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595tt3
|
how do snipers work in pairs?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/595tt3/eli5_how_do_snipers_work_in_pairs/
|
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"text": [
"The other person in the team is commonly called a \"spotter\" and carries a spotting scope. He also provides general security for the sniper who has lower situational awareness. The spotter also assists in calculating the shot by determining wind speed, distance to target, etc and relays this information to the shooter.",
"sniper scout teams work in pairs. a spotter and a shooter. the shooter's role is to focus on the target and making the shot. the spotter's role is to provide a broader field of view, determine windage, elevation, calculate distance to field markers, provide wide view intel, as well as covering the shooter. ",
"The spotter is feeding the shooter information he can't see for himself. Range to target, wind speed and direction, keeping an eye out for anything else that may compromise the shot, etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2ajs2u
|
why do movie trailers, advertisments and promo pieces 'pitch shift' the background music?
|
Something I've noticed all my life since I was a kid. Why do they do this? Also, Ive never heard the song shifted down in pitch, only ever up. Do most people even detect any difference? I have a feeling they don't because no one knows what I mean when I bring this up IRL (obviously a pressung topic for me)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ajs2u/eli5_why_do_movie_trailers_advertisments_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because then you can fit 37 seconds of song into 29.5 seconds of time slot. Pretty simple. It's not pitch shift its just sped up in most cases. Pitch shifting would allow you to increase tempo while maintaining pitch as well...(pitch lock, like when a dj mixes two tunes using software)\n \nNow... Go watch that 70's show on nick at night... Notice that? Yep...the whole show is sped up enough to allow extra commercials... Red sounds like a fucking chipmunk."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
aly7s7
|
will extended periods of really cold temperatures affect garden pests?
|
I live in zone 5 near the shores of Lake Ontario in Canada. For the last two summers I have seen a huge increase in the number of Japanese beetles that come to feed on my grape vine leaves. Since this is an invasive species that has spread from its North American introduction point in New Jersey, (so I read), will the extreme cold weather freeze the ground and kill some of the species eggs? Can we expect to see fewer of these nasty little guys next summer?
Do you think there might be effects on other more beneficial insects or critters that typically over-winter?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aly7s7/eli5_will_extended_periods_of_really_cold/
|
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"I'm no expert so I'm sure I'll be corrected if I'm wrong but this is how I understand it to work in general with insects. \n\nAssuming the insects lay their eggs in the ground and eggs or larvae are susceptible to below freezing temperatures then the eggs will be laid or the larvae will burrow into the ground to a level that stays above freezing for that area. Now assuming the insect in question is native to that area it should be a fairly common depth as winter temps should be fairly constant year to year. However if you have an abnormally cold winter then the ground will end up freezing further down and will potentially kill off the eggs or larvae. \n\nOther factors come into play too though because if you have one or two abnormally cold days preceded by fairly warm weather then the ground won't freeze much more than usual. Also snow cover will play into it as well since it will have an insulating effect and won't allow the heat in the soil to escape even with very cold air temperatures. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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|
991nra
|
parents- if you don't have a house phone and your cell has a lock screen, how will your children call 9-1-1 for help?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/991nra/eli5_parents_if_you_dont_have_a_house_phone_and/
|
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"text": [
"Uhhh the emergency option on the lock screen maybe?",
"Most smartphones these days have an emergency call button on the lock-screen so that you don't have to worry about fiddling around with slipping and sliding."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
1b0i2g
|
why has the entire world standardized on arabic numeral (1,2,3.. etc), even though we aren't standardized on alphabet or language?
|
I know math is a "universal language," but it still amazes me that we all use arabic numerals. Really, there's no reason I can see that some parts of the world wouldn't use some other symbolic representation of numbers. Note: I'm strictly speaking about base 10 numbering systems. Why don't some regions use '%' as the symbol for '5' (substitute whatever random symbol you want for each number).
My confusion is that we all have different languages, and different sets of characters within those languages, yet we've all decided not only to use a base 10 system, but to also use the same exact symbols.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1b0i2g/eli5_why_has_the_entire_world_standardized_on/
|
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"One thing that surprised me when I visited the Middle East was that they didn't use what we think of as Arabic numerals. They use a system that's similar in usage, but uses different glyphs. In the Western world they're called \"Eastern Arabic numerals.\" _URL_0_\n\nIt definitely made my first week in Egypt difficult, but I bought a shitty watch off a street vendor with those numerals, and I was set. ",
"My guess, money transcends languages. ",
"Japan and China have 一二三四五六七八九十 for 1 - 10 and do use those symbols in place of 12345678910 sometimes, specifically in writing. There are also characters for large numbers such as 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000 and so on. For example, \"He has 100 cats\" would be **百**匹猫がいます. Not 100匹猫がいます. This is very common and when you learn Japanese you have to learn the numeric system or you won't understand numbers when they're written about half the time. Even phone numbers can be written like that.\n\nHowever they also use arabic numerals just as much. I'd say it's about a 50-50 thing, I'm not too sure about the Chinese, as I only speak Japanese but they do share a lot of similarities in writing.\n\nEdit: I haven't spoken Japanese in a while and had to correct the verb ending of my sentence, otherwise it would have looked like I said, \"100 (not alive) cats.\" Oh no! So from **百**猫があります to **百**匹猫が*います*.",
"it has to do with why the Japanese say 'computer' instead of a Japanese word. Romans conquered Europe and spread words. The moors conquered a lot and spread math. Algebra is really Al-Gebra. The words and numbers come from the dominant culture of the time. It's why so many 'American' words end up in Asia. They don't bother making new ones. As China rises, we will start to use Chinese names for things like we do for Al-Gebra. The dominant culture sets the metric for what it's tech is named as it's tech spreads through the world. We say 'kantana' not 'one sided asian sword' So your answer is 'A combo of war, technology, time and laziness'",
"Thai, Laos and Cambodia have ours too,\n\n๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙ ๐",
"try this one, OP, in Ethiopia they don't even use the same calendar OR clock we do!\n\n_URL_0_",
"Well, Arabic numerals and similar systems (known as [*positional numerals*](_URL_3_), but that's not ELI5) are basically the best way of representing numbers and doing basic arithmetic. Actually, long multiplication and division are \"basic arithmetic\" *because* of the development of Arabic numerals! (Try multiplying or dividing large Roman numerals. Before Arabic numerals, this stuff was *hard*; after Arabic numerals, it became a topic that we teach to *children*.)\n\nOther people have pointed out that actually different modern cultures have different numerals, but note that they are all based on the same *concept*—[positional numerals](_URL_3_) with base 10. So while Egyptians may use different symbols that we do for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, their symbols stand for the exact same thing, and are used in the same way.\n\nWhen it comes to languages, it's a completely different story. Different languages (or even different dialects of the same language) have very different sound systems and grammar—different [*phonology*](_URL_2_) and [*morphology*](_URL_1_). So the use of just one writing system for all languages doesn't make as much sense, because while the rules of arithmetic are universal, the rules of language are not.\n\nEven though we have many different languages that use the same Latin alphabet, they don't use it the same way. The same letter will be used to represent different sounds. Very often combinations of two letters are used to represent one sound. And actually, letters don't even represent \"sounds\" strictly speaking, they represent [*phonemes*](_URL_0_), which means that the \"same sound\" as people usually think of it is actually different sounds depending on what other sound appear around it. (For example, the \"t\" in the English words *tap*, *step* and the middle of *total* are different sounds; and the *t* sound in the middle of *total* is one of the two *r* sounds in Spanish!)\n\nSo if anything, most writing systems are worse than they would be if they were custom designed for the language—while the Arabic numeral system is nearly perfect for the problems it solves.",
"Mathematician here, (not a historian... but this is my take):\n\nTwo reasons: \n\n1: The arabic numerals are much more efficient to do calculations with. 55+74 is much easier to calculate than LV+LXXIV... They are just easier to do maths with. Also, the arabic numerals also included a symbol for 0, unlike most other number systems.\n\n2: In the middle ages, everyone wanted to trade with China for their spices/goods etc... Before ships could travel all the way around the globe, the only way to get to China from Europe/Africa was through the middle east. Merchants and traders in the middle east helped to spread the arabic numerals throughout Europe, Asia and Africa. The arabic numerals just kind of... won out (because they are so much more efficient)...\n\n(Although traditional number systems were (and still are) sometimes used for keeping dates and such (think Super Bowl XLV)). China, Japan, and many other countries have other numeric symbols, but I believe they are used much in the same way we use \"one\", \"two\", \"three\", and not really for doing calculations.\n\n**tl;dr** Middle East was the center of major trade routes in the middle ages. Arabic numerals were more efficient than most existing number systems, and were spread throughout the globe. ****\n\n*edit: spelling/grammar",
"I just don't get why they call those Arabic numbers. THESE are Arabic numbers:\n\n_URL_0_",
"But why did the human race decide on base 10 as the cross-cultural standard? Perhaps because of 10 fingers and 10 toes?",
"In addition to all the clairfications your getting in this thread, it's also important to note that for hundreds of years the Arab world was the center of science, math, and technology.\n\nJust as most of the stars have Arabic names, much of the standardized math procedures and traditions in the western world stem from that time.",
"Base 10 is primarily because we have 10 fingers, and that makes it easy to learn/teach. Imagine a preschooler learning to count, what does he do?\n\nNumber symbols differ in different regions like China. The same number symbols, although early printing and computers encouraged the spread of the most common standards because the type would be cheaper, etc.\n\nMathematics beyond simple arithmetic (think algebra) probably spread to cultures after their development of complex writing, and was probably spread partially in writing. Those who understood the \"foreign\" mathematics would be the the educated ones spreading it on. Gradually local systems developed for the counting of livestock and other inventories would fall out of use in favor of the mathematics that were both easier to write and easier to compute.",
"The symbols vary with the script and regional influence\n\nTamil - _URL_1_\n\nPersian - _URL_0_\n\nMandarin - _URL_4_\n\nJapanese - _URL_3_\n\nHindi / Sanskrit - _URL_2_\n\n",
"As an Arab guy, this question and answers are very embarrassing, looking at where we are nowadays.",
"The \"Arabic numbers\" (which should properly be called Indian numbers) is the first, and basically only purely positional based number system. That is to say the 10s and 100s digit are signified by their position in the number. Nobody has since come up with anything nearly as good.",
"一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十\n\nNow you know the numbers from 1 to 10 in Japanese!",
"I once read a book about numbers, and some answer here about the spreading of the alphabet that I think I can combine into a decent answer.\n\nFirst, let's consider numbers.\n\nThe primitive way to represent numbers is a single symbol for \"1\", like \"l\", then sum them up until you get your number.\n3 would be \"lll\". 5 would be \"lllll\"\n\nRomans developed a better way to do this, in which they could subtract and add in order to represent a more complex number, say 24:\n\nl = 1\nV = 5\nX = 10\n\nso 24 would be \n\n\"two times 10 plus 4\" - > XXllll \n\nor rather (in a more 'compact' way)\n\n\"two times 10 plus 5 minus 1\" - > XXIV\n\nThey spread this system, and used it, but this could never evolve to a \"position\" system like the one we have, because it lacked the concept of 0.\n\nArabs had this \"circle with nothing in it\" to represent the lack of objects. This is huge, and it allows to use numbers differently based on their position.\nyou can \"reuse\" the symbol for 1 to represent 10, it just changes the position.\n\nThis allowed to represent any number with JUST 10 symbols. This was impossible for the romans, as they had to invent a new symbol every \"big\" number. This forces a limit on the number you want to represent, and it's also more and more difficult to represent bigger numbers, while with the arabic system we can represent any number with JUST 10 symbols.\n\nAwesome:\nNow, why do we all use this method?\n\nWhen two populations met, and one of them was more evolved than the other, the less evolved can either adapt and survive, or die.\n\nThe same things happen with language. It's easier to remember 10 symbols rather than a whole complex system, so this \"easy and effective\" system started to spread and replace the old ones.\n\nThere are variations, sure, but the arabic system is the \"source\" of all of them.\n\nAlso, a little note: we use 10 symbols because we used to count on our fingers, and we have 10 fingers. If we had 15 fingers we'd be counting on 15 symbols.\n\n",
"Numerals are very different from letters. \n\nNumerals stand for an idea. Letters stand for a sound. \n\nIn most languages that use the roman letters, they each stand for roughly the same sound. 't' in English is pretty similar to 't' in other languages. Some languages have sounds that are very different from those used in English so that the letters I am using now aren't a good fit. Letters don't always stand for the exactly the same sound even inside one language but they are pretty similar.\n\nNumerals don't stand for sounds. 1 doesn't stand for the sounds 'one', 1 stands for \".\" 2 stands for \"..\" 3 stands for \"...\" and so on. Every language has those ideas so it is easy for every language to use those numerals and it is very helpful for us all to standardize. \n\nIt isn't as helpful to everyone to standardize and use the same letters because they stand for sounds and we don't all use the same sounds. ",
"We should standardize on binary coded decimal (BCD).\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIf you use Arabic numerals then the terrorists have already won.",
"Because mathematicians are more rational than poets.",
"There is a really good documentary on numbers on Netflix. Not for a five year old, but I trust you'd understand it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics\\)",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation"
],
[],
[
"http://www.dar-us-salam.com/images/large/C24-MyArabicNumberBook.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/persian.htm",
"http://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/tamil.htm",
"http://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/hindi.htm",
"http://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/japanese.htm",
"http://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/chinese.htm"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://chrisuzal.com/pybcd-binary-clock-screensaver-1-0/"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
2gkqsr
|
how did 'baby' become a word of endearment when society agrees that pedophilia is repulsive?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2gkqsr/eli5_how_did_baby_become_a_word_of_endearment/
|
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"text": [
"The origin of the word is \"the youngest of the group\", or even \"a childish adult\". It's origin is more appropriately used for women, then for \"babies\". So...it's been appropriating by little ones, not the other way around! ",
"It is not an attempt to project the idea of an actual \"baby\" or wish of the person receiving the dote as a personification of an actual child no more than calling someone pumpkin is a desire for them to be a gourd. Babies are seen as sweet, innocent, and full of life. When in all actuality they are eating, shit-monsters that morph into wallet-vampires. So even that is kind of applicable. \n",
"For me \"baby\" evolved from using the term \"babe\" which can be defined as \"a young woman or man who is considered to be sexually attractive\". I use the term babe most of the time, sometimes baby... never do I wish my husband was an actual infant.",
"this one has never bothered me, but it does make me wonder about all the \"ay, papi\" type girls. does she really like the idea of screwing her Dad ??!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
buomfu
|
what exactly happens when you deposit more than $10,000 at a bank?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/buomfu/eli5_what_exactly_happens_when_you_deposit_more/
|
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"text": [
"In the USA, this: _URL_0_\n\nThey can file an SAR (suspicious activity report) at any dollar value, though.",
"If you're in the US the bank notifies the IRS. The IRS takes note, and may decide to investigate where you got the money from. If your tax records don't look like someone who should be making $10,000 deposits on the regular you may get audited.",
"Nothing happens per se. These rules are designed to prosecute people who knowingly or willingly structure their deposits to avoid filling out the form. It's a really easy crime for prosecutors to bring and doesn't require the funds to be from a nefarious source. The crime is the manner in which the funds were deposited.\n\nExample: Ms. X deposits an average of $20k a day in four transactions. Unless she's spreading it for legitimate purpose (business, savings, personal) it's likely she's structuring to avoid scrutiny.\n\nFrom a legal stand point look at this way: 99 percent of people deposit their money in one shot. If you're the 1 percent making erratic deposits and the value exceed 10k or more over a period of time it's easy for a jury to infer sceniter or the specific intent required by the crime.\n\n\n_URL_0_",
"USA here. Nothing abnormal. When my house burned down I was given three different checks. The total was around 350k. I walked in \"May I deposit these into my checking?\"\n\n\"Here's your deposit receipt. Have a nice day.\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_transaction_report"
],
[],
[
"https://www.brownsvilleherald.com/news/valley/woman-guilty-of-structuring-bank-deposits/article_190aff5a-7013-11e9-b82a-af1a28aa850d.html?mode=jqm"
],
[]
] |
||
4a506h
|
why did it take so long for ftc to accuse vemma of creating a pyramid scheme?
|
So a long time ago I was approached by a friend who asked me to invest $500 in a company called Vemma. It's a energy drink company that uses customers to sell their products. When my friend first pitched me the idea I immediately thought that I was entering a pyramid scheme and so I backed out. Why did it take so long for FTC to sue Vemma for a pyramid scheme operation when it's clearly obvious that it is one? There was even an app created by Vemma that had a schematic shaped like a pyramid.
If you don't already know, the basic business model for Vemma is that they use recruits to sell their inventory.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4a506h/eli5_why_did_it_take_so_long_for_ftc_to_accuse/
|
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"text": [
"Many pyramid schemes masquerade as legitimate MLMs. The structure is identical, so just because it has that kind of structure isn't enough for the government to file charges. They need *evidence* that something illegal is happening."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
16cpjo
|
do we all think at the same speed or do some people think faster than others?
|
Just as some people talk faster than others, do we all think at the same speed (like a computer processor) or do some people think faster than others? Is that what makes a person "smart"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16cpjo/eli5_do_we_all_think_at_the_same_speed_or_do_some/
|
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"People think at different speeds depending upon the connections their brain is configured to make. Based on your experiences, your brain reconfigures itself to more efficiently make decisions about the activities you participate in, so a person who plays baseball will make quicker decisions about baseball and a person who does crossword puzzles will be able to recall words faster. However, the baseball player is probably terrible at crossword puzzles because his brain isn't configured that way.\n\nOnce your brain is configured for a task, it will be able to make jumps in processing that it couldn't make before. What originally took you an hour to figure out will be taken for granted the next time something similar presents itself.\n\n\"Smart\" people have been exposed to similar things in the past. If you want to be smart, learn new things and know that the hours you spend learning something are the same hours the smart person took at one time. Since we don't see the time someone spent learning something, most people assume that a person is smart or gifted when there was likely a lot of work behind their brains.",
"among other things, it depends on how we visualise our thoughts, and what we talk about. \n\nsome people think with words in their head, some people simply have certain things thought out, and they just have to recall a general feeling about them instead of redoing the thought process. depends on the situation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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|
9dbbhf
|
why does it take so long to make/change laws?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9dbbhf/eli5_why_does_it_take_so_long_to_makechange_laws/
|
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"text": [
"There is a long list of things that have to happen to make a law. Keep in mind that when writing a law, the people writing it have to write out all of the things that it will entail and try to catch all the different sort of places where the law applies. Also keep in mind that other legislators will probably not like the law, so it must be written to be as inoffensive to them as possible. Here's the steps:\n\n- Draft a bill. Often done in a committee. It'll take time to do all that stuff I just talked about.\n\n- Introduce it on the floor of the House while Congress is in session.\n\n- The bill is sent to committee. The committee can then do all kinds of different things depending on who's in the committee. It can get delayed, added to, or just die.\n\n- The rules committee then decides when the bill comes up for debate and what the rules are for debating it. Then it gets debated in session.\n\n- The House can then add more amendments after the debate and vote. If it passes, it goes to the Senate.\n\n- It then does almost the whole process again in the Senate, getting debated, revised, and amended, then voted on.\n\n- Then it waits on the President's desk until he signs the bill or rejects it.\n\nThat's a lot of stuff going on, and in the middle of it, there will be people wanting the bill to die, so the sponsoring legislators have to work out deals with them to make sure it has enough support to pass. Opposing legislators can also do a bunch of stuff to slow down the process in hopes that they tie the bill up so long it just never gets voted on.",
"In a government structured like it is in the United States, laws do take quite some time to change. This is because of the number of people involved in the process, and people always make things slow. There are many steps to getting a law put into place or changed, and since many people are involved in each step, each step takes a not insignificant amount of time.\n\nAnd of course, since the people involved often don't agree with each other, some will intentionally try to stop or slow down the process, while others will send the process backwards to make revisions. This isn't actually a bad thing in all cases, it's good to prevent sloppy laws from being rushed through and causing problems. But it can cause a bit of grid lock when people are calling for new legislation, but the ones actually implementing it can't agree on how (or whether or not) to do so. \nThis is one major disadvantage to our system of government, laws can't change and react very quickly. But it is also a strength, laws can't be slapped into place as overblown reactions, and silly or stupid laws can be filtered out.\n\nNot that it always works out, we have plenty of stupid laws on the books, but we generally consider it to be better than the alternative - putting the law making power into the hands of one (or very few) person that can decide things quickly but has very little oversight."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
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|
45blg4
|
pyramid schemes, ponzi schemes, money laundering, just all that illegal/sketchy money bs i need to watch out for
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45blg4/eli5_pyramid_schemes_ponzi_schemes_money/
|
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"I honestly don't know a whole lot about the systematic tendencies of those kind of companies that you should watch out for, but I do know just from talking to some out of state kids at my university that the big recruiting pyramid schemes, you know the ones that send you pamphlets your senior year of high school, change from region to region. I'm sure if you looked up your area specifically you could find out some specific companies to watch out for. For instance in my home town everyone began selling cutco knives after they graduated, where I go to school now it was some energy drink company. ",
"A pyramid scheme and a ponzi scheme are pretty much the same thing. Some guy says that if you put your money with him, he'll give you a 10% return on your money. The return on the money is not made from good investments on his part, but from taking the money from the next person, whom he also promises a 10% return. The return on that money is not made from good investments on his part, but from taking the money from the next person, and so on and so forth.\n\nBasically, watch out for anyone who is trying to sell you something that sounds too good to be true. I'm not a financial adviser or a CPA, but you should generally have 3-4 accounts in which you hold money:\n\n* A checking account\n* A savings accounts\n* A retirement account and maybe\n* An investment account if you have extra cash\n\nEach with a different purpose. The retirement and investment accounts will be similar, but in either case, don't expect a return greater than the general (stock) market performance. Anyone who is telling you otherwise is probably selling snake oil."
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7j18sc
|
if all human cells replace themselves every 7 years, why can scars remain on you body your entire life?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7j18sc/eli5_if_all_human_cells_replace_themselves_every/
|
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"The cells in the scars are replaced with by new \"scar cells\" and not by cells as they where before the damaga, as cells dosnt have a memory or know how its \"surpose\" to be. \nIf you weld a damaged car, and keep the maintancance up, and continue to repair it as it breaks, it dosnt fix the original damage, you just keep repairing. :) \nSidenote: Repairs going wrong = cancer.",
"Human cells can replace themselves, this is correct. But they need a scaffold to replace themselves ON for them to be in the right place. And the nature of that scaffold is why scars stick around forever.\n\nLet's compare our bodies to a multi-floor brick building that King Kong or Cloverfield or Godzilla or something punches a big chunk out of.\n\nYou have a couple choices to do something about that building before the weather gets in and wrecks it worse. But a feasible one of them isn't a complete tear-down and rebuild using scaffolding and heavy construction to recreate the building properly. People have got to go on living in there and there's not enough free spending money around to do it.\n\nSo you patch that hole as best you can and maybe brick up the opening, and that's good enough for people to keep living in it. But it leaves a not-very-pretty gap in your building. It's functional even if some of the electrical stuff or elevators don't work due to the still missing area, and it looks ugly because you couldn't quite get everything perfect without bringing in super-expensive heavy machinery and shutting everything down, and the bricks don't match. So you're left with a serviceable building with ugly spots that you can't ever afford to make perfect-looking again.\n\nScarring's the same. The body doesn't have the ability to regenerate huge missing areas because it can't create scaffolding once you're out of the womb. All of the 'heavy equipment' necessary for it is no longer available. This wasn't critical enough of a skill for us to evolve as a species because enough of us survived and had kids even without it to take over the world. So the body goes with a \"walling off\" strategy without coming with a bunch of perfectly set-up scaffolding to build new clean supporting structures for the new cells to grow back into their perfect original shape. \n\nAnd those wall-offs are dead 'hard' tissue that is permanently set into their walled-off shape and can't be replaced. Again, perfect-looking repairs weren't necessary to the survival of our species so we didn't evolve them.\n\n",
"Your scar-tissue is replaced as well. Basically your body can simply “forget“ what is scar tissue and how it originally was supposed to look like.\nLuckily we have developed a mechanism that reduces scar tissue back after it has done it's job but it's not perfect and since, most often, the consequence of this “failiure“ is only a minor optical flaw the evolutionary pressure to improve that process is rather low. \nPossible causes for the system “failing“ are most likely quite diverse but what can be said is: Replacing cells does not automatically restore the information of how the cells were arranged. \n\nEdit: Forgot burn scars- i assume they work quite differently from scars caused by purely mechanical damage.\nBut the basic idea is always the same: replacing cells can also copy the “damaged/faulty“ tissue...the correction of what is copied needs to be done separately.",
"Some cells take up to 10 years. And the body can only replicate what is there, rather than restore it to it’s original state, if it could remember how it was before and recreate that we would never age!",
"Special cells that help clean up a would put down a special glue to hold everything together. These cells are called fibroblasts, they have to work quickly to patch up the area. They keep patching for weeks, or months! Although our skin cells die off every few weeks, the layers of material holding the cells together stay. Over many years, some areas may fade because cells nearby are cleaning up, but the bits in between cells holding everything together remain. ",
"The short answer is that they don't replace themselves every 7 years.\n\nWhile it's true that some cells are constantly replaced (e.g. the outer layers of your skin are continuously dying, falling off, and being replaced throughout your life), others are never replaced. Many of your cells (e.g. neurons, muscle cells) are the same ones you had when you were born or when you finished growing. This is why you can recover from a stab wound but not a brain injury - skin regrows quickly, but neurons never do.\n\nI've heard the 7 years number before, usually in relation to specific cell types. I'm not a PhD in biology (did a minor with my BA and I'm a nursing student), but I'm calling urban legend on that number.",
"Too much text here for your ELI5 answer, so here it is.\nScars are not cells, they are extracellular (outside cells) materials, mainly 'collagen' formed when more severe injury can not be healed by simple cell replication. Some scars fade slowly over many years (depending on severity and location) because that dense collagen is reabsorbed by cells and replaced by living tissue (cells) again.\n\n*Note this is a gross oversimplification (ELI5) there are many, many extracellular proteins, collagen being the most important and prolific in scar formation.",
"Most people go their whole lives eating every day. When you don't eat for a few days, or fast, autophagy starts to consume these scars for the protein and clean up the damaged cells. Otherwise its just not a priority for your body. But if the scar is large enough, there will never be enough autophagy to clear it all up. ",
"How to tattoos remain permanent if all the cells, and the cells the tattoo ink is placed into are dying and being replaced?",
"Skin is made up of a lattice of material, when you cut yourself and it heals, it heals over in one direction, not in a criss-cross pattern. :( ",
"I believe there's a misconception here from OP. If you've been on the internet long enough you've here this before. However, your cells are not what's fully replaced every seven years, but the atoms in your cells. About 99% of the atoms in your body that you had seven years ago have now been replaced by ones you've ingested in food or drank in liquids. \n\nThere's also some groups of cells that do regenerate and are replaced through mitosis(a type of cell division, where one cell becomes two) but this is dependent on the cell type, and is not seven years. Your skin cells in a scar go through this division too but they only clone the scar tissue. So your body can't get rid of scars that way.",
"Human cells don't replace themselves every 7 years. Different cell types regenerate at different rates. \n\nI believe that muscle cells replace themselves once every 10 years at birth, but this declines rapidly as you age. By the time you die, only about half of your muscle cells have been replaced.\n\nYour intestines are replaced every 4 days or so (the poor things). \n\n Your pancreas beta cells are replaced every 60 days or so.\n\nYour epidermal cells (outermost skin cells) are replaced every month.\n\nYour liver cells are replaced every year or so.\n\nFat cells are replaced at the 7-8 year cycle rate that the urban legend dictates.\n\n\nWhen you get a minor cut that does not puncture the entire epidermis, the injury will generally heal completely because there are epidermal cells underneath that grow outwards. As the cells above are pushed upwards and outwards they will slough off revealing the newer epidermal cells beneath. The skin is as good as new after a month or so.\n\nHowever a deeper wound heals differently. The wound fills with blood, platelets and clotting agents to form a clot. Next fibroblasts are attracted to the wound site and begin producing collagen. The epidermis then tries to cover the wound site with skin cells (this can only happen if the wound remains moist - if the wound dries out, the healing process slows immensely which is one of the main reasons why bandaging a wound is so important). Scar tissue forms by filling the wound with collagen. Once the wound has healed, the collagen remains.\n\nOver time, the collagen around the edge of the wound may slowly get replaced by neighboring cells, but if the wound is simply too large the regeneration of neighboring cells isn't fast enough to replace the nonfunctional tissue with functional cells. Remember, the neighboring cells have to pull double duty. In order for the scar to disappear, neighboring cells have to replace not only themselves but also their neighbors. They can do this to a point, but it is ultimately limited. So the body keeps the collagen in place which prevents the scar from disappearing entirely. The scar isn't functional, but it is strong, tough tissue that holds itself together so its better than nothing.",
" > 'all human cells' \n\nnot the same as everything in the body. the whole body is not replaced every 7 years. this is a widespread misconception",
"There are different phases of wound healing. Hemostasis is basically your body realizing the norm has been disturbed, so chemical messengers aggregate to begin the process. Inflammation occurs next to increase vascularization, and signal white blood cells for any necessary phagocytosis (eating the bad guys/debris). Following is the proliferation phase, which like it sounds, is basically the multitude of cells forming new tissues. \n\nThe reason scars are different is just that, because the tissues aren’t just epithelial cells anymore, which regenerate quickly and similarly. Fibroblasts build what is called connective tissues, ie, collagen. Collagen is a structural protein, giving it a tough structure. Think of what ligaments and tendons are made of. After the proliferation of fibroblasts, then we have epithelialization. What are known as skin cells, cover the fibrous scar. They break down the collagen a bit, and also act as a seal for the scar. Eventually angiogenesis occurs- building blood vessel pathways for the new skin. \n\nThat being said many things affect angiogenesis! It’s necessary for Oxygen to be present, ie blood. Smoking, diabetes are a few factors which can affect just that. Hypertrophic scars are the ones that sorta stick out, bc of extra collage. In combination with environmental and biological factors, scars stick around, or some scars worse than others. \n\nDrawing this from a physiology class I took a few years back so it may not be completely on point. :)",
"The answer has already been given, but maybe an analogy to help:\n\n > If no one ever works in a company for longer than 5 years, the company will have endured multiple \"generations\" of employees in 25 years. But every employee was trained by the existing employees at the time, so everyone is taught to do what the previous guy did.\n\n > The new guy might be able to do things better than the old guy, but since he's required to work alongside the other old guys, he falls in line instead of trying to innovate against the odds.",
"I feel like people are over explaining this. The cells are replaced with new cells with the information or memory of the old cell. It replicates what is stored in the memory. ",
"Scars are not cells they are made of collagen which is a extracellular matrix protein. they'll stick around even after the fibroblasts that made them go away. also not all cells replace themselves; neurons for example do not replicate and hang around for your entire life"
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1zqaxm
|
do dreams really have "meanings" behind them?
