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/**
* Waits for JS side of React to be launched and then performs final launching actions.
*/
protected void waitForReactAndFinishLoading() {
if (Constants.isStandaloneApp() && Constants.SHOW_LOADING_VIEW_IN_SHELL_APP) {
ViewGroup.LayoutParams layoutParams = mContainerView.getLayoutParams();
layoutParams.height = FrameLayout.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT;
mContainerView.setLayoutParams(layoutParams);
}
try {
ExperienceActivityUtils.setRootViewBackgroundColor(mManifest, getRootView());
} catch (Exception e) {
EXL.e(TAG, e);
}
this.waitForReactRootViewToHaveChildrenAndRunCallback(() -> {
onDoneLoading();
ErrorRecoveryManager.getInstance(mExperienceId).markExperienceLoaded();
pollForEventsToSendToRN();
EventBus.getDefault().post(new ExperienceDoneLoadingEvent(this));
mIsLoading = false;
});
}
|
#ifndef XSSYNCLINE_H
#define XSSYNCLINE_H
/*! \addtogroup enums Global enumerations
@{
*/
/*! \brief Synchronization line identifiers */
enum XsSyncLine
{
XSL_Inputs, /*!< \brief Value for checking if a line is an input, any item equal to or greater than XSL_Inputs and less than XSL_Outputs is an input */
XSL_In1 = XSL_Inputs, /*!< \brief Sync In 1 \remark Applies to Awinda Station and Mt */
XSL_In2, /*!< \brief Sync In 2 \remark Applies to Awinda Station */
XSL_Bi1In, /*!< \brief Bidirectional Sync 1 In \remark Applies to Xbus Master */
XSL_ClockIn, /*!< \brief Clock synchronisation input \remark Applies to Mk4 */
XSL_CtsIn, /*!< \brief RS232 CTS sync in \remark Applies to Xbus Master */
XSL_GnssClockIn, /*!< \brief Clock synchronisation input line attached to internal GPS unit \remark Applies to Mk4 */
XSL_GpsClockIn = XSL_GnssClockIn, /*!< \brief Clock synchronisation input line attached to internal GPS unit \remark Applies to Mk4 \deprecated */
XSL_ExtTimepulseIn, /*!< \brief External time pulse input (e.g. for external GNSS unit) \remark Applies to Mk4 with external device */
XSL_ReqData, /*!< \brief Serial data sync option, use \a XMID_ReqData message id for this \remark Applies to Mk4*/
XSL_Outputs, /*!< \brief Value for checking if a line is output. Values equal to or greater than this are outputs */
XSL_Out1 = XSL_Outputs, /*!< \brief Sync Out 1 \remark Applies to Awinda Station and Mt */
XSL_Out2, /*!< \brief Sync Out 2 \remark Applies to Awinda Station */
XSL_Bi1Out, /*!< \brief Bidirectional Sync 1 Out \remark Applies to Xbus Master */
XSL_RtsOut, /*!< \brief RS232 RTS sync out \remark Applies to Xbus Master */
XSL_Invalid /*!< \brief Invalid sync setting. Used if no sync line is set */
};
/*! @} */
typedef enum XsSyncLine XsSyncLine;
#endif
|
/* remove the last character from the vstring, or
whoopsie if there is no character to remove. */
void vstring_rubout(struct vstring *vs)
{
if (VSTRING_LEN(*vs) == 0)
error("CPP INTERNAL: vstring underflow");
if (vs->u.in.flag)
--(vs->u.in.len);
else
--(vs->u.out.len);
}
|
Disney’s “Zootopia” cruised to another box office victory this weekend, picking up $50 million and barreling across the $100 million mark domestically.
After two weeks of release, “Zootopia,” the critically acclaimed story of a plucky rabbit policewoman, has earned $142.6 million stateside. In its second weekend, “Zootopia” only dropped 33% — an impressive show of endurance at a time when major releases routinely see their grosses cut in half after a big opening. The animated offering is benefiting from a lack of family fare. It’s been more than six weeks since “Kung Fu Panda 3” landed in theaters and the next big film aimed at younger audiences doesn’t hit until April 15 with “The Jungle Book.”
“Family audiences have been underserved for months, so this movie is perfectly timed to get more bang for the buck,” said Paul Dergarabedian, senior media analyst at comScore.
Despite the continued strength of “Zootopia,” Paramount and Bad Robot’s “10 Cloverfield Lane” was able to connect with audiences, earning $25.2 million from 3,391 locations. That’s a strong return given that the film about a woman who finds herself trapped in a doomsday bunker, waiting out the apocalypse with the neighborhood survivalists, cost $13 million to produce. The studio also kept marketing costs in check, holding off its campaign until eight weeks before the film opening, with its biggest spending coming with a Super Bowl teaser.
Related Film Review: ‘The Brothers Grimsby’
Paramount vice chairman Rob Moore credited Bad Robot chief J.J. Abrams with coming up with the concept for the twisty thriller while he was in production on “Star Wars: The Force Awakens.” He said the key was to make sure that none of the advertisements revealed any of the film’s surprises.
“We wanted to give people just enough clues to keep them excited, interested, and wanting more,” said Moore. “That’s rare in this day and age, when so much [information] is given out so early.”
All was not well with “The Brothers Grimsby.” The Sony spy comedy from Sacha Baron Cohen opened to a terminal $3.2 million from 2,235 locations, raising questions about the comic mind behind “Borat” and “Bruno’s” continued bankability.
“We certainly wanted more,” said Rory Bruer, Sony’s distribution chief. “Sacha is amazing and we love him, and we tried to crack the code on it, but it just didn’t happen for us.”
Cohen’s most recent starring effort, 2012’s “The Dictator,” disappointed with roughly $180 million on a $65 million budget, and he tends to have a long period of time between projects, which may have diminished his popularity. Whatever the case, “The Brothers Grimsby,” with a $35 million budget, ranks as the biggest flop of Cohen’s career. He will try to rebound with a supporting turn in next summer’s “Alice Through the Looking Glass,” a sequel to “Alice in Wonderland.”
Focus’ faith-based play, “The Young Messiah,” had a lackluster launch, debuting to $3.4 million from 1,761 locations. Also opening, Lionsgate’s romance “The Perfect Match,” which unfolded in 925 locations to $4.2 million for the weekend.
In limited release, Bleecker Street’s drone thriller “Eye in the Sky” generated $117,050 from five locations for a $23,410 per-theater average. Roadside Attractions and Sony’s Stage 6 Films also opened “Hello, My Name is Doris,” an off-beat comedy about an older woman (Sally Field) who becomes smitten with a young co-worker, in four screens in New York and Los Angeles, where it pulled in $85,240 for a per-screen average of $21,310.
The domestic box office year-to-date was up more than 9% after last weekend. However, those gains have largely been on the backs of “Star Wars: The Force Awakens,” which opened in 2015, but did more than $400 million worth of business this year, as well as recent hits like “Zootopia,” “Kung Fu Panda 3” and “Deadpool.” That’s led to a severe case of haves and have nots. There have been a litany of wide releases that have stumbled or fallen flat in recent months — a collection of also-runs and bombs that includes “Whiskey Tango Foxtrot,” “Gods of Egypt,” “The 5th Wave,” “Pride & Prejudice & Zombies” and “Eddie the Eagle.”
“It’s a traffic jam out there,” said Dergarabedian. “The marketplace is monumentally overcrowded and there are too many films that don’t have a solid chance to do well.”
|
/**
* Format of address that includes either a simple or a detailed address
*
* <p>Java class for AddressType complex type.
*
* <p>The following schema fragment specifies the expected content contained within this class.
*
* <pre>
* <complexType name="AddressType">
* <complexContent>
* <restriction base="{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}anyType">
* <choice>
* <element name="simpleAddress" type="{http://schemas.nav.gov.hu/OSA/1.0/data}SimpleAddressType"/>
* <element name="detailedAddress" type="{http://schemas.nav.gov.hu/OSA/1.0/data}DetailedAddressType"/>
* </choice>
* </restriction>
* </complexContent>
* </complexType>
* </pre>
*
*
*/
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
@XmlType(name = "AddressType", propOrder = {
"simpleAddress",
"detailedAddress"
})
public class AddressType {
protected SimpleAddressType simpleAddress;
protected DetailedAddressType detailedAddress;
/**
* Gets the value of the simpleAddress property.
*
* @return
* possible object is
* {@link SimpleAddressType }
*
*/
public SimpleAddressType getSimpleAddress() {
return simpleAddress;
}
/**
* Sets the value of the simpleAddress property.
*
* @param value
* allowed object is
* {@link SimpleAddressType }
*
*/
public void setSimpleAddress(SimpleAddressType value) {
this.simpleAddress = value;
}
/**
* Gets the value of the detailedAddress property.
*
* @return
* possible object is
* {@link DetailedAddressType }
*
*/
public DetailedAddressType getDetailedAddress() {
return detailedAddress;
}
/**
* Sets the value of the detailedAddress property.
*
* @param value
* allowed object is
* {@link DetailedAddressType }
*
*/
public void setDetailedAddress(DetailedAddressType value) {
this.detailedAddress = value;
}
}
|
import {IpcService} from "./IpcService";
const ipc = new IpcService();
document.getElementById('request-os-info').addEventListener('click', async () => {
const t = await ipc.send<{ kernel: string }>('system-info');
document.getElementById('os-info').innerHTML = t.kernel;
});
|
import React, {useEffect, useState} from 'react';
import axios from 'axios';
import toastr from 'toastr';
import {Guild} from "./types";
const AdminSettings: React.FC = () => {
const [server, setServer] = useState<string>('');
const [key, setKey] = useState<string>('');
const [value, setValue] = useState<string>('');
const [guilds, setGuilds] = useState<Guild[]>([]);
useEffect(() => {
axios.get('/api/admin/guilds').then(resp => {
setGuilds(resp.data);
});
}, []);
const selectedServer = guilds.find(p => p.id == server);
const onServerChange = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement | HTMLSelectElement>) => {
setServer(e.target.value);
setKey('');
setValue('');
};
const onKeyChange = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement | HTMLSelectElement>) => {
setKey(e.target.value);
if(selectedServer) {
let setting = selectedServer.settings.find(s => s.key == e.target.value);
if(setting) {
if (typeof setting.value == 'object') {
setValue(JSON.stringify(setting.value));
} else {
setValue(setting.value);
}
} else {
setValue('');
}
} else {
setValue('');
}
};
const saveSetting = () => {
axios.patch('/api/admin/setting', {
guild: server,
key: key,
value: value
}).then(resp => {
toastr.success('Setting saved');
setGuilds(resp.data);
})
};
const deleteSetting = () => {
axios.patch('/api/admin/setting', {
guild: server,
key: key,
value: null
}).then(resp => {
toastr.success('Setting deleted!');
setGuilds(resp.data);
setKey('');
setValue('');
})
};
const guildElements = guilds.map(guild => {
return (
<option key={guild.id} value={guild.id}>{guild.name}</option>
)
});
const keyElements = selectedServer? selectedServer.settings.map(setting => {
return (
<option key={setting.id} value={setting.key}>{setting.key}</option>
)
}) : [];
return (
<div className="card">
<div className="card-header">
Admin
</div>
<div className="card-body">
<div className="form-row">
<div className="col-6">
<div className="form-group">
<label htmlFor="server-text"><b>Server ID</b></label>
<input type="text" id="server-text" className="form-control" value={server}
onChange={onServerChange}/>
</div>
</div>
<div className="col-6">
<div className="form-group">
<label htmlFor="server-select"><b>Server</b></label>
<select id="server-select" className="form-control" value={server}
onChange={onServerChange}>
<option value={''}>Select a server</option>
{guildElements}
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div className="form-row">
<div className="col-6">
<div className="form-group">
<label htmlFor="property"><b>Key</b></label>
<input type="text" className="form-control" placeholder="Key" value={key}
onChange={onKeyChange} disabled={!server}/>
</div>
</div>
<div className="col-6">
<div className="form-group">
<label htmlFor="property"><b>Setting</b></label>
<select id="property" className="form-control" value={key}
onChange={onKeyChange} disabled={!server}>
<option value={''}>Select a property</option>
{keyElements}
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div className="form-row">
<div className="col-12">
<div className="form-group">
<label htmlFor="value"><b>Value</b></label>
<textarea className="form-control" onChange={e => setValue(e.target.value)} value={value}
disabled={!key}/>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div className="btn-group">
<input type="button" className="btn btn-success" value={'Save'} onClick={saveSetting}/>
<input type="button" className="btn btn-danger" value={'Delete'} onClick={deleteSetting}/>
</div>
</div>
</div>
)
};
export default AdminSettings;
|
import { Service, PlatformAccessory, CharacteristicValue } from 'homebridge';
import { EspHomeDoorbellPlatform, IEsphomePlatformDevice } from './platform';
import { EspHomeWebApi, EspHomeStateEventData } from './esphome_webapi';
import fetch from 'node-fetch';
import { CameraSource } from './cameraSource';
export interface DoorbellAccessoryContext {
device: IEsphomePlatformDevice;
}
/**
* Platform Accessory
* An instance of this class is created for each accessory your platform registers
* Each accessory may expose multiple services of different service types.
*/
export class DoorbellAccessory {
private service: Service;
private espHomeWebApi: EspHomeWebApi;
private isMute: boolean;
constructor(
private readonly platform: EspHomeDoorbellPlatform,
private readonly accessory: PlatformAccessory<DoorbellAccessoryContext>,
private readonly cameraSource: CameraSource | undefined,
) {
this.espHomeWebApi = new EspHomeWebApi(this.platform.log, accessory.context.device.host, accessory.context.device.port!);
// set accessory information
this.accessory.getService(this.platform.Service.AccessoryInformation)!
.setCharacteristic(this.platform.Characteristic.Manufacturer, 'EspHome')
.setCharacteristic(this.platform.Characteristic.Model, 'ESP8266')
.setCharacteristic(this.platform.Characteristic.Name, accessory.context.device.name!);
if (this.cameraSource) {
this.accessory.configureController(this.cameraSource.getController());
}
// get the Doorbell service if it exists, otherwise create a new Doorbell service
// you can create multiple services for each accessory
this.service = this.accessory.getService(this.platform.Service.Doorbell) || this.accessory.addService(this.platform.Service.Doorbell);
this.espHomeWebApi.stateEvent((event: EspHomeStateEventData) => this.handleEvent(event));
// register handlers for the Mute Characteristic
this.service.getCharacteristic(this.platform.Characteristic.Mute)
.onSet(this.setMute.bind(this))
.onGet(this.getMute.bind(this));
}
private handleEvent(event: EspHomeStateEventData) {
this.platform.log.debug(`[ES][${this.accessory.context.device.name}] State event:`, event);
if (this.isDoorbellButton(event.id)) {
if (event.value) {
this.platform.log.info('Doorbell activated');
this.service.getCharacteristic(this.platform.Characteristic.ProgrammableSwitchEvent)
.updateValue(this.platform.Characteristic.ProgrammableSwitchEvent.SINGLE_PRESS);
}
}
if (this.isDoorbellChimeActiveSwitch(event.id)) {
const isActive = event.value as boolean;
const isMute = !isActive;
this.platform.log.info(`Doorbell chime active changed to ${isActive}`);
this.service.updateCharacteristic(this.platform.Characteristic.Mute, isMute as CharacteristicValue);
this.isMute = isMute;
}
}
async setMute(value: CharacteristicValue) {
this.platform.log.debug('Set Characteristic Mute ->', value);
const isMuting = value as boolean;
const deviceUrl = `http://${this.accessory.context.device.host}:${this.accessory.context.device.port}`;
const requestUrl = isMuting
? `${deviceUrl}/switch/domofon_automatically_open/turn_off`
: `${deviceUrl}/switch/domofon_automatically_open/turn_on`;
fetch(requestUrl, { method: 'POST' })
.then(() => {
this.isMute = isMuting;
})
.catch(err => this.platform.log.error(`Error occurred while changing chime state: ${err}`));
}
async getMute(): Promise<CharacteristicValue> {
this.platform.log.debug('Get Characteristic Mute ->', this.isMute);
return this.isMute;
}
private isDoorbellButton(eventId: string): boolean {
return eventId === 'binary_sensor-domofon_incoming_call';
}
private isDoorbellChimeActiveSwitch(eventId: string): boolean {
return eventId === 'switch-domofon_automatically_open';
}
}
|
// var emptyTM machine.Machine
// var allTM machine.Machine
// var addMarkersTM machine.Machine
// var moveTM machine.Machine
// var addBlankTM machine.Machine
// var starSymTM machine.Machine
// var brokenSymTM machine.Machine
// var starStateTM machine.Machine
// var doNothingTM machine.Machine
func TestNewTuringMachine(t *testing.T) {
for _, tc := range makeTuringMachineTests {
got, _ := two.MakeTuringMachine(tc.trans, tc.start, tc.accept, tc.reject)
_, ok := got.(machine.Machine)
if !ok {
t.Error("Did not create a Turing Machine.")
}
}
}
|
SHORT-TERM DEBT OF THE CORPORATE SECTOR AND ITS IMPACT ON THE STABILITY OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE
The article deals with the economic essence of accounts payable. It is determined that in the process of deformations in the structure of business capital, it acquires the characteristics of a surrogate source of business financing, which in turn creates risks for the stability of Ukraine’s financial system. The authors describe the main trends in the dynamics and structure of accounts payable and define its impact on the growth of debt burden of non-financial corporations in Ukraine at the aggregate level. A comparison of the volume and growth rates of accounts payable in Ukraine and the EU countries is made, which allows to confirm the hypothesis of the introduction of a distorted model of business financing in Ukraine’s corporate sector. The authors point out that one of the reasons for the abnormally high debt dependence in the NFC sector at the aggregate level is the replacement of equity with other current liabilities (including financial loans from associated physical and legal entities), which allowed to establish such a flexible capital structure, which can help rapidly withdraw assets abroad in the event of macro-financial destabilization or other threats of capital loss related to the insecurity of property rights and the prevalence of fiscal voluntarism in Ukraine. The authors conclude that with the overload of balance sheets with short-term debts against the background of a significant reduction in equity leads to a rapid loss of financial stability. At the same time, under the influence of restrictions on activities and other concomitant barriers to doing business due to the global coronavirus pandemic, the financial depletion of the non-financial corporations sector could lead to a wave of corporate bankruptcies. It is concluded that under the influence of narrowing business access to capital in the financial market there is a rapid increase in lending to domestic business by nonresidents, which gives grounds to conclude that in this way domestic business lends itself, using funds previously withdrawn abroad. Further development of these trends not only can be a catalyst for financial imbalances at the level of individual enterprises, but can also provoke a crisis in the foreign exchange market. The authors substantiate that one of the ways to reduce the volume of current debt obligations is to assist the government in transforming the companies’ short-term liabilities into long-term ones. This can be done by converting the companies’ current liabilities into long-term bonds on a voluntary basis using simplified procedures for registration of their issue, and by registering current liabilities to suppliers (for goods and services) as long-term promissory notes.
|
import itertools
import numpy as np
N, M, X = map(int, input().split())
lis_all = [list(map(int, input().split())) for _ in range(N)]
lis_C = np.array(list(map(lambda x: x[0], lis_all)))
lis_A = np.array(list(map(lambda x: x[1:], lis_all)))
row_idx = []
bools = [True,False]
for boollis in itertools.product(bools, repeat=N):
row_idx.append(list(boollis))
c_min = lis_C.sum()+100
for i in range(len(row_idx)):
if all(lis_A[row_idx[i]].sum(axis=0) >= X):
c_min = min(lis_C[row_idx[i]].sum(), c_min)
if c_min > lis_C.sum():
ans = -1
else :
ans = c_min
print(ans)
|
/**
* Rename an environment across all integrations.
*/
@PUT
@Path("environments/{env}")
@Consumes(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public void renameEnvironment(@NotNull @PathParam("env") @Parameter(required = true) String environment,
@NotNull @Parameter(required = true) String newEnvironment) {
environmentHandler.renameEnvironment(environment, newEnvironment);
}
|
<gh_stars>0
package DataStructures;
public class BinarySearchTree {
private BSTNode root;
public Boolean containNode(int value) {
return containRecursiveNode(root, value);
}
public void add(int value) {
setRoot(addRecursive(getRoot(), value));
}
public void delete(int value) {
root = deleteRecursive(root, value);
}
public int findLargestValue() {
return findLargestValue(root);
}
public int findSmallestValue() {
return findSmallestValue(root);
}
public void queryInOrder() {
traverseInOrder(root);
}
public void queryPostOrder() {
traversePostOrder(root);
}
public void queryPreOrder() {
traversePreOrder(root);
}
// In Order: left, current, right
private void traverseInOrder (BSTNode current) {
if (current != null) {
traverseInOrder(current.getLeft());
System.out.print(" " + current.getVal());
traverseInOrder(current.getRight());
}
}
// Pre Order: current, left, right
private void traversePreOrder (BSTNode current) {
if (current != null) {
System.out.print(" " + current.getVal());
traversePreOrder(current.getLeft());
traversePreOrder(current.getRight());
}
}
// Post Order: left, right, current
private void traversePostOrder (BSTNode current) {
if (current != null) {
traversePostOrder(current.getLeft());
traversePostOrder(current.getRight());
System.out.print(" " + current.getVal());
}
}
// Recursive find largest value
private int findLargestValue(BSTNode current) {
return current.getRight() == null ? current.getVal() : findSmallestValue(current.getRight());
}
// Recursive find smallest value
private int findSmallestValue(BSTNode current) {
return current.getLeft() == null ? current.getVal() : findSmallestValue(current.getLeft());
}
// Recursive delete
private BSTNode deleteRecursive(BSTNode current, int value) {
if (current == null) return null;
if (value == current.getVal()) {
if (current.getLeft() == null && current.getRight() == null) return null;
if (current.getLeft() == null) return current.getRight();
if (current.getRight() == null) return current.getLeft();
}
if (value < current.getVal()) {
current.setLeft(deleteRecursive(current.getLeft(), value));
return current;
}
// value > current.getVal()
current.setRight(deleteRecursive(current.getRight(), value));
return current;
}
// Recursively check if containing a Node
private Boolean containRecursiveNode(BSTNode current, int value) {
if (current == null) return false;
if (current.getVal() == value) return true;
return current.getVal() < value
? containRecursiveNode(current.getLeft(), value)
: containRecursiveNode(current.getRight(), value);
}
// Recursively add Node in the tree
private BSTNode addRecursive(BSTNode current, int value) {
if (current == null) return new BSTNode(value);
if (value < current.getVal()) current.setLeft(addRecursive(current.getLeft(), value));
else if (value > current.getVal()) current.setRight(addRecursive(current.getRight(), value));
else return current;
return current;
}
public BSTNode getRoot() {
return root;
}
public void setRoot(BSTNode root) {
this.root = root;
}
}
|
/**
* Commit and rollback commands invokes this method and they are blocked here if the state is PREPARING
*
* @param commit true if it is a commit command, false otherwise
* @return true if the command needs to be processed, false otherwise
* @throws InterruptedException when it is interrupted while waiting
*/
public final synchronized boolean waitUntilPrepared(boolean commit)
throws InterruptedException {
boolean result;
State state = commit ? State.COMMIT_ONLY : State.ROLLBACK_ONLY;
if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
log.tracef("[%s] Current status is %s, setting status to: %s", globalTransaction.globalId(),
transactionState, state);
}
transactionState.add(state);
if (transactionState.contains(State.PREPARED)) {
result = true;
if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
log.tracef("[%s] Transaction is PREPARED", globalTransaction.globalId());
}
} else if (transactionState.contains(State.PREPARING)) {
wait();
result = true;
if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
log.tracef("[%s] Transaction was in PREPARING state but now it is prepared", globalTransaction.globalId());
}
} else {
if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
log.tracef("[%s] Transaction is not delivered yet", globalTransaction.globalId());
}
result = false;
}
return result;
}
|
Increased c-Fos expression in nodose ganglion in rats with electrical vagus nerve stimulation.
BACKGROUND
Central nervous system receives information from the gut and modifies food intake mainly by vagus nerves. Some our data show that long-term electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), which "mimics" satiety signal from gut, may cause reduction of body mass and decrease in food intake.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of chronic vagal stimulation on neurons in the nodose ganglions of vagus nerves, analyzed by c-Fos expression and image analysis.
METHODS
Male Wistar rats (n = 24) were implanted with microstimulator (MS) and kept during the whole study (3 months) on high calorie diet. Sub-diaphragmatic left vagal nerve was stimulated by electrical rectangular pulses duration 10 ms, amplitude 200 mV, frequency 0.05 Hz generated by MS. Twelve rats (6--control and 6--MS implanted) were used for 3-week and 3-month experiments respectively. At the end of experiments the nodose ganglions of both vagus nerves (left and right) were taken, formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens were made. The nodose ganglions neurons were identified by immunochemistry (PGP 9.5 as a marker) and the percentage of c-Fos positive neurons (anti c-Fos as a marker) were evaluated.
RESULTS
Assessment of c-Fos positive neurons in nodose ganglia of vagal nerve showed significant increase in percentage of positive cells in the left nodose ganglion (4.19%) and non significant in the right nodose ganglion (2.64 %) compared to control (1.44%) in 3-week experiment. Data obtained from 3-month experiment were similar: (4.97%; 2.66% and 1.68%) for left, right and control respectively. In both experiments number of c-Fos positive neurons was higher in left vagal ganglion compared to the right ganglion and control. There were no significant differences between 3-week and 3-month experimental groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Increase in c-Fos expression in left nodose ganglion neurons confirms the afferent transmission of the signal (generated by MS) from periphery to the brain by the vagal nerves.
|
import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';
import { DimensionsType } from './../utils/types';
@Component({
selector: 'app-chart',
templateUrl: './chart.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./chart.component.css']
})
export class ChartComponent {
// We want to pass our chart a dimensions object so it can shift our chart bounds
@Input() dimensions: DimensionsType
}
|
def pop(self, key: Key) -> AnyNode:
node = self.find(key)
if node is not NIL:
self.remove(node)
return node
|
/**
* Small utilities for testing
*/
@UtilityClass
public class TestingUtils {
public static void printTime(Runnable runnable) {
val sw = System.nanoTime();
runnable.run();
final double elapsedTime = (System.nanoTime() - sw) / (1e6);
val e = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[2];
val className = e.getClassName();
System.out.printf("Time taken for dispatch in %s::%s : %f ms\n",
className.substring(className.lastIndexOf('.') + 1),
e.getMethodName(),
elapsedTime);
}
public static IntStream loop(int i) {
return IntStream.rangeClosed(1, i);
}
}
|
def compute_output_order(self):
ndim = self.ndim
strides = self.strides
output_order = []
output_order_remaining = [[i] for i in range(ndim)]
for d in reversed(range(ndim)):
if strides[0][d] == "one":
output_order.extend(output_order_remaining[d])
output_order_remaining[d].clear()
for d in reversed(range(ndim)):
if strides[0][d] == "transposed_contiguous":
output_order_remaining[d - 1].extend(output_order_remaining[d])
output_order_remaining[d].clear()
for d in reversed(range(ndim)):
output_order.extend(output_order_remaining[d])
output_order_remaining[d].clear()
assert not self.output_order
self.output_order = output_order
assert sorted(output_order) == list(range(ndim))
|
Pessary cervical and prevention preterm birth based on literature review
Preterm birth is the leading individual cause of global perinatal morbidity and mortality and the leading cause of death and disability in children up to 5 years old in the developed world.1 Cervical insufficiency is one of its causes. Its definition is not fixed. It could correlate to a structural abnormality of the biochemical components of the cervical tissue that prevents the inhibition of its function as sphincter.2 From the clinical point of view the cervical insufficiency is defined as a cervical painless dilation leading to recurrent pregnancy loss in the second term and premature delivery, depending on the specific characteristics of the cervix, in particular cervical length.3
Introduction
Preterm birth is the leading individual cause of global perinatal morbidity and mortality and the leading cause of death and disability in children up to 5 years old in the developed world. 1 Cervical insufficiency is one of its causes. Its definition is not fixed. It could correlate to a structural abnormality of the biochemical components of the cervical tissue that prevents the inhibition of its function as sphincter. 2 From the clinical point of view the cervical insufficiency is defined as a cervical painless dilation leading to recurrent pregnancy loss in the second term and premature delivery, depending on the specific characteristics of the cervix, in particular cervical length. 3 Under normal conditions the length of the cervix is stable between weeks 14 and 28 of gestation. For simple pregnancies from weeks 22 to 24 the distribution is: 15mm (percentile 2); 25mm (percentile 10); 30mm (percentile 50). From weeks 28 to 32 a gradual decrease in cervical length is normal. However, taking all this into account, cervical insufficiency is also defined as a cervical length by transvaginal echography of less than 25mm before week 24 of gestation in a woman with a previous spontaneous premature delivery. 4 The measurement of cervical length in mid pregnancy has been shown to be able to predict accurately preterm delivery. The limitation of screening for the shortened cervix is its low prevalence ranging from 0.9 to 2.3% generally, according to the population and the limit used (under 15, 20 or 25mm). Transvaginal ultrasound is the method of choice to identify patients at higher risk of spontaneous preterm birth and it can be offered to women with risk factors for preterm birth (evidence level II-2B) according to the clinical practice guide by The Canadian Society of Gynecology in 2011. Reliability varies, according to the previous obstetric history, being a better predictor of preterm birth in women with a history of previous spontaneous preterm delivery (sensitivity 70%) than in asymptomatic and low risk women (sensitivity 40%). 5 The gestational age at which the previous preterm birth occurred affects the frequency and rate of shortening in the current pregnancy (level of evidence II-2). The risk of premature labor increases as the length of the cervix decreases. Thus, if the cervix measures less than 15 mm, the risk of premature delivery approaches 50%. One of the hypotheses of cervical insufficiency is that it is due to a mechanical problem, hence the approach to address it has been cervical cerclage or with the pessary. 6
Cervical pessary: mechanism of action
The cervical pessary is a silicone device designed to support the cervix. Its mechanism of action is not clearly established; it could achieve a reduction of the pressure of the uterus on the cervical canal through an alteration of the uterus-cervical angle so that the force of the weight of the uterine contents moves away from the internal cervical canal and is exerted on the back, towards the sacrum. It could also strengthen the immunological barrier between the choroamniotic extravascular space and the vaginal flora. It is an easy-touse, non-invasive, inexpensive tool that does not require anaesthesia and is potentially promising to reduce the risk of premature delivery in patients with risk factors. 2 So it is a possible alternative to cerclage and/or progesterone treatments. It has been used for this purpose since 1950. At the beginning they were designed for genital prolapse and in the 1970s the first ones for use in pregnant women were developed. There are different types (Smith, Hodge, Risser, Hamann, Portex ), but the most recent studies use the Arabin pessary, with the advantage of a European certification (CEO482, MED / CERT I SO9003 / EN46003). It is a flexible silicone ring, available in several sizes. The external diameter varies between 65-70 mm, the internal diameter between 32-35 mm and its height is 17-30 mm. It is perforated to enable the flow of vaginal and cervical secretions. It is built in such a way that the caudal portion of the device surrounds the neck, so it has been said that it can provide an additional benefit by preventing cervical dilation, the deterioration of the mucous plug and the exposure of the membranes. It is associated with a low rate of major complications: only a slight discomfort and an increase of vaginal flow without an increase in the rate of vaginal infection. 7 controlled trials (RCTs) have been published. The intervention is pessary Arabin versus expectant treatment.
A) RCT in single asymptomatic pregnancies with cervix ≤25mm measured by transvaginal echography between week 18-24 +6 of pregnancy: I. Multicenter Spanish study PECEP of 2012 with 385 women with cervix ≤25mm between week 18-22 of gestation in a not selected group of general population. 7 A single pessary size of Arabin (25-65-32mm) was used. The obstetricians who participated carried out sonographic training in the placement of the pessary. The pessary was retired at 37 week. In case of premature rupture of membranes during the study, the pessary remained if there were no signs of chorioamnionitis. The primary outcome was spontaneous preterm labor before week 34. This rate was significantly lower in the pessary group (6% vs 27%), and also in gestations shorter than 28 and 37 weeks. The need for tocolysis or use of glucocorticoids was lower. Neonatal results (3% vs 16%) was also significantly better in the pessary group. The sole adverse effect was an increase in vaginal discharge. The limitation is that it is an open trial and that the rate of premature delivery in the expectant management group was 27%, much higher than the one published previously. They conclude that the cervical pessary is an affordable alternative, safe and effective for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth in a population of women adequately selected for cervical length of the second trimester.
II. RCT published by Hui in 2013 in single pregnancies of asymptomatic women with cervix ≤25mm between week 20-24 with no history of cervical insufficiency or cerclage, in 108 patients. 9 The primary outcome was the same as in the PECEP study but no significant differences were observed in the rate of spontaneous preterm birth before week 34 (9.4% vs. 5.5). The results were discordant with the PECEP study that included populations at higher risk than Hui's Chinese study (19.5% vs. 11% patients with a history of previous preterm birth).
III. European multicenter RCT of Nicolaides 10 in 2016. 935 patients with cervix ≤25mm between weeks 20-24 +6 were recruited. Those having cervix ≤15mm at the start or during the study, received also 200mg vaginal progesterone up to week 33 +6 (45% of the total) regardless of whether they had a pessary or not. The primary outcome was the rate of spontaneous preterm birth before week 34 and there were not significant differences (12% vs. 10.8% in the control group). The results also did not vary in the analysis by subgroups when adjusted for cervical length, use of progesterone or antibiotic treatment for vaginal infection or obstetric history. Secondary outcomes of neonatal and perinatal morbidity and mortality do not differ with the use of the pessary. However, there was a significant increase in vaginal discharge. The rate of spontaneous preterm birth before week 34 was 11%, higher than the expected 6%. It seems that there was a bias of participation in pregnant women with shortened cervix. The decision to use progesterone could mitigate the effect of the pessary in patients with cervix <15mm and its high rate of pessary withdrawal before week 34 (24.5%) could explain the discordant results between this study by Nicolaides and the PECEP study.
B) Randomized controlled trials in multiple pregnancies I. ProTwin 11 Study in 2013 in 40 hospitals in the Netherlands, in a general population of asymptomatic multiple pregnancies (98% twins and 2% triplets) regardless of cervical length, between weeks 16-22. 808 patients took part in the study. The primary outcome was deficient perinatal outcome and it did not differ significantly in both groups (13% vs. 14% in the control group). Among the secondary results that were analysed, the rate of premature delivery before 37, 32 and 28 weeks, was similar in both groups. An analysis of rheumatism by subgroups was made when the cervix was shorter than 38mm. In them the deficient perinatal result was lower in the pessary group in a significant way, also the median gestational age at delivery was higher and the pessary significantly reduced the risk of preterm birth in pregnancies below 28 and 32 weeks of gestation. They conclude that the use of the pessary is not relevant in an asymptomatic general population of multiple pregnancies but the subgroup of patients with cervix shorter than 38mm should be featured in future studies. With the same database another multivariant analysis 12 was carried out, looking for other characteristics, either maternal or having to do with the pregnancy at the beginning, that could improve the identification of women more likely to benefit from the placement of the pessary. The result was that a short cervix, monochorionicity and nulliparity were predictive factors of a benefit in the insertion of the pessary for an adverse perinatal outcome. They suggest that their multivariant model to identify women who would benefit most from the pessary is superior to a strategy based solely on cervical length. External validation is necessary in future studies in the area.
II. PECEP-TWINS study by Goya. 13 RCT that includes 137 asymptomatic twin gestations in 5 hospitals in Spain, regardless of their obstetric history and with cervix ≤25mm between 18-22 weeks. The protocol was similar to the PECEP study. They also devised a new ultrasound technique for measuring the cervix with the pessary in situ. They did not remove the pessary if there was premature membrane rupture in the absence of chorioamnionitis. The rate of spontaneous preterm birth in gestations shorter than 34 weeks was significantly lower in the pessary group (16.2% vs. 39.4%). The cumulative percentage of patients who spontaneously gave birth before 34 weeks was significantly greater in the pessary group. The tocolysis and the glucocorticoids were used less, but the differences were not significant; there were no significant differences in neonatal morbidity and mortality. There were no significant maternal adverse effects, although there was a significantly higher rate of vaginal discharge. There were no differences in the rate of premature delivery before weeks 28 or 37. They conclude that in twin pregnancies selected by short cervix the placement of the pessary in week 22 reduces the rate of spontaneous premature delivery in gestations shorter than 34 weeks.
