move extra weight (exactly what having higher gravity would require) and thus would get stronger. \n\nObviously with higher gravity the force is more distributed so everything gets stronger, with a weight vest, obviously your arms wont be strengthened since they aren't weighed down. \n\nA sidenote, this could also put extra strain on your biological systems, which could be a bad thing. The immediate one that comes to mind is that your circulation could be affected as it becomes harder for your blood to travel back up from your lower extremities. The extreme example is when people black out from pulling too many g's (which are multiples of gravity)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3n57ht
|
why do the housefly constantly fly into the roof/wall/everything?
|
I am sitting in my room getting annoyed by the buzzing sound of a fly just going full throttle in circles into the ceiling, what is it trying to accomplish? Come on, can't you see/feel the obstacle?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3n57ht/eli5_why_do_the_housefly_constantly_fly_into_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvkwkce"
],
"score": [
8
],
"text": [
"Flies use [optical flow](_URL_0_) to avoid obstacles. Put simply they look for areas of contrast moving across their field of view, from which their very simple programming triggers avoidance manoeuvres. \n\nYour ceiling probably doesn't contain sufficient information in the form of contrasty areas to allow the fly to be aware that it's close, rather than an overcast sky. \n\nIf it's really bothering you, cover it with an array of dots - preferably in a random scatter. A few dozen splatted fly corpses might do it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_flow"
]
] |
|
2nrkez
|
why can dogs and cats lick their butts and be ok but we humans get cholera from feces in the water?
|
Do they have better immune systems for it? Or are they not susceptible to fecal-oral diseases?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2nrkez/eli5why_can_dogs_and_cats_lick_their_butts_and_be/
|
{
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"text": [
"They lick their own butts. You don't get cholera from exposure to feces, you get cholera from exposure to feces infected with cholera.",
"You could lick your own butt too and not get cholera. ",
"Cholera is shed in feces. So if someone has cholera and poops in a water source, the disease microorganisms are now present in that water source, ready to infect the next person that comes along and drinks from it.\n\nThere is fecal bacteria everywhere you go and on many things you touch daily. You don't even want to think about it. But unless a person had a communicable disease that can be spread that way, it won't harm you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1go6my
|
why is a guitar never in tune?
|
They always sound slightly off. Especially the G-string! Or am i just tone deaf?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1go6my/eli5_why_is_a_guitar_never_in_tune/
|
{
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"text": [
"Different strings sound different even if they're perfectly in tune, which may be contributing to the \"out of tune-ness.\" The timbre (way it sounds) doesn't match between strings even if the pitch is the exact same.\n\nOther complications can arise when you're fretting, because even if the strings are set to the correct tuning when open, they can be off when you actually fret the notes. If you're curious, get an electric tuner, tune an open string, and then check how in-tune each fret is; in most cases, they'll be slightly off. This happens because the neck isn't perfectly aligned. If it's really bad, a luthier can fix this for you.\n\nYou can also get things slightly out of tune by fretting too hard or too soft. You can get a wider range of pitch than you'd expect simply by pressing down harder on the fret, which lots of guitarists use as a vibrato technique.\n\nA well-made and well-maintained guitar in the hands of a competent player should be \"perfectly\" in tune, or at least tuned well enough that anyone with normal ears can't pick up on it.",
"Because there's a lot of rounding involved in [tempered scales](_URL_2_) and the [placement of frets](_URL_1_). Even with a fixed bridge, and even after accounting for changes in tension on the neck, and even at constant temperature and humidity (all of these things can affect the tuning), your guitar will not produce an exact, in-tune note at every position on every string.\n\nTuning to a quality digital tuner can be the best solution, but if you want to do [something more nuanced](_URL_0_) than that, then you can make slight adjustments based on your style of play (e.g. if you like the open G, then listen for an in-tune harmonic against your open D string, even though this might mean your G string's 9th fret is a slightly-out-of-tune E).\n\n*Edit*: some links"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.guyguitars.com/eng/handbook/Tuning/tuning.html",
"http://www.truetemperament.com/site/index.php?go=4#A2",
"http://www.jimloy.com/physics/scale.htm"
]
] |
|
82az9h
|
why do many movie trailers shown before a film say “coming soon” instead of the release date? wouldn’t it be better for the audience to know exactly when to expect the film?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/82az9h/eli5_why_do_many_movie_trailers_shown_before_a/
|
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"text": [
"They don't have a specific date yet usually. They want you to know it exists, but if you tell people it's coming in January and it gets pushed back to March they could be a bit annoyed and feel like you lied to them.",
"It's because the release date isn't yet determined. A movie can be in the production process before a release date is decided upon, and even if a date is given it might change, so they just wait until they know for sure when it'll be coming out before telling people that date.",
"In The Before Times it was unheard for a film to go into national release on a single day.\n\nWe used to go to LA for vacation in the ‘70s and films would be in the theatres there that wouldn’t hit Portland and Seattle for several weeks. ",
"Often the movie doesn't have a specific date yet, just a target like \"Next Summer\" or \"This March.\" If they have a firm release date, they'll tell you, because just like you said, they want you to know exactly when to go see their movie.\n\nThere are a few possible reasons they wouldn't have a date yet. Sometimes trailers come out *way* early - like when Star Wars came back with Episode VII, the first teasers came out a full year early. There could be any number of developments in filming or post-production that could mess with the timing of that movie. And even once a clear timetable is settled, the studio still needs to figure out \"What date will be the best position to get lots of viewers in the theaters?\" So they have to consider what other movies are going to be released that they might compete against, what times people might go (summer, end of year, and holidays are great release dates because people tend to have time off of work and school), etc. As an example, the new Avengers movie actually just got pushed a week forward from its original date because the studio doesn't want it competing against a few other big summer movies (like Solo and Deadpool 2). Now it'll have an extra week to likely dominate the box office."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
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||
5vgkzs
|
how did tumblr become such a bastion of people with extreme cultural and racial sensitivities?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5vgkzs/eli5_how_did_tumblr_become_such_a_bastion_of/
|
{
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"text": [
"tumblr's structure really isn't conducive to dissenting viewpoints since it's really just a blog, so long as everyone you are subscribed to shares the same viewpoint and you don't respond to people you don't agree with, there really isn't any challenging it. hell you can just block people and they can't even see your stuff anymore. you can easily make it an echo chamber safe to your sensibilities.\n\nthat paired with the general 'you're with us or you're against us' attitude of more extreme sensibilities it's not really a surprise that it turned into what it is\n\nit's not like reddit is great at it either, rather than individual curation popularity is the deciding factor which breeds 'the hivemind,\" or something like a web forum where it's just sorted by time",
"People think tumblr's this one big community, but despite attempts to make it more unified it's more like isolated communities, there's no way to interact or even see a large proportion of the site. People associate it with the strawman \"sjws\" they see talked about, but they're as much the minority as any of the other weird corners of tumblr. With reddit the upvote system and ease of finding communities kind of pushes the site towards having a 'hivemind' but it's just not possible on tumblr. There are as many \"how did I get here and who are you people\" corners on both sites though. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
deymji
|
what makes perfume or colder temperatures cause headaches
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/deymji/eli5_what_makes_perfume_or_colder_temperatures/
|
{
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"text": [
"The reason for these things is different, but comes down to the same concept. Headaches are, like other types of pain, the result of a 'pain'-signal being sent by nerves somewhere in the body to the part of the brain that actually translates it to the feeling of pain itself. Cold temperatures make the chemicals in our body act differently, which may cause an imbalance in nerves that are recognized as disturbances, and will trigger pain signals. The brain is very complex and has a lot of fluids that may expand or contract based on the temperature, causing a trigger to the nerves in the head (around the brain). On the rest of your body it may take an even lower temperature to truly experience pain, but your brain is more prone to damage when the temperature is wrong. Perfumes are just chemicals that trigger a response in your nose, and if the receptors in your nose get overloaded with a certain substance they may simply trigger a pain response, since any type of overloading in the senses is generally a bad thing for the body, and thus a warning is in order - which is pain."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2idm4l
|
why does 1mb equal 1024 bytes, instead of an even 1000, and pragmatically speaking, is it possible to change it in the future?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2idm4l/eli5_why_does_1mb_equal_1024_bytes_instead_of_an/
|
{
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"cl17ihl"
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],
"text": [
"It's all to do with the fact that computers run using binary. 1024 is the closest that you can get to 1000 using integer 2^n powers (specifically, it is 2^(10)).\n\nTechnically, 1024 bytes is called a [kibibyte](_URL_0_), and 1000 is called a kilobyte. That's one reason that a 1 TB hard drive only gives around 0.9 TB formatted space (the other being space lost during formatting)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte"
]
] |
||
5ltm17
|
how can cloud services have zero risk of losing data? don't they use hard disks which can fail like the ones normal people use, even if they're surely of higher quality
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ltm17/eli5_how_can_cloud_services_have_zero_risk_of/
|
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"text": [
"There's never a zero risk of losing data. They can be very close though. Usually cloud servers have fail safes and backups of their own in case something goes wrong so they can protect or recover the data. ",
"They are most likely using redundancy, meaning, that instead of your data just being on one hard drive, a copy of that data is saved on a second drive. \n\n\nSometimes an array is established, which means, the drives are \"chained together\" to create one storage space. If one drive out of the array fails, the other two drives are able to recreate the data on the lost drive. \n\nIn high end server farms, you will see a combination of these.",
"Multiple redundant copies. It's borderline impossible for everything to fail at once so that data is actually lost.",
"They don't have zero risk, just significantly less risk than you do.\n\nThe key is that data is stored redundantly, never in just one place. They literally have two hard drives sitting next to each other than have the exact same data on them in case one fail.\n\nOn top of that, they do regular backups between data centers, so if a disaster strikes one location, your data still lives elsewhere.\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
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[],
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||
2qqjk3
|
how do the nfl playoffs work?
|
I have been watching football intently for about 5 years now and the NFL playoff picture has always confused me. I understand the divisional champions but the rest of the seeds make no sense to me. I'd appreciate a detailed response that allows me to understand this crazy system.
Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qqjk3/eli5how_do_the_nfl_playoffs_work/
|
{
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"text": [
"Divisional Champions: (Four per conference) Team in each division with the best overall record. \n\nWild Card teams: (two per conference) Two teams with the best record of non-division champs in each conference.\n\nFirst Round Bye: In each conference, the two division champs with the best overall record get a bye in the first round. The remaining two division champs get a home game vs. one of the wild card teams (determined by record. Best record division champ vs worst record wild card team)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2culhm
|
reddit celebrities and the controversy associated with them
|
I would like to know more in particular about the controversy and following around unidan, karmanaut, and vargas. I'd be interested to learn about more, though, if anyone is up to explaining.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2culhm/eli5_reddit_celebrities_and_the_controversy/
|
{
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"text": [
"One of these is not like the others. ",
"Unidan was a user who famous for being a very enthusiastic biologist who would frequently enter into threads and explain things about biology, like explaining behaviors of animals. He was recently discovered to have been using multiple accounts to upvote his own comments to give them higher visibility. His account was shadowbanned. [More info](_URL_2_).\n\nKarmanaut is a prominent mod who was most infamous for disallowing an IAMA thread with the real life Bad Luck Brian because he's only internet famous and goes against the spirit of the IAMAs. [More info](_URL_1_).\n\nvargas is a user who is most noteworthy for posting rather lengthy stories that slowly veer into... well, odd directions. Look through his comment history to really get a good feel for what he's known for. [He's not disliked, just often met with reactions like, WTF?! Oh, it's vargas, of course.](_URL_0_)\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/2cs9km/what_do_you_happily_buy_the_cheap_alternative_of/cjijahv",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/2bwtm8/who_is_ukarmanaut_and_why_do_people_keep_pming_me/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/2c5v4a/what_happened_to_uunidan_is_he_shadowbanned_if_so/"
]
] |
|
1loc47
|
eli: why is rubbing alcohol harmful to ingest but okay to put on an open wound (and thus introduce into your bloodstream)
|
Maybe it's a stupid question... I don't have much of a background in biology/chemistry except for 101 classes in college
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1loc47/eli_why_is_rubbing_alcohol_harmful_to_ingest_but/
|
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"text": [
"The quantity of alcohol that is introduced *in* to your bloodstream by wiping an alcohol swab on a superficial wound is slight; the alcohol doesn't go far because the bleeding flushes out foreign matter, including the alcohol from the swab.",
"You can drink a small amount of rubbing alcohol and it's not going to hurt you. You shouldn't get into the habit of drinking rubbing alcohol, but a small amount won't do much. \n\nAlternatively, if you were to dunk an open wound into a container of alcohol and let it absorb a bottle's worth of it, you might see some undesirable results.",
"Rubbing alcohol isn't that good to use for an open wound, it's meant for small scrapes. The difference in volume of the amount ingested compared to the amount making contact with skin is very large. ",
"So, to understand it in ELI5 format we need to understand a couple things; Booze is one type of alcohol, Rubbing alcohol is another. Think of them like...two friends you're wingmanning for -- Boozie and Rubbie. \n\nNow, Boozie is (relatively) cool to chill with, in moderation. You get Boozie with you, and you change him, subtly. You and him together make you both even cooler. Better, faster, stronger, funnier, and more charming. In small amounts, he's able to get along with you juuuuuust fine.\n\nRubbie, on the other hand? What a dipstick. You hang with him, and you actually make him *worse* off than he was at the beginning. Seeing him on a superficial level is cool, but anything other than that is just plain bad news, man. You suck for him, and he really, truly sucks for you. \n\n(in non-ELI5 speak...or rather, in less vague terms i suppose...Your liver metabolizes rubbing alcohol into something *really* shitty. Basically, it's not the rubbing alcohol that poisons you, its the metabolite. So, like I was saying above, you metabolize booze into something relatively benign[good friend], and you make rubbing alcohol into something crummy[bad friend]. Why isn't this bad on the skin? Well, the amount you put on your skin is so small its inconsequential. If you injected it into your bloodstream, you'd be in bad shape :p)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
1pluci
|
why do programs install files in different locations on your computer?
|
It's very annoying, and doesn't make any sense. Why can't programs just have their own folder to keep everything in, instead of throwing some stuff in program files, other stuff in my documents. I even found "secret" data hidden away in a hidden folder called "AppData".
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pluci/eli5_why_do_programs_install_files_in_different/
|
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"text": [
"Because most programs do not run in a vacuum (they cannot run without certain assumptions). Most programs assume they are running on a certain operating system (Windows, Linux, etc). And if a program can make that assumption it can use the operating system to do tasks for it. In order to get the operating system to do stuff for it, it has to put things in certain places so the operating system can do those tasks (because the operating system ASSUMES resources will be a certain place or folder).",
"It makes perfect sense from a corporate data backup perspective. Let's say I need to backup 10,000 machines but don't have the server space to backup *everything*, which is pretty common. Most things I don't need to backup, like Program Files, because if your drive crashed or your laptop got stolen I could reinstall the applications or reimage your drive. \n\n\nAll I really need to backup is your data. \n\n\nIf every application made its own folder how would I set the backup rules for all 10,000 users? I could leave it in the hands of 10,000 end users and make them responsible for choosing the folders to back up but I guarantee not all 10,000 will know the right folders to choose, and there are people making too much money per hour to have them spending time doing administrative tasks on their laptops. The problem gets worse if users have Admin rights and install applications on their own. I could find out what they've added but that's a huge amount of overhead. \n\n\nOn the other hand, if all applications default to My Documents when you save data all I have to do is set a rule to backup every user's My Documents folder and I'll get it all. Throw in the Desktop and the default location for .PST files and the company's data is pretty safe. It may not make sense to the end users but it doesn't have to. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3jeugp
|
i've heard that exercise helps in treating depression. how exactly does this work? is it similar to how ssri's or other similar medications work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jeugp/eli5_ive_heard_that_exercise_helps_in_treating/
|
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"text": [
"While exercising, you set goals, that gives you rewards.\n\nYou won't see many depressed people that are benching 50 more lbs than last year, ran 10 more miles than last year, or can run 30 mins longer then last year.\n\nit also works with any hobby, if you put you mind and body to it and get results, you will feel like you are worth more than when you stay home and feel the same way as yesterday.",
"The best I have heard it explained is that as biological animals, our body *expects* movement and exercise, and is the natural state.\n\nSo it's not that exercising helps treat depression, it's that *not* exercising helps *cause* depression. ",
"Exercise releases a hormone called endorphins. These are basically happy hormones. So when you exercise you flood your body with happy hormones, thus temporarily treating depression, and being able to look at life in a way that you chemically weren't able to before exercise. Prolonged exercise is needed though. Not just once. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
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||
803bm9
|
who comes up with color names?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/803bm9/eli5_who_comes_up_with_color_names/
|
{
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"text": [
"Companies. Specifically, marketing departments in companies. When they make products/colors they choose what they are called. Think of cars, make up, pigments. \n\nThere are also standards for naming/numbering colors when it comes to technology, like the internet, printing, screens. That's because many different people will have to use the same reference to get the same consistent result. \n\nBut a lot of the names for \"typical\" colors are passed down over the ages. ",
"Mostly the companies or people who 'invented' the color or made it popular. An example would be [Prussian blue](_URL_0_). Colors exist in the color spectrum, yet it is not so easy to make paint or pigments of that color in real life that can be used on textile, walls or in crayons, pencils, dyes and whatnot. So its often the companies who are able to figure how to make the paint that name it. For the names often nature and materials are referenced: minerals (Anthracite - anthracite coal), plants and flowers (Lavender, fromt he lavender blossom), and animals (Taupe which is the french name for the mole). \n\n\nThen there are lots of colors that were design-choices by companies and are sometimes even patented/copyrighted, such as Air Force Blue, North Texas Green, Twitter Blue etc. These are then named after the company who uses it as part of it's corporate design. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_blue"
]
] |
||
2zyebk
|
why are schools and other organizations pushing for more students to pursue the "skilled trades" as their career path?
|
I live in Canada and all throughout high school and middle school especially, there were so many workshops and career days based around the "skilled trades" and how to pursue them. I even heard one lady at a career day say "Yeah we're trying to push kids to go into the skilled trades because so many kids are unemployed coming out of university." Is that true? From what I understand a university degree is extremely valuable, but a skilled trade is also sometimes the "best route" (as they said) for many people who may not be able to afford higher education. I'm just wondering if there's a reason for this increase of interest in skilled trade professions, because I see it a lot more now than I did before when my sister was in high school.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zyebk/eli5why_are_schools_and_other_organizations/
|
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"text": [
"Most likely because there's a shortage of skilled tradesmen in North America.\n\nWe're about 2 generations into a cultural movement that pushed the belief that you need a college degree in order to be financially sucessful.\n\nThe result is that the actual market for college degrees can't support the supply being pushed through, and universities being able to charge more because of the inflated demand.\n\nTrades, on the other hand, have been neglected, leaving the supply of tradesmen low and the demand for trade education low. Trades do pay well, though, and exceptionally so because there is more demand than supply for tradesmen.",
"For years, the skilled trades were seen as some sort of booby prize o be given to those kids who couldn't succeed in 'real jobs'. Some of that came from the previous generation. Each generation wants their kids to do better than they did; so for most people, their kids having white collar jobs was better than blue collar, physically difficult jobs. \n\nThere's now a greater realization that skilled trades are just that - skilled! Like every other job out there from CEO down to janitor, one must generally have education and experience to be good at it. So people are now again looking at skilled trades as a valid career path.\n\nIt's also worth pointing out that the last decade or so has seen increasing volatility in the white-collar market, so skilled trades are now seen as more 'safe'. You can outsource IT guys to India, but you can't do that with plumbers.",
"There is a limited demand for a lot of university level jobs, and the employees are able to stay in that job for longer because it is not as physically demanding. \n\nThe skilled trades recently have a high demand for their skills, as there is an aging workforce and the older fellas just can't do it anymore. In Canada in fact there is such a shortage that companies are using the Temporary Foreign Worker Program to bring people in from overseas to attempt to do these skilled jobs.",
"As there are more people, there is always going to be a growing need for plumbers, carpenters, mechanics, electricians, security, etc. Which then means that there need to be more people trained in those skills to enter those positions.\n\nIt's great if everyone had a university education, the population as a whole would be smarter. But having a bachelor's in business isn't going to help you if you can't get the lights to turn on in your office. Having a PhD in Biology only allows you to work if people have built a lab for you to research in.\n\nAs much as everyone wants to be the next millionaire, people underestimate how much the skilled trades actually get paid. So few people entered those positions, and now there is a major demand.",
"When everyone has a degree, a degree becomes worthless. \n\nThey were hiring for an entry level call center position at my workplace. They hired 10 people. \n\nThose 10 people held SEVENTEEN university degrees between them, including 3 Masters and 2 motherfucking Ph.Ds.\n\nFor A CALL CENTER. A couple bucks over minimum wage. Part time only, no full time. \n\nAnd that was ten hired out of nearly 10k applicants. \n\nHow valuable were those degrees, really? ",
"Also globalization:\n\nWhether its a high paying programming job, or phone based customer service position. Your job can be outsourced to a 3rd world country who's employees will work for a 10th of the price of a North American. \n\nYou can't outsource an HV/AC tech or a welder, or any of the other service positions that require a real person on the spot.",
"I earned a bachelor's in psychology - which, like others have said, got me a job that I could have received without a college degree. A degree that is general like that doesn't prepare a person for any specific job. It's just a piece of paper to have on my wall.\n\nI then returned to school and got a bachelor's in nursing which specifically prepared me for a career path. \"Skilled trades\" that you can learn through vocational schools/2 year programs that prepare you for a job (electrician, emt, carpenter) or college degrees that prepare you specifically for a job (nurse, engineer, architect, etc) are really the way to go. \n\nIf you want to go college, just make sure there is some sort of definite vocation at the end of that degree. But skilled trades aren't just for those who can't afford college. It's a smart, quick route to learn a skill set and enter the work force and start a career instead of just a random job.",
"look at pre ww1 US. big societal push for trades and skilled work, building america and all that. then comes ww1 and 2 and we werent keeping up with the german tech. so we pushed for more scientists (degrees) for weapons, then we have the space race and the cold war so we need MORE science and thus more degrees. we wanted more degrees for the good of the country! we Also had [tracking](_URL_0_)! we could make people do the jobs we needed. those people were told as children \"your place is at college, that is your success\". now we got rid of tracking and those people told their kids what they were told. the third and fourth generation pushed the balance even further. now we have the opposite push because our infrastructure cannot be maintained at the current projected balance of labor to management."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_%28education%29"
]
] |
|
4rnbod
|
why do banks give loans at 2% interest instead of putting that money in the s & p 500?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4rnbod/eli5_why_do_banks_give_loans_at_2_interest/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d52k8ik"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The S & P 500 only makes 5% over long periods of time. Nobody should have all of their money invested that way. If they did, banks would collapse every time there's a bear market.\n\nMortgage loans are a relatively safe investment for the bank because they're a secured asset. In a nutshell, if you stop paying the bank, the bank gets to keep your home and resell it to recoup their losses.\n\nPlus, people need loans and part of being a bank means lending money to people and businesses who need it! If you don't want to do that, then you're just an investment firm, not a bank!\n\nIf all of the existing banks stopped lending money, certainly others would step in to do it. It's only a question of what rate they'd have to charge for it to be a good investment. If it was too high, others would offer a lower rate and steal their business.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
j35cj
|
li5, how do i become president of the united states?