|
Can they really represent your behaviours whilst awake? Any evidence to suggest otherwise?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1zqaxm/eli5_do_dreams_really_have_meanings_behind_them/
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"Like most of what goes on in your mind, dreams draw on memories and emotions. As a result, dreams can reflect past life events and feelings. There has been no conclusive evidence that there are any set patterns in dreams that represent certain things in every day life that are consistent across multiple people. For instance, watching the sun get eaten by a giant moose in a dream doesn't mean that you are having second feelings about eating that last slice of pie, although it could certainly be a combination of a moose you saw the other day.",
"No offense or anything, but this is better in /r/askreddit. There is no clear, ELI5 explanation on this topic. If you don't get traction here, or it gets removed, post it to /r/askreddit. It'd be interesting to see the discussion.",
"Not all dreams have meanings. Most of them are throwaways. They're your brain blowing off steam.\n\nReoccurring themes *can* be your brain trying to cope or somehow make sense of issues in your day-to-day life. \n\nNot everybody dreams in the same way, so it is hard to say emphatically that, for example, the appearance of a unicorn in your dream means the same thing as a unicorn appearing in someone else's dream.\n\nIf anything, the meaning you should take is that, if you seem to be having reoccurring dreams, it could be an indication of uncertainty in some aspect of your life. But how your mind relates that distress to you is not standardized in any way."
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7i2436
|
how do lumens work when measuring brightness of flashlights? ie. how do cheap flashlights have outputs of like 2000 lumens?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7i2436/elif_how_do_lumens_work_when_measuring_brightness/
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"standardized lumen measurement is done by measuring amount of light output using sophisticated detection hardware.\n\nthe source of most high power flashlights nowadays are all LED's made by the same manufacturer Cree. that doesn't mean someone can't copy CREE's chip and make it dirt cheap. alot of Chinese manufacturers knockoff CREE's designs or even label theirs CREE when they're not. and those unreputable vendors will also label their light 2000lumens when they're not. ",
"Lumens is a rating of light in a dark room. Lumens are a rating that is good for light bulbs but bad for flashlights. Lux is much better for flashlights.\nLumens is a 360 degree rating, not really what you want in a flashlight. The lux rating takes direction and beam angle into account. So say you have a flashlight rated at 2000 lumens. It might up a room real well because the beam is not focused properly. A flashlight with 2000 lux will be a much better flashlight for lighting the spot its being pointed at.",
"Chances are they dont output 2000 lumens. It's just grossly exaggerated. I wouldn't trust the ratings of those no name brand lights. \n\n\nThere are three ways to report total light output for flashlights:\n\n\n1) Emitter lumens, which meaures light emitted straight from the light source. This gives you the highest number.\n\n\n2) OTF or out the front. This is measured after the reflector/lens. There are some losses through each interface but it is a more realistic number.\n\n\n3) ANSI lumens. The key thing is that you measure output after being powered on for at least 30 seconds to reach a steady operating state. This gives you the lowest number, but is the best way to determine real world light output.\n\n\nMost reputable flashlight companies report OTF or ANSI lumens and they will typically specify it.\n\n\nThe most accurate way to measure lumens is in an integrating sphere.\n\n\nEdit: I did not expect this to blow up. And cue the experts that know more than I do. While i do have a healthy flashlight collection, and worked at a lighting company for a short time, I've been out of the game for a while. I tried to distill the information in a digestible way. \n\n\nEdit 2: apparently i can't word gud either.",
"One way to do it is to use an array of cheap LEDs instead of one good one. A flashlight with multiple LEDS produces plenty of light but it is poorly focused which makes it relatively crappy for most things you would want a flashlight for.",
"Explain it like you're flammable?",
"A lumen is the amount of light one candle puts out on a one square foot surface, 12\" inches away, right?",
"Ooh, I can answer one of these for once! I design LED optics for a living, and I've worked with these flashlight companies directly. The lumen value being advertised is the dead-center peak value of lumens, after the light has exited the aperture of the lens in the fixture. This is by and large a sales pitch. It's not entirely a valuable factor. So the reason that cheap flashlights have that output is the LED is one from the cheaper LED producers (many in China) who dump out as much power as possible. These LEDs don't have the significant lifetimes that LEDs from Cree or Nichia or Bridgelux will have, and honestly for a flashlight they don't need it. It's not a streetlight that won't see another technician for years, it's a dinky little flashlight that you (the customer \"you\") will probably lose before the effectiveness of the LED drops and the lens clouds up, so the flashlight company is only paying for LEDs that will last just a bit longer than the average customer will go before buying a replacement light. If in fact a light is advertising LEDs from a specific company, then they probably recognize that company as value-added to the sale with name-brand recognition.\n\nI will also mention, LED technology is a rapidly growing field, and every year they get closer to replicating sunlight, which would be the ultimate goal. For a while, the LED packages were getting more efficient for a longer life. Then, with best practices spreading and competition developing, prices for older LEDs began to drop. Now, they are working towards larger LES (light emitting surfaces) so as to pack out as much light as possible from the smallest footprint. A single \"eggdrop\" COB LED can produce more light in a smaller area than the equivalent group of smaller LEDs which require spacing and circuitry. So don't be surprised if you pop out the lens of a larger flashlight and only see one single huge light source instead of the multiple little ones they use now.\n\nAny more questions I'd be happy to help.\n\nOh one more thing. The lumen number they come up with is probably the summation of the lumen output of each individual LED, running at a specific amperage. You can visit a website like Cree's and take a look at the data sheets yourself!\n\nEdit: oh wow, hello everyone and thanks. I'll try to answer what I can.",
"Among the other things people have mentioned, there is a difference between lumens and throw distance. (Basically, you could be 200m from a building in the dark, and a light with higher lumens might not illuminate the building as well as a light with lower lumens but a higher beam focus.) ",
"One of the things I find interesting about the unit of lumens is that it is sort-of, but not-exactly a measure of the power output of the light. Like any electrical device, when you put power into a light (electricity) you get power out (in this case light and heat). The problem is that our eyes are more sensitive to some wavelengths of light than others. The total light power that comes out over all wavelengths is called radiant flux, but by itself tells us nothing about how bright an object will appear to us. So a luminosity function is applied across all wavelengths (based on a model of the human eye) to get the perceived power of the light (luminous flux). This also means you can't really talk about (in a technical sense) the efficiency of a light the way you can for most electrical devices. The best you can do is talk about lumens per watt (which are two different units of measure). ",
"It's all a lie, like others have said. \n\nA Cree xm-l t6(or 5, 4, 3 etc) bulb can output a lot of light/lumen but there's a catch. Those bulbs need to stay cool enough and get a high enough voltage/amps to do so. No matter what, a flashlight that runs on a 3v battery (or 1.5v AA, or 3AA\"s at 4.5v) isn't going to produce more light in one flashlight over the other by that much of a huge difference from one flashlight to the next. 3v is 3v. The true output of any of the 1.5v to 4.5v flashlights is really going to be in the range of 120 to 400 lumens, weather they advertise 200 lumen or 2000 lumen.\n\nThe Cree led bulbs can handle 10w 3.3v 3 amps running through them, but this will take a big flashlight, and cooling vents with a fan to sustain its brightness and keep it from burning out. All that will get you around 900 or so lumens. That $4 flashlight from China advertising 600 lumens is actually going to be closer to 120 lumens. They lie because people like bigger numbers and most have no idea. ",
"All of the small super bright $5 to $20 flashlights that claim 1000, 2000, 3000 lumens use the same LED. It is a CREE T6 either gen1 or gen2. Either way the chip maxs out at 1000 lumens with a 10 amp draw.\n\nIf it runs a single CREE T6 and uses an 18650 to power it, you are probably getting 1000 lumens at the emitter.\n\nCheep flashlights have outpust like 2000 lumens because the marketing team are lying.\n\n",
"The main unit companies like to use to give a healthy dose of marketing onto flashlight output is the Candlepower or Candela unit. \n\nYou'll see these little handheld flashlights that allege to give out a million candle power, which they probably do, but here's the thing. \n\nCandlepower is a measurement in a specific direction at a particular distance. So if you measure closely enough (like say a meter away) and focus the beam tightly enough, you'll get a decent value from even a fairly naff light source. \n\nMeasure a more powerful light source from further away, like say a lighthouse from a ship, and you might get the same reading in candle power, and that reading will get bigger the closer you get, but obviously a lighthouse is a way more powerful light source than a handheld flashlight. \n\nLumens is the more sensible method. \n\nThe way that's done is like this. \n\nImagine a sphere with a light source in the centre that sends its light in every direction. The measurement from the light source to the surface of the sphere (the radius) is a certain measurement in, inches, meters, whatever. Whatever that measurement is, if you draw a square in the surface of the sphere that has the same length sides as that radius, you get an area of surface called one unit solid angle, otherwise known as a ['Steradian'](_URL_0_).\n\nIf you imagine as the sphere gets bigger, the Steradian also gets bigger, so as you get further away, the light is measured from a larger area. So the value stays the same. \n\nThat's not to say it (the lumens value) can't be increased with a better focussed lens, but at least measuring that way the value will stay the same no matter what distance you measure it at. The same can't be said for candela. \n\nSo dishonest companies will get a light, focus the hell out of it and then say you get a million candle power out of it, or whatever, when the actual lumens value out of it wouldn't be all that impressive. ",
"To explain it to a five year old would be this: think of your flashlight as a garden hose. Lumens is how much water it can spray out of the nozzle in a given amount of time. Real flashaholics (those weirdos on candlepowerforums, like me) would use an integrated sphere to measure lumens. So think of a bucket and your garden hose; how fast can you fill up a bucket with water. \n\nNow don't confuse that with lux. Lux is how strong your nozzle is. If you can knock over your bucket of water (or even spray the neighbors dog from our yard) that is lux. ",
"Imagine light is actually made of sand. More lumens means more grains of sand total are coming out of it. The dispersal pattern matters though, as a high lumen flashlight can look visually dimmer than a concentrated one. More candela, the unit for intensity, means the highest peak of the sand pile ^(usually the middle) will be very high.\n\nMore lumens, more total light. More candela, more light is hitting the brightest spot.",
"So you're saying my 10,000 lumen flashlight that I got on eBay isn't really 10,000? Aww man!",
"I can’t claim that I really understand this either. There’s so much overhyping and I just know by experience. Don’t get tricked into thinking you need thousands of lumens and don’t spend hundreds to get one that can actually have that output. \n\nLast year I bought a cheap energizer one that claimed it was 400 lumens but it couldn’t light up a street address for my delivery job. Now I use a small 200 lumen led light and I can easily light an address from 50-60 feet away( and not dimly lit, that shit is daylight bright, so bright that you need to set it to the dimmer setting for anything closer). Spent $30 on it. Maglite xl50 is what I use. \n\nSorry that my explanation isn’t technical but I’ll just put it this way: companies know you aren’t going to be able to run a test to see how many lumens the flashlight creates, and what’s really important is a spec like max beam distance, but that can be overstated too. Someone else pointed this out as well but lumens are basically just the amount of energy coming through, but the light may just get lost or it may not be very efficient. ",
"Sorry off topic and not sure how many people will get this... I'm in so deep into cryptocurrency that I saw lumens and automatically thought the post was about Stella Lumens.\n\nYou may continue with your regularly scheduled program."
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3prr4d
|
headaches
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3prr4d/eli5_headaches/
|
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"Although we know things that cause headaches, we dont know exactly what a headache is, and isolating the exact root cause of your specific headache is likely impossible with current understanding.\n\nMedicine that treats headaches usually work by reducing inflammation, as opposed to actually killing pain.",
"Honestly, there is still a lot of unknowns about what headaches are and how they are caused. The brain itself doesn't feel pain, but the surrounding tissues and nerves are inflamed when you get a headache. There are many things that can cause a headache including fatigue and sleep deprivation, stress, the effects of medications and recreational drugs, viral infections and common colds, head injury, rapid ingestion of a very cold food or beverage, dental or sinus issues, and many more.\n\nMigraines are a specific type of headache that causes severe pain, usually felt on one side of the head, are recurring, and are often accompanied with nausea, sensitivity to light and sound. \n\nIf you are waking up with headaches, it is usually from chemicals (alcohol and/or drugs) or dehydration. Morning headaches can also be tension headaches, if you slept in a way that caused your neck muscles to strain.\n\nPainkillers work on headaches the same way they work on any pain. Painkillers interrupt the signals that are telling your brain there is pain. The different types of painkillers work in different ways:\n\n1. Paracetamol (acetometaphin)\n\nParacetamol is targeted for the brain and it works by stopping the production of pain from the source. It reduces the production of inflammatory substances and chemicals in the brain, which are usually referred to as prostaglandins. These inflammatory chemicals can be found anywhere in the body but they are concentrated in the brain. Paracetamol can be helpful in relieving a person of pain and even fever.\n\n2. NSAIDs\n\nNSAIDs are drugs that are inclusive of aspirin and ibuprofen and they have a completely different work process than Paracetamol. These medicines cease the production of prostaglandins just as Paracetamol, but instead of targeting the brain, they target the prostaglandins present throughout the human body. This makes them effective; however, the side effect of this type of medication is that since they target the prostaglandins in the body instead of the brain, they end up affecting the different bodily functions and organs as well. So if you are trying to relieve yourself of stomach pains then, the NSAIDs will target the lining of your stomach which can go either way.\n\n3. Opioids\n\nThis type of medication is something that targets the receptors in the human body. These receptors are found in the central nervous system and the gut. They are also found in some other important parts of the body. Opioids increase your tolerance for pain and they also work at reducing the pain your body is experiencing.\n",
"There are several types of headaches. I'll go through the most common two.\n\n\n**Tension Headache:** Most common type of headache by far, it's caused by muscle tension and muscle pain in the muscles in the neck, scalp, and forehead. These are classically caused by muscular strain on the neck, like sitting uncomfortably for a long time with little head/neck movement (car rides, plane rides, playing video games, watching tv, etc.), but it's believed they can be caused by a lot of other things, the mechanism of which isn't completely understood. Stress, electrolyte imbalances, loud noises, bright lights, straining your eyes, etc. seem to cause, contribute to, and/or worsen tension-type headaches. \n\nTension-type headaches feel like a tight, squeezing band around your head, usually the pain is felt on both sides of the head, and there's some pain that spreads down to the neck.\n\nThe best meds for this are NSAID's and anti-prostaglandin meds, like Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen, Naproxen, etc. They work by blocking a long chain of reactions that leads to inflammatory pain. These headaches are muscular in origin, so the pain is a muscle inflammation type of pain, and the above meds specifically target that cause. Sleep, massages, and general relaxation techniques tends to help these headaches as well, since they can relieve the muscular tension.\n\n\n **Migraines**: These aren't fully understood, and can present in wacky ways, but they classically present as pain in a very small, localized area in the head, on only one side, and sounds/lights make them much worse, and you feel nauseous and can vomit with these. The pain is pounding, pulsatile, throbbing in nature, and lasts 4-72 hours typically. They're sometimes associated with \"auras\" that occur before the migraine, where people report a strange neurological symptom before the pain begins, like seeing bright lights or halos, numbness/tingling, light-headedness, etc. \n\nThe cause of migraines is poorly understood, but fMRI scans have shown that there's a small area in the brain that temporarily gets less blood flow, and therefore less oxygen, causing the cells in that area to become damaged, leading to release of signaling molecules that cause pain. Some severe migraines can present with stroke-like symptoms, likely from the very mild lack of blood flow to areas of the brain. There are some communities out there that believe migraines are more caused by an overactive major nerve in the face and head (Cranial Nerve 5, or the trigeminal nerve, and it's meningeal branch specifically), which is supported by some medications that work and some surgical techniques that work (snipping the meningeal branch has cured chronic migraines in some patients). \n\nTreatment of migraines is a large field, focused on prevention vs. acute treatment. \n\nTo PREVENT migraines from occurring in the future (but not help at all with a current migraine headache), older anti-depressants called tri-cyclics (Amitriptyline specifically), beta-blockers, anti-manic meds (Divalproex) and sometimes even anti-seizure/anti-epileptic meds work for people. \n\nTo ABORT a current migraine headache, it's the same picture, many drugs can work, but it's usually very patient-specific as to what does the trick. In the ER, the first line is typically NSAIDS (ibuprofen, tylenol, naproxen) and an anti-nausea med with pro-cholinergic properties like Reglan (metoclopramide). Classically, a Triptan (sumatriptan) is the best abortive therapy, but only if it's used within the first few hours of a migraine. Ergotamines (Dihydroergotamine or DHE) can be used in place of a Triptan, and have the same mechanism, pro-serotonin and stimulate blood vessel constriction. The mechanism is theorized to be serotonin stimulation of the main sensory nerve of the face (CN5, trigeminal) which somehow makes the migraine pain go away. Other meds that sometimes work include caffeine, anti-platelet meds like aspirin, and opiods (because opioids are narcotics and you'll be detached from any physical suffering while on them).\n\n\nOther rare or more serious types of headaches include:\n\n\n**Post-Concussive Headaches**: Occur for weeks to months to years after a concussion, can present very similarly to a migraine, and often get misdiagnosed as a migraine. The mechanism is obviously related to the concussive injury, but isn't completely understood as to why it can reoccur for so long. Generally, the worse the injury, the worse and longer the headache will stick around for, and strenuous mental activity (studying, playing video games, watching TV, playing sports, etc) can make the headache recur. Treatment is the same as a migraine in most cases, and begins with NSAIDS. \n\n\n **Cluster Headaches**: Severe, debilitating, and usually very predictable. Occurs at the same time every day, pain is excruciating, and located on one entire half of the head and face. Can cause other neurological symptoms (Horner's Syndrome), like facial twitching and spasms, numbness/tingling on the face, excessive sweating, pupil/vision changes on the affected side, etc. Cause isn't understood very well, and the best treatment is immediate high-flow oxygen, so these patients usually sleep with an oxygen tank next to their bed. Since oxygen works, some people believe the cause is decreased delivery of oxygen to the nerves of the face.\n\n\n**Secondary Headaches**: Big group of headaches caused by a different medical problem, and the most common cause of recurrent headaches in the morning. Would take forever to go through them all, so I'll just briefly summarize. \n\n\n*Low blood sugar overnight can cause morning headaches\n\n\n*Electrolyte abnormalities alone can cause morning headaches that are somewhat different from tension-type headaches\n\n\n*Alcohol consumption the night before can lead to morning headaches\n\n\n*Withdrawal from chronically-used pain meds (especially NSAIDS) can cause daily morning headaches\n\n\n*Brain tumors CAN cause daily headaches, usually worse in the morning, but this is very rare. In these cases, the headache gets worse and worse over time, and is associated with other neurological abnormalities (tingling/numbness, vision issues, issues with moving the eyes, severe dizziness, seizures, intractable nausea and vomiting, poor coordination, etc). DO NOT immediately think morning headaches are a tumor unless other symptoms are present or you're at a huge genetic risk, like everyone else in your family had a brain tumor around your age.\n\n\n*High Blood Pressure can cause headaches, not necessarily in the morning\n\n\n*Caffeine use, and (more often) caffeine withdrawal\n\n\n*Nitrate medications like nitroglycerin for chest pain and esophageal spasms, and Viagra and other erectile dysfunction meds\n\n\n*Sinus Infections commonly cause headaches, and tooth infections can too\n\n\n*Joint Diseases of the face or neck (Rheumatoid Arthritis, TMJ [jaw] dysfunction, etc)\n\n\n*Temporal Arteritis is a relatively common autoimmune disease against blood vessels, usually the ones in the face, seen in the elderly\n\n\n*Poor Sleep and Too Much Sleep can cause morning headaches\n\n\n**Thunder Clap headache** is a sudden, instant, 0-to-10 headache, usually described as the worst headache the patient has ever had, that can occur suddenly at any time. It's caused by a burst aneurysm in a blood vessel in the brain, causing severe bleeding in the brain. I can't stress enough that the pain instantly comes on, if you feel a small headache, and then it gradually gets worse over 5 minutes and becomes the worst headache ever, it IS NOT a thunderclap headache.\n\nThere are plenty of other causes of headache, but these should help you differentiate a tension-type headache from a migraine, and give you a good idea on what might be causing your morning headaches.\n\n\n**TL;DR**: Muscle stiffness/tension/overuse in the face, head and neck cause Tension-Type headaches that feel like squeezing/constricting bands, and these are the most common headache, treated with NSAIDS like ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Migraines are focal, throbbing, have nausea, light sensitivity, and sometimes an aura, they're possibly caused by transiently decreased blood flow to parts of the brain, and can be treated with tons of pain meds and neurological meds. Tons of things cause morning headaches, usually poor sleep, dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, or withdrawal from pain meds or alcohol.\n\n\n**Source**: I'm a 4th year med student going into emergency medicine, so I see a lot of headaches, and I cracked open my Lange \"Symptoms to Diagnosis 2nd edition\" book."
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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3scziq
|
why the first few people on mars are not going to ever return to earth?
|
thanks for the answers
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3scziq/eli5_why_the_first_few_people_on_mars_are_not/
|
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"That's far from decided. It might be one approach, but there are many plans where people spend a relatively short time on Mars and return to a ticker-tape parade. Keeping folks alive for 1-3 months is a lot easier than keeping them alive until they die. Killing them after a month or so would be very bad PR.",
"In some plans the trip is one way to dramatically reduce costs.\n\nTo return from Mars you need to bring enough fuel to get back off of mars. Carrying that fuel requires more fuel to lift it to Mars in the first place, so a round trip is many times more expensive and complex than a one way trip.\n\nIt's unlikely that those one way plans will ever get off the ground literally or figuratively, there are a lot of financial, ethical, and legal hurdles they'll have to clear.",
"A one-way trip is just one possible mission design, recently popularized by a group that has no chance of actually getting there. All space agencies with plans to someday go to Mars are expecting it to involve returning to Earth."