III. RCT by Nicolaides 14 in 2016 carried out in 23 European hospitals, in an unselected general population of asymptomatic multiple pregnancies, regardless of the length of the cervix measured at week 20-24 +6 . It includes 1180 pregnant women. There were no significant differences in the rate of preterm delivery before 34 weeks (13.6% vs. 12.9%) or perinatal death (3.4% vs. 30.7%), low weight < 2500g (77.2% vs. 0.1% 69) or adverse neonatal event (15.2% vs. 11.9%). Given that they were patients not selected for cervical length, the medians of that length at the time of randomization was 32mm; so the subgroup analysis with short cervix (≤ 25mm which were only 18% of the sample) showed no benefit with the colocation of the pessary with a rate of premature birth in gestations shorter than 34 weeks (31.1% vs. 25.9%).
They conclude that, both for unselected twin populations and in the short cervix subgroup, the placement of the pessary does not reduce the rate of spontaneous preterm birth or improve the neonatal outcomes. The limitations of this study are that it is open and the researchers who placed the pessary did not receive training to do so (they did for the ultrasound). These three studies and well designed, but there is heterogeneity among them, which could explain the difference in their results. The PECEP-Twins trial refers to selected population with short cervix and twin pregnancies, whereas the results for twins with short cervix in the ProTwin and Nicolaides studies, came out from a subgroup analysis outside the original design. In the ProTwin trial the median length of the cervix was 44mm (only 1% measured <25mm), whereas in the Nicolaides study it was 32 mm and 18% with cervix ≤ 25mm.
There are at the moment up to 9 multicenter RCT being carried out, one in France (Pesar-One PHR (2013)) in twin gestations with cervix <35mm. Their results will help us to clarify whether or not there is scientific evidence for the use of the Arabin pessary in the prevention of premature birth.
Use of the pessary as a single treatment compared or in combination with other methods
Given that no isolated intervention has been definitively effective in the prevention of premature birth, studies have been designed with combined treatments:
Progesterone versus pessary
RCT of Karbasian,15 in 2016, in 144 single pregnancies with cervix ≤25mm between 18-22 weeks of pregnancy. 400 mg vaginal progesterone daily are compared to the use of the pessary Arabin plus porgesterone, using 6 available sizes, according to the patient. The primary outcome was premature birth before 37 weeks and the secondary outcome premature delivery under 26, 32 and 34 weeks, as well as low birth weight under 2500g, premature membrane rupture, chorioamnionitis or admission to the neonatal ICU. There were no significant differences in any of the results sought. The combined treatment had no additional benefit over vaginal progesterone alone to prevent premature delivery. i. Quadruple P study of the Netherlands 17 proposed in 2017. It is still underway and will compare 200mg vaginal progesterone and Arabin pessary, for the prevention of preterm birth in asymptomatic women with short cervix ≤ 35 mm between weeks 18-22 in single pregnancies and in multiple pregnancies (not only twin gestations) between 16-22 weeks and short cervix <38mm. The primary result will be the combined adverse outcome of perinatal mortality and morbidity. They also plan to conduct a subgroup analysis based on the length of the cervix <25mm vs ≥25mm, parity, previous preterm birth, chorionicity and number of fetuses.
ii. Pessary versus cerclage
The cerclage is effective but it is not free of risks. The pessary is easy, simple and safe. There is no evidence available to date. The PC study 18 has been designed recently in the Netherlands. It is an open multicenter RCT, to compare cervical pessary versus cerclage in single pregnancies with short cervix and antecedent of preterm birth before 34 weeks, based either on the diagnosis of cervical insufficiency or previous preterm birth and cervix ≤ 25mm. The hypothesis is that the Arabin pessary will be as effective as cerclage. Women with primary indication of cerclage due to a diagnosis of cervical insufficiency and those with cervix ≤25mm before 24 weeks who would be candidates for a secondary cerclage, are eligible to participate. They will be randomly assigned to receive cerclage or Arabin pessary. Both will be placed before 24 weeks or 16 weeks in case of primary intervention. They also plan to conduct a subgroup analysis based on primary or secondary indication of cerclage, number of previous preterm births, length of the cervix 19 .
iii. Cerclage versus pessary versus vaginal progesterone
Currently it is not possible to advise women at high risk of preterm birth and short cervix which of the three is the best treatment. In the retrospective study of Alfirevic 13 in 2013 there were no differences in outcomes except a lower rate of preterm birth in pregnancies shorter than 34 weeks in the pessary group. It was necessary to design a randomized controlled trial, the open multicenter study SuPPoRT 20 in the United Kingdom that will evaluate if the 3 interventions are equally effective to prevent premature birth in asymptomatic women with single pregnancies and short cervix <25mm, randomized between 14 and 23 +6 weeks. The primary outcome will be premature labor before week 37. It will answer the dilemma of which is the most effective method. The women will be at high risk for having cervix <25mm and a previous history of pre-mature birth, premature rupture of the membrane before week 37 or conization history. The cerclage will be reserved at the time of randomization and the pessary will be removed in week 37. 200mg vaginal progesterone will be administered daily until week 34 and the pessary will be withdrawn in week 37. An analysis of inflammatory biomarkers will also be performed before the intervention. The analysis of whether the response to the intervention is related to the previous biomarker status can help us identify subgroups of women who respond differently to each treatment and allow us to choose it more specifically for each woman.
What evidence do the meta-analyses show us?
The latest 3 meta-analyses published in 2017, pessary versus expectant management in the prevention of preterm labour are those of Saccone et al., 21 in single gestations with short cervix, in twin gestations, 22 The meta-analysis of Saccone 21 in single gestation with short cervix ≤ 25mm includes 1420 women (20-24 +6 weeks of gestation). They come from the analysis of previous 3 RCTs. 7,9,10 In all of them the Arabin pessary was used. In two studies only the pessary was used as intervention (PECEP and Hui), and Nicolaides added 200mg vaginal progesterone up to week 33 +6 if the cervix was ≤ 15mm. The primary outcome was the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth before week 34 and the secondary outcomes, among others, the spontaneous preterm delivery rate before weeks 37, 32 and 28, maternal secondary effects and neonatal outcomes. No result was statistically significant in favor of the use of the pessary except for a significantly higher risk of vaginal discharge. Although they planned the analyses by subgroups of patients according to whether they had had a previous spontaneous premature delivery or not, or different cutoff points according to the length of the cervix, this sub-analysis was not possible. They concluded with a level of evidence I that the data available up to date point to a lack of efficiency of the Arabin pessary in pregnancies with single fetus and short cervix. While this conclusion is in contrast with the Cochrane review 24 of 2013, this review only includes one RTC, the 2012 PECEP. Therefore, the metaanalysis by Saccone is more reliable sice it includes all the RTCs available to date. This meta-analysis has limitations because none of the studies were double-blind; more than 50% of women came from a single study. 10 In addition, there is a discordant rate of spontaneous premature birth (26.8 % in Goya, highly above the published rate) and the small number of RCTs did not allow a meta-analysis stratified by subgroups. Saccone analyzes the reasons why the pessary was more effective in the PECEP study, 7 a specific training in the insertion of the pessary. Nicolaides 10 included many centers, some with few cases and little training in the insertion of pessaries. Also, in this study (with the largest number of cases) there were more women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth in comparison with the PECEP study, 7 so Saccone concludes that the pessary could be more effective in simple pregnancies with short cervix and without previous spontaneous premature delivery. To clarify this point further studies are needed. The meta-analysis of individual patients data will clarify whether the cervical pessary can be beneficial in subgroups such as single pregnancies with or without previous spontaneous premature birth, or at different cutoff points according to the length of the cervix.
Saccone meta-analysis in twin gestations. 22 It includes the 3 RCTs published to date. 11,12,14 The methodology is identical to that of single gestations, with the same primary and secondary results. They also tried to conduct a subgroup analysis of twins with and witout previous spontaneous preterm birth and with cervix ≤ 25mm and ≤ 20mm, which was not possible. 3 studies included twin gestations with and without previous spontaneous preterm birth and only the PECEP-TWIN study included twin pregnancies with short cervix ≤ 25mm; while the other two RTCs included twin gestations not selected by the length of the cervix. Hence in the Saccone meta-analysis only the cases from these 3 studies that had short cervix were included. A total of 481 twin gestations. The use of the pessary in twin pregnancies with short cervix at 16-24 weeks was not associated with the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth before weeks 37, 34, 32 and 28. There were no differences in secondary outcomes, so we lack evidence to support the efficacy of the Arabin pessary in twin gestations with short cervix between weeks 16-24. The limitation of the meta-analysis is due to the availability of only 3 RCTs, which made it impossible to perform the analysis of sub groups and since the PECEP-TWIN concluded in the effectiveness of the pessary in twin with short cervix, the discrepancy of result is explained in the same way as in the meta-analysis of the single gestations, so the pessary could be effective in twin gestations with previous spontaneous preterm birth and short cervix whenever the results by subgroups could be analyzed.
The meta-analysis from Jim et al., 23 includes 8 studies, the 6 RCTs published to date 13,14 plus the 2003 Arabin study , 25 and the 2016 Di Tomasso 26 in twin gestations. The intervention is pessary to prevent premature births in risk pregnancies (short cervix, insufficiency, twins, etc) versus the control group with expectant or medical treatment. The comparison of gestational age at the time of delivery at 28, 32, 34 and 37 weeks showed no significant differences, but the analysis of the mean gestational age at the time of delivery did reach significant differences. When comparing the use of tocolytics and corticoids, the use of the pessary reduced both rates significantly. No differences were observed regarding the risk of premature membrane rupture (4 of the 8 studies were included). Regarding neonatal outcomes, there was no statistical significance. In the analysis by subgroups of twin pregnancies or single pregnancies, in terms of gestational age at delivery and neonatal outcomes, there were no significant differences either. An analysis of the rate of premature birth in different gestational ages was performed. The heterogeneity in the results was due to the fact that the inclusion criteria of each study of the 8 was not identical in terms of gestational weeks, cervix length, parity, single or twin gestation, so the analysis was reduced to the subgroups of gestational age at the time of delivery at 28 and 34 weeks and showed that the pessary did not reduce preterm birth in these weeks. Therefore, this meta-analysis only concludes that the use of the cervical pessary can reduce the use of corticoids and tocolytics during the pregnancy. There were no differences in neonatal complications and the results did not improve in neither the analysis of twin or unique subgroups.
Jarde published two meta-analyses in July 2017: one on the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancies using progesterone, pessary or cerclage. 27 It includes RCTs that use any of these strategies or the combination in asymptomatic twins. It includes 23 studies with 6626 patients. The primary outcomes were premature delivery rate before 34 and 37 weeks and neonatal mortality. None of the general interventions was beneficial for the prevention of preterm birth and its sequelae. Vaginal progesterone improved some important secondary outcomes in women in general and with short cervix but this author considers that additional research is required to reduce the risks of premature birth and its sequelae in twin pregnancies, including the use of combinations of therapies. In the other identical meta-analysis by Jarde but in single pregnancies 28 (36 trials with 9425 patients), progesterone was the best intervention. The pessary showed an inconsistent benefit and the cerclage was not effective as a preventive measure.
What evidence do the major revisions show us?
The lastest Cochrane 8 review from 2013 only includes the PECEP study. Despite the beneficial result in favor of the pessary according to this study, he concludes that more studies are needed in different settings and with different risk factors.The UPTODATE review 29 of May 2018 regarding premature birth, risk factors and reduction strategies: in unselected twin pregnancies, progesterone supplementation, use of the pessary, cerclage, bed rest or reduction of physical activity does not prolong pregnancy. In twin pregnancies with previous preterm birth or short cervix, the use of supplemental progesterone or a pessary is controversial. In single pregnancies, if short cervix ≤ 25mm in week 18-24 and there is no history of preterm delivery a pessary is not prescribed, as the body of evidence does not support its use to prolong pregnancy or improve neonatal outcome. Also the UPTODATE review of May 2018 in reference to cervical insufficiency 4 considers the pessary an ineffective, not approved intervention. This is because the latest meta-analysis published do not support its use. The June 2018 review on measuring cervical length as a predictor, 30 recommends not to carry out this test in twin gestations because no intervention has proven to be beneficial to prevent preterm birth in twin gestations with short cervix (GRADE 2C). For single pregnancies without premature labor and cervical ≤ 25 mm vaginal progesterone (GRADE 2C) is suggested. The cerclage does not prevent premature birth in this population and the pessary has not been adequately studied. The specific review of May 2018 regarding twin pregnancy 29 considers the pessary an untested intervention in both unselected twins and those with cervix ≤ 25 mm and does not advise patients to use the pessary because no significant improvement has been shown in composite neonatal morbidity. No intervention has been shown to be effective in reducing the rate of premature birth in twins. 31
Recommendations of scientific societies
a. The SOGC 32 in its latest guide of 2011, regarding evaluation of cervical ultrasound length in the prediction of premature births, does not make a single reference to the pessary, and, on the contrary, it does to other preventive measures such as progesterone or cerclage. In asymptomatic and high risk women, due to the lack of proven effective interventions (without specifying what they are), the evaluation of routine cervical transvaginal length is not recommended (evidence level II-2E).
b. The ACOG 33 in its 2017 guide to interventions on premature birth does not mention preventive strategies, it only refers to prenatal treatment with corticoids.
reviews in
March 2017 the role of the cervical pessary in clinical practice. The FDA does not have a device approved as a cervical pessary for the prevention of premature birth, although it does have them approved with indications of genital prolapse. The Arabin pessary is not approved for sale in the US under any indication and can only be used within an RCT, so the guide concludes that at this time there is no conclusive evidence that the use of the cervical pessary, including that of Arabin, lowers the rate of premature delivery or improves maternal or fetal outcomes for women at high risk of preterm labor. It recommends that the placement of the cervical pessary in pregnancy be used only in the context of a clinical trial or research protocol.
d. The NICE Guideline of October 2016, on care and strategies in women with single pregnancy and risk or symptoms or signs of premature birth, considers vaginal progesterone or prophylactic cerclage (and does not refer to the pessary).
e. The 2017 Australian and New Zealand guide says that cervical evaluation between week 18-24 is useful to identify women at higher risk of preterm birth who may benefit from interventions such as vaginal progesterone or cerclage, without naming the pessary.
f. The French guide of December 2016 recommends: in single asymptomatic pregnancy with no history or risk factors and short cervix between week 16-24 vaginal progesterone (GRADE B); Cerclage if history of at least 3 late spontaneous miscarriages or premature births (GRADE A). In single gestation, examination with transvaginal ultrasound between week 16-22 if there is a history of premature delivery before week 34, to apply cerclage if cervix <25 mm before 24 weeks (GRADE C). The pessary is not recommended for the prevention of preterm birth in a general population of asymptomatic women with twin pregnancy (GRADE A) and in populations of asymptomatic women with short cervix (professional advice).
Conclusion
Despite the initial expectations in favor of the use of the pessary as a non-invasive, cheap and effective method to prevent premature birth, to date, neither the best designed studies nor the meta-analyses that analyse them, support with scientific evidence the use of the Arabin pessary both in single pregnancies and in multiple gestations. The main scientific societies today do not include it as a preventive strategy in their clinical practice guidelines. Its use for the time being should be restricted to clinical trials, many of which are underway. The analysis of inflammatory biomarkers, in combination with the cervical length of the second term, as well as other risk factors and the analysis by subgroups of these patients in large multicentre trials, will allow us to define what is the real effectiveness of the Arabin pessary as a preventive strategy in preterm birth, alone or in combination with other strategies.
|
/// Consumes the expected byte, gives the given error if it is something else.
pub fn expect<E: Eoi>(&mut self, expected: u8, err: E) -> Result<(), Error<E>> {
let pos = self.position();
if self.next()? == expected {
Ok(())
} else {
self.fail_at_position(err, pos)
}
}
|
<reponame>SamanKhamesian/ACM-ICPC-Problems
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int n, ans[20];
bool isPrime(int number)
{
for (int i = 2; i * i <= number; i++)
{
if (number % i == 0)
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
void backtrack(bool visit[20], int ind, int cur)
{
ans[ind] = cur;
if (ind == n && isPrime(1 + ans[ind]))
{
cout << ans[1];
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++)
{
cout << " " << ans[i];
}
cout << endl;
}
if (cur % 2 == 1)
{
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i += 2)
{
if (!visit[i] && isPrime(i + cur))
{
visit[i] = true;
backtrack(visit, ind + 1, i);
visit[i] = false;
}
}
}
else
{
for (int i = 3; i <= n; i += 2)
{
if (!visit[i] && isPrime(i + cur))
{
visit[i] = true;
backtrack(visit, ind + 1, i);
visit[i] = false;
}
}
}
}
int main()
{
int ccc = 1;
ios::sync_with_stdio(0);
while (cin >> n)
{
if (ccc != 1)
{
cout << endl;
}
cout << "Case " << ccc << ":" << endl;
bool visit[20];
memset(visit, 0, sizeof visit);
memset(ans, 0, sizeof ans);
backtrack(visit, 1, 1);
ccc++;
}
}
|
<filename>pkg/lib/oauth/oidc/id_token.go
package oidc
import (
"time"
"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/jwa"
"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/jwk"
"github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/jwt"
"github.com/authgear/authgear-server/pkg/api/model"
"github.com/authgear/authgear-server/pkg/lib/authn"
"github.com/authgear/authgear-server/pkg/lib/config"
"github.com/authgear/authgear-server/pkg/lib/session"
"github.com/authgear/authgear-server/pkg/util/clock"
"github.com/authgear/authgear-server/pkg/util/jwkutil"
"github.com/authgear/authgear-server/pkg/util/jwtutil"
)
type UserProvider interface {
Get(id string) (*model.User, error)
}
type IDTokenIssuer struct {
Secrets *config.OIDCKeyMaterials
Endpoints EndpointsProvider
Users UserProvider
Clock clock.Clock
}
// IDTokenValidDuration is the valid period of ID token.
// It can be short, since id_token_hint should accept expired ID tokens.
const IDTokenValidDuration = 5 * time.Minute
func (ti *IDTokenIssuer) GetPublicKeySet() (*jwk.Set, error) {
return jwkutil.PublicKeySet(&ti.Secrets.Set)
}
func (ti *IDTokenIssuer) IssueIDToken(client config.OAuthClientConfig, s session.Session, nonce string) (string, error) {
claims, err := ti.LoadUserClaims(s)
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
now := ti.Clock.NowUTC()
_ = claims.Set(jwt.AudienceKey, client.ClientID())
_ = claims.Set(jwt.IssuedAtKey, now.Unix())
_ = claims.Set(jwt.ExpirationKey, now.Add(IDTokenValidDuration).Unix())
for key, value := range s.SessionAttrs().Claims {
_ = claims.Set(string(key), value)
}
if nonce != "" {
_ = claims.Set("nonce", nonce)
}
jwk := ti.Secrets.Set.Keys[0]
signed, err := jwtutil.Sign(claims, jwa.RS256, jwk)
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
return string(signed), nil
}
func (ti *IDTokenIssuer) LoadUserClaims(s session.Session) (jwt.Token, error) {
user, err := ti.Users.Get(s.SessionAttrs().UserID)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
claims := jwt.New()
_ = claims.Set(jwt.IssuerKey, ti.Endpoints.BaseURL().String())
_ = claims.Set(jwt.SubjectKey, s.SessionAttrs().UserID)
_ = claims.Set(string(authn.ClaimUserIsAnonymous), user.IsAnonymous)
_ = claims.Set(string(authn.ClaimUserIsVerified), user.IsVerified)
return claims, nil
}
|
from collections import deque
N = int(input())
ans = 0
A = "357"
Q = deque(["3","5","7"])
while Q:
q = Q.pop()
x = int(q)
if x>N:continue
if len(set(q))==3:ans+=1
for a in A:
Q.append(q+a)
print(ans)
|
def start_service(self, service_name, scale=1):
LOGGER.info("Starting service %s (scale: %d)", service_name, scale)
start_service_options = copy.deepcopy(self.options)
start_service_options[OPT_SERVICE] = [service_name]
start_service_options[OPT_SCALE] = ["%s=%d" % (service_name, scale)]
cmd = self.top_level_command_from_options(start_service_options)
cmd.up(start_service_options)
|
<filename>src/main/java/com/netuitive/iris/client/event/NetuitiveIngestEventRestClient.java
package com.netuitive.iris.client.event;
import com.netuitive.iris.client.APIKeyRestClient;
import com.netuitive.iris.client.request.GenericRequest;
import com.netuitive.iris.client.utils.HttpMethod;
import com.netuitive.iris.entity.event.ingest.IngestEvent;
import java.util.List;
/**
*
* @author john.king
*/
public class NetuitiveIngestEventRestClient extends APIKeyRestClient implements NetuitiveIngestEventClient {
public static final String INGEST_EVENTS_ENDPOINT = "/ingest/events";
public NetuitiveIngestEventRestClient(String apiKey) {
super(apiKey);
}
public NetuitiveIngestEventRestClient(String scheme, String host, String apiKey) {
super(scheme, host, apiKey);
}
@Override
public void ingest(List<IngestEvent> events) {
String path = INGEST_EVENTS_ENDPOINT + "/" + this.getApiKey();
this.send(new GenericRequest(HttpMethod.POST, path)
.withBody(events));
}
}
|
Square Enix Supply Sale On GOG
Square Enix is having a sale on GOG with some games up to 75% off. The sale will last only for the weekend of April 4 through April 7. Games included in the sale are the classic Thief series, Legacy of Kain series, the first two Hitman games before the series was canceled, and many more. All of the games included in the sale are under $4, marking this sale one of the best of the year.
The full list of games and prices are included below:
Thief Gold-$3.49
Thief 2: The Metal Age-$3.49
Thief 3: Deadly Shadows-$3.49
Startopia-$1.49
Anachronox-$1.49
Omikron: The Nomad Soul-$2.49
Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver-$1.49
Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 2-$1.49
Legacy of Kain: Blood Omen 2-$1.49
Legacy of Kain: Defiance-$1.49
Gangsters: Organized Crime-$1.49
Deus Ex: GOTY Edition-$3.99
Deus Ex 2: Invisible War-$3.99
Tomb Raider 1/2/3-$3.99
Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation & Chronicles-$3.99
Tomb Raider: Angel of Darkness-$3.99
Hitman: Codename 47-$2.39
Hitman 2: Silent Assassin-$3.99
Pandemonium!-$1.49
Pandemonium 2-$1.49
Project Eden-$1.49
Daikatana-$1.49
Total Overdose: A Gunslinger’s Tale In Mexico-$2.39
Urban Chaos-$1.49
Conflict: Desert Storm-$1.49
Deathtrap Dungeon-$1.49
All of the games on the Square Enix Supply sale are for the PC only. Sorry Mac and Linux users, at least you guys have a lot coming in the year.
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|
// Status returns the status of segment.
func (s *segment) status() Status {
s.lock.RLock()
defer s.lock.RUnlock()
return *s.Status
}
|
YOU COULD mount a case for about half a dozen different Greater Western Sydney players as their best player, but Dylan Shiel ticks some significant boxes.
The powerful, hard-running 24-year-old midfielder would seem to be in the prime of his career and is now one of the most reliable performers in the AFL.
Voted by his fellow players as the No.24 player in this year's AFL Players' Top 50, Shiel is among the competition leaders in consistency for disposals, contested possessions and uncontested possessions.
• Who's next? Check out the rest of the AFL Players' Top 50 as they are revealed
He is also a critical part of the Giants' centre bounce set-up, and is the second-most influential player in the AFL for attendances at centre clearances (that is, when he is present in the square, the Giants tend to get the footy).
Dylan Shiel's 2016
23 games 27.8 average disposals Seven Brownlow votes Sixth in club best and fairest Most consistent ballwinner in the AFL* Sixth in AFL for metres gained
*According to Champion Data's consistency ranking for the top 20 ball-winners.
But let's not be blinded just by the rankings, as impressive as they are. Shiel brings a swagger to the way he plays. He has been with the Giants from the very start. Heck, he even played those pre-season games in 2011 when the Giants were 12 months away from entering the AFL.
He lined up on fellow Caulfield Grammarian Chris Judd and he did well.
Powerful and consistent, Dylan Shiel could be set to explode in 2017. Picture: AFL Photos
But Shiel was there for the early days of the routine beltings from the likes of Hawthorn and others. It smarted at the time, but they were parked in the memory bank and as the Giants continue to grow and evolve and become a harder, more experienced unit, they're relishing dishing out a few thrashings of their own.
GWS now bats incredibly deep and have stars across every line, but Shiel has become a leading barometer of the side. When he plays well, they win. And the Giants win most weeks.
- Ashley Browne
25. Nick Riewoldt
St Kilda
Forward
Last year's ranking: 25
Official AFL Player Rating: 157
Debut: 2001
Games: 319
AFL Fantasy value: $667,000
It's hard to comprehend what this man is still able to do on the football field. He looked shot a few years ago after knee troubles but they are no longer apparent. A move to the wing last year proved successful, with Riewoldt leading the AFL in marks. His aerial prowess, combined with his size and elite tank, make it almost impossible for opposing coaches to quell his influence. Despite the positional change, the former captain did plenty of damage on the scoreboard in 2016, with 41 goals to his name.
24. Dylan Shiel
GWS
Midfielder
Last year's ranking:
Official AFL Player Rating: 19
Debut: 2012
Games: 87
AFL Fantasy value: $591,000
23. Todd Goldstein
North Melbourne
Ruckman
Last year's ranking: 12
Official AFL Player Rating: 6
Debut: 2008
Games: 171
AFL Fantasy value: $582,000
Last year was something of a disappointment for Goldstein, based on his own lofty standards. He carried a knee injury through the second half of the season and it hampered his play. When the 2015 All Australian is in top form, he is probably the best ruckman in the game. He wins the ball around the ground, was second in the competition for hit-outs last year and can take a mark as well. An ankle injury has hampered his preparation but there is no doubt Goldstein will continue to be one of North's most important players.
22. Callan Ward
GWS
Midfielder
Last year's ranking:
Official AFL Player Rating: 21
Debut: 2008
Games: 167
AFL Fantasy value: $579,000
Renowned as one of the competition's toughest players, the GWS co-captain has continued his steady climb up the top 50 rankings following another consistent campaign. Ward failed to finish in the Giants' top three in the best and fairest for the first time last year – a sign of the developing talent around him – but led from the front with his uncompromising attack on the ball. He ranked second at the club for contested possessions (11.4) and clearances (5.5), and third for tackles (4.5). Many expect the inspirational skipper to be hoisting the premiership cup on the last Saturday in September.
21. Matt Priddis
West Coast
Midfielder
Last year's ranking:
Official AFL Player Rating: 16
Debut: 2006
Games: 219
AFL Fantasy value: $623,000
Others struggled around him, but the midfield warrior just kept on keeping on last season – despite playing with two bulging discs in his back late in the campaign. Priddis averaged 27 disposals, only slightly fewer than during his 2014 Brownlow Medal year (28.5), while his clearance work remained elite and he led the AFL for tackles. West Coast fans are salivating at the prospect of seeing how Priddis' chemistry with former Hawthorn champion Sam Mitchell develops throughout 2017.
Catch up
• 50-41: Tough-as-nail Demon's time arrives
• 40-36: Magpie Treloar soars in the spotlight
• 35-31: What rising Blue Patrick Cripps still needs to improve
• 30-26: Baby Bomber Zach Merrett's next challenge
Who's next?
• Check out the rest of the AFL Players' Top 50 as they are revealed
• Breakout stars: The players name the seven most likely to explode
• Who topped the count in 2016?
|
package de.skyrising.replay.world;
import com.mojang.authlib.GameProfile;
import net.minecraft.client.MinecraftClient;
import net.minecraft.client.gui.screen.Screen;
import net.minecraft.client.network.ClientPlayNetworkHandler;
import net.minecraft.network.ClientConnection;
public class ReplayNetworkHandler extends ClientPlayNetworkHandler {
public ReplayNetworkHandler(MinecraftClient client, Screen screen, ClientConnection clientConnection, GameProfile gameProfile) {
super(client, screen, clientConnection, gameProfile);
}
}
|
def _get_pretrained_state_dict(
cls,
model_name: str,
weights_path: Optional[Union[str, PathLike]] = None,
relevant_module: Optional[Union[str, List[str]]] = None,
ignore: Optional[List[str]] = None,
) -> StateDictType:
if weights_path is None:
from transformers.file_utils import WEIGHTS_NAME
if os.path.isdir(model_name):
local_weights_path = os.path.join(model_name, WEIGHTS_NAME)
if os.path.isfile(local_weights_path):
logger.info("Found weights at local path %s", local_weights_path)
weights_path = local_weights_path
if weights_path is None:
from allennlp.common.file_utils import cached_path
weights_path = cached_path(f"hf://{model_name}/{WEIGHTS_NAME}")
logger.info("Reading state dict from %s", weights_path)
state_dict = read_state_dict(
weights_path,
ignore=ignore if ignore is not None else cls._pretrained_ignore,
strict=False,
)
state_dict = cls._get_relevant_submodule_state(state_dict, relevant_module=relevant_module)
return state_dict
|
/**
A custom editor for the titlePosition property of the
ChartBean. The editor lets the user choose between
Left, Center, and Right
*/
public class TitlePositionEditor
extends PropertyEditorSupport
{
public String[] getTags() { return options; }
private String[] options = { "Left", "Center", "Right" };
public String getJavaInitializationString() { return "" + getValue(); }
public String getAsText()
{
int value = (Integer) getValue();
return options[value];
}
public void setAsText(String s)
{
for (int i = 0; i < options.length; i++)
{
if (options[i].equals(s))
{
setValue(i);
return;
}
}
}
}
|
def alignWith(self, other):
return Quat(self._rtval.alignWith('Quat', ks.rtVal('Quat', other)))
|
/**
* Ensures new param (NOT keyword argument) is set into appropriate place
*/
public void testAddParam() {
final PyExpression classParameter = myGenerator.createParameter("SuperClass");
final PyExpression functionParameter = myGenerator.createParameter("new_param");
doTest(classParameter, functionParameter);
}
|
import pytest
tables = pytest.importorskip('tables')
from blaze.utils import tmpfile
from blaze import symbol, discover, compute, pre_compute
import pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime
from odo import Chunks, odo
@pytest.fixture
def df():
return pd.DataFrame([['a', 1, 10., datetime(2000, 1, 1)],
['ab', 2, 20., datetime(2000, 2, 2)],
['abc', 3, 30., datetime(2000, 3, 3)],
['abcd', 4, 40., datetime(2000, 4, 4)]],
columns=['name', 'a', 'b', 'time'])
@pytest.fixture
def s(hdf):
return symbol('s', discover(hdf))
@pytest.yield_fixture(params=['fixed', 'table'])
def hdf(df, request):
with tmpfile('.hdf5') as fn:
df.to_hdf(fn, '/data', format=request.param)
df.to_hdf(fn, '/nested/data', format=request.param)
with pd.HDFStore(fn, mode='r') as r:
yield r
def test_basic_compute(hdf, s):
result = compute(s.data, hdf)
types = (
pd.DataFrame,
pd.io.pytables.Fixed,
pd.io.pytables.AppendableFrameTable,
Chunks
)
assert isinstance(result, types)
def test_pre_compute(hdf, s):
result = pre_compute(s, hdf.get_storer('data'))
assert isinstance(result, (pd.DataFrame, Chunks))
def test_groups(hdf, df, s):
assert discover(hdf) == discover(dict(data=df, nested=dict(data=df)))
assert odo(compute(s.nested.data.a, hdf), list) == [1, 2, 3, 4]
|
<gh_stars>10-100
#ifndef _FREERTOS_DRIVERS_PIC32MX_BUILTINS_H_
#define _FREERTOS_DRIVERS_PIC32MX_BUILTINS_H_
#define __builtin_mfc0(reg, sel) \
__extension__ ({ \
register unsigned long __r; \
__asm__ __volatile__ ("mfc0 %0,$%1,%2" \
: "=d" (__r) \
: "JK" (reg), "JK" (sel)); \
__r; \
})
#define __builtin_mtc0(reg, sel, val) \
do { \
__asm__ __volatile__ ("%(mtc0 %z0,$%1,%2; ehb%)" \
: \
: "dJ" ((_reg_t)(val)), "JK" (reg), "JK" (sel) \
: "memory"); \
} while (0)
/* exchange (swap) VAL and CP0 register REG,SEL */
#define __builtin_mxc0(reg, sel, val) \
__extension__ ({ \
register _reg_t __o; \
__o = _mfc0 (reg, sel); \
_mtc0 (reg, sel, val); \
__o; \
})
/* bit clear non-zero bits from CLR in CP0 register REG,SEL */
#define __builtin_bcc0(reg, sel, clr) \
__extension__ ({ \
register _reg_t __o; \
__o = _mfc0 (reg, sel); \
_mtc0 (reg, sel, __o & ~(clr)); \
__o; \
})
/* bit set non-zero bits from SET in CP0 register REG,SEL */
#define __builtin_bsc0(reg, sel, set) \
__extension__ ({ \
register _reg_t __o; \
__o = _mfc0 (reg, sel); \
_mtc0 (reg, sel, __o | (set)); \
__o; \
})
/* bit clear non-zero bits from CLR and set non-zero bits from SET in REG,SEL */
#define __builtin_bcsc0(reg, sel, clr, set) \
__extension__ ({ \
register _reg_t __o; \
__o = _mfc0 (reg, sel); \
_mtc0 (reg, sel, (__o & ~(clr)) | (set)); \
__o; \
})
#endif // _FREERTOS_DRIVERS_PIC32MX_BUILTINS_H_
|
<reponame>jonico/st2contrib
#!/usr/bin/python
from lib import sensu
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Sensu Event Actions')
parser.add_argument('--client', nargs='?', dest="client")
parser.add_argument('--check', nargs='?', default=False)
parser.add_argument('--delete', nargs='?', default=False)
parser.add_argument('--resolve', nargs='?', default=False)
args = parser.parse_args()
events = sensu.Events('config.yaml')
if not args.client:
print(events.list_all())
else:
if args.check:
if args.delete:
print(events.delete(client=args.client, check=args.check))
elif args.resolve:
print(events.resolve(client=args.client, check=args.check))
else:
print(events.get(client=args.client, check=args.check))
else:
print(events.list_by_client(client=args.client))
|
package org.bds.compile;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;
import org.bds.lang.BdsNode;
import org.bds.lang.BdsNodeFactory;
import org.bds.lang.statement.ClassDeclaration;
import org.bds.lang.statement.Statement;
import org.bds.lang.statement.StatementFunctionDeclaration;
import org.bds.lang.statement.StatementInclude;
import org.bds.lang.statement.VarDeclaration;
/**
* Walks through all the BdsNodes
*
* IMPORTANT: Nodes are ALPHABETICALLY sorted
*
* @author pcingola
*/
public class BdsNodeWalker implements Iterable<BdsNode> {
boolean recurse; // If true, perform recursive search
boolean recurseInclude; // If true, perform recursive search within 'StatementInclide' nodes. Note: If 'recurse' is set, the value of 'recurseInclude' is irrelevant
BdsNode bdsNode;
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
Set<Class> classes;
HashSet<Object> visited = new HashSet<>();
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
public static List<BdsNode> findNodes(BdsNode bdsNode, Class clazz, boolean recurse, boolean recurseInclude) {
BdsNodeWalker nwalker = new BdsNodeWalker(bdsNode, clazz, recurse, recurseInclude);
return nwalker.findNodes();
}
public static List<Field> getAllClassFields(BdsNode bdsNode) {
BdsNodeWalker nwalker = new BdsNodeWalker(bdsNode, null, false, false);
return nwalker.getAllClassFields();
}
public BdsNodeWalker(BdsNode bdsNode) {
this(bdsNode, null, false, true);
}
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
public BdsNodeWalker(BdsNode bdsNode, Class clazz, boolean recurse, boolean recurseInclude) {
this.bdsNode = bdsNode;
addClass(clazz);
this.recurse = recurse;
this.recurseInclude = recurseInclude;
}
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
public void addClass(Class clazz) {
if (clazz == null) return;
if (classes == null) classes = new HashSet<>();
classes.add(clazz);
}
/**
* Find all nodes of a given type
* @param clazz : If null, all nodes are added
* @param fieldObj
*/
List<BdsNode> addFields(Object fieldObj) {
List<BdsNode> list = new ArrayList<>();
// If it is a BdsNode then we can recurse into it
if ((fieldObj != null) && (fieldObj instanceof BdsNode)) {
BdsNode bn = ((BdsNode) fieldObj);
visited.add(bn);
// Found the requested type?
if (isClass(fieldObj)) list.add(bn);
// Recurse into this field?
if (recurse || (recurseInclude && bn instanceof StatementInclude)) list.addAll(findNodes(bn));
}
return list;
}
/**
* Find declaration statements
*/
public List<Statement> findDeclarations() {
recurse = false;
recurseInclude = true;
addClass(VarDeclaration.class);
addClass(StatementFunctionDeclaration.class);
addClass(ClassDeclaration.class);
List<Statement> statements = new ArrayList<>();
for (BdsNode b : findNodes())
statements.add((Statement) b);
return statements;
}
public List<BdsNode> findNodes() {
return findNodes(bdsNode);
}
/**
* Find all nodes
*/
protected List<BdsNode> findNodes(BdsNode bdsNode) {
List<BdsNode> list = new ArrayList<>();
// Iterate over fields
for (Field field : getAllClassFields(bdsNode)) {
try {
field.setAccessible(true);
Object fieldObj = field.get(bdsNode);
// Does the field have a map?
if (fieldObj != null && !visited.contains(fieldObj)) {
visited.add(fieldObj);
// If it's an array, iterate on all objects
if (fieldObj.getClass().isArray()) {
for (Object fieldObjSingle : (Object[]) fieldObj)
list.addAll(addFields(fieldObjSingle));
} else {
list.addAll(addFields(fieldObj));
}
}
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Error getting field '" + field.getName() + "' from class '" + bdsNode.getClass().getCanonicalName() + "'", e);
}
}
return list;
}
List<Field> getAllClassFields() {
return getAllClassFields(false, true, true, true, true, false, false);
}
/**
* Get all fields from this class
*
* IMPORTANT: Nodes are returned ALPHABETICALLY sorted
*/
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
List<Field> getAllClassFields(boolean addParent, boolean addNode, boolean addPrimitive, boolean addClass, boolean addArray, boolean addStatic, boolean addPrivate) {
// Top class (if we are looking for 'parent' field, we need to include BdsNode, otherwise we don't
Class topClass = (addParent ? Object.class : BdsNode.class);
// Get all fields for each parent class
ArrayList<Field> fields = new ArrayList<>();
for (Class clazz = bdsNode.getClass(); clazz != topClass; clazz = clazz.getSuperclass()) {
for (Field f : clazz.getDeclaredFields()) {
// Add field?
if (Modifier.isPrivate(f.getModifiers())) {
if (addPrivate) fields.add(f);
} else if (Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers())) {
if (addStatic) fields.add(f);
} else if (f.getName().equals("parent")) {
if (addParent) fields.add(f);
} else if (f.getType().getCanonicalName().startsWith(BdsNodeFactory.get().packageName())) {
if (addNode) fields.add(f);
} else if (f.getType().isPrimitive() || (f.getType() == String.class)) {
if (addPrimitive) fields.add(f);
} else if (f.getType().isArray()) {
if (addArray) fields.add(f);
} else if (!f.getType().isPrimitive()) {
if (addClass) fields.add(f);
}
}
}
// Sort by name
Collections.sort(fields, new Comparator<Field>() {
@Override
public int compare(Field o1, Field o2) {
return o1.getName().compareTo(o2.getName());
}
});
return fields;
}
boolean isClass(Object obj) {
return (classes == null) || classes.contains(obj.getClass());
}
@Override
public Iterator<BdsNode> iterator() {
return findNodes().iterator();
}
public Stream<BdsNode> stream() {
return StreamSupport.stream(findNodes().spliterator(), false);
}
}
|
Ethanol leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis ameliorates hepatorenal toxicity of Plasmodium berghi-berghi infected mice treated with Hippocratea africana root bark extract
The effect of ethanol leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on hepatorenal function of Plasmodium berghiberghi infected mice treated with root bark extract of Hippocratea africana was evaluated. Twenty-One (21) male mice weighing between 27 – 33 g used for the study were divided into seven groups. Group 1 served as normal control while Groups 2 – 7 were parasitized with Plasmodium berghi-berghi and Group 2 was the test control group (parasitized without treatment). Group 3 was administered 8 mg/kg bw of artemether-lumefantrine for 3 days. Group 4 and 5 received daily, 200 mg/kg bw and 300 mg/kg bw of Hippocratea africana and Jatropha tanjorensis respectively for 4 days. Group 6 received 8mg/kg bw of artemether-lumefantrine for 3 days followed with 300 mg/kg bw of Jatropha tanjorensis for 4 days. Group 7 was treated with 200 mg/kg bw of Hippocratea africana for 4 days followed by 300 mg/kg bw of Jatropha tanjorensis for 4 days. The concentration of urea, creatinine and the activities of the liver enzymes were observed to increase significantly following induction of malaria when compared to normal control. Treatment with artemether-lumefantrine and root bark extract of Hippocratea africana showed drug induced hepatorenal toxicity which was ameliorated with the administration of ethanol leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis. The study showed that Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract had hepatorenal protective function against Plasmodium berghi-berghi infection and malaria treatment induced toxicity, that may be due to its rich phytochemicals with antioxidant activity.