|
This is a serious, non-joke goal for me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j35cj/li5_how_do_i_become_president_of_the_united_states/
|
{
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"text": [
"Get a degree from a good university. Then run for local office (mayor of a small town), then for state office (state assembly, state senate), then for federal office (House of Representatives, US Senate) and then after a while you can go for the presidency.",
"Be white.\n\nEDIT: At least half.",
"Become independently wealthy. Not only does this give you the ability to self-finance your campaigns, but you'll gain social connections to a lot of people who can donate a lot money to you when you run. Also, no one wants to vote for someone who is poor or even middle-income-- they see elected officials as extensions of themselves, and they want to see an idealized version of themselves. You must be that idealized version. That means being rich and good looking.\n\nWhile you're getting rich, get involved in your community, wherever that may be. Go to neighborhood association meetings. Get on the chamber of commerce. Volunteer at a food shelf. Just get involved. This gives you a better idea of what's going on and what people are concerned about, and allows you to network with a lot of important people. It allows people to get to know you. Also get involved in your local party. This is an important first step-- party leaders choose candidates, so make sure you get to know them.\n\nSide note: Idealists will tell you it's possible for a third-party candidate to win the presidency, but don't kid yourself. There are only two member of Congress who aren't officially members of either major political party, and the last president to not be a member of the Democratic or Republican parties was Millard Fillmore (1850-1853). Pick one party and stick with it. \n\nFigure out which issues are important to you. For me, it's education, gay rights, budgeting, tax fairness, and military spending. For you, it'll likely be different. Pick a few issues (3-4 is sufficient) and become really well informed on them. These are the issues you'll run on in your first election. They might change a bit as time goes on, but that's not a problem. Make sure your issues, and the way you frame your views on those issues, are popular with your voting bloc. \n\nAll right, so now you're a wealthy, respectable, involved member of the community with issues you care about. Now it's time to run for office.\n\nPick an office to run for. You should probably start relatively small-- city council, school board, or the like. You could, at this point, probably go for state representative or state senator if you're feeling like you've got a strong base to run with. If you're exceedingly wealthy or lucky, you might even consider running for the US House or Senate, but it's rare to jump that high right away; few succeed (John Edwards in North Carolina, for example).\n\nNow you have to begin electioneering. Imagine the voting public as concentric circles. At the center are higher-ups in your party, and, as you move out, you get closer to the general voting public. For every campaign, you have to start in the innermost circle and move outward. Without support from the inner circles, you'll be unable to move to the outer circles. You'll begin with party chairs, elected officials, major donors, and [opinion leaders](_URL_0_). This is what's known as the \"invisible primary\" where higher-ups pick and choose candidates before they're even, officially speaking, candidates. If they like your candidacy, you'll move on to the rank-and-file members, who will determine whether you'll be the party's nominee via primary election, caucuses, or nominating conventions. Should you succeed, you'll move on to the general election, where you'll face nominees from other parties. If you win the general election, you get in office. \n\nOnce you're in your first office, distinguish yourself somehow. Pass some major legislation. Become a member of the leadership. Chair a committee. Make a speech that becomes a youtube sensation. Whatever. This sets the stage to allow you to move up to higher office.\n\nAfter a few years in your first office (4-8 years is probably good, anything longer and you're making it a career) make a run at a higher office. The process is largely the same, just on a larger scale. With luck and hard work, you'll eventually get in an office that will be high enough to run for the presidency. As a rule, this means you must be a governor, senator, or vice president. \n\nThis whole time, you need to be:\n1. Speaking and getting involved in party activities at the state, local, and national levels\n\n2. Networking with elected officials, donors, party officials, businessmen, and anyone who might become important\n\n3. NOT cheating on your wife or getting involved in shady business deals or anything that could sink your future candidacy\n\n4. Working towards receiving the support of major interest groups\n\n5. FUNDRAISING. All the damn time. Money is politics, politics is money. Without money, you won't get anywhere.\n\n\nYou as Governor/Senator/Vice President alphatangodelta have announced your candidacy for the presidency. You're now on stage with 12 other equally qualified candidates who are better known than you, can raise more money from you, are more charismatic than you, or have the advantage of being a woman or minority. You're going to look like John Jackson or Jack Johnson up there. Somehow you have to beat everyone else on that stage, then whoever the other party throws at you. \n\nGood luck."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.answers.com/topic/opinion-leader"
]
] |
|
1xa1fy
|
why do the videos i take on an iphone look nice and clear on the phone but i upload them or send to another phone it's grainy and blurry?
|
Even iPhone to iPhone. I don't get it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xa1fy/eli5_why_do_the_videos_i_take_on_an_iphone_look/
|
{
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"cf9gnq9",
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],
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4,
4
],
"text": [
"Because the video you send is not the same video you recorded. It's NOT about the transfer degrading the quality, it's about actual different files.\n\nI just did a test and recorded a very clear, nice-looking horizontal video on an iPhone, uploaded it in HD to YouTube and sent it to my Android. The iPhone version was in clear 1280x720 resolution on YT, but the version sent to my other phone looks so blurry and disgusting you can barely see what's going on. Basically Apple would rather force you to send terrible-quality video than give you the option to send the original, which isn't even that big. You can still get the high-quality video from the iPhone, it just has to be through some other channel. Maybe Dropbox?",
"One word: Compression\n\nMore technically, you may take near-1080p video, but your phone will take that, and knock it down to vga standard, aka 480p. This can be sent over 4g, or wifi, much easier.\n\nIf you want to upload it, use your software to pull the original file, and upload that. I don't know about iphone, but my galaxy just lets me drag and drop from the phone to my pc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
67u66o
|
is accepting a bribe legal if it doesn't affect your behavior?
|
Let's say that you're a politician, and you were approached by a businessman, who payed you $10,000 to vote yes on a bill. If you accepted the money, but voted no on the bill anyway, have you done anything illegal, since the bribe didn't actually affect how you voted on the bill?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/67u66o/eli5_is_accepting_a_bribe_legal_if_it_doesnt/
|
{
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"text": [
"[Yes](_URL_0_). However, if you were smart and took the $10,000 as an investment in...let's say a business venture, it would then be more difficult to prosecute you for bribery, since it would have to be proven that your actions as an elected official were influenced by the $10,000 payment.\n\nEDIT: Realized after typing that some states have much stricter and much more explicit laws regarding what elected officials can or cannot receive. Again however, that doesn't mean it couldn't be done.",
"If you're a public official in the US? No.\n\nIt's really hard to prove or disprove \"I was going to do that anyways\" in court. Anti-bribery laws flat out restrict any & all gifts of any significant size **and** require you to report them. This way, there's zero confusion or argument to be had.\n\nAs a general rule, if you think you've found a simple & obvious loophole to a law, somebody else has tried it & the law has been modified to make that illegal.",
"Can you conclusively prove beyond a shadow of any doubt that the bribe didn't effect your behavior? Can you absolutely prove with no possible recourse that you did not benefit from the bribe? No, you can't. Even if you make evidence of how you did wind up voting or acting, you cannot prove beyond any empirical doubt that you were not effected by receiving the benefit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/201"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
51pk6w
|
the science behind self balancing bench press bars?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/51pk6w/eli5_the_science_behind_self_balancing_bench/
|
{
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"d7dti8j"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Can you please provide a link to the thing you are asking about? An article, photo, for-sale page, etc.?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1z6bfr
|
why are liberals so despised in american politics?
|
I often see people liberal like its some sort of derogatory term ie anything about healthcare or firearm restrictions is instantly degraded to being part of some "liberal agenda"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1z6bfr/eli5_why_are_liberals_so_despised_in_american/
|
{
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"text": [
"You probably live in a mostly conservative area or are surrounded by some hardcore conservatives - or watch Fox News way too much. Liberals are not despised in American politics. They are despised by a significant minority of hard core Conservatives.\n\nIn reality Conservatives and Liberals have equally valid, but different ways of looking at things.\n\nTo be fair, some hard core Liberals also despise Conservatives.",
"They're not. Hardcore conservatives and their media (Fox News, talk radio, etc) are pretty venomous towards them, but they're a rather sizable part of American politics. They won the last two presidential elections in landslides.\n\nCome to Massachusetts or my adopted state of California. \"Conservative\" is a very dirty word here.",
"Conservatives promote that the Liberal view that society should strive to distribute wealth in a more equatable manner is an attempt to prevent people becoming wealthy, and by extension take people's possessions. More recently, the conservative Christian element of conservative Republicanism has promoted the idea that Liberals are attempting to get rid of God and promote immoral lifestyles.",
"Where I live, conservatives are seen as irrational. It's all about where you live. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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] |
|
6xrdcj
|
how come shower water stings cuts and wounds?
|
Everytime I take a shower, any cut or wound on my body stings really bad. Even a minuscule cut that does not hurt will sudenly sting like crazy when the shower water touches it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6xrdcj/eli5_how_come_shower_water_stings_cuts_and_wounds/
|
{
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"dmi10fe"
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3
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"text": [
"It's not just shower water, but ANYTHING touching a wound will likely cause some sort of pain reaction. The reason shower water in particular might be doing it is because the water is likely hot (unless you take cold showers), and your body interprets things that are too hot as pain. Damaged skin is more sensitive in general, so \"hot\" signals will be stronger than normal, thus causing more of a pain reaction than colder water. However, if the water was *too* cold, then it would also cause a pain reaction, because too cold equals pain as well.\n\ntl;dr The damaged skin is more sensitive to \"hot\" signals given by the likely hot shower water, so it causes more of a reaction than it would to undamaged skin."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4g6lwu
|
when computer databases containing peoples credit card info get hacked i.e target, who would repay all those people if they had lost a lot of money?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4g6lwu/eli5_when_computer_databases_containing_peoples/
|
{
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"text": [
"Usually Visa, MasterCard, etc. However, that was before Oct 1^st 2015, as of then, any store that doesn't accept chip cards must take on all the responsibility for money lost by customers with chip cards that had to swipe at the register. That is why banks sent out chip cards like crazy in August-October of last year. \n \nAlso, gas station pumps have until Oct. 1^st 2017 to change their readers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1r8nf8
|
why does a pc take so long to boot? or at least a windows operating system. it takes so long from button press to desktop arrival. especially in today's ever-increasing speedy technology.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1r8nf8/why_does_a_pc_take_so_long_to_boot_or_at_least_a/
|
{
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"cdkoxiy",
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2,
2
],
"text": [
"Explained for a five year old:\n\n\nYour computer is bad, and you should feel bad.",
"There are a lot of factors that contribute to startup time\n\n* Speed/quality of the drive - SSD provides a huge advantage here\n* Amount of shit in your startup - the more windows has to do when it starts up, the longer it takes\n* Memory/CPU - lesser importance, but having a good CPU/RAM helps\n\nUsually I find that long startups have more to do with what is being run *at* startup. \n\nI use CCleaner to manage the startup list because its easy and I've used it for ages. You can probably take your pick of any number of startup process managers. \n\nMy laptop's startup consists of a few windows processes and the antivirus. No adobe, no java, none of that. From cold shutdown to Chrome in about 30 seconds. My desktop takes about a minute now, mostly due to me having a bunch of VPN/FTP/Server stuff installed on it that spins up when I turn it on. All SSD, good amount of RAM, good CPUs, no spyware/adware/computer cleaning 'tools' etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
58zbtb
|
how does a bird swallow a fish whole/live without it flopping around in its stomach?
|
Wouldn't it get major indigestion / vomit it up?
Edit: I'm legit surprised this post got any attention. To quote my SO as I was submitting: "That's fucking dumb, snapdiddlydoodle. I can't believe you're asking that."
Thanks for humoring me, guys. Also, don't eat goldfish. Feelsbadman
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/58zbtb/eli5_how_does_a_bird_swallow_a_fish_wholelive/
|
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"When mythbusters did the shark week, they talked about predators who eat other animals whole. Their stomachs are all lined with a thick muscle that squeezes and constricts their prey. The lining is as thick as steer hide or thicker and the sharks they tested had between 2000 and 4000 pounds of crushing force.",
"After my Alligator Snapping Turtle eats a large fish, sometimes he does this wiggle that you can tell is the fish. It lasts only like 3 seconds though. \n\nEdit: Added Turtle for clarity.\nEdit edit: Someone want to teach me how to make a gif so I can post what I have?",
"It's because they use their gizzards, like we use our mouths to chew food. ",
"What happens to their bones? Do they have intensely strong acid or do they just shit out bones lol",
"you watched that gif about no fishing, didn't you ?",
"First of all, birds have a fairly different digestive system than us mammals. So food is going to go to a sort of holding chamber called a crop (for most birds at least) before it goes down to the gizzard (stomach). Most birds I've seen tend to thrash their food a bit before horking it down, but in the case of live critters, they would just suffocate and die pretty quick. Gizzards are gnarly and super muscular, and they help basically grind up a bird's food. As far as I know, anything swallowed live would just die pretty quick and not really affect the bird's ability to digest it. ",
"Birds aren't reptiles or sharks, so this information you're getting is misleading. Some birds eat whole prey live if it's small enough. Small fish or mice, for example. Anything bigger usually gets torn apart pretty good before being eaten. The talons and sharp beak on raptors are there for exactly that purpose. Most birds (not owls though) have a crop, which is a sack in the throat for predigestion, or storage if they are bringing food back to a nest to regurgitate for young. I'd reckon any critter swallowed live would get smothered out pretty quick in the crop.\n\nBirds do typically have a special tough lining that protect the muscles of their gizzard (bird stomach). I'd reckon this is less because animals flop around in their gizzards, but rather that they often ingest sharp pieces of bone and such.\n\nRaptors cast (regurgitate) bone and bits of feather and other indigestible stuff.\n\nVultures have super strong stomach acid, afaik, but that's obviously not for killing macroorganisms.\n\nEdit: TIL that birds are now technically reptiles. Point still stands that they are physiologically different enough to consider their eating habits separately.",
"If you've ever seen a bird shake it a few times first, you've seen it either knock out or kill something before swallowing it. Chicken beaks are sharp enough to injure an animal. Eagle talons are super sharp and fill the little critter with holes. Those are some ways. Idk how fish like bass or catfish pull it off, but as many not living things I've seen inside them, they do something or other.",
"A bid has a thing called a crop that is like a pre-stomach where their food goes after they swallow, I assume if they eat something whole it dies in their crop before it gets to their stomach. I saw a pelican a few weeks ago that had just eaten a fish and you could still see it wriggling. ",
"I don't know about birds but in fish who swallow their prey whole, they often crush their prey as they swallow with their gill rakers and/or throat muscles. So maybe birds do something similar where they crush their prey as they swallow?",
"Birds eat rocks/gravel to aid digestion, sort of like teeth, much more violent really. The fish dies pretty fast, I think.",
"Wouldn't the animal just be digested to death? Strong stomach acid must surely kill it almost instantly. Now I'm curious if underwater animals have stomach acid",
"Whenever I go fishing I chuck some pretty big catches to the pelicans and I never understand how they don't get injured with the fish flopping around in their tummys.",
"Stomachs are not like a shopping bag. Stomachs don't just hold food. They are smooth muscle that stretches to fit what you eat...there isn't a bunch of empty space",
"Learned something new today. \n\nWe did feed them mealworms and live crickets mostly. We would do live mealworms till we were warned about the potential hazards of feeding them live. We only did refrigerated worms after that. We had a cricket farm in the garage and only did pinkies on occasion. after awhile the dragons started befriending and trying to protect them. ",
"My buddy swallowed a fish at a party once and threw it back up to see if it lived... It died several hours later, but he won the bet since it came back up alive. ",
"I had a Cuban Tree Frog as a kid and we would feed him fireflies. They would light up very visibly in his stomach for sometimes 10-15 minutes before they stopped.",
"What about that pelican that ate a pigeon? There's no way that went down easy\n",
"I don't know if or how this adds to the conversation, but I find it fascinating that there are birds that eat fish and fish that eat birds (like-wise with snakes I guess).\n\nwhen I was pretty young, I saw a musky (basically a giant northern pike) grab a duckling as it swam behind its mother",
"There's a clip I've seen here where a bird swallows a penguin chick whole and live. The penguin parent gets distracted by a penguin behind it and when it looks away for just a second the bird snatches the chick and eats it in front of the parent. Birds are gruesome. ",
"I saw a bird eat a fish at iguazu falls in Argentina (on that side) and it did do a long dance afterwards. It stood on a rock in the river and waggled side to side for about 10 minutes. It couldn't fly because it was having trouble balancing.",
"Lots of these answers appear to be for birds eating small prey or killing them first. I think OP means a Pelican or other large bird eathing a large fish alive and whole. ",
"Anecdotal for sure, but I once saw a dead great blue heron on a golf course with what looked like about a 3-pound bass halfway down its neck."