]
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|
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[] |
[
[],
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|
ckfv7s
|
what does that often blue tape that athletes put all over themselves do and how does it work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ckfv7s/eli5_what_does_that_often_blue_tape_that_athletes/
|
{
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"It's called Kinesio tape.\n\nIts supposed to support muscles and potentially improve performance and help prevent injuries and help in injury recover. I'll stop explaining what its supposed to do or how any more because of something else associated with the tape:\n\nThere's little evidence it works at all, and plenty of experts think its complete pseudo-science nonsense and at best simply a placebo. This hasn't really stopped anyone from using it though.\n\nI've personally used it and had it put on by professionals. I never noticed a difference and even the trainers putting it on me admitted its probably nonsense.",
"That is called kinesiology tape. It is supposed to have several benefits including joint and muscle pain relief, myofascial release, and free movement of lymphatic fluid. Scientific studies provide no evidence to support any of that. From a medical standpoint the benefits are thought to be due to a placebo effect, or due to improved confidence though pre game ritual."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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5jn9nt
|
what do those massive shoulder mounted tv cameras do that a nice handheld video camera cannot?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5jn9nt/eli5_what_do_those_massive_shoulder_mounted_tv/
|
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"As an operator of one of those big cameras, here's what's going on.\n\n**Enormous lenses and sensors designed to let in a lot of light, plus a mechanical aperture.** This gives the camera the ability to operate in a wide range of lighting conditions. That lens assembly usually extends back into the \"body\" of the camera quite a ways. Glass is heavy, too.\n\n**Motor-driven and by-hand zoom, focus, aperture etc** - You can twist rings on the outside of the assembly to adjust all of the above by hand, which is sometimes preferable and looks \"more natural.\" But they're also motorized, enabling you to adjust all of those settings by the controls near your hand on the back, by a remote control, or by the onboard computer.\n\n**Onboard computing hardware to process uncompressed video, and to make smart decisions if set to auto**. Most consumer cameras take video and immediately compress it to something like MPEG-4 with very little flexibility in options for that. These bad boys store and process *uncompressed* video, which can hit like a gig a minute. They also have better capability for a wider \"palette\" of colors to work with than consumer cameras. This footage can hit like a gig a minute easy. And then if you want to leave some or all of the camera's decisions for aperture/color balance/etc up to the hardware itself, there's an enormous expectation that a camera that expensive will have a better auto than a sony HandyCam.\n\n**Large properly shaped microphones and connectors for pro level external mics**. Consumer cameras usually have little mics, and they're often omnidirectional and pick up *everything*, which is often a bad thing. Larger \"shotgun\" style mics pick up in a conical pattern (think about what a shotgun blast would hit, to paint a dark metaphor) which is preferable to get just your subject. Additionally, the camera has XLR hookups and onboard 48v power for pro-level external mics so you can use both built-in and external. XLR plugs are like the size of your thumb and there's no mini version.\n\nedit: **oh, and the battery is often enormous and goddamn heavy** - with so much more stuff onboard than your average camera, If this thing had a relatively light battery you'd get like an hour tops. So the battery is usually pretty beefy so you can film all day. Sitting it on your shoulder is the most comfortable way to hold that weight. Oh, and **metal frame**, consumer cameras are plastic but these guys are usually significantly metal for durability. Not that you should be throwing a 10k camera, but just in case."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
m2si2
|
how a 10$ hdmi cable and a 100$ hdmi cable work?
|
I heard that expensive HDMI cables are a ripoffs. How are the 100$ cables and 10$ cables different?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/m2si2/eli5_how_a_10_hdmi_cable_and_a_100_hdmi_cable_work/
|
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"They're not, it's all marketing, bullshit features like gold plating that does absolutely nothing, and fancy packaging. Go buy a $2 one.",
"A lot of the time they do things like gold-plate the connectors. That kind of thing is good for old-style (analogue) connections, because gold doesn't oxidise nearly as much as most metals, so a gold-plated connector keeps a better quality connection for longer. However that is *not true* for HDMI. HDMI is digital, the information is effectively sent as 1s and 0s. So having the 1s and 0s be neater or clearer or bigger or whatever, doesn't matter at all. As long as the TV can tell what's a 1 and what's a 0, the entire signal comes through perfectly. In other words, HDMI cables either work completely perfectly or they don't work at all.\n\nIf a $10 cable gives you any kind of picture on your screen at all, that picture is exactly as good as the picture from a $100 cable.",
"Exactly the same.",
"[Here](_URL_0_) is a very useful infographic explaining the differences between cheap and expensive HDMI cables (i.e. none at all).",
"It's digital so the cable either works, or doesn't. ",
"Dollar for dollar, the cheaper one is 10x as good.",
"I never see anything like gold tips advertised it's always about whether it's a 60/120/240hz cable and what the gb/s is. Does this actually mean anything? It seems like it would make since to match the hz to the hz of your TV.",
"Hey kid, they're the same. \n\n\nExplained. Like you're five. ",
"the $10 cable sends this:\n10101100101010100101101001011101010001010101000010110010110110111010111111011111011100100010100010001010111100010110\n\nthe $100 cable sends this:\n10101100101010100101101001011101010001010101000010110010110110111010111111011111011100100010100010001010111100010110",
"HOLD UP **there actually is a difference**! And I'm being serious.I always thought that there was no difference between an expensive HDMI and a cheap HDMI. I was always told that since it's a digital cable, it either works or it doesn't; no in-between. Someone has already mentioned this in this thread.\n\nMy personal experience is that if you are running a long piece of cable there is a difference. I purchased a cheap cable to make a 50-ft run and I ran into a lot of color issues..we're talking about only a few colors showing up. \n\nFYI, the video signal was coming from my Blackberry Playbook, so the fact that it was coming from a low powered tablet didn't help. I found that the 50-ft cheapie worked fine coming out of my laptop. \n\nMy issue was likely the thickness of the wire (gauge). The smaller the gauge, the more interference over the length of the wire. More expensive cables *should* give you a thicker wire gauge and therefore less interference. \n\nI switched out for a thicker gauge HDMI, which was more expensive and the Playbook worked like a charm. Of course, we aren't talking $100 expensive, there is a clear difference between \"more expensive\" and \"insanely overpriced\". \n\n**tl;dr** - There actually is a difference in cables if you are looking for long cable runs (50-ft+) coming out of low powered devices. ",
"For long single-cable runs, the cable quality will make a difference. Anything beyond 50ft or so and you might want to get a higher quality cable (Blue Jeans Cable, etc.) or use a repeater of some kind. Also, your $5 cable from China probably isn't rated to be run in-wall, which might matter if you care about conforming to electrical codes. I'd probably spend the extra couple bucks for code-compliant wire so my insurance company doesn't have an excuse to deny my claim when my house burns down for an unrelated reason.\n\nIf you're hooking up your receiver to your TV ten feet away, none of this matters.",
"all dem laidez bee poppin dem pussies ah u wen u got DEM GOLD TIPS",
"They're not, it's all marketing, bullshit features like gold plating that does absolutely nothing, and fancy packaging. Go buy a $2 one.",
"A lot of the time they do things like gold-plate the connectors. That kind of thing is good for old-style (analogue) connections, because gold doesn't oxidise nearly as much as most metals, so a gold-plated connector keeps a better quality connection for longer. However that is *not true* for HDMI. HDMI is digital, the information is effectively sent as 1s and 0s. So having the 1s and 0s be neater or clearer or bigger or whatever, doesn't matter at all. As long as the TV can tell what's a 1 and what's a 0, the entire signal comes through perfectly. In other words, HDMI cables either work completely perfectly or they don't work at all.\n\nIf a $10 cable gives you any kind of picture on your screen at all, that picture is exactly as good as the picture from a $100 cable.",
"Exactly the same.",
"[Here](_URL_0_) is a very useful infographic explaining the differences between cheap and expensive HDMI cables (i.e. none at all).",
"It's digital so the cable either works, or doesn't. ",
"Dollar for dollar, the cheaper one is 10x as good.",
"I never see anything like gold tips advertised it's always about whether it's a 60/120/240hz cable and what the gb/s is. Does this actually mean anything? It seems like it would make since to match the hz to the hz of your TV.",
"Hey kid, they're the same. \n\n\nExplained. Like you're five. ",
"the $10 cable sends this:\n10101100101010100101101001011101010001010101000010110010110110111010111111011111011100100010100010001010111100010110\n\nthe $100 cable sends this:\n10101100101010100101101001011101010001010101000010110010110110111010111111011111011100100010100010001010111100010110",
"HOLD UP **there actually is a difference**! And I'm being serious.I always thought that there was no difference between an expensive HDMI and a cheap HDMI. I was always told that since it's a digital cable, it either works or it doesn't; no in-between. Someone has already mentioned this in this thread.\n\nMy personal experience is that if you are running a long piece of cable there is a difference. I purchased a cheap cable to make a 50-ft run and I ran into a lot of color issues..we're talking about only a few colors showing up. \n\nFYI, the video signal was coming from my Blackberry Playbook, so the fact that it was coming from a low powered tablet didn't help. I found that the 50-ft cheapie worked fine coming out of my laptop. \n\nMy issue was likely the thickness of the wire (gauge). The smaller the gauge, the more interference over the length of the wire. More expensive cables *should* give you a thicker wire gauge and therefore less interference. \n\nI switched out for a thicker gauge HDMI, which was more expensive and the Playbook worked like a charm. Of course, we aren't talking $100 expensive, there is a clear difference between \"more expensive\" and \"insanely overpriced\". \n\n**tl;dr** - There actually is a difference in cables if you are looking for long cable runs (50-ft+) coming out of low powered devices. ",
"For long single-cable runs, the cable quality will make a difference. Anything beyond 50ft or so and you might want to get a higher quality cable (Blue Jeans Cable, etc.) or use a repeater of some kind. Also, your $5 cable from China probably isn't rated to be run in-wall, which might matter if you care about conforming to electrical codes. I'd probably spend the extra couple bucks for code-compliant wire so my insurance company doesn't have an excuse to deny my claim when my house burns down for an unrelated reason.\n\nIf you're hooking up your receiver to your TV ten feet away, none of this matters.",
"all dem laidez bee poppin dem pussies ah u wen u got DEM GOLD TIPS"
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2sllrl
|
why do human babies take so long to learn control of their bowels, whereas baby animals learn very quickly?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2sllrl/eli5_why_do_human_babies_take_so_long_to_learn/
|
{
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"text": [
"Humans have large, complex brains that take time to finish developing after birth. This is why our babies are pretty much defenseless & useless for the first years of their life.\n\nCompare a PC to a pocket calculator. You can turn the calculator on & be doing basic math in under a second. The PC takes a while to boot up, even if all you want to do is basic math **but** it's capable of doing far more things, you just need to load the right program."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2vgoth
|
why are pieces of lumber, like 2"x4"s always slightly smaller than 2 inches by 4 inches, why can't they be made exactly to what they're called?
|
Most pieces of lumber are off by about a 1/2 inch of what they are referred to. E.G. a 2x4 is actually 1.5x3.5 inches, why are they made smaller or why don't we refer to them by their actual size?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2vgoth/eli5_why_are_pieces_of_lumber_like_2x4s_always/
|
{
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"text": [
"When those sizes are made, they are talking about rough cut fresh wood. After the first cuts the wood is allowed to dry usually in a low grade kiln or even in some conditions the sun or environmentally controlled locations. The wood shrinks when it loses water."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
20mynx
|
why is the bicep2-discovery so 'spectacular'?
|
Today there was an 'announcement' about the Big Bang. What is discovered and why is this so 'spectacular' and potentially a Nobel prize?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20mynx/eli5_why_is_the_bicep2discovery_so_spectacular/
|
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"Does this prove the existence of gravity waves? From what I understand they have yet to detect gravity waves, but I don't know if this sort of detection \"counts\". ",
"Does this discoveries say in which direction the Big Bang came from? If space is infinite how do we know where the center of the universe is?",
"This thread has been marked as \"Official\". That means all questions related to this announcement will be closed and redirected here. Feel free to ask additional questions here in the comments. Thanks!\n",
"I'm not allowed to ask my question in a seperate thread so here goes:\n\nIt sounds like they discovered the universe expanded very rapidly in its earliest fractions of a second, which as far as I knew they were already aware of. Apparently this breakthrough resulted from a signal they've discovered, how does this differ from the Cosmic Microwave Background signal already discovered?\nso can someone ELI5 what part of this discovery is actually new information.",
"edit: **There's another thread [here](_URL_0_) with some great explanations that I encourage everyone to read.**\n\nAlright, here goes.\n\nSo, we know the big bang happened. This isn't confirming the big bang, we've known it's true for a long time and we weren't looking for \"proof\" for it, frankly.\n\nThe issue is that as we measure it right now, space is expanding at a certain pace, and it seems to have been expanding at roughly that pace for 99.99999% of the universe's history.\n\nIf we extrapolate that rate of expansion backwards in time until the big bang, though, it's \"too big.\" It would be like rewinding a video of someone blowing up a balloon, but when you get to the beginning of the video, the balloon's partially inflated. We *should* find that the universe is at a single point, but the calculation says that it's bigger.\n\nWhat that means is that there had to be an \"inflationary period\" right after the big bang, where the universe expanded *extremely* fast. Either that, or we have the age of the universe wrong, and we need to go back to the drawing board.\n\nBICEP2 confirmed that there was a rapid inflation period. Theorists had predicted that it happened, and frankly pretty much everyone agreed that it happened, but now we have *proof.*\n\nThe way it was confirmed is sort of complicated. If you start with everything compressed, and then it expands, its gravitational field will change. If, for example, the Earth somehow doubled in size without gaining mass, gravity would be weaker on the surface.\n\nThe inflation period happened *so* fast that the gravitational field didn't have time to \"catch up\" with the expansion. It's sort of like a sonic boom: you're moving through the air so fast that the sound waves get compressed together, and you end up with this loud boom since they're all mooshed.\n\nThose are the gravitational waves that BICEP2 detected. They're the \"shockwave\" from the inflation period. The only way they'd show up is if the inflation happened, so physicists are very happy with themselves.",
"I understand the need for the Inflations theory in the big bang model to explain the Horizon Model & flatness Problem.\n\nI also understand how a \"shockwave\" in gravitational waves would prove inflation, like a gravitational sonic bomb.\n\nHowever I do not understand how BICEP2 detected these Gravitational waves? People have been trying to detect gravitation waves for ages with no avail.\n\nAlso what does the polarisation of CMB photons play into all of this?",
"It isn't; the 'spectacular' part is mostly hype, ginned up by the media to sell pageviews.\n\nThe finding has a greater confidence level than previous similar findings by such a wide margin that, should it be confirmed, it would be determinative of the issue. Maybe that would be 'spectacular' for those in the field and for the investigators because they will undoubtedly receive credit for the discovery.\n\nHowever, like all science, a single report with a high confidence value is nothing to celebrate--not yet. Others must confirm the finding before we consider things settled. The Planck spacecraft has been looking into the same issue, and it will undoubtedly have something to say on the matter.\n\nThe reason today's report is interesting is because it provides great support for the lambda-CDM model of the universe, which is the prevailing theory of what happened between the time of the so-called Big Bang, and now. \n\nSpecifically, it is very compelling evidence for the part of the theory where the universe expanded faster for a while than it does now, called inflation. Without inflation, the model does not work very well to predict what we see in reality, but, until now, there has not been very compelling evidence that inflation really happened. Today's result strengthens the theory by giving evidence in support of an important part of it.\n\nI posted this elsewhere, but this thread is now 'official'.\n\nLight (not just visible light, but all EM radiation, but let's call it \"light\") can be polarized. We can measure the polarization by putting it through a filter with a known polarization--if nothing comes through, the light is polarized 100% in the same direction as the filter.\n\nThe lambda-CDM model of the universe says that the early universe was opaque to light, and it was expanding really fast. The rapid expansion created gravity waves (whatever they are) that interacted with light and caused polarization. Eventually, the universe cooled and became transparent as matter (specifically, hydrogen) formed when electrons and protons combined.\n\nAfter that time, so goes the theory, polarization of light could be done by the interaction of light with matter, just as it does now. That kind of polarization, however, would look different, they think, from the kind of polarization made by gravity waves in the early universe because of scale, among other things. The earlier the light was polarized, the bigger the polarized structures we'll see, since the universe has expanded a lot since they were made. More recent polarization, such as from gravitational lensing, will be smaller.\n\nSo, what the experiment does is to create a computer model of what the polarization of the light in a certain frequency range (the microwave range, known to be from the cosmic microwave background, or CMB) would look like if there had been inflation, and what it would look like if there had not, according to the theory.\n\nThen, they take a really good telescope down to Antarctica for three seasons, and they gather the light from the CMB over relatively large sections of the sky, and they measure its polarization. After a lot of adjustment and checking and careful work with the data, they create exactly the same kind of plot that they made with the computer model.\n\nFinally, they compare the real data with each of the results from the model, and they try to decide which result looks more like reality. That is kind of hard to do, so they use statistics to estimate the strength of the correlation and the probability that the correlation could have happened by chance.\n\nThe result they come up with is a strong match with the output of the model that postulated inflation and gravity waves, and very little correlation with the output for no inflation and no gravity waves.\n\nThey try very hard to eliminate systematic errors. The most likely source of error is from recent gravitational lensing, which would have nothing to do with inflation. The patterns they see are so big that they don't think they can be from gravitational lensing.\n\nThe implication that they take from this is that the computer model based on the (inflationary) lambda-CDM model is correct, because it seems to accurately predict reality.\n\nEdit:glossary\n\nEM radiation = electromagnetic radiation, also called *photons*, which is something that behaves as a wave or a particle depending upon how we look at it, and which can be visible (ordinary light) or invisible (ultraviolet light) or heat us up (microwaves) or go right through us (x-rays) depending upon its *frequency* (also called a *wave equation*, but don't worry about that 'til you're six.).\n\npolarization = a kind of spin or rotation of light that is a property separate to the wavelength.\n\nlambda-CDM = the most popular theory of how the universe ended up the way it is today. CDM for cold, dark matter, and lambda for a universe that expanded faster for a while than it does now, which increase in expansion we refer to as *inflation*.\n\ngravity waves = a kind of energy that conveys the property of attraction between masses that we call gravity. We do not have a reliable theory of exactly how this works, but it seems reasonable that, if two masses are separated across empty space, and they are attracted to one another, there must be something that \"carries\" the force between them. Every other time we thought this, it turned out to be a wave that also looked like a particle under some circumstances, so it seems like a pretty good bet. We call gravity a force, but if it turns out to be a wave/particle like everything else, we're gonna have to go with energy as well.\n\ngravitational lensing = a kind of indirect interaction between matter and light that can bend the path of light a little bit, and, more relevant to this discussion, cause polarization. Matter has mass and therefore gravity. Gravity affects light by a very little bit, but it's enough that we can see the effect of very large masses on the light that passes by them.\n\nCMB = cosmic microwave background, the light (actually EM radiation in the microwave frequency range) that Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson found everywhere after it was discovered screwing up some electronic equipment that someone was working on. It is a constant \"hum\", if you like, (although you can't actually hear it; the frequency is much too high, and it is light, not sound) emitted in all areas of the sky. Most people think it is left over from a much earlier time when the universe was very young.\n\n",
"ELI5: How does the recently popular \"Cosmic Inflation\" solve the flatness problem?\n\nMy basic understanding of the flatness problem is that right now we observe the large scale structure of the universe to be pretty close to flat, and if the universe departs from this flatness over time, then in the early times of the universe must be absurdly close to flat.\n\nWhy is this early flat universe a problem? How does inflationary theory solve this problem? Thanks!",
"Hijacking as I probably don't need to make a new post for this question.\n\nWhy does this discovery support the idea of a multiverse? After watching a video with Prof. Guth, it seems to me that he is saying the remnants of one universe (after expanding X^X amount) go on to then \"Inflate\" themselves and create \"pocket universes\" which implies that our universe itself is just one of many pocket universe belonging to a much larger universe.",
"**Sorry for sounding like an idiot when I ask these:**\n\nWhy does this proof matter?\n\nWhat does this mean for future physics?\n\nWhat real-world applications may this yield?\n\n\n",
"I made a short video to explain precisely this: \n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20opk2/eli5_todays_news_about_big_bang_theory/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vd2mPID1q7k"
]
] |
|
1bk55n
|
why has no credible attempt been made to recreate nikola tesla's work on wireless distribution of energy, death ray and other of his unfinished works?
|
_URL_0_
So the man was a genius. As we know scientists spend a lot of time and money to recreate experiments and prove/disprove theories. Why is nothing credible done on Tesla's works, especially since many of these works have the potential to change the world?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bk55n/eli5_why_has_no_credible_attempt_been_made_to/
|
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"As for a death ray, Tesla's plans were stolen after his death, or never existed. The US Army has done some work on similar projects, but so far it's been seen as more efficient and economical to work on other things (ie rail guns).\n\nWireless power is also something people have done a lot of work on, however it's generally extremely inefficient at distances, and thus far things have worked just fine with wires, so expending lots of money researching wireless power has been seen as uneconomical.",
"The true LI5 answer is because they don't/can't work.",
"Wireless energy currently only works at short distances, and some rather specific things need to be done. Basically, at this point short-range wireless energy (recharge your phone by leaving it on your desk,etc.) is viable, but Tesla's vision of broadcasting energy around the world isn't. \n\nHere's a [TED talk](_URL_0_) from 2009 that can explain better than I can. It only demonstrates one method of wireless energy transfer though, there are a few others, each with their own advantages and disadvantages.",
"His experiments that worked are used everyday. His experiments that didn't work aren't used at all. ",
"Tesla did not leave many notes behind, he kept a lot of work in his head, and IIRC, he destroyed most of the notes for the death ray/earthquake machine/any of his inventions he felt could be weaponized.",
"Some of his stuff *has* been developed and used extensively (the electric motor comes to mind), while the merit of some of his other inventions/experiments is contested (e.g. death rays).\n\nHis wireless energy transfer is very inefficient at long ranges, because the energy goes everywhere in 3 dimensions, while wires keep energy in nice, 1 dimensional lines. \n\nAt short ranges, it works fine. [You know those little pads that you can plop your phone on and it'll start charging?](_URL_0_) Yup.",
"A lot of his most legendary feats are vastly played up by mythic proportions. In my experience people who go on and on about his world saving innovations tend to err on the side of the tin foil hat.",
"Tesla was a genius, but also a big show-off. Some of the things he came up with (death ray, wireless power transmission, electric flying machines) aren't actually as practical as he made them out to be.",
"We already have wireless energy! When you listen to the radio you are picking up wireless energy which gets converted into audio. Unfortunatly the further you get away from the energy source the weaker it gets so while it works for communication its inefficient for power.\n\nWhen Tesla was discovering wireless energy he was really just discovering radio and he wasn't the only one doing it at the time ethier.",
"Short answer: crackpots are attracted to Tesla, so any professional researcher will harm their reputation if they mess with such things.\n\nRobert Golka build a huge coil for the USAF at Wendover in Utah, and tried unsuccessfully to reproduce several of Tesla's claims. He tried broadcasting pulses while looking for Earth-resonance via receivers miles away. Nothing. He tried the upper terminal ionizer trick, promptly burned it out, then quickly burned out several expensive duplicate devices he'd had made. (Tesla stated that he'd figured out how to operate this at any power level without destroying it, but never said how.)\n\nThe upshot: we don't know how Tesla did what he claimed. Either he was keeping secrets, or he was lying about his successes. Was Tesla known to be secretive? **God yes.** Was he a known liar? Not really, not unless his unverified claims were fraudulent.\n\nMany hobbyists (yahoo Tesla wireless group) are still trying to transmit VLF wireless over large distances, but nobody is yet successful.\n\nAlso see: [Tesla FAQ, #5](_URL_0_)",
"Also, this is pretty funny if you know anything about edison vs tesla disputes [rap battle video](_URL_0_)",
"Why has nothing credible been done?\n\nYou have answered your own question.",
"1: The inverse square law applies to Tesla's approach - meaning, the energy spreads out very quickly as the distance increased. In today's world, efficiency is very important. Imagine this - Tesla used a form of radio wave to transmit energy. Visible light is also a form of radio wave. Now imagine using a very bright light to \"wirelessly beam energy\" to a solar panel. From 3 feet away, this is practical. From 100 feet away, there would be practically NO light shining on your solar panel, or else you'd need an insanely bright light source, or a laser light source.\n\n2: Low-frequency radio waves are not practical to aim like a spotlight or laser. Tesla used 925 Hz, which can be narrowed to a point of about **200miles/300km** wide! For comparison, microwaves, which can't be created by a tesla coil, can be narrowed down to about 1/2 an inch (12mm).\n\n3: Many things naturally absorb Tesla's wireless energy. This not only hurts the efficiency of the power source, but also causes \"shadows\" that prevent the intended things from receiving the energy, and it causes these unintended targets to heat up. Of course, this heat could be practical, too. An [induction cooktop](_URL_1_), which is constructed almost exactly like a Tesla coil, heats a cooking pan without the pan having to make contact with a burner.\n\n4: Tesla's \"death-ray\", in lower energy form, was really just a form of EMP (electromagnetic pulse). The military is experimenting with it today, and it has had some practical purpose to remotely stop car chases by disabling vehicles. Higher-power death rays are probably too dangerous because, again, the low frequency is impossible to aim into a narrow point. Using a different technology utilizing a microwave radio (not a Tesla coil), the US military has created something like the death-ray: _URL_2_\n\nNow all of these details aside, Tesla's contributions to science, especially in how we use alternating current (which is used by almost every power grid in the world), have made a huge impact. Many of his more practical inventions are still in use today, or have paved the way for newer inventions.\n\nThere is some Tesla-like wireless technology in use, too. But for obvious reasons, they are designed to be efficient and therefore short-range. Google's Nexus 4 phone is capable of [charging without wires](_URL_0_).\n\ntl;do: Tesla was not energy efficient, but many of his ideas have been implemented in smaller scales at higher efficiency.\n\nEdit: Now with more science!",
"Engineers are actively trying to create an efficient wireless energy solution. I've played with the prototypes and built my own for shits and giggles. It's easy to do a wireless charger, hard to do with any decent efficiency or range.\n\nThere is an organization called the wireless consortium. They have partnered with the big players to stop these custom chargers and to develop a standard that us engineers can all share. Without a decent standard specification on how to design the transmitters and receivers along with a communication protocol to monitor charging is still kind of the wild west in this world.\n\nThink of cellphone chargers when they first came out. There were so many. Then it was decided the most common charging and communication interface is USB so everyone standardized (except apple) and they use the micro USB b connector. That's an sampler of how great things can be with a standard all the engineers can agree on. It doesn't happen over night. Take lots of corporate support research and testing with poor sucker early adopters. RIP palm touchstone. \n\nAlso wireless energy isn't going to be able to charge a car instantly overnight. The wireless consortium's efforts are released in stages. The first spec covers fairly low wattage stuff like cell phone chargers laptops etc. things in the 5-40 watt range. Some things are just bad practice to make wireless. I mean i don't ever want to waste a milliwatt in any design i ever make so i wouldn't implement a wireless charger or wireless energy transfer solution unless the design needed to be contact free to be hermetically sealed like a tooth brush.\n\nA simple wireless experiment i do with people to have them understand wireless energy transfer is i take two paper plates and make two flat coils. One coil i add an LED across the two ends of the coil the other side i add a function generator. If you sweep the function generator through frequencies you will see the LED only lights up brightly when you hit the resonant frequencyof the receiver. Its kind if like tuning a radio station. This has to be done for an efficient transmitting solution the catch is the transmit ter needs to talk to the device somehow to know. That is why a communication protocol is needed. The next thing is i show them how when i move the two plates apart the LED goes dimmer as well. If i make the coil wider i can go farther. This kinda crude demo is fun and really gets you a basic understanding of how hard it is to design. At least for a five year old.\n\nSorry its not really written too well I'm typing from my cell using Swype. \n\nTldr; _URL_0_ has already released a rev 1 spec on how the industry should do it. We are probably a few years away before the big chip companies like Texas instruments will release ics then another few years till a big corp implements it.",
"This is pretty close: _URL_0_",
"you have to remember that the internet has a way of making Tesla seem like some sort of Science Magic Electro-Wizard. Tesla was, indeed a brilliant man but it's most likely that, like, Leonardo Da Vinci, most of his work was mostly \"concepts\".\n\nLeonardo, for example, has lot of concepts that seem incredible in his notebooks but never actually worked because science was missing some key elements in his time. For example, he had plans for human powered helicopters and perpetual motion machines. I can imagine that a lot of Tesla's work was of a similar nature."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla"
] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://www.ted.com/talks/eric_giler_demos_wireless_electricity.html"
],
[],
[],
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"https://www.google.com/search?q=wireless+charging+pad&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=07ZbUeDWF5GPyAH9zoCYBA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1152&bih=739"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://amasci.com/tesla/teslafaq.html"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ1Mz7kGVf0"
],
[],
[
"http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/02/google-wireless-charging-orb-finally-available-for-nexus-4-devices/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_cooking",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvZCz_3Fqog"
],
[
"wirelessconsortium.com"
],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program"
],
[]
] |
|
6otoig
|
how come when you're paying with debit at a store, you have to put in a pin, but not in a drive-thru?
|
(I should add, I'm a seventeen year old who knows less about this than he probably should.)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6otoig/eli5_how_come_when_youre_paying_with_debit_at_a/
|
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"_URL_0_\n\nDon't worry that much I am 23 with barely any clue how it works. ",
"There's a variety of ways you can charge a credit/debit card.\n\nYou can do a signature transaction by hitting enter on the pin page. Some cards only do signature and bypass the pin page.\n\nYou can do a pin transaction if the card supports it. Some cards *will not accept* a signature only transaction and will decline if you hit only enter on the pin page.\n\nOr you can do an E-commerce transaction where you manually enter the card number, expiry and CVC into the machine to charge a card. I've never seen this fail.\n\nIn some countries you can do PayWave/Contactless/etc by touching the card to the machine. This asks for a PIN for larger transactions (over $75 in NZ).\n\nFor what it's worth in New Zealand they pass you the terminal at drive through. ",
"i'm in ireland, and here, when you pay 30 euro or less, you can simply tap the card on the terminal and it will go through.\n\nif you're over 30 euro, you have to put the card into the reader and enter the pin."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qxhhn/eli5why_dont_i_have_to_enter_my_pin_for_my_debit/"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
3n9d6r
|
currency exchange
|
Why is the American Dollar worth more then the Canadian Dollar?