INTRODUCTION
Malaria is an infectious disease with enormous public health implication and economic consequences especially in Africa and Asia. Nigeria has been reported to account for 25% of all malaria cases in Africa with an all year transmission cycle in the southern and seasonal transmission cycle in the northern part of the country . The parasitic infection is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality among children and pregnant women with an estimated yearly mortality rate of 2 million .
The treatment of malaria has metamorphosed from the use of monotherapies to combination therapies and presently to the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). However, malaria therapy has faced several challenges due to development of resistance by the plasmodium parasite , availability, affordability and efficacy of antimalarial drugs . Cytotoxicity and undesirable side effects of antimalarial drugs also contribute to these challenges in the treatment of malaria .
In combating with the outlined challenges militating against malaria chemotherapy, herbal therapy has been widely utilized as alternative means of treating malaria . There is a growing interest and dependence on herbal malaria therapy especially in the rural communities of Africa and Southern Asia where the disease is predominant. Current trend has also shown that herbal therapy for malaria are also being taken after completion of a chemotherapeutic regimen for malaria. This is a deliberate practice in the rural area because of dependence on herbal therapy or due to persistence of symptoms of malaria after a chemotherapeutic regimen has failed.
One of the plants often utilized by the locals in the South Eastern part of Nigeria for the treatment of malaria is Hippocratea africana and there are several documented reports establishing its antimalarial efficacy . Hippocratea africana is a green forest perennial climber. The root of the plant is traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments such as fever, malaria, body pains, diabetes and diarrhea . The root bark extract of Hippocratea africana has been reported to be rich in phytochemicals such as alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, anthraquinones and flavonoids conferring on it, the reported medicinal potentials.
Infection with plasmodium parasite and malaria treatments are associated with altered biochemical parameters and have effects on several organs in the body. Malaria and its treatments have also been known to affect blood parameters necessitating the use of heamatopoietic agents . Herbal extract is widely taken after malaria treatment amongst the locals. one of such herbs is J. tanjorensis commonly called "Hospital too far" in the South Eastern part of Nigeria. It is consumed as vegetable and the leaf extract have been reported to have heamatopoietic potential . Many edible vegetables have been reported to have good antioxidant and cyto-protective properties .
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on hepatorenal function of Plasmodium berghiberghi infected mice treated with root bark extract of Hippocratea africana.
Plant Material
The root of Hippocratea africana was collected from Afaha Etok forest in Ibesikpo-Asutan Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. It was identified and authenticated by a taxonomist in the Department of Botany and Ecological Studies, University of Uyo. Uyo. The voucher number (UUH3394) was assigned. The roots were gently washed to get rid of debris and processed to obtain crude extract according to the method described by Ndem and Bassey, . The bark was peeled from the root, cut into small pieces and pulverized. The pulverized sample was macerated in 80% ethanol (Sigma Aldrich) for 72 hours. After 72 hours, the clear orange colour supernatant was carefully and concentrated in a Waterbath at 40 0 C to obtain the crude extract.
Fresh leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis were collected from Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The leaves were washed and reduced to pieces using a manual grinder. It was then macerated in water for 6 hours, filtered and the filtrate concentrated to dryness in Waterbath at 40 0 C to obtain brownish crude extract. Both extracts were preserved in a refrigerated at 4 0 C and used for this study.
Experimental Animals and Design
Twenty-One (21) male mice weighing between 27 -33 g were used for the study. They were obtained from the Animal House, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The animals were maintained under standard laboratory conditions and fed with normal rat chow and clean drinking water ad libitum. The mice were divided into 7 groups with 3 animals in each group.
Group 1 served as normal control while Groups 2 -7 were parasitized with Plasmodium berghi-berghi and Group 2 was the test control group (parasitized without treatment). Group 3 was administered 8 mg/kg bw of artemether-lumefantrine for 3 days. Group 4 and 5 received daily, 200 mg/kg bw and 300 mg/kg bw of Hippocratea africana and Jatropha tanjorensis respectively for 4 days. Group 6 received 8mg/kg bw of artemether-lumefantrine for 3 days followed with 300 mg/kg bw of Jatropha tanjorensis for 4 days. Group 7 was treated with 200 mg/kg bw of Hippocratea africana for 4 days followed by 300 mg/kg bw of Jatropha tanjorensis for 4 days.
Malaria Parasite and Inoculation
Malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghi-berghi was obtained from the Department of Pharmacology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria through a donor mouse. The experimental animals in the present study were induced with malaria according to the method described by Ndem and Bassey, . The parasite was obtained from the donor mouse through cardiac puncture after being anaesthetized with chloroform. The blood with a parasitaemia of 10 7 was diluted with normal saline and 0.3 ml of the infected blood was passage intraperitoneally into each of the mouse. The parasites were inoculated for 7 days then the animals were confirmed to be infected with malaria through microscopic examination of blood films from the tail of each mouse.
Collection of Blood Sample
The animals were fasted overnight after the administration of the last dosage of the extracts and drugs but were still allowed water ad libitum. They were anaesthetized with chloroform and blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture using sterile needles and syringes into plain sample tubes. The blood was allowed to clot and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain the serum which were used for assay of some parameters of liver and kidney function.
Assay of Biochemical Parameters
Biochemical parameters of liver function (serum liver enzyme -ALT, AST and ALP activities) and some parameters of renal function (urea and creatinine concentrations) were assayed using the protocol described by assay kit manufacturer (Randox Diagnostic, UK) in the reagent leaflet.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out using Widows SPSS Version 25. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference Multiple Post Hoc test were employed for comparison to assess statistical significance. All the results are presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). Probability level < 0.05 was considered significant.
Effect of Jatropha tanjorensis Leaf Extract on Liver and Kidney Function in Plasmodium berghi-berghi Infected Mice Treated with Root Bark Extract of Hippocratea africana
The results of the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on hepatorenal function of Plasmodium berghi-berghi infected mice treated with root bark extract of Hippocratea africana are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 shows the effect of the treatments on the activities of the liver enzyme while Table 2 presents the urea and creatinine concentration following the treatments in the present study.
DISCUSSION
The prevalence of malaria continues to increase globally despite advances in the area of malaria chemotherapy. Malaria is a public health problem associated with poverty with deleterious effect on the economy of endemic countries. Resistance of the malaria parasite to available drugs, unavailability and unaffordability of the drugs in some areas continue to posse serious challenges to the eradication of the disease . These challenges necessitate the need for alternative treatment for malaria. Plant sources have been widely utilized as a safer alternative for malaria therapy. Antioxidants from plant sources have also received a lot of attention and are preferred to synthetic ones due to their health benefits, availability, affordability and safety profile . Furthermore, the complications of malaria infection have been reported to include altered biochemical parameters in the host which reflects pathologies associated with certain organ dysfunction. Organs with altered biochemical function in malaria infection include the liver, kidney, blood, brain and many others. In addition, administration of antimalarial therapy has also been reported to worsen the deteriorating organ function associated with malaria infection. Consequently, antioxidants and haematopoietic agents are often recommended after successful malaria chemotherapy in clinical practice. In view of these underlining issues, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract on some parameters of hepatorenal function in Plasmodium berghi-berghi infected mice treated with Hippocratea africana root bark extract.
The kidney maintains optimum chemical composition of the body fluids by removal of metabolic wastes such as urea, uric acid, electrolytes and creatinine. These parameters have been reported to increase significantly in serum in a state of renal dysfunction hence are used as biomarkers of kidney function. The present study revealed that urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly increased compared to normal control following induction of Plasmodium berghi berghi parasites in the experimental animals. This further establish the occurrence of malaria induced nephrotoxicity. However, administration of Hippocratea africana root bark extract and Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract singly, caused a significant decrease in the serum creatinine and urea concentrations when compared to the test control. These parameters are freely filtered by the glomeruli of the kidneys . Creatinine is produced by the metabolism of creatinine phosphate in the skeletal muscle but can also be obtained from dietary sources such as meat while urea is a metabolic product of protein metabolism. The observed decrease in urea and creatinine concentration in the present study when the extract treated groups were compared to the test control group (Group 2) is an indication of nephroprotective potential of the plants. The administration of artemether-lumefantrine significantly increased the concentration of urea and creatinine, an indication of nephrotoxicity following the administration of the drugs. This corroborates earlier reports that antimalarial drugs exert deleterious effect on the kidney .
Significant changes in creatinine and urea concentrations were not observed following the administration of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract after treatment with artemether-lumefantrine or Hippocratea africana root bark extract when compared to the normal control, showing the nephroprotective potential of the Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract which was used as hematopoietic agent in the present study. The nephroprotective potential of the extracts may be mediated by the antioxidant activity of the herbal extracts due to the presence of phytochemical such as flavonoid in the plant . Flavonoids have been reported to possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties which confers on them nephron-protective activity . The observed decrease in urea and creatinine implies that glomerular function of the renal tubules of the experimental animals were restored by the extracts. This corroborates report by Ndem et al., that Hippocratea africana root bark extract possesses nephroprotective activity.
Investigation into the effects of plasmodium parasites on serum enzymes activities have gained recognition as an important area of research in the pathogenesis of malaria . Malaria infection has been reported to be associated with liver damage which manifest as increase in liver enzyme activities in serum . The result of the present study showed increased activity of AST and ALP following infection with Plasmodium berghi berghi and is in alignment with reports by Enemchukwu et al., . It has been reported that infective sporozoites invade and multiply in the hepatocytes and erythrocytes causing destruction to the tissues .
The present study also showed hepatoprotective effect of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract when administered alone to parasitized mice while Hippocratea africana root bark extract resulted in elevated activities of liver enzymes under investigation when compared to the control. Hepatotoxicity has been reported as a serious adverse effect associated with malaria therapy . Hippocratea africana root bark extract has been previously reported to increase ALT and AST activities in albino Wistar rats and was attributed to first line defense of an organism in response to foreign substance(s) . This corroborates the result of the present study. The administration of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract after treatment with Hippocratea africana root bark extract improved the liver function as the activities of the liver enzymes were decreased compared to the test control group. Furthermore, interaction of artemether-lumefantrine and Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract decreased the activity of ALT, AST and ALP when compared to artemether-lumefantrine alone treated group. The observed effect may be due to the free radical scavenging properties of flavonoids that are richly present in J. tanjorensis .
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that malaria infection induces hepatorenal toxicity in albino mice. Treatments with Hippocratea africana root bark extract and artemether-lumenfantrine showed drug-induced elevation of the liver and kidney function parameters that were ameliorated with J. tanjorensis leaf extract treatment. The presence of bioactive principles such as flavonoids in Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extract may be responsible for the improved hepatorenal function in the plasmodium berghi berghi infected and treated mice.
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Recently, veganism has enjoyed something of a modernization in the West. Having long been associated with sprawling, armpit-hair-clad, animal-rights warrior types, the animal-product-free lifestyle is now more closely aligned with ripped, mildly hipster-ish gym bunnies such as bolshy bloggers Vegan Bros. These days, twentysomethings wearing leggings and "Tofu power!" sandwich boards go on vegan pride marches in New York, and earlier this month The Guardian declared that veganism had undergone a full-scale reinvention.
This hasn't quite happened in China yet, despite an increase in the number of vegans in the country in recent years (some estimates put the amount of vegans among China's 1.3 billion population at around 50 million, but there are no official statistics on the issue). Veganism and vegetarianism are still more associated with Buddhism than metrosexual Millennials in the country.
V Girls, a Hong Kong-based squad of five young, Instagram-friendly, workout-loving vegan women, are trying to change that. Formed by fitness trainer Angie Palmer last year, the V Girls release quirky videos of themselves trying out vegan recipes, restaurants, and events, and testing more obscure vegan products such as toothpaste and sleep-aid spray. They've built up a community of around 1,000 members, known as "earthlings", many of whom were introduced to veganism through V Girls' social media output and events, such as picnics and restaurant trips.
V Girls Angie (right) and Elaine (left).
Part of V Girls' appeal might come from all of them being gorgeous. The profiles page on their website looks like that of a modeling agency, with dating website-esque blurbs (Eaven, one of the V Girls, lists mushrooms, the color green, and Whitney Houston as being among her favorite things). As the head of the operation, Angie—who became vegan in 2009 while undergoing cancer treatment in the US—has arguably become the face of modern veganism in Hong Kong. I spoke to her to find out more about the inspiration behind V Girls.
MUNCHIES: Veganism is becoming viewed as fashionable in the West, but how is it perceived in China? Angie: If you eat vegan or vegetarian here, people are like, "Oh, are you Buddhist? Or are you sick?" It's seen as old-fashioned, because vegans and vegetarians tend to be older, so it's not a cool thing. But these days, more and more people travel around and bring other ideas about it back.
The V Girls project seems to be mirroring the modernization of veganism we're seeing in the West, at least partially. This is something I really wanted to do with V Girls. Maybe in the West, veganism was seen as hippy-ish, while here it was seen as 'old style'. I want to break that stereotype, so I want to use fun young girls. Most of them are pretty good-looking.
Do you have to be hot to be a V Girl? That wasn't in the job description. But I did choose everyone myself [the team was eight-strong at one point, but has been re-shuffled to feature five women]. I wanted to let people know, "Hey, she's really cute, and she is not stubborn or stuck-up… she's just nice."
By being both youth-orientated and vegan, you're carving out quite a niche. We're the minority of the minority. Maybe in the States, people are more open-minded, but here when people are eating vegan or vegetarian, it's not usually something they're proud of. A lot of people here don't do it for animal welfare reasons, whereas in the States or Europe they might. As I mentioned, here it's more for Buddhism and health.
Cantonese cuisine is very meat-heavy. Is it hard finding food that adheres to your diet in Hong Kong? Definitely. When I came back to Hong Kong from the States four years ago, I would order dishes and ask if there was any meat in them. Waiters would say, "It's just a little pork, it's OK", or ask me if I ate fish. Eating fish is not vegetarian. Still, now, you could order veggie soup but they might use chicken stock in it. A lot of places don't have awareness that something is not vegetarian just because they don't see meat floating in it. Still, a lot more vegetarian restaurants and shops have opened over the last few years here.
Some of your videos are pretty straightforward, while others, such as the toothpaste one, are more weird and quirky. Was that the intention? The twins, Li Li and Mei Mei, are certainly quirky. The other girl in that toothpaste video, Elaine… we have a slang phrase in Hong Kong, gong zhu bing, that we use for her in a jokey way that can sound kind of derogatory. In English, it translates as something like, "A princess you have to worship and put on a pedestal". Every girl has her own character: funny, quirky, cool, or whatever. I don't tell people to act, it's natural.
Are you getting kickbacks from the vegan food, toothpaste, and sleep-aid spray companies you feature in your videos? We're not paid to endorse products; it just happened that I tried that toothpaste and liked it. We don't accept money for featuring products at all.
I read that being diagnosed with cancer in 2009 led to your first step in becoming vegan. What happened? When I was in the States, I discovered I had endometrial cancer and was told I had to have surgery. The symptoms were bad. I had bleeding and irregular, long periods and blood clots… a lot of things. I didn't want surgery; removing a uterus takes away your opportunity to have a baby. That's kind of huge. One doctor said that they should remove my ovaries as well, which would cause me to go into menopause. I didn't want that. There could also be complications with the surgery.
How did this lead to you becoming vegan, though? I had hormone therapy, but I didn't continue with it because it gave me so many side effects. Then, I was at a documentary screening where there were only four people in the audience: me, the organizer, and two vegans. We started talking, and I got into a nutrition book they recommended called The China Study by Dr. T. Colin Campbell. I researched more, went to a vegan nutritionist, learned how to cook vegan, and went to the store with the girl I met at the screening. She showed me how to survive being vegan.
The V Girls trying a vegan sleep aid spray.
I also read that you recovered from cancer without surgery? Within six months, I got a report from my doctors saying I was cancer-free. They didn't believe the results at first—they sent the sample to a clinic in another state to double check. They didn't attribute it to anything. They wanted me to have surgery in case it relapsed, but I didn't want to discuss anything with them.
The timing of your change of diet may have correlated with you getting the cancer all-clear, but isn't it potentially very dangerous to promote the unscientific idea that veganism can help cure cancer, beyond the notion that a healthy diet is generally good for you? I always have a disclaimer: I'm not a doctor, I'm not a nutritionist. I'm sharing my story and experiences.
Catherine Collins of the British Association of Dietitians recently said that going vegan was like "having the latest fashion" and warned that it could be bad for long-term health. What's your reaction? Wow. OK. Let me take a deep breath. Well, whatever diet you're on there's a certain danger. Even if you're a meat eater, there's a danger in that—you still need to eat in a balanced way. For any diet, if you're not educated, and [you don't] eat a balanced diet, you won't be healthy. I'm surprised to hear that from a dietitian association.
Which non-vegan foods do you miss the most? I still eat pizza—just with no meat or cheese. If you'd asked me a few years ago, I would have said chicken wings. That's something that mock meat hasn't come up with a proper replacement for. The skin: you can never make it quite the same.
Don't you ever walk past a KFC and feel the urge to give in and have a bucket-binge? I've been vegan for seven years. I look at food I used to love, like roast duck or deep fried chicken wings or lobster, and I don't have a reaction. To me it's just an object—it's not food anymore. It should be alive somewhere.
Follow Jamie on Twitter: @jamiefullerton1
Find out more about V Girls at www.vgirlsclub.com
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#ifndef XR_SHADERCOMPONENT_HPP
#define XR_SHADERCOMPONENT_HPP
//==============================================================================
//
// XRhodes
//
// copyright (c) <NAME>. All rights reserved.
//
// License: https://github.com/zyndor/xrhodes#License-bsd-2-clause
//
//==============================================================================
#include "Asset.hpp"
#include "Gfx.hpp"
namespace xr
{
//==============================================================================
///@brief Provides one part of the shader pipeline -- either a fragment or a
/// vertex shader.
///@note Asset options may be supplied (when loading directly or referencing from
/// another asset), where each option translates into a #define in the code of the
/// shader, in the order they were specified i.e. terrain.fsh$DEFERRED$ALPHA_TEST ->
/// #define DEFERRED
/// #define ALPHA_TEST
///@note These #defines are inserted after the first block (not line), of
/// preprocessor instructions, AFTER the builder has stripped all code comments,
/// heading and trailing space and empty lines.
class ShaderComponent: public Asset
{
public:
XR_ASSET_DECL(ShaderComponent)
// general
///@return The type of the shader.
///@note Its results are only meaningful if GetHandle().IsValid().
Gfx::ShaderType GetType() const
{
return m_type;
}
///@return The handle to the underlying Gfx shader.
///@note Does not transfer ownership; intended as read only.
Gfx::ShaderHandle GetHandle() const
{
return m_handle;
}
///@brief (Re-)compiles the underlying shader from the given @a source.
bool SetSource(Gfx::ShaderType type, char const* source);
protected:
// data
Gfx::ShaderType m_type;
Gfx::ShaderHandle m_handle;
std::vector<uint8_t> m_data; // If KeepSourceDataFlag is set.
// internal
bool OnLoaded(Buffer buffer) override;
void OnUnload() override;
bool SetSourceInternal(Gfx::ShaderType type, Buffer buffer);
};
} // xr
#endif //XR_SHADER_HPP
|
Former New England Patriots Tight End Aaron Hernandez is set to face a double murder trial this week, with opening statements expected to begin Wednesday. The star NFL player with a bright future and freshly signed $40 million contract will almost certainly never get to play football again after he was sentenced to life without the possibility of parole when he was convicted nearly two years ago in another murder involving the killing of semi-pro football player Odin Lloyd.
The double murder case is thought by most legal experts to be the easier of the two cases, though conviction is not a certainty. The lack of forensic evidence tying Hernandez to the murders as well as the length of time between the killings of Daniel de Abreu and Safiro Furtado could prove troubling for prosecutors.
Nonetheless, here is what prosecutors are expected to tell jurors happened on July 15, 2012.
Hernandez was out on the town with a convicted cocaine dealer and they headed to the Cure nightclub when Hernandez was physically bumped by de Abreu and a drink spilled in the process. de Abreu assuming thought little that of the incident and allegedly do not apologize. This was taken as a ,lack of respect and one witness is quoted as hearing Hernandez suggest Abreu was “trying him.”
After going to several more clubs, prosecutors will say Hernandez retrieved a gun from a secret compartment in his vehicle and began circling the club area, essentially hunting Abreu and his crew. Unfortunately for Abreu, police believe Hernandez located him, running a red light in the process to pull up besides Abreu’s car.
Prosecutors will allege Hernandez opened fire and killed Abreu and his passenger, Furtado. All over a spilled drink. Another passenger in the backseat was also struck wth two bullets, but survived. Hernandez allegedly continued attempting to fire after the magazine ran out of bullets and then took off onto the Mass turnpike, leaving behind almost nothing for investigators to go on. Most thought it was simply random gang violence. Little did they know the case would eventually break open.
The break came when Hernandez was named in the Lloyd murder because the car used in the Lloyd killing matched surveillance video and witness statements of the getaway car in the double murder years earlier. Investigators obtained a warrant and found a silver 4Runner on a property connected to Hernandez. That connection, along with Bradley turning in states evidence, proved to be Hernandez’s ultimate downfall, according to investigators. Though he has significant baggage as a witness given his criminal past and the fact he is serving time for his own shooting of a nightclub. He also has personal motivation to testify against Hernandez because in 2013, Hernandez allegedly shot Bradley’s eye out during an argument about a bar tab.
Hernandez will be represented by Jose Baez, the attorney made famous (or infamous depending on your perspective) for getting Casey Anthony acquitted. He is expected to hammer hard on the lack of motive for a superstar athlete worth millions to randomly murder two people over a spilled drink. However, motive is not an element of murder that prosecutors must prove. He may also reportedly point to Bradley as the shooter in the 2012 killings.
Perhaps most amazing in all of this, Hernandez played 10 games in the NFL season after the 2012 murders, catching 5 touchdowns. How he managed to lead this apparent double life is a question we may never know.
Editor’s Note, An earlier version incorrectly claimed Hernandez bumped de Abreu before the shooting.
WATCH LAWNEWZ NETWORK:
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/**
* Checks that ADB is installed
* Search for an environment variable ANDROID_HOME / ANDROID_SDK_ROOT
* If found, use the adb inside that directory
* Else, try to run ADB directly
* @throws ConfigurationException when ADB is not found
* @return
*/
private void checkInstallation() {
try {
checkInstallation("ANDROID_SDK_ROOT");
} catch (ConfigurationException e) {
logger.warn(e.getMessage());
checkInstallation("ANDROID_HOME");
}
logger.info("ADB found");
}
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// Maximum sum subarray and updates.
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
using ld = long double;
struct segtree
{
struct node
{
ll sum = 0;
ll add = 0;
ll pref = 0;
ll suf = 0;
ll ans = 0;
void apply(int l, int r, const ll &v)
{
sum = v;
pref = suf = ans = max(v, 0ll);
}
};
int n;
vector<node>tree;
node unite(const node &a, const node &b)
{
node res;
res.sum = a.sum + b.sum;
res.pref = max(a.sum + b.pref, a.pref);
res.suf = max(b.sum + a.suf, b.suf);
res.ans = max({a.ans, b.ans, a.suf + b.pref});
return res;
}
void push(int x, int l, int r)
{
int m = (l + r) >> 1;
int y = x + ((m - l + 1) << 1);
if(tree[x].add != 0)
{
tree[x + 1].apply(l, m, tree[x].add);
tree[y].apply(m + 1, r, tree[x].add);
tree[x].add = 0;
}
}
void pull(int x, int y)
{
tree[x] = unite(tree[x + 1], tree[y]);
}
void build(int x, int l, int r, const vector<ll> &v)
{
if(l == r)
{
tree[x].apply(l, r, v[l]);
return;
}
int m = (l + r) >> 1;
int y = x + ((m - l + 1) << 1);
build(x + 1, l, m, v);
build(y, m + 1, r, v);
pull(x, y);
}
node get(int x, int l, int r, int ql, int qr)
{
if(ql <= l && r <= qr)
return tree[x];
int m = (l + r) >> 1;
int y = x + ((m - l + 1) << 1);
push(x, l, r);
node res;
if(qr <= m)
res = get(x + 1, l, m, ql, qr);
else if (ql > m)
res = get(y, m + 1, r, ql, qr);
else
res = unite(get(x + 1, l, m, ql, qr), get(y, m + 1, r, ql, qr));
pull(x, y);
return res;
}
void modify(int x, int l, int r, int ql, int qr, const ll &v)
{
if(ql <= l && r <= qr)
{
tree[x].apply(l, r, v);
return;
}
int m = (l + r) >> 1;
int y = x + ((m - l + 1) << 1);
push(x, l, r);
if(ql <= m)
modify(x + 1, l, m, ql, qr, v);
if(qr > m)
modify(y, m + 1, r, ql, qr, v);
pull(x, y);
}
segtree(const vector<ll> &v)
{
n = v.size();
tree.resize(2 * n - 1);
build(0, 0, n - 1, v);
}
void modify(int l, int r, const ll &v)
{
modify(0, 0, n - 1, l, r, v);
}
node get(int l, int r)
{
return get(0, 0, n - 1, l, r);
}
};
int32_t main()
{
ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
cin.tie(nullptr);
int n, q;
cin >> n >> q;
vector<ll>a(n);
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
cin >> a[i];
segtree st(a);
for(int i = 0; i < q; i++)
{
ll u, v;
cin >> u >> v, u--;
st.modify(u, u, v);
cout << st.get(0, n - 1).ans << '\n';
}
}
|
<filename>db/signed_pre_key_storage_test.go<gh_stars>1-10
package db
import (
"crypto/rand"
"encoding/hex"
"testing"
x3dh "github.com/Bit-Nation/x3dh"
require "github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
)
func TestBoltSignedPreKeyStorage_Put(t *testing.T) {
// setup
db := createStorm()
km := createKeyManager()
curve := x3dh.NewCurve25519(rand.Reader)
signedPreKeyStorage := NewBoltSignedPreKeyStorage(db, km)
// test key pair
keyPair, err := curve.GenerateKeyPair()
require.Nil(t, err)
require.Nil(t, signedPreKeyStorage.Put(keyPair))
privKey, err := signedPreKeyStorage.Get(keyPair.PublicKey)
require.Nil(t, err)
require.NotNil(t, privKey)
require.Equal(t, &keyPair.PrivateKey, privKey)
}
func TestBoltSignedPreKeyStorage_Get(t *testing.T) {
// setup
db := createStorm()
km := createKeyManager()
curve := x3dh.NewCurve25519(rand.Reader)
signedPreKeyStorage := NewBoltSignedPreKeyStorage(db, km)
// test key pair
keyPair, err := curve.GenerateKeyPair()
require.Nil(t, err)
require.Nil(t, signedPreKeyStorage.Put(keyPair))
// get and make sure key is as expected
privKey, err := signedPreKeyStorage.Get(keyPair.PublicKey)
require.Nil(t, err)
require.NotNil(t, privKey)
require.Equal(t, &keyPair.PrivateKey, privKey)
// try to fetch private key that doesn't exist
privKey, err = signedPreKeyStorage.Get(x3dh.PublicKey{1, 2, 3})
require.Nil(t, err)
require.Nil(t, privKey)
}
func TestBoltSignedPreKeyStorage_All(t *testing.T) {
// setup
db := createStorm()
km := createKeyManager()
curve := x3dh.NewCurve25519(rand.Reader)
signedPreKeyStorage := NewBoltSignedPreKeyStorage(db, km)
// test key pair
pairOne, err := curve.GenerateKeyPair()
require.Nil(t, err)
pairTwo, err := curve.GenerateKeyPair()
require.Nil(t, err)
// persist key pairs
require.Nil(t, signedPreKeyStorage.Put(pairOne))
require.Nil(t, signedPreKeyStorage.Put(pairTwo))
// fetch private key
pairOnePrivKey, err := signedPreKeyStorage.Get(pairOne.PublicKey)
require.Nil(t, err)
require.Equal(t, pairOne.PrivateKey, *pairOnePrivKey)
// fetch all private keys
keyPairs, err := signedPreKeyStorage.All()
require.Nil(t, err)
require.True(t, hex.EncodeToString(pairOne.PrivateKey[:]) == hex.EncodeToString(keyPairs[0].PrivateKey[:]) || hex.EncodeToString(pairOne.PrivateKey[:]) == hex.EncodeToString(keyPairs[1].PrivateKey[:]))
require.True(t, hex.EncodeToString(pairTwo.PrivateKey[:]) == hex.EncodeToString(keyPairs[0].PrivateKey[:]) || hex.EncodeToString(pairTwo.PrivateKey[:]) == hex.EncodeToString(keyPairs[1].PrivateKey[:]))
}
|
// NewStore returns a new Observation store instance that uses the given dimension ID cache and db connection.
func NewStore(dimensionIDCache DimensionIDCache, db graph.Observation, errorReporter reporter.ErrorReporter, getGraphDimensionID bool) *Store {
return &Store{
dimensionIDCache: dimensionIDCache,
graph: db,
errorReporter: errorReporter,
getGraphDimensionID: getGraphDimensionID,
}
}
|
## T. V. Sairam
### Home Remedies Volume Four
A Handbook of Herbal Cures for Common Ailments
Illustrations by Arun Pottirayil
PENGUIN BOOKS
## Contents
_About the Author_
_Praise for Home Remedies_
_Preface_
_Introduction_
1. Acacia catechu (Catechu)
2. Alternanthera sessilis (Ponnanganni)
3. Annona squamosa (Custard Apple)
4. Benincasa hispida (Ash Gourd)
5. Boerhaavia diffusa (Punarnava)
6. Camellia sinensis (Tea)
7. Cassia fistula (Amaltas)
8. Catharanthus roseus (Common Periwinkle)
9. Celastrus paniculatus (Jyotishmati)
10. Citrullus colocynthis (Colocynth)
11. Clitoria ternatea (Butterfly Pea)
12. Coffea arabica (Coffee)
13. Coleus ambonicus (Jamaican Thyme)
14. Crataeva religiosa (Varuna)
15. Curcuma amada (Mango Ginger)
16. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Cluster Beans)
17. Cymbopogon flexuosus (Lemongrass)
18. Cyperus rotundus (Nut Grass)
19. Erythrina indica (Indian Coral Tree)
20. Evolvulus alsinoides (Vishnukranta)
21. Gossypium arboreum (Cotton)
22. Hygrophila auriculata (Kokilaksha)
23. Michelia champaca (Champaka)
24. Mimosa pudica (Sensitive Plant)
25. Nardostachys jatamansi (Jatamansi)
26. Nelumbo nucifera (Sacred Lotus)
27. Nymphaea stellata (Water-lily)
28. Olea europea (Olive)
29. Oxalis corniculata (Indian Sorrel)
30. Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney Beans)
31. Piper cubeba (Cubebs)
32. Pongamia glabra (Pongam)
33. Psidium guajava (Guava)
34. Psoralea corylifolia (Babchi)
35. Rubia cordifolia (Manjishta)
36. Saraca asoca (Asoka)
37. Saussurea lappa (Costus)
38. Semecarpus anacardium (Bhallataka)
39. Solanum trilobatum (Climbing Brinjal)
40. Zizyphus jujuba (Jujube)
_Glossary of English Medical Terms_
_Glossary of Non-English Terms_
_Glossary of Plants and Other Ingredients_
Copyright
PENGUIN BOOKS
##### HOME REMEDIES
VOLUME FOUR
T. V. Sairam, a senior member of the civil services, holds a Master's degree in botany and a doctorate in alternative medicine. For the past three decades he has been gathering and documenting data relating to the household use of medicinal plants.