]
}
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3hukc3
|
why operating systems are architecture specific (ex. x86 , arm) but applications are not.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hukc3/eli5_why_operating_systems_are_architecture/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuancle",
"cuanhhl"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Applications are architecture specific. It's just that you mostly use AMD64 (or x86_64) CPUs with fitting OS and then run x86 applications. Like the name suggests, x86_64 is just an extension of x86 and x86_64 is backwards compatible. \n\nYou just can't mix both in one application. That's why your Windows has a System32 directory and SysWOW64 directory. The 32bit stuff is in the latter, the 64bit stuff in the former. (thanks /u/AdarTan)\n\nAn ARM application simply wouldn't run on the x86 architecture. At least not a native applications which is why Java or .Net applications run on everything that has Java or .Net. The Application itself is not compiled (translation from source code that humans can read and write to 1s and 0s) for Windows or AMD64 but for the Java Virtual Machine (and whatever Microsoft calls their .Net stuff) which is a virtual machine that then runs your application with code for your platform (CPU architecture and OS).",
"Applications are, unless they are compiled at runtime (Java, JavaScript, etc) in which case they are universal because they are turned into machine code for that processor as they are run.\n\nThis is why the SysWOW64 directory exists in Windows."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3qir0s
|
nfl blackout rules?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qir0s/eli5_nfl_blackout_rules/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwfkxue"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"As of this season, the NFL suspended its blackout rule.\n\nThe idea was that owners didn't want TV to cut into ticket sales, so they didn't televise locally unless the game was sold out."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
29c7s8
|
why does the us use commas and periods differently on currency than other countries?
|
I noticed that the US denotes $1,000.00 like this, while in Europe, they express it like this $1.000,00. Can anyone explain how commas and periods are opposite?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/29c7s8/eli5why_does_the_us_use_commas_and_periods/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cijhs15",
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"cijk18d"
],
"score": [
2,
7,
3
],
"text": [
"Probably because that's how it's done in the UK. Why the UK uses different methodology is a different question! :p",
"I don't know the history behind why, but this isn't a US thing, it's an English-language thing. English-speaking countries across at least four continents write numbers this way.",
"Marking decimals was a complicated business, but in the middle ages Arabian mathematicians began using a small mark between the units and the tenths. It was a very short vertical line written below the text baseline, and to some people it looked like a dot while to others it looked like a comma.\n\nWhen French mathemeticians started using a separator, they used a comma because they were already using dots to make Roman numerals easier to read. The United States and most of the former British Empire used dots, except South Africa which officially used the comma, but the dot is widely used.\n\nThat's the decimal marker. The thousands separator is going to be a sign that isn't the decimal marker, so in countries that use the decimal comma, a dot is used to separate the thousands, and vice versa.\n\nThis isn't official, though. Because of the risk of confusion, the official international standard is that a dot or comma can be used as the decimal marker, but no punctuation should be used to separate the thousands. If anything, you should use a space."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
21sdu3
|
why do we use "her" as the pronoun in the context of nations? (ex: america and her allies)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/21sdu3/eli5_why_do_we_use_her_as_the_pronoun_in_the/
|
{
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"cgg1ziw",
"cgg2cm2",
"cgg3ep7",
"cgg6qih"
],
"score": [
2,
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"because citizens refer to their home country as \"motherland\"",
"It goes back a very long time; probably at least a thousand years. If it ever had a specific meaning, it's long been forgotten. At this point it's only a matter of tradition.",
"Some countries are male such as Germany which is also called the fatherland",
"It's a carry over from when English had gendered nouns (Old English), and similar things happen when dealing with airplanes, boats, cars, etc (some theorize that anything that carries people is referred to as a she due to a connection with pregnancy).\r\n\r\nFrom a linguistic standpoint, it's a little clearer. German, from which English is descended, normally uses die (female) for the names of countries (the same is true for French, which English takes a lot from). Your example sentence would, in German, be, \"Die USA und ihr Verbündeten...\" (ihr == her). Some things changed more over the years than others did."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3ac8qb
|
how come politicians run for us president even though it's clear to everyone that they will never ever win. even i know it and i'm an idiot. what gives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ac8qb/eli5_how_come_politicians_run_for_us_president/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csb9tdf",
"csba1ge",
"csbarg5",
"csbau9v",
"csbcjvv"
],
"score": [
2,
14,
2,
3,
7
],
"text": [
"Attention. Nobody gave a fuck about Donald Trump but now he's talked about on every news station and social media.",
"In politics, attaining power through being democratically elected to a position of authority is not the only way to gain power. By standing for president (or Senator, Member of Parliament, party leader, ect), politicians are effectively 'putting their message out there', causing a stir in the political landscape, bringing a new viewpoint to the table, promoting discussion. \n\nI'm from the UK, so I'll use a UK-context as an example (although this can easily apply to US Presidential elections).\n\nThe Green Party in the UK is a vaguely socialist-ecologist party. In the UK, our country is divided politically in seats (very similar to Congressional Districts), each of which elect a single Member of Parliament, or MP, which are like Representatives or Senators. There are 650 seats. The Green Party stood in over 550 of these seats, yet they realistically had no chance of winning in any but one or two (they have one MP or Representative in the House, and only came second place in a single constituency). However, by making their presence known, they help to give a political voice to people who support them and, with the increased number of votes they achieved over the entire country, it increases their political power in the sense that they have more democratic 'credibility' - in that, even though they did not achieve any real 'power', more people voted for them, thus they have a level of influence. They get people talking, give people a voice, raise issues and ideologies up the political agenda. \n\nThe same applies to US Presidential elections. A Candidate can say \"hm, no other candidate is standing on this issue/holds this viewpoint, even though many people in the country do. Maybe I should, even though I'll never win, I can help put this issue in the spotlight\".\n\nFirst time I've ever answered an ELI5, so maybe this is bad. Oh well! Hope it helped.",
"They want to influence the conversation. Even if Bernie Sanders can't beat Clinton, he gets to debate her in a public format and force her to commit to policies that will appease the progressive wing of the party. \n\nSome also just want the name recognition. They may not win the presidential campaign, but it gives them a better shot at governor or senator down the road.",
"If we're talking about Donald Trump, don't underestimate the power of a man's ego. He may have no realistic chance, but that doesn't mean he realizes that. ",
"A more cynical take than some of the other comments, but most of the presidential candidates are less concerned about influencing the debate or moving the eventual candidate to the left or right and more concerned with raising their own public statue and name recognition. Serial contenders are looking to sell their new book, get or keep their cable news talk show, and up their speaking fees."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
braulx
|
what exactly are robocalls? why are they on a surge right now? and why isn’t anything being done to prevent them?
|
I have a foreign phone number, and live in another country so I don’t deal with it. I don’t understand why it’s such a huge problem in America all of a sudden.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/braulx/eli5_what_exactly_are_robocalls_why_are_they_on_a/
|
{
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"eobu2mf",
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],
"score": [
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Technology has made it inexpensive to build massive call centers in countries that made it difficult to stop with legal actions.\n\nThe US telecoms are terrible. They have no incentive to provide a good customer experience, so they don't use technology that easily blocks numbers that are masked.",
"Phones and computers both work on signals sent VIA electrical pulses. If you understand how a phone dials a number, you can make a computer program that can hop onto a phone network and do the same thing, in theory.\n\nYou can also make fake claims as to what your number is if it requests it for Caller ID, so that helps with some of these things.\n\nAmerica instituted the \"Do not Call\" list, which unfortunately is now a big public directory of names and numbers. There are laws that enforce this at hoime. People who are physically in another country? That's another matter entirely. We don't have jurisdiction to actually do anything about a lot of it.\n\nSo all that said: robodialers are almost exactly what they say they are: computers/robots that dial phone numbers. They'll keep calling different numbers until a real person picks up, at which point it will connect to a real person. They will then run some scam or another, trying to steal money.",
"It makes a bit more sense after a little history lesson:\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBack in the day, there was Ma Bell, a monopoly - the only phone service in the country. Well, monopolies are technically illegal in the US, and the federal government finally decided to split the company up into several regional monopolies and local phone services. Those details get complicated and aren't so important.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nWhat is important is that by this point, telephone was vital infrastructure for government, military, and economy. A nation NEEDS a reliable communication infrastructure. You can't have these companies intentionally refusing or degrading service from competitors. If I need to call you and you're on another network, I can't have a phone and line in my house for every service in the country!\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo the FCC made a rule that all phone calls MUST be connected. Period. I pick up a phone and dial your number, unless a tree fell and took down the line, your phone better ring.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nSo enter the modern era, where someone got the bright idea that they could connect internet VoIP to the phone system, and the modern plague of the robo-call was born. The calls must go through, even if the telecom service KNOWS it's bullshit. It has to be up to the receiver to decide to answer.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAt the very least, the telecoms got the idea that they can at least indicate to you that they know its a spam call, so now my phone flashes red when those calls come through, but I have to decide to decline it, and I have to block it.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nLuckily, the FCC is currently reviewing new procedures that will allow for filtering of these junk calls, so hopefully this nonsense will literally evaporate overnight."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
369bmt
|
how gravity works at the middle of the planet.
|
If I were to dig a hole towards the center of the planet, would gravity become weaker as I approach the center? And if someone falls down this hole, would he just slow down and then be attracted upwards? Please ELI5!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/369bmt/eli5_how_gravity_works_at_the_middle_of_the_planet/
|
{
"a_id": [
"crbw0uh"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I'm going to use up and down like you've fallen feet first\n\nWhen you're at the surface all the earth is below you pulling you down.\n\nWhen you're going down the hole some of it is above you pulling you up but most of it is below you pulling you down.\n\nOnce you get to the centre half of it is above you and half of it is below you. So there is no net pull. You're still moving down but not being pulled down.\n\nOnce you're past the centre most of the earth is above you so you're being pulled up but not enough to stop you moving down.\n\nOnce you get to the other end you stop moving as the earth below you has pulled enough to get rid of your downward fall. Then you get pulled up and the journey repeats."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
31jhfs
|
it seems like every vehicle has a plethora of "best in class awards" and 5 star ratings. are these awards legitimate, or are they marketing b.s?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/31jhfs/eli5_it_seems_like_every_vehicle_has_a_plethora/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cq24b7u",
"cq24bpq",
"cq2b3ef"
],
"score": [
10,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"Marketing BS.\n\nMost of them can simply be purchased. They mainly accomplish this be having a VERY narrow definition of what the vehicle's \"class\" is or just not even caring enough to pretend that the awards are legit.",
"\n_URL_0_\n\nyou can pretty much get whatever you want Put on a trophy for as little as ninety nine cents!",
"Like Miliean said below it is BS, but also there could be a little if it was #1 once it is #1 always. Like when a new movie hits #1 at the box office one weekend and is dethroned the next they will still claim #1 movie because in truth it was once. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.crownawards.com"
],
[]
] |
||
82b4la
|
why is glass wool used as insulation between walls? why not just air?
|
Glass is not a very good insulator, and I know that most of the insulation comes from the amount of air and empty space within the wall, with air being a very poor conductor of heat. The answer cannot be structural as glass wool wouldn't give any support. The only thing I can see is perhaps it disrupts convection currents, but would these be a problem at all?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/82b4la/eli5_why_is_glass_wool_used_as_insulation_between/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dv8rkch",
"dv8t1vu"
],
"score": [
9,
3
],
"text": [
" > The only thing I can see is perhaps it disrupts convection currents\n\nCorrect!\n\nThe point of fiberglass insulation inside of walls is to prevent convection currents which can transfer heat reasonably effectively. With only tiny air pockets there is no where for convection currents to form so heat can only be passed by conduction through the air and glass and the glass fiber is loosely packed so that it serves as a poor conductor. Packing insulation into a wall will compress it and allow heat to transfer through the fiberglass much easier",
"This is the same reason why a seemingly thin goose down jacket works as well as a heavy, thick jacket. Adding a second sentence because of bots. :)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
bsrjkj
|
how did the talks of war with iran rise so quickly and what are the underlying causes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bsrjkj/eli5_how_did_the_talks_of_war_with_iran_rise_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eopp8py"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Watch the movie [Wag the Dog](_URL_0_). The idea is to distract the public from the Mueller report long enough that it's not in the news anymore. A really common tactic used in politics (on both sides) is to divert public attention on a minor crisis towards potentially a seemingly major crisis (albeit a completely invented one).\n\nDon't worry about war with Iran until there's an actual death count -- it's pretty easy to fake at-sea skirmishes ([it's happened before](_URL_1_)) but a lot harder to fake actual soldier deaths."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120885/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident"
]
] |
||
1gu7z7
|
how can things travel through air, like satellite tv or cell phones?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1gu7z7/eli5how_can_things_travel_through_air_like/
|
{
"a_id": [
"canvhw9",
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],
"score": [
4,
9
],
"text": [
"I'm not a particular expert but I did take a wireless design class one time, so here's my best shot...\n\nCell phones and satellite TVs all use Electromagnetic Fields (EM) to talk to each other. EM can be thought of on the same terms as light as in they move away from the source in waves (picture a bubble away that gets bigger and bigger; like the [shockwave](_URL_1_) of an explosion). Now light can move through clear things like air, but not solid things like a wall (again think of pieces of shrapnel from an explosion, they keep moving away from the source until they run into something; light photons are like little bundles of energy shrapnel, except that they also simultaneously act like waves; wave-particle duality is kind of like saying the shockwave from an explosion and the little bits of shrapnel are the same thing). EM waves are the same sort of concept, but since cell phones and satellite antennas (microwaves I believe) use \"light\" but on a different wavelengths (wavelengths are the distance between the \"tops\" of the waves). \n\nBlue is a shorter wavelength than yellow, and yellow is a shorter wavelength than red. Microwaves have a much longer wavelength than red light does (though the name tries to trick you!) but is still made out of the same stuff, as in it is put on the same [scale](_URL_0_). But since it has longer waves, it has a special ability. It can go through the same wall that would have stopped the light by going through the \"holes\" in the wall the overexcited light couldn't see. But the microwave isn't all powerful. Some things are to dense and have too few \"holes\", like lead and stone. Other times EM waves interfere with each other like when two waves in a pond meet. Since everything with electrical current creates even a little EM wave, places with lots of wires often have bad cell phone signal.\n\nThis is the best I can do. Anybody who knows better, please feel free to correct me.",
"Okay, you know how soundwaves work, right? Where an object vibrates and it vibrates the air in the room until it hits your ear and makes it vibrate. Your brain then interprets these vibrations as sound.\n\nWell let's say you take that object, and make it a magnet instead. When it vibrates, it will create electromagnetic waves (also called photons). These waves travel over a distance and they can then make another magnet vibrate. \n\nNow that you can reproduce a motion from a distance, all you have to do is create a language of sorts for the electromagnetic waves. This frequency means this, this one means that, and so on.\n\nElectromagnetic waves come in many frequencies. You are most familiar with You've probably only really experienced 2-3 of them, but you've probably had second hand experience with two more in your live. X-rays, UV rays, light, heat, and radio waves are all different frequencies of electromagnetic wave. I listed them from highest frequency to lowest frequency. There are other types of electromagnetic waves, but they aren't important.\n\nHigher frequencies are more likely to do damage to you than lower frequencies. This is why you have to wear lead mats when you get X-rays. UV (ultraviolet) rays are what cause sunburns. Light rays are all the rays that our eyes can see. Heat is also called infrared light. And then at the bottom, radio waves.\n\nRadio waves are really low frequency compared to other waves. We use them not only because they bounce off of more surfaces, which means you don't have to be looking directly at the satellite/radio tower, but also because they are extremely unlikely to hurt us at all.\n\nCell phones actually use a wave in between radio and infrared called a microwave. These can potentially cause more damage, especially if used all the time. After all, we cook food with extremely high numbers of microwaves. However, no studies have conclusively linked heavy cell phone usage with any health defect. \n\nThe general idea is that the microwaves could hit your genetic material in your brain. This kind of damage has been known to cause cancer, especially in the case of radioactivity. However, radioactivity releases what is called Gamma rays, which are even higher in frequency than X-rays. So I don't worry about cell phone cancer too much.\n\nBut I digress. To review: A computer encodes a message as a vibration. It tells a magnet to vibrate, which creates a magnetic wave. This magnetic wave causes another magnet to vibrate. A computer hooked up to that magnet can then read the message from the first computer, provided it knows how the message was encoded. Typically we use low frequency vibrations for telecommunications. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit.svg",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwNS7sGW77k&feature=youtube_gdata_player"
],
[]
] |
||
3fj3az
|
why is bernie sanders running for president as a democrat if he was a independent when he was a senator?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fj3az/eli5_why_is_bernie_sanders_running_for_president/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because a registered independent has no ~~change~~ chance of being elected as president in our bipartisan government. If you are not on team elephant or team donkey, you are not going to be the leader of the group of baboons in DC.",
"There hasn't really been anyone who ran for President as an independent who got a significant percentage of the vote. If you want to win you basically have to run with one of the two major parties. Bernie appears to actually want the job, running as a Democrat makes it more likely he'll be taken seriously.",
"The US (mostly) has a first past the vote voting system. This means, that whoever wins the most votes in a state, wins that state.\n\nThe result is simple. Were Bernie Sanders to run for President as an independent, it would cause the Republicans to win (or at the very least, reduce their chances) because the votes would end up split between the democratic candidate and Sanders .",
"He is running a democrat because he knows the media would not give him any media coverage if he ran with no party affiliation or as a third party candidate. ",
"Bernie Sanders has caucused (regularly meats with and discussed planning) the democrats for a long time. He's given ranking positions with the democrats for committee nominations. Basically, he's an honorary democrat already, so he asked the democratic committee if he could run as a democrat and they allowed it.\n\nWhy he would want to run as a democrat is because it increases the likelihood of him being taken seriously and gather media attention (if he's mostly doing it to increase awareness) or because it's the only realistic way he could win the presidency (if he is actually trying to win)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3y5g4y
|
who is supporting who in the middle east? what is everybody's interests?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3y5g4y/eli5_who_is_supporting_who_in_the_middle_east/
|
{
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"cyarw0d",
"cyatawi"
],
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6,
3
],
"text": [
"Slate has [this](_URL_0_) chart about how groups involved in the Middle East feel about each other. It's from 2014 but it's still pretty accurate.",
"Don't forget about the Kurds. They're sort of like the Palestinians. They don't actually have their own nation. However, they are the ones on the ground making the most advances against ISIS. The Kurds have multiple groups within them. In Operation Iraqi Freedom, Kurdish forces served with Americans and patrolled their own territories. Today they fight ISIS. They are mainly located in Northern Iraq, Southern Turkey, and are currently fighting in parts of Syria. Turkey fought a revolution against the Kurds 30 or so years ago and have labeled the YPG, a large and popular Kurdish rebel group, a terrorist organization that the US also recognizes as a terrorist organization. However the US has worked with and supports the Kurds with weapons and money. All while the US calls them terrorists, and Turkey conducts airstrikes against Kurdish forces in the name of fighting ISIS. In other words, US supports a group unofficially while condemning them as terrorists while another NATO member bombs the hell out of them and they are the only forces making significant advances against ISIS. The Kurds want their own nation but have never been able to secure it. They've been at \"war\" for years. In the 80s Saddam used nerve gas against them and killed thousands. They're pretty much battle hardened no fucks given warriors who want their own nation. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2014/07/17/the_middle_east_friendship_chart.html"
],
[]
] |
||
231q90
|
why do mobile phone numbers have prefixes like +44 and what to they mean
|
I've heard it's something to do with your location but I've always wondered this.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/231q90/eli5_why_do_mobile_phone_numbers_have_prefixes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgsjnzo",
"cgsjolq"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Its your country code. usa is 1 and so on.",
"+44 is the country code to dial into the UK from outside of it. The US is +1, Australia is +61."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4kpftr
|
if you binge eat do you pass most of the calories or do they actually turn into body mass?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4kpftr/eli5_if_you_binge_eat_do_you_pass_most_of_the/
|
{
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"d3h05lc",
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"d3hc87o",
"d3hdd5r",
"d3hdpea",
"d3hhel0",
"d3hms9k"
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"score": [
3,
33,
123,
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6,
2,
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2,
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"text": [
"I've always wondered the same thing. As in, if you typically eat say 2200 calories every day, then once in a while take down 6,000 in a day, can your body really process all of that? My guess would be no, it's overwhelmed and some just passes through, but I have no basis for that. If your body isn't used to it can it handle that extraordinary amount? Obviously if you eat that much every day it can.",
"[You might find your answer in this post](_URL_0_)\n",
"You absorb less, but still absorb some; there is a point of diminishing returns. Your intestines have various transporters that determine where nutrients go, but these transporters have a limit. If you override that limit then you will defecate out whatever the nutrient is. With glucose for example, your body can absorb about 60g/hour, which is equivalent to about a 1/2 a cup of rice. ",
"Your body is, among many things, designed for energy storage. It will drain every bit of energy from food you consume (unless green poop which indicates the food passed through without fully processing). If you consume an extra 1300 calories in a day but don't burn it off it will store as your fat. This is why desert once a week is a treat but desert every night makes your clothes shrink.\n\nEdit: Was actually responding to a comment below but whatever.",
"The oil that people use to ease constipation is mineral oil and it acts as a laxative by lubricating the digestive tract. Mineral oil is inert so your body can't digest it so it goes out in the same form it came in as. Slippery. It's not absorbed as calories like food oils are. ",
"Also, keep in mind that microbes are waiting in your large intestine for food to come. Anything you don't absorb is going to get jumped on like crab legs at an all you can eat buffet as soon the bacteria realize it's there. . ",
"You're underestimating what *binge* eating really is. If you eat 3500 calories in a day, no you won't gain a pound.\n\nReason for that is pretty simple; you're burning calories just being alive, let alone during any kind of physical activity. It's called your basal metabolic rate (BMR).\n\nIn order to gain a pound of weight in a day, you'd probably have to consume closer to 6000 calories (you also have to consider what type of food you're eating and certain habits of consumption, but lets keep it simple). And that's if you're not doing much exercise all day. If you go for a light 20 min jog, that's about 200-250 cals, so you gotta supplant that too, and so on.\n\nThat's kinda why weight gain sorta sneaks up on most people. You binge eat a few times and you don't really see that much change in your weight, so you figure, \"Hah, I gues I can just eat what I want!\" But in reality you may over eat a few hundred calories, adding a couple ounces of weight, and it just goes on and on like that for a few months, and then all of a sudden you weigh yourself an those ounces are now 2 lbs. Few more months later and now you're 5 lbs heavier... 7 lbs... 10 lbs.... and so on.\n\nAnyway, that's why a single heavy day of eating likely isn't gonna wreck anybody, but bad eating habits will eventually take their toll.",
"In other words: If you eat more calories than you can burn, you will put on fat. But at what point can the body no longer store the calories you're putting in?\n\nThere is a saturation curve, that when you eat waaay too much at once (binge) some of the calories will get through unburnt - due to the fixed speed of transportation of the food wandering through the intestine (diameter), as well as a limit of absorbing the broken-up molecules through the canals/pumps (fixed number). So you can basically outrun your stomach by swallowing faster than it can digest until you feel sick (from your overeaten stomach) and once your intestine gets more than it can chew through it will start to flush with water (diarrhea), which will contain a lot of unburnt calories.\n\nSymptoms of a failed absorption are flatulence and/or diarrhea (the shits). This is why some bulimic/~~obese~~fluffy folks take laxatives, which creates a whole other kind of vicious cycles for the future.\n\nEvolutionary speaking our body has to do extremely well at storing any kind of nutrients and wasting as little as possible. Any failed absorption of nutrients would require more time and energy to find other food which burns more energy. That's also why our body stores any \"left-overs\" so well in ~~new~~growing fat-cells bigger - damn him!\n",
"You'll gain the weight, just not immediately. Usually in the following week you'll see additional fat because unless you are fasting then you are probably taking in additional calories. You won't wake up with an extra pound of fat on your stomach but you'll notice a gradual buildup over the following days. \n\nHowever for someone who has been dieting for an extended period of time, or fasting for longer than 48 hours, their glycogen would likely be depleted. In this scenario, I think that roughly 2,000 calories of Carbohydrates cannot be stored as fat because they are being used to replenish glycogen stores.\n Anyone feel free to correct me or cite studies which contradict this. ",
"Almost all of the food is digested by the time it reaches the duodenum, the second part of the small intestine. There is a significant amount of space in the small intestine that is used as a reserve capacity. By the time you get to the large intestine, it is mostly fluid resorption.",
"I believe that I read somewhere that nearly all the calories you consume are still absorbed even if they go through your intestines in less than 30 minutes. Carbohydrates do undergo significant energy loss as they are converted to triglycerides (25% I believe?) however they will be used first, and any fat you eat will be stored first. If you go over 3500 kcal then you will have gained roughly a pound of fat depending on a few exceptions.",
"Doc here. When you eat a larger than usual meal, your body will digest it and absorb the extra calories into your bloodstream. The *peristalsis*, or movement through the GI tract, will slow to allow this absorption to occur. Up to a point this is true. If you were to guzzle 5000 calories of olive oil, for example, it wouldn't all be digested - you can probably apply your imagination to decide what would be the fate of that meal."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2rr3ip/if_i_ate_10000_calories_in_one_go_would_my_body/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1wrmzp
|
how do immediate upgrade cellphone plans like at & t next and t-mobile jump work?