1 Canadian Dollar = 0.76 American Dollar is the current standing and it is continuing to decline in favour of the American Dollar.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3n9d6r/eli5_currency_exchange/
|
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"Because goods and services are generally sold for quite different prices in different countries.\n\nSuppose I were to declare that I'll sell you my $1 American for your $1 Canadian. You say \"sure\", take my $1 American, use it to buy stuff in the US, cross the border and sell it in Canada and suddenly bang! you're in profit. I notice that that profit is money I could have had, so I'm going to charge you more to buy my dollar. If I charge too much, though, you won't want to buy, and so (the idea is) the price settles to a point where the amount of stuff you can buy is about the same before and afterwards.",
"Demand and supply. In recent years the loonie has gone down because of the decline in oil prices. Lower oil prices are bad for the Canadian economy because it is an oil exporting one. Canadian exporters are earning fewer dollars from sales of crude oil and that means they are converting fewer dollars into loonies when they repatriate their earnings back home and as a result demand for loonies is down while supply of USD in the canadian market is limited. Overall effect is the USD appreciating against the CAD."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1njknm
|
how can nasa "detect" materials on other worlds, with no real sample to analyze?
|
The question is prompted by this news article, which states Cassini has detected propylene, an ingredient of plastic, in Titan's atmosphere:
_URL_0_
So, like the title asks, how can they detect something - not just plastic ingredients, but specific gases or elements or compounds - in an extraterrestrial body's makeup? I know it says it "measured the heat coming from Saturn and its moons", but how does that work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1njknm/eli5_how_can_nasa_detect_materials_on_other/
|
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"The very generalised answer here is \"spectrometers\".\n\nA spectrometer is *sort-of* a bit like a [glass prism](_URL_0_). A single beam of light goes in, and the prism/spectrometer then \"spreads it out\" into its various components.\n\nThe great thing about chemistry is that every element on the periodic table gives off very specific signals. Therefore, by 'spreading out' the signal into its various sub-components, we can then identify what elements are *causing* the signal, and thus identify what the material is made of.\n\nThe glass prism example is actually quite good, because many spectrometers really do use light. But there are other types, too, and some use mass or infrared detection instead. But the principle remains the same. Take a signal, break it down, and match it against the known properties of the elements on the periodic table."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://news.msn.com/science-technology/cassini-detects-plastic-ingredient-on-saturn-moon"
] |
[
[
"http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/61/6158/8XKG100Z/posters/matthias-kulka-light-beam-through-glass-prism.jpg"
]
] |
|
1ikm6v
|
why after i take the first sip of a hot drink, i feel it all over my body.
|
Why does it feel like a "wave" of warmth washing over me when I start drinking a warm drink (especially when I am cold)? Surely the heat from one small sip doesn't spread through my body that fast?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ikm6v/eli5_why_after_i_take_the_first_sip_of_a_hot/
|
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"text": [
"Okay, your tongue has nerves like a lot of other places in your body. Once hot liquid comes into contact with those receptors, your body detects that the liquid is hot and kicks into cool down mode and will change how your body \"feels\" about the current temperature. In this situation, your body thinks it's hot and that it needs to cool down. ",
"Ironically, drinking hot drinks cools your body down. This is why the Middle East drinks hot tea. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
84vdb1
|
can birds fly without gravity? is there any videos?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/84vdb1/eli5_can_birds_fly_without_gravity_is_there_any/
|
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"They can! But they're terribly disoriented and can't get their bearings at all. We did some neat experiments with pidgeons aboard the ISS a long while back (_URL_0_). \n\nNote that this only works because there is air and air pressure aboard the ISS, so their wings can still propel them through the air. It wouldn't work at all in open space because their wings wouldn't be \"pushing\" against anything."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4sZ3qe6PiI"
]
] |
||
6u1n1r
|
why you are advised not to inhale cigar smoke like you would with a cigarette
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6u1n1r/eli5_why_you_are_advised_not_to_inhale_cigar/
|
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"text": [
"You can inhale cigar smoke but even as someone who's been smoking for ten years, I can only inhale maybe 5-10% of a cigar. You'd have to be a really hardened smoker to inhale the whole cohiba but I'm sure there's people that do.\n\nThere's alot more tobacco to a cigar than a cigarette and they are unfiltered more often than not. So they'll do more damage to your health. It's pleasant just to let the smoke roll around your mouth and enjoy the taste and sensation.",
"You can if you wish, and some do inhale a small bit as they smoke a cigar. Cigar smoke can be thick and heavy in comparison to cigarettes so it would be quite difficult to inhale the smoke of an entire cigar.\n\nThe attraction with cigars is the taste and aroma of the tobacco and this is done by keeping the smoke in the mouth, and sometimes exhaling through the nose. Enough nicotine is absorbed in the mouth to get that feeling without the need to inhale. You can inhale small bits of smoke each time, but not necessary.",
"Cigar tobacco is more basic than cigarette tobacco, which allows better nicotine absorption in the mucus membranes of the mouth. Cigarette tobacco is acidic and nicotine is absorbed more when inhaled in the lungs."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
97h9sx
|
us system of choosing classes in college
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/97h9sx/eli5us_system_of_choosing_classes_in_college/
|
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"Each college will have requires courses within each degree, most courses after your first two years will most likely have prerequisites you'll have to take. But most categories have many classes you can take to meet that requirement. Mostly you can choose what order you take classes in though, for instance, \nMost degrees from most public universities will have a list of required courses, and then ALSO credit minimums for Fine Arts, Science, Language, etc to ensure you also have a broader span of knowledge while still maintaining a main focus. \n\nI took every elective credit my first two years so I could stay motivated my last 2. It meant I was in a few freshman level classes my junior year, but it doesn't really matter. ",
"General studies..take whatever classes you like and enjoy from a list of must general subjects..science..art.. humanities..history..etc. Usually people work on this with a minor or certificate in thought. \n\nMajor classes are classes related and must be completed to receive a degree with the major in mind. \n\nMajors and minors can be changed throughout your time at university but each department should have a requirement to getting in. I believe this is the major difference and also having the ability to take a vast amounts of classes just out of curiosity and interests unrelated to your major.",
"It also depends on the specific college. \n\nAt some universities, you can literally take *whatever* classes you want, just get enough units, and get a degree. \n\nMost have more specific requirements though. ",
"Here was my deal. I needed at least 36 credit hours in math for a math major, which was 12 courses, 3 credits each. 6 of these courses were required. The other 6 were my choice but had to be of a certain level, difficulty wise. Again that was for the major. \n\nThe other courses I took were a combination of “core” classes and electives. Core categories included things like ‘critical thing’, ‘humanities’, ‘science’ etc. I had to take like 2 courses from each core category. There were roughly 8 categories I think.\n\nAnd the rest were electives, anything I wanted. I needed 120 credit hours to graduate."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2iww5b
|
what am i hearing when this super-heated nickel ball is dropped into water?
|
_URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2iww5b/eli5_what_am_i_hearing_when_this_superheated/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cl698t1"
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"text": [
"The ball is so hot that it is vaporizing the water around it creating an air pocket, at this point the area around the ball is so hot that the water is boiling into a gas before it even touches the ball. That pinging sound you hear happens when the air pocket cools down enough to collapse in certain places on the ball, and when liquid water comes in contact with or near enough to the ball it it quickly vaporizes and expands because the ball is still very hot. It does this a couple of times until the ball cools down enough to completely collapse the air pocket.\n\nEdit: Read up on the Leidenfrost Effect for more info."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qSEfcIfYbw"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
dv0nol
|
where are backdoors /security flaws from ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dv0nol/eli5_where_are_backdoors_security_flaws_from/
|
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"text": [
"Backdoors and Security Flaws are ways to circumnavigate normal digital security or access permissions to get access to data that you shouldn't have direct access to. The difference is backdoors are intentionally created or left there at the request of a government or other authority so that the \"good guys\" will always have a way in if they need to get someones information. This is very obviously not great as it is very hard to prevent backdoors from getting leaked or abused like the reports of NSA agents caught with people's nude photos from iCloud and other cloud storage platforms.\n\nAs to where they come from, security flaws are generally oversights in the software design just like locking all the doors to your house but leaving a window unlocked.\n\nAs far as an example, as to what a flaw \"really\" is, as always there's a [relevant XKCD](_URL_0_) about the HeartBleed vunerability.",
"backdoors are intentionally built in, usually for development and diagnostic purposes. and sometimes unintentionally forgot to be removed for release.\n\nsecurity flaws from...hackers discovering new and inventive ways to attack systems. whether it be sending in special data, sending multiple data sets at once, or coordinated attacks.\n\nboss tells you \"i need you to program a feature that when the input is is a formula expression X, the output will be the value of the expression\" i.e. when X is \"2+5\\*2\" then output will be \"12\"\n\nok that sounds simple. rather than try to run thru a whole algorithm of parsing the expression, i'm going to be quick about it so i can do other projects. I'll just run this function that's built into the programming language called evaluate(). it'll take the thing and just run up the math for me. done.\n\nyea...except evaluate() also runs more than just math expression. it runs programming commands. allows you to read data, send data.",
"Computer systems are very complicated, but the computers that run those systems take things literally. Clever people take advantage of those complicated systems to make the computers do what they're asking and not always what the program writers intended.\n\n \nMy favorite example of a flaw or \"hack\" comes from the early 2000s and doesn't involve computer systems at all. It used to be that with a cell phone, you could sign-up for a plan where the nights and weekends were free but you paid by the minute during the day. Someone in the US on the west coast figured out that if they registered with an east coast address, their nights and weekends would start three hours earlier at 2:00 PM instead of at the intended 5:00 pm because of the differences in time zones. The employees that came up with or \"wrote\" the nights and weekends plan did not expect someone would lie about where they lived, and thus a hack was born. \n\n\nComputer systems behave just like this, and they take things like dates, times, and locations exceptionally literally. Someone skilled in the art can understand where likely flaws are, and then press on different defects (sometimes combining multiple flaws together) to get the result they want.",
"A backdoor is an intentional security flaw built into a system by a programmer with the intention of being used to allow them access to the system while bypassing regular security.\n\nHence the term, they are entering through the back door instead of the front door.\n\nThis is either done for troubleshooting purposes, or it's malicious to allow them unauthorized access to the system.\n\nAn example would be building in a master password hidden in a program that always works even if the account doesn't exist.\n\nGenerally speaking a backdoor in a program is a bad idea no matter how well intention. Because sooner or later someone else will find it and abuse it.",
"ELI5:\n\nBackdoor: You have a lock on your house. The previous owner (or government) have kept a key, just in case...\n\nSecurity flaw: You have a lock on your house. It looks good, but it's actually a crappy lock you can open with a bent paperclip if you know how."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://xkcd.com/1354/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2r51vn
|
why do we have to install res to get extra features for reddit? why can't the basic website provide them without the add-on?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2r51vn/eli5_why_do_we_have_to_install_res_to_get_extra/
|
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"text": [
"Too much Javascript and too many fancy features will slow the site down.",
"reddit doesn't have the staff to support superfluous features. ~~Same reason that reddit doesn't have an official smartphone app (beyond the AMA app).~~\n\n*I need to pay more attention to reddit official releases.",
"Reddit can't just take credit for RES, some prefer the site without it.",
"Reddit has to spend a lot of time/resources just maintaining the site from crashing and working properly. RES doesnt have to worry about that and can spend its time/resources just creating extra features. I also think that the reddit staff is well-aware of RES and doesnt see the need to compete against them and are happy to let them create other features.",
"This is one of the more commonly asked questions here, so I'm going to remove it. Please use the search bar and you'll find several answers to it. There's no rule against reposting questions, but please be sure to indicate that you've searched and haven't found your question listed. Thanks a lot."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7ypp6t
|
what causes the “god ray” effect our eyes see when looking at light sources
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ypp6t/eli5_what_causes_the_god_ray_effect_our_eyes_see/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dui9bka"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Its an illusion, a bit of a mistake in perception. You know how if you look at railroad tracks they will seem to converge into a point in the distance? Its the same effect that causes crepuscular rays. The beams of light are actually parallel.\n\nWhen looked at from above, its pretty obvious: _URL_0_ but much trickier here on the ground."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/76000/76261/ISS029-E-031270_lrg.jpg"
]
] |
||
2yobzl
|
how is mcdonalds not sued for false advertising when the picture of a big mac and an actual big mac are 2 very different things?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2yobzl/eli5_how_is_mcdonalds_not_sued_for_false/
|
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"text": [
"Can you explain why you think they are two different things?",
"The laws related to things like \"false advertising\" in most places accept as a starting point that the purpose of an advertisement is to show a product in the best possible light. \n\nThis is why, for example, a coffee shop is allowed to put up a sign that says \"world's greatest coffee.\" It's not only almost certainly wrong, the person putting up the sign almost certainly knows it's wrong. But they don't get in trouble. \n\nThe \"world's greatest coffee\" approach is usually called \"puffery.\" It's a specific exception to rules against false advertising, and generally refers to statements or claims that build up a product, but that the average person knows or should know are exaggerated. \n\nThe super-glued, individually grilled, hyper-lit Big Mac is justified in a similar fashion. Yes, that hamburger does not look like the one you're going to get at the store. But, the law assumes that you know that, or at least that it's not really that relevant to your decision to buy or not buy the burger. And it helps that it's basically the same: it has the same components, for instance.\n\nIt's a subjective line. If U.S. McDonalds started to push that line---say they began to show big macs in adds that had 6 patties, but the actual big macs only had 2---then the Federal Trade Commission could conceivably go after them for actually trying to mislead customers, and individual customers might even be able to sue. \n\nEDIT: to clarify that last paragraph, you COULD conceivably go after McDonalds even for their current ads. Like many things in law, it's a question of degree and context. You're certainly right that these ads stretch the truth to the company's advantage and the consumer's detriment. It's just that the system allows for some play in the joints. ",
"The burger you can buy is made in a way that makes it easy to eat, the ingredients unlikely to fall out.\n\nThe burger in the advertising is made from the same ingredients, but in a way that you can see the ingredients well. It's actually *more* informative than an image of the burger as it is actually sold – on such an image you'd see mostly bread and wouldn't have a clear idea how various burgers differ, what exactly they contain, etc.\n\nPlus, it's completely natural that there is some variation in production of food. Two burgers you buy won't look *exactly* the same either.",
"McDonald's actually released [a marketing video](_URL_0_) showing exactly how big macs can be photographed to look so appealing. It's still the same product, just arranged differently using a variety of tricks like moving all the condiments to one side.",
"The biggest difference between the burger you get and the burger you see is about 40 minutes of prep work by literal food artists who present it in the best possible way. That, and most of the toppings are all pushed to the front where the camera can see them rather than actually on the burger where your mouth will get them in every bite.\n\n_URL_0_",
"In Italy advertisers just put a * with the note that the solely aim of the image is to present the products, and it actually may vary... \nThe product it's essentially the same but the presentation makes the difference ",
"Once in a while I will actually get a Big Mac that looks perfectly neat. Put me back on the sandwich line and I could probably make some that looks a heck of a lot like the poster, but it'll take five times as long ans it's ruined when the counter person picks up the box and plops it on your tray.",
"[This](_URL_0_) explains everything you're asking super well and it's directly from Mcdonalds.",
"Food stylist here. I use exactly what's in the recipe for a product. The difference is the time and the choices. \nA cook in the restaurant uses what's next in the line, no prions, and throws it together as fast as they can.\nI'll spend a day picking buns. The meat is over cooked or undercooked, whatever looks perfect. Nobody needs to safely eat it. Lettuce? I pay people Tomane perfect shreds that day, on demand\nThe sandwich is real, but on a commercial shoot there are probably 20 people there trying to make it look perfect. Lighting, background, every part of the burger, model is a whole other story. A good day you take 3 pictures with overtime.\nSorry on mobile.",
"Saw a video on YouTube (on mobile so can't find link) but they showed a McD photoshoot that tries REAL hard to point out they use Exactly the same ingredients, ie actual meat/bun/topping down to the number of pickles. However they cook and arrange it in the best possible way. Pickles up front, slightly sticking out and even using a syringe to dab ketchup in the most appealing way. They want want you to know its food, but you'll never get one like that that tool them literally hours to perfect.",
"Two words: \"Up to\" 100Mb...\nYour burger \"can\" look like the one on the picture...",
"False advertising accusations must also prove malicious intent or intent to defraud, which isn't the case for McDonald's",
"Theres actually a guy who put out a video on YouTube. When they give him a sloppy burger, he asks them to make it like the picture. All of restaurants remade it like the picture. Got tired of reading so sorry if this is a repost."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSd0keSj2W8"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUjz_eiIX8k"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSd0keSj2W8"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
whkxe
|
what would happen if the planets aligned?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/whkxe/eli5_what_would_happen_if_the_planets_aligned/
|
{
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"Not much really. It happens pretty regularly and the biggest effect it usually has is to make people freak out. ",
"Nothing, except for the fact that some people would get richer selling books or making films about it edit:spell"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4xbgdt
|
cupping - what is up with this weird sports therapy that is giving the olympians hickies?
|
Is it real? Or hockum?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xbgdt/eli5_cupping_what_is_up_with_this_weird_sports/
|
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"text": [
"Think of it as the reverse of a massage. Instead of an outside force pushing on muscle, the cup contains a vacuum to draw the tissue out. Supposedly this helps circulation and range of movement, but I personally think that it's a giant placebo effect. These athletes are under giant pressure to win; anything that they think will help they will try. ",
"It causes bruises. Theoretically this should move blood to areas it may not go before, allowing for faster healing and better growth.\n\nThe effectiveness however is questionable.",
"I've had lower back problems for 10 years. A couple years ago I was recommended acupuncture and cupping because my issue is muscle related. I've tried many things for relief and regularly see a sports medicine therapist for massage. I finally decided to give it a try earlier this year. I have never had such relief as I did when I did cupping for the first time. My pain was completely gone for the first time. I now go every few weeks. It has been great for me. ",
"It's basically pseudoscience. I used to be a national level competitive swimmer (competed against/swam in the same meets as most of the current Olympic swimmers) and have tried cupping. It's an old chinese medicine technique that has no concrete backing in actual science. It didn't \"work\" for me, mentally, but may work as a placebo to others. \n\nIt was originally thought to balance the chi in the body, but ultimately just encourages localized internal bleeding, not too different from the use of leeches.",
"Cupping is not \"sports therapy\", nor is it new. A simple wikipedia search shows it's been around (like many more pseudo-medical procedures) for centuries.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nIt's effectiveness is, again like many more pseudo-medical procedures, is questionable. In my mind, it falls under the \"whatever floats yer boat\" category."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupping_therapy"
]
] |
|
3v3t0j
|
paleo diet vs starch solution
|
I kinda understand paleo but my knowledge is limited to having a friend who strictly eats paleo. Now my mom is thinking of starting the starch solution diet to lose weight. But it completely contradicts everything about paleo, doesn't it? How can they be two completely opposing diets but supposedly will achieve the same results?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3v3t0j/eli5_paleo_diet_vs_starch_solution/
|
{
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"text": [
"Weight loss comes down to one thing. If you eat less calories than you burn a day, you lose weight. If you don't, you don't. Every diet is just a different approach to achieving that same goal. It's about how much you eat. I can eat NOTHING but mcnuggets covered in cake frosting all day, but as long as I don't eat more calories than I'm burning, I'll still lose weight.\n\nFirst of all, paleo isn't a weight loss diet. it's more of a general health thing by people who think gluten and \"chemicals\" and \"processing\" are the source of all health problems. Regardless, the foods eaten with paleo are generally higher in protein and fat, which is more satiating, keeping you full longer. People often end up eating less total food by eating paleo, and lose weight.\n\nNot sure what the starch solution is but again, if your mom eats less calories than she burns, she'll lose weight."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3peo3g
|
why in america is it not common to raise rabbits for food?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3peo3g/eli5_why_in_america_is_it_not_common_to_raise/
|
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"text": [
"Because you can get a mcdouble for a dollar. Seriously though humans have gotten this far because we specialize. If you want to raise rabbits its a hobby, because some guy somewhere is WAY better at raising rabbits than you and has worked out a way to do it at huge volumes for half the cost. growing my own rabbit meat would take effort and in the end it would probably cost me as much or more to do it anyway. Ill just buy some tom's best rabbit meat (tm) instead.",
"My parents raise rabbits for meat and I honestly don't know why still. I tried them a couple of times and I just don't see the draw. They are toughEr than other meats and don't have much flavor to them. But maybe they need to be kept in small cages so they can't move and injected with yumminess.\n\nFrogmeat on the other hand...it's fish AND chicken!",
"The same reason I don't raise cows or pigs for meat. Because it's not worth the hassle to me when I can just stop by the supermarket on the way home and buy some for fairly cheap. \n\nIf you want to eat rabbit, there's almost certainly a nearby store where you can buy as much of it as you want, without all of the trouble of actually raising them yourself. \n\n",
"In America we don't raise rabbits for food because we raise rabbits to lay Easter eggs. If we ate the rabbits there wouldn't be any Easter eggs. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
8xbz7u
|
why exactly aren’t plastic straws recyclable?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8xbz7u/eli5_why_exactly_arent_plastic_straws_recyclable/
|
{
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"text": [
"They are too small and get sifted out or they will clog up the machinery, they are recyclable but need a specialized facility. ",
"Everything can be recycled.\n\nThe question is whether it can be done for less money and energy than creating something new from scratch. If the recycling process requires you to burn a bunch of fossil fuels and manufacture a bunch of new equipment, it might actually create more pollution and waste than simply putting the item into a landfill.",
"Some plastic is like water to ice, then ice to water. You can repeat it. Some plastic is like baking a cake and trying to unbake it. Some plastic just can't be recycled"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5kgnye
|
what is shared by all programming languages which lets them relate?
|
Is there one original 'base' language which others are versions of? Can you do anything you can do in one language in all languages?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5kgnye/eli5what_is_shared_by_all_programming_languages/
|
{
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"text": [
"The closest thing to that is assembly language.\n\nAssembly is a simple, low-level programming language that tells the processor in very explicit detail exactly how to accomplish a task. It has a very limited instruction set.\n\nSo for example, in a high-level programming language you might say \"If the absolute value of this variable is greater than 3, do this action\". In assembly, you might say \"Place the value of this memory location in this CPU register. Place the value of another memory location in another CPU register. Now compare the two values. Place the resulting true / false value in this memory location...\"\n\nIt's a lot like building a sand castle one grain of sand at a time. That's why assembly isn't used except in limited instances where extreme performance efficiency is needed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
aw5skn
|
how do top-secret classified government documents become declassified?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aw5skn/eli5_how_do_topsecret_classified_government/
|
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"text": [
"In some cases, the documents are classified for a certain time only. When the time expires, they are declassified.",
"Typically classified documents are classified for 25 or 50 years from date of creation. The government has the option of extending that when the date comes.",
"As others have mentioned, most classified documents have a time-limit for when their classification expires, but there is at least one other way that they can become declassified. [In the US, the President is \\*the\\* person who ultimately decides if a piece of DoD information is classified.](_URL_0_) The President, being the Commander in Chief, can make classified information public at his/her own discretion. This is why, [when Trump shared classified information with Russia](_URL_1_), it was not technically considered to be a breach of the DoD's information security. \n\n\nEdit: information was shared with Russia, not with Isreal",
"When I was in uniform, I spent a year overseas as a Foreign Disclosure Officer - my job was to read classification guidance and determine what info could be shared with another country. \n\nOne of my potential duties was a Declassification authority, where I would be able to declass stuff. I didn't push for it because I wasn't an intel guy and I didn't want the risk that would come with the responsibility.",
"Everyone is correct there are documents that expire, but also classified documents have markings on each paragraph. There might be one word or a sentence that is classified that will make the whole document classified. So you’ll see documents that have been declassified with statements retracted. Or whole pages blacked out. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/may/16/james-risch/does-president-have-ability-declassify-anything-an/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
2ktk4o
|
why is "coming out of the closet" associated with revealing you are gay?
