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1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.6 Use case on Information Exchange between Ships at sea | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.6.1 Description | Information exchange in the maritime industry is very important [10] [11]. Information exchange allows for better coordination between ships, which is required regardless of the purpose for which ships are sailing. An effective information exchange system can better coordinate the ships and improve the safety of ships, such as resisting pirate attacks, avoiding accidents at sea, and rescuing.
At sea far from land, there is no terrestrial communication system. Ships can communicate directly with each other at short distance through various types of wireless technologies. At long distances, information can only be exchanged through satellites and then through remote data centres, which affects communication efficiency, especially in emergency situations. In addition, in some areas, the satellite has no available feeder link, which causes the communication interruption even though the communicating ships camp on the same satellite. In this scenario, communication between ships through satellites without going via remote data centres can improve communication efficiency and reduce losses caused by potential maritime accidents.
Satellite broadband can be suited to connecting remote areas which do not have reliable mobile or fixed broadband. There are new broadband satellites systems being developed, which use many satellites in a non-geostationary satellite orbit (NGSO) closer to the Earth than earlier satellites. Typically, the beam footprint size of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites is in the range of 100 – 1000 km [12]. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.6.2 Pre-conditions | MinosShipping, the shipping company, has many ships operating all over the world. MinosShipping signs a contract with Delphi, an operator with satellite communication services. Delphi has deployed NGSO satellites, which allows communication between ships via satellite without going through the ground network, that is, devices on a ship can communicate directly with devices on another ship via satellite. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.6.3 Service Flows | Figure 5.6.3-1: communication via the same satellite without going through the ground network
1. Device A on ship #1 register with the 5G network via satellite, and device B on ship #2 (small) also register with the 5G network via satellite. The devices A and B can communicate with each other via the 5G network.
2. When the ship #1 and the ship #2 are under the same satellite coverage, the devices A and B want to communicate with each other. The remote core network authorizes the communication between the devices A and B based on e.g., subscription, and location information. After getting authorized, the data traffic between the devices A and B is routed through the same satellite. During the data traffic communication between devices A and B without going through the ground network, if the feeder link becomes unavailable, device A still can have the communication with device B.
Figure 5.6.3-2: communication via satellites with ISL without going through the ground network
3. Along the long journey, ship #1 and ship #2 move across the coverage of different satellites, i.e. ship #2 moves to the coverage of satellite #2 while ship #1 remains in the coverage of satellite #1. Inter satellite link is available between satellite #1 and satellite #2.
4. During the journey, the communication between devices A and B via satellite(s) continues without interruption.
5. The charging information of the traffic data exchanged via the satellites is collected in the satellites and reported to the remote core network. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.6.4 Post-conditions | The ship #1 and the ship #2 can exchange information efficiently without data traffic transferred via the remote core network. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.6.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | None. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.6.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.6.6-001] The 5G system shall support mechanisms to authorize the communication between UEs using satellite access (without going through the ground network) based on e.g., location information and subscription.
[PR 5.6.6-002] The 5G system shall support mechanisms to collect charging information for the traffic data exchanged using satellite access without going through the ground network.
[PR 5.6.6-003] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system shall support communication between UEs using satellite access without going through the ground network.
[PR 5.6.6-004] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system shall maintain service continuity with minimum service interruption of the communication between UEs using satellite access without going through the ground network when a UE changes from the coverage of one satellite to another (due to the movement of the UE and/or the satellites).
[PR 5.6.6-005] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support UE-Satellite-UE communication when the feeder link is temporarily unavailable.
5.7 Use case on the support of UE-satellite-UE phone call |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.7.1 Description | Known as the "Lung of the Earth", the Amazon Rainforest locates in the the Amazon Basin of South America, with a total area of 700 million hectares, spanning eight countries, and is the largest and most diverse tropical rainforest in the world. Although the Amazon rainforest is known as a paradise for animals and plants, it is a terrible "forbidden area" for human beings. Lives will be exposed to various dangers if we enter the Amazon rainforest without any preparation.
Vipers, crocodiles, bacteria and viruses, or even swamp can destroy the vulnerable human life. However, many explorers and tourists still step into this land every year. When they get into troubles, the most important thing is that they can communicate with the nearest first-aid station or other teams timely. However, in the deep of the dense primordial forest, there are no modern communication infrastructures and even no power supplies.
The satellite will help conquer such a desperate plight because it can provide timely access for the terminals without any surrounding terrestrial infrastructures. In this way, the injured can find the nearest first-aid station and make a quick phone call. Based on the potential positioning capability of the satellite, the rescue team can also find the position of the injured efficiently.
However, due to the explorers and tourists are always from different countries, they may not belong to only one mobile operator. So they need mechanisms, such as roaming, between different mobile operators’ network even all of them access the same one satellite.
Moreover, some studies show that the ground segment need to be detailed designed and implemented, and there will be a serious dilution of the communication efficiency based on existing mechanisms in both satellite network and mobile network, especially data transferring and switching. So, it will benefit that enhance the capabilities of data processing and switching within the satellites.
Figure 5.7.1-1: Phone call through one satellite without going through ground network |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.7.2 Pre-conditions | Ed is an explorer from Country A, and his phone has a subscription with the terrestrial operator TerrA.
Bell is a rescuer working in the Amazon Rainforest, and his phone has a subscription with the terrestrial operator TerrB.
TerrA has roaming agreement with TerrB and TerrB has agreements with the satellite operator SatA for satellite access.
SatA maintains multiple serving satellites for the 5G subscribers all over the world, Amazon Rainforest is one of SatA’s serving areas.
Ed signed up a roaming plan from TerrA for accessing TerrB’s mobile network in case of keeping in touch with others in the Amazon Rainforest. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.7.3 Service Flows | 1. Ed is hiking along the planned route in the Amazon Rainforest, with good connection to ground network through satellite access.
2. Suddenly, Ed is knocked by a piece of deadwood and his left arm is wounded.
3. Ed can not go on his ride with poor medical measures, so he dials the rescue phone number for help.
4. Based on the position information of Ed provided by SatA and TerrB, the rescue center finds Bell is the nearest rescuer and transfers the call to Bell.
5. Bell answers the phone call with satellite access and tries to find Ed based on the real-time position information of Ed. For lower communication latency, this phone call is routed by only one satellite without going through the ground network of TerrA and TerrB. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.7.4 Post-conditions | Bell runs towards to Ed as soon as possible and keeps talking to him, finally Ed is saved. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.7.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | 3GPP TS 22.261 [2],
clause 6.1.2.1 on network slice includes the following requirements:
The serving 5G network shall support providing connectivity to home and roaming users in the same network slice.
The 5G system shall be able to support IMS as part of a network slice.
clause 6.2.4 includes roaming related requirements in diverse mobility management:
For a 5G system with satellite access, the following requirements apply:
- A 5G system with satellite access shall enable roaming of UE supporting both satellite access and terrestrial access between 5G satellite networks and 5G terrestrial networks.
- UEs supporting satellite access shall support optimized network selection and reselection to PLMNs with satellite access, based on home operator policy.
clause 6.3.2.3 on satellite access includes the following requirement:
The 5G system shall be able to provide services using satellite access.
clause 9.1 on charging aspect includes the following requirement:
The 5G core network shall support collection of charging information based on the access type (e.g. 3GPP, non-3GPP, satellite access). |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.7.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.7.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall support providing connectivity between UEs without going through the ground network regardless if they are registered in the HPLMN or a VPLMN.
[PR 5.7.6-002] The 5G system with satellite access shall support collection of charging information for a UE registered to the HPLMN or a VPLMN, without going through the ground network.
5.8 Use case on enabling multiple communication services between UEs |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.8.1 Description | The behaviours and trace of wild animals are the evidence of nature science. Researchers often use camouflage cameras blending in with their surroundings to observe wild animals. Meanwhile, researchers need to stay far enough away from the wild animals in order not to disturb their normal behaviour.
African savannah is a good place for research to observe and study lions. Usually, the researchers are camped far from the pride, and manipulate several mobile camouflage cameras to approach the pride and take videos for them. The camera with inner analysis functions can identify some typical behaviours and send corresponding notifications to the researchers. In this way, researchers can record and trace the pride and call the rescue centre for help when the lions get wounded.
In fact, to safeguard the ecology of wild animals, there is always no terrestrial network, and walkie-talkies are widely used for short distance communication there. However, because the camouflage camera, the rescue centre and the camp are usually far away from each other, the communication between them can only be easily realized with the help of satellites. In general, both the video stream and the voice call need to be transmitted to a nearby terrestrial network first, so it will affect communication efficiency, especially in emergency situations. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.8.2 Pre-conditions | There is no terrestrial network in the African savannah, but it is covered and served by the satellites owned by Satellite Operator SatA.