|
I understand that normally, a carrier will either demand cash upfront for the phone or issue the customer a contract, during which he or she will "pay off" their phone. Both methods turn a profit for the carrier. What I don't get is how the carrier can issue brand-new phones to however many customers ask for them and still turn a profit. Where does all the money that pays for those new phones come from?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1wrmzp/eli5_how_do_immediate_upgrade_cellphone_plans/
|
{
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"cf4r96k"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"With these plans there is no subsidy - if you want a new phone, you pay full price, via monthly installments. \n\nIf you want a Note 3 with a new 2-year plan, you pay something like 200 bucks up front. If you want a new Note 3 on your existing plan, you pay 28 bucks a month for 26 months, meaning you cover the entire 750 dollar price tag over time.\n\nWhen you buy a subsidized phone, via a 2-year plan, the provider basically eats a portion of the device cost immediately, making up for it with the profit from your service over time.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1bq8ub
|
why is the middle seat belt of a car designed differently than the side seat belts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bq8ub/eli5_why_is_the_middle_seat_belt_of_a_car/
|
{
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"text": [
"There is no adjacent side of the car to anchor a shoulder belt for one thing.",
"Because the engineers were lazy. I've owned a 7-series and an E-class both had shoulder and lap belts for all 5 seats. ",
"Nobody cares about the person in the middle."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
62nwka
|
why does the recipient of an organ donor need to take imuno-supressants to avoid their body attacking the organ and ultimately reject it, but blood donor recipients dont need to to stop their body destroying the donor blood cells?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/62nwka/eli5_why_does_the_recipient_of_an_organ_donor/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfo0i1f"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Both organ recipients and blood recipients have to have tissue matching done. Blood typing is only the first step. There are major and minor cross matches done. Red blood cells are specialized, so specialized they no longer have a nucleus. They do not reproduce or last a long time. Packed Red Blood Cells have been \"washed\" to remove antigens. The recipient has been tested to see if the blood is compatible. There are many donors available.\n\nTissue matching for organs is much harder. The organs cells must be able to multiply. Many more genes are expressed. The organs should last a lifetime. The number of donors is much smaller. Essentially someone has to die to donate an organ. There are exceptions to this.\n\nSome tissues such as corneas are much simpler to use in donations. It is the hard cases which make a difference.\n\nSo matching for organs is much harder. If an organ is available it should be used. If someone will die if they do not receive an organ than they match as best they can. Organs must be used almost immediately. Blood components can be stored for much longer."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6fosj1
|
why is the number 4 the same as the word for death in so many asian languages?
|
It's interesting to see the effect of tetraphobia, but why are the words so similar and why does the same thing happen in so many different languages?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6fosj1/eli5_why_is_the_number_4_the_same_as_the_word_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dijtzxh"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Mandarin Chinese has a low inventory of possible syllables. There are plenty of words, especially since it is a tonal language. Because there's a low number of syllables, there's a lot of homophones. It's a major cultural thing to throw puns around. For example, the phrase that means, \"there will be an abundance every year\" sounds similar to, \"there will be fish every year.\" Which leads to the tradion of fish dishes during Chinese New Year. \nApart from the Chinese language, a lot of Asian languages borrowed from Chinese. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7l9b23
|
what would be the benefits of cutting taxes for the wealthy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7l9b23/eli5_what_would_be_the_benefits_of_cutting_taxes/
|
{
"a_id": [
"drkgjzs"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"None for you, the economy, the lower class, the middle class, most of the upper class, small business owners, farmers, people in small country towns, people in big cities... \n\nBasically, you know those picturesque idealic locations with a big modern mansion sitting on the shore with 4 speedboats tied up at the private jetty and a fleet of european sports cars in the driveway? The people who own it will benefit from it. Nobody else. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1a5fan
|
how does filing taxes work?
|
My parents still claim me on their taxes. If I work for a certain company or website, will they be able to tell what it is just from my taxes? Help!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1a5fan/eli5_how_does_filing_taxes_work/
|
{
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"text": [
" > If I work for a certain company or website, will they be able to tell what **it is** just from my taxes? Help!\n\nwhat, do you mean by \"it\"?\n\n > Filing taxes\n\nBasically you can just take your W-2 form and go to some online site like this: _URL_0_\n\nThen follow instructions.\n\nOr you could ask your parents.",
"I'll bite. What's the website? Need some business? "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.esmarttax.com/"
],
[]
] |
|
tybou
|
how people are injured by bombs?
|
I don't quite get how bombs are actually deadly. I understand that people can get thrown up in the air or against walls and be injured but what moves them? Shock waves? How? Is it the actual metal parts of the bomb exploding like shrapnel that can harms? Does dropping a bomb from an aircraft make it more powerful?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/tybou/eli5_how_people_are_injured_by_bombs/
|
{
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"text": [
"To list out the various ways briefly:\n\n1. Force: The detonation itself is very powerful. The force of the energy moving outwards can pick you up and throw you- provided it's a strong enough explosion.\n\n2. Shrapnel: Some bombs are designed to put out more shrapnel- they have metallic bits in them. in fact, some home-made bombs have been packed with nails to embed themselves in people. Otherwise, debris around the area of explosion can act as shrapnel.\n\n3. Heat: It burns. Nuff said.\n\n4. Dropping bombs from planes: They're typically dropped from planes because of volume, and efficiency reasons. It isn't efficient to carry a bomb into a target zone and leave and detonate it.",
"When a bomb goes off, you get a wave rippling out from the center. The explosive rapidly combusts and expands. This expanding gas pushes the air around it out and so on and so forth. \n\nThis concussion wave doesn't just hit you, though. The wave actually goes *through* you, making your internal organs rapidly contract on themselves. Your organs are basically just soft gooey bags of tissues and when that wave goes through pressing all the parts together, the pressure goes up. This can easily rupture your important parts like your bowls, liver, stomach, etc.",
"Firstly bombs have fuel which burns, so you get lots of heat. (You actually land up with two of these blast waves from most explosions, but I won't go into that)\n\nBomb fuels are specially chosen to let off a ridiculously large amount of gas in a very small amount of time, which is in a very compact area. The gas needs to get out, and it does so very quickly. Too quickly in fact, because all the other gas that was made by the bomb is pushing it away. The gas is pushed so hard that it is forced to move faster than it normally can, and this forms a blast wave (which is similar to a shock wave, but with minor technical differences that I won't get into here). You can think of a blast wave as an instant change in wind speed. One second the air is still, and then the next second you have a wind blowing at several hundred miles an hour. Remember that this wind is very hot, because it comes directly out of burning fuel. \n\nCarried by the wind, you have the metal bits from the bomb (shrapnel), but also dust and sand and bits of everything else that was between you and the bomb. That works like sand paper, and basically just rips your skin. Don't forget that this skin is probably already quite badly burned from the really hot wind.\n\nThen you get your body's own reaction. The blast wave isn't stopped by your body. Your body is soft and squishy and the the wave has no problem passing through your organs. Your organs don't like that, and it's not unusual for one of them to tear or burst. Your bones are solid though, and the blast wave and put up quite a bit of resistance to the shock wave. The shock wave pushes back, and often one or two bones can't take that pushing and snap. Your body is pushed backwards really quickly, and often your brain hits the inside of your skull, which can cause major damage.\n\nOccasionally, the wind can lift you and throw you around, but that's not normally the main cause of damage.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
288cd8
|
why is it that cellphone networks , like 4g, have such a large geographical coverage per tower, but wifi has incredibly small range in comparison.
|
ELI5: Why is it that cellphone networks , like 4g, have such a large geographical coverage per tower, but WiFi has incredibly small range in comparison.
And why don't WiFi routers use the same technology?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/288cd8/eli5_why_is_it_that_cellphone_networks_like_4g/
|
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"Commercial versus residential technology.\n\nCell phone towers are massive and expensive, designed to service every cell customer living in a geographical area.\n\nWifi routers cost 50 bucks and fit under your desk, and are only designed to service you and your roommates.",
"Wireless signals travel *kind of* like sounds do. Think of the pumping bass you can hear across town vs. the other noises that are mostly blocked by closing a door. For both Wi-Fi/cell and sound, lower frequency travels farther. This is a function of physics that maybe someone else can explain in more detail.\n\nWi-Fi uses 2.4GHz or 5GHz (also written 2400MHz or 5000MHz). GSM (one technology that cell phones use) run on [450MHz to 1800MHz](_URL_0_). Much lower frequency = farther reach.\n\nThat cell towers are, well, towers, also helps. Imagine how much farther you would hear pumping bass if it were ~100ft in the air. This is due to fewer objects interfering with the sound before reaching your ears.\n\n > And why don't WiFi routers use the same technology?\n\n1. The FCC says we can only use 2.4GHz and 5GHz for Wi-Fi.\n2. That decision is based partly on the fact that allowing for longer-range frequencies would contribute to an already horrible airspace overcrowding problem. In some areas, it's already difficult to get a good Wi-Fi signal because neighboring networks are using all available channels*\n\n*Think of channels like lanes on a highway. In the 2.4GHz band there are only 3 non-overlapping channels, only 3 lanes on the highway = traffic jam. Thankfully 5GHz has more like 13, but as we've just learned, 5GHz doesn't work as far as 2.4GHz (and also isn't as widely deployed yet).\n\n",
"Cell phone transmissions use more power. A typical laptop transmitter uses 32 mW, but a typical cellphone transmitter uses 500 mW [1].\n\nRadio signals actually require very little power. This is a problem because it's technologically relatively easy to build and operate a transmitter that interferes with somebody else's transmissions. So in the early days of radio, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) was established in the US to regulate who is allowed to transmit on what frequencies, in what geographic areas, at what power levels. Basically establishing a legal framework for property rights over a newly discovered type of limited resource (frequencies of electromagnetic spectrum).\n\nSince the cellphone companies have paid big bucks for dedicated blocks of spectrum across the entire country. They own that spectrum and can legally have whatever transmitters they want operating at whatever power levels they want on that spectrum. So their towers and cell devices can use whatever power level works best for the technology and economic considerations of their business. Due to physics, if they used more powerful transmissions each tower would cover a larger area and they'd need fewer towers -- but they'd also support fewer concurrent users due to interference, and the mobile transmitters in the cell phones would drain their batteries faster. The actual power levels in 3G or 4G technology standards represent a trade-off balancing the expense of having more towers against the limitations of having fewer of them.\n\nOTOH, wifi is on a band reserved for unlicensed transmissions, and limited to low power levels. Because everyone else is using low power, their transmissions won't interfere with yours unless your transmitters are very close together -- but it doesn't reach very far.\n\n[1] _URL_0_\n"
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands"
],
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]
] |
|
aezixe
|
why does bodyhair grow back darker on scars?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aezixe/eli5_why_does_bodyhair_grow_back_darker_on_scars/
|
{
"a_id": [
"edu64x2"
],
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3
],
"text": [
"What makes you think body hair grows back darker on scars?\n\nScar tissue doesn't actually contain any hair follicles. Hair growing from follicles in normal skin adjacent to a scar might mass through and emerge from a scar. There's no reason for the hair to be darker than other hairs, though.\n\nMaybe such a hair might appear darker against the whiter background of scar tissue?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2lucud
|
how is it that asthma can develop later in life and how is it that it can go away?
|
I've lived a very active life - kickboxing, surfing, lifting (I was a sprinter up until I was 15 or so) and had never suffered an asthma attack until a few weeks ago. I found out my mum had asthma when she was younger and according to her she just "grew out of it".
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lucud/eli5_how_is_it_that_asthma_can_develop_later_in/
|
{
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"cly93w4"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"In broad terms (as is appropriate for a 5 year old) there are two primary types of asthma.\n\n1) Asthma caused from under developed lungs. This is the type that you tend to have as a child. Through use and training (sports, band, choir, actual breath treatments) you can build the lungs up and grow out of it. \n\n2) Asthma caused by some kind of trigger. Severe allergies, cigarettes, chemical burns, major trauma from an accident, non cigarette smoke inhalation, etc. Something happens to damage or inhibit your breathing in some manner. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
86rkbq
|
why it isn't common for films to leak early by staff somehow getting the file?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/86rkbq/eli5_why_it_isnt_common_for_films_to_leak_early/
|
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"The files are carefully controlled to prevent that happening, and it is identifiable where and who such a leaked file would have come from. Someone working on the film isn't likely to have access to the entire thing, just the part they work on. Generally speaking people don't want to ruin their lives by breaking their contracts, destroying their careers, and being sued into oblivion just to give people a free movie.",
"Even when special screening copies of films are given, they contain not only visual watermarking on them that often can be tracked back to who it was given to (those folks don’t want to get in trouble) but they also contain hidden tiny watermarking that could be 1 frame at a special spot in the film and only the company that prepared it knows exactly where to look for it. You wouldn’t ever be able to find it but once leaked the company can download it and determine who is to be held accountable. Due to this I think leaks are less common than say 10-15 years ago when people simply blurred the larger visible watermarks/identifying information.",
"What would be the motive for doing so? ",
"The video files sent to the theater are encrypted. The projector itself decrypts the file as it is projecting. There is no interface by which the theater staff can access the unencrypted video file nor the encryption key.\n\nIt is like a game console. You have the game console and you have the game disc, but you can't put the game disc into a computer and copy the game.",
"When you're logged in as staff member X and download the movie to an external device id imagine some alarm bells would be triggered on the network.",
"They've caught up and found ways to know exactly who leaked it.\n\nAnother comment mentioned the watermark but I didn't see one mention that each Award Screener now has a specific watermark to each copy. So, if it makes it on the net early they know who did it. \n\nAs for \"in the studio\" leaks, companies have tightened access and control. A guy used to be able to sneak a copy away to upload and there was plausible deniability due to the large group with access to it. Now it's down to a few people that have damages built in to contracts. If it leaks you all get boned. So, it rarely leaks now.\n\nLower-budget movies still get leaks and some screeners still leak but nothing like the early 2000s.",
"Why would they risk their job for that?\n\nWould you leak your bank's info or your other secret information about your company if it's easily traceable to you?",
"My brother works for a digital cinema mastering and localisation company (UK) the films they work on are encrypted at the end of the process and the cinemas have to request single-use keys to play them.\n\nPrevents anyone from copying the files and also prevents unauthorised screenings.",
"Some films are scripted on airtight laptops/computers. IIRC, one of the Star Wars films had the script on a MacBook that had never been connected to the internet or had anything other than the charger plugged into it",
"I worked at a place where we had access to in production version. There are multiple layers of security, the physical film reels are in a temperature controlled vault where very few people have access to. And all the newer films are in digital form in huge storage array. While we can access them, including work in progress version that hasn't completed production. There are multiple layers of security, we work on computers that have all USB ports locked down so you can't plug in a USB drive. We had to VNC into a separate virtual machine to do our work. Also these original film files are huge. Transferring them anywhere out of the ordinary will probably raise a lot of warning in IT. If you try to re-encode them on the spot before transferring, it will create a strangely high amount of CPU usage which probably is being monitored as well. There are machines designed for transcoding that can do it really quick, but those machine also log everything they process, who ordered it, where it's going, etc.\n\nLastly we all have to sign agreement before taking the job that if we leaked company property, we can be sued for lost profit, which will probably be some amount I can never even get close to repay in my lifetime.\n\n",
"Also: how big is a usual movie if you download it? It's been years since I did it, but I think I remember a longer film would be around 10GB, if it's high quality. Movies at cinemas are received as DCPs (Digital Cinema Packages). A film is usually well above 100GB (the last Star Wars was larger than 150), meaning most computers wouldn't even be able to play them. ",
"Maybe because of respect to there job? Also i assume its mostly interesting and good payed i guess. ",
"Most people are not thieves who are willing to blow up their careers for little gain. There is also a limited amount of people who have access to the finished product, and even fewer with the means to transfer that to another device. It is not like it is just sitting around a server, access wide open, no auditing with open usb ports to just copy it over. ",
"Source: Used to be a manager in a large UK chain cinema when they fully converted to digital and got rid of the projectionists (on the opening weekend of HP7 part 2 but that's another story)\n\nThe film arrives on a hard drive to be uploaded to the server which then sends it out to the projector. The film file is encrypted and will not play on the projector unless a unique key file (KDM) specific to that film and projector, sent to the cinema separately via email is also uploaded to the projector. The KDMs are timed so they unlock at a certain date and time and will also have an expiry. The projector unencrypts the film on the fly each time it plays.\n\nTherefore if you don't have the film, the key AND the projector you can't play the film. The projectors are fucking massive and would definitely be missed.\n\nEdit: other people have weighed in about copy protection, I don't know a great deal about that side but the film file itself is shared with multiple cinemas (basically the hard drive goes on tour), I believe that the individual projector leaves a watermark on anything it plays for identification if someone videos the film on their phone or whatever.",
"They often do leak in other parts of the world. I watched a few movies on pirate dvd in China before the movies (actual movie, not dvd) were released in the US.",
"I think the truth is more mundane. I worked on rec not national census project as a system admin. I had access to query all of the live databases for whatever I wanted. Guess what, I didn't bother. Partly because I like working in IT and wanted to keep doing it, but mistly I just could not be arsed. Sorry truth is usually very dull.",
"The files we have in the cinema are encrypted, and can only be viewed when the cinema has been sent a file from the distributor called the KDM. (Key Delivery Message)\n\nDetailed in the KDM is the file it unlocks, the server that it is unlocked on and the time period its unlocked for.\n\nTypically files unlock the day before release to give the cinema a chance to check and make sure it plays correctly.\n\nMost distributors send 1 KDM per server in the cinema (so if you've got 5 screens, you'll get 5 KDMs allowing you to play the film in any of the screens for that time period) with it unlocking for a couple months\n\nDisney however tend to send a renewal KDM each and every week. ",
" > I mean once it's in the cinema/theatre.\n\nBecause the files are encrypted with a AES-128. The key used for each movie is then itself encrypted using a public key, which private counterpart is generated by a tamper protected cryptography module that's inside the projector and that private key never leaves this part of the projector.\n\nTechnically the studios could make the DCPs available BitTorrent, put some magnet links on the movie's homepages for those and just let cinemas load the stuff that way (and everybody else).\nIn fact, one key design element of DCPs was, that DCPs could be broadcast to cinemas via otherwise unprotected satellite links (where unsolicited parties could eavesdrop).\n\nTo actually be able to play the content a cinema has to:\n\n- register each of its projectors with the studio\n- generate key delivery requests on the projectors\n- send the key delivery requests to the studio (KDR; one for each projector)\n- the studio generates a key delivery message (KDM; one for each projector)\n- the cinema ingests these KDMs into their systems\n\nNow they can actually play the movie file.\n\nSource: I used to contribute (and on occassion still do) to open source digital cinema software.",
"It's been said, but basically because people worked hard to get those jobs, and there is literally no reward in leaking the new Transformers movie a few weeks early to people who will literally not pay you for it.\n\nIt used to be WAY more common, especially in that weird time after VHS but before major digital distribution was even a consideration. Now, studios have gotten wise to that shit and have all sorts of ways of tracking down a leaker, probably some that are unknown to many veterans of the industry.",
"Generally the file will have been encoded with an identifying marker so it can be traced back to the leaker. My uncle is a member of the Film Academy and has let me watch early releases. In the beginning they display a warning about the encodings.",
"Data Management Technician here!\n\nFor one, when movies are sent to theatres, they are put on something called a DCP, a Digital Cinema Package, which is usually heavily encrypted and works almost like an online rental, in that you have a set number of plays or days that the movie can play before being wiped from the DCP or locked up again indefinitely. A girl I know who is a representative for a film society in my community tells me all the time about how studios will send out DCPs forgetting to unlock them or include the passkey.\n\nSecondly, yes, it's such a process to cut a film. I remember one of my first ever gigs as a data tech, I really wanted to impress the crew, so I prepared all of these proxies (smaller versions of the day's footage) and put them on these shuttle drives for the crew to playback in their hotel rooms at the end of the day. I thought it was a great idea since the camera team was always coming to me to check their focus or the Camera Op would come to me to confirm the shots were being stored properly; Coming from working with film, he was skeptical of digital storage I guess. Long story short, I told the Director of Photography \"Hey! I made these shuttle drives that the crew can take home\" and now it seems so obvious to me, but his response was basically to delete them, saying something along the lines that anybody could take those home and cut together their own version of the movie, and we'd have little way of stopping them. Lesson learned.\n\nDuring post production (which on pretty much every show I've worked on has happened during production to save time) anybody who isn't in a key position in the editing department will only have access to versions of the film that are basically useless, like proxies in low res with a big watermark on it, or they have to login to something like _URL_0_ which at least gives production an indication of who's looking at it. I don't know how it works in the big smoke, but in my experience there isn't exactly a colony working in the editing room. Folks in the office and on the production crew have no reason to ever go near the footage, and after the DMT, there's only about a handful of people you could ask if something were to surface online. The film industry has this weird feeling of being sort of like the military of the entertainment world. You work so hard for years and years just to be able to stay in it, and not have to work at Walmart on the side, that it'd honestly be suicide to betray a production. But I'm sure it happens. I have known people to get bad reputations and have to jump town or find other work. \n\nTL;DR: Movies at the theatre are encrypted on DCPs, a story about how I learned a valuable piece of set etiquette as a beginner, and the editing room doesn't have as many people in it as you would think (at least, in my experience).",
"I work in post production as a stereoscopic artist (i turn movies into 3d) literally the second last step before a film is done right behind publishing it\n\nWhen our studio gets a movie, we only get a chunk of it. There are other studios in my city that gets the other parts, as well as other locations of my company that gets it (LA vs toronto). This already stops a company from having the entire film. But thats not good enough for higher class productions. \n\nWe also dont get any audio or subtitles. Most of the time we dont get context and each scene im the movie is split between literally hundreds of artists. So to peice a movie back together to leak it would require you to go around to everyones computer and find the files and peice together which would be very difficult and simply using anothers computer is against our NDA and can get us fired.\n\nTheres even more small studd they do to prevent us as the artists from seeing the whole film. But that im not aloud to talk about.",
"I'm not sure if this has been touched on so I'll chime in. Honestly I think the biggest reason is there simply isn't a demand for leaked stuff anymore. Basically there is SO much entertainment in today's world why would you want to watch a leaked Avengers when you could play an amazing game or watch one of a million amazing shows and movies that are out and at your finger tips right now. \n\nI base this anecdotally because pirated movies and games were much bigger in the 80's and 90's. So you had some ok consoles, tv, hbo, not bad but if your friend had Commando before it came out you'd be like \"Hell yeah! Pop that tape in.\" Then in the 90's warez was big, remember warez? Putting together games from god awful sites that were half complete? There was a market then because it wasn't so over saturated with already amazing games.\n\nIn today's world why would you bother with a leaked probably shitty version of say John Wick 2, when you could hop on netflix and watch an entire season of Daredevil? Why bother downloading a game's iso and going though the trouble of using it when you can hop on steam during a sale, spend 10 dollars and get 500 hours of entertainment? Basically back in the day there was less so people went after it more, now there's so much to do it's not worth even a small hassle. Just my two cents.",
"The movie theater I use to work at receives the film on an encrypted hard drive. Programmed only to work at the start of the release date. The projector computer links via satellite to the studio/distributor network which allows the film to be shown x number of times that day based on the contract rights. The theater can't do anything to control it. If the hard drive is late in shipping and isn't plugged into the projector computer on time it bricks itself, if you try to force it to play it bricks itself. If it disconnects from the satellite connection for too long it bricks itself. Hooking it up to the wrong projector so the cipher keys don't match. It bricks itself. You see the trend.",
"I don’t know if this was mentioned but some studios like Marvel take it VERY seriously. So even if it’s not the employees you’re worried about, people who come to visit like journalists are taken into account. For Marvel, phones, outside computers, flash drives, etc, are NOT allowed in the studio. You have to be checked for any equipment before you’re allowed to do your work. (I’m talking especially from a SFX or Animation/Compositing area of the creation. "
]
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||
1iij43
|
necessary and sufficient conditions
|
Studying for the LSAT, and one of the pillars of the test is understanding necessary and sufficient conditions. I just cannot seem to grasp the concept. It seems they switch back and forth, and the definition is very elastic. Please help me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1iij43/eli5_necessary_and_sufficient_conditions/
|
{
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"text": [
"No, they are quite inelastic. \n \nIf a condition is *necessary*, it MUST be true for the result to occur. So you know that if the result is true, the necessary condition did occur. \n \nIf a condition is *sufficient*, having met it means that the result can possibly occur as a result. But the result could have come about by other means. And a sufficient condition occurring does not guarantee that the result will occur, just that it can. ",
"Rain alwas comes from clouds, but not all clouds produce rain. This means that *clouds are necessary but not sufficient for rain*. By the same token, anytime it's raining we know there are clouds producing it, so *rain is sufficient to conclude that it's cloudy, but not necessary*. ",
"This is a lot like the square rectangle thing. All squares are rectangles, but only some rectangles are squares. Say we have a thing. For it to be a square, it has to be a rectangle, so being a rectangle is a necessary condition of a square. On the other hand, if something is a square, we can conclude that is it a rectangle, so being a square is sufficient for being a rectangle."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
606wnl
|
what is the weight of gravity in pounds and how to find it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/606wnl/eli5_what_is_the_weight_of_gravity_in_pounds_and/
|
{
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"df3x23i"
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"text": [
"Gravity is a force, while weight is the effect of gravity on a given mass. You cannot convert gravity in to weight. It's like asking me to tell you the speed of your car using only the measurement of how much gas you have in the tank."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ab8j81
|
how does a marijuana plant "create" thc
|
This applies to all plants. A similar idea is how does a tree make bark and a pepper plant make capsaicin.