|
Just curious
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ktk4o/eli5_why_is_coming_out_of_the_closet_associated/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clokiof"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"\"Coming Out\" was something that young socialites used to do in the early 1900's to show they were new to the scene (this is something a Paris Hilton-equivalent would have done). \n\nHowever, because of society's views on being gay, and people having to hide a secret, it mixed the metaphor of a socialite coming out (being introduced to society) and having a skeleton in your closet (which is a phrase that means you have a shameful secret)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
aeg27b
|
how are we able to detect to see neutron stars, when neutrons are electrically neutral and you need something for light to interact with via electromagnetic force in order to see them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/aeg27b/eli5_how_are_we_able_to_detect_to_see_neutron/
|
{
"a_id": [
"edozc3k",
"edozmty"
],
"score": [
8,
2
],
"text": [
"Neutron stars, at least, when relatively young, are very, very hot, and are detectable in the infra-red, or even visible light. They can even be spinning so fast they produce strong radio signals that regularly pass over earth, and we detect them as pulsars.\n\nBut, no, we would not be able to detect old neutron stars, once they have cooled off and their rotation slowed.",
"That's the thing, we dont \"see\" celestial bodies in the visible spectrum that humans can see. They are mostly viewed in infrared-a spectrum that humans cannot naturally see but technology can. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
g2ff1u
|
why does butter have almost no taste solid, but tastes great once melted?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/g2ff1u/eli5_why_does_butter_have_almost_no_taste_solid/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fnl2x02"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Not sure about the second part, but if your butter has almost no taste solid, then you’re probably not buying very good butter."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
c5dgsu
|
why can people bench press more with a barbell than with dumbbells?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c5dgsu/eli5_why_can_people_bench_press_more_with_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"es164at",
"es16sbn",
"es1b6i2"
],
"score": [
4,
36,
2
],
"text": [
"A lot more strength is required from your muscles when using dumbbells due to the increased amount of work it takes to keep the dumbbells stable compared to a barbell.\n\n\nSo the increased effort it takes to keep the dumbbells balanced properly makes the exercise much harder, but much better for the same reason, stabilizing muscles are important.",
"Not a weightlifter, but an engineer, here's how I understand it:\nWhen you hold your arms up straight, they are essentially acting as big levers with weights at the end. If you are holding dumbbells, the slightest tilt in your arms will cause the dumbbells to start pulling down, creating a turning force (aka. a moment or torque) on your shoulders, so you have to put more effort in to hold your arms directly upwards against gravity. \n\nWhen you have a bar between the weights, the turning forces from the two weights cancel each other out - if both your arms are trying to pull outwards, the bar \"pulls\" them back together, so they don't move. You still have to put effort in to stop the bar moving in the direction of your head or toes, but you no longer have to resist the forces pulling outwards/inwards from your shoulders, so you have more energy/strength to put in to lifting straight up.",
"A huge part of this is stabilizer muscles. You think the major muscles when you're lifting, but one of the biggest limits is the smaller stabilizer muscles that are firing to keep everything in place. With a barbell, the weights are connected, so you can use stabilizers from both sides. Additionally, you get the benefit of using the opposite side's muscles and weights to counteract any \"wobble\" that might start. Another benefit is that you put your arms in the right form when you start to lift, and they can't move easily out of position.\n\nFor beginner weight lifters this means you can lift a bit more with a barbell than dumbbell. However, with practice, for fitness lifters- you can train your balance, muscles and form until you can lift just as much in barbells as dumbbells. Of course this maxes out at some point, so pro-lifters will at some point be able to lift more from a bar-bell."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5yiwn8
|
is brushing with stannous fluoride 2x every day bad for your health? is it too much fluoride for your body?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yiwn8/eli5_is_brushing_with_stannous_fluoride_2x_every/
|
{
"a_id": [
"deqfdgh"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I doubt it. Most fluoride therapy compounds for strengthening tooth enamel are found in toothpaste in rather dilute amounts ( > 0.5% by mass). Compounded with that, if you brush like a normal person, you only you around a pea-sized amount each time anyway, and furthermore, you probably spit it out and then wash out the inside of your mouth with water. All this combined means the total amount of fluoride ions that actually make it into your mouth - and remain there - is exceptionally small, and most of them are going to be binding to the calcium in your tooth enamel anyway, nuking away the bacteria, not being swallowed. You probably ingest more fluorine every day just by drinking tap water."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ojywx
|
double negatives
|
I am a teacher in a 5th grade classroom and my SPED (Special Education) kids really aren't getting double negatives.
I've only done an introduction so far (Given several examples, including how if I "Do NOT have 0 friends, it means I have any number of friends except 0, meaning 1 or more" then replace "0" with "no," but no dice.)
So, reddit, how would you explain a double negative?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ojywx/eli5_double_negatives/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3hv7ma"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Here is a little hands on lesson that I was able to find. I hope it helps. \n\n[link](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ehow.com/how_2147255_teach-double-negatives-grammar.html"
]
] |
|
1m32qf
|
why is the us dollar so weak compared to the euro, when so much of europe is having a struggling economy?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m32qf/eli5why_is_the_us_dollar_so_weak_compared_to_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc5bm8o",
"cc5bx2i",
"cc5c78b"
],
"score": [
12,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"Hoo, I'll give it my best shot to make it as simple as I can.\n\nUltimately it's about the demanded amount of USD versus Euros while factoring in the supply of USD versus Euros. Currency exchange rates are not necessarily indicative of a struggling or powerful economy, but rather how much of a specific currency is in demand.\n\nA stronger Euro implies that each individual Euro is worth more than each individual dollar, simple as that. The reason is because based on the demand of each currency, the supply for Euros is relatively lower.\n\nLess Euros mean each individual Euro is worth more. In comparison, more dollars mean each individual dollar is worth less. The reason is because of goods. Goods are a big factor in what drives currency rates.\n\nLet's say there's a rise in demand for American apple pie. Since American apple pie requires American currency to purchase, there's a bigger demand for USD. As a result, the value of the USD rises compared to other currencies.\n\nIf I'm a European who wants American apple pie, I need to convert my Euros to USD. Because the demand is higher, my individual Euros are not as valuable as when there is less demand. As such, my Euros are worth less.\n\nNow, if there was a drop in demand for American apple pie, leading to a drop in demand for the USD, then that means my Euros are relatively more valuable per unit. The reason why is because at any given time, there's still an X number of goods that have to be in equilibrium.\n\nSo let's say that the US makes 10 Apple pies, and Europe has 10...Sausages? I don't know. 1 USD is equal to 1 Euro if the demand and supply for sausages and apple pies are about the same. However, if the demand for apple pie doubles, that means that the demand for USD doubles, because people need more USD to get apple pie. That means to get your hands on apple pie you need to trade twice as many Euros because the USD are worth twice as much.\n\nIn that case, it's 1 USD = 2 Euros.\n\nNow, Europe is in a bit of a different scenario than the United States, and it's not that simplistic. The simplest explanation I can give is that the Euro has an artificially high value due to its low supply. Each individual is just worth more, and the rate of drop in production isn't offset to equilibrium.\n\nThe United States also has a very unique position in that it's a center for immense amounts of credit, which leads to speculation on the value of the dollar. The dollar is used as a universal measuring stick because the United States can suck in as much credit as it wants from other countries, meaning its demand for goods aren't really affected (there's no major drop in consumption since people can just borrow to maintain levels of demand).\n\nThere's also a bunch of other reasons, such as speculation, bonds, and reserve differences, but that's as simplest an explanation of currency as I can explain it.\n\nCaveat Emptor: I am a conflict studies major, so you may benefit from getting a better explanation from an Econ or Political Economy major. This is just 'stab at it', you can say.",
"The mistaken assumption hidden in your question is that currency value equates to \"economic strength\", whatever that is. It doesn't. Suppose there was only one dollar? Then it would be worth many trillions of today's dollars.\n\nThe strength of a currency is some combination of:\n\n* supply\n\n* demand\n\n* \"velocity\", ie, how fast it's being swapped around. Dollars sitting in a warehouse do nothing, but when they're being spent, they have an inflationary effect:\n\n_URL_0_\n\n\n",
"Um.. \n\n_URL_1_\n\n\nThe EURO peaked at 1.6 USD in 2008 and is down to 1.35, which is a ~16% drop. That's a lot.\n\nThe Euro has a lot of pressures in multiple directions. The big one is Germany and France (which are doing relatively well, and are very big and very well off) and Greece and Spain, which are doing poorly. Greece particularly is very small on the scale of things, and Spain is not tiny but it is not huge either.\n\n\nSort of like how in the US Mississippi is just over half as rich per capita as say, New York, and Delaware is richer than both of them, the we don't say the US is doing horribly because of mississipi, nor is it doing fantastically well because of Delaware, New York or California. They help, but on the whole the US is doing... meh. \n\nThe US economy fell much further than the Eurozone (yay unions!) where the US had one quarter of -8% growth and another of -5 (back in 2009), the worst EU quarter was -2.5%, but, because the EURO currency area is an unmitigated clusterfucking disaster the EURO area as a whole has seen more or less no net growth or no net loss.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_2_\n\nBy hand summing those up, I have, since 2005, the Eurozone net growth of -2.5% /4 ( /4 since it's quarterly) (I.e it shrunk by that much)\n\nwhereas the US has grown 23.3/4 (again /4 because it's quarterly data). US growth 5.8% over 4 years, Eurozone, -0.6% contraction. \n\nSo the Euro has sunk relative to the dollar 15%, and the economies have changed by about 6.4% relative to each other. \n\nGoing forward, because the EURO is constructed badly it's going to drag down all of the periphery countries, whereas the US being a much more centralized federal state is seeing a stronger bounce (and it's a pitifully strong bounce). The two regions also have somewhat different demographic profiles. That's of coursed priced into the trading value of the Euro. The expectation (and advice) is that the Euro should break apart or transition to a much more single european state type situation, whereas the US, yes, the feds should be spending more money and sending some of it to states, that's not a fundamental failure of the structure of the government, that's a matter of will. The Eurozone is just a terrible structure right now. \n\n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation#Causes"
],
[
"http://www.tradingeconomics.com/euro-area/gdp-growth",
"http://www.xe.com/currencycharts/?from=EUR&to=USD&view=10Y",
"http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-growth"
]
] |
||
3kaza8
|
why is donald trump the frontrunner for the republicans?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3kaza8/eli5_why_is_donald_trump_the_frontrunner_for_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cuw3ezh",
"cuw3h1z"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Because a majority of republicans who are polled say they will vote for him. I dont know how else to explain it. You may disagree with his policies or think hes a raving lunatic like you should if you are sane. But right now more republicans say they will chose him than say they will chose someone else.",
"Because the other republican candidates are actually somehow worse than donald trump. Chris Christie, Ted Cruz, Mike Huckabee, Rand Paul, Rick Perry, Marco Rubio, and Rick Santorum are all openly horrible and never really say what they mean. People hate how they are almost completely for private interests. \n\nDonald trump on the other hand, while also being terrible, actually speaks his mind. And hes the only republican canidate to point out how silly it is that there is so much money in politics. \n\nAlong with that, some people are under the impression that he's a good buisnessman (no idea why, any bit of research debunks this), so a lot of people like him for that "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2umrje
|
how special effects are created using green screen in movies and other media?
|
Also why only green color is preferred?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2umrje/eli5_how_special_effects_are_created_using_green/
|
{
"a_id": [
"co9rct3"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Basically, they shoot an actor in front of a green background, and then a computer replaces any green pixels with pixels from a different image or video. The result is the actor looks like they're standing in front of something else.\n\nAny colour can be used, although green tends to be bright, and clash least with common clothing colours (if you were wearing green clothes, the computer would replace them too!). Sometimes blue gets used as an alternative."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
g3t7ra
|
why is it more likely to have horrifying or mundane hallucinations when a person has a mental illness, than to have pleasurable or positive hallucinations?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/g3t7ra/eli5_why_is_it_more_likely_to_have_horrifying_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fntai7g",
"fntvjra",
"fntzreq"
],
"score": [
34,
52,
3
],
"text": [
"Looks like it may be cultural. One researcher seems to have noted that in the US or Europe you get the harsh threatening hallucinations, but in Africa or India they're [more playful](_URL_0_).",
"When folks have pleasurable hallucinations, they do not seek mental help, they tend to interpret it as a spiritual experience. In modern western secular culture, if you tell people about a pleasurable hallucination, they just ignore and dismiss it as you making stuff up for attention. Pleasant hallucinations are far less likely to interfere with someone's life.",
"I don’t know this, but it may also be the case that more troubling hallucinations (or individuals who tend to have more negative hallucinations) are more frequently reported to/self committed to mental health services than those with positive hallucinatory experiences."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://news.stanford.edu/2014/07/16/voices-culture-luhrmann-071614/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
3p7jly
|
why being drunk is so similar to how toddlers behave
|
its 5 am please bedazzle me with this knowledge i seek
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3p7jly/eli5_why_being_drunk_is_so_similar_to_how/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cw3tlfn"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Toddlers lack fine motor skills; so do drunk people. When we let go of our filters, we are selfish, whiny hedonistic people."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1px6sh
|
i know obamacare has been talked about, but why make insurance more affordable when the actual problem appears to be the gouging, and apparently insurance-negation-friendly prices?
|
I searched quite some time in and out of this subreddit but couldn't locate an answer.
Everyone getting a chance for affordable health care is great, but I don't understand why we're tending the wounds (insurance denial) when people need insurance in order to afford the extreme costs of gouging health bills.
Are we treating the effects of unaffordable health-care rather than the cause by telling insurance companies that the American people need them and healthcare is too expensive therefore they must help everyone?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1px6sh/eli5_i_know_obamacare_has_been_talked_about_but/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd6zo8g"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Basically, going after the reasons healthcare is so expensive- torts, drug and device development costs, and astronomical doctors salaries due in part to astronomical medical school costs, are more complicated than just mandating everyone buy insurance, with a subsidy if needed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1jgw1t
|
what are the steps of making an iphone app?
|
I've looked everywhere and there doesn't seem to be a simple explanation anywhere. I don't know a thing about coding.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jgw1t/eli5what_are_the_steps_of_making_an_iphone_app/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cbejqlv",
"cbekd6c",
"cbekhel"
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Here's a link to the Apple iOS developer's site (_URL_1_). There are a lot of guides and such on the site and I'm sure there's an apple dev forum if you're interested in getting started. I'm not familiar with how the apps work but I know you have to pay around $100 to put it in itunes (at least that was the case a few years ago). What kind of app are you interested in? You may want to start learning something like python or java, where you can find a lot of online courses, such as this google python course: _URL_0_",
"First you need to get a developer license, which costs 100$. Then you can use multiple programs to make your app. The official Apple editor is Xcode, which you get when you buy a developer license. The actual app is published through the website.",
"Look more into programming if you're really interested, that's the gist of it. It's not something you learn in an afternoon. When you get that, look to the other comments."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://developers.google.com/edu/python/",
"https://developer.apple.com/devcenter/ios/index.action"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
fauocp
|
why modern-day store bought pickles require refrigeration after opening.
|
Self-explanitory title. It makes no sense to me. Picking was a way to preserve food before refrigeration was a thing. So what changed? Why change a perfectly good method by ruining it with so-called “preservatives” that *require* refrigeration.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fauocp/eli5_why_modernday_store_bought_pickles_require/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fj0dhgg",
"fj0ewa7",
"fj0fxk0"
],
"score": [
109,
48,
14
],
"text": [
"Because traditional pickling revolves around fermentation. Modern store bought pickles are pickled with vinegar; they're faster (and thus cheaper) to produce and have a more consistent taste.",
"First, many pickles today are not fermented but preserved in vinegar, which is faster to make.\n\nHowever, even fermented pickles can get bad after opening. When you ferment something (from pickles to beer), you first sanitize everything and then add the \"good\" organisms that you want to ferment (and not spoil) your food. As long as the containers remain closed, no other \"bad\" organisms will enter. So you can preserve them for a long time, as long as they are closed.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nAfter fermentation, food is less likely to spoil because most of the sugars have been consumed and the content may be too acidic for some organisms, but it is still possible for bad bacteria or fungi to grow on your opened beer or fermented cucumbers. So you may want to refrigerate after opening.",
"Refrigerating any jarred or canned product is a good idea if you open it and don't use it all. Canning & jarring are great processes for long term storage because they sterilize to product and remove almost all air from the container before sealing. \n\nThe problem is that as soon as that seal is broken, bacteria, mold, and air can make their way inside. This is particularly bad for something pickles since some people like to stick their bacteria-covered hands into the jar to grab one. The vinegar-based brine will kill some of the infiltrating bacteria and mold spores, but it won't be enough to stop them entirely. So you refrigerate them to dramatically slow bacteria and mold growth and give you time to finish the jar."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3b1j0o
|
why are plane crashes so rare?
|
I understand that pilots are highly skilled, but I still feel that, with so many planes taking off and landing every day, accidents are much less common than I'd expect.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3b1j0o/eli5_why_are_plane_crashes_so_rare/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cshyp46",
"cshyqka",
"cshyslm",
"csi1xfr"
],
"score": [
5,
2,
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Commercial airlines are very strict with inspections. Planes are checked by mechanics before and after every flight. \n\nMost cars get an inspection once maybe twice every 500 trips.\n\nPilots are highly trained in primary, backup, and emergency protocols. What to do when one thing fails, what to do when another fails. They train and practice and get certified.\n\nMost car drivers have no idea what to do when the car is losing traction. They've never practiced it. They've never been taught it (other than Finnish drivers ed)\n\nPlanes also have multiple redundant systems. There's at least two engines, multiple hydraulic systems, multiple landing gears, multiple fuel and electrical systems. Multiple radios.\n\nA car only has 1 engine, 1 brake system, 1 fuel system, 1 electrical system. Something goes wrong, there's usually no backup",
"In the US, the average amount of commercial plane crashes per year is four. That's very impressive with about 28,000 commercial planes in the sky each day. The reason that the amount of crashes is so low is due to the regulations set forth and technologies used. Regulations help by setting the rules for safety in airports on in the sky, mandatory separation, mandatory sleeping time for captain, mandatory runway clearances, things of that matter. Those help make sure that the plane always knows what is going on and that it can trust what is being told to it. That alone makes the airport grounds very safe, and the separation rules make it so planes don't collide. \n\nAnother thing is the technologies. The most dangerous place for a plane is take-off and landing, because that's when there are the most things to go wrong. With the advent of super advanced autopilots, the autopilot can land, takeoff, and fly the entire flight. Boeing is currently working on making pilotless planes, which would completely rely on those autopilot systems. Also the tech inside the plane is super redundant, meaning if one system fails, two more are protecting it. So if the flight computer fails, there will be another to come online to cover for it. Also since flight tech has became more advanced it's just a ton safer in general.",
" > I understand that pilots are highly skilled\n\nSo are air traffic controllers. And the engineers that designed the craft that would provide safe travel to its passengers.",
"Imagine you had to do a 30 minute safety inspection every time you drove your car.\n\nImagine you took it in to the mechanic once a month for a check up, and once a year to be rebuilt.\n\nImagine you had to get a 4 year college degree on driving before you were allow to operate a car in public.\n\nImagine the whole time you were driving, you were talking to someone whose only job was to look out for other cars.\n\nImagine there was another steering wheel for the passenger seat, and it was always manned by someone just as good as you are at driving.\n\nHow many car accidents do you think there would be?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2bgvzy
|
can blind people be afraid of the dark?
|
Assuming they were born completely blind or became blind at such a young age that they have little to no recollection of seeing, would this be possible? There is less usually noise at night and it's also usually colder. Could something like these surrounding environments play a role?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bgvzy/eli5_can_blind_people_be_afraid_of_the_dark/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cj57yom",
"cj581fn",
"cj59520",
"cj59bqi"
],
"score": [
4,
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"They would have no way of knowing it's dark. What you are talking about is fear of silence and cold haha",
"Blind people can be scared of the dark, it depends on the person. Sighted people are scared of the dark, so blind people can be too. Personally I'm ot scared of the dark, but I'm also not fond of it since that's when I can see the least. \nAnd of course we need light bulbs. 85% of blind people are partially sighted, which means that light is helpful.\n\nAll blind people are not the same. Most countries have legal definitions of what \"blind\" is, and it usually means that sight is bad enough that they cant function normally even with visual aids like glasses or contacts.\nBut some \"blind\" people can perceive some amounts of light and maybe able to tell the difference between light and dark. Some can see very vague shapes or sense movement. Of course, there are people completely insensitive to any light as well.",
"I could have sworn this was in showerthoughts, but the responses are actually pretty good so far.",
"[Here is a related video where the blind youtuber Tommy Edison answers the question \"Do blind people believe in ghosts\"](_URL_1_) \n_ \n \n\n[And here is another one where he talks about things that he is scared of](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJj2GNYEbh4",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVtqOxzgzvU"
]
] |
|
6jg3x5
|
why do we see people wrapped in blankets in shows/movies after cops arrive at a crime scene; even when in the warmth of their own home?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6jg3x5/eli5_why_do_we_see_people_wrapped_in_blankets_in/
|
{
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"text": [
"One of the first treatments for shock is keeping the patient warm. However, in visual media it is more about telling the story. Being wrapped in a blanket shows the viewer that the character is safe now, because being wrapped in blankets is a cozy good thing. This is also why horror movies like to show people being attacked in bed. It up ends the notion that blankets are a safe place, which adds to the fear. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3rkww8
|
is the deep/dark web truly as big as people say?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3rkww8/eli5_is_the_deepdark_web_truly_as_big_as_people/
|
{
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"text": [
"I mean, it's technically true. But not in the way you're thinking. \n\nThe \"Deep Web\" is anything that isn't indexed in a search engine. So, anything that's behind a password would count, because you can't get there just via google. Think about how many billions (trillions?) of emails there are for example. None of them are indexed, and they're all in the \"Deep Web\".\n\nNow, you do indeed have other, less savory/legal things in the deep web. Sites you'll only find via word of mouth or something like that. But they are most certainly in the minority of the content. ",
"No. The Deep Web is the portion of the internet not accessible or indexed by search engines. This means every single page that requires a login, or has no direct link to it is part of the \"Deep Web.\" So your gmail inbox is in the Deep Web. Every news article behind a paywall is in the Deep Web.\n\nBut remember that the Deep Web is separate from the Dark Web, which is much smaller and can only be accessed by special browsers and protocols.",
"The Deep Web and Dark Web are very different things. You probably access content on the Deep Web every day, a huge percentage (if not most) online content is part of the Deep Web.\n\nThe Deep Web basically just encompasses any online web content that is not indexed by search engines and therefore is not readily accessible unless you have the direct URL for the page or you get linked to that content from elsewhere. Your bank account information, for example, is part of the Deep Web, but so is a lot of other content."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3ksz10
|
the difference between american federal and state laws
|
Ok, example to make it simple, but feel free to explain in more detail.
Gonna use weed as an an example because it's relevant atm.
legal in state law but illegal in federal law?
legal in federal law but illegal in state law? (not sure this can happen but it seems like it can for a while until states are forced)
also, since i'm here what's the difference between decriminalization and legalization.
cheers
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ksz10/eli5_the_difference_between_american_federal_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"Federal law *always* takes precedent over state laws.\n\nCertain laws can only be made by the federal government, everything else is done by state governments. This is a major part of the constitution, and a constant bickering point in US politics about who should have what powers, state or federal.\n\n\"decriminilization\" means its not a criminal act to do something, however there may be other consequences, such as fines. Think of a parking ticket! It's not criminal, you just have to pay a fine for doing something wrong and go about your day and life\n\nLegalization means its legal\n\nIf you're asking about weed there are several hundred ELI5s on that.",
"Weed is actually not legal in states like Colorado. The US government has stated that they will allow states to make it \"legal\", and they won't interfere as long as gangs and guns don't result. \n \nFederal officers could arrest them if they really wanted to. \n \nState laws never trump federal law. \n \nDecriminalized means it's treated like getting a parking ticket and no longer treated like you were caught with crack cocaine.",
" > legal in state law but illegal in federal law?\n\nIf state officials (local police, highway patrol, state police) catch you with it, they won't stop you. But federal officials (DEA, FBI) can still come in and arrest you. Though this is unlikely, the feds tend to only go after larger players, not the guy growing in his backyard. \n\n > what's the difference between decriminalization and legalization.\n\nDecriminalization = If you get caught, it's still against the law but your punishment is a fine, kinda like if you got caught speeding. You won't go to jail for it.\n\nLegalization = totally legal to do. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
96m7i1
|
do runways get potholes?
|
As asked above, do runways get damaged like freeways? How is the repair process different from a major interstate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/96m7i1/eli5_do_runways_get_potholes/
|
{
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"So potholes form after repeated deformation, leading to cracks, which then let water in, the water freezes and expands making cracks even bigger. Rutting can also happen as asphalt gets pushed down and spread out making like a valley in the road. \n\npreventative measures like sealing cracks can be done, probably just move flights to a different runway while work is done. Same mechanics work though, planning to set your asphalt in the right area and maintain it. \n\nSource: there’s an aviation stack exchange... ",
"Runways are made of reinforced concrete. Not asphalt. They can crack and break down over time just takes a lot more punishment. You can repair cracks but eventually they close a runway or ramp/taxiway to rebuild it. ",
"If you let water in under a road, it will expand massively as ice when the temperature goes below 0°C. The expansion makes the gravel underneath the asphalt \"shove to the side a bit. And when the water de-freeze, it'll leave a hole under the asphalt with just water in it and no gravel.\n\nThe asphalt in itself is not strong enough to uphold the weight of a vehicle. It's dependant on the gravel underneath it to support the traffic.\n\nWhich means that next time a car runs by, it'll put weight on the asphalt, that will cave in. And that is your pothole.\n\nPotholes can also be created by ice that pushes up through the asphalt. But the initial problem is the same: poor drainage of water has allowed water to form a larger body underneath the top surface of the road.\n\nThe reason that this doesn't happen as often with a runway is that the phenomena is very well known. And that a pothole in a runway is a very, very serious safety problem that can literally kill a lot of people. So for that reason, a runway is drained better. Built with more care. And has a surface that is a lot thicker so that even if this happens, it won't cause the same amount of danger.\n\nAnd to top it off, it's inspected at intervals that - at least to a road authority - seem almost exaggerated. Just because this kind of thing can happen despite a true effort to avoid it, and can't be allowed to cause any danger to aircraft if it should happen."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
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|
11t7zv
|
why the math in mitt romney's tax plan doesn't "add up".