TerA which is a terrestrial network operator contracts with SatA to allow communication services between devices in the African savannah via satellite. That is, devices can communication directly via satellite without going through the ground network.
To support multiple communication services simultaneously, TerA provides a variety of plans for different purpose, e.g., video stream, voice call, etc.
Emily is the leader of the researching team. All devices in the camp are subscribers of TerA. Emily signs video stream plan for every camera which is 2km away from Emily’s camp, and she signs both video stream and voice call plan for her mobile phone.
Vincent is an assistant at the rescue centre which is 10km away from the camp, and he is also a subscriber of TerA with voice call plan.
Figure 5.8.2-1: Multiple communication services via satellite without going through the ground network |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.8.3 Service Flows | 1. One camera detects an injured lion, then it sends a notification to Emily’s phone via a satellite.
2. After receiving the notification, Emily opens the “Cam” App on her phone to watch the live video captured by the camera. The video stream from the camera to Emily’s phone is routed through the satellite.
3. By watching the video, Emily notices that the injured lion is being driven out of this pride. So Emily tracks the injured lion through the mobile camouflage camera. At the same time, she calls Vincent.
4. Vincent answers the phone and this voice call is also routed through the same satellite.
5. During the call, the satellite detects that the quality of voice call is impaired, so it re-choose a lower communication quality level for the video stream because of limited satellite resources and service priority. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.8.4 Post-conditions | Emily can watch real-time video with lower resolution from the camera and keep the call with Vincent at the same time.
Both the video stream and voice call can be routed through the same satellite without being transmitted to the remote core network. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.8.5 Existing features partly or fully covering use case functionality | There are a few related requirements specified in 3GPP TS 22.261 [2], which have been described as:
The 5G system shall be able to support E2E (e.g. UE to UE) QoS for a service.
NOTE 2: E2E QoS needs to consider QoS in the access networks, backhaul, core network, and network to network interconnect.
For a 5G system with satellite access, the following requirements apply:
- The 5G system shall support service continuity between 5G terrestrial access network and 5G satellite access networks owned by the same operator or owned by different operators having an agreement.
- A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to select the communication link providing the UE with the connectivity that most closely fulfils the agreed QoS
- A 5G system with satellite access shall enable roaming of UE supporting both satellite access and terrestrial access between 5G satellite networks and 5G terrestrial networks. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.8.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.8.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to provide a mechanism for QoS control of the communication between UEs using satellite access without going through the ground network.
[PR 5.8.6-002] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support different types of communication (e.g. services including unicast, multicast, broadcast) using satellite access without going through the ground network.
5.9 Use case on usage of satellite connectivity for collection of information to aid terrestrial network planning |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.9.1 Description | Network deployment in sparsely populated areas has been a major concern worldwide due to numerous challenges like affordability, infrastructure unavailability, and landscape or topographic conditions. Satellite connectivity can help to serve such areas. However, satellite access may not suffice in all scenarios (for low latency and high throughput applications) and there may be a need for terrestrial network deployment also. In such a situation, satellite connectivity can also facilitate information collection related to UE location and usage statistics, which can later be used for terrestrial network planning in these areas.
Connectivity can be provided in sparsely populated areas through satellite access using direct or indirect access through relay nodes/relay UEs (as shown in Figure 5.9.1-1). This eliminates the requirement of everyone having to use satellite UEs. The service provider can implement a subset of Minimization Drive Test (MDT) procedures to collect information such as location of the UEs through satellite connectivity that can be used by Network Management System (NMS). In addition, usage statistics (for UEs) may also be collected and analysed for the purpose of terrestrial network planning.
Figure 5.9.1-1: Connectivity and data collection from UEs through Satellite Access |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.9.2 Pre-conditions | There is satellite access coverage but no terrestrial access network deployed in a sparsely populated area. However, satellite access does not suffice and the service provider needs to augment it with the terrestrial network. Hence, the service provider can conduct some tests to understand the network deployment and planning needs. The service provider’s 5G System supports direct connectivity of satellite UEs and indirect connectivity for other UEs via relay nodes/relay UEs. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.9.3 Service Flows | A village called Sittlingi has no terrestrial connectivity and residents of this village have to travel a few kilometres to a nearby village office for internet connectivity. Incidentally, this village is covered by satellite access from the service provider TTech Inc. The population in this village is not uniformly distributed and is sparsely populated. TTech is also interested in deploying terrestrial access networks in such areas. TTech wants to survey the area using some reliable mechanism to understand the usage needs of the villagers. Based on this knowledge, the number of base stations, their location and capabilities can be decided for deployment. TTech provides 5GS subscriptions to the users through satellite access. The provider also deploys relay nodes/UEs in the village to provide connectivity to people using non-satellite UEs. The relay nodes use satellite link as backhaul. Residents of the village subscribe and start availing services provided by 5GS. People who use standard off the shelf 5G UEs can be connected to satellite access through relay nodes/ relay UEs. As UEs are connected to the network, 5GS can collect traffic pattern related information from the 5G core user plane function and location related information through conventional Radio Resource Control (RRC) procedures. Based on this information, analysis for the needs and capabilities of terrestrial deployment can be done. Accordingly, terrestrial deployment is planned, designed and further executed. Once TTech completes terrestrial deployment, UEs can get connectivity through a terrestrial base station and satellite access connectivity can be terminated if desired. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.9.4 Post-conditions | Service provider TTech is not required to perform some other kind of survey to identify the requirements. The provider utilizes existing 3GPP procedures to get information on usage statistics and location (using 5GS Satellite access) for terrestrial access network planning using optimum resources. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.9.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | • Relay UE/ relay node (TR 38.821 [12], TS 22.261[2]) supports terrestrial connectivity to UEs on one end and connects to non-terrestrial access network on the other. The 5G system shall support connectivity using satellite access. (TS 22.261 [2])
• To collect UE specific measurements using control plane architecture, subset of MDT procedures (Reference: TS 37.320[x]) can be triggered. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.9.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.9.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policies, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support collection of information on usage statistics and location of the UEs that are connected to the satellite, for network (e.g. terrestrial) planning. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.10 Use case on vehicle fleet management in the desert | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.10.1 Description | With the help of the construction of the transportation infrastructure, communication and information infrastructure, the modern logistics can deliver the goods to almost any corner of the world in a fast and reliable manner. Fleet management is a critical part of the logistics industry [13], which is being changed by IoT technologies in live vehicle monitoring, cargo management, driver behaviours’ monitoring and etc. The real-time data exchange is important for the staff of fleet management in route scheduling, decision making and safety assurance.
The convoy sometimes need to go across the area with sparse population or in extreme condition, where the network status fluctuates. Thus, besides remote management, local management by the team leader will also play a role in ensuring the speed and reliability of the transportation. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.10.2 Pre-conditions | The logistic company ExpressX provides transportation services all over the world and well known for long distance transport. NetX, a mobile network operator has signed the contract with ExpressX to offer 5G communication service for all the vehicles and the staff, and promise the full coverage along all their transport routes including satellite services. NetX has deployed NGSO satellites to realize the radio coverage in rare population area and the deserts.
All the vehicles for long distance transport are equipped with Telematics Box (e.g Device #2) supporting all 5G RATs (e.g. NR, LEO) as well as on-vehicle IoT devices (e.g. Device#3) only capable of 5G NR for data service. The man-held UEs (e.g. UE1) of fleet team leaders support all 5G RATs.
Device#3 can connect to 5G network in either direct or indirect connection mode. Device#2 can help other UEs to connect to 5G network as a relay UE.
UE1, Device#2, and Device#3 have the subscription of NetX.
Figure 5.10.2-1: Fleet management in the desert via satellite access |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.10.3 Service Flows | 1. UE1, held by the fleet team leader is registered to NetX core network via terrestrial access network at departure.
2. The Device#2 and on-vehicle device Device#3 are registered to NetX network when the transport starts, and keep reporting the vehicle’s status and the driver’s behaviours to remote management platform and UE1 via terrestrial access network and ground core network.
3. When the convoy approaches the desert highway, the fleet team leader will manage the fleet locally regarding the request of the remote management platform or application need. Device#3 is authorized and provisioned by 5G network to connect to 5G network in indirect network connection mode regarding the subscription, the location and the operator’s policy.
4. When there is no coverage of terrestrial access network, Device#2 and UE1 will exchange data between each other via satellite access without going to the remote ground network. Also, Device#3 will use Device#2 as relay UE to communicate with UE1via satellite access without going to the remote ground network.