As we know, a plant has a certain system by which it intakes stuff, usually through its leaves and roots.
So through its roots and leaves elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen become the "inputs" that the plant uses. Somehow though it re arranges these inputs and turn them into THC, Bark, leaves, whatever you like.
Why is it that if a human scientist were given the same exact inputs, it would be very hard to make those same substances.
So how does a plant manage to acheive these "impossible" feats?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ab8j81/eli5_how_does_a_marijuana_plant_create_thc/
|
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"text": [
"Well yes, the trees/ blantd take in CO2, and emit O2 through the stoma (contractable holes which it \"breathes\" through in the leaves) , and nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, water etc through their roots mainly. The energy from photosynthesis is used to create organic molecules, like cellulose (bark/plant steams) as well as more specialized molecules, depending on the specific plant. some being volitile (airborne; a scent) like limonene (in marijuana smell, the fresh side) mylecine(weed smell on the earthy skunky side, pepprin. Some plants create toxins or psychoactive compounds to deterrent being food for animals. Sometimes it's caustic(chemical burns) like hog weed, sometimes it's poisonous like rhubarb leaf , or of course , psychoactive; like thc(marijuana), morphene(Poppy's), cocaine(coca leaf) , etc...another thing to mention is there's different \"organs\"(loose term used for analogy) in a plant and they generally are specified to make or do only one thing or a particular set of reactions. So like the stem knows to make more cellulose to be ridgid and strong, but a flower and go ahead and make all kinds of scents, pollen, seeds or whatever else it needs to reproduce (as flowers, like weed buds, are technically reproductive \"organs\") this is why you need to have feminized seeds to have a cannabis plant that actually flower and produce marijuana buds... Male cannabis plants are basically just a bush weed with lots of hemp fibers and cellulose as they don't have flowers to produce thc they're used for industrial purposes like producing hemp\n\n\nThe actual molecules themselves, in nature or in a lab, are all made by chemical reactions, and they're all reproducible reactions to some extent, but in many cases it's just easier to have plants do it. Like in the case of THC it can be and is made synthetically, but it is quite inefficient compared to plants doing it... As a plant needs air, light, water, and some fertilizer, whereas a human would need specific precursor chemicals in exact measurement, most likely some kind of catalyst or energy source, it's not the worse method but plants are more efficient on materials and effort. if scientists were starting with water, air , phosphorus and nitrogen it would take so much power, time and effort it would never be considered feasible... The man hour cost as well as more difficult to obtain and expensive starting materials makes it impractical but it's possible \n\nSometimes it's better to go synthetic but that's if a reactions components are common (or actually reactive/reproducible... Like if humans could split water feasibly(as plants do) we'd have more than synthetic weed, we'd be done with fossil fules period). Like with synthetic fibers winning over wool, cotton or silks as their either inneficient(silk vs nylon) or just outclassed in performance/end product(wool vs nylon)... Although hemp might make a comeback in the organic fiber department \n",
"The magic word here is enzymes \n\nEnzymes are huge complex molecules that can perform many complex reactions. A single enzyme is typically specific to performing only one reaction on only one substrate (input), so a bunch of different enzymes working together are needed to do many of the functions the organism needs \n\nThese enzymes working together are called a pathway. Photosynthesis is a pathway of different enzymes all working together for a common goal. To form glucose. From then glucose is enzymatically broken down in a number of different pathways to give energy\n\nSo, that's how plants use somewhat simple organic compounds to form large complex ones. Through synthetic (building) pathways which use lots of different enzymes each with a specific function \n\nIf a human scientist is given the same initial compound with all the enzymes required for the pathway, he will easily be able to run the pathway and get you the final product \n",
"Real Eli5:\n\nPlants are living beings like humans and other animals, as you might know. And as all living beings they have DNA, which is like the blueprint for creating its whole body. Within their DNA there is also the blueprint for a little factory that combines the molecules they breathe and suck in into those substances. The factory is in their whole body. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
33x558
|
can you drown from prolonged inhalation of steam, like in a hot shower or sauna.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33x558/eli5_can_you_drown_from_prolonged_inhalation_of/
|
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"As a Finn who has never heard of anyone drowning in sauna and we spend hours in there, I believe you exhale the water out before drowning. And even if it would build up you would have to spend many days in there to be long enough.",
"In short, no. You'd die of hyperthermia (being too hot) first.\n\nIn long, the only way this would happen is if you exhaled less moisture than you inhaled. That would require your lungs to have a lower temperature and moisture content than the surrounding air. Think of how a cold glass \"sweats\" on a hot day--that's water vapor from the surrounding air collecting and becoming liquid water. To get to that point in your lungs, you'd need _very_ hot, _very_ humid air. I'm honestly not sure if it's possible at all--your cells may have some way of preventing condensation--but if it is possible, you'd still die of hyperthermia (or straight-up burns) first.\n\nIt would be possible to construct a sealed chamber and fill it with water vapor, and no free oxygen. You'd suffocate in there, but it would be a special case. I don't think a sauna could reach that point from steam generation alone: adding steam to the room would increase the pressure, which would make the water vapor tend to condense as water droplets. If the sauna were sealed, you could breathe all the oxygen and leave only CO2, but that's true regardless of steam.",
"Not possible practically speaking. The air in your lungs is fully saturated at body temperature (because you are made of water, you add water to the air you inhale). If you wanted to deposit enough water to drown, then the steam temperature would need to be sufficiently hot that it wouldn't cool until it reached deep into your lungs. This would be fairly hard to accomplish because airflow is so much higher in larger airways that cooling would almost inevitably occur before the gas reached the respiratory zone (small air spaces involved in gas exchange). Even still, your body deals with fluid accumulation all the time in large airways through mucocilliary clearance (removal of phlegm by tiny hair cells) and in smaller ones through a drainage mechanism called the lymphatic system (sort of like roof gutters for your lungs, carrying away excess water and dumping it back into the blood stream). ",
"I would suspect this is a yes, with some conditions. I work with steam for a living, when you walk through large clouds of steam (not sauna level crap, that is basically dry steam) you can notice the increased difficulty in breathing.\n\nWhile the idea of Condensation may play a role, the main factor at work here is high levels of water vapor being breathed. The concept of drowning is that you cannot breath enough air because you are breathing too much water. If you inhale a lungful of water, you will cough it up in part because you are not underwater (ie, you have somewhere to cough up the water too). If you are underwater, then your next breath will be water too (provided you are not deep enough to be unable to breath out).\n\nThe same thing can happen with steam under the conditions that the level of oxygen in the air you were breathing was too low. For Air to be safely breathable, it needs to be roughly 20% Oxygen by volume.\n\nDepending on the mechanics of gas diffusion, if you get 50% of the air filled with water vapor from steam, the air might only have 10% Oxygen by volume. Prolonged exposure to air of this level will result in the process of drowning or asphyxiation.\n\nThe idea of Steam being super hot is not always correct as there are many factors at work. I am able to hold my hand in steam that is 367 F for multiple minutes at a time without being burnt.\n\nFact of the Day: When working with steam, the primary danger comes from being a 'Gas under pressure' rather than 'boiling hot water vapor'. Dry, pressurized steam is very fucking dangerous because it is invisible and often silent, but can cut solid steel in half like butter.",
"Hot showers & saunas aside--- You can drown in non-prolonged exposure to steam. \n\nExample: a steam pipe or steam boiler develops a significant leak. You are breathing in the steam while trying repair the leak or getting out of the area. \n\nThis steam then condenses back to water inside your lungs and.. you drown. \n\nEnclosed spaces, such as boiler rooms in lower compartments of ships, this is a major concern.\n\nEDIT: Hot shower water does not give off \"steam\". It is condensate that is misting that fogs up the bathroom, same as your exhaled breath on a cold day outside. Water boils to steam, (which is not a gas nor solid, but a vapor), at 212*F at sea level. Don't think you'd want to take a shower at that temp. \n\n(Source: am a steam engineer. Good question asked, OP.)."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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] |
||
2fxjqw
|
will the ebola virus come to north america? of so is there anyway to prevent from getting it? (i don't understand this disease at all )
|
Explanation on the disease and how it transmits. Maybe some prevention info. Idk.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fxjqw/eli5_will_the_ebola_virus_come_to_north_america/
|
{
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"text": [
"Ebola is spread through direct contact with an infected person's bodily fluids (blood, semen, saliva, etc.). The disease is only transmittable after the onset of symptoms so it's not a sneaky virus, even if it does break out in North America it will be contained very fast because we have better infrastructure and education than the people in West Africa.\n\ntl;dr: Not easily transmittable and easily contained if it gets here",
"Several things to consider: 1 ebola is not spread by traveling on an airplane next to someone 2. Ebola is not spread to waste water treatment systems 3 we do not have the same fruit bats that bite people and spread the disease so fast in the us. 4 we have disposable needles gloves and other bio hazard precautions in the us that are hard to come by in the 3rd world. 4. Ebola does not hide for a long time people who have a ebola get sick and die quick which means they don't have as much time to infect other people silently as diseases like HIV do. 5. Mostly people are not afraid of doctors and health workers in the United States and are relatively well educated compared to the third world. This alone will allow significant disease prevention"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
39o9jm
|
i always hear on reddit that americans don't have universal healthcare so explain me what's the government-run healthcare programs called medicare and medicaid in america?
|
I've previously worked in an outsourced American healthcare company processing Medicare and Medicaid and I've transacts tens of thousands of you everyday. Isn't Medicare and Medicaid the healthcare programs provided by your government?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/39o9jm/eli5_i_always_hear_on_reddit_that_americans_dont/
|
{
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"text": [
"Medicare is for people 65 and older, so the elderly and retired people can have healthcare even if they can't afford it. Basically anyone over 65 can get it. \n\nMedicaid is just healthcare for poor families who can't afford to pay for health insurance. \n\nIt's ridiculously hard to get, and lots of people who can't afford healthcare end up being turned down when they apply. ",
"Side note: If someone has kidney disease and is on dialysis, they are also eligible for Medicare. This is because kidney failure and dialysis are so expensive that the government steps in to cover the costs. Source: Wife needs a kidney. (anyone?)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4wk0kh
|
caucasians seem to get more variation in eye color (blue/green/black/brown), and darker skinned people tend to have mostly black and brown and barely green or blue. why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4wk0kh/eli5_caucasians_seem_to_get_more_variation_in_eye/
|
{
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"d67mi30",
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6
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"text": [
"The brown/black stuff that makes skin dark also makes hair dark and eyes brown.\n\nThe brown/black stuff is called 'melanin\" and it has a stronger colour than most other body things.When your hair has less of the brown/black stuff, you can see more of the other colours that are there.",
"The darker your skin, the more melanin your body produces. Melanin also produces the things that control eye and hair color. Because lighter skinned people produce less melanin, they get more variations."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5v1nzy
|
why is it so hard to sleep while you're ecstatic?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5v1nzy/eli5_why_is_it_so_hard_to_sleep_while_youre/
|
{
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"ddywinq"
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"text": [
"It's usually due to the higher blood pressure, the same reason why drinking any caffeinated beverages before bedtime may make it harder to sleep. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
a7r5z6
|
how do it workers (sorry for the generic term) “see” a user’s web traffic? if i accidentally click a nsfw link using apollo while connected to my jobs wifi, can they see that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a7r5z6/eli5_how_do_it_workers_sorry_for_the_generic_term/
|
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"text": [
"I'd assume that Apollo uses HTTPS, this means they can see the URL you're requesting but not much more - the rest is all end-to-end encrypted. ",
"All of your traffic is routed through your company's hardware, and that hardware has logs (there are likely software logs somewhere, too, but let's just keep this simple). These logs can identify which machine the request came from from and where it was going to.\n\nVisiting a website is a very simple HTTP request called a \"GET\" - it contains no data, other than saying that you are requesting a website. If I send a \"get\" request to _URL_0_ from my web browser, it sends me back the google homepage. An IT worker can see that in the logs. ",
"\"Accidentally\" clicked that link huh? ",
"When you are on somebody else's WIFI you should always assume they can see everything you're doing.\n\nBut typically they only see what websites are accessed not the content of the website, even then that's only if they're actually looking. At my work there's almost a thousand people and majority of them probably have their phones hooked up to wifi so to somebody looking at the log of sites accessed its be a big ass log. Itd mostly be a computer program monitoring it.\n\nBut back to my first point, regardless of what does or does not happen if you're not on your own WIFI you should always assume you have zero privacy.",
"So, there are two answers. First, yes - they can see that. They very likely can't actually see what is at the link unless they go there (most web traffic is encrypted these days, including Apollo's, AFAIK), but they can see the plaintext address. Which means they can follow the link to see what it was you clicked on.\n\nThe second answer is one of IT's big secrets: we aren't looking. No one has time to monitor logs and check to see if content is inappropriate. We just throw some filters in place (most of the time just a vendor-provided list, but sometimes carefully tailored) and call it a day; we're already trying to cram sixty hours of work into a fifty hour week.\n\n*Unless*, of course, we're requested to investigate something about you specifically. The data is all there, so we can provide it.\n\nWhich means you can 100% get away with browsing porn at work if it's hosted somewhere not on the blacklist...but don't, because that will make firing you for cause super easy if some manager gets a bug up his ass about you for some reason."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"http://www.google.com"
],
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||
4bnh3s
|
why is no one stressing about the effects of vr headsets on people's eyes? will it not damage them more than sitting at a screen?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4bnh3s/eli5_why_is_no_one_stressing_about_the_effects_of/
|
{
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"text": [
"Sitting at a screen doesn't do any damage to your eyes. And even if it did, VR headsets contain optical elements that place the display at about the same apparent distance as a computer monitor, so there's no eyestrain involved in using them.",
"This is an old wives tale. Sitting too close to the screen doesn't hurt your vision. \n\nThe lenses in VR helmets work in a similar fashion to reading glasses. They allow something very close to somebodies eye, like a book or a screen, to appear to be farther away so the eye can focus at a more comfortable distance. \n\nYou can see how light travels near VS far in [this image](_URL_0_) The VR lenses or reading glasses take the angled light from close objects, and straighten them out so they appear to be coming from farther away, allowing the eye to relax it's focus. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/light-and-sight/sci-media/images/accommodation/669251-2-eng-NZ/Accommodation_gallery_supersize_landscape.jpg"
]
] |
|
2xd62n
|
wouldn't google fiber only be able to reach its max speeds with other fiber networks?
|
For example, even if fiber were laid in a whole town, the town still has an ISP who presumably doesn't use fiber, so isn't it limited by the ISPs non-fiber connection?