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/11t7zv/eli5_why_the_math_in_mitt_romneys_tax_plan_doesnt/
|
{
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"text": [
"Mitt has promised to do 4 big things:\n\n1. Close tax loopholes for the wealthy. \n2. Cut everyone's taxes by 20%. \n3. Do this without raising the deficit.\n4. Do this without raising taxes on the middle class.\n\nThe problem is this: the tax loopholes he's going to close are insufficient to make up for the 20% drop in taxes from cutting everyone's taxes. This leaves two options: either you raise taxes, or you raise the deficit by borrowing more. (You can also cut spending, but he hasn't proposed much concrete spending cuts - in fact, he's proposed raising Medicare spending by $716 billion over 10 years, and military spending by $2 trillion over that period).\n\nThus, he cannot keep all his promises at the same time.",
"He is offering about $5 trillion in tax cuts. He proposes to fund these cuts by closing loop holes and widening the tax base. The most optimistic estimates say that he'll raise an $2 trillion but most seem to say it will raise around $700m.",
"Trying to be objective on this (although I'm an Obama supporter so it might be tough):\n\n- Mr. Romney and the Republicans believe that the best way to stimulate the economy is to cut taxes on everyone, including high income earners.\n\n- Mr. Obama and the Democrats believe that the most efficient way to stimulate the economy would be to cut taxes on the vast majority of Americans. They differ with the Republicans in that they do not believe that a tax cut on wealthy people has as much of an impact on the economy as Republicans say it would.\n\n- Both parties are proposing tax cuts, but we also have a severe *deficit* (we spend more than we take in each year) and an increasing debt (our total \"credit card balance\", if you will, keeps going up). Both parties are concerned about this and want to stimulate the economy while simultaneously lowering the deficit and ultimately creating a yearly \"budget surplus\", some of the funds of which could go to reducing our public debt.\n\n- The parties differ in how they would \"pay\" for the cuts. When they say \"paying\" for a tax cut, what they mean is: if you lower the tax rate on everyone by, say, 20%, the government will take in at least 20% less revenue (although if doing this caused the economy to seriously boom, some of that would be made up by the larger tax base). So everyone wants to figure out a way to cut taxes for most Americans and still have the same amount of revenue or more. The Republicans and Democrats have different opinions on this.\n\n- The Republicans say we should cut 20% on everyone's taxes, but make up for the cuts by closing various \"loopholes and deductions\" that the wealthy currently take advantage of.\n\n- The Democrats say we should cut 20-or-so% for almost everyone but raise taxes on the top income earners from 35% to the Clintion-era rate of 39.6%. They claim that this, along with some other things, will pay for the tax cut.\n\nThe reason Democrats claim that Mitt Romney's tax plan \"won't add up\" is that Mr. Romney has not released the specifics of which \"loopholes and deductions\" he would use to make up this difference. He also specifically excludes some of the largest deductions that high income earners use, such as the \"carried interest\" deduction. The Democrats point to the studies and opinions of economists (both supposedly politically neutral and otherwise) that say that they cannot find any possible combination of deductions and loopholes that could be closed on high income earners to make up for the loss of 20% of tax revenue across the board.\n\nThe Republicans counter by saying that they don't wish to name specifics so as to avoid redirecting the focus away from the issues and politicizing details that don't matter. They say they would like to give the problem to Congress without dictating the matter beforehand.\n\nThe Democrats respond that previous Republican campaigns have given detailed numbers in their tax platforms and it wasn't a problem. They then conclude that the reason the Republicans do not wish to release numbers is that they have none and that they know there is no way the plan will work without also cutting deductions and loopholes on the middle class (such as, for instance, the mortgage interest deduction or charitable deductions).\n\nAnd this is where, you, as a citizen, have to make up your mind. Do you trust the Republicans that they, working with Congress, will find a way? Or do you believe the Democrats and, as they claim, independent economists who say that the plan is mathematically impossible?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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[]
] |
||
1hc8lv
|
why do periodicals have dates far into the future?
|
Today, I bought Us magazine with a July 8 cover date...
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1hc8lv/eli5_why_do_periodicals_have_dates_far_into_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"casxe1q"
],
"score": [
3
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"text": [
"Periodicals arent published daily, most are monthly or weekly, so the date you see is intended to be the date it is on news stands, so in that case, you will see that same issue of Us magazine available on news stands until July 8th, at which point a new issue with a new date is on it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3nt3f5
|
when reddit opens, why aren't there posts from people in different languages, but only english, how can posts in different languages be viewed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3nt3f5/eli5_when_reddit_opens_why_arent_there_posts_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cvr0pfo",
"cvr0rrx"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"It's primarily an english language site, simple as that. You'd have to go to a niche sub that cater to other languages. Sub to them and they'll show up in your front page (possibly). For example /r/de\n\nIn general go to /r/ < country > and you might find language related subs linked",
"1) There is no \"reddit opens\" as reddit does not close. \n\n2) As to why Reddit is predominantly in English. 68% of Reddit Users are from the US, and a fairly large portion of the remaining users are also from English speaking countries. \n\n3) You can find posts in other languages by either going to the subreddits that are about the language, or to go to the subreddits about countries that do not speak English. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
ed8clz
|
why is it bad to eat the chewy part at the ends of a chicken bone?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ed8clz/eli5_why_is_it_bad_to_eat_the_chewy_part_at_the/
|
{
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2,
2
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"text": [
"do you mean the cartilage?",
"It is not bad. Some minor researches tell that eating cartilages can make your synovial joints healthy and rigid thanks to the abundance of collagen and gelatin. So it is a good idea to eat those from time to time. In some cuisines, there are dishes made completely of cartilages - I had a chance to try russian \"holodets\" once, that is basically made of the boiled to rags bones and cartilages. Can't say it's a fancy dish, but it's definitely not harmful for your health."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
1jevs5
|
how much does junk food counteract or negate the good things i eat, nutritionally?
|
I'm not talking about weight gain, just in terms of health and nutrition. If I eat a healthy meal full of fruit, and vegetables and lean protein, then have a huge piece of cake with ice cream and candy, do they cancel each other out? or do I still get all the nutritional benefits of the good food?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jevs5/eli5_how_much_does_junk_food_counteract_or_negate/
|
{
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"text": [
"**EDIT:** Yes I left out several nuanced things. This is ELI5, gut bacteria seemed a bit like ELI15. I'm not suggesting that a diet of twinkies alone is healthful, or that you can eat 5 protein bars and a multivitamin and then have a pint of ice cream every night. This seems like a kid just out of his parents house who had been convinced for years that a Big Mac would take five years off of his life. I just thought he/she/it should know that a bit of \"junk food\" in moderation, would probably not cause a huge health impact. \n\n*****\n\nAside from some strange gastrointestinal quirks (perhaps all that fat is rare for you and it causes diarrhea), bad foods don't negate good ones.\n\nIf you ate one meal that was perfectly balanced for your unique biology, vitamins, minerals, protein, carbs, etc. etc. that was exactly 1000 calories short of what you needed for the day--and assuming your body processed it perfectly--and later that day you consumed 1000 completely empty calories it would be a perfect day nutritionally. In fact because of the missing calories from your first meal it wouldn't be perfect without those 1000 empty calories. (Billynomates1 has a great analogy below.) \n\nJunk food is called junk food because it is nutritionally weak. Other than calories (and carbs, and fats, and cholesterol, and sodium, and...) it's biggest harm is that it fills you up without providing balanced nutrition.\n\nAs long as you don't have a specific diet you have to stick to for health reasons, junk food will not hurt you as long as you watch your calories and make sure the rest of your meals are nutritionally dense enough to make up for the \"empty\" calories.",
"There is no way to \"negate\" a healthy meal by eating an unhealthy one. You can \"lose advantage\" if you are trying to lose weight... ie: \"Damn, I just undid all of yesterdays dieting with my ice-cream binge\" but the carrot sticks you had for lunch still provided you with # grams of beta carotene. \n\nSo, in trying to lose weight, you shoot for a nice, sustainable reduction of 400calories from your normal diet - say eating a combined intake of 2300 cal/day instead of 2700 cal/day that is the norm for you. On day six you \"cheat\" and have an 800 calorie frappucinno, you have just \"negated\" two days worth of dietting... make sense?"
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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6tufv0
|
why can't people on trial who are deemed not guilty be accused twice for the same crime even if they admit to it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6tufv0/eli5_why_cant_people_on_trial_who_are_deemed_not/
|
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"text": [
"It's because the near endless resources of the government could keep someone on trial forever to punish him even if he was innocent.\n\nTo stop that from happening the law must be clear, which mean that nobody can be trial twice for the same crime except for some specific situation (depending in which country).",
"This is referred to as \"double jeopardy\" in common parlance, but it seems to have originated in Roman law in the idea of non bis in idem (an issue, once decided, must not be raised again). \n\nThe reason we don't allow a person to be tried for the same crime twice is that it isn't fair to that person. Once a person has been acquitted or found guilty by a jury of their peers, we have to trust that the jury was competent and representative of the average person. If the jury was incompetent, the case must be thrown out. If the case isn't thrown out, the jury must be competent. And we need to be fair to the accused because they are innocent until proven guilty, and we must defend that innocence. \n\nWe do often allow a person to be re-tried if very strong, new evidence comes to light that could exonerate or condemn them. ",
"Note that this is not universal. In some countries, someone *can* be charged again if significant new evidence comes to light.\n\nThe USA is not one of those countries. And the reason behind it is to protect civilians. Yes, it is terrible if a criminal gets away with something, but keep in mind that without these laws, it would be incredibly easy to essentially tie down civilians into court cases forever, continually prosecuting them. It would be a very easy way to deal with people who oppose you. Just keep charging them for some crime. Even if they are 100% innocent, continuously getting charged would sway public opinion (surely the government wouldn't be charging them over and over if they were really innocent) and might still land you in jail. Furthermore, continuously fighting in court is incredibly expensive, so even if you don't manage to get someone behind bars, you can still wreck their lives. ",
"The danger of allowing the state to prosecute the same charges against the same defendant after a trial has acquitted them is that it would target people for trial over and over until it eventually wins by chance, even if the defendant is innocent. So the law bans \"double jeopardy\" and holds that an acquittal is final. \n\nThis pressures prosecutors to do their job right the first time, and to not pursue charges at all until they have the evidence to have a reasonable chance of winning. That protects innocent people from predatory prosecutors who might otherwise go after them on flimsy evidence for whatever reason.",
"It is because the government has a virtually limitless amount of resources and lawyers that it can send at you till it gets a conviction that it wants. "
]
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[],
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||
5tavrt
|
how can a 737 land on a snow covered runway perfectly and i it's hard for me to drive on snow?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5tavrt/eli5_how_can_a_737_land_on_a_snow_covered_runway/
|
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"Because the tires and brakes on a 737 aren't really expected to grip all that much, they just provide a buffer between the fuselage and ground. Most of the stopping force is extended airflow speedbrakes and reverse thrust.\n\nWhen you're going 150 miles an hour, and weigh 64000 lbs, no amount of tire surface area can be expected to provide traction.",
"The hard thing about driving on snow—or especially ice—is getting enough traction to accelerate, brake, or turn.\n\nAn airplane can do all of those by pushing on air while not relying on friction from the ground. When landing the plane just has to slow down, which can be accomplished by using thrust reversers on the engines while spoilers on the wings deploy, generating drag and pushing the plane onto the runway.\n\nAirplanes do have brakes on their wheels, but they're not the only way of stopping. ",
"A 737 can only land on a 'snow-covered' runway if it's significantly longer than the published runway length for the aircraft at the landing weight. \n\nThe jet will use full reverse thrust for nearly the entirety of the stop; they also have anti-lock brakes to prevent too much skidding, so whatever stopping power the brakes can add is used to the fullest. \n\nFor the most part, a runway is kept as clear as possible with plowing + de-icer so the plane is really just landing on a wet runway.\n\nTo the guy who says that 'no tire can be expected to provide traction,' jets have to be certified to stop entirely without reverse thrust (on a dry runway) and many airports restrict the use of reverse thrust for noise consideration. Reverse thrust will decrease stopping distance by 20% or so, it doesn't do the whole job. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
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||
572n2z
|
why do we call planets not in our own solar system exoplanets?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/572n2z/eli5_why_do_we_call_planets_not_in_our_own_solar/
|
{
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"d8og6wq"
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"text": [
"[\"Exo-\" is a Greek prefix meaning \"outside,\"](_URL_0_) in this circumstance indicating that the planets in question are outside our solar system."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/exo-"
]
] |
||
3vic01
|
how does the brain learn to lose consciousness less? as in, boxers that can stay conscious during blows to the head that normal people can not.
|
Without training it seems the average person will lose consciousness with a quick knock to the chin or jaw... What is it about boxers, MMA fighters, etc... that makes their brains tougher? Do they develop a protective callus around their brain? I know it sounds silly, but it doesn't sound like something that you would be able to improve... yet, somehow they do.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vic01/eli5_how_does_the_brain_learn_to_lose/
|
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"text": [
"Most non trained fighters that you see \"knocked out\" aren't really out cold. When you get hit, and you're not used to it, you equilibrium gets thrown off, you see lights, and you go into almost a form of shock. That's what you can get used too. I guess you just get used to it. There are people that can, just naturally, take more punishment before being knocked out(Mark Hunt being a famous example). \n\nAnother factor is fighters learn how to \"roll with the punches\" and help dissipate some of the force along with good head movement keeping the punches from hitting them \"on the button\". \n\nBut anyone can be knocked out.\n\nSource, I was a low level pro MMA fighter that has a terrible chin.",
"It's actually simply that movies make it look real easy to knock someone out. It isn't like that in the real world. In order to be hit so hard you lose consciousness, your brain has to undergo some serious trauma. You can't protect against that.",
"I've suffered personally through three concussions. I am not a fighter and was never trained to mitigate the effects getting a concussion can have on me. \n \nHaving said that, each time I got a concussion it was a little different. The last time I have zero memory of, but I can give you a walk through of the other ones. \n \nThe first happened when I was rushing down stairs to get to PE class. There were two sets of steps with a landing in the middle and I foolishly thought I could jump from the top step to the bottom. It was a distance of about ten feet forward and eight feet down. The steps were wood and lead down to a concrete floor. I jumped off the top step, knew instantly I had plenty of distance and was going to make it to the bottom without having to land on a step. A split second later I realized I had too much height and pulled my head down as I went head first into the cement floor that was above the landing, midway down. I lost vision immediately and soon after lost the ability to spacially orient myself. I could tell if I was upright or not. I hit the floor like you would if you didn't know the steps stopped, and my legs were jelly beneath me. I tried to stand up, but could only manage a drunken stumble. I got myself to a bench and stayed there. My vision slowly began to come back, first as a tunnel in the very center of my eyes, then completely, though blurriness lasted for several days after. I ended up fracturing my skull and bleeding into my hair and down my back without feeling it for about an hour or so. It wasn't a bad cut on my scalp or a bad fracture but both wee significant enough that I should have been able to feel them. \n \nThe second concussion happened when an aerosol can exploded about two feet away from my face in a trash can that I had emptied trash into and reached in to grab a receipt out of. I hadn't realized someone was already using it to burn trash, the fire of which had burned down but hadn't gone out. Anyway, when it happened I lost hearing immediated and was thrown into a confused state. I didn't know what had happened only that everything was suddenly quiet. I didn't know where I was or what I was doing. I again lost the ability to specially orient myself. I remember wondering why it was quiet all of a sudden and becoming slightly afraid. I went to take a step and my face met with a grass covered wall that suddenly appeared out of nowhere before me. I couldn't walk forward any longer so I just stood there (I was actually lying face first on the ground at this point and unaware of it). I remember wanting to move my hands but it taking several seconds for them to react. Then I remember distinctly feeling I *was* standing and my body was on the ground and the reason why nothing was working like it should was because it took longer for my thoughts to get to my limbs because of the distance. I managed to get my body itself to stand up and walk to a safer spot and sit down on the ground. I don't know how long it took but eventually the disconnected feeling passed, sound slowly came back, my vision cleared, and I felt 'present'. It took me a while after that to be able to stand on my own as, like the first time, my legs felt very, very weak. I ended up getting a nosebleed this time, but no other physical damage that I know of. I think I got the nosebleed from falling face first onto the ground but can't be certain of it as the initial explosion could have caused it or I could have hit something else like the trash can. \n \n",
"I'm no doctor but, it seems to me that those who can take punches without loosing consciousness have knowledge about how to protect their head and neck, and in turn their brain, when taking a heavy blow. I'm sure there must be some people who are born with more internal protection then others. \nThese people who possess both will be more likely to make it to higher levels of boxing, kind of in the sense of natural selection, you cant box if you're unconscious all the time. \nI'm sure that it is primarily something you can learn to prevent with practice, but to me it seems that there has to be some type of biological aspect to it as well. \n\nAs far as a protective callus, your brain has 3 protective layers called the meninges, and all of these layers are on the outer surface. One of which has a fluid component to help cushion your brain from the skull. This is what will help to prevent a lose of consciousness. The fluid naturally exits the body and replenishes itself but, it is not possible to become \"more\" protective over time or you would suffer brain damage from pressure. I do feel its worth noting that even though a person may not completely pass out, it is still quite damaging to have repeated disturbances to consciousness (concussions). ",
"you cant really learn it, the way they \"learn it\" is how to take the blows to the head, a way to turn head and what parts of head to protect",
"Boxers absolutely do not train their brain to take more trauma. Your \"chin\" is 99.9999% genetics. I know old school trainers think that strengthening your neck muscles help this, but for obvious health concerns, this has never been robustly studied. The reason why boxers LOOK like they can take way more of a beating than your average wshh guy is not because their brain can handle more trauma, but because:\n\n1. They keep their chin down and shoulders high (most punches are higher on the face which are less likely to cause a knockout.\n2. Gloves are much bigger than hands and as such, a lot of punches in boxing first hit the gloves of the opponent, which greatly reduces the impact.\n3. Boxers \"roll\" with punches. That is, when they know they are going to get hit, they sort of accelerate their head in the direction of the strike. This does two things: it decreases the difference in velocity, but it also makes the collision glancing instead of head on.\n\nAll of these things reduce the trauma experienced by a boxer. All of that said, most boxers have a long amateur career and if they have a really really weak chin, they probably will get out of boxing quickly. So, you have a sort of mechanism similar to natural selection where most pro boxers are naturally gifted in terms of chin.\n\nNote: gloves actually increase the concussive force of a punch. Gloves do NOT reduce brain trauma, they INCREASE it. However, it does protect the boxer's hands and reduce superficial injuries (cuts)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6b393k
|
how has the uk national deficit been decreasing in recent years while the national debt has been increasing so much?
|
As per the data presented [here](_URL_2_) and [here](_URL_1_), it would seem apparent that while UK National Deficit has been decreasing year by year at a reasonable rate, the National Debt has conversely been increasing at a steady rate.
I understand that debt will continue to rise so long as there is any deficit at all. However, I have heard the Conservative government be demonised for how much debt they have accrued in recent years. I've read headlines like ["Tory government takes on more debt in 4 years than Labour did in 13"](_URL_0_) which imply that the amount of debt they are taking on is excessive and abnormal. If this is true, then how are they managing to pile on so much debt if year by year the deficit is decreasing gradually? I have read that deficit does not account for government borrowing for investment into projects outside of current spending, so could it be the case that the Conservatives have just been making lots of weighty investments that they needed to borrow for?
I hope I have phrased this apolitically - I would just like to find out how this can happen and where the debt is coming from. Thank you.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6b393k/eli5_how_has_the_uk_national_deficit_been/
|
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"text": [
"The deficit is the amount you \"overspend\" - the total amount of money you receive, minus the total amount of money you spend.\n\nSo long as the deficit is positive, and total debt will increase.",
" > I would just like to find out how this can happen and where the debt is coming from\n\nI don't know the detailed specifics of where the UK debt is coming from, but I can ELI5 how it might happen.\n\nSuppose you have a good job earning £100k/yr. You live a comfortable life, and spend a lot of money including mortgage repayments and hefty private school fees. You spend £110k/yr, so you have a deficit of £10k\n\nThen after 13 years of good times, you lose your job because of the financial crisis. You get a new one, but it only pays £20k/year. \nYou still spend £110k per year, so in the first year you have a massive deficit of £90k so you borrow a lot of money to keep the kids in school, pay the mortgage etc.\n\nOver the next four years, you cut out the expenses. No more expensive holidays, no expensive restaurants, no more nights out to the opera etc. You cut your spending massively. \nNow you're spending much less. Perhaps only £50k/year, but since you only earn £20k, you have a deficit of £30k. This has gone down massively from the £90k four years ago, but it is still bigger than the deficit during the good times, and your debt is now massive.",
"I'd recommend looking at ONS' monthly statistical bulletin on the UK national debt and deficit: [ONS Public sector finances: Mar 2017](_URL_0_). It includes descriptions of what the jargon means as well as a good summary of how things have changed since last month and since this time last year.\n\nLet's consider your issue: the overall debt now is ~£1,800bn. If the UK borrows ~£50bn every month for a year until next March, the debt would become £2,400bn, a sizeable increase.\nOf course, the amount borrowed differs each month depending on tax income and different kinds of spending but you can see that although cuts in government spending are reducing borrowing over time, the amount borrowed is still significant.\n\nThis graph shows how much borrowing has reduced during the year just gone when compared to the year before: [PSF - Cumulative borrowing, year comparison](_URL_1_)\n\nSo whilst the government is reducing spending overall, it is not reducing borrowing enough to see the national debt to stop increasing.\n\nThe terms used to explain the ever changing UK debt and deficit situation can be complicated but if you have any other questions about it I'd be happy to answer.",
" > As per the data presented here and here, it would seem apparent that while UK National Deficit has been decreasing year by year at a reasonable rate\n\nNotice how the deficit skyrocketed by about 20 fold between 2008 and 2010? Yeah, it is decreasing year by year, as long as you blithely ignore everything more than 6 years ago. Many people are not willing to ignore thing that happened more than 6 years ago."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2013/11/the-tories-have-piled-on-more-debt-than-labour/#",
"http://www.ukpublicspending.co.uk/uk_national_debt_analysis",
"http://www.ukpublicspending.co.uk/uk_national_deficit_analysis"
] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/mar2017",
"https://www.ons.gov.uk/chartimage?uri=/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/bulletins/publicsectorfinances/mar2017/ff7ca8e8"
],
[]
] |
|
27f8k9
|
how do companies that make alcohol the needs to be aged stay in business during their first few years?
|
I saw an ad for a whiskey company that ages their whiskey for 12 years. How do they stay in business during those 12 years with no income but constantly spending money to produce their product. Am I missing something because this doesn't make sense to me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/27f8k9/eli5_how_do_companies_that_make_alcohol_the_needs/
|
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"text": [
"It's like a farmer who has to spend time and money growing the crops for months before getting a chance to harvest them... just on a longer scale. It takes money to make money, as they say. In this case one of the big upstart costs is time. ",
"Some of those companies have another product that they sell, such as 1 year aged whiskey, then 1 or 2 year, etc.\n\nSome of them start out with a 12 year plan and enough money to make it until then.\n\nAny modern company that starts a business like that is either going to purchase pre-aged product to rebrand or is already a successful business that is branching out. An example might be a car company investing millions of dollars and several years to create a new line of boats. \n\nYay Capitalism.",
"A lot of these companies didn't start out as huge companies selling to the entire world. So you start it with an investment, you invest every year. After twelve years, it starts to pay off - and whatever you make, you put into making even MORE whiskey. A steady growth.",
"It's a rough industry to get into. Notice how most companies making aged spirits have been around for over a hundred years?\n\nIt takes a shitload of money to start a new distillery - they have to wait that decade to start selling their actual product. They may be able to sell (or produce under contract) some unaged liquor, or straight alcohol, to other producers but for the most part, you just have to have enough money to wait.",
"Using whisky as an example: While you are ageing the whisky you start selling spirits straight of the still.\n\nThis is why there are so many \"premium\" vodkas out there. The high margin on this cheap to make spirit (cheap because of no ageing) pays for a good marketing budget so you can sell it to fools.\n\nThe product line will usually increase from the this vodka to a gin, to young whisky and then older and older. \n\nThis can be done with Rum, Brandy and Tequila. Bourbon has recently jumped on this by selling \"white dog\" for the same price as aged bourbon.\n\nA good example for this is is ADNAMS. _URL_0_\n\nThey were a barley beer company 6 years ago.\n5 Years ago they Introduced a barley vodka (made from the beer)\n\n4 Years ago they Introduced a barley Gin (made from the vodka, just adding juniper etc)\n\n3 years ago they Introduced an aged vodka (whisky but cant call it that legallyif less than 2 years)\n\n2 Years ago introduced a 3 Year old blended whisky. Im sure they will bring in an 8 year old in 2 years.\n\nThis is a rare case of someone starting out this way but it becomes more and more common."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://adnams.co.uk/spirits/"
]
] |
|
2hb32o
|
how do companies like spotify allow playlist to be offline but still keep the songs safe from pirating?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hb32o/eli5_how_do_companies_like_spotify_allow_playlist/
|
{
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"text": [
"DRM, which is totally ineffective and can be very easily bypassed. ",
"It's not really worth the time to do so given how relatively cheap it is to access Spotify files legally by subscribing.",
"DRM encryption nominally, but the real solution is convenience. Because spotify is available on many platforms there is so little benefit to pirating the songs people don't do it.\n\nMost people who pirate IP don't *want* to do it, but it's so much more convenient than getting the content legally. If you make legal consumption convenient, piracy ceases to be a problem."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5qc45v
|
what is the point of the anaphylaxis reaction. why would the body try to protect itself by essentially committing suicide?