5. As the movement, there is available coverage of terrestrial access network. Device#2 and UE1 can continue the communication with minimum interruption via terrestrial access network. Device#3 will communication with UE1 via terrestrial access network in direct network connection mode. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.10.4 Post-conditions | UE1 can exchange data with Device#2 and Device#3, to obtain the vehicle status and driver’s information in real-time, and issue the action commands and distribute the route adjustment information in time. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.10.5 Existing features partly or fully covering use case functionality | SA1 has performed several studies on connectivity models and satellite access. As a result, the associated service requirements are introduced to TS 22.261 [2].
Clause 6.9.1 describes the connectivity models as
The UE (remote UE) can connect to the network directly (direct network connection), connect using another UE as a relay UE (indirect network connection), or connect using both direct and indirect connections. Relay UEs can be used in many different scenarios and verticals (inHome, SmartFarming, SmartFactories, Public Safety and others). In these cases, the use of relays UEs can be used to improve the energy efficiency and coverage of the system.
Clause 6.5.2 defines the requirements of efficient user plane about satellite access as below.
For a 5G system with satellite access, the following requirements apply:
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to select the communication link providing the UE with the connectivity that most closely fulfils the agreed QoS
Clause 6.9.2.5 defines the requirements of connectivity models about satellite access as below.
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support relay UE's with satellite access.
NOTE: The connection between a relay UE and a remote UE is the same regardless of whether the relay UE is using satellite access or not.
A 5G system with satellite access shall support mobility management of relay UEs and the remote UEs connected to the relay UE between a 5G satellite access network and a5G terrestrial network, and between 5G satellite access networks.
There is no explicit discussion about the efficient user data path when all the UEs are connecting to the 5G network via the same satellite but in different network connection modes. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.10.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.10.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall support mechanisms to authorize a remote UE to use UE-Satellite-UE communication via a relay UE (using satellite access).
NOTE 1: It is assumed that the 5G system with satellite access is authorized to assign spectrum resources for the communication between a remote UE and a relay UE.
[PR 5.10.6-002] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall support service continuity for a remote UE when the UE communication path moves between a direct network connection via 5G terrestrial access network and an indirect network connection via a relay UE (using satellite access).
NOTE 2: It is assumed that the 5G terrestrial access network and the satellite access network belong to the same operator.
5. 11 Use case on service differentiation for UEs via satellite access |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.11.1 Description | Satellite network has been introduced to 5G system to improve the service availability and reliability since 3GPP Rel-15. In parallel, various UE models with different capabilities (e.g. eMTC UE, CPE) are defined to serve the vertical needs. How to facilitate different types of UEs to benefit from satellite network is worthwhile to study.
The current assumption of 3GPP normative work is, UE shall be capable of GNSS positioning to determine the location for obtaining 5G services via satellite access, which has excluded the possibility to provide 5G services to UEs without GNSS receiver, or unable to determine the location with GNSS receiver. In fact, some services such as broadcast or multicast service, public safety associated services are not highly sensitive to the precise location. Moreover, UEs in stationary mobility type such as for home access, for metering have fixed location to support the position relevant operation during satellite access. The use case illustrates how the UEs with different capabilities obtain 5G services via satellite access. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.11.2 Pre-conditions | It is assumed that network operator has deployed NGSO (e.g. LEO) satellite enabled NG-RAN to provide 5G network PLMN#X in the area Area#A, where have sparse population and no coverage of terrestrial access network as a result.
All UEs support 5G satellite RATs but with different subscription, positioning capabilities and mobility type as Table 5.11.2-1 shows.
Table 5.11.2-1: UEs with different capabilities
Subscription
Positioning Capability
Mobility Type
UE1
Subscriber of PLMN#X for eMBB services
No GNSS capability;
Support other 3GPP positioning technologies
Full mobility
UE2
Subscriber of other PLMN with roaming agreement to PLMN_X, for eMBB services
No GNSS capability;
Support other 3GPP positioning technologies
Full mobility
UE3
Subscriber of PLMN#X for MIoT services
No GNSS capability;
Not support any 3GPP positioning technologies
Full mobility.
UE4
Subscriber of PLMN#X for eMBB services
No GNSS capability;
Not support any 3GPP positioning technologies
Stationary
UE5
Subscriber of PLMN#X for eMBB services
No GNSS capability;
Not support any 3GPP positioning technologies
unknown |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.11.3 Service Flows | 1. All UEs are registering to PLMN_X to get services.
2. The network will provide the available services to authorized UEs considering UE’s location, the subscription and etc.:
• UE1: the network can determine UE’s location based on 3GPP positioning technologies, so it allows all the subscribed services after the location verification regarding regulatory requirements.
• UE2: the network can determine UE’s location based on 3GPP positioning technologies, but only allows limit broadband services such as public safety related services and emergency call regarding the roaming agreement.
• UE3: the network can’t determine UE’s location, so limit the services to those such as emergency message (e.g. PWS message) regarding the operator’s policy and regulatory requirements.
• UE4: the network knows UE4 is stationary and get the location from a reliable and trusted source. Then, the network allows subscribed eMBB services.
• UE5: the network detects UE5 is a dedicated user of digital broadband broadcast application, and fetch the location from the corresponding trusted application platform. Due to the lack of location verification, the network limits the services to those such as broadband broadcast services allowed by the regulatory requirements and the operator’s policy.
Figure 5.11.3-1: Service differentiation for UEs via satellite access |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.11.4 Post-conditions | All UEs can successfully register to PLMN_X and get services based on the subscription, the regulatory requirements, the roaming agreement and the operator’s policy. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.11.5 Existing features partly or fully covering use case functionality | SA1 has introduced several requirements about satellite access in TS 22.261[2].
Clause 6.3.2.3 describes basic requirements about satellite access for 5G system and UE.
The 5G system shall be able to provide services using satellite access.
A UE supporting satellite access shall be able to provide or assist in providing its location to the 5G network.
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to determine a UE's location in order to provide service (e.g. route traffic, support emergency calls) in accordance with the governing national or regional regulatory requirements applicable to that UE.
The 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support low power MIoT type of communications.
Regarding the above requirements, UE shall have the ability to provide or assist in providing the location for obtaining the services from 5G system. The restriction of UE’s positioning capability has limited the potential users of 5G system using only satellite access, which expect to be served by 5G network. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.11.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.11.6-001] Subject to the regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to provide services to an authorized UE independently of the UE’s GNSS capability.
[PR 5.11.6-002] Subject to the regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to provide services to an authorized UE registered to VPLMN independently of the UE’s GNSS capability.
[PR 5.11.6-003] Subject to the operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to determine the location of a UE using only satellite access (e.g. based on 3GPP positioning technologies, based on the information from reliable and trusted sources) in order to provide services in accordance with the governing national or regional regulatory requirements applicable to that UE. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12 Use case on UAVs using satellite access | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.1 Description | In Mediterranean climate regions, forest fires are quite common in summer months due to temperature rise [14]. The early detection and monitoring of forest fire is important for fire suppression quickly and reducing the loss of human and property. Therefore, how to detect the forest fire in real time and accurately is an urgent problem to be solved. Another problem is that due to extremely low population density and complex geography, these regions are often not covered by terrestrial networks.
UAV equipped with satellite access capabilities is a feasible method, mainly through the following steps:
• The UAV collects real-time information (including high-precision three-dimensional surface topographic data, real-time pictures, real-time video, etc.);
• This real-time information is transmitted to the forest fire monitoring centre via the 5G network with satellite access;
• The forest fire monitoring centre monitors whether there is a fire, and may request the position of the UAV and adjust its route;
• The positioning services request and adjustment command are sent to the UAV via the 5G network with satellite access.
Forest fire monitoring centre with AI system can optimize the route through real-time information collected by UAV. In addition, the 5G system provides high-precision positioning of the UAV, which has been specified in 3GPP TS 22.261 [2]. But for UAVs using only satellites access, 5G system is difficult to provide high-precision positioning service under low latency. The end-to-end delay of LEO based satellite access can reach 35 ms [2]. After 5G system gets the real-time location data of flying UAV, it sends them to a trusted third party (e.g., The forest fire monitoring centre equipped with AI system) for UAVs to assist flying. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.2 Pre-conditions | Forest fire monitoring centre has several UAVs to patrol the Forest A. Each UAV has a 4K camera for collecting real-time pictures.
In Forest A, there is no terrestrial network. So, the Forest fire monitoring centre has signed contract with Sat A, an operator with satellite communication services. Then, these UAVs can send real-time pictures to the forest fire monitoring centre via satellite.