## Praise for Home Remedies
'The book presents the material related to 40 common medicinal plants . . . in a very lucid manner . . . The most useful part of the book is that it provides notes on preparation of herbal medicine, dosage and some thumb rules for the selection of the various parts of the medicinal plant. . . . An interesting bibliography also accompanies the book . . . a complete guide on medicinal herbs. It caters to the need of both the common man and a practitioner alike.'
— _Deccan Herald_
'The author meticulously documents many parallel traditions and their uses of individual plants to cure and comfort... an illuminating rediscovery of herbs...'
— _First City_
'A glossary of English medical terms and the Indian names of the herbs in quite a few regional languages does prove helpful.'
— _The Statesman_
'A very useful book.'
— _The Financial Express_
'Years of research on ancient herblore by TV. Sairam is slowly but surely taking the shape of easy-to-use volumes on the medicinal values of the phenomenal wealth the country has in herbs . . .'
— _The Hindu_
'An excellent and informative book.'
— _The Asian Age_
' To say that this book is a good value for your money would be an understatement... every household should have it. You'll never stop thumbing through it.'
—First and second, com
'A most handy book to have about the house.'
— _The Telegraph_
'Highly informative and well-researched series... it makes for delightful reading and is a must for you collection.'
— _Indian Review of Books_
## Preface
Systematic research in various systems of Indian medicine under the patronage of the Government of India commenced in the year 1969 with the establishment of the Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy (CCRIMH). In 1978, this body was split into four separate research councils: one each for Ayurveda and Siddha, Unani medicine, Homoeopathy, and Yoga and Naturopathy.
A recent WHO estimate reveals that around 80 per cent of the global population consume phyto-medicines, and documents a shift in emphasis from the underdeveloped to the developed countries of the world. This trend has both positive and negative fallouts in society. While the prices of useful herbs skyrocket in the developing world as their main sources are depleted, the rural poor who have long been dependent on them find them unaffordable when compared to synthetic drugs and medicines. Even in the remote corners of rural and tribal India, we notice that branded synthetic medicines manufactured by multinational concerns have begun to percolate.
A survey conducted by researchers at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and the Harvard Medical School in Boston reveals that the use of herbal medicines and other alternative therapies has shown a steep rise in the United States, with sales of herbal remedies increasing by 380 per cent during the nineties. The number of visits made by American patients to herbalists, chiropractors and other purveyors of alternative medicine is reported to exceed the total visits to all primary-care physicians.
The trend indicates the changing attitudes in modern society in general with regard to complementary and alternative systems of medicine.
A comparative study of ethno-botanical information contained in ancient Indian literature with folk medical lore, research amongst tribal communities and current scientific findings can go a long way in establishing the direction of future medical exploration.
The recent publication of the _Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia_ is a giant leap in this direction; some herbs have been standardized and twenty herbs have had monographs devoted to them. No doubt much work remains to be done. In order to obtain consistent results, the standardization of the product has to be monitored right from the raw-material stage. The habitat of the plant and the time of collection play a vital role in achieving consistency.
Although there have been attempts at a broader understanding of drugs based on their chemistry and pharmacology, India can perhaps follow China, where experimental results are immediately passed on to clinical investigators, who provide the necessary support in the clinical evaluation of particular drugs.
The Indian subcontinent contains about 25,000 species of vascular plants, of which 7500 are used by folk and other traditional systems of medicine. Many plants are common to all the traditional systems. Several are used either alone or in combination with other plants. The current regulations state that if these drugs are prepared in exactly the same way as laid down in ancient literature and if they are preserved as detailed by the texts, such drugs do not require either approval or registration. The drug will however be treated as 'new' whenever a different method of preparation is used.
The subcontinent occupies a unique position in the world, capable of cultivating most of the medicinal plants used both in modern as well as traditional systems of medicine.
While India has to travel a long way to become self-sufficient in pharmaceutical production, the largest chunk of medicines—almost 70 per cent—draw on the indigenous systems of medicine catering to the needs of most of our rural people.
The export value of crude drugs from India in the international market has increased 2.76 times between 1985–86 and 1994–95, and now stands at Rs 53.2 million.
Although India is one of the major suppliers of medicinal plants to the world, the export of value-added materials such as plant derivatives, chemicals, etc. is insignificant compared to the developed countries.
According to an UNIDO study, although there were 3349 units licensed to manufacture plant-based pharmaceuticals in 1987, their contribution to the total production was considered marginal.
A systematic survey of all medicinal flora is the need of the hour. While that may safely be left to dedicated researchers, this book is my attempt to contribute by documenting and making available to a larger public what I have seen practised in the course of my researches.
This fourth volume of _Home Remedies_ follows on from where the first three had left off , hoping to reclaim a place on our kitchen shelves and in our lives for plants we have come to dismiss lightly.
## Introduction
> _For cutting off the tender sprouts, a fine of six panas will be imposed; for cutting off the minor branches, twelve panas and for cutting off the big branches, twenty-four panas. Cutting off the trunk will be punished with the first amercement; and felling will be punished with the middlemost amercement._
>
> —Arthashastra, III 19:197
The writing of this book was undertaken to fill what I perceive to be a serious void between the ethnic discovery of herbs and their scientific rediscovery.
It was felt that collecting and categorizing available data from folklore as well as the Western scientific literature on medicinal herbs would facilitate an informed understanding that could better evaluate the premises and methodology of the complicated and often misunderstood role of herbalism and alternative medicine. Herbs are often seen as the last resort once all other avenues of treatment have been exhausted. Being approached as last-minute miracle workers serves to reinforce the mystic aura associated with such systems of medicine, thus discounting the sophisticated and ancient herb lore that its practitioners draw on. The hereditary household remedial system handed down by often unlettered women, the village vaids, hakims and ojhas and their travelling counterparts represent the fragmentary remnants of systems evolved to perfection to meet the needs of localized communities, drawing on familiar plants and locally available materials to treat ailments. Such practices are however fast becoming extinct, and I have often noted on my travels that even in a far-flung village, it has become the fashion to go for a tablet of aspirin rather than a piece of ginger, unmindful of the feeble voice of a family elder or the village physician.
Systematic documentation of this knowledge becomes an urgent necessity in the face of such onslaughts, as has been made clear to me time and again on my frequent trips to remote areas. The Kotas, among one of the ancient inhabitants of the Nilgiris, have all but lost their familiarity with their native medicines. Their villages which till recently boasted of a village physician, now totally depend on the nearby hospitals for treating even the simplest of ailments.
An identical situation prevails in a village near Hyderabad. Almost the entire village was suffering from malnutrition due to vitamin deficiency. The villagers squarely blamed the government for their plight and pointed out that the local dispensaries never maintained adequate stocks of vitamins. All this was in spite of the surprisingly large number of drumstick trees which were growing almost everywhere in the village! All the vitamin-loaded leaves of the trees were ironically ending up as manure or cattle feed.
The ancient methods designed for optimum beneficial use of local resources are in danger in ways that classical systems such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha have overcome. These classical systems have been elaborately documented in the form of verses, which survive as manuscripts in the written form, or are passed on from generation to generation orally. Herbal folklore however continues to be unrecorded and as a consequence, endangered.
India has always been a treasure trove of herbs. Historically in traditional Indian cuisine, there was hardly any distinction between food and medicine. Herbs were seen as agents of satisfaction and well being. Centuries before the birth of the Greek and Roman empires, Indian ships carried herbs and their derivatives like perfumes and textiles to far-off destinations like Arabia, Mesopotamia and Egypt. The subcontinent's wealth of flora derives from the wide variations in geo-climactic and ecological endowments—tropical, temperate, alpine and arid zones, fluctuating factors such as relative humidity, temperature, monsoon, etc. The sheer variety of herbs and spices available to early shamans and physicians and their rich herb mythology and herb lore lured human migration not only from her neighbourhood but also from distant lands.
Later, it was Indian spices that wrote a fascinating history of adventure, exploration, conquest and colonialism. Bitter sea battles were fought over the spice growing colonies. The treasures of herbs and spices have always been indicators of wealth and status and have dictated the policies of nations. Indian herbalism was developed by the ancient seers, sages, wanderers and tribals who through intuition and observation discovered the many properties of plants and their products. The wisdom and experience of generations was consolidated in its growth. Over the millenia, other herbal systems and herbs brought into the subcontinent grew and added to indigenous lore.
Today it is easy to forget that the original sources of modern medicine were unsung folk prescriptions: morphine from poppy, quinine from cinchona, ephedrine from ma-huang, digitalin from foxglove. Today too, there are people who still treat minor ailments inexpensively with remedies taught to them by their forebears. This is especially true of folk medicine and simple home remedies and beauty aids taught to young girls by their grandmothers in many parts of the country. The body of information accumulated in these and other systems of medicine, dealing with the specific medicinal applications of herbs for specific complaints, has been tested innumerable times over the millenia in actual practice.
### Scientific Interest in Herbs
The term herb technically refers to a non-woody plant that dies down to the ground after flowering. In general use, it refers to any plant species, including trees. Plants are the chemical factories of nature. The spectacular progress in organic chemistry has rendered most of the natural products amenable to synthesis. In the late eighteenth century and the nineteenth century, organic chemists occupied centre-stage. Recognizing the importance of plant materials, they isolated the active ingredients of many plants and plant products—nimbidin from _Azadirachta indica_ (Neem), hyosine from _Datura metel_ (Green Thorn Apple), and reserpine from _Rauwolfia serpentina_ (Sarpagandha). In the twentieth century, the sixties saw the phytochemists working with randomly chosen plants. In the seventies growing interest in folkloric drugs urged these qualified researchers to select and work on plants used in traditional medicine. In the eighties and nineties these studies, aimed at the isolation and structure elucidation of the chemical constituents of the chosen plants, were pursued further. Despite such investigation, it is estimated that ninety per cent of recorded flora remains unstudied. However, the ultimate aim of scientific interest in traditional drugs is neither to ascribe them formal recognition or to explore their use as just alternatives or supplements to modern medicine.
The medical recipes and therapies gathered by me from diverse sources deserve very serious and urgent consideration by scientific and medical researchers. I think the time has come for the scientific community not to rest content with the isolation of 'active principles' alone from these plants. This 'classical' approach by scientists seeking to pinpoint single active substances and either extract them as they are or synthesize them in the laboratories serves only a limited purpose, since we are already aware that plants also contain secondary enhancing and/or side-effect-eliminating substances, which are lost for good in the process of isolation of active principles. Besides, there is greater scope for researchers to discover which chemical appears in which part of the plant and when. Apart from verifying existing scientific findings and explaining the role of plants in modern biochemical terms, which I understand that the Herb Society in London has currently undertaken, there is a need for a scientific understanding of systems of alternative medicine that have proved useful for suffering humanity, and for which no scientific explanation has yet emerged. The scientific community by transcending its mindset would perhaps be able to find a satisfactory answer to this in the coming years.
Herbalism in India is today beset by myriad problems. The value of the medicinal plant depends on its active principle content and not on its abundant growth or harvest. This aspect distinguishes the herbal industry from the others as the norms of production of agricultural crops differ.
Moreover, it is often found that the same plant grown in different localities differs widely in its medicinal value. Several factors such as soil, rainfall, latitude, altitude, method of cultivation, time of collection, storage, transport, etc play an important role in the medicinal value of drugs.
A wholesome and uniform _Materia Medica_ appears a distant dream even today.
What is worse, there is no attempt to identify correct plant species mentioned in various vernacular literatures. There is also no serious attempt to document even today all available information on herbs mentioned in the vernacular treatises lying scattered over the length and breadth of the country, or to confirm and consolidate information relating to the affective part of the plant or its dosage and the application-methodology, particularly the details relating to combining the herbs.
Although most of the vernacular treatises make an attempt to broadly communicate the uses of plants, there is little other detail in them, meant as they are for the expert practising physician. Particulars such as exact dosage, duration of treatment, etc are often left to the imagination of the lay and often unlettered present-day practitioners. There is thus a need for formulating the effective dosage and treatment-duration in respect of each herb/ herbal product.
There is also widespread practice of substitution of herbs and ingredients. This is a very serious offence which unfortunately goes unnoticed or un-reported. It is necessary that some institutional checks are initiated with a view to ensure purity and quality of herbal products.
I can find no better way to end, than with this beautiful story that emphasizes the need to preserve our ancient skills. The story tells of the legendary Jivaka, who was the royal physician during Buddha's time.
On completion of his seven-year medical course at Taxila, Jivaka was given the following problem by the examiner: 'Take this spade and seek around Taxila, a yojana on every side and whatever plant you see which is not medicinal, bring it to me.'
Jivaka, so the legend goes, examined all the plants in the specified area and was forced to return to the examiner empty-handed!
### How to Use the Book
The book deals with forty commonly found herbs in the subcontinent, some of them familiar kitchen and spice box staples that are invariably accompanied by some minimal knowledge of their therapeutic properties, even in urban homes. The majority of these herbs are indigenous, though some were brought into the country by incoming invaders, colonisers and migrants. Over a period of time, they have merged so much with Indian gastronomy and medicine that their place of origin appears to be irrelevant. While dealing with each herb, I have recorded its traditional use along with recent scientific information, particularly its efficacy as a drug. A list of references from scientific research work indicating the composition and efficacy of herbs and their constituents will enable each reader to arrive at his or her own evaluation of the relevance of both the traditional practices and the scientific literature. The _In Tradition_ pages record the accepted remedies for specific ailments that draw upon each herb's unique therapeutic properties. The ailments are arranged in alphabetical order, as usually classified in medical terminology.
While each entry has been alphabetized, certain groups of related symptoms that cover more than one system have not been separated, since all or a few of them may occur simultaneously. The extensive index at the back of the book allows quick location of multiple remedies for the same ailment, and a choice of herbs. The intuitive preference of certain herbs over others is the best pointer in choosing the appropriate remedy. As many Indian language names as possible have been recorded, thus enabling easy identification of the herbs. The multi language index facilitates the location of herbs by their familiar names, rather than the botanical or English ones. The detailed line drawings that accompany each herb further underline their familiarity while linking us to forgotten healing traditions.
The book records traditional medicinal remedies that are in danger of falling into disuse in forms in which they have been handed down across generations of practitioners. Traditional household practises regarding dosage, application and combination of herbs for alleviating symptoms and curing ailments were all gathered by me mostly through word of mouth from hundreds of housewives, illiterate grandmothers, vaids and ojhas, who voluntarily came forward to reveal them, including specialized tips derived from a lifetime of experience. These living herbals of folk usage will hopefully be the starting points for a comprehensive _Herbal Materia Medica_. Tips on certain herbal preparations that serve as inexpensive substitutes for their chemical-based brethren in the markets are included wherever possible. A comprehensive medical and herbal glossary and one of Non-English terms explains technical concepts from various systems of medicine.
### Herbal Preparations: Some Guidelines
There could be some confusion regarding the preparation of home remedies for lay readers. An attempt is made here to explain the various procedures, processes and preparations dealt with in this book.
### Notes on Preparation
In traditional systems of medicine, particularly the ones prevalent in South India, one often comes across the practice of mixing honey with almost every herbal powder or _bhasma_ , etc. Honey is regarded as an essential vehicle that aids easy digestion and assimilation of the drug. Whenever honey is not available, other sweet substances such as jaggery, sugar candy, etc are powdered and mixed with the drug. As in Ayurveda, balancing of tastes is an important phenomenon and drugs which are bitter, sour or astringent are often mixed with sweet substances and administered.
_Resins and Gums_. Resins and gums exude from the branches of several trees, especially _Acacia_. They are generally harvested in the dry seasons, by making wounds on their branches and trunks. The liquid exudate which solidifies quickly is then scraped off the tree with the help of a knife. In the case of myrrh ( _Commiphora myrrha_ ), the exudate is initially pale-yellow in colour, but as it solidifies, it becomes brown-black.
_Jams_. Herbal jams are solid or semi-solid preparations. The herbal paste or powder is cooked in liquid (water or milk), and ghee, sugar syrup, etc are added while cooking. A jam is ready when it achieves single or double thread consistency and when a dollop sinks into water _en masse_ without spreading. A jam made of fresh ginger is a common household remedy used to strengthen the digestive fire, while another made of dry ginger powder is used as a winter tonic. There is a wide variety of jams used therapeutically for indigestion, diarrhoea, piles, bleeding disorders, respiratory problems, reproductive disorders, etc. _Chyavanaprasa_ , the most well-known among jams, consists mainly of amla in addition to as many as forty herbs and at times, is fortified with even minerals. It is a rejuvenator and also a remedy for debility and old age.
_Medicated Oils and Fats. Sneha_ are prepared by boiling a drug-fat-water mixture until the water evaporates and the remnants are strained. There are four textures distinguishable in Kerala preparations: flowing, soft, waxy and hard. While hair oils (often medicated with amla, Chinese rose, etc) are flowing, certain preparations like medicated ghee are in various semi-solid states (soft, waxy or hard). Soft fats are used for nasal medication. Waxy fats are used for internal consumption and the hard greasy ones are applied to the body. The hard fat often contains charred herbs.
_Nasal and Eye Drops_. Nasal and eye medication is preferred for purification in all diseases of the head, lungs, throat and eyes. A good daily routine includes introduction of a couple of drops of medicated oil or ghee into the nose or eyes as the case may be. Whenever any fresh juice is required to be introduced, sufficient caution is to be exercised to avoid any contamination. Sterilized cotton and clean hands are necessary. Never use more than 2–3 drops at a time.
_Application of Warmed Leaves_. Some leaves are applied on boils, etc after warming over a flame. The leaves which are otherwise hard or leathery get softened and pliable by such treatment and are rendered handy for bandaging the affected area. Sometimes a coating of oil (such as sesame oil) is applied on the surface of the leaves before warming them.
_Burning the Plant Materials_. This process is quite common and releases the aroma (e.g., resins, incense, etc) of the plant parts which helps in relieving nasal congestion, etc. In certain cases, plant parts are burnt over hot coals and the ash obtained is used as medicine.
_Roasting the Plant Materials_. Roasting plant parts such as seeds is a common method before they are used as medicine. By roasting in the skillet, the volatile oil content in seeds is gradually released and the efficacy of the plant parts, when used as medicine, increases. In Siddha medicine, roasting of leaves, etc is also done in mud pots. Such a roasting process removes traces of moisture, besides wilting the leaves.
### A Note on Dosage
> _A doctor should treat taking account of the patient, the illness and the time._
>
> —Tirukkural 949
Prescribing the optimal dosage of the plant material for a particular ailment and for the particular constitution of the patient has always been quite a challenging task for any herbalist. The main reason for this is the fact that the content of the so-called 'active principle' of a plant part varies widely due to factors such as climate, altitude, latitude, soil type, nutrition, temperature, relative humidity, season, time of plucking, packing, storage, etc. Determining the nature of the constitution of the patient has also been a crucial factor for determining the dosage of the drug.
As such, the dosage should vary from person to person and from drug to drug, the judgement being based on the close observation by the physician of the individual constitution and reaction of the patient, with a view to enhance or decrease the dose already prescribed by him. In other words, a close rapport between the physician and the patient is a _sine qua non_ before making any such attempt. The practitioner should be fully aware of the inherent weakness in prescribing the dosage, or a particular dose of a drug, in a general or casual way, overlooking the importance of both the dynamism that a drug exhibits and the individuality of a patient's constitution. The crude manner in which dosage has been prescribed in this book is merely to broadly document roughly how much of the drug could be required. It has been assumed that the patient is fully grown and mature. The dosage indicated is therefore subject to modification by the prudent user.
Finally, I make no apologies for the fact that I approach patients like a 'primitive' shaman. For me, they represent highly complex psycho-physico-spiritual creatures rather than mechanical devices, taken up for servicing or repair. I am fully convinced that when a man suffers from an ailment, all he needs is relief best suited to his bodily constitution and in the least harmful way. It is in such a spirit that I hope readers too will approach the book.
### Notes on Preparing Plant Parts
_Collection_. Although there are no hard and fast rules, the following principles are generally adhered to:
_Roots, Rhizomes and Bark:_ They are collected in late autumn or early spring when vegetative growth has ceased.
_Leaves and Flowering Tops:_ They are collected at the time of development of flowers and before maturing of fruit and seed as the photosynthetic activities are maximum at this time. The active principle content is also high.
_Fruits:_ They are collected when fully grown, but unripe.
_Seeds:_ They are collected when fully matured and if possible, before the fruits open for dispersal. Seed-like fruits such as coriander, saunf, ajwain, etc are harvested a little before they are fully ripe, to retain their fresh and bright appearance.
_Drying:_ The object of drying is to remove moisture and to preserve the plant and its parts. Under natural conditions, the drug could be dried under the sun or in shade, according to the nature of its content or the active principle. Greater success is encountered in commercial drying, where the temperature and flow of air are controlled. Certain delicate drugs such as digitalis need a specific temperature for drying.
_Garbling:_ The final stage in the processing of a drug is garbling. In this process, extraneous matter such as dirt, unwanted plant parts, adulterants, etc, are removed.
_Packing:_ Different drugs need different types of packing. Basically, packing should ensure protection against moisture, fungus, insects, etc.
_Storage and Preservation:_ Conditions for storage and preservation vary from plant to plant. In case of drugs such as digitalis, which deteriorate in the presence of moisture, the insertion of a suitable dehydrating substance in the container itself is a prerequisite. In general, the ideal conditions for preservation of all drugs are refrigeration or low temperatures.
_Infusion:_ An infusion, like tea, is made by combining boiling water with herbs (usually the green parts or flowers) and steeping for 5 to 10 minutes to extract their active ingredients. Due to exposure to heat only for a short duration, this method ensures that the volatile elements and vitamins are not totally lost. It is recommended that a porcelain, enamel or glass pot be used while steeping the herbs. The pot should be covered with a tight-fitting lid to minimize evaporation. Sometimes sugar or honey can be added to the infusion to improve its taste. Most herb-teas (also called tisanes) are taken in small regular doses ranging from a teaspoon to a mouthful over a period of time. They are taken quite hot, if the intention is to break up a cold or cough. Otherwise they can be taken either lukewarm or cold.
_Decoction:_ Hard materials such as wood-pieces, bark, roots, seeds, etc require prolonged boiling to extract their active ingredients. About ½ cup of plant parts can be boiled in 1 cup water. It is better to use a non-metallic or enamelled pot. Green plant parts and flowers can be added to cold water, brought to a boil and allowed to remain so for 3–4 minutes. Or they can be added straight to boiling water and allowed to be immersed at a galloping boil for a few minutes. In either case the pot should be covered with a lid. Harder materials need to be boiled longer. Plant parts need to be strained out from the decoction. The Kerala physicians often strain the decoction and boil it again until it is reduced to one-and-a-half times the original weight of the herbs. For cooking decoctions clay pots are considered the best. However, copper pots for _kapha_ problems, silver or bronze for _pitta_ problems and gold or iron pot for _vata_ problems are also considered acceptable and good.
_Cold Extract:_ To ensure effective extraction of delicate or volatile compounds the herbs are steeped in a non-metallic or enamelled pot containing cold water (1:6 ratio of herb and water) for 8 to 12 hours. Strain and the drink is ready. Through this method, only minor amounts of mineral salts and bitter principles can be extracted. Compared to hot infusions, cold extracts would need double the quantity of plant material. This method is recommended for very delicate herbs such as hibiscus, sandalwood, jasmine, marigold, rose, coriander, vetiver, etc and for the treatment of _pitta_ conditions.
_Juice:_ While extracting juice from the plant material, a little cold water could be added. This is a good method for extracting water-soluble constituents, vitamins and minerals from the plant.
The juice should be consumed immediately after pressing, as otherwise the vitamin content is denatured and the fermentation process starts. This method is used in the case of all juicy plants particularly aloe, amlaki, brahmi, coriander, garlic, ginger, tulsi, lime, neem, onion, etc.
_Syrup:_ The plant materials can be boiled in honey and strained through cheesecloth. This is an easier way of administering medicines to children.
_Powder:_ Dried plant parts can be ground with the help of a traditional mortar and pestle or with a grinder or blender. Powders made from a combination of a number of drugs are popular in Ayurveda. The versatile _Triphala_ is a shining example. The powder can be taken with water, milk or soup. It can be just swallowed with water or sprinkled on food. The common dosage is stated as the quantity that you can lift on the tip of a dinner-knife! These days, gelatine capsules can be used to facilitate swallowing. Sometimes powders are used externally as in the case of _Dashanga_ _Lepa_ , which contains liquorice, valerian, red sandalwood, cardamom, turmeric, etc. It is dusted on boils, mumps, abscesses, erysipelas and neuralgia.
_Poultice:_ Also called cataplasm, the poultice is used to apply a herbal product to a skin area with moist heat. Often, the herb is made into a pulpy mass and warmed up. The warmed pulp is spread on a wet, hot cloth and wrapped around the affected area. In the case of mustard pulp or similar herbs, which are quite irritable to the skin, two layers of cloth could be used. After removing the poultice, the area could be washed with water or herbal tea to wipe out any left-over residue on the skin. Poultices are used to soothe, to irritate, or to draw out impurities from the body. Such an action depends on the type of herb selected for the purpose.
_Fomentation:_ A Turkish towel can be soaked in a hot infusion or decoction and after wringing out the excess liquid, applied as hot as possible on the affected area.
_Cold Compress:_ It is like fomentation, but the infusion or decoction used is cold. The cloth is left on the body until it is warmed by body heat. Usually it is left on for 10 to 15 minutes. This is repeated with another fresh cold compress.
_Soap Substitutes:_ Certain plants contain a compound called saponin, which produces lather when the plant tissues are rubbed in water. They can also be used to make shampoos. The plants which contain saponin in sufficient quantity to produce lather are:
### Papaya leaves
Soap-nut powder (reetha) and shikakai
Powder made of dried orange rind, lemon rind, rose petals, etc. All these can play an effective role as a substitute for soap.
Turmeric powder, which is a germicide, is also used along with besan, _kasturi manjal_ , etc. Powdered leaves of neem, curry-leaf, etc also find their use in substituting soap.
In combination with milk, these herbs make an ideal wash for the upkeep of skin and in preventing its damage due to weather, old age, bacteria, etc.
_Volatile Oils:_ Volatile oils extracted from various plants have been in use from time immemorial. They are extracted by distilling grass ( _Cymbopogon_ , etc), leaves (basil, cinnamon, _Citrus_ , etc), flowers ( _Citrus_ , jasmine, rose, saffron, etc), flower buds (lawsonia, mango, etc), fruits (black pepper, bel, cardamom, nutmeg, etc), seeds (anise, ajwain, coriander, cumin, saunf, etc), roots or rhizomes (galangal, ginger, sweet flag, turmeric, vetiver, etc), wood (agar, camphor, deodar, sandal, etc), bark (asafoetida, _boswellia_ , camphor, commiphora, etc).
The volatile oils are responsible for the characteristic odour of the plant. Some act on the Central Nervous System, increase appetite, aid digestion and regularize intestinal action. When placed on intact skin, they can increase the flow of blood, especially of leucocytes. This property associated with the bactericidal properties of certain oils is the basis of their antiseptic use.
## 1
## Catechu
### Acacia catechu
> For leprosy...
>
> —Charakasamhita, Sutrasthanam
### The Ruddy Roadsides
Catechu, obtained from the heartwood of the tree, has a cultural usage: it is an important ingredient in the preparation of paan that paints the roads red! A part and parcel of the Indian social etiquette.
The heartwood which is dark brown in colour is cut into small chips and boiled to yield the _katha_ of commerce, which finds its use in traditional industries viz., in dyeing canvas, fishing nets and ropes, as a preserving agent and also as a raw material for plywood adhesives.
Catechu is a powerful astringent, traditionally used to cure obesity. In folk medicine, it is used, along with opium and cinnamon for the treatment of diarrhoea, haemorrhage and sore throat. Women are administered catechu with gum guggul as a tonic after child birth. It is considered useful in the treatment of anaemia, anorexia, fever, gum infections, leprosy, leucoderma, loose teeth, skin disorders, swellings, ulcers, urinogenital disorders etc.
_Khadirarisht_ prepared with catechu and wood chips of deodar and some other herbs is traditionally used in the treatment of skin diseases.
The root, leaf, flower, bark and fruits of this tree are made into a decoction and administered orally as well as for external dressings to leprosy patients.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Acacia catechu_ (L.f.) Willd.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Black cutch, Catechu, Cutch Tree
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Khair_
| | Gujarati : _Kher_
| | Hindi : _Khadira, Khair, Kattha, Khaira_
| | Kannada : _Khadira, Kadur, Kalu_
| | Malayalam : _Khadiram, Karungali_
| | Marathi : _Khair_
| | Sanskrit : _Khadira_
| | Tamil : _Kathakambu, Senkarungaali_
| | Telugu : _Podalisamu, Podalimanu_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Khadira_
Unani Name | : | _Katha safed_
Family | : | Mimosaceae (Fabaceae)
Appearance | : | A medium-sized, deciduous thorny tree. Bark brown or grayish brown and rough. Wood hard, reddish. Leaves prickly, a pair of flattened recurved prickles inserted below the leaf-base. Flowers pale yellow in long spikes.
Distribution | : | Cultivated throughout India and found mainly in Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh.
Medicinal Parts | : | Twigs, wood (extract of heartwood), bark.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Khadirarisht._
Unani Preparations | : | _Marham Kharish Jadid._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Bleeding gums, loose teeth, spongy gums | : | Allow a piece of catechu to dissolve in the mouth. Mix catechu, alum and myrrh (2:1:1). Add a little powdered cloves. Use this as a tooth powder.
Chest pain | : | Grind the barks of catechu and Indian red wood ( _Soymida febrifuga_ ) into a fine paste. Smear on the chest after warming slightly.
Colic | : | Grind together catechu, pindalu ( _Randia ulginosa_ ) and baranimbu ( _Citrus medica_ ). Dilute with a little water and drink.
Diarrhoea | : | Take ¼ tsp powdered mixture of catechu and cinnamon with ½ tsp honey.
Dry cough | : | Mix ⅛ tsp catechu powder with equal quantities of turmeric powder and honey and take twice a day.
Hoarseness, loss of voice, sore throat | : | Chew a small piece of catechu and allow it to dissolve in the mouth.
Loose teeth | : | Mix equal quantities of catechu and finely-powdered betelnut. Rub on the teeth thrice daily after every meal.
Loss of voice, toothache | : | Chew a small piece of catechu with a little bit of cinnamon and nutmeg. ( _Caution:_ Nutmeg can cause adverse results.)
Mouth ulcer | : | Grind the bark of suran ( _Zizyphus rugosa_ ) with the bark of catechu into a fine paste. Add a little butter and cook the paste. Cool and smear it on the sores.
Obesity | : | Mix ⅛ tsp catechu powder in 1 glass hot water and drink twice a day for a few days. ( _Caution: Th_ is treatment is not to be carried on for a lengthy period of time.)
Sore nipples | : | Bathe with an infusion of catechu (1 tsp catechu infused in 1 glass boiling water for 2 hrs.) ( _Note:_ In order to harden the tissue, breasts are bathed with this infusion daily for a month before the confinement.)
Toothache | : | Plug the hollow of the tooth with a small piece of catechu.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Bidding, P. O. Rev. 1986. _Studies in Santal Medicine and Connected Folklore_. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. (A Santal medicine.)
Bordoloi, D. N. et al. 1964. Effects of polyphenolic extracts of _Cassia fistula_ and _Acacia catechu_ on the spore germination of _Colletotrichum falcatum_ Went. _Curr. Sci_. 33(13):408.
Deshpande, V. H. and A. D. Patel, 1981. Flavanoids of _Acacia catechu_ heartwood. _Indian J. Chem_. 20B:628.
_Jiangsu, J. Tradl. Chinese Med_. 10(2):57–58. (Infusion of barkless stem of _A. catechu_ in 20–30 ml doses (0.1 gm of crude drug) given as oral dose thrice daily for 7 days constituting a course of treatment. 12 out of 24 _cases_ cured; 8 cases, markedly improved; 2 cases improved; and 2 cases ineffective.)
Jinsen, Ma. 1989. Treatment of intractable mycotic enteritis with _Acacia catechu_ : a report of 24 cases.
Rao, P. R. and T. R. Seshadri. 1948. L-epi catechin from _Acacia catechu. J. Sci. Industr. Res_. 7B:59.
Shama Rau, T. H. 1961. _Acacia catechu_ Willd. _Nat. Med. J_. 1–3.
Thakur, R. S. et al. 1989. _Major Medicinal Plants of India_. Lucknow: CIMAP. 11–13.
## 2
## Ponnanganni
### Alternanthera sessilis
> _Matsyakshi... conqueror of pitta and kapha..._
>
> —Bhavaprakasam, Guduchyadivarga
### For a Golden Complexion
Rev. P. O. Bodding, who had rescued some of the vanishing treasures of folklore common among the Santals in Bengal and Bihar, has recorded the use of the root extract of this plant in serious eye diseases such as cataract, hazy vision, burning eyes, myopia, watering eyes etc.
The plant, which is often used as a leafy vegetable, is believed to impart a 'golden complexion' and hence its Tamil name ponnanganni. The plant and its parts, such as stems and leaves and their extract, exhibit several pharmacological properties, particularly as a cholagogue, febrifuge, galactagogue and as a cardiac depressant.
Other ailments for which the folk doctor prescribes these greens are: body heat, burning sensation in limbs and in stomach, joint pain, leucorrhoea, liver diseases, loss of appetite, loss of hair, piles etc. They are also used in snake bite and for healing wounds.
The ayurvedic drug, Lonika is obtained from two other species as well: _Portulaca oleracea_ (Portulacaceae) and _Glinus oppositifolius_ (Molluginaceae).
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Alternanthera sessilis_ (L.) R. BR. ex DC. _Alternanthera triandra_ Lam.
---|---|---
Indian Names | : | Malayalam : _Koluppa, Kozhuppa_
| | Kannada : _Honaganne_
| | Sanskrit : _Matsyakshi_
| | Tamil : _Ponnanganni, Ponni, Koduppai, Seedhai_
| | Telugu : _Ponagantikura_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Lonika_
Family | : | Amaranthaceae
Appearance | : | Prostrate herb; leaves lance-like. Flowers white, minute in axillary clusters.
Distribution | : | Widespread in wet places, both in the plains and in the hills.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaves, plant, stem root.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Eye ailments | : | Grind the leaves into a very fine paste and take 2 tsp every day for 45 days.
|
: | Steam the leaves and eat them with a little butter every day for 45 days.
|
: | Use the oil ( _See_ Recipe) to massage the head every day before shower.
Itching, skin infection | : | Apply the oil ( _See_ Recipe) frequently.
Redness in eyes | : | Fry the leaves in ghee and apply a bandage of this on the eyes.
Sexual debility | : | Mix grated coconut with leaves (1:10) and fry in ghee. Eat with rice or chapati or bread every day.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### Oil of Ponnanganni: A Coolant for the Brain
Extract juice from the fresh leaves of ponnanganni (4 cups) and add to this equal quantities of gingelly oil, and milk; 2 cups each of fresh juices extracted from bhringaraja ( _Eclipta prostrata_ ) and amla fruits, and the fine paste of liquorice made with milk. Heat the mixture on a slow fire till the moisture fully evaporates and the oil mixture reaches a waxy consistency. Cool and bottle. ( _Note_ : Massaging the head with this oil is believed to cool the brain and cure eye ailments.)
### In Science
Agarwal, Y. K. and P. K. Jain. 1978. _Pol. J. Chem_. 52:2495. (The root chemistry of the plant.)
Ahmed, E. H. M. et al. 1984. Investigations of molluscicidal activity of certain Sudan plants used in folk medicine. Part IV. _Planta Med._ 50(1):74–77. (Molluscicidal effect of the plant.)
Bodding, Rev. P. O. 1986. _Studies in Santal Medicine and Connected Folklore_. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. Reprinted. 166.
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, 1990. _Phytochemical Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda_. New Delhi. 213.
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, 1996. _Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha_. New Delhi 231–232. (The plant extract caused a spasmogenic effect on the isolated rat uterus with higher concentration.)
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_ , New Delhi: CSIR, 14. (Useful as galactagogue, cholagogue and febrifuge.)
Dogra, J. V. V. et al. 1977. _Plant Biochem_. J. 4:14. (Steroids.)