|
Here's a miniscule particle of something my body's not sure about. Quick let's swell our airway shut until we die!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5qc45v/eli5what_is_the_point_of_the_anaphylaxis_reaction/
|
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"text": [
"The issue here is that we tend to think of the immune system as the body's army, a group of soldiers that are charged with defending their home (you) from attack. \n\nBut that's wrong.\n\nThe immune system is more like it's own civilization, doing the best it can to keep the local environment to its liking. It's just that the environment happens to be you. \n\nAnaphylaxis (the allergy kind, not the non-immune kind that I think is more like being poisoned) is the equivalent of that civilization burning all the farmland in a war and then starving that winter or burning all the fossil fuels without realizing it will cause warming. \n\n",
"The reaction is caused by types of cells called granulocytes releasing histamine and other chemicals typically used to fight parasites. These cells are part of the innate immune system which means they are less well regulated than your T cells and B cells which handle most illnesses. The lack of regulation of those cells gives rise to an increased chance for things to go haywire. If a food, chemical, or insect venom triggers an allergic response, the granulocytes will quickly go to the places where the problem is (inflammation), and release their toxic components. The cells mounting this defense believe they are fighting a parasitic infection and don't realize they need to calm the hell down. Anti histamines combat this by neutralizing some of the toxic chemicals they are dumping.\n\nI'm not sure how well established this is, but I believe the granulocytes family of immune cells are sort of the 'old guard' evolution wise. We have better tools now for fighting infection, but the carpet bombing granulocytes haven't been retired from service.",
" Anaphylaxis is considered a maladaptive response. So the point of it doesn't exist in any sort of evolutionary perspective. It's not supposed to swell up so much, it's an 'error' in the body's messaging if you like. It's more like a bug in software. ",
"This is your body's \"burn it with fire\" response to parasites. Some parasites release chemicals to reduce your bodies response, so some people have highly-overactive responses which would still function correctly in the presence of these chemicals from the parasites.\n\nIf you haven't got any parasites, however, then your highly-sensitive immune system will sometimes create a bit of an overreaction. In the past, it was more helpful, since it would still function even when your immune system was being suppressed by parasites."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4khyu3
|
how is it that my dogs teeth stay white without brushing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4khyu3/eli5_how_is_it_that_my_dogs_teeth_stay_white/
|
{
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"I reckon it's probably because dogs eat a lot less carb-heavy or sugar-heavy foods than humans, and therefore not have as much sugar-eating bacteria bearing down their acids upon a dog's teeth.",
"Also a dog's top row teeth overlap the bottom row of teeth, and every time it closes it's mouth the two rows scrape against each other cleaning them little by little. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
5uwftj
|
how does high blood pressure impact your vision?
|
I know that it damages nerves. But for the person that it's happening to, what does it actually look like? Is everything darker, blurrier?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5uwftj/eli5_how_does_high_blood_pressure_impact_your/
|
{
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"ddxfwz1"
],
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"text": [
"Actually high blood pressure primarily damages the tiny blood vessels that supply tissues, called capillaries. In regards to vision, this damage is called \"hypertensive retinopathy\". \n\nYour retina is the part of your eye that changes incoming light into a neuronal signal that is sent to your brain. Because of the high number of neurons (and other cells) in your retinas, they are highly vascularized with many many capillaries to provide blood to the area. High pressure in these vessels (hypertension) damages the cells lining these capillaries which can manifest in several ways. Vessels may leak into the surrounding tissue causing swelling, they may burst and bleed into the tissue (called hemorrhage), or they may get protein deposited in them. All of this combines to damage the retina causing vision loss. \n\n1. Narrowed blood vessels cannot carry enough blood to neurons, neurons die\n2. Ruptured blood vessels do not carry blood any further, downstream neurons die. Blood can also pool in the retina and directly obscure vision.\n3. Proteins or plaques in vessels can rupture, triggering clots to form. This causes an infarction of the retina (think heart attack for your eye) leading to vision loss. Clots from other parts of the body damaged by hypertension can also migrate to the eye, causing a phenomenon known as \"amaurosis fugax\".\n\ntl;dr: High blood pressure messes with your blood vessels in a lot of ways. Put down the cheeseburger."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7iaejf
|
how come most games on pc only run through windows only? shouldn’t it be easy for games to run across all platforms?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7iaejf/eli5_how_come_most_games_on_pc_only_run_through/
|
{
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"text": [
" > shouldn't it be easy for games to run across all platforms?\n\nnope. Different operating systems have different default libraries and resources, and require the game to be developed more or less independently on both. Its like asking \"if i know how to drive in the U.S why cant i just drive in Britain the same way\". ",
"Why should it be easy?\n\nPrograms generally assume your system has core drivers and libraries that it needs. Most PC games need DirectX to be able to draw anything on the screen in a timely manner, only Windows comes with DirectX. No DirectX means they have to rewrite all of their graphics to use OpenGL or another library, its basically rebuilding the entire engine\n\nMaking games work well on Windows using DirectX takes enough time and effort. Making them work with DirectX and OpenGL and whatever else may be out there will take even more, and since there isn't a huge demand for non-Windows based games there isn't a business reason to do it",
"Former game developer here,\n\nIn the PC market, the principle problem is the game has to rely on operating system resources, and not all operating systems speak the same language, offer the same resources, or meet the same expectations. You have to account for these differences in order to first make a program build, let alone run, let alone run well.\n\nAnd historically, you had to contend with different hardware platforms - CPU architectures. This is less of an issue now, since Xbox and Playstation are both x86, as well as PCs and Macs, but that doesn't mean it's going to stay this way. There are also hardware resources that make these systems different as well - and again, you have to account for that, if anything to be performant. Once again, not all CPU architectures offer the same resources or expectations. When I got into game development, you could not expect handheld platforms, for example, to have CPU support for division! Or even floating point (decimal) numbers. This is also why emulators are extremely hard to get right - it's not simply mapping one architecture's opcode to another's."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
e0z0b4
|
why are buses so shaky and unstable?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e0z0b4/eli5_why_are_buses_so_shaky_and_unstable/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f8k4bj0"
],
"score": [
11
],
"text": [
"They are shaky, but they are very stable, in part due to the shakiness it is extremely difficult to tip over a bus due to the low centre of gravity and the long wheelbase, the shaking comes from the generally poor suspension which prevents the bus from \"bouncing over\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1rp74v
|
why are southern accents considered to sound stupid?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rp74v/eli5why_are_southern_accents_considered_to_sound/
|
{
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"text": [
"I think it's less about the accent sounding stupid than it is about an accent accompanied by poor grammar. I live in Oklahoma; just about everyone has an accent here. But the difference between people who say \"hi, y'all\" and the people who say things like \"you done good there\" is pretty big. An accent of any kind is sort of a novelty, but grammar is standardized, so when people speak in any dialect that falls outside the generally accepted bounds of proper English, the listener can easily interpret that as a sign of under-education. That's not only true for people who talk like Paula Deen, either. You see similar complaints about all regional dialects.",
"While I don't agree 100% with the question, I think it is a combination of a slower rate of speech and heavy use of idioms and expressions which may make southern accents sound 'simpler'. ",
"Because years and years of negative propaganda have conditioned people to think that.",
"[Destin from Smarter Every Day](_URL_3_) addressed this right off the bat in [this](_URL_1_) interview for [nottingham science](_URL_2_)\n\nHonestly I think smart people with southern accents sounds especially smart, and cool. Similarly, I'm Australian and when I hear really [ocker](_URL_0_) (country Australian accent) on really smart people, I find them to sound a lot smarter and more worldly\n\nI think it has something to do with my subconscious assumption they they have gained knowledge through practical experience and experimentation rather than just reading a book. Even though I *know* that you need both in order to say intelligent things"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocker",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olIBVZX7n8E",
"http://www.youtube.com/user/nottinghamscience",
"http://www.youtube.com/user/destinws2"
]
] |
||
6parcx
|
why does the whole process regarding medical records and appointments seem so antiquated and slow?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6parcx/eli5_why_does_the_whole_process_regarding_medical/
|
{
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"text": [
"Like most things there are several reasons. At the clear forefront, however, is regulation. HIPAA, and more relevantly the HITECH act place all the responsibility of protecting your information on your provider. If their online system isn't secure enough, the doctor pays the damages and fines. There are several steps they must follow in order to receive your permission and share your records, and in a lot of situations they can't legally share them electronically. (Email, for instance)\n\nA lot of providers have even refused to keep the records electronically in house. It's a huge undertaking to switch, and a ton of added risk. For a doc who's been in practice 20 years, we're talking weeks of man hours and an expensive commercial scanner. Once they're done it's more efficient, but riskier because of the possibility of electronic breaches. \n\nThat also sounds like bad customer service. They should have given you more accurate expectations. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
nvbod
|
how would the decriminalization of some/all drugs alleviate the drug violence in mexico?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nvbod/how_would_the_decriminalization_of_someall_drugs/
|
{
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"text": [
"In the early 20^th century, the United States's Congress [decided to ban the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol](_URL_0_) in the name of \"improving society.\" A lucrative black market for bootleg alcohol quickly developed, and gangs scrambled to get their alcohol bought by [speakeasies](_URL_4_). \n\nAfter Americans realized a few years later that the law had only succeeded in needlessly endangering the lives of policemen and encouraging crime, [the law was repealed](_URL_1_). The gangs quickly lost their source of revenue. Since alcohol was no longer criminal, there was no need for all the thugs to fight off other gangs and keep the police's noses out of the breweries and speakeasies. They could no longer compete with the lower-priced, legal alcohol sold in stores.\n\nWith this in mind, you could argue that you would see a similar outcome if drugs were decriminalized in Mexico. Much of [El Salvador's homicide rate](_URL_3_), which is one of the highest in the world, is attributed to violence between rival drug gangs, and I suspect it's no different in Mexico. Life is cheap when there is so much money to be had in the illicit drug underworld. \n\nDecriminalization and regulation would probably break up the drug gangs just like the 21^st amendment broke up the alcohol gangs. The biggest reason why this hasn't happened yet in any major countries is that many people, especially [proponents of \"traditional values\"](_URL_2_), can't stomach the idea of people doing drugs like cannabis and cocaine in public.",
"In the early 20^th century, the United States's Congress [decided to ban the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol](_URL_0_) in the name of \"improving society.\" A lucrative black market for bootleg alcohol quickly developed, and gangs scrambled to get their alcohol bought by [speakeasies](_URL_4_). \n\nAfter Americans realized a few years later that the law had only succeeded in needlessly endangering the lives of policemen and encouraging crime, [the law was repealed](_URL_1_). The gangs quickly lost their source of revenue. Since alcohol was no longer criminal, there was no need for all the thugs to fight off other gangs and keep the police's noses out of the breweries and speakeasies. They could no longer compete with the lower-priced, legal alcohol sold in stores.\n\nWith this in mind, you could argue that you would see a similar outcome if drugs were decriminalized in Mexico. Much of [El Salvador's homicide rate](_URL_3_), which is one of the highest in the world, is attributed to violence between rival drug gangs, and I suspect it's no different in Mexico. Life is cheap when there is so much money to be had in the illicit drug underworld. \n\nDecriminalization and regulation would probably break up the drug gangs just like the 21^st amendment broke up the alcohol gangs. The biggest reason why this hasn't happened yet in any major countries is that many people, especially [proponents of \"traditional values\"](_URL_2_), can't stomach the idea of people doing drugs like cannabis and cocaine in public."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatism",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate#2010s",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservatism",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate#2010s",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speakeasy"
]
] |
||
2ierdz
|
is there an upper limit on the rate of viral antigenic shift?
|
I don’t really need and ELI5 answer but this one won’t post on askscience.
One of my favorite novels of all time is The Stand. The fictional flu virus is so deadly because its communicability (which King probably wisely doesn’t attempt to explain in great detail) and because antigenic shifts happened so fast the immune system couldn’t attack it.
I know that these shifts take place over several months or years, but in theory, could a virus be created that changes perhaps every several hours?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ierdz/eli5_is_there_an_upper_limit_on_the_rate_of_viral/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cl1kru3"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Do you mean antigenic drift? Antigenic drift is basically when a virus mutates and changes, making it unrecognisable to our immune system. \n\nAntigenic shift is a more major change, it's when a virus is passed between animals and humans (think swine flu, bird flu etc). It can either involve two different viruses kinda mutating into one new one, or it can actually happen without the virus changing at all.\n\nI guess it doesn't make much difference to your question, just thought I would clarify that for you and any other readers. To answer your actual question...well, I don't know. I guess antigenic shift could easily happen as fast as you like, since the virus doesn't have to actually mutate for it to happen. \n\nI can't really find any information on how fast antigenic drift can happen, or theoretically could happen. About the best information I've found is that influenza is known for mutating very quickly, so that tells us that a virus that changes within a year is considered \"fast\"."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2fems8
|
why don't babies have eyebrows?
|
I have seen a lot of pictures of babies on facebook lately, and a thought occurred to me: this baby does not have eyebrows. Then I noticed other babies that don't have eyebrows. It seems to me that up until two years (maybe?), a lot of babies don't grow eyebrows. Or at least some do and some don't. Please pardon my ignorance as to the development process for eyebrow hair on babies!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fems8/eli5_why_dont_babies_have_eyebrows/
|
{
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],
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"text": [
"Some do have eyebrows. ",
"The principle behind any reciprocating internal combustion engine: If you put a tiny amount of high-energy fuel (like gasoline) in a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released in the form of expanding gas. You can use that energy to propel a potato 500 feet. In this case, the energy is translated into potato motion. You can also use it for more interesting purposes. For example, if you can create a cycle that allows you to set off explosions like this hundreds of times per minute, and if you can harness that energy in a useful way, what you have is the core of a car engine!",
"I have not seen many who don't. ",
"Did you know they don't grow knee caps until 6 or 7? Blew me away thought my kids were so odd, no knee caps, didn't even realize they didn't have eye brows. ",
"I...I...I never noticed. ",
"I think they have more important things to grow. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
qa33j
|
how the play by play announcing works on nba video games like 2k12?
|
It sounds real and is very smooth with the gameplay,they never mess up the names! It sounds as if they recorded every single player doing every situation and now they just pick and choose what to use!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/qa33j/eli5_how_the_play_by_play_announcing_works_on_nba/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3vyttz"
],
"score": [
24
],
"text": [
"They break it up. They'll record the announcer saying the players name - say Dirk Nowitski - possibly with different inflections (beginning of a sentence, excited, end of a sentence, etc.). Then they'll record the different plays or announcements - say \"shoots for 3!\" - and combine them. The game knows which player is doing what action and can combine them to make a complete sentence. If Dirk Nowitski shoots for three they'll combine the \"Dirk Nowitski\" sound bit and the \"shoots for 3\" sound bit to make it one sentence. They might also use some sort of algorithm to smooth out the breaks in between each bit, but it is sometimes noticeable (especially in older games). You may also notice that some phrases may be repeated but with different player names, or they go with a generic phrase like, \"And it's good!\" which don't include a player name. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3f4yqo
|
how is russia able to vetoe its own crime? isn't that like putting the defendant in the jury?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3f4yqo/eli5_how_is_russia_able_to_vetoe_its_own_crime/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctlc0ro",
"ctlc1yk",
"ctlcl3q"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"Because the tribunal was a resolution of the UN security council. When the UN was first created it included five permanent members of the security council: America, Great Britain, France, China and the Soviet Union. Any of those original permanent members have veto powers over security council resolutions. The US has been, by far, the biggest user of vetoes, mostly around actions criticizing Israel.",
"When the UN was established after WW2, the victors were given a permanent veto on the Security Council. It is near impossible to remove the veto power from a country without thier consent. \n\nThe only time it has happened, was when the veto was stripped from the old government of China (exiled on Taiwan) and given to the communist Peoples Republic which actualy controlled the mainland",
"Because thats the way it is designed, the USA, France, China, Great Britain and the Soviet Union are permanent members, because they wanted to have a permanent say in it and were at the time powerful enough to say that thats whats gonna happen. \nThe system is flawed that way because whenever one of these powers sees their interessts in danger, they can veto it. Nobody would argue that this is fair."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2790sh
|
why do some tech savvy people hate itunes and what are they using instead?
|
I've heard a couple of prominent tech youtubers hate on iTunes. Is this a widespread thing for people in the know, and what might they be using instead to manage music and podcasts? Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2790sh/eli5_why_do_some_tech_savvy_people_hate_itunes/
|
{
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"chyjf02",
"chykm29"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"As a windows user, iTunes acts as an unnecessary middleman for even the most basic actions. In order to accomplish anything with you iOS device, you have to load up iTunes, which requires a crazy amount of memory. An Iphone should be able to function as a basic storage device like a usb drive. You should be able to plug in your phone, and load one picture or document onto it, and unplug in under a minute or so. Your phone should be able to read that picture or file without any difficulty. \n\nUnfortunately, the only way to do that is to load up itunes, and have it basically double check your entire library before it responds. Then you have to import the picture or document into itunes, and begin the elaborate syncing operation. I have a decent computer which runs modern games, and syncing often takes several minutes, even for just a minor file transfer.\n\nAdditionally, iTunes is never clear with its users. Plug in any iOS device, and you will see a portion of its storage is taken up by something called 'other'. Good luck finding out what that is. The option to 'keep music library organized' has one method of organization, when it should offer several. Completing metadata rarely works perfectly for anything acquired outside of itunes. Syncing song and podcast play counts has basically never worked. Several times itunes has attempted to download 300+ podcasts that I have already played. These are just a few of my biggest gripes with itunes itself.\n\nI recommend MediaMonkey to keep your library organized and Downcast to get podcasts for all devices. ",
"There are Windows users that hate iTunes for being somewhat bloated / clunky and inconsistent with the rest of the Windows interface, and dislike that it's forced upon them to use Apple's devices.\n\nMac users joke that it's Apple's revenge on Windows users for Microsoft Office, a pile of garbage software that's *particularly* shitty on OSX, that continues to be forced down people's throats due to the file format lock. iTunes is quite nice on OSX.\n\nOf course, Windows users tend not to be (practically by definition) particularly tech savvy. The real nerds out there have long been annoyed at iTunes for not supporting the Ogg format or working on Linux."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3jpf0h
|
how do we find the probability of getting struck by lightning?
|
It seems like there are way too many factors to consider. I'm not even sure where I would begin if I had to do an initial estimation.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3jpf0h/eli5_how_do_we_find_the_probability_of_getting/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cur82vj"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Count up instances of strikes, divide by people in relevant audience.\n\nSure you need to go to some effort to do it right; get a good, reasonably verifiable count of strikes and of the population that's relevant (and make sure it's a reasonable definition of relevant population) but it's mostly tedious research, nothing that's too difficult in concept. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1pu3h3
|
pharmacists, why do they need a phd?
|
Don't they simply give medication out exactly how a doctor prescribed? It sounds like simple direction following but I'm sure there is something more complicated that I am missing.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pu3h3/eli5_pharmacists_why_do_they_need_a_phd/
|
{
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"text": [
"They don't just dispense medication. They also prepare medications when necessary and have to be able to understand and advise patients on the effects of drugs, potential side effects, and possible interactions with other drugs that they are taking. In order to do this effectively they have to have a complete understanding of how various chemicals interact with the body and the mechanisms by which they produce their various effects. To gain the knowledge required to do that effectively, and not give someone two different medications that could possibly kill them, they require a good deal of education.",
"Ever go to the pharmacies and there's 2-3 younger people running around, busting their ass while the one older dude sits in the back and answers their questions? The old dude in the back is the pharmacist, the ones running around are just pharmacy technicians.\n\nThe pharmacist actually needs to know all the drugs, their dosages & interactions. He's responsible for checking the list of *other* drugs you're taking and making sure that the ones from this doctor don't react poorly with those. He needs a PhD because he's pretty much a doctor.\n\nBecoming a pharmacy tech is only about 6 months of schooling.",
"A medical doctor will spend years learning about diseases: their names, how common they are, various ways in which they present, which systems of the body they affect and how, the ways they can interact with other conditions, how they progress, & c. Oh, and the various ways to treat it.\n\nA pharmacist, on the other hand, spend their time learning about drugs: what they are, how they're made, what they look like, how they work, how they interact with each other, their various other contraindications, & c. Oh, and what they're used for.\n\nThese sets of knowledge are complementary. A pharmacist also gets a more holistic view of the patient. If you have allergies, depression, hormone imbalance, and lower back pain, each of those might be treated by a different doctor. Each doctor has only a passing familiarity with what the other doctors are doing, and probably doesn't really care much; you're there for one thing. You probably only go to one pharmacist, though, so your pharmacist knows all the drugs you're on. Your pain meds and depression meds have a deadly interaction? Good thing your pharmacist caught that and got one of them changed before it killed you!",
"Pharmacists earn a Pharm.D., a PhD is more research based. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4dejqy
|
why is there never an option to give your dog's a vasectomy?
|
So, my girlfriend took me with her to get her dog fixed. For some reason, the vet would only do it by completely removing the dog's testicles. We requested a vasectomy, the same kind a human male would get, and they wouldn't do it. We ended up not going through with it. Why wouldn't they let us do it this way?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dejqy/eli5_why_is_there_never_an_option_to_give_your/
|
{
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"d1q8dxn",
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],
"score": [
4,
10,
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"text": [
"ask enough vets and you may find one willing.\n\nIts not the norm, and its possible that your vet does not even know the procedure for it.\n\nTHere is of course the consideration that nuetering \"corrects\" many \"negative\" behaviors of a male dog. But Im not sure it can be claimed that the vet is looking out for your best interests.",
"Neutering/desexing by castration (removal of testicles) isn't common in humans because humans happen to like having a sex drive, and removing the testicles eliminates a sex drive. Castration is cheaper and easier in pets, and most pet owners don't care about their dog having a sex drive (or actually prefer having a dog that isn't trying to hump everything), so castration is more common.\n\nCall a few different vet clinics, you might find one that is willing to do canine vasectomies.",
"Vasectomy is not a common procedure on a dog and its entirely possible the vet did not know how to perform the operation, or could not guarantee that it would be successfull. Try calling around and im sure you can find a more experienced vet."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
5sc6bo
|
the act of cutting a piece of paper or any other material. how does it work on the microscopic/atomic level?