I don't really know how this all works, and I've heard fiber is supposed to be amazing. So how does it all fit together?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xd62n/eli5wouldnt_google_fiber_only_be_able_to_reach/
|
{
"a_id": [
"coz1u0l",
"coz2e4c",
"coz2pw5"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
6
],
"text": [
"No, Google would connect their fiber lines to a backbone, bypassing the ISP entirely.",
"You've got the right idea. No matter what your theoretical maximum internet speed is, it will be affected by other networks. For example, when testing my ATT Gigapower through _URL_0_ I only get speeds close to 1Gbps when I test against the ATT hosted site. When I test against other sites my speeds vary greatly, even dropping below 100Mbps on some. \n \nHaving a fiber network will not make your regular web browsing 1000 times faster, you are still dependent on who you are connecting to. As internet speeds increase globally more providers will have systems which allow you to take greater advantage of your fiber network. Essentially any potential bottlenecks shouldn't be happening on the end of the fiber user, so you'll get the fastest speeds that those networks you connect to will allow.",
"The normal function of an ISP is to connect you to the actual internet \"backbone\", or at least to someone *else* who connects to the backbone. Those links are always done using high speed fiber networks. But the big downside is the connections between the ISP and you. If they are over old telephone lines or other slow media, then you are limited by those connections. \n \nGoogle Fiber fixes those problems by (a) making all of the network between them and you high speed fiber, and (b) becoming your ISP. This should eliminate the speed bottlenecks between you and the internet backbone. That doesn't mean that you can run at backbone speeds, since you are still sharing capacity with a lot of other people, and even Google fiber is slower than backbone speeds. But you should get speeds that are hundreds or even thousands of times faster than anything you've had before, and will more likely be limited by your own equipment or house wiring."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"speedtest.net"
],
[]
] |
|
3n23ws
|
why do we forget to drink water?
|
People always drink less then they should, why isn't it natural to fell like i need to drink more water?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3n23ws/eli5_why_do_we_forget_to_drink_water/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvk5d1n"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Because we generally don't need to stay fully hydrated all the time. It's just healthier for us but I doubt our ancestors had access to water all the time and we're still here."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
augw8x
|
how were days and the months and calendar invented?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/augw8x/eli5_how_were_days_and_the_months_and_calendar/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eh840b9"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"People observed the sun and moon. You probably know that a day is one rotation of the earth on its axis, otherwise known as “a day and a night.” And a month is one full moon cycle. People saw this and decided to start recording it to keep track of time. The calendar we use (the Gregorian calendar) was created in the 1500s."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1h1mjf
|
why the news must only focus on the violent crime stories?
|
And not more particularly happy stories? I know it has to do with installation of fear and manipulation, but I was wondering if anyone had a clearer answer that was a bit simpler.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1h1mjf/eli5_why_the_news_must_only_focus_on_the_violent/
|
{
"a_id": [
"capxkz7",
"capy699"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"Sex and violence sell the most advertisements",
"Newspapers and news shows on TV xist to make a profit. Not to inform their viewers. Sure they also inform, but that is not the reason they exist. This is the same for most large corporations. Electronic Arts exists to make a profit. Ford exists to make a profit. Banks exist to make a profit. They have a chosen direction they use to make that profit. But in the end, all that matters is what will make them more money.\n\nSome big companies may be less focused on the profit and more on the customer, but even can be construed as their view of how to make more money in the long run.\n\nI'm not implying any of this is good or bad, just stating how it is.\n\nSo back to the news. More people watch the news to see the bad news than the good news. Good things happening is the norm. So nobody cares to turn on the news and see that their neighbor did something nice for old lady down the street. Nobody turns on the news to see that Fred's bakery had an average day where nobody got murdered.\n\nWhile it's nice to see that happy story, nobody watches the news specifically for that.\n\nAnd all that is before the political angles and agendas. Or the more subtle means of making a profit for other parts of the parent company.\n\nEDIT: *As proof that people generally seek out the bad news over the good, look at any of the news reddit's. Outside of /r/upliftingnews , they all probably have a higher percentage of bad news than your local tv news show.*"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6rpga3
|
how award shows have footage of a live event that hasn't happened yet
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6rpga3/eli5_how_award_shows_have_footage_of_a_live_event/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dl6siba"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"They rehearse for live shows before they do them. Most of those clips are from those rehearsals, or previous events that the artists performed in."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
409kw7
|
why is exactly 1/2 (0.5) rounded up?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/409kw7/eli5_why_is_exactly_12_05_rounded_up/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cysi6gv",
"cysoatt",
"cysr0f1"
],
"score": [
5,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"If you count zero as a number, then you have exactly half below .5, and exactly half above. ",
"First, let's look at a number line from zero to ten. If you were to round to the nearest ten, five numbers (0,1,2,3,4) would round to zero and five numbers (5,6,7,8,9) would round to ten.\n\nNext you'll ask \"what about ten?\" Let's go from zero to one hundred, rounding to tens again. 0,1,2,3, and 4 round to zero (5 numbers) 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13, and 14 round to ten (10 numbers). 15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23, and 24 round to twenty (10 numbers) and so on. \n\nUnless I'm reading your question wrong, that should do it.",
"It's a good question, and I'm not entirely happy with the other answers. \n\nIt doesn't make sense to say that you should count 1.0 as well, so indeed: 1.5 could be equally rounded to 1 as to 2. For simplicity and in general use it is just a rule to round 1.5 to 2 or 0.5 to 1. If you do this consistently in a big computer algorythm with a lot .5 values, you will make quite a big fault though. \n\nIt would make sense to round .5 numbers up or down about 50-50% of the times, so the little faults don't accumulate but compensate eachother. That's where the even rule comes in: .5 numbers will be rounded to the nearest EVEN number. This way 1.5 will still be rounded up to 2, and 0.5 will be rounded down to 0. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2tpjcd
|
why do american front doors open up right into the living room?
|
The impression I get is that the average home in the USA has a front doors that opens directly into the living room or main living area. Rather than a hallway that connects to the living area. Having never been to the states, I have no idea if this is really the case. I've see it mostly in sitcoms over the years, growing up with Married with Children, Roseanne and Seinfeld and leading over into Friends, That 70s Show, etc. But also most American movies show housing (either suburban houses or city apartments) that don't have hallways.
Where I'm from, all houses (big or small) have a hallway. So when you open the front door you don't: a) get a cold draft through the entire living room or b) have the person at the door be able to see everything that's going on in your living room.
So any ideas?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tpjcd/eli5why_do_american_front_doors_open_up_right/
|
{
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"co15bev",
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"co15loq",
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],
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4,
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4,
11,
2
],
"text": [
"Our front door opens into a foyer instead of our main living room.",
"Some houses are small and that is the case. Usually older houses. But most houses have a foyer. I'm not sure why it would open into a hallway. That's just weird.",
"I think the percentage of houses in America opening to a hallway or entryway is about the same as anywhere else. Mine opens to a hallway. It's just that for the sake of tv it works better for it all to be in one room. ",
"A lot of the shows you mentioned were filmed in front of a live audience. In this instance, having a conventional front door that leads to a hallway would block the audiences view of the characters entrance.",
"TV shows/movies usually have that simply because it is easier to film someone coming in the door. A lot more convenient than having a hallway there.\n\nThere are literally hundreds of thousands of different floor plans you can find in the US. Some front doors open to hallways, others open to foyers, others to the living room, etc. There are a myriad of reasons why... aesthetics, praticality, functionality.... There is really no one reason why. Not all US houses open to the living room though, mostly just the ones on TV :)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
d918kp
|
what specifically makes it hard for millions of sperm on their journey to reach an egg?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d918kp/eli5_what_specifically_makes_it_hard_for_millions/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f1dzi2s",
"f1dzr11",
"f1e5whi",
"f1e7c0h",
"f1e7ijy",
"f1ehwia",
"f1eizdc",
"f1ejj1j",
"f1em0le",
"f1eoenx"
],
"score": [
30,
872,
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15,
9386,
76,
11,
2,
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"text": [
"They have no senses and are basically swimming blind. Many sperm do usually reach the egg... the egg (usually) only accepts one inside.",
"Lots. The cervix is a physical barrier. And then women have mucus that slows down the sperm. Then the actual distance to travel. \n\nThe body is designed not to get pregnant constantly. Although some people are more fertile than others.",
"Sperm are very basic and the bodily fluids inside the vagina/cervix/uterus are very acidic. It kills off a lot of sperm on their journey. It deteriorates their protective coating. They are also swimming against a current produced by cilia (little hairs that move back and forth creating this wave of motion that moves the egg to the uterus). They can get trapped in this cilia. Another reason is because they only have a certain time period before they die, its just a few days.\n\nEdited for spelling mistake.",
"Aside from what the other comments said about the acidic environment and the sperm's difficult journey to the egg, even if a sperm is the fastest to reach the egg there is no guarantee that it will be able to fertilize it. The egg has a really hard outer layer that the sperm needs to penetrate in order for it to be successful.",
"TL;DR It's a fucking miracle anyone is ever born.\n\nEdit: Alright, I get it, it's not exactly a \"miracle\" of a process, but I took liberty of expression by exaggerating. It's a lot easier to downplay the process when looking at population growth as a whole. In the end, it's a numbers game, but just because it works for many does not make it any less harder for some to be pregnant, and to them it actually *feels* like a miracle.\n\nWhile I'm editing, there's a lot of people who have been kind enough to post good resources on the process in more accurate detail than what I discuss below. I make intentional omissions in some regards for simplicity's sake and I tried to answer as much within the scope of the question as I could.\n\nAnd so:\n\nThink of the journey of a sperm cell like that one example where [fish have to climb a waterfall to mate.](_URL_0_) In this situation, there's wet rocks, water pouring against the fish, gravity, and a huge distance to travel that work against the fish's favor, similar to how the female anatomy is inhospitable to the sperm cells in similar ways. I'm going to go into a little more detail in the next part, but it will help if you try to keep the analogy of the fish and waterfall in mind.\n\nLet's start at the beginning of the journey, the cervix. It acts like a gate that opens and closes at different times of the month to let the sperm get in. No real analogy here. It's just like a door.\n\nAfter the sperm get a ticket in, then they have to survive the environment that is usually at a pH that degrades or destroys sperm, so many die at this phase as well. This would be like if, suddenly, the waterfall water turned boiling hot and started killing the climbimg fish.\n\nAnother barrier would be the production of mucous that the body creates and expels to constantly clean out the vagina, similar to cerumen in the ears, mucous of the nose, or sweat on the skin. The motion of the mucous tends towards the exit instead of going further in, just like the water and gravity work against the fish trying to climb. They can move upwards as much as they try, but will get pushed back down.\n\nDistance was a factor mentioned by others. Sperm don't have nuclear reactors and many will run out of energy before they reach the egg. That, or they spend too long and are destroyed by the hostile environment of the female anatomy. In this context, think of the fish getting too tired to hang on and succumbing to the other barriers already listed.\n\nHere we say the fish make it over the waterfall and live happily ever after. But it's a little different on the cellular level.\n\nIf the sperm DO make the distance, there is still the egg. Imagine this egg like you would a chicken egg; you can't just touch it with your finger and expect to get inside. But what if I coated my finger in acid? The eggs in the female reproductive tract have a similar \"hard\" shell that is resistant to penetration and resists many sperm. The sperm are equipped with lysing agents that break down the egg so that one lucky sperm can reach the center.\n\nThen there's the matter of why more sperm can't just penetrate the same egg to fertilize it. After initial fertilization, the egg changes the chemistry of the outer shell that was initially penetrable and makes it so it is now impenetrable to further attempts to fertilize it. Imagine like you're in line for a 1-person seat on a ride; after you sit down, they close the gate so no one can follow you in, and the ride begins.",
"This goes a little beyond your question, but I have learned a lot about just how difficult fertilization is as I undergo infertility treatments:\n\n-Most sperm are not the ideal shape for fertilization. Many have two heads, two tails, jagged edges, etc. Sperm morphology measures the number of “ideal” shaped sperm. In fact, so many sperm are misshaped that 96% abnormally shaped sperm is still considered healthy. Most men fall in the range of 4-14% “ideally” shaped sperm. Look up images of sperm morphology; it’s kind of crazy. \n\n-The fertility window is VERY short. Once a woman ovulates, the ideal time to fertilize (how long the egg lasts after ovulation) only lasts about 12-48 hours. Now, you can theoretically get pregnant with sperm that has survived for a few days before the ovulation window, but many couples who struggled to conceive can tell you, the 12-48 hour period is ideal.\n\n-There’s other factors that can make it difficult for sperm to reach an egg, like motility. Sperm can be too slow, or, as my doctor recently told me, too fast. A sperm that moves too quickly, according to my doctor, will have a harder time fertilizing an egg. \n\n-A woman’s Fallopian tubes may be blocked or partially blocked, literally creating a physical barrier that prevents the sperm from reaching the egg. There are medical procedures that can help address this. \n\nThere are many other factors that make it difficult. These are the ones that first come to mind, based on what our reproductive endocrinologist has told my husband and I. It really is remarkable to think that pregnancy is the result of these seemingly insurmountable odds.",
"There are several “barriers” sperm cells have to traverse before reaching the egg.\n\nFirst there’s the mucus at the entrance of the uterus. It gets thicker in certain periods of the menstruation and more watery in others. It is the main defense mechanism against germs,acting as a barrier.\n\nThen there are the cilli in the fallopian tubes. They are facing the uterus (opposite way the sperm are going), in order for the egg to reach the uterus where it will be implanted.\n\nAlong the way they consume Fructose. If there is a lack of Fructose production, most of them die.\n\nFinally, after reaching the egg, they have to penetrate a protective membrane of the egg. Only the first sperm cell that is able to do it can fertilise the egg. The rest will no longer be able to, as the membrane will harden, making it impermeable.\n\nIt may seem like quite a lot to go through just to be able to fertilise the egg,but in reality this is how the “best” sperm cell is selected ,while the weaker ones are either trapped or destroyed on their way.",
"The reason the male reproductive system produces so many sperm is because most of them are sacrificial. The acidity in the female reproductive system kills sperm cells and forces only the 'strongest' of them to survive the journey to the egg and successfully impregnate the female.",
"From personal experience it seems as though there are zero obstacles. Like each sperm is delivered directly to the egg and it can just sit there and take its time getting stamped by each sperm to decide which one it likes best. A smorgasbord of sperm. After about 10 seconds of consideration and swimming in love potion it apparently chooses the one sitting in the back saying it wants to be a writer but doesnt want to have any baseline knowledge of writing then when that fails wants to be a rockstar having never touched an instrument or taken vocal lessons but has actually decided to make a career out of laying in bed playing on their phone.",
"What's the first thing your mother worries about when you get a cut? Infection. Why? Because anytime you have an opening into the inside of your body, germs can get in.\n\nWell, women always have a big open hole that not only is an opening into the inside of their body- it's an opening that leads directly into the inside of an organ- their uterus.\n\nGerms LOVE that. What an opportunity for them to get inside and infect.\n\nExcept, if it worked just like that, women everywhere would be dead wouldn't they?\n\nOver the years women have evolved to have very, very well protected vaginas, and therefore, a protected uterus. You can see from the comments all the ways the woman's body can protect itself. The vagina cleans itself on a regular basis- washing the germs away, it has places for germs to get trapped and die, the opening to the uterus, the cervix, is only open during certain times, and it kills germs with it's pH. \n\nWell, your body can't tell the difference between sperm and a regular germ. After all, women don't have sperm. The woman's body doesnt know what sperm is, so it assumes its a germ. That's why sperm almost always dies when it enters a woman's body. It is actively being attacked by the woman's immune system."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/01/scienceshot-meet-amazing-waterfall-climbing-fish"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5x22gw
|
how come sometimes a coin won't work on a vending machine, then after retrying it one or multiple times it will work eventually?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5x22gw/eli5_how_come_sometimes_a_coin_wont_work_on_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"deendyg",
"deenhli"
],
"score": [
2,
6
],
"text": [
"Machines need a way to determine if the coin is real and what is its value. It is easy for humans because we have ridiculously good picture and pattern recognition but for machines it is a hard task. They must cheat a little they can determine the value by measuring the size of the coin its weight and often its electromagnetic properties. Coins are usually made of specific metal mixture and that can be detected by the machine. \n\nNow your coin can be charged with static electric charge. Whne you touch some metal and you get little shock that means your body was differently charged than the metal and the little shock balanced this difference (you are equally charged after the shock). Coin you are holding can also be charged (have the same charge as you because you are holding it). When machine tries to identify your coin this charge will throw off its magnetic sensor and the machine will think your coin is fake. But as the coin goes trough the machine it can touch some grounded metal parts and that will equalize its charge. When you use that coin again the detector can positively identify it and accept it.",
"**TL;DR**: *The sorting mechanisms weren't quite perfectly calibrated, or are dirty or loose or otherwise have moved away from perfect calibration over time, or the coin went too fast or is a mess, and so the coin doesn't get slotted correctly and falls through to the return slot as a reject the first time. But you got lucky on the second or third retry.*\n\nThe simplest vending machines generally characterize coins by size. The first one is done by rolling or sliding the coin across slots of increasing size, and it falls down the first one that it can fit into. \n\nSo dimes go first, then nickels, then quarters for American machines (Canadian machines add slots for their $1 \"loonie\" and $2 \"toonie\" coins. Can someone comment on Euros please? Dunno about them). Anyways each passes through a size-checker to ensure it's exactly big enough to fit its designed slot, not a little smaller, and a counter that does the math using a simple computer or mechanical processor.\n\n(More advanced versions like optical bill acceptors use computer scanning and comparison, and some use magnets to affect the coin's path. But let's keep it to simple older ones that process coins.)\n\nFor this to work reliably, \n\n* the gravity feeds must hit the right speed for the coin or it'll skip over the slot, so slamming a coin in too fast causes it to skip its right slot\n\n* the size checkers can't be worn down or you'll get false negatives because a coin is a fraction of a millimeter smaller than its size-checking slot now\n\n* dirt or dust didn't get in there and gum things up or change the speed of the gravity feeds (same for the coin)\n\n* the coin can't be warped and must be perfectly round.\n\nSo a legitimate coin falls through because one of these didn't work, and you toss it in again... and this time it goes, because you nailed the right velocity this time to allow it to fall in its slot, or that bit of dirt moved, or the size measurement didn't hit that worn edge this time, or it bounced in a way that matched the calibration or wear-and-tear inside the sorter."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
72105c
|
would inflation still happen if the population didn’t increase?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/72105c/eli5_would_inflation_still_happen_if_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dnewdjk",
"dnewihq"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"It could. Inflation just means the value of currency drops. This could happen for any number of reasons. The simplest one would be an increase in money supply. If the population remained unchanged for the next year but the Fed printed $10 trillion in U.S. dollars, you would have inflation.",
"Yes, because inflation isn't caused by population growth.\n\nSimplifying things to an extreme degree, inflation when the amount of money (as in the literal number of dollar bills) increases faster than the amount of wealth (as in the things that people want to buy with those dollar bills, like cars or houses or factories or video games or pizzas). When there are more dollars per thing people want to buy, each individual dollar is worth less. \n\nIn the modern world, well-managed central banks have pretty good control over the amount of money that is produced, so they can usually adjust the rate of inflation regardless of how wealth is growing. Of course, setting a particular inflation rate isn't always the primary concern for the people making these decisions, and the situation gets more complicated when one supply of money is used in multiple different countries, as with the Euro. And when the banking system is corrupt rather than well-managed, all bet are off."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
6lu2ls
|
the riots in hamburg (g20-summit)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6lu2ls/eli5_the_riots_in_hamburg_g20summit/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djwkumy",
"djwl2p2"
],
"score": [
5,
4
],
"text": [
"Well, it's been going on since 1999, I think Seattle was the first big protest against World Trade Organization. It's basically rich guys setting global prices and the people think they should have a say in those closed door meetings. G20 is a little different (these are countries' leaders not corporations) but it's a protest against globalization without representation.",
"This is a very complicated issue since it's 20+ leaders of different countries around the world. The G20 summit is almost always protested in some fashion by people who are anti-establishment and anti-capitalism. Politics, in general, make people angry in an unlimited amount of ways.\n\nAs an American, I can pretty safely assume that the presence of people like Donald Trump (President of the United States of America), Vladmir Putin (President of Russia), and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (President of Turkey) is creating a lot of people to be angry and lash out. A majority of Americans at least find these 3 to be some of the worst political leaders. \n\nI can only assume people in Germany and nearby European nations feel similar about these 3 politicians and even others that Americans aren't as knowledgeable about. \n\nAs for riots themselves, it only takes a handful of bad people to make a group of peaceful protestors look like a giant angry mob. There are also reports that these G20 protests are typical grounds for anarchists to be violent.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3kam0b
|
how come i'm unaffected by seeing people getting hurt, but i start crying if a dog gets hurt?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kam0b/eli5_how_come_im_unaffected_by_seeing_people/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuw0nht",
"cuw0sqp",
"cuw6234"
],
"score": [
14,
10,
3
],
"text": [
"This is because you recognize the Universal Truth -- dogs are better than humans in every possible way. ",
"No, there is nothing wrong with you. The thought of hurting dogs specifically is a thought that you are personally very sensitive to. Everyone differs on what makes them sad. For example, drama in movies has no effect on me, nor does the representation of genocide, but I am rendered useless when it comes to kittens.",
"1. You've been desensitized to seeing human gore. Also, most people getting hurt on the internet are adults who know what they're getting into, and their injury is accidental.\n\n2. You have not been desensitized to seeing pet gore. Most times when you see animals get injured it's being done with malice and the animal has no idea what's going on, or is being betrayed.\n\nOn one hand you're watching an accident, on the other hand you're watching cruelty towards the innocent.\n\nI'm sure I could find videos where you'd cheer for a dog getting it's brains bashed in (pit bull mauling a kid), or human gore videos where you'd cry (Cartel kingpin murdering a toddler just to prove he would).\n\nThe internet has desensitized us all, but I went through my own journey of desensitization when my job required me to search for and document cartel related violence. It's staggering to think back to what used to affect me, and what I won't even flinch at anymore."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3fgjxu
|
; how does smoke and vapor pass through water (like in a bong)?
|
Fuck I'm blazed. I've been staring at my bubbler for the past half hour because I don't trust its sorcery
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fgjxu/eli5_how_does_smoke_and_vapor_pass_through_water/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctoeidd",
"ctoeo3d"
],
"score": [
9,
5
],
"text": [
"It bubbles up because its a gas, and the water is denser than the gas. Its like a fat guy laying on top of a skinny guy. The skinny guy wants to get the fuck outta there. But if a skinny guy lays on top of a fat guy, the fat guy is like \"eh no big deal\"",
"Because its not really mixing with the water, the vacuum you create inside a bong cause air to be pulled into it and the air travels through the water in bubbles, so most of the smoke is basically floating inside the air pocket and not actually mixing with the water. gas doesn't really mix with liquid. \n\nDisclaimer: not a scientist, just another pothead"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4bvhom
|
how university students become a permanent resident of canada
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4bvhom/eli5_how_university_students_become_a_permanent/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1csdl3"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I believe Canada has a law saying you have to live there four years before they give it to you. Makes sense since their degrees take that long."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5gqsn1
|
why do 18 wheeler diesel trucks have those 3 inch metal spikes on their rims in the front?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5gqsn1/eli5_why_do_18_wheeler_diesel_trucks_have_those_3/
|
{
"a_id": [
"daudmnt"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Just lug nut covers. The rears have them too just not pointed unless it's a fleet truck, then chances are they are just metal without the cover all the way around.\n\nThe rear rims have a dish type and the front rims are not the dome out so might give more reason to show off those Alcoa rims.\n\nHope that helps."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4qiyj0
|
how does the value of a company's stocks impact that company?
|
When a public company's stocks are bought and sold, how is the company affected? The stocks just change hands between external people, right? (ie, if I own 500 shares in company X, and the share price goes up and I sell those stocks to someone, maybe I'll make a profit, but the company itself does not. From the point of view of the company, it's still the case that those 500 shares are owned by people in the public.