Jou, H. J. et al. 1979. _Hua Hsueh_ , 1:22 (Steroidal composition.)
Lin, S. R. and and A. H. Chen. 1975. _Taiwan Yao Hsueh Tsa Chih_. 27(1– 2):103. (Presence of steroids.)
Macfoy, C. A. and A. M. Soma. 1983. Medicinal plants in Pujehum District of Sierra Leone. _J. Ethnopharmacol_. 8(2):215–223. (Bathing children with a decoction of leaves made them healthy and vigorous.)
Nadkarni, R. A. and S. B. Chaphekar. 1977. _Experientia_. 33:34. (Presence of aluminium, scandium, titanium, and vanadium in the plant.)
Payumo, E. M. 1959. _Philipp. J. Sci_. 88:221. (Presence of oxalic acid reported.)
Sinha, P. et al. 1984. _Indian Drugs_ 21:139. (Chemistry of the drug.)
Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balachandran. 1994. _Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources_. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. 283.
## 3
## Custard Apple
### Annona squamosa
> _Destroya of pitta_...
>
> —Nighantu Ratnakaram
### Sita's Fruit
A native of South America and the West Indies, this fruit is associated with Sita, the consort of Rama. Hence in many Indian languages it is named as 'Sita's fruit' ( _Sitaphal_ ).
The Custard Apple tree is found wild in India although in many parts it is cultivated for its juicy fruits which are made into drinks and fermented liquor.
The unripe fruit, seed, leaf and root are all used in folk medicine, especially for extirpating insects and lice. The powdered seeds and leaves are used as an effective bio-insecticide in rural households. The seeds are reported to be abortifacient. The root is a powerful purgative.
Over-dried kernels of seeds contain 30% oil. An alkaloid, anonaine has been isolated from the bark. Hydrocyanic acid is reported in the leaves, bark and root and traces of it in the wood and seeds.
Eating the fruit itself is a challenging task as it is loaded with so many seeds deeply embedded in the numerous pulpy sockets. No doubt, Sita, the legendary heroine of the Ramayana, is well-known for her patience!
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Annona squamosa_ L.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Sugar Apple, Sweetsop, Custard Apple, Bull's heart
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Sharifa, Sitaphal_
| | Bengali : _Ata_
| | Gujarati and Marthi : _Sitaphal_
| | Kannada : _Sitaphala_
| | Malayalam : _Attichakka, Sitapazham_
| | Oriya : _Ato, Seetapholo_
| | Sanskrit : _Gandhagataram, Sitaphalam_
| | Tamil : _Sitapazham_
| | Telugu : _Gandhagaalaramu, Sitaphalamn_
Family | : | Annonaceae
Appearance | : | A small unattractive tree bearing yellowish-green fruits. Leaves ill-smelling. Flesh edible, juicy and delicatery flavoured. Seeds many, brownish black, smooth.
Distribution | : | Cultivated widely in Assam, Maharashtra, U.P. and West Bengal.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaves, roots, unripe fruits and seeds.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Abscesses, boils | : | Use a poultice of crushed leaves or a paste of them.
Diarrhoea, dysentery | : | Take 1 tbsp of the crushed, unripe fruit.
Fevers | : | Boil ¼ tsp root-paste in water; drink when lukewarm.
Lice | : | Apply the leaf-juice and allow it to remain over night.
Rheumatism | : | Boil the leaves in water. Foment the area.
Toothache, gum infection | : | Chew pieces of the root-bark.
Venereal sores | : | Grind the dried leaves of custard apple with sunn hemp leaves ( _Crotplaria_ calycine) caraway seeds, ajwain, fenugreek, coriander seeds and a little sulphate of copper into a fine powder sprinkle the mixture on the affected parts.
|
: | Grind the leaves of custard apple with a fresh areca nut, and the bark of _sal_ into a fine powder and bottle. Now boil some neem leaves in water and, when cool, wash the sores clean. After drying expose the area to the sun and then sprinkle the powder stored in the bottle.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
While the whole seeds accidentally swallowed seem to have no ill effects, the kernels are reported to be highly toxic.
### In Science
Bhakuni, D. S. et al. 1974. The aporphine alkaloids of _Annona squamosa. Phytochemistry_ 11:1819–1822.
Bodding, P. O. Rev. 1986. _Studies in Santal Medicine and Connected Folklore_. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. (The leaves of Sugar apple are the Santals' folk remedy for syphilis and venereal sores.)
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, 1996. _Pharmacological Investigations of certain Medicinal Plants and Component Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha_. New Delhi. (Extract of seeds, in an experiment failed to show any anti-fertility effect in mice.)
Cheema, P. S. et al. 1958. Indigenous Insecticides Part II. Insecticidal properties of the seed oil of _Annona squamosa. J. Sci. Industr. Res._ 17C(8): 132–134. (Confirmed.)
Herrera, C. L. et al. 1984. Philippine plants as possible sources of antifertility agents. _Philipp. J. Sci_. 113(1–2):91–129 (Antifertility role of the plant.)
Kamboj, V. P. and B. N. Dhawan. 1982. Research of plants for fertility regulation in _Indian. J. Ethno-Pharmacol._ 6(2):191–226. (50 to 70% anti-implantation activity of seed extracts reported in proven fertile rats.)
Masilungan, V. A. 1967. Screening of Philippine plants for anticancer activity. _Philipp. J. Sci_. 96(4):393–398. (Leaves exhibit anticancer activity on Ehrich ascites tumour cells.)
Misra, A. et al. 1979. Post-coital antifertility activity of _Annona squamosa and Ipomoea fistulosa. Planta Med_. 35(3):283–285. (The experiment confirms anti-implantation and abortifacient activity in proven fertile rats.)
Mukerjea, T. D. and Ram Govind. 1958. Studies on indigenous insecticidal plants. Part II. _Annona squamosa. J. Sci. Industr. Res_. 17C:9–15.
Saluja, A. K. and D. D. Santani. 1984. Antifertility activity _Xeromphys squamosa_ and _Annona squamosa. Indian J. Pharm. Sci_. 46(1):21–23. (In 50% of the trial animals, the seed extract showed abortifacient activity.)
Satyavati, G. V. 1984. Indian plants and plant products with antifertility effect (A review 1975–1982.) _Ancient Sci. Life_. 3(4):193–302. (Antifertility role of the plant.)
Visweswariah, K. 1971. Technological studies of the seeds of _Annona squamosa, Indian J. Exptl Biol_. 9:519–529. (Insects like _Stigobium penicium_ and _Bruchus chinensis_ were controlled when fed internally.)
Vohora, S. B. et al. 1975. Phytochemical, pharmacological, antibacterial and antiovulatory studies on _Annona squamosa, Planta Med._ 28(1):97–100. (Antibacterial and antiovulatory properties.)
Vohora, S. B. and M. S. Y. Khan. 1981. Diuretic studies on plant principles. _Indian Drugs Phar. Ind_. 16(1):39–40. (Diuretic properties of the plant.)
## 4
## Ash Gourd
### Benincasa hispida
> _Kushmanda... sweet, cooling, balancing pitta_...
>
> —Priya Nighantu, Pippalyadivarga
### A Game-at-Work
In Indian _mandis_ , the loaders of the cargo of ash gourd play a peculiar game: they form a chain and toss about these huge fruits before they are safely trucked into a truck.
The source of the ayurvedic drug _kushmanda_ comes from a climber common in tropical Asia, cultivated for its large, nutritive fruits. The drug is regarded in folk medicine as rejuvenative, improving physical as well as mental functioning. The fresh juice of the fruit is administered in the tretment of haemoptysis and other haemorrhages. It is also useful in a host of ailments: asthma, body heat, burning sensation, catarrh, cough, diabetes, dyspepsia, heart ailments, obesity, piles and respiratory problems. The fruit contains a substantial amount of water and a little protein, fibre, fat and carbohydrates, besides some minerals and vitamins. Being low in calories, like egg-plants the fruit is also sought after by weight-watchers and the body-conscious.
Ash gourd seeds can expel tape-worms and are traditionally used when difficulties in urination are experienced or when one suffers from urinary stones.
It is considered an aphrodisiac by some enthusiasts.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Benincasa hispida_ (Thunb.) Cogn. _Benincasa cerifera_ Savi _Cucurbita hispida_ Thunb.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Ash gourd, Wax gourd, White gourd
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Chalkumra_
| | Gujarati : _Bhurukohlu_
| | Hindi : _Kumhra, Petha_
| | Kannada : _Boodkumbala Kayi_
| | Malayalam : _Elavan, Kumbalam_
| | Marathi : _Kohala_
| | Sanskrit : _Kushmanda_
| | Tamil : _Kalyanapushani, Pushanikai_
| | Telugu : _Budida-gummadi_
Family | : | Cucurbitaceae
Appearance | : | A tendril climber, hairy all over. Leaves simple, palm-like and large with tendrils forked into 2 or 3 branches. Flowers yellow, large, unisexual. Fruits, ash-coloured, large, succulent, densely white, hairy when tender and with a thick whitish and waxy deposit when ripe.
Distribution | : | Widely cultivated for its edible fruits in the warmer parts of India.
Medicinal Parts | : | Fruit, seeds.
Ayurvedic Preparations __ | : | _Dhatryadi ghritam, Himasagara tailam, Kushmanda rasayanam, Maha kushmandaka ghritam, Vastyamayantaka ghritam_ etc.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Anaemia, body heat, general debility, spermatorrhoea, weakness of the heart | : | Eat jam made of ash gourd fruit.
Dandruff, dryness of scalp, hair-loss | : | Crush 2 tbsp seeds and boil in 1 cup coconut oil, till they turn red. Cool, filter and bottle. Apply daily.
Intestinal parasites/ worms, tapeworm infection | : | After removing the seed-coat, fry 1 tsp seeds in little ghee and eat.
Obesity, peptic ulcer | : | Drink a glassful of raw fruit juice. ( _See_ preparation of juice.)
To stop internal and external bleeding, nose bleeding etc. | : | Take 1 cup fresh juice mixed with 1 tsp amla juice.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### Ash Gourd Juice in a Jiffy!
All you have to do is to remove the rind and cut the fruit into chunks. Then remove the seeds and grate the chunks. Simply squeeze and add equal quantities of water.
_Note_ : The juice may cause diarrohea. No food should be consumed for 2 to 3 hours after drinking the juice.
### In Science
Ansari, N. A. et al. 1981. Anthelmintic activity of _Benincasa hispida_ seeds—a preliminary study. (Abstr.) _Indian J. Pharmacol_. 13(1): 89. (Anthelmintic activity against cestodes, nematodes and trematodes established.)
Bakhru, H. K. 1995. _Herbs that Heal_. New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks. 179.
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 1996. _Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha_. New Delhi. 209. (Extract caused fall of blood pressure and reduction of body temperature; exhibited hypoglycaemic and cardiac depressant effect.)
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_. New Delhi: CSIR. 33. (Antiperiodic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, laxative, tonic, and other properties; useful in haemoptysis, insanity, epilepsy and other nervous disorders.)
Hemadri, K. and S. S. Rao. 1984. Jaundice Tribal medicine. _Sachitra Ayurveda_. 37(4):229–235. (Fruit juice given internally with sugar in 50 mg/ml dose once a day for 3 days shows results.)
Mitra, C. R. and V. Lakshmi. 1976. Constituents of _Benincasa hispida. Quart. J. Crude Drug Res_. 14:163–164.
Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balachandran. 1994. _Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Resources_. Bombay: Oxford & IBH.
## 5
## Punarnava
### Boerhaavia diffusa
> _Punarnava... promotes longevity and prevents ageing_
>
> —Charaka Samhita
### The Tribal Scheme
The Tamil name of this plant _nathaichundi_ , indigenous to India, refers to an odd but an effective practice adopted by certain tribal communities in Tamil Nadu. All they do is to put snails (which have been gathered for their meal) into a pot along with leaves and branches of this plant, and close the lid and allow it to remain for a couple of hours. Then as they agitate the pot and pour the contents out of it, you witness a smooth operation: the edible fleshy portions of the snails are found neatly separated from their inedible shells!
The Sanskrit name of this plant _punarnava_ ( _punar_ again; _nava_ new) refers to the re-appearance of fresh shoots all over the plant even after the plant is thought to be dead in an unfavourable season. It is also interpreted as a drug that brings back lost youth to its votaries.
Mainly the roots but also the whole plant is used in folk medicine. Charaka, the great physician of yesteryear is reported to have employed the roots in the form of ointment to treat of several skin diseases including leprosy. The roots are also administered to increase lactation. Besides, they also find their application in native medicine in the treatment of ascites, asthma, fever and inflammation of the urinary tract. Santals cook them with the slough of a snake and other ingredients in mustard oil and the resultant oil is used as ear drops in the treatment of ear suppuration.
The drug contains large quantities of potassium salts and an alkaloid, punarnavine, which attributes its diuretic properties.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Boerhaavia diffusa_ L.
_Boerhaavia procumbens_ Bank ex Roxb.
_Boerhaavia repens_ L.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Horse purslane, Hog weed
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Punarnaba_
| | Gujarati : _Moto, Satodo, Nahno vesero._
| | Hindi : _Bishkhopra,Madangandhi,_ _Punernava, Sant, Santhi,Survari_
| | Malayalam : _Thazhuthama_
| | Marathi : _Tambadi, Vasu_
| | Sanskrit : _Madanagandha,_ _Raktakanda, Punarnava_
| | Tamil : _Kadugam, Nathaichuri,_ _Nathaichundi, Mookkirattai, Kuzhimittan, Thaaruni, Tholiyakarambai_
| | Telugu : _Ataki, Atikamamidi, Madanachettu_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Punarnava_
Unani Name | : | _Ispast_
Family | : | _Nyctaginaceae_
Appearance | : | A small, prostate herb spreading on the ground with many branches. Stems thickened at the nodes, often purple. Leaves simple, broad, somewhat rough, thick and brittle. Two on a node, one smaller than the other with cordate base. Lower surface of the leaf is whitish, while the upper is green. Flowers, very small, pinkish red in colour. Fruits with five ridges, oval, brownish green.
Distribution | : | Grows wild all over India. Abundant during the rainy season.
Medicinal Parts | : | Root, leaf, flower, seeds, whole plant.
Ayurvedic Preparations __ | : | _Chyavanaprasa, Dasamularishta, Kumarayasava, Mahanarayana taila, Punarnavadi guggulu, Punarnava Leh, Punarnavadi Kvatha, Punarnavasva, Punarnavarishta, Punarva taila, Punarnava ark, Punarnavakshar, Punarnavamandura, Sudhanidhi rasa_ etc.
Unani Preparations | : | _Jawarish Zar'uni Ambari Ba Naksha Kalan._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Abscesses, ulcers, skin diseases | : | Apply a hot poultice of the root paste.
Bladder stone, urinary stone | : | Roast ⅛ tsp seeds and powder. Add boiling water and filter. Use this infusion like tea or coffee with or without sugar and milk.
Body ache, inflammation | : | Grind equal quantities of the roots of the following plants: punarnava, bitter gourd, chirchita ( _Achyranthes aspera_ ) uthamani ( _Pergularia daemia_ ) thoodulai ( _Solanum trilobatum_ ) and Vila ( _Limonia acidissima_ ) along with black pepper, garlic, haritaki, neem bark, pippali, calamus and Indian acyalypha ( _Acalypha indica_ ). Now boil this mixture in an adequate quantity of sesame oil. Apply externally.
Ear infection | : | Crush equal quantities of the roots of punarnava, tukah ( _Spermacoce hispida_ ) roots and the bark of pindalu ( _Randia uliginosa_ ). Cook in pure mustard oil, cool and filter. When slightly warm use as ear drops.
Oedema, skin problems | : | Apply a paste of the root.
Scorpion sting | : | Macerate the roots of punarnava in water and apply over the sting to counteract the poison.
To increase lactation | : | Boil ½ tsp roots in a cup of milk. Filter. Add sugar as required and drink.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
The drug may cause severe nausea or loose motion when taken internally.
A red variety of punarnava, botanically recognized as _Trianthema portulacastrum_ is often used as an adulterant. While the white variety is reported to alleviate all the three _doshas_ , the red variety is feared to aggravate _vata._
### In Science
Adesina, S. K. 1979. Anticonvulsant properties of the roots of _Boerhaavia diffusa. Q .J. Crude Drug Res_. 17:84. (Protective effect against leptazol, a convulsion inducing drug.)
Ahmed, K. and S. Chakraborty 1961. Hypouricaemic factor in _Boerhaavia diffusa_ Linn. (Punarnava) _Pak. J. Biol. Agric. Sci_. 4(1):92–93. ( _Biol. Abstr_. 43:10106, 1963). (Fresh leaf extract lowers uric acid levels by increasing excretion.)
Appa Rao, M. V. R. et al. 1967. Six months result of double blind clinical trial to study effect of Mandookaparni and Punarnava on normal adults. _J. Res Indian Med_. 2:79. (The drug used in the form of powdered whole plant made into tablets showed moderate decrease in the mean level of blood urea.)
Appa Rao, M. V. R. et al. 1969. Study of Mandookaparni and Punarnava for their Rasayana effect on normal healthy adults. _J. Res. Indian Med_. 2:79.
Ball, T. N. et al. 1968. Anti-inflammatory and biochemical study of _Boerhaavia diffusa. J. Res. Indian Med_. 6:11 (The root extracts exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in oedema and arthritis.)
Bodding, Rev. P. O. 1986. _Studies in Santal Medicine and Connected Folklore_. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. p. 173. (Roots of punarnava along with the slough of a snake used by Santals to cure Otitis media suppurativa.)
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, 1996. _Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha_ , New Delhi. 281. (Myocardial stimulant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic and other properties of the drug.)
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, 1990. _Phytochemical Investigations of Certain Medicinal plants used in Ayurveda_ , New Delhi. 179. (Chemical constituents of the drug.)
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_. New Delhi: CSIR. 39. (Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, laxative, stomachic properties and the use of drugs in combating anaemia, anascara, ascites, asthma, jaundice and snake-bite.)
Joshi, C. G. and N. G. Nagar 1952 Antibiotic activity of some Indian medicinal plants. _J. Sci. Industr. Res_ 11B(6):261 (Antibacterial activity of the shoots against the bacteria, _Staphylococcus aureus_.)
Misra, A. N. and H. P. Tewari. 1971. Constituents of roots of _Boerhaavia diffusa. Phytochemistry_. 10:3318 (The root chemistry.)
Mudgal, V. 1975. Studies on medicinal properties of _Convolvulus pluricaulis_ and _Boerhaavia diffusa. Planta Med._ 28:62. (Water extract of the roots reveal diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Also observed are: analgesic and anticonvulsant properties.)
Mughal, V. et al. 1977. Comparative study on medicinal activity of leaves with flowers and leaves without flowers of Shankapushpi and Punarnava. _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga and Homoeo_. 12(4):108–111. (Extract of leaves and flowers exhibit diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities.)
Paranjpe, P. V. 1999. Punarnava rejuvenates renal functions. _Heritae Healing_ , Dec: 33.
Singh, R. H. and K. N. Udupa. 1972. Studies on the Indian indigenous drugs: Punarnava ( _Boerhaavia diffusa_ Linn.) Preliminary phytochemical studies. _J. Res. Indian Med_. 7:13.
Srivastava, D. N. et al. 1972. Studies on the indigenous drugs. Punarnava ( _Boerhaavia diffusa_ Linn.) Part V. Isolation and identification of steroid. _J. Res. Indian Med_. 7:34.
Srivastava, G. S. et al. 1980. Effect of _Boerhaavia diffusa_ Linn. Extract on blood coagulation in normal and IUD-inserted rhesus monkeys. _Indian J. Biochem. Biophys_. 17 (Suppl.):14.
Suri, O. P. et al. 1982. _Boerhaavia diffusa_ —a new source of phytoecdysones. _Planta med_. 44:180–181.
Verma, H. N. and L. P. Awasthi 1980. Occurrence of a highly antiviral agent in plants treated with _Boerhaavia diffusa_ inhibitor. _Canadian J. Bot_. 58(20):2141–2144. (Antiviral arsenal.)
Verma, H. N. et al. 1979. Isolation of the virus inhibitor from root extract of _Boerhaavia diffusa_ inducing systemic resistance on plants. _Canadian J. Bot_. 57(11):1214–1217. (Roots root out the viruses.)
Yasi, I. G. and V. P. Kalindha 1979. Chemical studies of the herb and roots of _Boerhaavia diffusa_ Linn. _J. Inst Chem_. 51:214.
## 6
## Tea
### Camellia sinensis
> _Diuretic_ —Svayamkriti
### The Teatotalism
To some, it may sound rather preposterous to find a chapter devoted to tea, the world's most popular beverage, which is an essential item in the common man's daily grocery. But, great things—like water and air—are often taken for granted and the humble tea is no exception.
Drinking tea may help fight cavities. A group of researchers from the University of Illinois, College of Dentistry have found that compounds in black tea are capable of killing or suppressing growth and acid production of cavity-causing bacteria in dental plaque. Black tea also affects the bacterial enzyme glucosyltranferase which is responsible for converting sugars into the sticky matrix material that plaque uses to adhere to teeth.
Historically speaking, tea was named the 'divine leaf' by the Greeks. It has remained, at least for the last four millennia, a part and parcel of the Chinese medical system; the French monarch, Louis XIV used to be administered with an infusion of tea for his 'royal headaches'; Russian scientists of the nineteenth century equated it with the 'elixir of life'—and by the time you finish reading this Chapter, a million people around the globe must have gulped down their cuppa!
In folk remedies around the globe, tea infusion is prescribed for blood pressure, fatigue, indigestion, nervous weakness etc. It is interesting to find that modern researchers have endorsed all these practices as 'scientific' and given full marks to tea as a remedy.
Tea contains several chemicals that give it a medicinal 'edge' over other beverages. Tests showed that tea blocked 95 per cent of the interaction between sugar and bacteria that produces a sticky mass known as dextran which sticks to the teeth and causes cavities.
Tannins in tea impart to it both an astringent taste and its capability to fight bacteria and virus. In the forties, American scientists had discovered that tannins could control an influenza virus. This was later supported by some research work conducted in Canada and India which added to the list, a host of more viruses which were kept at bay by the humble tea. In the mid-eighties, the National Institute of Genetics in Japan proclaimed epigallo-catechin-gallate, the most common type of tannin in Japanese green tea ( _Camellia sinensis_ ) as a natural cancer antidote. Buttressing their finding is the fact that the tea chemical suppressed sarcoma tumours in mice and that inveterate green tea drinkers had dramatically lower rates of stomach cancer in Japan. Dr Hans Stich, head of the British Columbia Cancer
Research Center was so persuaded of the cancer-fighting properties of tea that he used catechin capsules, extracted from tea leaves to block oral cancer in snuff users and tobacco chewers in various parts of the world. Further, Indian, Japanese and Russian researchers have demonstrated that tea may protect from long-term damage due to radiation.
### Types of Tea
The major tea types include black or fermented tea, producing an amber-coloured, full-flavoured beverage without bitterness; semi-fermented, or oolong, producing a light brownish-green and slightly bitter beverage, and green or unfermented, resulting in a pale greenish, mildly bitter liquor. Brick tea, consisting of compressed leaves and other plant parts is consumed mainly in Tibet.
It is the green tea that appears to have an edge over the other teas as its leaves commonly have twice the concentration of powerful catechins than others.
Tea contains only four calories per cup when no other ingredients (e.g., milk, sugar) are added; it is a rich source of several B-complex vitamins and tannin.
No wonder then, the enterprising Japanese have now come out with tannin-based consumer products like tooth-pastes!
### The Japanese Tea Ceremony: A Way of Life
_Chado_ ( _or sado_ ) is a time-honoured Japanese institution founded on the adoration of the beautiful in the daily routine of life. It is an aesthetic way of entertaining guests in a tea-house, which is entered through a small, low door, designed to suggest humility to the guests. The host brings forth the tea utensils, offers sweets, prepares and serves tea, which is usually thin and frothy with a mild astringent flavour. The serving of sweets and tea is often preceded by a light meal. Ritual tea drinking, which originated in China, came to be adopted in Japan during the twelfth century by Zen monks, who drank tea to keep awake during long sessions of meditation. The tea ceremony emphasizes the following four qualities: harmony (between the guests and the utensils), respect (not only for the participants but also for the utensils), cleanliness (as participants wash their hands and rinse their mouth as symbolic gestures of cleaning before the ceremony) and tranquility (through long and caring use of each article of the tea ceremony). The ceremony also conveys a message that neither the tea nor _nirvana_ can be 'instant'!
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Camellia sinensis_ (L.) O. Kuntze _Camellia thea_ Link. _Camellia theifera_ Griff. _Thea sinensis_ L.
---|---|---
English Name | : | Tea
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Cha, Chai_
| | Kannada : _Teyaku_
| | Malayalam : _Teyila_
| | Sanskrit : _Chaha, Shyamparni_
| | Tamil : _Teyilai_
| | Telugu : _Teyaku_
Family | : | Ternstroemiaceae
Appearance | : | A shrub cultivated on hill slopes. A hardy, multi-stemmed, slow-growing shrub. Leaves, elliptic, dark, glossy green and leathery. It has an economic life of about 100 years.
Distribution | : | Hills of Kumaon, Malabar, Nilgiris, North Bengal and Assam.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaves, buds.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Blood cholesterol, hypertension, triglycerides | : | Take a weak infusion of green tea
Dental infection, tooth decay | : | Gargle frequently with a lukewarm tea infusion.
Dysentery, viral hepatitis | : | Take a brew of green tea.
Gum diseases | : | Gargle with a lukewarm infusion of black tea frequently.
Wounds, sores | : | Wash with tea infusion.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
Frequent consumption of tea that is too hot may damage the lining of the throat and oesophagus, leading to cancer.
Tea stains teeth.
It contains compounds, including caffeine, alleged to promote cystic breast disease in some women.
Adding milk to tea may neutralize some of the beneficial effects of tannins; however, it may help block the tannins from stimulating acid secretion in the stomach in ulcer patients.
Excessive tea drinking may deplete absorption of iron from plant foods, possibly causing anaemia and constipation.
### In Science
Bokuchava, M.A. et al. 1980. The biochemistry and technology of tea manufacture, _CRC Crit, Rev. Food Sci. Nutr_. 12(4):303–370. (Tea catechins, superior to every known capillary-strengthening drug.)
Carper, J. 1993. _The Food Pharmacy_ London: Simon & Schuster. 289– 296.
Dubey, P. et al. 1984. Effect of tea on gastric acid secretions, _Digestive Diseases and Sciences_ , 29(3):202–206.
Friedman, M. et al. 1984. Fluoride concentration in tea. Its uptake by hydroxyapatite and effect on dissolution rate. _Clinical Prev. Dentistry_ 6(1):20–22.
Hayastin, M. et al. 1992. Effects of green tea extract on galactosamine-induced hepatic injury in rats. _Nippon Yakurigaku zasshi_ 100(5):391–399.
Henry, J. P. et al. 1981. Reduction of chronic psycho-social hypertension in mice by decaffeinated tea. _Hypertension_ , 6(3):437–444 (Bio-flavanoids in tea could lower blood pressure in experimental animals.)
John, T. J. et al. 1979. Virus inhibition by tea, caffeine and tannic acid, _Indian J. Med Res_. 69:542–545 (Both brewed tea and its tannins markedly inhibited the herpes simplex virus, but only tea itself stopped a poliovirus.)
Kada, T. 1983. _Desmutagens: an overview_. In Stich H. F. (ed.) _Carcinogens and Mutagens in the Environment Vol. II_. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc. 63–83.
Kada, T. et al. 1985. Detection and chemical identification of natural bio-antimutagens—A case of the green tea factor. _Mutation Res._ 150:127–132.
Kashket, S. et al. 1985. _In vitro_ inhibition of glucosyltransferase from the dental plaque bacterium _Streptococcus mutans_ by common beverages and food extracts. _Archs Oral Biol._ 30(11–12):821–826 (Tea could prevent tooth decay.)
Oguni, I. K. et al. 1981. On the regional differences in the mortality of cancer for cities, towns and villages of Shizuoka prefecture (1972–1978) _Ann. Rep. Shizuoka Women's College_ , 29:49–93.
Onisi, M. et al. 1980. Epidemiological evidence about the caries preventive effect of drinking tea. _J. Prev. Dentistry_. 6:321–325 (Children drinking tea from the leaves richest in fluoride found to have the fewest cavities.)
Rosen, S. et al. 1984. Anticarcinogenic effects of tea in rats. _J. Dent. Res._ 63(5):658–660. (Tea counteracts the formation of nitrosamines, a family of powerful carcinogens.)
Stich, H. F. et al. 1982. Inhibition of mutagenicity of a model nitrosation reaction by naturally occurring phenolics, coffee and tea. _Mutat. Res._ 95(2–3):119–128.
Stich, H. F. et al. 1982. Inhibitory effects of phenolics, tea and saliva on the formation of mutagenic nitrosation products of salted fish. _Int. J. Cancer_ 30(6):719–724 (Phenolic acids, aplenty in tea and coffee are anticarcinogens and antioxidants.)
Tanizawa, H. et al. 1984. Natural Antioxidants I. Antioxidative components of tea leaf. ( _Thea sinensis_ L.) _Chem. Phar. Bull._ 32(5):2011–2014.
Young, W. et al. 1967. Tea and Artherosclerosis _Nature_ 216:1015–1016. (Tea combated artherosclerosis best when consumed at the same time as or shortly after a high fat meal.)
## 7
## Amaltas
### Cassia fistula
> _Suvarnaka... the one which wards off diseases_...
>
> —A Sanskrit reference to amaltas
### The Royal Tree
In Sanskrit, the Indian laburnum is known as 'The Royal Tree' ( _Rajavrksha_ ), as it is characterized by the bewitching golden-coloured flowers, which were used in garlands in ancient times.
A native to India, the Indian laburnum is an emblem of floral beauty and a health promoter as well: it is considered as one of the best natural laxatives as it removes acidity along with faecal matter. It is stronger than _isabgol_ or _triphala_ but milder than senna. It is also reported to be useful in the treatment of excessive menstrual bleeding.
In some tribal pockets, the flowers, which are medicinal, are consumed as vegetables. Leaves are indicated in the treatment of various kinds of fevers.
The specific name of this plant, 'fistula', refers to the shepherd's pipe whose shape the fruit resembles.
The pulp of the ripe pods, called 'cassia pulp', used as a mild laxative, also flushes out intestinal worms and parasites. In folk medicine, it is often used in combination with senna. It is also mixed with tamarind pulp and taken at bedtime in some households. It is also an effective remedy for ringworm. Before obtaining the pulp, the pods are often buried in sand for about 10 to 15 days and then dried in the sun. In folk medicine, the fruit pulp is soaked in water for 6 to 8 hours. It is then squeezed and strained to make a liquid which is drunk. Sometimes salt, cardamom or a little tamarind pulp is added for improving its taste. It is also administered with gulkand, made of rose petals, as its efficacy and taste is reported to be enhanced in this way.
A decoction made of cassia flowers is often given for stomach ailments. Its root is useful in fevers and in the treatment of heart diseases.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Cassia fistula_ Linn.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Amaltas, Cassia, Purging cassia, Indian laburnum
Indian Names | : | Assamese : _Sonaru_
| | Bengali : _Bandarlati, Sonali_
| | Gujarati : _Garmala_
| | Hindi : _Amaltas, Kerla, Kilvali,_ _Sinar_
| | Kannada : _Kakke_
| | Malayalam : _Kritamalam,_ _Konna, Kanikkonna_
| | Marathi : _Bahava, Jamba_
| | Sanskrit : _Suvarnaka, Aragvadha_
| | Tamil : _Alas, Idhazhi, Konnai, Madhali, Sarakondari_
| | Telugu : _Tela_
Family | : | _Caesalpineaceae_
Appearance | : | A beautiful, medium-sized tree with compound leaves. Leaflets large, dark green in colour and shiny. Flowers, yellow in very large hanging bunches—a visual delight! Fruit 1 to 1½ feet long, cylindrical.
Distribution | : | Throughout India.
Medicinal Parts | : | Mainly pulp from the ripe fruits but also roots, flowers, leaves, seeds, bark of the tree, root-bark.
Ayurvedic Preparations __ | : | _Aragvadarishtam, Manibhadram leham, Valiya rasanadikashayam, Vasishta rasayanam._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Bee sting | : | Apply the powdered root-bark.
Blisters | : | Apply the leaf-juice.
Boils, ringworm | : | Grind equal quantities of bark and leaves into a fine paste with required quantity of sesame oil. Apply.
Constipation | : | Grind the leaves into a fine paste. Take 1 to 2 tbsp of this with cooked rice.
|
: | Soak 1 tsp each fruit-pulp, grapes, fennel, coriander seeds and gulkand in a jug containing drinking water and drink this frequently.
|
: | Soak a little bark in drinking water.
|
: | Soak 1 tbsp pulp in a glass of water overnight. Strain and add 1 tsp sugar and drink in the morning.
Constipation in children | : | Mix the cassia pulp in warm almond oil and massage the abdomen and in and around the navel.
Diabetes | : | Soak the fruit pulp in a jug containing drinking water. Drink this water frequently. ( _Note_ : It is laxative and it removes excess bile in the system.)
Emaciation, skinny looks | : | Boil 1 tbsp cleaned flowers in milk and drink twice a day.
Flatulence in children | : | Apply the slightly warmed cassia pulp around the navel.
Gas or distension, stomach ache in children | : | Apply the pulp around the navel area after slightly warming.
Intestinal parasites | : | Steam a handful of leaves. Extract the juice. Take 1 tbsp with hot water and 1 tsp sugar.
Itch, ringworm, skin ailments | : | Grind the flowers to make a fine paste. Add lime juice and mix well. Apply over the affected parts.
Jaundice, leucorrhoea, anaemia | : | Grind 2 tbsp flowers into a fine paste. Add 1 tsp honey and take.
Retention of urine | : | Take a teaspoonful of the following in ½ litre water: amla, tal-makhana, black night shade leaves, bottlegourd, fennel, haritaki, pulp of cassia fistula, China root, cucumber seeds, gokhru ( _Tribulus terrestris_ ), and vibhitaki. Boil till the volume is reduced to one-fourth. _Dose_ : 2 to 3 tsp twice daily.
|
: | Grind the following along with a little milk: fruit-pulp, katurohini, dried ginger, vidanga ( _Embelia ribes_ ), alum and asafoetida. Warm slightly and apply on the lower abdomen above the genitals.
Rheumatism, pain in joints | : | Grind the fruit pulp with some water and boil on a low flame. Apply on the affected parts.
Running nose | : | Inhale the smoke from the burning roots.
Skin affections | : | Use the oil obtained from the bark for external application.
Stomach problems | : | Soak some cleaned flowers in a jug containing drinking water. Take this water frequently.
Stomach upset in children | : | Grind the pulp, warm and apply around the navel.
Tastelessness due to excessive use of drug, etc. | : | Mix 1 tsp cassia pulp in 1 cup hot water a and use it as a mouth wash frequently.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
The drug is generally used in combination with other drugs like asafoetida, dried ginger, fennel or senna as it may cause nausea, colic or flatulence. It may cause griping. Frequent use is not recommended.
### In Science
Aiyer, K. N. & M. Kolammal 1964. _Pharmacognosy & Ayurvedic Drugs_. Trivandram 8:51 (Root cures arthritis and ringworm troubles.)
Anis, M. and M. Iqbal, 1986. Antipyretic utility of some Indian plants in traditional medicine. _Filoterapia_ 57(1):52–55 (Water extract of pod with concentrated sugar cane juice possesses antipyretic effect in common fevers.)
Babbar, O. P. et al. 1982. Evaluation of plants for anti-viral activity. _Indian J. Med. Res._ 76(suppl):54–65. (Promising effect against Ranikhet Disease Virus and Vaccinia Virus.)
Bakhru, H. K. 1995. _Herbs that Heal._ New Delhi: Oriental Paperbacks. 54.
Bhardwaj and R. Mathur 1979. Anti-fertility screening of fruit of _Cassia fistula_ in female albino rats. _Comp. Physiol. Ecol._ 4(4):227–279.
Bhardwaj, S. 1980. Estrogenicity of fruit of _Cassia fistula_ Linn. and its effect on implantation in female albino rats. _Bull. Medico-Ethno-Bot. Res._ 1(2):281–286. (Ethabolic extract of fruits possessed significant estrogenic effect in immature female rats.)