The forest fire monitoring centre supports UTM function, and deploys AI system. It can evaluate these pictures to determine whether a fire is present or whether the UAV's flight route is off-course. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.3 Service Flows | 1. The UAV A takes a real-time picture with its 4-way 4K full-angle camera;
2. The picture is transmitted to the forest fire monitoring centre via the 5G network with satellite access network. This would require high data rate (e.g., 120Mbit/s) in UL direction.
3. The forest fire monitoring centre uses the AI system to determine whether there is a fire, according to the received picture. In case of fire, the forest fire monitoring centre will request the position of the UAV.
4. After receiving the positioning service request, the 5G network detects an error that the negotiated location delivery latency cannot be guaranteed. Then, it provides a lower position accuracy to ensure latency.
5. If the forest fire monitoring centre decides to adjust the route of UAV A, it will send adjustment commands to the UAV via the 5G network with satellite access network, which requires low delay and high reliability in DL direction. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.4 Post-conditions | UAV adjusts its route. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.5 Existing features partly or fully covering use case functionality | There are a few position requirements specified in 3GPP TS 22.125 [15], which have been described as:
[R-5.1-009] The 3GPP system should enable an MNO to augment the data sent to a UTM with the following: network-based positioning information of UAV and UAV controller.
NOTE 1: This augmentation may be trust-based (i.e. the MNO informs the UTM that the UAV position information is trusted) or it may be additional location information based on network information, such as OTDOA, cell coordinates, synchronization source, etc.
NOTE 2: This requirement will not be applied to the case which the UAS and UTM has direct control communication connection without going through MNO, such as OTDOA, cell coordinates, synchronization source, etc.
[R-5.1-012] The 3GPP system shall enable a UAS to update a UTM with the live location information of a UAV and its UAV controller.
[R-5.1-013] The 3GPP network should be able to provide supplement location information of UAV and its controller to a UTM.
NOTE 3: This supplement may be trust-based (i.e. the MNO informs the UTM that the UAV position information is trusted) or it may be additional location information based on network information.
There are also a few position requirements specified in 3GPP TS 22.261 [2], which have been described as:
The 5G system shall support mechanisms to determine the UE’s position-related data for period when the UE is outside the coverage of 3GPP RAT-dependent positioning technologies but within the 5G positioning service area (e.g. within the coverage of satellite access).
In 3GPP TS 22.071 [x], the following location service requirements are captured:
The precision of the location shall be network design dependent, i.e., should be an operator’s choice. This precision requirement may vary from one part of a network to another.
About horizontal accuracy:
The LCS service shall provide techniques that allow operators to deploy networks that can provide at least the level of accuracy required by the regional regulatory bodies.
10m-50m: Asset Location, route guidance, navigation
About vertical accuracy:
For Value Added Services, and PLMN Operator Services, the following is applicable:
- When providing a Location Estimate, the LCS Server may provide the vertical location of a UE in terms of either absolute height/depth or relative height/depth to local ground level. The LCS Server shall allow an LCS Client to specify or negotiate the required vertical accuracy. The LCS Server shall normally attempt to satisfy or approach as closely as possible the requested or negotiated accuracy when other quality of service parameters are not in conflict.
- The vertical accuracy may range from about three metres (e.g. to resolve within 1 floor of a building) to hundreds of metres.
About location delivery latency:
Location Delivery Latency (Time to First Fix) is set at a maximum of 30 seconds from the time the user initiates an emergency service call to the time it is available at the location information center. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.12.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.12.6-001] The 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support suitable positioning mechanisms for UAV services.
[PR 5.12.6-002] The 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support positioning services and to provide information to a UE on delivered performance of positioning services. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13 Use case on Enhanced Positioning Service using Satellite Access | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.1 Description | During natural disasters, the recovery of communication services and the acquisition of the survivors’ location are important to aid the rescue activities. Normally, satellite communication networks and standalone GNSS are utilized to serve communication and positioning independently. With the integration of satellite access in 5G systems, it’s possible to provide both communication and positioning services by 5G system together to address the cases that GNSS cannot provide reliable positioning service (e.g. poor GNSS signal, limited visible satellites). Meanwhile, the positioning performance like accuracy can be improved with the assistance of 5G satellites (e.g. LEO), network information, etc. [16]
Indonesia is famous for its extraordinary natural landscapes attracting millions of tourists around the world. Meanwhile, it is widely recognized as one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world according to data released by the United Nations International Disaster Reduction Agency (UN-ISDR) [17]. A disaster (e.g. earthquake, tsunamis) will impact tens of millions of people, who may get support from the sustainable and reliable communication service and positioning service of the 5G system. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.2 Pre-conditions | Bali, Indonesia is covered by terrestrial access network of Operator TerrA and satellite access network of Operator SatA, which shares the core network of TerrA deployed in Jakarta with mutual agreement. 5G communication service and positioning service have been launched all through Indonesia.
GNSS (e.g. GPS, BeiDou) are allowed to use in Indonesia, but are independent from 5G satellite constellation.
It is assumed that UEs with the subscription of TerrA network are capable of 5G satellite access. Some of them are incapable of GNSS receivers and some are integrated with different types of GNSS receivers. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.3 Service Flows | A tsunami strikes Bali and has destroyed most infrastructures and terrestrial access networks. The core network is still in service without damage.
The awake survivors will initiate an emergency call or send an emergency message to report personal information, injuries, and surrounding conditions to Indonesia Rescue Center for rescue requests through SatA access network. During the interaction, the precise location information (e.g. accurate latitude) of the survivors is requested to report to Rescue Center from UE or/and the network with the help of 3GPP positioning methods or non-3GPP positioning methods (e.g. GNSS) within the requested response time of local regulatory requirements. The location of the survivors and rescue personnel will be sent to the survivors as well for preparation.
All powered-on UEs will autonomously update registration in TerrA’s network using satellite access. The network identifies the areas where the devices are located and authorizes Rescue Center to fetch real-time devices’ location and tracing log during the Rescue UAV or Helicopter searching for the survivors in a coma or not able to report emergency information actively. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.4 Post-conditions | The locations of the awake survivors are identified as compliant with regulatory requirements.
The location information of powered-on devices is available in Rescue vehicles. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.5 Existing features partly or fully covering use case functionality | Regarding TS 22.261[2] as below, UE using satellite access shall have the capability to offer the location, and 5G system needs to determine the location for service, but not consider the situation that the location cannot be decided by UE alone.
A UE supporting satellite access shall be able to provide or assist in providing its location to the 5G network.
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to determine a UE's location in order to provide service (e.g. route traffic, support emergency calls) in accordance with the governing national or regional regulatory requirements applicable to that UE.
The legacy requirements for positioning service defined in TS 22.261 [2] are not well adapted to all types of UE with satellite access considering the satellite characteristics (e.g. latency).
The 5G system shall provide 5G positioning services in compliance with regulatory requirements.
The 5G network shall be able to request the UE to provide its position-related-data on request—together with the accuracy of its position—triggered by an event or periodically and to request the UE to stop providing its position-related data periodically.
The 5G System with satellite access shall be able to negotiate the positioning methods according to the operator's policy or the application’s requirements or the user's preferences and shall support mechanisms to allow the network or the UE to trigger this negotiation. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.13.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.13.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support 3GPP positioning methods for UEs using only satellite access.
[PR 5.13.6-002] The 5G system with satellite access shall be able to negotiate the positioning methods according to 3GPP RAT and UE positioning capability, the availability of non-3GPP positioning technologies (e.g. GNSS) and shall support mechanisms to allow the network or UE to trigger the negotiation.
[PR 5.13.6-003] Subject to regulatory requirements, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to provide positioning services (e.g. with the availability of 99%, the accuracy of several kilometers) independently of UE’s GNSS capability when the UE is using only satellite access.
NOTE: The regulatory requirements for positioning (e.g. service requirements of Public Safety by GSMA [22]) could be taken into account. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14 Use case on service continuity for UE-to-UE communication between satellites | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.1 Description | The provision of Internet services using mega-constellations of LEO (Low Earth Orbit) satellites is a promising solution on the path to the future mobile communication systems. LEO is the Earth-centered orbit with an altitude in the range of 350km and 2000km above sea level. The LEO satellites at 600km altitude travel at a speed of about 7.8km/sec [18]. Due to the fast movement of LEO satellite, the service duration of a satellite for the coverage with 1000km diameter is less than 3 minutes. Therefore, guaranteeing robust service continuity and satisfactory user experience is the most critical issue in LEO satellite system.