|
When cutting any material how exactly does it separate on the tiniest of levels. What causes the separation? Why are some materials sharper than others?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5sc6bo/eli5_the_act_of_cutting_a_piece_of_paper_or_any/
|
{
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"text": [
"Nothing is happening at the molecular or atomic level.\n\nThe paper is held together by intermolecular (electrostatic) forces. Pretty much every bulk piece of matter, other than metal or crystal, is held together this way.\n\nWhen you cut with the scissors, you are pulling apart weak bonds between molecules.",
"Just for an easier example, if i have a bunch of magnets stuck together, each magnet being an atom, and i separate the magnets, the magnets dont get cut in half. The bond between the magnet simply is removed. That is essentially what happens with cutting a material. \n\nEdit: Wow guys, thanks for the upvotes! As for people questioning about why paper therefore doesn't bond back together, that is because many other particles get in between the paper pieces, preventing them from completely bonding back together. There are ways to bond materials back together, but those involve energy being used, and vary depending on material. Also, definitely check out the other results that explain much more in depth how this works, this is just a quick analogy for those who want a simple example.",
"That's a lot of questions. Let's do them one by one.\n\nEdit: Yes. I know it's \"intermolecular\" not \"intramolecular\" I messed it up and you're right if you corrected me.\n\n**How does cutting something work?**\n\nIndividual molecules are connected by bonds called ~~*intramolecular*~~ *intermolecular bonds*. These come in a wide variety of types, some more permanent than others. In the case of something like a metal (or any single element bonded to itself many times over) this means there shared electrons forming a permanent bond between any two atoms of the material. In the case of more complex molecules, this means there are weaker bonds holding the material together, either through polymerization, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, or London Forces (although the last three happen most often in liquids and are fairly temporary bonds comparatively). \n\nPaper is a polymer. You can see the general structure of the main component, cellulose, [here](_URL_4_). The structures shown in brackets in the previous diagram repeat throughout the material, and connect to a structure of the same type at the ends that cross the brackets. If you expand the idea of what a polymer is to be anything with a repeating unit, then most things can fall into that category (metals are a repeat of the metal atom unit; glass is the repeat of the Silicon Oxide unit). You might notice on the cellulose that it only had connections at either end of the molecule (where it crossed the brackets); other materials can have many more connections between their repeating units (for example, glass can form more [3-dimensional structures](_URL_3_) that loop back onto themselves, and iron forms a fairly regular [metallic structure](_URL_1_)). However, when the material is forming, different *grains* can form. In polymers like paper and plastics, this means that there are distinct layers and \"strings\" of polymer can form. In materials like metals or glass this means that several different areas will crystallize independently forming areas that are uniform but which run into areas that are different yet uniform with themselves (you can see the idea of \"grains\" [here](_URL_2_) where each area that's shaded uniformly is uniform with itself, but not necessarily oriented the same as the areas directly next to it). \n\n**What causes the separation?**\n\nEither way, when you cut a material, you're exploiting the fact that there are imperfections in it. In the case of paper this means that you're cutting \"between strings\" of polymer and occasionally breaking a bond between two pieces of a single polymer string. Picture a big plate of spaghetti, if you push a knife down the middle of the plate, some of the noodles are going to move out of the way and some of them are going to get cut. That's what's going on when you cut paper, except imagine that your paper is about 400,000 noodles wide.\n\nMetals will tend to break along grain boundaries. It's possible to break it where you want instead of the grain boundary, but if you were to just chisel at a metal you'd tend to break along the grain boundaries. When you cut it with a more precise tool (such as a saw) you're relying on the fact that the connections holding any single atom that you're not directly influencing are stronger than the connections holding onto the atoms you are directly influencing. If you extend the Iron structure I linked to earlier further out and imagine you're cutting a swath out of the middle of it, it's easy to see how there are more connections holding the rest of the atoms together than are holding the atoms you're cutting away.\n\n**Why are some materials sharper than others?**\n\nThe issue here isn't *sharpness* so much as *hardness*. Hardness isn't particularly well-defined scientifically, although we know it depends on bond strength and geometry. \n\nBond Strength: \n\nThis is the cumulative force holding together the material. It includes all the ~~intramolecular~~ intermolecular forces we discussed earlier. Iron is stronger than paper in part because iron bonds many more times to itself than paper bonds to itself. The energy it takes to remove a single iron atom is much larger than the energy it takes to remove a single cellulose repeating unit because the iron is better held in place. Bond strength also involves the chemistry of the molecules that are bonding.\n\nGeometry:\n\nTriangles are strong. That's why we use them in [bridges](_URL_0_) so often. A force on any point distributes the force to the two adjacent sides. Thus, if a grain boundary ends in an edge similar to a triangle, it's going to be able to withstand much more force than a grain boundary that doesn't. It's very hard to get a paper polymer boundary that is triangle-shaped, but it's pretty easy to get an iron boundary that is.\n\nIf material A has better bond strength and geometry than material B, then material A is harder and will cut through material B. How much harder A is than B determines how many times you can cut through B before your chunk of A is useless as a cutting tool. (When your A and B come together, A does cut B, but B does some damage to A as well, this is why knives dull with use).",
"I always wonder two things about cutting stuff...\n\n1) I understand that when I cut things, I am simply breaking the bonds between the molecules. Why then, can't I hold those pieces back together and have them refuse at some point. Is the gap I created simply too far?\n\n2) Why don't I ever accidentally, given the number of things I cut over my lifetime, ever cut an atom in half and blow up my town?",
"The simplest explanation I can come up with is that your cutting tool comes in between intermolecular forces holding the material intact. \n\nIn your example, your scissors force an edge in between hydrogen bonds, causing the bonds move farther apart, which after some distance reduces the probability of their affecting each other to pretty much 0. \n\nSome materials are sharper than others because they expose an edge that isn't as wide. Of course, they're more brittle for basically the same reasons (fewer bonds, etc). \n\nDisclaimer: Not an expert. ",
"In some sense, you are kind of asking how material hold together in the first place. For paper and many other things you might commonly cut, there are long-chain molecules held together by intermolecular forces. The manufacturing techniques take fairly weak materials and repeatedly join them together by further intermolecular forces, into very strong materials. [That is, there are a number of layers by which the long-chain molecules combine to make fibers.](_URL_0_)\n\nWhen cutting, you are penetrating a large number of these individually weak forces.\n",
"You know how you when you move you cut through air? Your molecular structure is more dense therefore you moving through other molecules separates them because they have less space inbetween.\nEverything works kinda like that. \nBonds are forces that hold molecules together and there are several types of bonds.\n\nGas molecules are kinda loosely floating about, rather light in weight, and aren't super attracted to each other so they're very easy to seperate and just kind of move aside.\n\nLiquid molecules are heavier and like to hug together but not enough to hold a shape so they have enough space in between and few enough bonds to still fairly easy to seperate so they move aside but want to connect.\n\nSolid molecules have lots of connections holding them all together like threads hold a shirt together. They're the heaviest molecules and they are able to push other molecules out of the way. Mass/weight is one of the main factors in being able to move things, the other being energy.\n\nIf the molecules are extremely densely packed in a very tightly arranged formation with strong bonds holding them together, then they're going to be hard to separate. The tighter the bonds and structure and less space inbetween, the sharper it can be.\n\nSome materials are typically strongly bonded, very dense and heavy, and able to hold together in very thin strands of molecules. These are sharp. Other materials aren't as heavy or bonded as strongly, so they can't be as thinly strung or they'll just fall apart.\n\nThere are many exceptions depending on the elements making up the molecules of course, and different atoms or forces shared between them can make them interact differently.",
"Top answer is not for 5yo and most of the stuff here is wrong. My attempt:\n\nPaper (and other materials) are made of small chains called molecules. They are bound very closely together with electrical forces. These forces can give up and those molecules separate from each other when you apply some force like with a scissors. \n\nYou cannot simply \"glue\" the pieces together by touching sides because you need them to be incredibly close together so the electrical force is strong enough to hold them together again. You you could, it would work.\n\nAnd, when you rip paper apart, you're separating these molecules the same way. The only thing scissors do, is help you apply a stronger force along an exact line.",
"Question: if you do cut paper, why does not lead to the edges breaking the chain and lead to a new compound along the edges? ",
"Warning, dated references.\n\nMuch like a single pair of headphones, paper is made of thousands of strings we call fibers. Instead of unweaving these headphone-like strings for the next week, scissors press the fibers in opposite directions to break apart at a much faster rate. Sometimes when the scissors do not line up properly, the paper's fibers resist being broken apart. The sharper the scissors, the closer the press is to each other- making a clean cut more molecular than just ripping the paper.",
"Basically the pressure that you apply with scissors or knife is stronger than the bonds between molecules, so they just break apart. Imagine squeezing some lego bricks quite hard and how they would split off even though they are stuck together to begin with.",
"Speculation: I would imagine very little happens at the microscopic level. The cutting interaction, at least with something like scissors, works mostly on macroscopic structures like grain, fibres etc that either pull apart, or you wedge between them etc.\n\nI imagine there are super fine nano scalpels but that's another thing I think, and not the same case as just cutting a bit of paper.",
"Nothing can actually touch something else because the electrons on the outside of the atoms repel other atoms so strongly, so basically all you're doing is applying enough force to separate the molecules.\n_URL_0_"
]
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[],
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[
"https://mathspace-production-media.mathspace.co/media/upload/images/8-Geometrie/8th-geometry-warren-truss-bridge.jpg",
"http://previews.123rf.com/images/molekuul/molekuul1301/molekuul130100056/17236567-Iron-Fe-ferrite-metal-crystal-structure-Unit-cell--Stock-Photo.jpg",
"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/uG35D_euM-0/maxresdefault.jpg",
"http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/images/glass01.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Cellulose_Sessel.svg"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://imgur.com/a/9E3kK"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/yE8rkG9Dw4s"
]
] |
|
dfh5fn
|
car got stolen and don't want it back?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dfh5fn/eli5_car_got_stolen_and_dont_want_it_back/
|
{
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"Nope. It’ll come down to the damage they can confirm but if something happens in a few months, you can request to have the car re-evaluated. Do not sign any paperwork giving up your right to do so. They will ask it of you but you aren’t legally required to do so.",
"This is better in r/answers."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2jo2im
|
if microwaves are tuned to the resonant frequency of water, why is it that heating up a bowl of soup results in the bowl being so hot it burns my hand while the soup itself remains tepid?
|
Writing this as I'm nursing a sore hand and eating cold soup.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jo2im/eli5_if_microwaves_are_tuned_to_the_resonant/
|
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"text": [
"Microwaves heat up any polar molecule, not just water.",
"In physics there is a concept called specific heat. It is a measure of the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance, specifically the amount of energy it takes to raise 1 gram 1 degree centigrade.\n\nIt happens that water has easily the highest specific heat of any common substance you are likely to find in your home, including anything a bowl is likely to be made out of. The water in food may actually absorb more energy from microwaves than the container, but still heat more slowly because the container takes far less energy per gram to increase in temperature.",
"Look at the bottom of the bowl. Does it say \"microwave safe\"? ",
"i heard from somewhere that containers that heats up in the microwave aren't microwave safe? i'm not sure though",
"Microwave ovens are NOT designed to make water resonate! That would cause the microwaves to only penetrate a millimeter into your food or so. They would be too effectively absorbed by water.\n\nYou want a few centimeters of penetration depth.\n\nHonestly, it is all right there on wikipedia.\n_URL_0_",
"My aunt gave me and my wife a big bunch of homemade things for a wedding gift.\n\n\nOne thing she made us seemed silly at first. We have come to love them, and out right depend on them.\n\n\nHere are [instructions](_URL_0_).\n\n\nBasically a concave pot holder you put your bowl in before you microwave your food. Simple idea that revolutionizes the way I heat stuff.\n\n\nRavioli is particularly hard to get right, with this I can heat it thoroughly and not burn my hands off. \n",
"/u/DanTheTerible has given a correct view of why the bowl heats up so easily, i.e. require the least energy to increase a degree of temperature.\n\nBut, we also need to know that microwaves form a [standing wave](_URL_0_) in the oven, you get \"hot spots\" of high intensity and \"cold spots\" of low intensity. This is why we rotate the food, so a single part doesn't stay in a single spot. The wavelength of these microwaves is about 4cm (open to correction), so that's the separation of the hot spots.\n\nNow, the rotation of the food goes around in circles, and not all parts of the food end up with equal microwave exposure (some points in the soup will miss all hot spots, while some may hit a few), so we get hot spots in the food.\n\nSo, while we may think the soup is tepid, as /u/Theoricus asked, there is a hot spot under the surface, which has in turn efficiently transferred heat to the nearby bowl due to it's lower heat capacity.\n\nAnd as a side note, this effect is more noticeable in soup than thinner liquids because they would move around in the bowl during rotation and even out the temperature.",
"There's good info here, but I feel the ELI5 version of the answer is missing.\n\nMicrowaves doesn't only heat water, it heats other stuff too.\n\nMicrowave safe bowls and containers does not get heated by microwaves. The microwaves go straight trough, and heats the food.\n\nYour bowl is not exactly \"microwave safe\". This means that some of the microwaves doesn't go through. In your case, it happens to be bad enough that not only does the bowl get hot, it even feels hotter than the soup.\n\nIf you switch to a microwave safe bowl, the microwaves will only heat the food. But the food may heat the bowl, so you should still be careful.",
"Regarding ceramics, how much it heats up in a microwave will largely be determined by the cone (temperature) it was fired to.\n\nEarthenware is fired to a lower temperature which results in not all of the water being driven out of the clay during firing. Stoneware and porcelain are fired to much higher temps which results in more of the water gassing out. \n\n",
"A few other points besides the specific heat issue. Microwaves aren't tuned to the resonant frequency of water. They use dielectric heating which will work on any polar molecules. Water is a polar molecule and most food has a lot of water in it. The reason it works so well is because microwaves have really good penetration into the food so it heats more evenly. With the exception of really dense foods, large amounts of food, and hotpockets all the food is heated at roughly the same rate. In a conventional oven the outside of the food is heated first and the heat has to transfer by conduction to the center of the food.\n\nAs far as the bowl goes, if you are using glass or ceramic, it is going to get hot fast. Both glass and ceramic have polar molecules, so they are affected by the dielectric heating effect. But they are also rather poor conductors so they retain that heat pretty efficiently. You can actually get a runaway heating effect with some glass and ceramic materials that will result in it melting if you leave it in the microwave long enough. \n\nEdit for all those asking about alternative materials for microwaving stuff. Sorry, I don't really know. I know what I know from reading papers about determining soil moisture content by microwave drying. There was a lot on theory, heating soil, and safety issues, but not much space was given to the container. Borosilicate glass doesn't seem to get that hot in my experience, but that is just when filled with plain water to act as a heat sync. Even if you use a material that doesn't contain any polar molecules, you are still going to get heat transfer from the food and moisture in the air.\n\nFor those asking about cooking hot pockets, frozen borritos, and the like; use a lower power setting and a a longer cook time. I imagine it is because they are frozen. The dialectic effect doesn't work as well on frozen water since the molecules have less freedom of movement. So the areas that thaw first are going to heat much more rapidly than the still frozen portions.",
"Use glass bowls. Porcelain bowl have an unfinished edge on the bottom which absorbs water when you clean them and that water heats up.",
"It has to do with the container. Some containers have a higher amount of water molecules in the material than others.",
"AS OFTEN HAPPENS, THE PART FOLLOWING \"IF\" IS INCORRECT.\n\nIf microwaves were tuned to the resonant frequency of water, microwave heating would not have been discovered. My dad was actually there, working at Raytheon, when an engineer, Percy Spencer, who had a chocolate bar of some sort on him, got that bar in the path of the microwaves and the bar warmed and softened. And chocolate is notorious for NOT having much water in it.\n\nMicrowaves speed up the movement of many types of molecules, and \"speeding up molecule movement\" is the very definition of heating. Microwaves can heat water, fats, and other things. \n\nElectrical conductivity has something to do with it, too: the ultimate heating occurs in a microwave oven when you put a piece of metal, which is itself millions of little short circuits (nearly zero resistance from point to point). When the microwaves are absorbed by the metal, voltages are generated just as voltages are generated in a TV antenna when the TV station signal hits it. A TV antenna directs this electricity, though, while a hunk of metal in a microwave just short circuits it, causing a flash or a flash fire or even absorbing so much energy that it blows out the microwave.\n\nTotally pure water does not conduct electricity, but impurities such as salt make it conductive. That's another way that microwaves can heat water.\n\nYour bowl, then, is either wet (unlikely) or has a bunch of fat in its walls (unlikely) or can conduct just a little bit of electricity, enough to warm it up. Since this wall of stuff that can absorb microwaves surrounds the soup underneath and on all sides, less microwave energy gets to the soup.\n\nSo prove it. Do an experiment. Take your regular amount of soup and heat it in that bowl. Measure its temperature. Then take that same amount of soup (not the one that was just used) and heat it in a bowl that is designated as microwave safe. The soup should be much warmer and the bowl a bit cooler in the second case.\n\nThen, after all that, enjoy your damn soup!",
"Not a scientist, but you might want to check if your bowl is microwave safe. The ones that are not, get un-godly hot. Some microwave safe bowls will still do it. It is handy to own dish towels for this purpose (and many others). \n\nThere are these \"melamine\" dishes and bowls. They look safe, but are NOT. They get super hot, and then will peel, and that peeling can be toxic. Be sure you aren't microwaving melamine dish ware. \n\nEdit: Why the down votes? Melamine dish ware is not safe for microwaving. I learned the hard way. Sorry for sharing. ",
"in order for the water to be resonate, microwave oven would have to operate way way above their current frequency range. they operate at 2.4 Ghz. (some 900mhz) they all just spin (flip) the water molecule ",
"I had this problem once, but it was with a bowl that I'd used for microwaving soup for years, which had never gotten unduly hot before. The difference was that I had dropped it into the sink the previous week, which chipped off a small chunk of the rim. From then on, the bowl would get incredibly hot in the microwave, and the soup would stay cold.\n\nAnyone know why that happened?",
"Same reason your car gets really hot inside on a summer day. Silicates (SiO2) are great matrices for infrared light (e.g. heat, IR) to more through. As your soup gets hotter, it radiates through the ceramic as if it were a window. In fact, it is a window for heat more or less. You can think of a regular window as having a couple extra additives (usually sodium, but can also be lead, potassium, and boron) as having the energy/wavelength of light expanded from infrared/heat to the higher energies of visible light. \n\nAlso, ceramics still have a little water in them trapped within the crystalline structure of the minerals. As a result, it can be excited as well, though I don't know how much this contribution matters. Depends on the vitrification, original fire heat during manufacture, and other factors. ",
"Different bowls will be susceptible to getting hot than others. \n\nEarthenware bowls are porous and even though they are glazed the foot is not and any crackling in the glaze will allow water to soak in. When microwaved, this water inside the ceramic gets heated.\n\nOther types of clays like porcelain and stoneware are fired at higher temps and thus less porous than earthenware, and will soak in less water - if any at all. These pots will only get hot from the food that conducts the heats and will be substantially less hot from microwaving. \n\nWhen potters refer to 'microwave safe' pottery they are referring to if they will scald your hand when heated as well as if there is any metal. \n\nSource: I'm a potter and make functional wares. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven"
],
[
"http://www.quiltinaday.com/community/topic.asp?topic=24991&forum=3"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
c0afwm
|
what's the dealt with all the "nobody:" memes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c0afwm/eli5_whats_the_dealt_with_all_the_nobody_memes/
|
{
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"er33wmb"
],
"score": [
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"text": [
"Nobody:\n\nNot a single soul on the world:\n\nu/59ezswpmm: \"What's the deal with all the\" Nobody:\" memes?\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2tko5e
|
what's the difference (if any) between being sentenced to life in prison vs. being sentenced to something like 500 years in prison?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2tko5e/eli5_whats_the_difference_if_any_between_being/
|
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"text": [
"Depending on where you were sentenced life can have different definitions. Such as life doors not mean until you die, could be 25 years. Also the 500 years with parol after 20% complete means you will die in prision ",
"A life sentence is usually a single sentence, for one crime. A 500 year sentence is an accumulation of sentences for many counts of something. Maybe you did 25 things that each carry a 20 year sentence.",
"* crazy large sentences are the result of multiple sentences stacking up\n* a life sentence usually carries a possibility for parole with good behavior...a 500 year sentence with good behavior is still 300 years\n* if there is a problem with any part of the case against a life sentence, the whole thing get throw out...if one part of a 500 year sentence gets thrown out, it is now a 480 year sentence\n* crazy long sentences are often the part of plea deals to avoid a death sentence...they help prosecutors who don't want to deal with the hassle of a capital case save face with impressive sounding numbers",
"As I have been told before, this is why. Also, sorry for the wall of text.\n\nIt is the court's (prosecutor's) obligation and job to prosecute to the FULLEST extent of the law. This means that when a statute for a law is created and the definition of the law and the consequences of it are written, upon voting, becomes law, and must be upheld FULLY. \n\nFor example:\n\nYou rob a store and take everyone hostage (let's say 10 people). You have a gun. You end up killing 2 people (I know this is getting a little serious, but it'll make sense in a moment). You run away with $250.00.\n\nNow you have:\n\na) Robbed a store with a deadly weapon\nb) Murder in the first degree, two counts\nc) Possession of a deadly weapon with intent to use\nd) Kidnapping, ten counts (from the hostages)\ne) Many more bad things you did...I can't think of any more.\n\nOkay, now lets say the city you committed those crimes in formed laws years ago that a) Robbing gets 10 years, b) Murder in the 1st gets 25 years, c)Possession of a weapon gets 10 years, and d) Kidnapping gets 10 years.\n\nLet's do the math.\n\nRobbing-10\nMurder-50\nPossession-10\nKidnapping-100\n\nTotal: 170 Years. Why not life in prison? Well, the law says nothing about you dying in prison, not to mention the laws you broke didn't have the consequences of life in prison, so they are tallied up and charged. Parole is a whole different story, but I'm sure you know about how parole works...\n\nTL;DR Multiple laws with different consequential prison times are tallied if found guilty. This is how a person can be charged with \"500 years\" instead of \"life\" in prison, because it's possible none of the laws that were broken were written to have life in prison as a consequence. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
bebe1r
|
how does water in an ice tray sometimes form stalagmites while freezing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bebe1r/eli5_how_does_water_in_an_ice_tray_sometimes_form/
|
{
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"el4gnx3"
],
"score": [
11
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"text": [
"Veritasium did an amazing [video](_URL_0_) on it, but the TL;DR of it is:\n\nIce cubes freeze from the outside in, and ice expands as it freezes. This squeezes the water, which will occasionally squirt out a crack in the ice. As it flows out, it freezes, forming a tube. The tube keeps growing until the tip freezes or the whole ice cube freezes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RLQ9WMP2Es"
]
] |
||
djkonh
|
how does google earth have such sharp images and 3d buildings correct to the number of windows if satellites are so high up?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/djkonh/eli5_how_does_google_earth_have_such_sharp_images/
|
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"text": [
"When you use Google Earth satellite view and zoom in, what you're actually seeing is images from various different altitudes. Once you're close enough to see building details, this is likely an image taken by airplane or helicopter.",
"Satellite view is a wrong name for it, it's aerial view: The photos are made from a plane flying relative low.",
"Google and other map providers use a variety of sources to create their maps.\nThey'll use satellite imagery, aerial imagery and terrestrial imagery to create the different levels of resolution.\nHaving worked in aerial surveying previously, I suspect that the limiting factor for resolution on Google maps is bandwidth and storage, not the image acquisition side of things.\nCreating 3D buildings is trivial with enough images and something to scale off of. Since the buildings are created using photos of the buildings themselves, having the incorrect number of windows would be strange, though not impossible.",
"The highest zoom picture on google maps are taken by aircraft not satellites.\n\nMany detailed 3D Models of buildings on google maps were actually user submitted and created from photos taken from various perspectives and assembled by hand, but google retired submissions for buildings for google maps a few years ago.\n\nNow it is just done with algorithms. they take a whole lot of pictures and infer a topographical map from that and than apply the images they took and paste them over the map. This is why on google Earth some buildings have weird stuff with perspective going on.\n\nGoogle has a video about the process up here:\n\n_URL_0_",
"The simple answer is that the imagery used by Google is not all satellite imagery, but a combination of different sources.\n\nThe higher quality images will typically be from more traditional aerial photography sources - photography taken from a plane flying overhead at much lower altitudes.\n\nGoogle earth gives you the option to look at older images - when you scroll back through the data you will find a wide range of different qualities, as determined by the camera system used for the image and also things like the weather conditions.\nThis is also not all information recorded by Google themselves, but from different sources that have licensed the imagery, so you can often find slightly odd views that seem out of character such as black and white imagery - this will have been originally taken for a different purpose, but is being displayed on Google to provide additional information. This now even includes some aerial photography taken during the second world war."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://youtu.be/suo_aUTUpps"
],
[]
] |
||
4xfxcx
|
why are usb flash drives so slow if ssds are based on the same technology?
|
I know SSDs uses a different kind of Flash Memory, but regular USB flash drives are even slower than ordinary HDDs, and costing much more per GiB.
So, why they're so slow if SSDs are so fast (and vice-versa)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xfxcx/eli5_why_are_usb_flash_drives_so_slow_if_ssds_are/
|
{
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"text": [
"There are a lot of reasons, but the simplest is that most SSDs use a bunch of NAND chips and read or write them in parallel (at the same time). To stay small, simple, and cheap, thumb drives use few (or one) NAND chip.",
"The main cause of speed differences are the controllers. The controller allows the storage on the drive to talk to your computer. If the controller is not fast enough the speed of the connection to your computer does not matter. This is why an external USB hard drive will be faster than a flash drive. However, you can buy flash drives which have SSD grade controllers on them and transfer very quickly, but they cost a lot more. \n\nAs for the cost factor, there are two major things which affect storage costs. The first is the cost of the controller, and the second is the cost of the storage chips. A 256 GB flash drive will have 256 GB of storage in a very compact space. However, a 256 GB SSD will have more room for the storage, reducing its cost because there are (for example) 32 8GB chips instead of 2 128GB chips on the flash drive. However, the more expensive controller on the SSD increases the cost compared to the low cost flash drive controller."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6kmq8a
|
what is happening with friction at a molecular level?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6kmq8a/eli5_what_is_happening_with_friction_at_a/
|
{
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"Surfaces that look and feel smooth to the naked eye & touch actually still have uneven, rough imperfections at the molecular level. Friction happens because of the way those imperfections collide when two surfaces push up against each other. The force required to overcome that friction depends on the material; smoother surfaces have less imperfections, so they have less friction. Theoretically, if there was a material that was completely smooth at the molecular level, it's friction coefficient would be zero (no friction).\n\nSource: physics 121/122",
"Things that seem smooth aren't actually smooth. [This picture explains it better than I could with words.](_URL_0_)\n",
"Atoms tend to repel each other. So, when something touches something else the atoms in both objects push on each other, which creates a small amount of lost energy. Now, on an atomic level practically nothing is smooth. Atoms have curved \"surfaces\" (for simplicities sake, it's actually a bit more complicated than that), and as one object slides against another the atoms in both structures slide into the spaces in between atoms, and out again. This causes consistent repulsion between the molecules as the objects move, converting the kinetic energy (the force that is propelling the atoms) into heat. Without a continual force pushing the atoms along, they'll eventually convert all the kinetic energy into heat, and stop moving.",
"Simple Answer \n \nThe negatively-charged electrons do repel each other. However, the electromagnetic force scales weakly with distance (relative to some other fundamental forces), which means that even far away from each other, two electric charges will still interact with each other.\n \nPut most simply, the electrons in one molecule can be attracted to the nuclei in a different molecule--not necessarily enough for the two molecules to form a chemical bond and become a single new molecule, but enough that the energy of the system is lower if they are closer together. (Remember, all systems are trying to move to the lowest energy possible.)\n \nThe ways in which electrons and nuclei can become pretty complicated, and so you get all sorts of differently behaving interactions that can lead to friction.",
"Everyone here talking about surface roughness and Van der Waals forces is missing something important, where does the energy go?\n\nIf an atom from one surface \"bumps\" into an atom from the second surface it will \"bump\" the atom behind it, and that one \"bumps\" the atom behind it and so on... A sound wave is generated. All those sound waves from all those irregularities bumping into each other interact with each other to random vibrations which we perceive as heat.\n\n\nThat's what friction is at a molecular level. \n",
"Good question! The true answer is: \"Nobody knows.\"\n\nWhen friction happens, there can be chemical transofmations, extreme local heating, electrification, plasma discharges (google \"triboplasma\"), all kinds of weird fluid dynamics, phase transformations, etc. Furthermore, these are usually not \"equilibrium processes\": there are strong spatial gradients, and everything changes in time quite fast. Figuring all this out is further complicated by the fact that most of this happens on small scale (from nanometers to microns). All of it is hidden from naked eye by small scale and short duration of these processes.\n\nThe keywords you might want to check out in Google Scholar are: nanotribology, tribochemistry, friction multiphysics. \n\nBy the way, for similar reasons, there is no microscopic theory of how polishing works."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/611e9ac25351f8af8f05a4bc0668c792f3dbc0f4.jpg"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6g0fgw
|
what is prom and why is it such a big deal in america.
|
As a german i don't really get the whole idea from what i see on the internet. Why is it such a big deal?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6g0fgw/eli5_what_is_prom_and_why_is_it_such_a_big_deal/
|
{
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"text": [
"The United States does not have elaborate \"rights of passage\" ceremonies that other societies enjoy. However, the \"prom\" serves many of these functions. When you go, you are considered an adult with adult interests. You wear adult clothes (formal clothes), drive an adult vehicle (a car), have a date like an adult and may drink alcohol like an adult (although most are too young to legally drink).\n\nYou might consider it the secular equivalent to the bat mitzvah, confirmation, etc and the cultural equivalent to the Quinceañera although focused on the peer group and not the individual.",
"Prom, short for promenade, is typically a formal dance held by high schools for juniors and seniors (typically 17 to 19 year olds). Although many schools hold 2 to 3 semi-formal or formal dances a year, prom is usually seen as the most important social event of the year.\n\nIt serves somewhat as a rite of passage in the American culture.",
"It's just a formal dance to mark the end of the school year for students about to graduate (and juniors who are about to become seniors). \n\nFor many it'll be one of the first formal events they'll attend and definitely the first that is focused on them rather than someone else (like a wedding). ",
"Prom was a big thing for private schools where people with money went. It was a sort of an introduction to the world of social events that they were expected, as a member of an elite family, to join. For them, it was a pretty big deal, because it helped teach how to act in these social situations. (sort of based on the earlier concept of a coming out party that would be held individually by affluent families for their children)\n\nAs the American public school system developed, it took a lot of ques and traditions from the existing private schools, and one of those traditions that ended up up being picked up is to have a prom. Since the expectation of entering the elite social life isn't there, prom ended up being a sort of one-off big party with no real social training aspects."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
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