Brenan J. P. M. 1958. New and noteworthy cassias from tropical Africa. _Kew. Bull._ 13:231–252.
Ekanayake, D. T. 1980. Plants used in the treatment of skeletal fractures in the indigenous system of medicine in Sri Lanka. _Sri Lanka For._ 14(384):145–152.
Guerin, J. C. and H. P. Revillere. 1984. Antifungal activity of plant extracts used in therapy. Study of 41 plant extracts against 9 fungi species. _Ann. Pharm. Franc._ 42(6):553–559.
Indian Council for Medical Research. 1976. _Medicinal Plants of India_ Vol. I, New Delhi, 205. (Leaves, stem bark and fruit pulp are antibacterial; ether extract of the fruit pulp showed maximum activity against _S. albus, S. aureus, S. shigae_ and _S. typhi._ The extract was found more potent than chloramphenicol.)
John, D. 1984. One hundred useful raw drugs of the Kani tribes of Trivandrum Forest Division, Kerala, India. _Int. J. Crude Drug Res._ 22(1): 17–39. (Useful in skin ailments.)
Karnick, C. R. 1972. Some aspects of crude Indian plants used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for _Madhumeha_ (Diabetes). _Acta Phytothera. Amst._ 19(8):141–149.
Lilly Kutty, L. and G. Santhakumari. 1969. Anti-microbial activities of _Cassia fistula_ Linn. _J. Res. Indian Med._ 4:25.
Lilly Kutty, L. 1968. Pharmacological studies of _Cassia fistula._ M. D. Thesis. Kerala Univ., Kerala. (Water extract of the fruit pulp produced smooth muscle stimulant property on rabbit's duodenum.)
Mahli, B. S. and V. P. Trivedi. 1972. Vegetable anti-fertility drugs of India. _Quart. J. Crude Drug Res._ 12(3):1922–1928.
Nair, B. K. H. et al. 1977. _Cassia fistula_ in pyoderma—a clinical trial. _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga & Homoeo._ 12(4): 16–21.
Nair, C. P. R. 1984. Single drugs in the treatment of skin diseases. _Vagbhata_ 2(3)21–30. (Indian laburnum has been found effective in the treatment of skin diseases.)
Patel, D. G. et al. 1965. Antipyretic and analgesic activities of _Aconitum_ _spicatum_ and _Cassia fistula, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Therap._ 157(1):22–27.
Patel, R. P. and K. C. Patel. 1956. Antibacterial activity of _Cassia fistula_ Linn. _Indian J. Pharm._ 18(4):107–110.
Prakash, A. O. 1986. Potentialities of some indigenous plants for anti-fertility activity. _Int. J. Crude Drug Res._ 24(1):19–24.
Rajendra Singh and Raghuraj Sinha. 1972. Screening of some plant extracts for antiviral properties. _Technology_ , Sindri, 9(4):415–416.
Sharma, P. C. et al. 1985. Medicinal lores of Orissa. I. Skin diseases. _Bull. Med. Ethno-Bot. Res._ 6(1):93–101.
Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balachandran. 1994. _Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources_ , New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. 49.
Srivastava, S. L. et al. 1984. Screaning of floral extracts of some flowering plants for antifungal activities against _Bipolaris oryzae, J. Environ. Biol._ 5(4):217–220. (The flower extract totally inhibited conidal germination of the fungus.)
Venkatraman, S. and N. Radhakrishnan. 1975. Antifungal activity of flavanoid glycoside fractions isolated from the root bark of _Cassia fistula_ Linn. _J. Res. Indian Med_ 10(4):110–115.
Vinayagamoorthy, T. 1982. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka, Ceylon. _J. Sci. Biol. Sci._ 15(182):50–59.
## 8
## Common Periwinkle
### Catharanthus roseus
> ' _Jasmine of the crematorium_ '
>
> —A Tamil name of periwinkle
### Ever in Bloom & Never in Gloom
This handsome plant which flowers throughout the year is rightly called 'sadabahar' (ever-in-bloom) in India.
A native of Madagascar and naturalised in most tropical countries the plant has been in use all over the world in the treatment of an assortment of ailments. Caribbeans had been using the floral extract to cure eye infections; Europeans who believed the plant to be magical used it to ward off evil spirits and to cure diabetes as well; the French call it the 'violet of the sorcerers'; Hawaiians boil its leaves to make a poultice to stop bleeding; the Chinese use it as an astringent, diuretic and a cough remedy; Central and South Americans use it to ease lung congestion and to heal inflammation and sore throats.
In the 1950s, some Western scientists became interested in a tea Jamaicans were preparing to treat diabetes. This led to the discovery of about seventy alkaloids in the plant; it was found that some of them like catharanthine, vindoline, etc., lowered blood sugar levels. Others lowered blood pressure and still others could arrest bleeding. Vincristine and vinblastine, two other alkaloids from the plant were found to contain anticancer properties. Reserpine and serpentine—the powerful tranquilizers were also found in this plant. The roots of the plant, which are toxic, have recently been found to be a valuable source of alkaloids such as ajmalicine, reserpine, serpentine etc. The alkaloids exhibit hypotensive, sedative and tranquillizing properties. Experiments on animals have also shown that certain extracts of this plant are useful in the treatment of leukaemia.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Catharanthus roseus_ G. Don.
---|---|---
| | _Vinca rosea_ L.
| | _Lochnera rosea_ (L.) Reichb.
| | _Ammocallis rosea_
English Names | : | Common periwinkle, Madagascar periwinkle
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Nayantara, Gulferingi_
| | Hindi : _Sadabahar_
| | Kannada : _Kanigalu, Kempukesi_
| | Malayalam : _Ushamalari_
| | Marathi : _Sadaphal_
| | Oriya : _Ainskati_
| | Punjabi : _Rattanjot_
| | Sanskrit : _Nityakalyani_
| | Tamil : _Sudgaattumalligai, Kakapoo_
| | Telugu : _Billaganneru_
Family | : | Apocynaceae
Appearance | : | An erect herb about 1 to 2 feet tall with shiny leaves and conspicuous white or pink flowers. Fruits many-seeded. The blooms of the natural wild plants are a pale pink with a purple 'eye' in their centres, but horticulturists have developed varieties with colours ranging from white to hot pink to purple.
Distribution | : | Cultivated in gardens throughout the country.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaves, roots.
Other Species | : | _Catharanthus pusillus_ G. Don (Syns. _Vinca pusilla_ Murr: _Lochnera pusilla_ Murr. (S) Sanghkaphuli; (T) Milagaipoondu is reported to be useful in lumbago. _Vinca minor_ (Lesser Periwinkle).
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Amenorrhoea | : | Use the infusion of the leaves as a vaginal douche.
To stop bleeding | : | Boil the leaves and apply as a poultice.
Wasp sting | : | Apply the juice of the leaves.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
The alkaloids of this plant can have serious side-effects such as nausea and hair loss and hence no self-medication is recommended. The plant is poisonous.
### In Science
Cordell, G. A. 1981. The alkaloids of _Catharanthus roseus._ Twenty-one years of Natural Product Chemistry. Proc. of 4th Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices, Bangkok. 213. (Leurocristine is used in acute childhood lymphocytic leukaemia, Wilm's tumour and breast cancer.)
Dobelis, I. N. 1989. _Magic and Medicine of Plants_. Pleasantville: Readers' Digest Books.
Heywood, V. H. (ed.) 1993. _Flowering Plants of the World_. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mital, S. P. and B. Singh. 1986. Introduction of genetic resources of some important medicinal and aromatic plants of India. _Indian J. Genet._ 46(1):209–216.
Simpson, B. B. and C. O. Molly. 1986. _Economic Botany: Plants in Our World_ . New York: McGraw Hill.
Taylor, W. I. and N. R. Farnsworth. 1975. _The Catharanthus alkaloids: Botany, Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical use_. New York: Marcel Dekker. (The flower-power.)
## 9
## Jyotishmati
### Celastrus paniculatus
> _Jyotishmati imparts tejas..._
>
> —Abhidhanamanjari
### The Floral Mind
The Sanskrit name of the plant jyotishmati refers to an illuminated and peaceful state of mind, as obtained through yogic practices.
In folk medicine, the seed and seed-oil of this climber are considered aphrodisiacs. They are also used as a brain-tonic. They are a powerful stimulant for the neuro-muscular system, hence they are prescribed for gout, rheumatism and paralysis. Other properties attributed to them are: abortifacient, emetic, laxative and diuretic. They are thus prescribed for cough, constipation, stomach upset, etc.
Celastrus oil extracted from the seeds has been proved to be beneficial in causing significant improvement in memory and learning in experimental animals.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Celastrus paniculatus_ Willd.
---|---|---
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Malkangani_
| | Kannada : _Kariganna_
| | Malayalam : _Valulavam_
| | Marathi : _Kangani_
| | Sanskrit : _Jyotishmati, Pitataila_
| | Tamil : _Valuluvai, Siruvaluluvai_
| | Telugu : _Gundumeda, Bavanji_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Jyotishmati, malkanguni_
Unani Name | : | _Malkanguni_
Family | : | Celastraceae
Appearance | : | A deciduous climber, with reddish-brown twigs, densely covered with small, elongated lenticels. Leaves broad elliptic-ovate, serrate and with a prominent leaf-tip. Flowers green in terminal, dropping clusters. Fruit globose, bright-yellow in colour. Seeds completely enclosed in orange-red pulp.
Distribution | : | Found in sub-Himalayan tract upto 2,000 metres and in hilly areas of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Medicinal Parts | : | Seed, seed-oil, leaf, bark
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | Malkanguni oil.
Unani Preparations | : | _Roghan malkanguni._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Cough, dysentery stomach upset, | : | Take ⅛ tsp finely powdered seeds with 1 cup hot water.
Wounds, sores | : | Dust the fine powder of the seeds on the affected parts.
|
: | Grind the seeds and boil with a little water to a porridge-like consistency. Foment.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
The plant can induce tremendous heat in the system.
In excess, the drug is reported to seriously affect the skin.
### In Science
Bhakuni, D. S. et al. 1969. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity, part II. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 7:252. (Anti-viral vitality.)
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. Glossary of _Indian Medicinal Plants_ , New Delhi: CSIR. 56. (Useful in fevers, gout, leprosy and rheumatism.)
Gaitonde, B. B. et al. 1957. Pharmacological studies with Malakangunian indigenous tranquillizing drug (Preliminary Report). _Curr. Med. Pract._ 1:619. (The seed-oil exhibits sedative and anti-convulsant activity in rats.)
Gunde, B. G. and T. P. Hilditch. 1938. Seed and fruit coat fats of _Calastrus paniculatus, J. Chem. Soc._ , 1980.
Jain, M. K. 1963. Chemical examination of _Celastrus paniculatus_ dried not-bark _Indian J. Chem_ 1:500.
Joglekar, G. V. and J. H. Belwani. 1967. Certain central nervous system effects of polyester of _Celastrus paniculatus_ (Malkanguni oil). _J. Res. Indian Med._ 1:190.
Kumaraswamy, O. N. and B. L. Manjunath. 1936. Fixed oil from the seed of _Celastrus paniculatus_ Willd. _J. Indian Chem. Soc._ 13:353.
Lotter, H. et al. 1978. Absolute configuration of malkanguinol—a sesquiterpene tetrol from _Celastrus paniculatus. Tetrahedron Lett._ 3243.
Sengupta, A. and H. N. Bhargava. 1970. Chemical investigation of the seed fat of _Celastrus paniculatus. J. Sci. Fd. Agric._ 21:628.
Sheth, U. K. et al. 1963. Behavioural and pharmacological studies on tranquillizing fraction from the oil of _Celastrus paniculatus_ (Malkanguni oil), _Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn._ 144:34.
Singh, N. and R. P. Kohli. 1974. Pharmacological studies on _Celastrus paniculatus_ (Malkanguni) _J. Res. Indian Med._ 9:1. (Anti-inflammatory and anti-convulsant properties.)
Singh, S. P. 1977. Search for effective anti-fertility agents from indigenous plant sources. Th _esis for M. D. Pharmacology. K. G. Medical College, Lucknow_. (No antifertility activities observed.)
Singh, S. P. 1982. Brief resumé of antifertility studies conducted by P. R. U. (CCRAS), Lucknow. _Symposium on Family Welfare Research Programme sponsored by CCRAS, held at Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi, May 1982._
Singh, S. P. et al. 1978. Antifertility studies of some indigenous plants. _Indian J. Pharmacol._ 10:88.
## 10
## Colocynth
### Citrullus colocynthis
> _Destroyer of kapha_
>
> —Gunapatham
### The Fruit Power
The Sanskrit name of the drug ' _Indravaruni_ ' connotes its versatility: its efficacy against a wide canvas of ailments.
The fruit ripens in winter and is offered for sale. While the British Pharmacopoeia recognizes only the pulp as a medicine, Indians show some one upmanship: they use the roots too for medicinal needs.
The fruit, well-known for its blood-purifying and purgative role, is used in folk medicine to cure ascites, colic, constipation, dropsy, fevers, intenstinal worms, liver diseases, _pitta_ -aggravation, sciatica etc. It further possesses abortifacient and cathartic properties. It is light, bitter and hot.
The root too is administered against various ailments: abdominal enlargement, asthma, cough, inflammation of the breast, rheumatism, ulcer, urinary diseases etc.
Oil obtained from the seeds works against bowel complaints, epilepsy, insect bites. The seeds are also reported to be used for blackening the hair.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Citrullus colocynthis_ (L.) Schrad.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Bitter Apple, Colocynth
Indian Names | : | Bengali &
Hindi : _Indrayan_
| | Gujarati : _Indrak, Indranan, Indravana_
| | Kannada : _Pavamekkakayi, Tumtikayi_
| | Malayalam : _Peikomutty, Kaatuvellari_
| | Marathi : _Kaduvrindavana_
| | Sanskrit : _Indravaruni, Gavakshi, Gotumba, Chitra, Mahendravaruni_
| | Tamil : _Peythumati, Thumati, Aatruthumati, Pichikai, Kalingam, Verithumati_
| | Telugu : _Chittipapara, Etipuchcha,_ _Paparabudama, Veripuchcha_
| | Urdu : _Indrayan_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Indravaruni_
Unani Name | : | _Indrayan_
Family | : | Cucurbitaceae
Appearance | : | A perennial creeper with angular stems, tendrils and hairy branchlets. Leaves, triangular with 3 to 7 lobes, varying in size, with hairy leaf-stalk. Flowers, yellow, unisexual, solitary. Fruits fanciful and round, multi-coloured, variegated with white and green, containing spongy, bitter pulp.
Distribution | : | Found almost all over India, particularly on the hot, sandy or rocky parts of Deccan, Gujarat, Rajasthan and the Coramandel coast in Tamil Nadu.
Medicinal Parts | : | Fruits (ripe or unripe), roots, seeds.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Abhayarishtam, Chavikasavam,_ _Madhuyastyadi tailam, Mahatikatakam kashayam, Manasamitravatakam, Narayana churnam._
Siddha Preparations | : | _Kaslingadi mezhugu, Kalinga tailam._
Unani Preparation | : | _Had-i-Ayarji._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Boils | : | Apply the ground fruit pulp.
Constipation | : | Extract 1 cup of the fruit juice and add ¼ tsp each of the following in powdered form: ajwain, asafoetida, cardamom, cubebs and rocksalt. _Dose_ : ¼ tsp with a glass of hot water. ( _Caution_ : May cause nausea and vomiting.)
Pimples | : | Apply the root-paste.
Piles, rheumatism | : | Grind equal quantities of the root and long pepper ( _Piper longum_ ). Roll into pepper-sized pills and dry under the sun. Bottle. _Dose_ : A pill with a glass of hot water. ( _See_ : 'A Word of Caution'.)
Rumbling stomach due to indigestion, cough, intestinal worms | : | Powder the roots and bottle. _Dose_ : 1 pinch taken with hot water.
Rumbling stomach | : | Grind the roots with water. Warm the paste and apply over the lower abdomen.
Swellings on the breasts | : | Grind the roots into a fine paste. Warm and apply.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
The drug induces violent nausea and vomiting. The drug may prove harmful to those who suffer from ulcer and also to pregnant women.
Some botanists identify _Cucumis callosus_ or _Cucumis trigonus_ or _Trichosanthes palmata_ (syn. _Trichosanthes tricuspidata_ ) as the source for the ayurvedic drug _Indravaruni._
### In Science
Ayoub, S. M. H. and L. K. Y. Yankov. 1981. On the constituents of the peels of _Citrullus colocynthis_. Part I. _Filoterapia_. 52:9.
Banerjee, S. P. and D. C. Dandiya. 1967. Smooth muscle and cardiovascular pharmacology of alpha-elaterin-2-D-glucopyranoside glucoside of _Citrullus colocynthis. J. Pharm. Sci._ 56:1665.
Darwish-Sayed, M. et al. 1973. Nitrogenous bases of the different organs of _Citrullus colocynthis. Planta Med._ 24:260.
Darwish-Sayed, M. et al. 1974. The glycosidal content of different organs of _Citrullus colocynthis. Planta Med._ 26:293.
Dey, A. C. 1980. _Indian Medicinal Plants_. Dehra Dun. 60.
El-Khadem, H. and M. M. A. Abdel-Rahman. 1962. On the anticancer glycoside from _Citrullus colocynthis. Tetrahedron Lett_. 1137.
El-Khadem, H. and M. M. A. Abdel-Rahman. 1963. Constituents of the fruit of _Citrullus colocynthis. J. Chem. Soc._ 4991.
Lavie, A. et al. 1964. Constituents of _Citrullus colocynthis. Phytochemistry._ 3:51.
Mallavarapu, G. R. and L. Ramachandra Row. 1979. Chemical constituents of some cucurbitaceae plants. _Indian J. Chem._ 17B:417.
Misra, G. et al. 1962. Chemical examination of _Citrullus colocynthis_ fruit and seed. _J. Sci. Industr. Res._ 21B:238–239.
Nadkarni, A. K. 1954. _Indian Materia Medica_. Bombay. 337.
Thakur, R. S. et al. 1989. _Major Medicinal Plants of India_. Lucknow: Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 188–192.
Yankoy, L. K. and S. M. Hussein. 1975. Fatty acids from the oil of seeds of _Citrullus colocynthis. Dokl. Bol. Akad. Nauk_. 28:209.
## 11
## Butterfly Pea
### Clitoria ternatea
> _Equalizer of three doshas_...
>
> —Raja Nighantu
### To Hang and to Please
Next perhaps to cut-throats and hitmen, it is this plant which is most preferred for hanging! A hanging of different sorts: gardeners find it most suited for 'hanging basket culture'.
This handsome climber, a possible native of South America, is now naturalized all over the tropical parts of India. It is cultivated in gardens as an ornamental hanging plant. As the plant is very palatable, it is susceptible to continuous, heavy grazing by cattle.
The plant is used for snake bite in traditional medicine. Its roots are also used in various ailments. They are abortifacient, analgesic, antihistaminic, antioxytoxic, aperient, cathartic, cholinergic, diuretic, laxative, and purgative. They are reported to control gastric acidity and promote nausea and vomiting.
The seeds of this plant are used as a mild purgative and in the treatment of intestinal worms and for nervous weakness. They possess diuretic properties. In folklore, the drug is used for eye-diseases, fever, leucorrhoea, etc.
In some tribal pockets in India, women insert the roots straight into the vagina for terminating an unwanted pregnancy.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Clitoria ternatea_ L.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Butterfly pea, Wing-leaved clitoria, Blue pea, Asian pigeon wings
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Aparajit_
| | Kannada : _Karnike, Sankapushpa_
| | Malayalam : _Aral, Kakkanamkodi, Sankhankuppi Sankhapushpam_
| | Marathi : _Gokurna, Kajli, Sholonga_
| | Oriya : _Oporjita, Onosi_
| | Sanskrit : _Aparajita, Girikarnika_
| | Tamil : _Kakanankodi, Kakatan, Kannikodi, Kavalai, Kakanam, Girikanni_
| | Telugu : _Dintena, Nallavusinitige, Gilagarnika_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Aparajita_
Unani Name | : | _Mazeriyun_
Family | : | Leguminoseae (Fabaceae)
Appearance | : | A beautiful twining shrub with bright blue or white, conch shell-shaped flowers having orange or white centre. Pods, linear with many seeds. Seeds globose, compressed.
Distribution | : | A common garden flower plant found throughout India.
Medicinal Parts | : | The whole plant, leaves, roots, seeds
Medicinal Preference | : | The white-flowered variety is considered preferable as a medicine, although blue-flowered ones also posses medicinal properties.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Garbhapaalrasa, Svarnamakaradhvaja._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Constipation | : | Roast the seeds and powder. Take ⅛ tsp with hot water. ( _Note_ : It may cause loose motions.)
Constipation, Elephantiasis | : | Mix powdered seed, rock salt and dry ginger (4:4:1) and bottle. Take ⅛ tsp with hot water. ( _Note_ : It may cause loose motions.)
Earache, swollen glands around the ear | : | Mix warmed juice of leaves with a little salt and foment the area.
Elephantiasis | : | Take ⅛ tsp root-paste with hot water.
Hemicrania | : | Sniff a drop or two of the root juice of the white-flowered variety of Butterfly pea.
Retention of urine, constipation | : | Soak cleaned roots (⅛ tsp) in 2 cups water for 2 to 3 hours and drink. ( _Note_ : It may cause loose motions.)
Swellings | : | Grind the leaves with a bit of salt into a very fine paste and apply.
Ulcers | : | Wash the affected area with an infusion
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
The drug may cause severe nausea and diarrhoea.
### In Science
Ansari A. A. et al. 1975. Component acids of minor seeds oils 1. _J. Proc. Oil Techn. Ass._ India. 7:26. (Essential amino acids found in seeds are: cystine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine and valine.)
Aswal B. S. et al. 1984. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part X. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 22:317.
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha. 1996. _Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compounded Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha_. New Delhi: CSIR 17–19.
Chopra R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_ New Delhi: CSIR. 71. (The plant is used in snake bite.)
Debnath N. B. et al. 1975. Fatty acids of _Clitoria ternatea. J. Inst. Chem. Calcutta_. 47:253. (Major fatty acid components of the seed oil are: arachidic, behenic, lignoceric, linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic and stearic.)
John D. 1984. One hundred useful raw drugs of the Kani tribes of Trivandrum Forest Division, Kerala, India. _Int. J. Crude Drug Res._ 22(1): 17–39. (The tribes administer the root extract internally to produce abortion.)
Joshi S. S. et al. 1981. Chemical examination of _Clitoria ternatea. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc._ 58:714.
Lawry J. B. and L. Chew. 1974. Use of extracted anthocyanins as a food dye. _Econ. Bot._ 28:61.
Mhaskar K. S. and J. F. Caius. 1931. Indian plant remedies used in snake bite. _Indian Med. Res. Memo_ No. 19:32.
Morita N. et al. 1977. Study on the constituents of Formosan Leguminoseae. 1. The constituents of the leaves of _Clitoria ternatea. Yakugaku Zaashi_. 97:649.
Prasad M. et al. 1980. Certain studies on Aparajita ( _Clitoria ternatea_ Linn.) _J. Nat. Integ. Med. Assn._ 22(6):140–141. (Abortifacient aspects.)
Sivarajan V. V. and I. Balachandran 1994. _Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources_. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. 425–427.
Srivastava B. K. and C. S. Pande. 1977. Anthocyanin from the flowers of _Clitoria ternatea. Planta. Med._ 32:138–140.
Tewari, P. V. and C. Charturvedi. 1981. Method of population control in Ayurvedic classics. _Ancient Sci. Life_ 1(2):72–79. (Local application of the roots in the vagina by insertion method for producing abortion.)
Uhe G. 1974. Medicinal plants of Samoa—A preliminary survey of the use of plants for medicinal purposes in the Samoan islands (p. 17). _Econ. Bot._ 28(1):1–30.
Vaidya B. G. 1972. Some controversial drugs of Indian medicine VI. _Res. Indian Med._ 7(3):64–77.
## 12
## Coffee
### Coffea arabica
> _Tasty, satisfying, promoting joie de vivre..._
>
> —Svayamkriti
### A Mood Food
The name 'coffee' is derived from Caffa, a province of Abyssinia, which could be the home of this plant. Arabia was the principal supplier of coffee till the seventeenth century.
The first coffee shop was opened in London in 1652.
The Turkish were great coffee drinkers and denial of this beverage to women was considered sufficient ground for a divorce!
### Good News for Coffee Enthusiasts!
A study conducted very recently by the Harvard School of Public Health reports that the incidence of Parkinson's disease (a chronic progressive nervous disease, marked by muscle tremors and weakness) among women who drank one to three cups of coffee a day was less than half of those who drank less than a cup daily. The scientists' reason is their observation: caffeine, the major alkaloid in coffee, is able to prevent the loss of the brain chemical, dopamine, that is depleted in Parkinson's disease.
### Mood Uplifter
Judith Wurtman, a 'mood-food' research scientist at MIT, after an experiment with caffeine-capsules has confirmed that a morning dose of this chemical has stimulating effects on the brain and the nervous system resulting in quicker thinking and reacting, greater alertness and accuracy and extended attention spans. Some Stockholm scientists have demonstrated that caffeine molecules actually latch on to brain cells, blocking the attachment of a neuro-transmitter that shuts off mood-raising chemicals. This is the secret of feeling 'up'!
### A Wonder Drug
Caffeine, the alkaloid found in coffee is reported to be valuable for heart diseases, ascites and pleuristic effusion. Also valuable in cases of inebrity, it is a powerful diuretic.
The traditional use of coffee in the treatment of asthma patients (in the 1800's caffeine was a 'wonder drug' for curing asthma, and was replaced by theophylline, which since 1921 has been a common drug for asthma) has been endorsed in some recent experiments. Becker et al. (1984) find that 'caffeine is as effective a broncho-dilater as theophylline in young patients with asthma'.
Studies conducted in Japan, Norway and the United States reveal that contradictory to earlier beliefs, coffee does not cause pancreatic cancer. On the other hand, Norwegian studies suggest that drinking coffee might even help prevent colon cancer. Another study (Watterberg, 1983) finds that green coffee beans strongly block cancer in laboratory animals. Polyphenols, a potent anticancer agent is found to be in high concentration in coffee beans.
European physicians of the seventeenth century used to prescribe plain coffee as a 'wonder drug'. Eventually, Monin, a physician from Grenoble (France) conceived the notion that coffee could have sugar and milk added to it. From then on drinking 'milky coffee' ( _Cafe au lait_ ) became the rage among the French royalty and intelligentsia.
The coffee bean, as obtained from the plant has to be processed before marketing. The fleshy tissues adhering to the berries are separated by fermentation and washing. The manufacture of coffee powder involves roasting of the beans, followed by grinding, blending and packing.
French coffee is a blend of coffee with chicory.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Coffea arabica_ Linn.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Coffee, Arabian coffee
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Kofi, Pilu_
| | Kannada : _Kafi, Bunna_
| | Malayalam : _Kapi_
| | Sanskrit : _Rajapilu_
| | Tamil : _Kapi_
| | Telugu : _Kafi_
Family | Rubiaceae
Appearance | : | An evergreen shrub with shiny leaves. Flowers, white, fragrant. Fruits, small fleshy drupes; and contain 1 to 3 seeds. When only one seed develops, the seed is called _peaberry._
Distribution | : | Native of Abyssinia. Cultivated in South India.
Other Species | : | _Coffea liberica_ (Liberian coffee)
| | _Coffea robusta_ (Congo coffee)
| | _Coffea stenophylla_ (Sierra Leone coffee)
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Asthma, depression, dullness, fatigue, hay fever | : | Take an infusion of strong (black) coffee.
Gum infection, cavities, tooth decay | : | Gargle frequently with some weak decoction of coffee. ( _Note_ : Coffee like tea and cocoa is an anti-cavity mouth wash.)
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### Jet Lag: A Prescription
The following is a prescription for overcoming jet lag:
If the passenger is west-bound, he is advised to drink 3 cups of black coffee in the morning on departure day. If east-bound, he should refrain from coffee till evening. (Better still, is to avoid coffee for three days before the flight.)
### A Word of Caution
* Those people who are extremely sensitive to caffeine may get anxiety or panic attacks on taking coffee.
* Coffee in excess may prove harmful, as it aggravates _pitta_ and causes heart diseases.
* Caffeine is reported to impair tasks that require finger coordination, such as threading a needle, hitting a small target, or throwing darts.
* Combining coffee and smoking can significantly raise blood-pressure levels.
* Pregnant women are advised to refrain from coffee drinking, because of the danger of birth defects.
* Women with breast cysts are also advised to cut down their coffee intake.
* Coffee may cause chronic insomnia and diarrhoea.
### In Science
Anonymous, 2001. Coffee drinkers less prone to Parkinson's. _The Indian Express_ , 11th May.
Becker, A. B. et al. 1984. The bronchodilator effects and pharmacokinetics of caffeine in asthma. _New England J. Med._ 310(12):743–746.
Boulenger, J. P. et al. 1984. Increased sensitivity to caffeine in patients with panic disorders. Preliminary evidence. _Arch. Gen. Psychiatry_ 41(11):1067–1071.
Carper, J. 1993. _The Food Pharmacy_. Simon & Schuster (Reprint). 169–177.
Costile, D. L. et al. 1978. Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. _Med. & Sci. in Sports_. 10(3):155–158.
Curb, J. D. et al. 1986. Coffee, caffeine and serum cholesterol in Japanese men in Hawaii. _American J. Epidemiology_. 123(4):648–655.
Gong, H. Jr. et al. 1986. Bronchodilator effects of caffeine in coffee. A dose-response study of asthmatic subjects. _Chest_. 89(3):335–342.
Kashket, S. et al. 1985. _In vitro_ inhibition of glucosyltransferase from the dental plague bacterium _streptococcus mutans_ by common beverages and food extracts. _Arch. Oral Biology_. 30(11–12):821–826.
Nomura, A. et al. 1986. Prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of cancer. _J. Nat. Cancer Inst._ 76(4):587–590.
Shirlow, M. J. et al. 1985. A study of caffeine consumption and symptoms: Indigestion, palpitation, tremor, headache and insomnia. _Int. J. Epidemiol_. 14(2):239–248.
Wattenberg, L. W. 1983. Inhibition of neoplasia by minor dietary constituents. _Cancer Res._ (Suppl.) 43:2488s–2453s.
## 13
## Jamaican Thyme
### Coleus ambonicus
> _Deodorant_ —Svayamkriti
### Fleshy-wn-Fuzzy
Jamaican thyme, the 'campharaceous herb' is an aromatic plant native to the eastern parts of India. It used as a common household remedy especially for children suffering from cough, cold and fevers.
Jamaican thyme has thick, almost fleshy leaves with a somewhat fuzzy surface. It has a wonderful aroma that somewhat reminds one of oregano. It grows easily from cuttings. Its leaves and stems are used in folk medicine.
Besides eliminating toxins, the drug is reported to be a liver stimulant. In traditional medicine, it is administered against a host of ailments: bilious affections, cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, indigestion, kidney stones, etc.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Coleus ambonicus_ Lour.
---|---|---
| | _Coleus aromaticus_ Benth.
| | _Plectranthus amboinicus_ (Lour.) Spreng.
English Names | : | Jamaican thyme, Broadleaf thyme, Cuban oregano, Indian Borage
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Amroda, Patharchur_
| | Kannada : _Karpurahalli_
| | Malayalam : _Kannikurka, Panikurka_
| | Sanskrit : _Karpoora valli, Sugandhavalakam_
| | Tamil : _Karpoora valli_
| | Telugu : _Sugandhavalakam_
Family | : | Lamiaceae
Appearance | : | A profusely branched, fleshy, highly aromatic, hairy herb. Leaves simple, opposite, ovate with serrate margin. Flowers small, purple. Corolla, 2-lipped.
Distribution | : | Cultivated. Also found growing wild, mostly in the southern peninsula.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaves, stems.
Ayurvedic Preparations __ | : | _Abhram, Pubileham, Gopichandanadi gulika._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Diarrohea, biliousness, indigestion | : | Chew some leaves and drink warm water.
Headache, poisonous bite | : | Crush the leaves and use as local application.
Inflammation of the middle ear | : | Apply the leaf juice.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha 1991. _A Handbook of Common Remedies in Siddha System of Medicine_ (2nd Revised edn). New Delhi. 53.
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_. Delhi. 74.
Chunekar, K. C. 1982. _Bhavaprakasa Nighantu of Sri Bhavamisra. Commentary_. Varanasi. 105. (In Hindi.)
Kapoor, S. L. and R. Mitra 1979. _Herbal Drugs in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry_. Lucknow. 74.
Kirtikar, K. R. and B. D. Basu. 1918. _Indian Medicinal Plants_. Allahabad. 1017.
Nadkarni, A. K. 1954. _Indian Materia Medica_. Bombay. 371.
Sharma, P. V. 1983. _Dravyaguna Vijnana Varanasi_. 462.
Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balachandran. 1994. _Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources_. Oxford & IBH. 234–236.
Vaidya Bapalal. 1982. _Some Controversial Drugs in Indian Medicine._ Varanasi. 6.
Vaidya, K. M. 1936. _The Ashtangahridaya Kosha with the Hridaya Prakasha_ — _commentary_. Twrichur. 33.
## 14
## Varuna
### Crataeva religiosa
> _Conquers kapha and vata_ —Kaiya Deva Nighantu
### The Peacock Flower
Varuna is a beautiful tree, with abundant foliage ( _vrumaanah_ ) and beautiful white flowers resembling the peacock's tail ( _barhapushpah_ ). This tree is found frequently planted near muslim tombs. It is also planted as an ornamental tree in parks and public places.
The botanical name of the plant is derived from the name of the Greek botanist, Crataevus.
Vagabhata, an Indian physician who lived in the 4th century AD, had grouped seventeen drugs which alleviate malignant tumours, morbid kapha, obesity, paraplegia and weakness of the digestive fire into a group called _Varunadi gana_. Varuna is the leader of this group as the group itself is named after this plant.
The drug improves digestive power, purifies blood and cures _angina pectoris_ , arthritis, calculus, dysuria, headache and internal abscesses. It is also useful in the treatment of bladder and uterine affections and an enlargement of the abdominal viscera.
In certain parts of India, this drug is used as an antidote for snake-bite.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Crataeva religiosa auct. non._ Forst. f.
_Crataeva nurvala_ Buch.-Ham.
_Crataeva magna_ (Lour.) DC.
_Capparis magna_ Lour.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Caper tree, the Sacred Barna
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Barun_
| | Gujarati : _Varno_
| | Hindi : _Barna, Barana, Varna, Bilasi_
| | Kannada : _Bole tumbe, Nirvala, Vitusi_
| | Malayalam : _Kili, Nirvala, Vitusi_
| | Marathi : _Kumla, Haravarna, Vavavarna_
| | Oriya : _Barun_
| | Punjabi : _Barna_
| | Sanskrit : _Varuna_
| | Tamil : _Adicharanam, Kumaragam,_ _Maralingam, Mavilangu,_ _Varani,Varanam_
| | Telugu : _Ulimari, Uskia, Vivapatri_
Burmese Name | : | _Katat_
Family | : | Capparidaceae
Appearance | : | A medium-sized tree with crooked branches; smooth, pale-grey bark and fleshy foliage, with 3 leaflets on a common stalk. Flowers white and pale-yellow, sepals 4, petals 4 and with numerous prominent stamens with purple filaments, in lax terminal corymbs. Fruit, globose.
Distribution | : | Cultivated in gardens, frequently planted in graveyards, particularly common in Uttar Pradesh. Grows mostly along the banks of rivers.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaves, bark, root.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Chandraprabha gulika, Dhanvantaram ghritam, Mahamanjishthadyarishta, Kanchanara guggulu, Varunadi kashaayam, Prabhanjanam kuzhambu._
Other Species | : | _Crataeva roxburghii_
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Baldness | : | Grind the barks of varuna and al ( _Morinda tinctoria_ ). Cook the paste in mustard oil and allow it to cool. Apply.
Boils | : | Apply a paste of the bark.
Burning sensation the body | : | Grind the leaves into a fine paste and smear over the heels.
Constipation, stomach disorder, urinary affection | : | Take 1 tsp bark-extract.
Constipation, loss of appetite, urinary ailments | : | Take 1 tsp bark decoction with warm water.
Fever, indigestion | : | Soak a few cleaned leaves in drinking water and take it frequently.
Inflammation | : | Crush the leaves and apply over the affected areas.