In some countries, the state government operates Aviation Branches for Forest Protection Service to fight forest fires and assist in search and rescue missions [19]. The helicopters are part of the Aviation Branch and used for fire detection and firefighting, dropping water, and moving firefighters and equipment to rural and remote locations. In these locations, there may be no terrestrial network, so the helicopters and firefighters can collaborate with each other by communicating in the help of satellite. Moreover, since it takes several hours or days to complete their missions, it should be considered how to ensure the continuity of communication service using satellite access across multiple NGSO satellites.
Furthermore, the draft report of ITU-R for IMT2020-satellite requirement for mobility interruption time in satellite radio interfaces is 50ms [20].
Figure 5.14.1-1: Example of service continuity for UE-to-UE communication between satellites without going through the ground network |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.2 Pre-conditions | Satellite operator Sat-OP has deployed NGSO satellites and has an agreement with Terrestrial Operator Ter-OP to provide communication services for UEs under satellite coverage.
Firefighter A and B have signed contract with Sat-OP for communication services using satellite access. Thus, their devices can communicate with each other directly via satellite without going through the ground network.
Firefighter A and B move to the rural or remote area in which there is no terrestrial network, but the satellites operated by Sat-OP can provide communicate services. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.3 Service Flows | 1. Firefighter A and B make a phone call or exchange some data (e.g. pictures, video streams) during their work. Then, their data traffic is routed through satellite Sat-1.
2. During the communication service, if Firefighter B is located in the coverage of satellite Sat-2, Firefighter B has a connection to satellite Sat-2 and the communication between Firefighter A and B is provided by satellite Sat-1 and Sat-2 through inter satellite link.
3. After some time, if satellite Sat-2 serves the area in which Firefighter A and B are located, the satellite Sat-2 takes over the data sessions for Firefighter A and B from satellite Sat-1, and then the data traffic is routed through satellite Sat-2. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.4 Post-conditions | Firefighter A and B can finish the phone call or data exchange without any discontinuation of communication service with the support of multiple NGSO satellites. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | Regarding TS 22.261 [2], satellite access and satellite connectivity are supported in Rel-18, as
The 5G system shall be able to provide services using satellite access.
The 5G core network shall support collection of charging information based on the access type (e.g. 3GPP, non-3GPP, satellite access).
For a 5G system with satellite access, the following requirements apply:
- A 5G system with satellite access shall enable roaming of UE supporting both satellite access and terrestrial access between 5G satellite networks and 5G terrestrial networks. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.14.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.14.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support the establishment of a communication path between UEs via one or multiple serving satellites without going through the ground network.
[PR 5.14.6-002] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support service continuity of a communication between UEs without going through the ground network when the UE communication path moves between serving satellites.
[PR 5.14.6-003] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall support service continuity of a communication between UEs without going through the ground network when the communication path between UEs via one or multiple serving satellites extends across several satellites (through inter satellite links). |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15 Use case on service continuity for UE-to-UE communication in case of mobility between satellite and terrestrial network | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.1 Description | UAM (Urban Air Mobility) refers to a safe and efficient air transport system. UAM is used for transporting passengers or cargo in urban or suburban areas. Recently, in some countries, telecom operators have already started the collaboration with aviation companies for UAM business building from airframes to service platforms [21].
In order to control and manage the UAM body for safe and sound travel, the UAM vehicles should receive various information about the movement of other flying vehicles, climate conditions, location, and so on. Additionally, the UAM vehicle can provide the in-flight Internet service allowing the passengers to communicate with the users in the remote networks and on other flying vehicles as well.
Even though the UAM vehicles generally operate at an altitude less than 1km, they may fly over the air out of terrestrial network coverage. Thus, the commercialization of UAM depends on the establishment of a telecommunication network service including LEO satellite communications. While flying out of terrestrial network coverage, the vehicles can communicate with each other via satellite without going through the ground network. But, as a vehicle approaches the ground and hence has a connection to the terrestrial network, the communication between vehicles via satellite should be continuously provided through the satellite and terrestrial network.
Figure 5.15.1-1: Service continuity for UE-to-UE communication in case of mobility between satellite and terrestrial network without going through the ground network |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.2 Pre-conditions | UAM company UAM-Co operates many UAM vehicles in urban and suburban areas.
UAM company UAM-Co contracts with Terrestrial Operator Ter-OP to provide communication services for the devices on UAM vehicles.
UAM company UAM-Co also have signed contract with Sat-OP for communication services via satellite access. Their devices on UAM vehicles can communicate with each other directly via satellite without going through the ground network.
Satellite Operator Sat-OP has an agreement with Terrestrial Operator Ter-OP to provide communication services for UEs under satellite coverage.
The devices on UAM vehicle A and B have a subscription with the Terrestrial Operator Ter-OP. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.3 Service Flows | 1. The devices on UAM vehicle A and B register with the Ter-OP network.
2. UAM vehicle A is flying out of Ter-OP network coverage, thus its device has a connection to the satellite operated by Sat-OP.
3. UAM vehicle B is ready to fly in the ground station, and hence its device has a connection to the Ter-OP network.
4. Before or Just after taking off, UAM vehicle B needs to gather the information on the movement of other flying vehicles including vehicle A. The data traffic between UAM vehicle A and B is routed though the satellite and terrestrial networks.
5. UAM vehicle B keeps gathering the movement information of vehicle A even after it moves out of Ter-OP network coverage. Since the information exchange between UAM vehicles should be performed in real time (with very low latency), the vehicles communicate with each other via satellite directly without going through the ground network.
6. After then, as UAM vehicle B approaches the ground, it has a connection to the terrestrial network.
7. The traffic between UAM vehicle A and B is going through the satellite and terrestrial network.
8. As a result, the communication between UAM vehicle A and B keep going without any discontinuation of service. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.4 Post-conditions | User A and B can finish the exchange of their movement information without any discontinuation of communication service regardless of their roaming between satellite and terrestrial network. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | 3GPP TS 22.261 [2],
clause 6.2.4 includes roaming related requirements in diverse mobility management:
For a 5G system with satellite access, the following requirements apply:
- A 5G system with satellite access shall enable roaming of UE supporting both satellite access and terrestrial access between 5G satellite networks and 5G terrestrial networks.
clause 6.3.2.3 on satellite access includes the following requirement:
The 5G system shall be able to provide services using satellite access.
clause 9.1 on charging aspect includes the following requirement:
The 5G core network shall support collection of charging information based on the access type (e.g. 3GPP, non-3GPP, satellite access). |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.15.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR 5.15.6-001] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, the 5G system with satellite access shall support service continuity, when the UE communication path moves between 5G terrestrial access network and 5G satellite access network owned by the same operator or owned by different operators having an agreement. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16 Use case on store and forward – emergency report | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.1 Description | This use case illustrates the realization of a S&F service between a UE with satellite access and an Application Server for an emergency reporting service.
A description of store and forward operation is provided in Annex A.
Bob was sailing on an intercontinental containership, which sank for some exotic reason. Bob is now shipwrecked on a remote island and while he is not in immediate danger, he needs rescue within a matter of days as food and water is scarce.
A few items from the containership washed ashore with Bob, one of which is an IoT device from Company TrackingInc with a subscription to IoTSAT for the 5G IoT connectivity by satellite and IoTSAT is using a LEO constellation which supports S&F operation mode.
The IoT device allows Bob to send an emergency report including his position via the S&F network. A confirmation is received by the IoT device that the emergency report “went through” as soon as possible. As the indicator light by the emergency button of the IoT device starts blinking green, Bob knows that it is a matter of time before Alice rescues him. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.2 Pre-conditions | In the present use case, the emergency reporting UE is in a remote area with no ground stations available for feeder link connectivity and the emergency reporting UE is aware that IoTSAT constellation operates in S&F mode. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.3 Service Flows | 1. Bob is sailing on an intercontinental containership, which sinks.
2. Bob is ashore and finds an IoT device from Company TrackingInc with a subscription to IoTSAT for the 5G IoT connectivity by satellite.
3. Bob sends an emergency report including his position with the IoT device from Company TrackingInc through IoTSAT.
4. The emergency report from Bob is received by the fly-by satellite of the IoTSAT constellation and is stored in the satellite waiting to be delivered as there is no feeder link available in the area where Bob is ashore.
5. The satellite of the IoTSAT constellation is able to deliver the “emergency report” from Bob in a matter of seconds as soon as a first feeder link is available as it identified the service as emergency and there is no restriction to use any feeder link and ground station for such service.