And what is the motivation for a company to give dividends? They are not required by law, right? Dividends are motivation for someone to own stock in the company, but if the company doesn't benefit from you owning their stock, then why bother?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qiyj0/eli5_how_does_the_value_of_a_companys_stocks/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4tdayd"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The company is run for the benefit of the shareholders, who own it. The value of the stock doesn't benefit the company, but is the product of how well the company is doing. Executives often get paid in stock, and when the stock value is doing well, the shareholders will approve raises and bonuses for the company executives. Conversely, they'll get fired if the shareholders aren't getting enough out of their investment. This is the executives' incentive for running the company well."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
dhtwrd
|
what actually happens when soap meets bacteria?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dhtwrd/eli5_what_actually_happens_when_soap_meets/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f3qj3f3",
"f3qltyz",
"f3qu19y",
"f3reicx",
"f3s7re2",
"f3sa6f7",
"f3saq86",
"f3sul9h",
"f3svdoa",
"f3t7qta",
"f3tfucn",
"f3tld81",
"f3tv3ir"
],
"score": [
4425,
184,
32,
281,
2,
19,
6649,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Your skin has a layer of oil on the surface that bacteria sticks to. Soap sticks to the oil and pulls it away from the skin along with the bacteria. That's why so many soaps have moisturizers.",
"Not a hell of a lot. Soap tends to make it easier to wash dirt off your hands because it lowers the surface tension of water, essentially making it wetter. It can also help get rid of oils. \n\nBacteria are removed from your hands mostly by removing any dirt/oils they are stuck to and purely mechanical motion of rubbing your hands and running water knocking them off. \n\nAnti-bacterial soaps don't do anything extra either - you don't scrub your hands for long enough to kill any bacteria (unless you're a doctor or nurse or something) and nobody really cares whether the bacteria are alive or dead when you wash them down the plughole.",
"phospholipid bilayers. basically soap has molecules that stick to water but at the same time has molecules that stick to oils. This is why it's soap+water. the soap will stick to the bacteria and allow the water to have an affect on the soap that has an affect on the bacteria and oil on your skin. also the cell membrane is made up of a type of fat. so when soap kill bacteria soap is actually ripping apart the cellwall from soap sticking to a cell wall and water forcing it apart.",
"Soap molecules are kind of like a magnet. One side loves water, the other side hates water. So when soap and water are together one side of the soap molecule will attach to anything it can (except water) and this is often dirt, bacteria etc. \nThen, when the soapy water is washed away, the bacteria / dirt goes with the soap down the drain.",
"Bacteria is surrounded by a fat layer. Soap melts that layer and kills the bacteria by spilling out its guts.\n\nWhat makes soap awesome is that it dissolves in both water and oil.\n\nDissolving oil makes it good at killing bacteria. Dissolving in water makes it easy to wash it away.",
"I made a 48 second long video on this 211 days ago. The big small is that the soap traps dirt inside it, and then the water washes it away. \n\n\nIt's a bit more complicated though, and I go into it in the video\n\n_URL_0_",
"As others have mentioned, bacteria has lipids (basically oil) on the outer layer of their cells, your hands also have oils, and bacteria can deposit on your hands with ease...\n\nThe main issue is the fact that oil and water don't mix (you can try that at home, put oil in water, and they will be separate. You can mix that, and for a moment they will seem mixed, but leave them and they will separate).\n\nSo, passing water over your hands to clean them won't do much. That's where soap comes in play! The structure of soap is basically a long chain (think like a beads necklace you can wear but open it up and lay it down) with atoms on one end which like water (hydrophilic) and atoms on the other hand that dislike water (hydrophobic).\n\nWhen you mix the soap on your hand, the end of the soap that dislike water (hence likes oils) tends to mingle and stick to the oils/bacteria on your hand. Then, when you pass water on them, the end of the soap that likes water, tends to stick to water, and since water is moving, it will drag the soap with it and the soap will drag the bacterial/oils away from your hand as you rinse.",
"Soap breaks the Surface Tension as illustrated in this Mr. Wizard episode _URL_0_",
"They do eff all in terms of killing but strictly aid in removing them off the skin being a surfactant. \nWe get them off the skin so that they are not able to form a resevoir or enter the body. \nSuperbugs are a problem and the solution isn't \"shredding\" them apart with soap. Ignore what people are saying about breaking apart the bacteria's cell wall blah blah blah. \n \n(note: I am not talking about antibacterial soaps...and stop using those people)",
"Soap isn't even that good at dealing with bacteria. It's good at washing grease and dirt off your hands. Alcohol based hand washes is where it's at. Don't quote me about these percentages but washing your hands with soap leaves like 50-90% of the bacteria on them but alcohol based hand wash leaved like 0-5%",
"They shake hands, move three paces back and bow to each other. Then they draw swords and fight. Soap is the current world champion.",
"Okay, so you know how cells have a cell membrane? Those are made out of lipids, they look like\n\n\\~~~~~~~~~~~~O this.\n\nThe tilde's represent the hydrophobic, or water hating tails. They repel moisture but hold onto fats and oils. The O represents the hydrophillic head. It repels fats and oils but holds onto moisture. It just so happens that soap has lipids as well.\n\nWhen soap meets bacteria, it surrounds them. The hydrophobic tails latch onto the bacteria's outer layer, incasing them in the lipids. This neutralises them, and the hydrophillic heads prevent the bacteria from getting right back on your hands--washing it away.\n\nSoap is not much different from laundry detergent. The big difference between them is that soap is WAY less extreme. Laundry detergent has enzymes in it that break down the stains before wrapping them in the lipid layer. These enzymes are so strong that it can give minor chemical burns when it comes in contact with your skin.\n\nEDIT: I goofed the formatting. Fixed!",
"bacterias on hand : :DDD\n\nwhen in contact with soap : REEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/NfzWSdZSSyk"
],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/yavDXRg5r7M?t=140"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5010vi
|
how do people change their identity? eg. get new social security numbers fake deaths etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5010vi/eli5_how_do_people_change_their_identity_eg_get/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d70dm05"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
" > Fake deaths\n\nThat's easy, get someone to think a dead body is yours or disappear for a few years and someone will have you declared dead. Common examples are place a similar sex/gender/aged dead body in your car and set it on fire. If no one is suspicious they won't go through getting a DNA test, or if it's burned enough they might not be able to. Disappearing is even easier, just get-up walk out the door and never come back, don't use your credit cards, phone anything that can be traced back to you. There are several cases of people disappearing and turning up years after they are declared dead.\n\n > Change their identity\n\nThat's really hard. You would have to steal someone else's identity. Common methods where using someone's social security number that was about your age and dead. Forging or getting copies of that persons birth certificate or ID to generate real actual ID's. So you would take a birth certificate for John Doe and a NY state ID for John Doe that had your picture on it, and use that to get a new ID for John Doe in California.\n\nThe problem is that because there are a lot of crimes you can commit with a faked identity there are a lot of things in place to stop that. Now there are computers that will list who is dead by Social Security numbers and cross checks for people getting new IDs and stuff."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
301bji
|
why do candidates announce that they will announce their planned run? why not just one announcement?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/301bji/eli5_why_do_candidates_announce_that_they_will/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpo5x1d",
"cpo5xba",
"cpo5yvz"
],
"score": [
3,
4,
3
],
"text": [
"They have to announce the announcement so that news cameras and journalists will show up, giving them publicity.\n\nIf you don't announce the announcement, who's gonna show up?",
"One reason is for dramatic effect. If you only make one announcement, you only get one mention in the media. If you announce the announcement and make the announcement, you get two mentions in the media.\n\nThe other is so that people know to watch your announcement speech. Most candidates have something ready to kick off their campaign. If you don't let anyone know that you'll be kicking off the campaign, no one will be there to see it.\n\nThe announcement of the announcement is like an invitation to the event. The announcement is the event itself.",
"It is another way to keep them in the headlines and get them in front of the cameras.\n\nBefore you are officially running for office various election laws, mainly around fundraising, don't kick in. So they hint they are running and are coy about it, but don't actually announce until they are all set to launch the official campaign."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4o0c7r
|
what is the difference between a mediocre orchestra conductor vs. an elite conductor?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4o0c7r/eli5what_is_the_difference_between_a_mediocre/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d48iqfn",
"d48iur8",
"d48ncq4"
],
"score": [
2,
14,
2
],
"text": [
"Good conductors are better at communicating their interpretation of the music to the musicians. This includes both speaking (in rehearsal) and body language. Their job is to get all the players to work together optimally.\n\nThey often do other things (almost all conductors are instrumentalists or vocalists in their own right). Many teach, compose, or arrange.",
"A conductor is usually someone that is highly trained and talented in the ability to get a group to follow a single path and vision for a piece of music. The great majority of their actual work is done well before you ever see them. There are many practice sessions where the conductor gets the professionals in the orchestra to play the selected pieces in a fashion that makes a bunch of individual instruments mesh together into their vision of what the music should sound like. Sure, the notes tell people WHAT to play, but they don't tell them HOW to play it as a group. Should the violins be loud here, subtle there? Do the clarinets overwhelm the oboes? Does that small bit with the viola need a little extra tremble in the music to make it sound more hesitant because the theme of the music is of a fawn in a springtime meadow? \n\nTheir ability to manage the crowd of musicians to a single coherent goal, helping them gel into a single organism based around music, is what makes the difference between a good and a poor conductor. And if they do it consistently, they'll be highly sought after and eventually become \"great\" like Bernstein or Karajan.\n\nWhen they stand up and conduct in the actual performance, all that work is done and the orchestra knows how to play it. They then provide the timing and the expectation of what comes next.\n\nOn payment and starting out: Conductors are usually very passionate and themselves greatly talented at one or the other musical instruments, often in writing music as well. In the same way a student that loves systems of numbers and aces every math exam goes on to become a PhD in Mathematics, conductors \"graduate\" through musical schooling and performance to attain their current role. If they're lucky they'll get an exceptional conductor mentor that they can learn from too. They get paid the exact same way that the players in the orchestra do - through ticket sales and the funding provided by event sponsors.",
"In addition to the other comments, elite conductors also understand the technical limitations of what an instrument and player can produce. For example, brass instruments will eventually sound harsh at high volumes, even with a top class musicians at the helm.\n\nMany of these conductors will be proficient in a vast number of instruments and are capable of reading several scores at once."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
4mogxb
|
why did it take until the renaissance for truly life like paintings when lifelike statues date to antiquity?
|
I know its related to second and third point perspective. Why did it take so long to develop? Arent there artists out there that have natural talent and can draw a lifelike face without eing taught? How come we disnt see that before the Renaissance and yet saw really detailed and lifelike statues?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4mogxb/eli5_why_did_it_take_until_the_renaissance_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d3x4x2j",
"d3x8701",
"d3x9872",
"d3xmzof"
],
"score": [
2,
5,
25,
11
],
"text": [
"Survivor bias, there certainly were great paintings in the past however they are very fragile and not many survived where as statues can last thousands of years making it appear that there were way more. ",
"Actually these kinds of paintings have been around for a long time. It just wasn't in style. The popular genres of art dominated during those times looked much different for a reason not related to their capabilities.",
"These kinds of paintings did exist, it's just that many of them disappeared. Now, why did painters of medieval time paint unrealistic characters? Because people didn't have the same conception of art. Basically, what was most important during medieval time was telling a story. That's why perspective wasn't taken into account, that some some characters were giants while others were dwarfs. Realism doesn't help telling a story, so it's not important. \n\n\nIt was like that until Giotto started using some kind of 3D and detailed characters. Followed by Masaccio who pushed Giotto's concept further, and after some decades, perspective was the norm in painting, faces had to be realistic etc. ",
"Unlike what someone in the comments said, it's not the skill of the artists. Our art isn't the most advanced and powerful the world has ever known; it's just the most recent trend. We're in an age of reason and rationality, and our art reflects that in its often-precise adherence to reality. \n\nYou've got to understand, reality was a very...loose thing, in a lot of cultures. It still is in many places of the world. The ancient Egyptians thought of art as a form of magic, and things that happened in Egyptian art happened through magic. For example, a pharaoh might be speaking with Horus in a depiction. That isn't propaganda; to them, the pharaoh actually did speak with Horus, though it happened through magic because, when art is made, it magically becomes so. There's no such thing as fiction, in that kind of mindset. \n\nAn interesting example is a carving found in a pharaoh's tomb that depicts the pharaoh performing a ritual that he performs on the 30th year of his reign. It was hidden in the tomb, beneath the floor. The problem? The pharaoh never actually performed the ritual, since he died in the 28th year of his reign. It couldn't have happened, even magically, simply because he never reigned for 30 years. It just didn't happen. And because the gods were named and shown on the tablet, it would be the highest blasphemy to destroy it, so they had to hide it as best they could. It was a philosophical nightmare for them.\n\nMany different forms of this are seen all through the ancient world; reality isn't highly valued. It's the ideas and symbols behind the art that matter. Lamassu--guardian spirits carved on either side of a doorway--in Sumer had five legs, so from the front the lamassu appeared to be standing guard, while walking through it was depicted as walking. It wasn't the realism that mattered, but the fact that the lamassu was vigilant against troublemakers. The Akkadians, who conquered the Sumerians, adapted this art style in their capital to appease those who came to deliver tribute. These had only four legs, since Akkadians were known for their simple art and warlike ways. They didn't care about the ideas; they just wanted something to placate their subjects.\n\nThe Greeks loved the human form, so they dedicated a lot of time to making the form--male in particular--realistic. There were precise proportions that these nude figures (called koros) were held to. Interestingly, this was all defined in a book whose name I cannot recall. The book was lost to us, so we can only derive the proportions from the sculptures, and it seems to have to do with the Golden Ratio. The Greeks really did love math."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
nzfej
|
mail order brides.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nzfej/eli5_mail_order_brides/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3d5ma9",
"c3d5pp3"
],
"score": [
3,
4
],
"text": [
"It's pretty simple, a person (pretty much always male) places an order (generally on a website devoted to this service) for thier selected mate. Usually the brides sign up to remove themselves from poor circumstances in their native area and believe that anything could be better, but some are/were forced into it and are essentially sex slaves. ",
"You get a \"myspace\" style bio of a girl from a 3rd world european country who wants to leave her home town. Then you pay for her (and the fees) for her to come down and live with you, marriage etc. The website makes a cut, you get a wife, and she gets to leave the shithole she lived in.\n\nIn reality, their views of outside their country are exaggerated, and they end up not enjoying it. People say they become very bitchy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2c8pf6
|
how does so much different data travel through cable wires at the same time to my house, your house, everybody else's houses/offices and still doesn't get confused with other data along the way?
|
I'm having trouble wrapping my head around how there are only so many main lines of cable wire and yet so many different end users are getting their own data on their PC or MAC. WiFi and cellular data transfer blows my mind even more!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2c8pf6/eli5_how_does_so_much_different_data_travel/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjd0b87",
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"cjd0u1w",
"cjd1d26",
"cjd1ixd"
],
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2,
4,
2,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Only 1 signal can go through a wire at once. If your cable has multiple wires, then multiple signals can go through the cable.",
"How do so many different cars drive down the highway at the same time to reach your house, my house, stores, businesses? It's a similar idea here.\n\nEach data packet has an IP address associated with it. Each routing device on the internet sends that packet down the wire to the next routing device closer to the destination. In this way, the data is like a car driving from Chicago to Miami, turning onto different highways or streets as needed.\n\nSo, you have a cable and it sends 5,000 different packets one after the other that will eventually reach 5,000 different users. But it sends them all so fast that each user feels like they have the entire cable pretty much to themselves.",
"IP Addressing is used to direct the packets of data, much like we use addresses to direct packages in real life.\n\nWithin your home address, you have a state, a city, a zip code, a street, and a number, where each piece is a little more specific.\n\nWhen you mail a package, first they send it to the right state, then they get it to the nearest city they can, then they have a truck go out and drop all of the packages off to the exact house number on the exact street it's supposed to go to.\n\nIP addressing works in a similar way. You want to send data? It needs an IP for where to go. Each device forwards the packet to the next step of the process. Some devices just push the packets toward a more general place (like your house), then your router pushes the packet to the exact device (like your computer). \n\nThe specifics of how it works are a little more complicated, but it's basically just that the IP address works like a street address, and various devices work like the post office moving the mail.",
"TLNR: It works in a similar way to shipping a package across the country, and getting a thank you card back. \n\nI'm going to describe this in terms of data, like internet traffic, because it's what I know best, in this regards. Let's say you're sitting at work, slacking, and want to visit reddit. You tell your computer, in a funny english accent \"Take me to _URL_0_! tally ho!\" And your network card says \"ok!\", but your card, it isn't exactly connected to the entire world, by itself, so it attaches your local ip address(we'll call you mike) to a little \"envelope\" (or packet), and sends it up the line, to the next device, say an internal router (we'll call him Bob). Bob looks around his little world (the other local computers connected to him) and says \"Nope, no _URL_0_ here! lemme just put a note here to send it to me when we find it and off you go!\" It get's passed along to your modem. It looks againn for _URL_0_ locally first and decides it's not there. It then pulls out a giant phonebook (dns) and says ahaha! there you are _URL_0_, ok, let's just put this nice little packet together, but my address on it so they know who to send it back to when they get it!\n\nThe same sort of thing happens across the country and nodes from your ip to backbone to backbone, til it gets to reddit's servers. Reddit gets it, sees that you want specific information but it doesn't know who \"Mike\" is. So it packages the information back up, and sends it back, essentially like a \"return to sender\". That packet of information goes back across the country to your ISP, and it knows your main IP address, so when it sees that it stops the package and says \"hey this is for ABC corp!\" and sends it to your company network* Who see's that bob asked for the info so the modem sends it to bob, and bob sees you wanted it, and sends it to you.\n\n*side note: This is if you're using \"smart\" devices like routers through out. If at some point you have a \"dumb\" device, like strictly a hub, then when the packet gets to that point, it will, almost literally go from network card to network card, knocking on the door, saying \"is this you?\" until someone answers yes.",
"Data is divided into packets, each one has an identifier, so all packets travel together and are sorted out at different points: switches, routers, network interfaces, software, etc. \nIt works a lot like traditional mail, it all goes in the same truck but gets sorted in the post office and finally the mailman only gives you what is for you. \nAnd yes they do get confused at times, but getting a wrong packet here and there usually is imperceptible."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"reddit.com"
],
[]
] |
|
2lbsyc
|
why does everyone use danish cookie containers as sewing containers?
|
I feel like everyone does this, and a recent post also showed me that many people do this. Does anyone have any idea why the fuck people use the danish cookie containers as sewing storage?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lbsyc/eli5why_does_everyone_use_danish_cookie/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cltafrr",
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],
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3,
2,
3
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"text": [
"It's hard to get through a year without being given at least one tin of those cookies, and they are too useful to just discard. Gotta use 'em for something, and they are a good size for a sewing box.",
"BRB let me go ask my mom. Or my Grandma. Or my aunt. Just.... hang on.\n",
" Yeah man, it starts with old ladies being the least wasteful people you will meet. So, they get these old lady cookies from other little old ladies in their social group- then reuse it for sewing stuff since the lid is just the perfect height for the thread spools. The small ones stand upright and the big spools lay on the side! When she gets too old to sew, she asks her daughter or another female, \"do you want my sewing tin? My eyesight is too bad to thread a needle anymore\". \n\n That's how the family keeps the habit going unconsciously, since they've always seen the sewing stuff in a tin, and the buttons are always in a big button jar. I am the proud owner of a few passed down button jars and sewing tins from granny, mom, and aunts! "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
42ioej
|
how did channels like mtv, discovery and history turn to what it is today?
|
Those channels used to be good, with good quality shows and music, what went through their minds when they decided Gold Digger and Pawnstars style reality shows are the new money makers? Actually do they even make much money these days?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/42ioej/eli5_how_did_channels_like_mtv_discovery_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czamv5f",
"czb14o4",
"czb5ypk"
],
"score": [
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The goal of ANY network is to produce content that will drive profit. If a network thought that showing music videos 24/7 or pictures of cats eating watermelon would bring in more viewers than another format of say, sports, they would switch, and networks DO switch formats all the time.\n\nEach network tries to find their niche to capture a part of the audience.\n\nLike any business, consumer preferences about what people want change over time. Remember that band you liked as a kid, but now you just don't get how you could be into that (Limp Bizkit). That same idea.\n\nReality shows were in and were very profitable, just about every since network that existed tried to cash into that.\n\nOn the more real world financial side, MTV is having issues, but it has less to do with the content, and more on the business side. Discovery and History are very very popular channels and are doing quite welll\n",
"Music videos on MTV would be an uphill battle nowadays. Why watch MTV for hours hoping your song comes on when you could go to YouTube and watch the video right away?\n\nThat said, as a Gen X'er I'm disappointed MTV's move away from music didn't expand the MTV News brand and the great way it tackled social issues as they affected young people. The town hall where Bill Clinton was asked the infamous \"Boxers or briefs\" question was solid.",
"I get really annoyed now watching TV, to a point where I've give up on it (mostly)\nI love documentary's, so you'd think that Discovery was the channel to watch, oh no, as the OP said, its full of reality shite.\n\nI really don't mind these programs being on the networks, as they are obviously popular, but just put them on the correct channels.\nDoscovery put a really big nail into its own coffin when they aired that \"Documentary\" about Mermaids existing.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1c3xfh
|
how do credit bureaus work?