Nose ailments | : | Dry the leaves and burn. Inhale the smoke.
Retention of urine, urinary stone | : | Mix the following drugs in equal quantities: bhadra ( _Aerva lanata_ ), _Crataeva religiosa_ roots and thorns, balam ( _Pavonia odorata_ ) and gokhru ( _Tribulus terrestris_ ). Add ample water and boil till the volume is reduced to one-fourth. _Dose_ : 3 to 4 tsp twice daily.
Rheumatic swellings | : | Warm the leaves with a little neem oil and apply.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Bhandari, P. P. et al. 1951. Chemical constituents of the root bark of _Crataeva religiosa_ Buch-Ham. _J. Sci. Industr. Res._ 10B:195–196.
Bhandari, P. P. et al. 1954. Chemical examination of varuna ( _Crataeva religiosa_ Forst.) I. Crystalline constituents of stem bark. _J. Sci. Industr. Res._ 13B:773.
Chaturvedi, G. N. and R. H. Singh 1965. Experimental studies on the antiarthritic effect of certain indigenous drugs. _Indian J. Med. Res._ 53(1):71–80. (The drug was found to prevent development of swellings of joints in experimental arthritis.)
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_. New Delhi: CSIR. 79.
Das, P. K. et al. 1974. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of _Crataeva Nurvala_ (Varuna), _J. Res. Indian Med._ 9(3):9–16. (Significant anti-inflammatory activity of the bark.)
Deshpande, P. J. et al. 1982. _Crataeva nurvala_ Hook. and Forst. (Varuna)— the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders. _Indian J. Med. Res._ 76(Suppl):46–53.
Gujral, M. L. and P. N. Saxena. 1955. An experimental study of the comparative activity of indigenous diuretics. _J. Indian Med. Assocn._ 25(2):1–5.
Hayashi, N. et al. 1985. The scent substances of pierid butterflies ( _Hebomoia glaucippe_ ) and the volatile components of their food plants ( _Crataeva religiosa_ ). _Zietsch. Fuer. Natur. forsch. Section C. Biosciences_. 40(1–2):47–50.
Kumar, P. et al. 1982. Clinical study with _Crataeva nurvala_ in urinary tract infection. _J. Sci. Res. Plant. Med._ 3(2&3):75–79. (Efficacious in urinary disorders.)
Lal, Ramji et al. 1972. Preliminary studies on the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of _Crataeva nurvala., Indian J. Pharmacol_. 4:122–123.
Maheshwari, P. and U. Singh. 1965. _Dictionary of Economic Plants in India_ New Delhi: ICAR. 49.
Mahli, B. S. and V. P. Trivedi. 1972. Vegetable antifertility drugs of India. _Quart. J. Crude Drug Res._ 12(3):1922–1928.
Murakami, A. et al. 1994. Possible anti-tumour promoting properties of traditional Thai food items and some of their active constituents. _Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr._ 3:185–191.
Nair, K. V. et al. 1984. Medico-Botany of Andaman and Nicobar islands (III), Ayurvedic Drugs-I. _Ancient Sci. Life_. 4(1):61–66.
Oliver-Bever B. 1983. Medicinal plants in tropical West Africa Part III. Anti-infection therapy with higher plants. _J. Ethno Pharmacol_. 9(1):1–83.
Pramod Kumar et al. 1982. Clinical study with _Crataeva nurvala_ in urinary tract infection. _J. Sci. Res. Pl. and Med._ 3(2&3):75–79.
Raghunathan, S. and R. Mitra 1982 (eds.) _Pharmacognosy of Indigenous Drugs_. New Delhi. Vols. 1 and 2. (Pharmacognosy of the drug.)
Randhawa, M. S. 1993. _Flowering Trees_ , New Delhi: National Book Trust. 87–89.
Singh, R. H. et al. 1974. On the antibacterial activities of some ayurvedic drugs. _J. Res. Indian Med._ 9(2):65–66.
Tripathi, R. M. et al. 1974. A corticosteroid-like activity of _Crataeva nurvala. Indian J. Pharmacol_. 6.
## 15
## Mango Ginger
### Curcuma amada
> _The taste-giver_
>
> —Saligrama Nighantu Bhushanam
### Great, but Not Popular
It looks like ginger but smells like mango, hence it's aptly called 'mango ginger'! It is, in fact, a species of turmeric. This perennial herb is grown for its aromatic rhizomes, and finds its extensive use as a vegetable, spice, condiment and a medicine.
The fresh rhizomes are used to make pickles, chutney, preserves, candy, sauce etc. In traditional medicine mango ginger is used in asthma, biliousness (caused by the improper functioning of the liver), bronchitis, hiccups, itching, skin diseases, etc. The rhizomes are also found to be antipyretic, diuretic, carminative and laxative. Oil from dry mango ginger is found to be antifungal. An alcohol-extract of the rhizome has been found to decrease blood cholesterol levels in experimental animals.
A class by itself, this plant is somehow not found to be popular with the masses. 'Those who are great,' says R. K. Narayan, 'need not be popular!'
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Curcuma amada_ Roxb.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Mango ginger
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Amada_
| | Hindi : _Amhaldi_
| | Kannada : _Mavinkayi shunti, Ambavasini_
| | Malayalam : _Manga inji_
| | Marathi : _Amhaleh_
| | Sanskrit : _Amaragandhi haridra, Karpura haridra_
| | Tamil : _Mangai inji_
| | Telugu : _Mamidi-allamu_
Family | : | Zingiberaceae
Appearance | : | The plant is similar to turmeric with rhizomes that resemble ginger. Inside, the rhizome is pale yellow in colour.
Distribution | : | Cultivated in certain parts of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Konkan Coast, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and the Western ghats. The plant is often cultivated as an inter-crop in the coconut groves of Kerala.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Cough, phlegm | : | Crush some fresh mango ginger and warm the paste. Add some honey and swallow little by little.
Contusions, sprains | : | Apply a paste of mango ginger topically.
Cholesterol, hypertension | : | Boil some toned milk with a little crushed mango ginger and drink it at bed time.
Diarrhoea, fever, urine retention | : | Boil some rhizomes in water. Take 1 to 2 tbsp with a tsp of honey.
Lumbago, back pain | : | Warm a little mustard oil with crushed rhizomes of mango ginger and apply frequently.
Mouth odour | : | Gargle frequently with a warm decoction of mango ginger.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### Mango Ginger Pickle: A Home Made Recipe
Cut mango ginger into thin slices. Add finely cut green chillies, salt and lime juice. Mix well and keep in a refrigerator. Goes well with steamed rice.
### In Science
Banerjee, A. and S. S. Nigam. 1978. Antifungal efficacy of the essential oils derived from various species of the genus— _Curcuma_ Linn. _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga and Homoeo_. 13(2):63–70.
Deodhar, S. D. et al. 1980. Preliminary study on antirheumatic activity of curcumin (diferuloyl methane). _Indian J. Med. Res._ 70:632–634 (Confirmed.)
Gupta, B. et al. 1980. Mechanisms of curcumin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. _Indian J. Med. Res._ 71:806–814.
Keshavarz, K. 1976. Influence of turmeric and curcumin on cholesterol concentration of eggs and tissues. _Poult. Sci._ 55(3):1077–1083.
Kiso, Y. et al. 1983. Validity of the oriental medicines, Part 53. Liver protecting drugs, Part 8. Antihepatotoxic principles of _curcuma longa_ rhizome. _Planta. Med._ 49(3):185–187.
Mridula, K. R. and B. K. Jaya Chandran. 1998. _Turmeric in Ginger's clothing. Sci. Express_ , November 10, 1998, page 8. (A profile of the plant.)
Rao, T. S. et al. 1982. Anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin analogues. _Indian J. Med. Res._ 75:574–578. (Bacteriostatic property of curcumin.)
Shankar, T. N. B. et al. 1980. Toxicity studies on turmeric ( _curcuma longa_ ). Acute toxicity studies in rats, guinea pigs and monkeys. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 18(1):73–75. (Proved non-toxic.)
Sinha, M. et al. 1976. Studies on the effect of _curcuma longa_ on aspirin induced gastric lesion. _Nagarjun_. 19(6): 11–12.
Thakur, D. K. et al. 1983. Trial of some plant extracts and chemicals for their antifungal activity in calves. _Indian Vet. J._ 60(10):799–801.
## 16
## Cluster Beans
### Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
> _The fruit that protects the cows..._
>
> —Svayamkriti
### A Lick into Shape
Cluster beans are widely cultivated in India for their pods which are used as vegetables and fodder. The seeds are the source of a gum (guar gum) used in food, paper and textile industries.
Recent studies by Indian scientists reveal that the fruits and seeds of the plant administered orally hinder absorption of glucose. Thus, it is possible to bring down high levels of glucose in patients suffering from diabetes. Experiments have confirmed that hot aqueous extract of both—the fruits and seeds—administered orally in rabbits (both fasting and glucose-fed) in a dose of 20 mg/kg, exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects well comparable with tolbutamide.
Cluster bean decoctions (40 mg/kg) is also found to reduce serum cholesterol and triglycerides to levels comparable with Clofibrate. The effect could be due to its fibre content, which decreases cholesterol absorption.
### Guar Gum
The seed flour of guar is the commercial source of 'guar gum' used in food, paper and textile industries. Guar gum is found to increase the strength of tissue sheets hence it is used in paper industry. It is a stabilizer and thickener in food products like ice-cream, bakery mixes and salad dressings. In textile manufacture, guar flour is used in warp sizes, printing pastes and certain finishing operations.
Guar gum helps regulate the absorption of sugar, spreading it over a longer period of time. The result is a slower rise in blood sugar levels and a less rapid subsequent fall.
Modern researchers (Jenkins et al. 1975) have shown that a daily dose of 36 gm of guar gum for two weeks reduced the serum-cholesterol concentration in healthy volunteers by about 360 mg. per ml.
Guar gum used to also be employed for backing postage stamps perhaps to facilitate a lick into 'shape'!
### Profile
Botanical Names | : | _Cyamopsis tetragonoloba_ Taub. _Cyamopsis psoralioides_ DC _Psoralea tetragonoloba_ L.
---|---|---
English Name | : | Cluster beans
Indian Names | : | Gujarati : _Gunwar_
| | Hindi : _Guar, Gawar, Gowar_
| | Kannada : _Gori kayi, Guvarkayi_
| | Malayalam : _Kottavara, Kottamara_
| | Marathi : _Bavachi, Gowar_
| | Punjabi : _Kulti, Guar, Kuwara_
| | Sanskrit : _Gwara, Bakuchi, Goraksha phalini, Dridha bhija, Gorani, Ksudrasimbi_
| | Tamil : _Kothavarai_
| | Telugu : _Gorchikudu, Karuchikudu_
Family | : | Papilionaceae (Fabaceae)
Appearance | : | A herb or small shrub, robust and erect, bearing clusters of thick, fleshy, long pods, containing 5–12 seeds.
Distribution | : | Cultivated throughout India for the pods which are used as vegetables and fodder.
Medicinal Parts | : | Fruits and seeds.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Hypertension, cholesterol, triglycerides and diabetes problems | : | Boil the fruits in a bowl of water and take the soup at least twice a day for a fortnight. Repeat from time to time.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha. 1996. _Pharmacological Studies of Certain Medicinal Plants & Compound_
_Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha_. New Delhi. 131–132.
Jenkins, D. J. A. et al. 1975. _Lancet_. 1116.
Joshi, L. D. et al. 1982. Changes in serum cholesterol and blood sugar levels on feeding with _Cyamopsis tetragonoloba_ (guar) and its solvent extracts. _Curr. Sci._ 51(21):1037–1039. (Guar seeds reduced postprandial sugar levels in normal as well as diabetic volunteers.)
Pillai, N. R. et al. 1980. Hypoglycemic activity of _Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Indian J. Med. Res._ 72:128.
Rande, R. S. et al. 1986. Effect of artificial and dietary guar fibre on oral glucose tolerance test in healthy human volunteers (Abstr. of paper). _18th Annual Conf. of Indian Pharmacological Society held at JIPMER, Pondhicherry_ , Jan. 8–10; _Indian J. Pharmacol_. 18(1):19–60.
Singh, L. and Nityanand. 1986. Gwar as hypolipidaemic agent. _Indian J. Pharmacol_. 18(1):19–60.
## 17
## Lemongrass
### Cymbopogon flexuosus
> _Destroys the diseases of the heart_
>
> —Kaiya Deva Nighantu
### The Oil of Cochin
A grass with a lemon-like odour has to be obviously referred to as 'lemongrass'! The oil obtained from this grass, lemongrass oil, is better known as 'Cochin oil' as it is exported from the port of Cochin in Kerala. The oil finds use in cosmetics, flavours and perfumes. It is a well-known repellant of house flies and mosquitoes.
There are three varieties of lemongrass: East Indian, West Indian and Jammu. East Indian lemongrass is considered the genuine one and is used comercially. West Indian or 'American' lemongrass originates from Malaysia and is distributed throughout the tropics. Jammu lemongrass is confined to the North Indian states, particularly Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Sikkim etc.
Indian breeders have developed improved varieties such as _sugandhi pragati_ which are being taken up for cultivation.
The oil is a powerful stimulant, whether taken internally or applied externally. It is a good rubefacient liniment. It is used in persistent and acute vomiting to give speedy relief. It is also administered in cases of flatulent colic and other spasmodic affections of the bowels.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Cymbopogon flexuosus_ (Nees ex Steud.) Watts.
---|---|---
| | _Andropogon flexuosus_ Nees.
English Names | : | Lemongrass, East Indian lemongrass, Cochin grass, Malabar grass
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Gandha bena_
| | Hindi : _Gandhabena, Gandhatrina_
| | Kannada : _Purvalihullu, Majjigehullu_
| | Gujarati : _Lillichaya, Lilicha_
| | Malayalam : _Vasanappulla_
| | Marathi : _Sugandhichaha, Hirvacha, Olecha_
| | Punjabi : _Khawi_
| | Sanskrit : _Bhustrina_
| | Tamil : _Karpoora pullu,_ _Vasanappullu_
| | Telugu : _Nimma gaddi_
Family | : | Graminae (Poaceae)
Appearance | : | Tufted, robust, perennial grass with lance-like leaves. Panicles, greyish green sometimes with a purplish tinge.
Distribution | : | Found in warm, humid regions of the country at an altitude upto 1,200 metres. The grass grows best on hill slopes or on well-drained sandy loam soil. Cultivated chiefly in Malabar and Travancore.
Medicinal Parts | : | Oil, grass.
Other Species | : | _Cymbopogon citratus_ (West Indian Lemongrass) _Cymbopogon jwarancusa Cymbopogon martini_ (Rosha Grass) _Cymbopogon nardus_ (Citronella Grass)
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Fevers | : | Inhale the vapour from the steam arising from boiling water and lemongrass.
Flatulent colic and other spasmodic affections of the bowels, persistent vomiting | : | Take 2 to 4 drops of lemongrass oil in sugar or sugar cubes. (Repeat every hour for severe vomiting and colic and take medical help.)
Flatulence, gastric irritability, fevers | : | Boil 1 tsp crushed lemongrass in water and drink.
Neuralgia, rheumatism, painful affections, sprains | : | Warm neem oil with lemongrass and apply on the affected areas.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Barua, A. and D. N. Bordoloi 1987. Dynamics of certain plant metabolites in relation to essential oil of lemongrass ( _Cymbopogon flexuoens_. Stapf ) _Herba hung_. 26:41–47.
Dutta, D. K. et al. 1986. Distillation of essential oil of _Cymbopogon flexuosus. Seminar EOAI_ , RRL, Jammu.
Hazarika, J. N. et al. 1976. _Cymbopogon flexuosus_ (Nees & Steud.) Wats. V a r . _Sikkimensis_. Bor.—A rich source of methyl eugenol. _Indian Drugs_. 14:195–197.
Mishra, B. P. et al. 1983. Studies on yield of herb, oil, and quality of _Cymbopogon flexuosus_ (Nees & Steud) Wats. Var. _Sikkimensis_ Bor. with reference to climatological parameters. Ann. Conf. Assam Sci. Soc. Assam.
Mishra, B. P. et al. 1985. _Cymbopogon flexuosus_ (Nees & Steud.) Wats. Var. _Sikkimensis_. Bor—a promising 'methyl eugenol' bearing crop in Assam. _Proc. Symp. Ncd Arom. Spice Plants_. Darjeeling. 33.
Rabha, L. C. et al. 1986. _Cymbopogon khasianus_ —a new rich source of methyl eugenol. _Indian Perfum_. 33(2–3):339–344.
Sivananda, Swami 1985. _Home Remedies_. The Divine Life Society. 127– 128.
Sobti, S. N. et al. 1985. Need to determine medicinal aspects of chemotaxonomical characteristics in _Cymbopogon flexuosus_. Workshop on Selected Medicinal Plants used in Traditional/Indigenous systems of Medicine. Bombay.
Sridhar, N. 1999. Profile of lemongrass. _Heritage Healing_ , June, 32–34.
## 18
## Nut Grass
### Cyperus rotundus
> _Destroyer of fevers, tastelessness and germs..._
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu Karpuradivarga
### The Famine Food
The bulbous roots of nut grass are held in high esteem both in ayurvedic as well as in unani systems of medicine. It is a sure cure for the disorders of the stomach and irritation of the bowels. Native physicians administer it in the treatment of biliousness, diarrhoea, dysentery, erysipelas, excessive thirst, fevers, leprosy, nausea, ophthalmia, pruritis, sores, ulcers and urinary concretions etc. The root extract of nut grass is reported to possess tranquillizing properties. Modern researchers have confirmed its analgesic, antipyretic and muscle relaxant activities through experiments. Daily administration of the root extract into the eyes of twenty-six patients was reported to have reduced pain, redness and ocular discharges in conjunctivitis cases; most patients were cured when such treatment lasted for five days.
The roots of nut grass have been used as food in some famine-affected parts of India. In many villages, nut grass is used as fodder for cattle. It is reported that the grass increases lactation.
Dried tuberous roots of the plant called 'soucher' have a fine aroma and find their use in perfumeries. Historically, the Scythians used them for embalming the dead.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Cyperus rotundus_
---|---|---
English Names | : | Earth almond, Nut grass, Purple nutsedge
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Mutha_
| | Gujarati & Hindi : _Motha, Nagarmotha_
| | Kannada : _Tungahulli, Tungagadde_
| | Malayalam : _Muttanna_
| | Marathi : _Bimbal, Musta_
| | Sanskrit : _Musta_
| | Tamil : _Korai_
| | Telugu : _Gandala, Tungamusta_
Family | : | _Cyperaceae_
Appearance | : | Considered as a weed-grass by agriculturists, the roots of the plant have black and aromatic root stock.
Distribution | : | Found as a weed throughout India in wastelands.
Medicinal Part | : | Root stock.
Other Species | : | _Cyperus longus_ (E. Galingale) finds similar use as galangal in cooking. _Cyperus scariosus_
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Dysentery | : | Scrape the bulbous roots and pound 1½ tsp of the scrapings with ½ tsp raw ginger. Mix in ½ tsp honey and take.
Gastric and intestinal disorders | : | Grind 1 tsp rhizome along with a small piece of ginger. Extract the juice. Mix in some honey and take.
Skin diseases caused by fungus, to prevent cracks, to impart lustre and smoothness to the skin and to check body odour | : | Mix powdered nut grass tubers (1 part) with powdered green gram (10 parts). Make a paste and apply over the affected parts. Allow it to remain on the skin for 10 minutes before washing off with lukewarm water.
To increase lactation | : | Scrape the fresh root stock and tie the scrapings on the breasts.
To promote hair growth, to control dandruff and to prevent hair fall | : | Soak a handful of tubers overnight in water. Make into a fine paste. Mix in four parts of sesame oil. Boil the mixture on a low flame till all the traces of moisture evaporate. Cool, decant and bottle. Massage the scalp with the mixture before a shower. Repeat for a few weeks twice or thrice a week.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Akbar, S. et al. 1982. Effect of aqueous extract of _Cyperus rotundus_ Linn. on carrageenin induced oedema in rats. _Nagarjun_. 25(11):253–255. (Anti-inflammatory effect of the water extract confirmed.)
Akperbekova, B. A. and R. A. Abdullaece. 1996. Diuretic effect of drug form and gallenicals from the roots of _Cyperus rotundus_ growing in Azerbaizhan. _IZV. Akad. Nauk. Azerb. SSR. Ser. Biol. Nauk._ 4:98– 105. ( _Chem. Abstr._ 66:94135t, 1967.) (Significant diuretic properties reported.)
Bambhole, V. D. and G. G. Jiddewar. 1980. Evaluation of _Cyperus rotundus_ in the management of obesity and high blood pressure of human subjects. _Nagarjun_. 27(5):110–113.
Bhattacharya, S. C. et al. 1965. Structure of iso-petchoulene: a new sesquiterpene ketone from the oil of _Cyperus scariosus. Tetrahedron Lett._ 4053.
Dhawan, B. N. et al. 1980. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity Part IX _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 18(6):594–606. (The rhizome extract produced diuretic activity in rats.)
Gupta, M. B. et al. 1980. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of betasitosterol. _Planta Med._ 39(2):157–163. (The plant extract exhibited these activities.)
Kapadia, V. H. et al. 1967. Sesquiterpenoids from the essential oil of _Cyperus rotundus. Tetrahedron Lett._ 4661.
Kirchi, F. et al. 1983. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by the constituents of medicinal plants. _Chem. Pharm. Bull._ 31(10):3391– 3396. ( _Chem. Abstr._ 100:2931x, 1984.)
Meguro, M. and M. V. Benomi. 1968. Inhibitory action of _Cyperus rotundus_ rhizome extracts on the development of certain fungi. _Unlik. Sao Paulo Fac. Fil. Cienc. Letras Bol. Bot._ 331(24):173–193. ( _Chem. Abstr._ 72:97674v, 1970.)
Nerali, S. B. and K. K. Chakravarti. 1969. Structure and stereo-chemistry of scariodione, a new sesquiterpeneenedione from the oil of _Cyperus scariosus. Sci. & Cult._ 35:110.
Nerali, S. B. et al. 1970. Rotundene and Rotundenol, sesquiterpenes from _Cyperus scariosus. Indian J. Chem._ 8:854.
Paramkush Rao, M. 2000. Ayurvedic Herbal Cosmetics. _Heritage Healing_. Jan. 33–36.
Ramaswamy, A. S. and M. Sirsi. 1967. Antitubercular activity of some natural products. _Indian J. Pharm_. 29(5):157–159.
Saxena, R. C. 1980. _Cyperus rotundus_ in conjunctivitis. _J. Res. Ayur Siddha_. 1(1):115–120.
Sharaf, A. A. et al. 1962. Pharmacological studies on the anthelmintic properties of plants grown in Egypt _in vitro. Egypt Pharm. Bull._ 44(4):133–137. ( _Biolo. Abstr._ 47(4):18829, 1996.)
Simonetti, G. 1990. Simon & Schuster's _Herbs and Spices_ , New York: Fireside. 9.
Singhal, K. C. 1976. Anthelmintic activity of berberine hydrochloride against _Symphacin obvelata in mice. Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 14(3):345– 347.
Sridhar, N. 1999. _Cyperus rotundus_ Linn. _Heritage Healing_. May. 38–40.
## 19
## Indian Coral Tree
### Erythrina indica
> _Eliminates ear diseases..._
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu Guduchyadivarga
### The Handsome Tree with Showy Flowers
Erythrinas are handsome with showy flowers. They are found wild in deciduous forests throughout India and in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The leaves and tender shoots are eaten as a potherb. The leaves are very useful as cattle fodder. They also have laxative, diuretic, anthelmintic, galactagogue and emmenagogue properties.
The Chinese drug 'Hai Tung Pi' which is the dried bark of _Erythrina_ spp., possesses bacteriostatic action against _S. aureus_ and is non-toxic.
Like its Chinese counterpart, the bark of _Erythrina indica_ is also used as a febrifuge and is anthelmintic and anti-bilious. It is useful as a collyrium in ophthalmia.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Erythrina indica_ Lam. _Erythrina variegata_. Lam. var. _orientalis_ (Lim.) Merrill.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Indian coral tree
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Palita mandar_
| | Gujarati : _Bangaro, Panaraweo_
| | Hindi : _Mandara, Dadap_
| | Kannada : _Harivana, Varjipe_
| | Malayalam : _Mandaram, Kalyana murukku_
| | Marathi : _Mandar, Pangara_
| | Sanskrit : _Mandar, Paribhadra_
| | Tamil : _Kalyanamurukku,_ _Kinjugam, Mulmurukku_
| | Telugu : _Badisa, Modugu, Badita_
Family | : | Leguminosae
Appearance | : | A medium-sized, quick growing tree. Bark smooth, greyish or yellowish gray, peeling off in thin papery flakes. Branchlets armed with conical prickles up to the third or fourth year. Leaves 3-foliate, long and broad. Flowers large, coral-red in dense clusters. Pods containing up to 12 seeds. Seeds, smooth red to brown.
Distribution | : | Found wild in deciduous forests throughout India.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaf, flower, seed, bark.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Arthritis | : | Pour boiling water over the leaves. Tie them over the affected parts.
Blockage of urine, burning sensation during urination | : | Take ½ tsp leaf juice twice daily for a few days.
Body heat | : | Soak some cleaned flowers in drinking water for daily use.
Ear ache | : | Put a few drops of leaf juice into the ears with the help of cotton.
Intestinal parasites /worms | : | Take ½ tsp leaf juice with honey.
| : | Remove the outer skin of the seeds and sun-dry them. When dried, powder and bottle. _Dose_ : ¼ tsp with sugar at bedtime. Taking 1 tsp castor oil the next day would help in expeling the parasites. ( _Caution_ : It may cause severe loose motions.)
Obesity | : | Take 1 tsp leaf juice daily with 1 tsp honey for a month continuously. ( _Note_ : Avoid fatty, high-calorie junk foods and bottled or tinned beverages.)
To increase lactation | : | Fry 1 tbsp leaves in coconut oil and take with a little steamed rice.
Toothache | : | Apply leaf paste on the affected tooth.
Venereal ulcers, | : | Plug the hollow of the tooth with a pain in joints small piece of catechu.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Bhakuni, D. S. and N. M. Khanna. 1959. Chemical examination of the bark of _Erythrina indica_ Lam. _J. Sci. Industr. Res._ 18B:494–495.
Bhakuni, D. S. and S. Jain 1980. Late stages in the biosynthesis of abnormal erythrina alkaloids. _Tetrahaedron_. 36:2491–2495.
Bhattacharya, S. K. 1971. Pharmacological studies on the alkaloids of _Erythrina variegata. J. Res. Indian Med._ 6(3):235–241. (No analgesic, anti-inflammatory or antipyretic effect.)
Bisht, B. S. and S. L. Nayar. 1959. Pharmacognostical study of the bark of _Erythrina variegata_ , Linn. var. _Orientalis_ (Linn.) Merrill. _J. Sci. Indust. Res._ 18C: 224–228.
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_. New Delhi: CSIR. 111.
Dhar, B. N. et al. 1980. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part IX. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 18(6):594–606.
Dhar, M. L. et al. 1968. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part I. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 6(4):232–247.
Ghosal, S. et al. 1972. _Erythrina_. Chemical and pharmacological evaluation. II. Alkaloids of _Erythrina variegata. J. Pharm. Sci._ 61(8):127–177. (Anti-convulsant effect.)
Islam, M. 1986. Certain poisonous plants of North Eastern region India. _J. Econ. Taxon. Bot._ 8(1):51–63.
Misra, A. and S. N. Misra. 1964. Preliminary report of _Erythrina indica_ as an anthelmintic against _Ascaridia galli. Indian Vet. J._ 41(10):691– 693.
Singh, Y. N. et al. 1984. Folk medicine of Tonga. A study on the use of herbal medicines for obstetric and gynaecological conditions and disorders. _J. Ethno-Pharmacol_. 12(3):305–329.
Srivastava, R. K. et al. 1980. Anthelmintic activity of new Ayurvedic compound 'K'—A clinical study. _J. Nat. Integ. Med. Ass._ 22(7):161– 162.
## 20
## Vishnukranta
### Evolvulus alsinoides
> _Eliminator of kapha and vata_ —Kaiya Deva Nighantu
### Vishnu's Favourite
Vishnukranta is a mythological flower. It finds mention in the great legends of India. The flower is said to be the favourite of Lord Vishnu, One of the Trinity, responsible for preservation of the Universe and its Laws. The drug derived from Vishnukranta helps in preserving health.
The whole plant is used in traditional medicine because of its several pharmaco-dynamic properties. The drug is capable of driving away bacteria, fevers and intestinal worms; it is prescribed for dysentery and chronic bronchitis. It is rated as an effective antibiotic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, cardiac depressant, intestinal stimulant and as a blood-purifier.
Evolvine, a liquid alkaloid, obtained from the plant has produced marked increase in blood pressure and amplitude of respiration.
The drug induces perspiration and removes heat. It is a vermifuge and removes phlegm.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Evolvulus alsinoides_ Linn. _Convolvulus alsinoides_ Linn.
---|---|---
Indian Names | : | Gujarati : _Kalisankhavli_
| | Hindi : _Shyamakranta,_ _Sankhapushpi_
| | Kannada : _Vishnukranti_
| | Malayalam : _Vistnaclandi_
| | Marathi : _Vishnukranta_
| | Oriya : _Bichamalia_
| | Sanskrit : _Vishnukranta_
| | Tamil : _Vishnukrandi, Parajatam, Aparaji_
| | Telugu : _Vishnukranta_
Family | : | Convolvulaceae
Appearance | : | A hairy perennial herb with spreading, prostrate branches rising from a small, woody root-stock. Leaves nearly sessile, egg-shaped. Flowers, white.
Distribution | : | Common weed in open and grassy or swampy places almost throughout India.
Medicinal Parts | : | The whole plant, leaves and root.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Cholera | : | Grind together a whole plant with 7 blackpeppers to make a paste. Take ¼ tsp with warm water.
Fever, nervous debility | : | Mix ¼ tsp each of crushed roots and powdered cumin in hot milk and drink.
|
: | Soak some crushed roots with tulsi leaves and drink.
Infertility, sterility | : | Take ¼ tsp powdered roots with lukewarm water everyday for a few days.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Anis, M. and M. Iqbal. 1986. Antipyretic utility of some Indian plants in traditional medicine. _Filoterapia_. 57(1):52–55.
Baveja, S. K. and R. D. Singh. 1969. Investigation of _Evolvulus alsinoides_ Linn. _(Shankapushpi) Indian J. Pharm_. 31:108.
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_ , New Delhi: CSIR. 116.
George, M. et al. 1947. Investigations on plant antibiotics (Pt II). A search for antibiotic substances in some Indian medicinal plants. _J. Sci_. _Industr. Res._ 6B(3):42–46.
Gupta, R. C. et al. 1981. Probable mode of action of _Sankhapushpi_ in the management of thyrotoxicosis. _Anc. Sci. Life_ 1(1):46–54.
Guruswami, M. N. et al. 1956. A preliminary notes on the pharmacology of evolvine. _Curr. Sci._ 25(4):119–120.
Prasad, G. C. et al. 1974. Effect of _Sankhapushpi_ on experimental stress. _J. Res. Indian Med._ 9(2):19–27.
Sharma, P. 1985. Important medicinal plants in Chakradatta. _Sachitra Ayur._ 38(4):347–355.
Singh, G. A. et al. 1988. Phytochemistry and pharmacognosy of _Shankapushpi_ —four varieties. _Anc. Sci. Life._ 7(3 & 4):149–156.
Singh, R. H. and A. K. Mehta 1977. Studies on psychotropic effects of the _medhya rasayana_ drug, Shankhupushpi ( _Convolvulus pluricaulis_ , Chois) Part I (Clinical studies). _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga & Homoeo_. 12(3):18–25.
Vohora, S. B. 1985. What is purification of blood? _Hamdard_. 28(1):72– 84.
## 21
## Cotton
### Gossypium arboreum
> _e killer of vata..._
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu
### Distinction without a Difference!
In the evolution of human history, cotton has played a vital role as a provider of clothing, which is an external demarcator of man from the animal kingdom to which he rightly belongs. The hunter-gatherers and cave-dwellers who used to clothe themselves with bark, leaves and hides, graduated to cotton in all the river-valley settlements which offered avenues for cultivation.
Ancient medical texts in India view cotton as a medicine. Cotton seeds are considered to be an effective remedy against rheumatism. They are reported to impart strength to the body, dispatch the diseases caused by the three humours and cure anaemia, burning sensations, lysuria, oedema, thirst, urino-genital diseases, uterine disorders etc.
Gossypol, obtained from the plant has been experimentally proved to have acted on the uterus directly as well as indirectly by inhibiting ovarian secretions. (Zhow and Lei, 1984.)
Both the species of _Gossypium_ namely _G. arboreum_ and _G. herbareum_ are considered to be medicinal and a source for the ayurvedic drug, _kaarpaasa_. The drug available in the market is at times a mixture of seeds of these two species.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Gossypium arboreum_. Linn.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Cotton
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Kapaas_
| | Malayalam : _Parutti_
| | Punjabi : _Kapas_
| | Sanskrit : _Kaarpaasa_
| | Tamil : _Paruthi_
Family | : | Malvaceae
Appearance | : | Erect shrub. Leaves long-stalked, 3–5 lobed. Flowers large, reddish with darker centre which may sometimes even be yellowish. Seeds covered with white cotton fibres.
Distribution | : | Cultivated throughout the greater part of India.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaves, flowers, seeds.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Karpasasyadi kulambu, Karpasasyadi tailam, Sarvamayantaka ghritam, Svetagunjaadi gulika._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Boils, skin diseases, rat bite | : | Apply a finely ground paste of leaves.
Diarrhoea, scanty lactation | : | Crush the seeds and take with a little honey.
Pimples, ulcers, wounds | : | Apply a finely ground paste of cotton flowers.
Rheumatism | : | Apply cotton seed oil.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_ , New Delhi: CSIR. 127.
Chunekar, K. C. 1982. _Bhavaprakasa Nighantu of Sri Bhavamisra_. Commentary. Varanasi. 375. (In Hindi.)
Kapoor, S. L. and R. Mitra. 1979. _Herbal Drugs in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry_. Lucknow.
Kolammal, M. 1979. _Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic Drugs_. Trivandrum. No. 10.
Krishna Reddy, N. et al. 1984. Antifertility activity of crude drug combination in albino rats. _Indian Drugs_ 21(12):533–535. (A
combination of extracts of cotton, long pepper and neem exhibited anti-implantation activity.)
Krishna Reddy, N. et al. 1984. Effect of some crude drug combinations on the oestrus cycle in albino rats. _East. Pharm._ 27(321):139–140.
Kurup, P. N. V. et al. 1979. _Handbook of Medicinal Plants_. New Delhi. 110.
Nadkarni, A. K. 1984. _Indian Materia Medica_. Bombay. 587.
Sharma, P. V. 1983. _Dravyaguna Vijnana_. Varanasi. 601. (In Hindi.)
Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balachandran. 1994. _Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources_. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. 231–233.
Wang, G. et al. 1984. Effects of (-) and (+) Gossypol on fertility of male rats. _Acta. Pharma. Sci._ 19(17):932–934.
Zhou, L. F. and H. P. Lei. 1984. The effects of gossypol acetic acid on the uterus and ovary. _Acta. Pharm. Sci._ 19(3):220–223.
## 22
## Kokilaksha
### Hygrophila auriculata
> _Increases urine..._
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu Guduchyadivarga
### The Look of a Cuckoo
The flowers of this plant are deep blue in colour—like the eyes of Kokila, the Indian cuckoo—hence the name, Kokilaksha. Folk medicine considers the plant a reputed remedy for arthritis. The roots and seeds are the officinal parts.
The seeds, which are sweet and astringent, are believed to promote sexual vigour. They arrest abortion and cure burning sensations. Besides, they also act as a blood-purifier.
The drug is prescribed in traditional medicine for the treatment of anascara, cardiac ailments, dropsy, fevers, gonorrhoea, jaundice, rheumatism, sexual debility, urino-genital disorders etc.
The leaves are used for anaemia, flatulence and toxicosis.
_Saligramanighantu_ , an ancient text, mentions two varieties of this plant; one with white flowers and the other with blue.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Hygrophila auriculata_ (Schum.) Heine _Asteracantha longifolia_ Nees.