6. Bob is informed that the emergency report has been delivered upon the next fly-by of a satellite from the IoTSAT constellation. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.4 Post-conditions | The emergency report generated by the IoT UE has been delivered successfully to the TrackingInc application server and forwarded to a service able to treat the report and a response has been forwarded to the IoT UE without relying on a continuous end-to-end network connectivity path between them. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | 3GPP TS 22.261 [2], clause 6.3.2.3 on satellite access includes the following requirements:
The 5G system shall be able to provide services using satellite access.
The 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support low power MIoT type of communications.
However, it is not sufficient in regards to S&F operation especially for the delivery of delay-tolerant/non-real-time IoT NTN services with NGSO satellites and considering here the case of emergency delivering in area where there is only a LEO constellation covering the device and using store and forward operation. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 5.16.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | [PR.5.16.6-001] The 5G system with satellite access, and when the satellite access is operating in store and forward mode, shall be able to inform an authorized UE about how long the data is expected to be stored before being delivered.
[PR.5.16.6-002] Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to forward an emergency report as soon as there is a feeder link available and shall be able to notify as soon as possible the UE about the successful forwarding.
NOTE 1: Subject to regulation, the emergency report could have priority over other communication |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6 Consolidated requirements | |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.1 Introduction | The following requirements represent a consolidation of the various potential requirements captured in the above use cases related to a 5G system with satellite access. |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.2 Store & Forward Satellite operation | The potential requirements corresponding to the support of S&F Satellite operation are listed in the table below.
Table 6.2-1 – Consolidated Requirements for S&F Satellite operation
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.2-1
Subject to operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support S&F Satellite operation for authorized UEs e.g. store data on the satellite when the feeder link is unavailable; and forward the data once the feeder link between the satellite and the ground segment becomes available.
[PR 5.1.6-001]
[PR.5.3.6-001]
[PR 5.4.6-001]
[PR.5.16.6-002]
CPR 6.2-2
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to inform a UE whether S&F Satellite operation is applied.
[PR 5.1.6-002]
[PR.5.16.6-001]
CPR 6.2-3
Subject to operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to allow the operator or a trusted 3rd party to apply, on a per UE and/or satellite basis, an S&F data retention period.
[PR 5.1.6-003]
[PR 5.2.6-002]
CPR 6.2-4
Subject to operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to allow the operator or a trusted 3rd party to apply, on a per UE and/or satellite basis, an S&F data storage quota.
[PR 5.1.6-004]
[PR 5.2.6-003]
[PR.5.3.6-003]
[PR 5.4.6-004]
CPR 6.2-5
A 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to support a mechanism to configure and provision specific required QoS and policies for UE’s data subject to store and forward operation (e.g. forwarding priority, acknowledgment policy).
[PR 5.1.6-005]
[PR 5.2.6-004]
CPR 6.2-6
A 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to provide related information (e.g. estimated delivery time to the authorised 3rd party) to an authorized UE.
[PR.5.16.6-001]
CPR 6.2-7
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to inform an authorised 3rd party whether S&F Satellite operation is applied for communication with a UE and to provide related information (e.g. estimated delivery time to the authorised UE).
[PR 5.2.6-001]
[PR 5.2.6-005]
CPR 6.2-8
Subject to operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to support forwarding of the stored data from one satellite to another satellite (e.g., which has an available feeder link to the ground network), through ISLs.
NOTE: It is assumed that the satellite constellation knows which satellite has a feeder link available. However, this is outside the scope of 3GPP.
[PR.5.1.6-008]
[PR.5.3.6-002]
CPR 6.2-9
Subject to operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access supporting the S&F Satellite operation shall be able to support suitable means to resume communication between the satellite and the ground station once the feeder link becomes available.
[PR 5.1.6-007]
[PR 5.2.6-007]
CPR 6.2-10
A 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall support mechanisms for a UE to register with the network when the network is in S&F Satellite operation.
[PR.5.1.6-009]
[PR 5.4.6-002]
CPR 6.2-11
A 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall support mechanisms to authorize subscribers for receiving services when the network is in S&F Satellite operation.
[PR.5.1.6-010]
[PR 5.4.6-003] |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.3 UE-Satellite-UE communication | The potential requirements corresponding to the support of UE-Satellite-UE communication are listed in the table below.
Table 6.3-1 – Consolidated Requirements for UE-Satellite-UE communication
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.3-1
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access shall support UE-Satellite-UE communication regardless of whether the feeder link is available or not.
[PR 5.6.6-003]
[PR 5.7.6-001]
[PR 5.14.6-001]
[PR 5.6.6-005]
CPR 6.3-2
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support service continuity (with minimum service interruption) of a UE-Satellite-UE communication when the UE communication path moves between serving satellites (due to the movement of the UE and/or the satellites).
[PR 5.6.6-004]
[PR 5.14.6-002]
CPR 6.3-3
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access shall support service continuity (with minimum service interruption) of a UE-Satellite-UE communication when the communication path between UEs extends to additional satellites (through ISLs).
[PR 5.14.6-003]
CPR 6.3-4
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access shall be able to provide QoS control of a UE-Satellite-UE communication
[PR 5.8.6-001]
CPR 6.3-5
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support different types of UE-Satellite-UE communication (e.g. voice, messaging, broadband, unicast, multicast, broadcast).
[PR 5.8.6-002]
CPR 6.3-6
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access shall support service continuity (with minimum service interruption) of a UE-Satellite-UE communication when one UE communication path moves between a direct network connection via 5G terrestrial access network and an indirect network connection via a relay UE (using satellite access).
NOTE: It is assumed that the 5G terrestrial access network and the satellite access network belong to the same operator.
[PR 5.10.6-002] |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.4 GNSS independent operation & positioning enhancements for satellite access | The potential requirements corresponding to the support of GNSS independent operation & positioning enhancements for satellite access are listed in the table below.
Table 6.4-1 – Consolidated Requirements for GNSS independent operation & positioning enhancements for satellite access
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.4-1
Subject to the regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access shall be able to provide services to an authorized UE independently of the UE’s GNSS capability.
[PR 5.11.6-001] [PR 5.11.6-002]
CPR 6.4-2
Subject to the regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access shall be able to determine the location of a UE using only satellite access (e.g. based on 3GPP positioning technologies, based on the information from reliable and trusted sources) in order to provide services.
[PR 5.11.6-003]
CPR 6.4-3
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policy, a 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support 3GPP positioning methods for UEs using only satellite access.
[PR 5.13.6-001] [PR 5.12.6-001]
CPR 6.4-4
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to provide positioning service to a UE using only satellite access and the information on positioning services (e.g. supported positioning performance).
NOTE: UE can be with or without GNSS capabilities.
[PR 5.12.6-002]
[PR 5.13.6-003]
CPR 6.4-5
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support negotiation of positioning methods, between UE and network, according e.g. to 3GPP RAT and UE positioning capability, the availability of non-3GPP positioning technologies (e.g. GNSS).
[PR 5.13.6-002] |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.5 Other aspects for satellite access | The potential requirements corresponding to the support of enhancements of other aspects of satellite access are listed in the table below.
Table 6.5-1 – Consolidated Requirements for other aspects of satellite access
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.5-1
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support an efficient communication path and resource utilization for a UE using only satellites access, e.g. to minimize the latencies introduced by satellite links involved.
[PR 5.5.6-001]
[PR 5.5.6-002]
[PR 5.15.6-001]
CPR 6.5-2
Subject to regulatory requirements and operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support collection of information on usage statistics and location of the UEs that are connected to the satellite.
[PR 5.9.6-001] |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.6 Security aspects | The potential requirements corresponding to the security aspect are listed in the table below.
Table 6.6-1 – Consolidated Requirements for security aspects
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.6-1
Subject to operator’s policies, a 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to preserve security of the data stored and forwarded.
[PR.5.3.6-002]
[PR.5.1.6-008]
CPR 6.6-2
A 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to support mechanisms to authorize a UE to use the S&F Satellite operation.
[PR.5.3.6-004]
[PR 5.4.6-003]
[PR 5.4.6-002]
[PR 5.1.6-006]
[PR 5.2.6-006]
CPR 6.6-3
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to support mechanisms to authorize the UE-Satellite-UE communication, based on e.g., location information and subscription.
NOTE: UEs can use satellite access directly or via a relay UE (using satellite access assuming that the 5G system with satellite access is authorized to assign spectrum resources for the communication between remote UE and relay UE).
[PR 5.6.6-001]
[PR 5.10.6-001] |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 6.7 Charging aspects | The potential requirements corresponding to the charging aspects are listed in the table below.