|
I have no understanding of how they function. How can anyone find credible information on correcting any misinformation on a credit report?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1c3xfh/eli5_how_do_credit_bureaus_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c9ct9ks"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"**Non-ELI5 complete answer:**\n\nHere's a good investigative journalism piece from 60 Minutes that will give you a good overview of how the system works, how often mistakes are made (too often), and how corrections are made (virtually never):\n\n[40 Million Mistakes: Is your credit report accurate?](_URL_0_) ([video version](_URL_1_))"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57567957/40-million-mistakes-is-your-credit-report-accurate/",
"http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=50140748n"
]
] |
|
5kggox
|
what is the common consensus on the biological status of bacteriophages? ive heard differing opinions on whether they are considered an organism or not. if the most obvious answer is no, since they cannot survive without a host, why is there still a debate on the topic?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5kggox/eli5_what_is_the_common_consensus_on_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dbnsjgc",
"dbnxswz"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The concept of life is arbitrary, and I doubt there will ever be a consensus. [Wikipedia](_URL_0_) has a list with 7 categories required for something to classify as life., which include being able to grow and respond to stimuli. On the other hand, prominent biologists like Richard Dawkins argue that self-replication is the only necessary trait for life. In his opinion, a simple molecule like a piece of DNA is alive, and he even suggests there could be non-biological forms of life such as ideas. In his book \"The Selfish Gene\" he speculated that ideas could be a form of life that tend to spread in people's minds. He was the one to coin the term \"memes\" by comparing these ideas to \"genes\".\n\nI'm not saying you should adopt either of these definitions. I just want to reinforce that the idea of life is just an invention of ours, and that trying to pin it down might be actually counterproductive.",
"It's mostly a game of definitions at this point. I think the bulk of biologists, and microbiologists in particular agree that all of life has very similar attributes (like reproduction), but not all of life is necessarily equal in how it does it. We acknowledge at the end of the day that bacteriophages and viruses are important components in the microbiological world because they have a huge impact on us all.\n\nAs for Khiv's comment (responding to Richard Dawkins), I don't think I exactly agree with the [Dawkins] definition of life. A DNA molecule isn't what I would call \"alive\", because it technically can't replicate with polyermases (enzymes) to activate replication. It cannot continue forth until those enzymes are present. It's kinda like going down to a car factory producer and saying, \"I only want the steering wheel.\" Sure, you could argue you have a \"car\", but having only the steering wheel and no engine, or axels, or tires to motorize the car seems lacking (that analogy probably isn't the best, but I hope you can see where I'm coming from). Now you have to ask: Is the steering wheel included in the definition of a car, or is it a separate component of a larger machine? Basically, don't worry about the steering wheel of your car until it pulls a National Lampoons moment on you and pops off when you're going 90 on the highway. Then you're up shit's creek. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life#Biology"
],
[]
] |
||
1rnq48
|
if people can build computers at home so easily, why can't people build xboxes or playstations at home?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rnq48/eli5_if_people_can_build_computers_at_home_so/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdp1q13"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"The parts that go together to make up an Xbox or PlayStation aren't easily attainable in small quantities.\n\n > I'll just stop by the hardware store and pick up a cell processor, a small factor blu-ray drive with PS3 compatible firmware and a 300gb hard drive.\n\nPlus, all of the consoles have very specific firmware (the low level software that runs inside devices) for controlling drives, memory, etc. These firmware elements will NEVER be released to the public, officially. Once it's out, folks will figure out how it works and reverse the way it works, allowing them to run software that was never published by authorised parties for those consoles.\n\nThe firmware is kept under NDA (Non Disclosure Agreement), and anyone found to be in breach of that suffers legal consequences.\n\nThe reason PCs are so easy to build is because they stick to a very strict, but open, architecture. All of the manufacturers have agreed on the way that the devices will connect together and talk to one another. This means that, regardless of how the firmware works, the devices will slot together easily and just work (assuming they've been slotted together correctly)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3j0r9j
|
interstellar
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3j0r9j/eli5_interstellar/
|
{
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"culbbm7",
"culbjfu",
"culdr93",
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],
"score": [
6,
2,
5,
2
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"text": [
"Everyone on Earth dies except for the robots. Many years later the bots figure out time travel and put into motion a plan to save the human race by throwing a wormhole into the past as a lure. We follow and find their time machine (Gargantua) and use it, along with the knowledge gained from being inside a black hole, to communicate with ourselves. The message was some math that allowed us to fly, and we flew off into space. \n\nIn robots we trust. ",
"You might be trying too hard to find meaning/scientific explanation where there is none. He goes to a sort of \"5th dimension\" which is created as a place for him, by future humans, to interact with to send a message, that's it.",
"Interstellar has some really good physics - extraordinarily good physics, actually, Kip Thorne was the scientific advisor for the film and there are maybe a handful of people in the world that know as much about black holes as he does - and then some fantasy stuff that, while sort of based on (very remotely) possible things, was more there because the story needed it to be.\n\nThe time dilation stuff was all, with certain assumptions, pretty accurate... gravity does do weird things to time. Black holes do have an 'event horizon' beyond which we would *really* like to know what happens, but since even light doesn't escape no other information can get out either. It is believed that a working theory of quantum gravity will lead to some interesting new science; in the movie, if they had that information they could 'solve the gravity problem' and get their underground-base-that's-really-a-spacestation off the ground. Rocket fuel burns out, but gravity just keeps pulling... if we had some way to harness that, we could do some amazing things. In Interstellar, the future of the human race hinges on that.\n\nWhere the film crosses from scientifically-plausible to mostly-fiction is inside the black hole... we don't know what's in there, but we have some pretty good ideas that all say you're screwed the moment you enter. Nolan decided that since we don't know what's in there, he could make something up. Nolan gets around the biggest paradox in the film, the 'future self helps past self survive so future self will be there to help past self etc' thing, by bumping future-humanity up into the 5th dimension where causal loops like the one bugging you are not paradoxes.\n\nA century ago we thought we lived in 3-dimensional space. Some weird unexplained bits of physics were resolved by realizing that we actually live in 4-dimensional 'spacetime', and things like gravity and motion can actually change the 'shape' of spacetime... hence the extreme time dilation near the black hole. Gravity, other forms of acceleration, and high speeds all change how we experience time in this universe... if you are moving very fast (relative to the universal speed limit, at which only light can travel) your seconds are longer than those of a person who isn't moving and your meters are shorter; they don't just *seem* that way, motion literally changes the angle at which you 'dig in' to spacetime, and the balance of space and time shifts... distance changes into time.\n\nNolan's idea was to think about the next higher dimension the same way. In our 4-D spacetime, we can slow down time (relative to some other person's time, which is why Cooper didn't age but his daughter grew old) but we can't *stop* time, or turn around in it the way we can move around in space. We don't even really understand why it is that time is so different from the other dimensions, other than acknowledging that entropy leads to an arrow of time that only points one way. The 5th dimension in Interstellar is one where time is as easily traversed as a spatial dimension is here... as Dr Brand said in the movie, if there were beings living in a 5th dimension that worked that way, they might be able to go back and forth in time the same way we walk up and down a hill.\n\nThat's where the paradox comes in, and aside from Cooper's realizations in the tesseract we don't get any more information. How is it that future people figured out how to access the 5th dimension? No idea. But even if it took a billion years of further evolution and exploration, once beings were *in* the 5th dimension crossing back over those billions of years to create a wormhole and the tesseract would be like us walking across the yard and digging a hole. There is no arrow of time in Interstellar's 5D, if you don't see the time you want you just move in a direction we don't even have a name for until you find it. Inside the 5th dimension the past and the future are just facets of some larger thing, the same way space and time here are just facets of spacetime.\n\nThe problem with that - skipping over how we ever get there - is that when you can see all of time and space as a single thing... how do you find specific things you are looking for? The future manipulators of time and space didn't reveal themselves in the movie - I have no idea how they would even portray that - but 'They' know that humanity is in a crisis. In extreme detail, because it's part of Their history *and* They can see all times at once. They have the ability to help us, but They need Coop to do the actual work of rummaging around to find the right parts of spacetime to get the message back, because it's all one time to Them. They can build wormholes, so they have apparently leveled-up quite a bit relative to us. They built the tesseract - a 'slice' through 5-D space-?-time that intersects Murph's room at *all* times, and let Cooper wander around in it to do what he needed to do. And when Cooper's work was done, they shut it down... the tesseract collapsed.\n\nI think there are two assumptions we have to make, for things that don't get explained in the film. We know They can make wormholes, They built the one near Saturn right when and where we needed it, so They must have built one inside the black hole as well that would take Coop back to the space and time where he is discovered near the end of the film. Otherwise Coop would have experienced the fate of anything that falls into a huge source of gravity, and the ending would have been a lot messier. They exist outside of time and can control gravity, so the wormhole doesn't even have to be in there all the time... They could have created it just to rescue Coop. There wasn't a wormhole *exit* where he was found floating in space, so I assume They can turn them on and off at will.\n\nThe other assumption is that once Coop entered the wormhole inside the black hole, They moved him to the tesseract the same way we would pick up a mouse in one part of a maze and set it down in another. He was in there just 'long enough' - from his and our points of view - to send the data back, and the tesseract started shutting down immediately after... I assume they picked him up again and stuck him back in the wormhole that took him back home.\n\nThe *one* thing I thought was inconsistent in the film was the 'first contact' thing with Doctor Brand. Coop came *out* of the wormhole - back into our galaxy - decades after he went into the black hole... but he reached out and touched Dr Brand at a time *before* he was even in the other galaxy, while the ship was still in the bulk. In the tesseract, where time was just another spatial dimension, this wouldn't be a problem... but this happened after the tesseract shut down, and the wormhole took him back to many decades later. Either Christopher Nolan or 'They' decided he needed to be there for that 'first handshake'... I suspect it was Nolan, trying to make sure we understood that Coop wasn't just blathering on in the tesseract, in some future we can't even imagine yet we really are 'They'.\n\n(One last thing about paradoxes: from the viewpoint of They, in 5 dimensions, there is no paradox. The loop Cooper did in time was no different from us driving around in a circle. Time, to Them, doesn't have a forward and backward, that's why They needed to put Coop in the tesseract instead of just sending the message to Murph Themselves.)",
"You may be over-complicating it. It's not entirely understandable if you focus too much on it. It is a movie after all. \n\nThe paradox parts are not really understandable. That's why it's a paradox. Cooper entered the tesseract, and while in there, decided to give himself the coordinates to NASA, which is the event that led him into that mission where he'd eventually end up in the tesseract. \n\nWhile in there, he mentions another paradox. He says that aliens didn't do it, that it's us, humans. TARS says humans couldn't build this, but Cooper says that they can't yet, but in the future, beings like them who evolved past the 4 dimensions we know are doing it, and what they're doing for him, he's doing for Murph. \n\nNot sure what quantum physics stuff you're wondering about. They mention that to higher dimensional beings, time can be a physical dimension, that what we call the past can be like a canyon they can climb down into, and the future a mountain they can climb, but to us, it's not like that. The tesseract was their depiction of time as a physical dimension that Cooper could navigate. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
nn1q2
|
milk
|
What exactly is it? I know it's not the liquid waste of animals. What is it that makes cow's milk so preferable to drink, even though most (all?) mammals make it. What's the difference between a cow's milk and that of a goat... or a human?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nn1q2/eli5_milk/
|
{
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"c3adb88",
"c3addes",
"c3adb88",
"c3addes"
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"score": [
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2,
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"text": [
"Babies can't eat solid food very well. Some animals swallow food and throw it up into it's young mouth, while mammals make milk. Mammals start producing milk after giving birth. Cow's milk is so popular, because it is produced longer and in larger quantities then, for example, pig's milk. Milk also contains antibodies that boost children's immune system.\n\nThere is a difference in composition, but milk is mostly made from the same stuff. [Here](_URL_0_) is comparison of its main components between species.",
"The milk of each species is intended to meet the nutritional requirement for babies of its own species. Human babies should only drink human milk for at least the first year because others (cow, goat, etc) do not provide the correct nutrition that a human baby needs.\n\nAs adults we drink milk by choice — not because we need it. Cows provide a way to sell milk to the masses, as opposed to having barns full of lactating women.",
"Babies can't eat solid food very well. Some animals swallow food and throw it up into it's young mouth, while mammals make milk. Mammals start producing milk after giving birth. Cow's milk is so popular, because it is produced longer and in larger quantities then, for example, pig's milk. Milk also contains antibodies that boost children's immune system.\n\nThere is a difference in composition, but milk is mostly made from the same stuff. [Here](_URL_0_) is comparison of its main components between species.",
"The milk of each species is intended to meet the nutritional requirement for babies of its own species. Human babies should only drink human milk for at least the first year because others (cow, goat, etc) do not provide the correct nutrition that a human baby needs.\n\nAs adults we drink milk by choice — not because we need it. Cows provide a way to sell milk to the masses, as opposed to having barns full of lactating women."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk#Nutrition_and_health"
],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk#Nutrition_and_health"
],
[]
] |
|
6936qn
|
how does a court of law reach a verdict when it's a case of the defendant's word versus the victims?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6936qn/eli5_how_does_a_court_of_law_reach_a_verdict_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dh3czkc",
"dh3d1g2"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"That usually would fall under \"reasonable doubt\" and the defendant would likely be found \"Not Guilty\".\n\nThis is assuming there's absolutely no proof of the crime other than the claim of a single person who was the victim of the crime and the crime had no evidence left behind. Usually this isn't going to be the case, since anyone who absolutely no evidence whatsoever isn't going to be bringing someone to court in the first place since they know they'll be unlikely to win a case against the person.",
"The legal system acknowledges that it has to rely a lot on witness testimony, which is often contradictory. In order to resolve the contradiction, the finder of fact has to decide who to believe. That's basically the reason we have juries - when it comes down to questions of \"was this reasonable?\" or \"who should we believe in this instance?\" we let 12 people from the community decide.\n\nIn a criminal case, presumably the DA would have some sort of evidence other than just testimony, like pictures of bruises for a battery or bank statements for a case of identity theft. If it's really just a case of \"he said, she said,\" without anything else, then the defendant should probably be found not guilty since that wouldn't prove the defendant did it beyond a reasonable doubt (assuming of course the defendant was somewhat credible)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1w7rkb
|
why is radiation so hard to clean up
|
What damage has it done in Japan and Ukraine and why will it take years to clear.
How long will it take before it's safe to go back?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1w7rkb/eli5_why_is_radiation_so_hard_to_clean_up/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cezgc55"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The problem with a lot of radioisotopes is that they're the same elements as make up the world normally. Carbon-14 - the carbon used in carbon dating - is radioactive, Carbon-12 is a normal part of our bodies. Chemically, they behave almost exactly the same, so chemical processes generally can't distinguish them.\n\nRadioactive materials are also dangerous in much smaller amounts, and last much longer, than most chemical poisons. A few pounds of radioactive material can contaminate dozens of square miles for decades.\n\nIn Japan, I don't think we know yet how long it will take, since the damage and contamination is ongoing. Pripyat (the city nearest Chernobyl) is safe to visit today for brief periods, but living there would still carry a greatly increased risk of cancer. There won't be a moment where it's like \"Okay, X years have passed, now it's totally safe\" - the danger decreases roughly exponentially over time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5e75n3
|
how does naloxone work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5e75n3/eli5_how_does_naloxone_work/
|
{
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"daae993",
"daaew0b",
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2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"It binds to opioid receptors more strongly than opiates do and doesn't activate the receptors. Or to put it another way: it force the opiate molecules out and then does nothing, but stops them from rebinding to opioid receptors.",
"The way I'm understanding it is it can block and reverse opiates from doing their thing. Both the opiates and naloxone fit a particular receptor in the nervous system - like a key in a keyhole. Once the molecule attaches, it triggers a response or \"action\". The right key will start the car. In the case of the opiates, they depress the car's ability to run (breathing and heart rate can be severely depressed). The naloxone is very eager to fit into the same keyhole and effectively block an opiate from attaching to the same spot. (2 things can't occupy the same space). So the naloxone now allows the body to run better because the key systems (like breathing and heart rate) that were being depressed before aren't as badly inhibited.\n\nIt doesn't get rid of the opiates though, they're still roaming around looking for a receptor to attach to. It's possible to have more opiates than naloxone thus needing multiple naloxone doses before a person would be more stable. \n\nEDIT: Grammar",
"sincere apologies if this is too tangential, but its hard to resist sharing - if you want to look up truly fascinating, possibly genius, read about LDN, *Low Dose* Naltrexone \n\nit's a whole different discussion but helps the same thing in an oddly much more profound way at lower dosages.. sounds too good to be true but is brilliant, actually\n\nthis is some of the most amazing and useful info I may have read in at Least Several Decades\n\nLDN - Google Search\n_URL_0_\n\neven better,\n_URL_1_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.google.com/search?q=LDN",
"https://youtu.be/z0p0ykSzy9o"
]
] |
||
1ofgx7
|
if dark chocolate is poison to dogs... why hasn't evolution taught them to be put off by it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ofgx7/eli5_if_dark_chocolate_is_poison_to_dogs_why/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccrgst8",
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],
"score": [
21,
4
],
"text": [
"Why would it? Chocolate is something that dogs weren't ever really exposed to for the vast majority of their evolutionary history, so there was never any selection pressure to avoid the stuff. It's like asking why humans never developed an innate fear of dioxins.",
"First, chocolate is not quite as harmful to dogs as people make it sound. A single chocolate chip will not kill your dog - it takes a couple of ounces of even the darkest chocolate to be dangerous to a medium-small dog. Second, most people keep chocolate away from their dogs. Third, evolution requires reproductive pressure, and there simply aren't enough dogs being prevented from reproducing by chocolate consumption to make a difference to the species overall."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
jeldt
|
the pros, cons, and the difference between the two different kind of nukes, the fission and the fusion (hydrogen) bombs
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jeldt/eli5_the_pros_cons_and_the_difference_between_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2bgcep",
"c2bhiei",
"c2bgcep",
"c2bhiei"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"[Answered one hour ago.](_URL_0_)",
"Nice try, 5-year-old bent on world destruction!",
"[Answered one hour ago.](_URL_0_)",
"Nice try, 5-year-old bent on world destruction!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jef24/eli5_nukes/"
],
[],
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jef24/eli5_nukes/"
],
[]
] |
||
4hndcj
|
car engines, turbo, and the concept of horsepower.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4hndcj/eli5_car_engines_turbo_and_the_concept_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2r0ovy"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Your question is a little like ELI5: The human body; far too many parts to concisely explain. your best bet would be to go on Wikipedia and read up on the basics of internal combustion engines. They're really fairly simple yet brilliant machines at their core. Once you've got a grasp of the very basics, go watch Mighty Car Mods videos on car servicing, engine transplants, reshelling, turbocharger installations and intercooler upgrades."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
fv6s1u
|
when a child wakes up, they seem ready for action. when an adult wakes up, they're tired and feel bad. what gives?
|
Assuming, of course, that they both got the full required amount of sleep for their age.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fv6s1u/eli5_when_a_child_wakes_up_they_seem_ready_for/
|
{
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"fmgrteo",
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5,
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],
"text": [
"There's no reason an adult couldn't wake up and be ready for action too. It's just that the life of a child is all about entertainment - a child wakes up and the only things it thinks about are whatever it wants to do right now - ie, something entertaining. This desire to do something fun overpowers any brief muscle stiffness or brain haziness. When an adult wakes up, it tends to think about all the bad parts of being an adult, which is a really demotivating thing to think about. With no desire to get up because if they get up they have to do boring adult things, the adult brain pays considerably more attention to all the minor aches and pains and by paying more attention to them makes you think they're bigger than they really are.",
"All things being equal, healthy sleep cycles and no sleeping disorders, children wake up just as groggy as adults. It takes a moment for any brain to boot up. \nThe thing that makes it seem like kids are ready to move the moment they get up is the difference between adult sleep cycles and child sleep cycles. Children usually go to bed much earlier than adults, and while children do require more sleep than adults, when a child goes to bed at 8 and an adult goes to bed at 11 there's going to be a big difference in when they wake up. So while an adult will still be sleeping as part of their sleep cycle, a child will have already ended their sleep cycle and had a chance to wake up and get moving. And when the adult wakes up and is still getting moving, the child is already an hour into their day and is ready for food, toys, and disney+.",
"Also, preschool teacher here, when kids get up from naps they are not always ready to go. They are groggy and grumps. Snacks are a very good incentive.",
" & #x200B;\n\n\"Throughout adult life, dopamine levels fall by up to 10% every decade. \"\n\n \" ... anger (high arousal) decreased with age, while sadness (low arousal) remained stable, and suggested that both positive and negative high arousal emotions will decline over the lifespan.\"\n\nHigh positive: Interest\n\nLow negative: Contentment\n\nHigh negative: Frustration\n\nLow positive: Disappointment\n\nh[ttps://_URL_1_](_URL_0_)",
"Adults sit in bed thinking.. what bills are due today? Why did I say that thing to my boss yesterday? Why does my back hurt? Did I forget to buy coffee at the grocery store..? Uugggh.\n\nLittle kids wake up and think I'm hungry/thirsty and I wanna play. Where's my stuffy? Oh there it is. I wanna read this book. \n\nI dunno, just my guesses! My kid is 17 months and he is occasionally groggy but it's rare!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160602132424.htm",
"www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160602132424.htm"
],
[]
] |
|
4u81ni
|
why do fatty foods make me feel less hungover?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4u81ni/eli5why_do_fatty_foods_make_me_feel_less_hungover/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d5no41z"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Fatty foods delay your bodies processing and elimination of the various byproducts that make you feel like crap. You're still hungover, but the nasty stuff is bound up in the oils/fat and released slower. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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