Table 6.7-1 – Consolidated Requirements for charging aspects
CPR #
Consolidated Potential Requirement
Original PR #
Comment
CPR 6.7-1
A 5G system with satellite access supporting S&F Satellite operation shall be able to collect charging information per UE or per application (e.g., number of UEs, data volume, duration, involved satellites).
[PR 5.4.6-005]
[PR 5.4.6-006]
CPR 6.7-2
A 5G system with satellite access shall be able to collect charging information for a UE registered to a HPLMN or a VPLMN, for UE-Satellite-UE communication.
[PR 5.6.6-002]
[PR 5.7.6-002] |
1c7e630f4af53df4342c640c46cce842 | 22.865 | 7 Conclusions and recommendations | This technical report identifies several use cases and potential new requirements related to the 5G system with satellite access. The resulting service requirements have been consolidated in clause 6. It is recommended to consider the consolidated requirements identified in this TR as the baseline for the subsequent normative work. Annex A (informative): Store and Forward Satellite operation The Store and Forward Satellite operation in a 5G system with satellite access is intended to provide some level of communication service for UEs under satellite coverage with intermittent/temporary satellite connectivity (e.g. when the satellite is not connected via a feeder link or via ISL to the ground network) for delay-tolerant communication service. An example of “S&F Satellite operation” is illustrated in Figure A-1, in contrast to what could be considered the current assumption for the “normal/default Satellite operation” of a 5G system with satellite access. As shown in Figure A-1: • Under “normal/default Satellite operation” mode, signalling and data traffic exchange between a UE with satellite access and the remote ground network requires the service and feeder links to be active simultaneously, so that, at the time that the UE interacts over the service link with the satellite, there is a continuous end-to-end connectivity path between the UE, the satellite and the ground network. - In contrast, under “S&F Satellite operation” mode, the end-to-end exchange of signalling/data traffic is now handled as a combination of two steps not concurrent in time (Step A and B in Figure A-1). In Step A, signalling/data exchange between the UE and the satellite takes place, without the satellite being simultaneously connected to the ground network (i.e. the satellite is able to operate the service link without an active feeder link connection). In Step B, connectivity between the satellite and the ground network is established so that communication between the satellite and the ground network can take place. So, the satellite moves from being connected to the UE in step A to being connected to the ground network in step B. “Normal/default Satellite operation” mode “S&F Satellite operation” mode Figure A-1: Illustration of “normal/default operation” and “S&F operation” modes in a 5G system with satellite access. The concept of “S&F” service is widely used in the fields of delay-tolerant networking and disruption-tolerant networking. In 3GPP context, a service that could be assimilated to an S&F service is SMS, for which there is no need to have an end-to-end connectivity between the end-points (e.g. an end-point can be a UE and the other an application server) but only between the end-points and the SMSC which acts as an intermediate node in charge of storing and relying. The support of S&F Satellite operation is especially suited for the delivery of delay-tolerant/non-real-time IoT satellite services with NGSO satellites. Annex B (informative): Change history Change history Date Meeting TDoc CR Rev Cat Subject/Comment New version 2022-08 SA1#99e Inclusion of agreed pCRs: S1-222089; S1-222326; S1-222327; S1-222334; S1-222335; S1-222328; S1-222333; S1-222329; S1-222331; S1-222332; S1-222330; S1-222336 0.0.0 2022-11 SA1#100 Inclusion of agreed pCRs: S1-223531; S1-223392; S1-223393; S1-223533; S1-223535; S1-223639; S1-223715; S1-223638 0.2.0 2023-02 SA1#101 Inclusion of agreed pCRs: S1-230475; S1-230673; S1-230674; S1-230469; S1-230139; S1-230470; S1-230656; S1-230141; S1-230472; S1-230785; S1-230676; S1-230669; S1-230670; S1-230679 0.3.0 2023-03 SA#99 SP-230224 MCC clean-up for presentation to SA#99 1.0.0 2023-05 SA1#102 S1-231339 Inclusion of agreed pCRs: S1-231560, S1-231575, S1-231576, S1-231577, S1-231563, S1-231578, S1-231579, S1-231208, S1-231700, S1-231740, S1-231722, S1-231121, S1-231574, S1-231702, S1-231737, S1-231088 1.1.0 2023-06 SA#100 SP-230515 MCC clean-up for approval by SA#100 2.0.0 2023-06 SA#100 SP-230515 Raised to v.19.0.0 by MCC following approval by SA#100 19.0.0 2023-09 SA#101 SP-231025 0001 D Updates in scope, terms and overview 19.1.0 2023-09 SA#101 SP-231025 0002 1 B update of consolidation for TR 22.865 19.1.0 2023-09 SA#101 SP-231026 0003 3 C Updates on use case on Store and Forward-MO for TR 22.865 19.1.0 2023-09 SA#101 SP-231025 0004 3 B update of clause 5.16 19.1.0 2023-12 SA#102 SP-231409 0006 1 D Small editorial fixes to 22.865 19.2.0 |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 1 Scope | The objective of this document is to study the use cases with potential functional and performance requirements to support efficient AI/ML operations using direct device connection for various applications e.g. auto-driving, robot remote control, video recognition, etc.
The aspects addressed in the document includes:
- Identify the use cases for distributed AI inference;
- Identify the use cases for distributed/decentralized model training;
- Gap analysis to existing 5GS mechanism to support the distributed AI inference and model training. |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document.
- References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non‑specific.
- For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
- For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same Release as the present document.
[1] 3GPP TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".
[2] 3GPP TR 22.874, Study on traffic characteristics and performance requirements for AI/ML model transfer in 5GS (Release 18)
[3] 3GPP TS 22.104, Service requirements for cyber-physical control applications in vertical domains
[4] Huaijiang Zhu, Manali Sharma, Kai Pfeiffer, Marco Mezzavilla, Jia Shen, Sundeep Rangan, and Ludovic Righetti, “Enabling Remote Whole-body Control with 5G Edge Computing”, to appear, in Proc. 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.08243.pdf
[5] B. Kehoe, S. Patil, P. Abbeel, and K. Goldberg, “A survey of research on cloud robotics and automation,” IEEE Transactions on automation science and engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 398–409, 2015.
[6] M. Chen, K. Huang, W. Saad, M. Bennis, A. V. Feljan, and H. V. Poor, “Distributed Learning in Wireless Networks: Recent Progress and Future Challenges”IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 39, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2021
[7] M. Chen, H. V. Poor, W. Saad, and S. Cui, “Wireless communications for collaborative federated learning,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 58, no. 12, pp. 48–54, Dec. 2020
[8] Jianmin Chen, Xinghao Pan, Rajat Monga, Samy Bengio, Rafal Jozefowicz, “Revisiting Distributed Synchronous SGD,” arXiv preprint arXiv: 1604.00981, 2016
[9] Shuxin Zheng, Qi Meng, Taifang Wang, Wei Chen, Nenghai Yu, Zhi-Ming Ma, Tie-Yan Liu, “Asynchronous Stochastic Gradient Descent with Delay Compression” arXiv: 1609.08326, 2020
[10] 3GPP TR 21.905: "Service requirements for the 5G system".
[11] Yusuf Aytar, Carl Vondrick, Antonio Torralba: "SoundNet: Learning Sound Representations from Unlabeled Video", 27 Oct 2016.
[12] Iacovos Ioannou et al.: "Distributed Artificial Intelligence Solution for D2D Communication in 5G Networks", 20 Jan 2020.
[13] Pimmy Gandotra et al.: "Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks: A Survey".
[14] Davide Villa et al.: "Internet of Robotic Things: Current Technologies, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions", 15 Jan 2021.
[15] Charles R. Qi et al.: "PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentation", 10 Apr 2017.
[16] 3GPP TS 22.261: "Service requirements for the 5G system".
[17] 3GPP TS 23.303: "Proximity-based services (ProSe); Stage 2".
[18] 3GPP TS 22.104: "Service requirements for cyber-physical control applications in vertical domains; Stage 1".
[19] https://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/software/vgg_face/.
[20] Y. Kang et al., "Neurosurgeon: Collaborative intelligence between the cloud and mobile edge", ACM SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 615–629, 2017.
[21] A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and G. E. Hinton, "ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks", in Proc. NIPS, 2012, pp. 1097–1105.
[22] K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, "Deep residual learning for image recognition", in Proc. IEEE CVPR, Jun. 2016, pp. 770-778.
[23] Zhang Z, Wang S, Hong Y, et al. Distributed dynamic map fusion via federated learning for intelligent networked vehicles[C]//2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2021: 953-959.
[24] https://github.com/open-mmlab/OpenPCDet
[25] To Transfer or Not To Transfer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT, Michael T. Rosenstein, et al.
[26] Wang, J. et al. Easy Transfer Learning by Exploiting Intra-domain Structures. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), pages 1210-1215 IEEE.
[27] Wang K C, Fu Y, Li K, et al. Variational model inversion attacks[J]. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2021, 34: 9706-9719.
[28] Ming-Fang Chang, John Lambert, Patsorn Sangkloy, et. al. Argoverse: 3D Tracking and Forecasting with Rich Maps. arXiv:1911.02620v1 [cs.CV] 6 Nov 2019. |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1].
Proximity-based work task offloading: based on 3rd party’s request, a relay UE receives data from a remote UE via direct device connection and performs calculation of a work task for the remote UE. The calculation result can be further sent to network server. |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
<symbol> <Explanation> |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1].
<ACRONYM> <Explanation> |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 4 Overview | In TR 22.874, three types of AIML operations as below has been described
• AI/ML operation splitting between AI/ML endpoints;
• AI/ML model/data distribution and sharing over 5G system;
• Distributed/Federated Learning over 5G system.
For the phase-2 study, it continues to study how the 5GS can have more gains for each type of AIML operations when leveraging direct device connection. Thus, the following clause 5, 6, and 7 is to capture use cases corresponding to the three types of AIML operations considering the assistance of direct device connection. |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5 Split AI/ML operation between AI/ML endpoints for AI inference by leveraging direct device connection | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1 Proximity based work task offloading for AI/ML inference | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.1 Description | The model splitting is the most significant feature for AI inference. As some R18 use cases in TR 22.874[2] shows, the number of terminal computing layers and the amount of data transmission are corresponding to different model splitting points. For example, as figure 5.1-1 shows, the general trend is that the more layers the UE calculated, the less intermediate data needs to be transmitted to application server. In another word, when UE has low computation capacity (e.g. due to low battery), the application can change the splitting point to let UE calculate fewer layers while increasing the data rate in Uu for transmitting a higher load of intermediate data to network.
However, sometimes the data rate cannot be increased due to radio resource limitation, in such circumstances, UE with low computation capacity needs to offload the computation task to a proximity UE (likely a relay UE) but still keeping the computation service and let the proximity UE to send the calculated data to network. Thus, by offloading the work task using direct device connection, the original UE’s computation load will be released while the data rate in Uu interface will not necessarily be increased either, which leads to a more ideal performance.
Figure 5.1-1. Layer-level computation/communication resource evaluation for an AlexNet model (abstracted from subclause 5.1.1 in TR 22.874) |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.2 Pre-conditions | A UE uses the AI model (AlexNet) for image recognition. As predetermined by application, there are 5 alternative splitting points which are corresponding to intermediate data size and data rate, see reference [13-14] in TR 22.874, while fewer the layers being calculated implies fewer the workload being performed by UE. The specific values are shown in the table below (it is abstracted from clause 5.1 Split AI/ML image recognition in TR22.874).
Table 5.1-1: Required UL data rate for different split points of AlexNet model for video recognition @30FPS (Frame Per Second)
Split point
Approximate output data size (MByte)
Required UL data rate (Mbit/s)
Candidate split point 0
(Cloud-based inference)
0.15
36
Candidate split point 1
(after pool1 layer)
0.27
65
Candidate split point 2
(after pool2 layer)
0.17
41
Candidate split point 3
(after pool5 layer)
0.02
4.8
Candidate split point 4
(Device-based inference)
N/A
N/A |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.3 Service Flows | (a) no task offloading (b) task offloading by UE-B
Figure 5.1-2: Using direct device connection (sidelink) to realize the proximity-based work task offloading. In this case, the data rate on Uu need not be increased while the original UE’s computation load is offloaded
1. As shown in left(a) of Figure 5.1-2, UE-A is doing image recognition using Alexnet Model as described in clause 5.4.2. It selects splitting point-3 for the AI inference.
The E2E service latency (including image recognition latency and intermediate data transmission latency) is 1 second.
2. When the UE-A’s battery becomes low, it cannot afford the heavy work task for the AlexNet model (i.e. calculating layer 1-15 for AlexNet model in local side).
3. Being managed by 5G network, the UE-A discovers UE-B (a Customer Premise Equipment, CPE) which has installed the same model and is willing to take the offloading task from UE-A.
NOTE 1: The 5G network does not store UE-A and UE-B’s location data.
Then UE-A established the sidelink (direct device connection) to UE-B. During the sidelink establishment, the UE-B also gets the information of the total service latency (including the image recognition latency and intermediate data transmission latency) and the processing time consumed by UE-A for computing layer 1-4.
Since the UE-B has acquired the E2E service latency and the processing time consumed by UE-A, and also it knows its own processing time for computing layer 5-15, the UE-B can determine the QoS parameters applied to both Uu and Sidelink while keeping the E2E service latency same as the E2E service latency described in step-1.
NOTE 2: It is assumed that the UE-A and UE-B have the same computation capacity, i.e. the time used for computing the certain AlexNet model layers are the same for UE-A and UE-B. Otherwise, the data rate on Uu and Sidelink may be changed accordingly.
4. The UE-A sends the intermediate data (data after calculating layer 1-4) to UE-B via sidelink and let UE-B make further processing then transmit the intermediate data (data after calculating layer 5-15) to application server via Uu. The specific model layers being computed by UE-A and UE-B are shown in the right(b) in figure 5.1-2.
5. UE-A continues to perform image recognition by leveraging sidelink and UE-B’s computation capacity while the source and destination IP address and the E2E service latency for the image recognition service is unchanged. |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.4 Post-conditions | Thanks to UE-B’s help, the proximity-based work task offloading is performed. By doing so,
- it decreased the UE-A’s work task by letting UE-A to compute fewer layers of AlexNet model, which helps to meet the low battery condition happened to UE-A;
- the UE-B computes the rest of layers which is originally from the UE-A’s work task;
- the mobile network does not need to increase the QoS parameters such as guaranteed data rate because the intermediate data rate transmitted by UE-B is unchanged. |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.5 Existing features partly or fully covering the use case functionality | In TS 22.261 clause 6.9, the description about the direct network connection mode and the indirect network connection mode as well as the service continuity for switching between the two modes have been described. They are summarized as below:
The UE (remote UE) can connect to the network directly (direct network connection), connect using another UE as a relay UE (indirect network connection), or connect using both direct and indirect connections.
The 5G system shall support different traffic flows of a remote UE to be relayed via different indirect network connection paths.
The 5G system shall be able to maintain service continuity of indirect network connection for a remote UE when the communication path to the network changes (i.e. change of one or more of the relay UEs, change of the gNB).
However, there is no proximity-based work task offloading which means that the “relay UE” not only performs the indirect network communication but also performs task computation for the “remote UE”. This may impact the current discovery mechanism, QoS determination on Uu and PC5, and charging aspect. |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.6 Potential New Requirements needed to support the use case | |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.6.1 Potential Functionality Requirements | [P.R.5.1.6-001] The 5G system shall be able to support the means to modify the communication QoS ensuring the end-to-end latency can be satisfied when a relay UE is involved for a proximity-based work task offloading.
NOTE 1: Due to the proximity-based work task offloading, the data size transmitted via sidelink and Uu of the indirect network connection is different
[P.R.5.1.6-002] The 5G system shall be able to collect charging information for proximity-based work task offloading.
[PR.5.1.6-003] The 5G system shall support service continuity when a UE communication path changes between a direct network connection and an indirect network connection, including the case when the data size transmitted over the two connection is different (e.g. for a proximity-based work task offloading). |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.1.6.2 Potential KPI Requirements | Considering the widely-used AlexNet and VGG-16 model for proximity-based work task offloading, the following KPIs need to be supported:
Table 5.1-2 KPI requirements for proximity-based work task offloading
UL data size
(for sidelink)
UL data rate
(for sidelink)
Intermediate data uploading latency (including sidelink+Uu)
Image recognition latency
AlexNet model with 30FPS (NOTE 1)
0.15 - 0.02 Mbyte for each frame
4.8 – 65 Mbit/s
- 2ms for Remote driving, AR displaying/gaming, and remote-controlled robotics;
- 10ms for video recognition;
- 100ms for One-shot object recognition, Person identification, or photo enhancement in smart phone
1s
VGG-16 model with 30FPS
0.1 - 1.5 Mbyte for each frame
24 - 720 Mbit/s
1s
NOTE 1: FPS stands for Frame Per Second |
3b008e4f4eb4734158412e812ecd3c39 | 22.876 | 5.2 Local AI/ML model split on factory robots |
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