_Hygrophila schulli_ (Ham.) M. R. & S. M. Almeida
_Bahel schulli_ Ham.
_Hygrophila spinosa_ T. Anderson
---|---|---
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Tal-makhana, Kantakaliya_
| | Kannada : _Kolavalike_
| | Malayalam : _Vayalchulli_
| | Oriya : _Koileka_
| | Sanskrit : _Kokilaksha, Iksurah_
| | Tamil : _Nirmulli_
Family | : | Acanthaceae
Appearance | : | Gregarious shrub with purplish stem, thickened at nodes. Leaves lance-like in whorls of 6 and with sharp spines. The 2 outer leaves of each whorl are large and prominent, while the others are smaller. Flowers bluish purple.
Distribution | : | Occurs, often in damp areas such as rice fields and in marshy banks of canals and streams.
Medicinal Parts | : | The whole plant, root, leaves, seeds.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Anaemia after delivery | : | Boil the whole plant in water and take the decoction daily in the morning on an empty stomach for 2–3 days.
Anaemia, nausea, cough, diarrhoea, dysentery | : | Take ¼ tsp powdered seeds with milk.
Asthma, cough | : | Grind 15 leaves with some ginger (2 tsp) into a fine paste. Take 1 tsp thrice daily for a week with a little honey.
Excess urination | : | Grind equal quantities of seeds, cumin and sugar in cow's milk. Take 1 tsp.
Sexual debility | : | Stuff ¼ tsp seed powder in a ripe banana. Roast the stuffed banana in flame. Eat the pulp.
Watery semen | : | Grind the seeds with one fruit of bilaikand ( _Ipomoea digitata_ ) and one tuber of Shatavari. Add clarified butter (ghee) and honey and make into small tablets. Take 2 tablets twice daily with milk.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_. New Delhi: CSIR, 29. (In the treatment of anascara, gonorrhoea and urino-genital disorders.)
Dhar, M. L. et al. 1968. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity Part V. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol_. 6(4):232–247. (The drug is hypotensive.)
Jayatilak, P. G. 1976. Effect of an indigenous drug (Speman) on accessory reproductive functions of mice. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol_. 6(4):232–247. (The indigenous compound preparation caused growth of ventral prostrate in immature and castrated adult mice suggesting anabolic cum androgen-like activity.)
Parashar, V. V. and H. Singh. 1965. Investigation of _Asteracantha longifolia_ Nees. _Indian J. Pharm_. 2(4):109–113. (The drug is anabolic cum androgenic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, cardiotonic and diuretic).
Puri, H. S. 1976. Aphrodisiacs in India. _Indian Drugs_. 9(9):11–14.
Santha, G. (Kumari) and Y. Y. N. Iyer. 1967. Preliminary studies on diuretic effects of _Hygrophila spinosa_ and _Tribulus terrestris. Indian J. Med. Res_. 55(7):714–716.
Sivarajan and I. Balachandran. 1994. _Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources_. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH.
Venkitaraman, S. and N. Radhakrishnan. 1972. Antifungal activity of _Asteracantha longifolia. Indian J. Pharmacol_. 4:148.
Venkitaraman, S. et al. 1977. Antifungal activity of single and compound indigenous medicinal preparation—an experimental study ( _in vitro_ ) and clinical evaluation. _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga & Homoeo_. 12(1):25.
## 23
## Champaka
### Michelia champaca
> _The golden champaka, a coolant..._
>
> —Nighantu Ratnakaram
### The Handsome Tree of Fragrant Flowers
The champaka is a handsome tree with fragrant flowers. It is well-known for its medicinal value among the Santals and the other tribals of Rajasthan and Gujarat. In tribal systems of medicine, the drug finds its application for asthma, bronchitis, carbuncle, cholera, consumption, dysentery, menorrhagia, mucus discharge in urine, pain, puerperal fever, phthisis, sores, spermatorrhoea etc. In some tribal pockets, the stem-bark is used as a contraceptive agent. (Billore and Audichya, 1978.)
### Bark
In folk medicine, the bark of this tree finds its use as a febrifuge, stimulant, astringent and expectorant. It is also used in chronic rheumatism.
### Roots and Root-bark
Roots and root-bark are considered an effective purgative and emmenagogue and are administered with curd or butter-milk.
### Flowers
The flowers are considered as antispasmodic, bitter, cooling, stomachic and tonic. A decoction of the flowers is considered useful as a diuretic, in renal diseases and in gonorrhoea. The oil obtained from the flowers finds its application in cephalagia, gout, ophthalmia and rheumatism.
### Leaves
In traditional medicine, the champaka's leaf-juice is administered with honey to relieve colic. It is said to be a vermifuge. So are the seeds of this plant.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Michelia champaca_ Linn.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Golden champa, Yellow champa
Indian Names | : | Bengali & Hindi : _Champa, Champaka_
| | Gujarati : _Rae champac, Pilochampa_
| | Kannada : _Sampige_
| | Konkani : _Champay_
| | Malayalam : _Champakam_
| | Marathi : _Kudchampa, Son champaha_
| | Tamil : _Sembagam_
| | Telugu : _Champakmi, Sampangi_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Champaka_
|
Family | : | Magnoliaceae
|
Appearance | : | A tall evergreen tree with fragrant flowers.
Distribution | : | Found in the eastern sub-Himalayan tract, north-east India and Western ghats, the tree is cultivated in many parts of India.
Medicinal Parts | : | Bark, flowers, fruits, leaves, root.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Abscesses | : | Apply a powder of the root and the root-bark.
Colic | : | Mix equal quantities of leaf-juice and honey and take 1 tsp of this mixture twice or thrice times a day.
Cracked feet | : | Powder the dry seeds and soak in mustard oil. Apply this oil on the cracks frequently.
Dyspepsia, fever, nausea, renal diseases, gonorrhea | : | Soak a few flowers in a bowl of warm water and take ½ cup of this infusion twice a day for 2–3 days.
Fevers | : | Boil ⅛ tsp bark-powder in water, filter and drink. ( _Note_ : Honey can be added.)
Headach ophthalmia, gout, rheumatism | : | Apply (externally) the oil obtained from the flowers.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Banerjee, S. K. and R. N. Chakravarti. 1964. Micheline A from _Michelia champaca_ Linn. _Bull. Cal. Sch. Trop. Med_. 12(3)113.
Bedi, K. L. and C. K. Atal. 1970. Study of Indian seed oils. Part IV. Hexadecenoic acid and other fatty acids in _Michelia champaca_ and _Corydalis adiantifolius. Indian J. Chem_. 8:325.
Billore, K. V. and K. C. Anudichya. 1978. Some oral contraceptives—family planning the tribal way. _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga & Homoeo_. 13(2):104. (Stem-bark as a contraceptive agent.)
Chaudhuri, Rai, H. N. 1964. Pharmacognostic studies on the stem-bark of _Michelia champaca_ Linn. _Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal_. 17(1–2): 1.
Chopra, M. M. and K. L. Handa. 1963. The essential oil of fruit rinds of _Michelia champaca, Perfum. Essent. Oil Rec_. 54:817.
Indian Council of Medical Research, _Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 2_. New Delhi. 248–252.
Jain, S. K. and C. R. Tarafdar. 1970. Medicinal Plantlore of the Santals. (A Revival of P. O. Bodding's work.) _Econ. Bot_. 24:241.
Majumdar, P. L. and A. Chatterjee. 1963. Active principles of the trunk bark of _Michelia champaca_ Linn. _J. Indian Chem. Soc_. 40:929.
Nigam, M. C. 1963. Studies in some essential oils. Essential oil from flowers of _Michelia champaca_. Part I. Identification of components and isolation of a new sesquiterpene—champacene. Part II. Studies on The Constitution of Champacene. _Agra Univ. J. Res._ ( _Sci._ ). 12(I):299.
Sethi, V. K. et al. 1978. A new sesquiterpene lactone from _Michelia champaca_ roots. Abstr. of the paper presented at XXX. Indian Pharmaceut. Cong. Calcutta. _Indian J. Pharmaceut. Sci_. 40:226.
## 24
## Sensitive Plant
### Mimosa pudica
> _For vaginopathy..._
>
> —Madanadi Nighantu
### Sensitive, but Troublesome
Sensitive plants are common troublesome weeds in waste grounds, particularly where the climate is warm and moist. They wrap up their leaves as a defensive mechanism against being plucked or bothered. The mature plants are armed with spines which protect them from marauders. The clever shepherds occasionally burn the older plants with spines as the tender plants are eaten by cattle. They are believed to produce firm flesh and increased flow of milk when fed to cattle. Consumption of the pods is however, reported to cause intestinal inflammation in cattle and they are carefully segregated along with the spines. Although the plant is used for grazing, recent feeding trials indicate that the plant can cause toxic symptoms in chicken, birds and horses. While the chicks fed to leaf-meal became stunted and bloated, the birds became sickly.
In traditional medicine, a decoction of the root of the plant is considered useful in gravel and other urinary ailments. The juice of the leaves is used for sinus problems and also as an application for sores and piles. The root is considered an aphrodisiac.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Mimosa pudica_ Linn.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Sensitive plant, Humble plant
Indian Names | : | Assamese : _Nilajban, Adoriban_
| | Bengali : _Lajjabati, Lajak_
| | Hindi : _Lajwanti, Chui-mui, Lajjalu_
| | Kannada : _Lajja, Nachike, Mudugu-davare, Muttidaremuni_
| | Khasi : _Kambatsamthia, Sunteshuh_
| | Malayalam : _Tintarmani,Totlavati, Thottamvati_
| | Marathi : _Lajalu_
| | Mundari : _Durum-junum_
| | Oriya : _Lajkuri_
| | Punjabi : _Lajwanti_
| | Tamil : _Tottal-chinungi, Tottalvadi_
| | Telugu : _Attapatti, Peddanidrakanni_
Family | : | Leguminosae
Appearance | : | A diffuse undershrub with prickly stems, bipinnate leaves and flowers in pinkish globose heads. Pods small, flat, straw-coloured with many bristles. Seeds 3 to 5.
Distribution | : | Native of tropical parts of America, naturalized throughout the tropical and sub-tropical parts of India.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaf, root, stem, flowers.
Other Species | : | _Mimosa linguis_ (a diuretic astringent). _Mimosa humilis_ (Brazilian Sensitive Plant).
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Glandular swellings, hydrocele | : | Apply leaf-paste.
Skin allergy due to insect bite | : | Extract the juice from the leaves and apply.
Sores, wounds, piles | : | Grind the leaves and extract the juice. Apply on the wound and bandage with a betel leaf.
Scorpion sting | : | Apply a paste of leaves and stems.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
Mimosine, the alkaloid in the plant, is reported to be toxic.
### In Science
Atal, C. K. et al. 1978. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity Part VIII. _Indian J. Exp. Biol_. 16:330. (The whole plant, excluding roots, was found to be devoid of tannins.)
Bhakuni, D. S. et al. 1969. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part II. _Indian plants for biological activity._ Part II. _Indian J. Exp. Biol_. 7:250. (Antiviral activity against vaccinia virus.)
Desai, H. K. et al. 1973. Chemical investigation of some Indian plants. Part VII. _Indian J. Chem_. 11:840 (Seeds yielded Beta-sitosterol.)
Farooqi, M. I. H. et al. 1977. Chemical investigation on the mucilage of _Lajwanti_ seeds from _Mimosa pudica_ Linn. _Indian Drugs_. 15:39 (A neutral polysaccharide.)
Hemadi, K. and S. S. Rao. 1983. Leucorrhoea and menorrhagia: Tribal medicine. _Ancient Sci. Life_. 3:40. (Juice of whole plant is administered in leucorrhoea.)
Kumar, P. et al. 1975. Fatty acid composition of root-oil of _Mimosa rubicaulis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India_. 45A (III):215. (On the components of fatty acid.)
Mukadam, T. S. et al. 1976. Antifungal activities in deproteinised leaf extracts of weeds and non-weeds. _Indian J. Microbio_. 16:78. (Marked antifungal activity against several fungi.)
Pillai, N. R. et al. 1978. Preliminary studies on the diuretic activity of _Mimosa pudica_ Linn, in experimental animals. _J. Res. Indian Med Yoga & Homoeo_. 13(2):114. (Moderate diuretic response of leaf decoction.)
Prasad, G. C. et al. 1975. Effect of Lajjawanti ( _Mimosa pudica_ Linn.) on regeneration of nerves. _J. Res. Indian Med_. 10(4):37. (The process of regeneration was found to be higher when treated with the plant extract as compared to a hydrocortisone treated group.)
Tiwari, K. C. et al. 1982. Folklore information from Assam for family planning and birth control. _Int. J. Crude Dry Res_. 20:133. (Contraceptive properties of the roots.)
Umalkar, G. V. et al. 1977. Fungicidal properties of some deproteinised leaf extracts. _Sci. Cult_. 43:437. (Antifungal properties of the leaf extract.)
Vijayalakshmi, K. et al. 1979. Nematicidal properties of some indigenous plant materials against second stage juveniles of _Melvidogyne incognita_ (Koffoid and White) Chitwood. _Indian J. Ent_. 41:326. (Nematicidal activity of the seeds.)
## 25
## Jatamansi
### Nardostachys jatamansi
> _As arsenal for the aggravation of doshas..._
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu Karpuradivarga
### The Hidden Treasures
A small herb with thin, long leaves, Jatamansi hides all its medicinal wealth under the ground and inside its roots.
In traditional medicines, the aromatic root of the plant is used in cases of cholera, convulsions, epilepsy, hysteria, palpitation of the heart, etc. Its decoction is used for mental disorders, insomnia, diseases of the blood and circulatory system, etc. Santals use this for curing leprosy, mental tension, convulsions, epilepsy and unconsciousness after childbirth.
The root extracts have shown sedative and hypotensive effects in several pharmacological studies. The essential oil from the rhizomes had a depressant action on the CNS of rats and guinea pigs and exerted prolonged and pronounced hypotensive effect in dogs. Several experiments conducted on animals confirm the usefulness of the drug in hypertension and brain and memory-related handicaps.
There are two varieties of jatamansi available in the market: _angrezi_ (foreign) and _desi_ (country). The _angrezi_ variety is found in Northern Asia, Northern Kashmir, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. The _desi_ variety is prevalent in the Himalayan regions, Southern Kashmir and in Bhutan.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Nardostachys jatamansi_ DC
_Nardostachys grandiglora_ DC
---|---|---
English Names | : | Spikenard, Muskroot
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Jatamansi_
| | Gujarati : _Jatamasi_
| | Hindi : _Balchhar, Jatamansi, Balchir, Jatamashi_
| | Kannada : _Jatamansi, Jatamavashi_
| | Malayalam : _Jatamanchi_
| | Marathi : _Balacharea, Balchir, Jatamavashi_
| | Punjabi : _Balchir, Jatamashi_
| | Sanskrit : _Jatamansi_
| | Tamil : _Jatamanchi_
| | Telugu : _Jatamansi_
Family | : | Valerianaceae
Appearance | : | Small perennial herb with thin, long leaves. Roots in bunches, hairy and fragrant. Flowers in clusters, pink.
Distribution | : | Found in the Alpine Himalayas, Kumaon, and Sikkim between 3500 to 5000 m.
Medicinal Parts | : | Root, oil.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Dasamularishta, Aravndasava, Lavangadi_ _churna, Dasanga lepa, Pippalayasava,_ _Brahmivati._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Cough | : | Mix powdered root with jaggery (1:4) and take ¼ tsp of the mixture.
Convulsion, hysteria nervousness, palpitation of the heart | : | Make an infusion of ¼ tsp bruised root in 5 glasses of water and strain. Take 1 cup three times a day.
Epilepsy, hysteria, palpitation of the heart | : | Make a mixture of the root powder, camphor and cardamom (15:2:5) and powder the ingredients. Bottle. Take 1 to 2 pinches twice daily with hot water or honey or both.
Excessive pigmentation of the skin | : | Warm the root paste in neem oil and apply.
Hair loss, premature greying of hair | : | Mix the oil (distilled from the root) with coconut oil (1:10). Apply on the hair.
Headache, hypertension, memory loss | : | Crush 1 tsp roots and boil in 10 glasses of water till the volume is reduced to half. Add 1 tsp honey to 1 tbsp of the infusion and drink.
Headache, hypertension | : | Take the infusion of a pinch of powdered root in 1 cup hot water. ( _Note_ : Milk and honey can be added.) Take this infusion 2 or 3 times a day.
Nausea, fevers | : | Take the decoction of the root (1 tbsp) with 1 tsp lime juice.
Pain, burning sensation in the body | : | External application of the root paste.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Agarwal, S. S. et al. 1973. Antiestrogenic activity of jatamansone semicarbazone. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol_. 11:583.
Amin, M. G. et al. 1961. Reaction time studies in relation to an indigenous drug— _Nardostachys jatamansi. Antiseptic_. 58:565. (Sedative action of the root powder.)
Arora, R. B. 1965. _Nardostachys jatamansi_ —A chemical, pharmacological and clinical appraisal. _Spl. Rep. Series_. No. 51. New Delhi: ICMR.
Arora, R. B. and B. R. Madan. 1955. _Nardostachys jatamansi_ in auricular fibrillation. _Indian Pract_. 8:693.
Arora, R. B. and C. K. Arora. 1964. Hypotensive action of jatamansone (Valeranone)—A sesquiterpene from _Nardostachys jatamanasi_ DC. _Proc. Int. Symp. Medicinal Plants, Kandy, Ceylon_ , Dec. 15–18. 165.
Arora, R. B. et al. 1958. Prolonged hypotensive effect of essential oil of _Nardostachys jatamansi. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther_. 113(3– 4):367.
Arora, R. B. et al. 1962. Tranquillizing activity of jatamansone, a sesquiterpene from _Nardostachys jatamansi. Life Sci_. 6:225.
Arora, R. B. et al. 1966. Neuropharmacological profile of jatamansone with special reference to its effectiveness in hyperkinetic states. _Symp. CNS Drugs_. Hyderabad: RRL. Jan. 24–30. 118.
Bose, B. C. et al. 1957. _Nardostachys jatamansi_ DC—A phytochemical study of its active constituents. _Indian J. Med. Sci_. 11:799.
Bose, B. C. et al. 1957. Preliminary observation on the pharmacological actions of various fractions of _Nardostachys jatamansi_ DC. _Curr. Sci_. 26:278.
Bose, B.C. et al. 1957. _Nardostachys jatamansi_ —Its sedative and depressant action as estimated by Warburg technique. _Indian J. Med. Res. Sci_. 11:803.
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha. 1996. _Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations used in Ayurveda & Siddha._ New Delhi. 144–145.
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 1991. _A Hand-book of Common Remedies in the Siddha System of Medicine_ (2nd Revised edn.) New Delhi. 32.
Chaudhury, G. R. et al. 1951. Chemical constituents of _Nardostachys jatamansi_ Part I. Isolation of a crystalline acid and an essential oil. _J. Sci. Ind. Res_. 10B:48.
Chaudhury, G. R. et al. 1958. Chemical examination of the essential oil from _Nardostachys jatamansi. J. Sci. Ind. Res_. 17B:473.
Chopra, I. C. et al. 1954. Pharmacological action of some common essential oil bearing plants used in indigenous medicine. Part II. Pharmacological action of _Alpinia galanga, Pistacia integrima, Piper betel_ and _Nardostachys jatamansi. Indian J. Med. Res_. 42:385.
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants._ New Delhi: CSIR. 173.
Govindachari, T. R. et al. 1961. Structure and stereo-chemistry of jatamansone. _Tetrahedron_ 12:105.
Gujral, M. L. et al. 1955. An experimental study of the comparative activity of indigenous diuretics. _J. Indian Med. Assoc_. 25(2):1–5.
Gupta, B. D. and V. Virmani. 1968. Clinical trial of jatamansone (Syn. valeranone) in hyperkinetic behaviour disorders. _Neurology (India)_. 16:168.
Gupta, S. S. et al. 1961. Effect of _Nardostachys jatamansi_ fumes and aerosols in histamine-induced bronchial asthma in guinea pigs. _J. Indian Med. Assoc_. 37:223.
Gupta, S. S. et al. 1961. Effect of _Nardostachys jatamansi_ fumes and aerosols in histamine-induced bronchial asthma in guinea pigs. _J. Indian Med. Assoc_. 37:322–326. (Antihistaminic role of the fumes from the plant.)
Gupta, S. S. et al. 1966. Central nervous system effects of some indigenous antiasthmatic drugs. _Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol_. 10:5.
Hamid, K. A. et al. 1962. Pharmacological investigation of _Nardostachys jatamansi root. J. Sci. Industr. Res_. 21C(4):100–103. (Sedative and hypotensive effects of root extracts.)
Indian Council of Medical Research. 1987. _Medicinal Plants of India_. Vol. 2. New Delhi.
Madam, B. R. & R. B. Arora. 1956. Antiarrhythmic activity of _Nardostachys jatamansi. Proc. 43rd Indian Sci. Cong. Part III (Abstract)_. 347.
Mehra, P. N. and L. C. Garg. 1962. Pharmacognostic study of _Nardostachys jatamansi_ DC. _Planta. Med_. 10:433.
Mukerji, B. and M. L. Dhar. 1961. Chemistry and pharmacology of _Nardostachys jatamansi_ DC. _Planta. Med_. 9:1.
Narang, G. D. et al. 1962. Antibacterial activity of some indigenous drugs. _J. Vet. Anim. Husb. Res_. 6:22.
Ramaswamy, A. S. & M. Sirsi. 1967. Antitubercular activity of some natural products. _Indian J. Pharm_. 29:157.
Ruecker, G. et al. 1978. Studies on isolation and pharmacodynamic activity of sesquiterpene Valeranone from _Nardostachys jatamansi, Arzneim Forsch_. 28(1):713. ( _Chem. Abstr._ 38:99179a, 1978.) (Hypotensive and anti-ulcerogenic role.)
Sheth, U. K. and M. S. Kekre. 1956. Pharmacological studies of _Nardostachys jatamansi_ (N. O. Valerinaceae): A preliminary report. _Indian J. Med Sci_. 10:33.
Siddiqui, H. H. 1964. Pharmacological studies on _Khamira Abresham Arshadwala. Planta. Med_. 12:57. (Lowered blood pressure.)
Uniyal, M. R. and R. K. Issar. 1969. Commercially and traditionally important medicinal plants in Mandakini valley of Uttarakhand Himalayas. _J. Res. Indian Med_. 4(1):83.
Vakil, R. J. and S. R. Dalai. 1955. The clinical trial of _Nardostachys jatamansi_ in neurocirculatory asthenia: A preliminary report. _Indian Pract_. 8:277.
## 26
## Sacred Lotus
### Nelumbo nucifera
> _Cooling and antidotal_
>
> —Priya Nighantu
> —Satapuspadivarga
### In Mythology and Mysticism
An aquatic herb with its elegant and sweet scented flowers celebrated in Indian mythology and mysticism.
Its root-stock, seeds and tender leaves are also used in Indian cuisine.
In traditional medicine, the flowers, filaments and the juice of the flower-stalks are used for checking cholera, diarrhoea and fevers. A sherbet of the plant is given to patients suffering from small pox to counteract eruptions.
Syrup of these flowers is useful in the treatment of cough an malfunctions of the liver and heart, and also to check haemorrhage from bleeding piles.
Its flowers and fresh leaves are simply ground with sandalwoo or amla and are used as a cooling application to the forehead i cephalagia, skin erysipalas, and in other inflammatory conditions.
The filaments are used as a treatment for burning sensation of the body, bleeding piles and menorrhagia. The tender leave and seeds are used as a cooling medicine in piles, skin diseases an leprosy. The seeds are administered sometimes to check vomiting.
Powdered root-stock is also used for piles. A preparation of the root-stock is a common remedy for diarrhoea and dyspepsia.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Nelumbo nucifera_ Gaertn.
_Nymphaea nelumbo_ L.
_Nelumbium nelumbo_ (L.) Druce
_Nelumbium speciosum_ Willd.
---|---|---
English Names | : | East Indian lotus, Sacred lotus, Egyptian lotus, Chinese waterlily
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Swetpadma, Padma, Kamal, Kombol_
| | Gujarati : _Suriyakamal_
| | Hindi : _Kanwal, Kamal, Kaval_
| | Kannada : _Kamala, Tamara, Taware_
| | Malayalam : _Aambal, Thamara,_ _Senthamara,Aravindam_
| | Marathi : _Kamal_
| | Punjabi : _Kanwal, Kanwalkakri_
| | Sanskrit : _Kamala, Padma, Nalina, Aravinda, Jalaja, Pankaja,Bisaja, Rajiva, Saroja,_ _Pushkara,Bisaja, Tamarasa_
| | Tamil : _Ambal, Tamarai,_ _Sivapputamarai_
| | Telugu : _Erratamara, Kalung,_ _Tamara,Damara_
Family | : | Nymphaeaceae
Appearance | : | A common aquatic herb with large round leaves and prominent flowers on long stalks.
Distribution | : | Throughout India in lakes, tanks and ponds upto an altitude of 1800 m.
Medicinal Parts | : | Root-stock, leaf-stalk, leaf, filaments, flowers, seeds.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Aravindasava_.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Deterioration in eye sight | : | Crush a handful each of cleaned petals, root-stock and leaf-stalk of lotus and boil the paste in ½ litre sesame oil till all traces of moisture evaporate and the plant material turns reddish. Remove from the fire, cool, filter and bottle. Use this oil once a week to massage the head before a shower. Repeat every week. ( _Note_ : Avoid if prone to cold and phlegm.)
Diarrhoea | : | Take 1 tsp leaf-juice.
Eye-ailments, reddening of eyes | : | Boil the crushed petals of lotus in cow's milk and show the eyes to the steam that emanates from the boiling liquid.
Headache | : | Apply a fine paste of leaf-stalk on the forehead.
Heart ailments | : | Dry the cleaned petals, powder and bottle. _Dose_ : ⅛ tsp boiled in 1 cup water is taken with required amount of milk and sugar. Take 2 or 3 times a day for a week. ( _Note_ : This can be an effective substitute for tea or coffee.)
High fevers | : | Apply a paste of leaves mixed with equal quantities of sandalwood paste all over the body.
|
: | Crush a lotus petal and boil in 2 cups of water till the volume is reduced to 1 cup. Drink 2 or 3 times a day.
Painful urination | : | Boil a few lotus petals with buds of the pink rose in 1 litre water and drink. Drink 1 cup, 2 to 3 times a day.
Ringworm, skin diseases | : | Apply a fine paste of the root-stalk.
Skin diseases | : | Apply a fine paste of the seeds.
Ulcers in stomach, duodenum etc. | : | Boil ¼ tsp of powdered petals in 1 glass water and take the infusion for a week after filtering.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
Prolonged intake of lotus petals is feared to affect sexual strength.
### Lotus Flowers: The Brain Tonic
Boil a few thoroughly cleaned, crushed petals in ½ litre water till the volume is reduced to half of its original volume. Add this decoction to drinking water kept in an earthern pot and use it for drinking. ( _Note:_ Some people recommend that this 'water' is to be taken first thing in the morning on an empty stomach.)
### In Science
Bhattacharya, S. K. et al. 1978. Psychopharmacological studies on (-) nuciferine and its Hofman degradation product atherosperminine, _Psychopharmacol_. 59:29.
Daul, S. and S. L. Verma. 1967. Oxalate contents of foods commonly used in Kashmir. _Indian J. Med. Res_. 55:274.
Dhar, D. N. and R. C. Munjal. 1972. Chemical constituents of the seeds of _Nelumbo nucifera. Curr. Sci_. 41:59.
Dhawan, B. N. et al. 1977. Screening of Indian medicinal plants for biological activity. Part VI. _Indian J. Exp. Biol_. 15:208. (Ethanol extracts of rhizome exhibited CNS depressant properties and diuretic action; but ineffective as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antifertility, antipyretic and anticoagulant.)
Dube, R. et al. 1981. _Indian Drugs_. 18:400. (Chemistry of alkaloids.)
Gangrade, H. H. and R. Kaushal. 1982. The composition of the oil of _Nelumbium speciosum_ Willd. seeds. _Acta. Cienc. Indica_. 8(91):38.
Gopalan, C. et al. 1984. _Nutritive Value of Indian Foods_. Hyderabad: National Instt. of Nutrition. 111.
Gujral, M. L. and P. N. Saxena. 1955. An experimental study of the comparative activity of indigenous diuretics. _J. Indian Med. Assoc_. 2592):1–5. (Diuretic action.)
Guo, M. and L. Chen. 1984. _Zhongcaovao_. 15(7):291. (Chemical constituents of the seeds.)
Jain, S. K. and C. R. Tarafdar. 1970. Medicinal plant lore of the Santals (A revival of P. O. Bodding's work). _Econ. Bot_. 24:241. (The plant is used by the Santals in strangulation of intestine.)
Karnataka Forest Department, 1988. _Sacred Plants_. Bangalore.
Khosla, R. L. et al. 1979. Identification of alkaloids by microcrystal methods. _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga. Homoeo_. 14(1):135.
Kunitomo, J. et al. 1970. _Yakugaku Zasshi_. 90:1165. (The leaf chemistry.)
Mitra, R. et al. 1973. Pharmacognostical studies on the rhizome of _Nelumbo nucifera_ Gaertn. _Indian J. Pharm_. 35:207.
Mitra, R. et al. 1976. Pharmacognostic study of _Nelumbo nucifera_ Gaertn. (Kamal) leaf. II. _J_. _Res. Indian Med. Yoga Homoeo_. 11(3):67.
Mitra, R. et al. 1976. Pharmacognostical study of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Kamal) rhizome. _I. J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga Homoeo_. 11(3):45.
Nagarajan, S. et al. 1966. Chemical examination of the flowers of _Nelumbo speciosum_ Willd. _Curr. Sci_. 35:176.
Nishibe, S. et al. 1986. _J. Nat. Prod_. 49:548. (The seed chemistry.)
Rehman, W. et al. 1962. Flower pigments: Flavanoids from _Nelumbo nucifera_ Gaertn. _Naturwissenschaften_. 49:327. (Flavanoids from the flowers.)
Sharma, M. L. et al. 1978. Pharmacological screening of Indian medicinal plants. _Indian J. Exp. Biol_. 16:228. (Ethanolic extract of the seeds did not show any diuretic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, antipyretic or anticoagulant action.)
Subramanian, S. S. et al. 1969. _Phytochem_. 8:674, (Flavanoids from the embryos.)
Tripathi, V. J. et al. 1974. Chemical examination of Indian lotus _Nelumbo nucifera_ Gaertn. _J. Inst. Chem. India_. 46:200. (Chemistry of leaves.)
Yang, T. H. et al. 1972. _J. Chinese Chem. Soc._ ( _Taipei_ ). 19:143. (Alkaloidal composition of the seed pods.)
## 27
## Water-lily
### Nymphaea stellata
> _Kumuda_... _a refrigerant..._
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu Pushpavarga
### The Fame of the Flowers
Water-lily is a large aquatic herb famous for its flowers.
The rhizomes and seeds are edible. The flowers, rhizomes, leaves and seeds are popularly used in traditional medicine.
The powdered rhizomes are administered in cases of diarrhoea, dyspepsia and piles. An infusion of stems and rhizomes is considered diuretic and given in urinary diseases.
Leaves of the water-lily are applied topically in erysipelas and the macerated leaves are used as a lotion in eruptive fevers.
The flowers, considered a refrigerant are given in the form of syrup in high fevers, dysuria, inflammatory diseases of the brain and apoplexy, inflammation and restlessness.
The flower-decoction alleviates: palpitation of the heart, biliousness, cough, giddiness, vomiting, worm infestation.
The seeds are nutritive and prescribed as a diet for diabetes patients.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Nymphaea stellata_ Willd.
---|---|---
Other Species | : | _Nymphaea nouchali_ Burm. f.
_Nymphaea pubescens_ Willd.
_Nymphaea lotus_ auct. non L.
_Nymphaea rubra_ Roxb. ex Salisb.
English Names | Blue lotus of India, Indian blue water-lily
|
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Nilshapla, Saluka_
| | Gujarati : _Nilkamal, Nilopal_
| | Hindi : _Nilkamal, Nilpadma_
| | Kannada : _Naidilay, Nili-tavaray_
| | Malayalam : _Nirampal, Sitamble, Vellanpal_
| | Marathi : _Krishnakamal, Oyani_
| | Punjabi : _Bambher, Nilpadma_
| | Sanskrit : _Kumuda, Nilotpala, Utapala_
| | Tamil : _Alli, Kumudam, Malari, Nilotpalam_
| | Telugu : _Allikada, Nallakalava, Nitikulava, Tellakaluva_
| | Urdu : _Nilofar_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Kumud_
Unani Name | : | _Nilofar_
Family | : | Nymphaeaceae
Appearance | : | A large perennial aquatic herb with prominent leaves and flowers.
Distribution | : | Native of South East Asia, found all over the warmer parts of India.
Medicinal Parts | : | Roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds.
Ayurvedic Preparations | _Arvindasava, Utpaladi churna, Utpaladi hima._
Unani Preparations | _Arq shir murrakab, Sharbat nilofar._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Burning sensation in the body, diabetes, excessive thirst, eye-ailments due to heat in the body, venereal sores | : | Dry the flowers, powder and bottle. _Dose_ : ⅛ tsp steeped in 1 glass hot water for 3 to 5 minutes. A small quantity of honey can be added.
Burning sensation in the body, body heat | : | Frequent intake of cooked roots along with food.
Diabetes | : | Boil a few petals of water-lily and amaltas in 2 glasses of water till the volume is reduced to half. Remove from the fire, filter and cool. Drink thrice daily for a few days.
Inflammation | : | Apply some crushed flowers.
Watery semen | : | Dry the root-stock in the shade. Powder and bottle with equal quantities of sugar. _Dose_ : ⅛ tsp on an empty stomach taken with milk.
Wounds | : | Wash the wounds with a decoction of the leaves.
_Note:_ Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
The alkaloids, nupharine and nymphaeine, obtained from the dried roots of _Nymphaea alba_ exhibited toxic effects on the nervous system.
### In Science
Aswal, B. S. et al. 1984. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part X. _Indian J. Exp. Biol._ 22:487. (Screening of the ethanolic extract of a variety of _Nymphaea stellata_ showed no pharmacological activities.)
Berg, A. M. et al. 1954. Homoserine and alpha-aminoadipic acid in green plants. _Acta. Chem. Scand_. 8:358. _Chem. Abstr_. 48:10842. (The leaf chemistry.)
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 1996. _Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha._ New Delhi:155–157. (Root and stalk of nymphaea alba used as an astringent and narcotic.)
Delphant, J. and J. Balansard. 1941. Pharmacodynamic properties of white water lily, _Nymphaea (Castalia_ ) _alba. C. R. Soc. Biol_. 135:1665. _Chem. Abstr_. 1945. 37:5327.
Delphant, J. and J. Balansard. 1941. Spasmolytic and sedative properties of white lily rhizomes. _C. R. Soc. Biol_. 135:1667. _Chem. Abstr_. 1945. 37:5327. (Alcoholic extract of rhizomes—containing alkaloids—shows mild sedative action; it does not significantly depress the heart. In high doses, it may have a paralytic action on the medulla.)
Dhawan, B. N. et al. 1977. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part VI. _Indian J. Exp. Biol_. 15:208. (No pharmacological activity of the extract of _Nymphaea nouchali_.)
Gademann, R. 1974. Pigment pattern of some species of the Nymphaeaceae family. I. Flavanoid pattern. _Ditsch. Apoth. -Ztg_., 144(34):1279. _Chem. Abstr_. 1975. 82:14019t.
Gujral, M. L. et al. 1955. An experimental study of the comparative activity of indigenous diuretics. _J. Indian Med. Assoc_. 25 (1): 1. (Flower-decoction of _Nymphaea alba_ shows diuretic activity.)
Gupta, R. C. et al. 1980. Pharmacognostic studies on _Nilotpala (Nymphaea stellata_ Willd.) I-Vegetative Parts. _New Bot_. 7:127.
Hussain, S. J. and T. N. Srivastava. 1979. A study of Unani medicinal plants. II. Nilofar. _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga Homoeop_. 14(3):118.
Indian Council of Medical Research. 1987. _Medicinal Plants of India_ , Vol. 2. New Delhi. 347–351.
Joshi, V. et al. 1974. Chemical components of some Indian medicinal plants. _Indian J. Chem_. 12:226. (The ethanolic extract of _Nymphaea alba_ shows the presence of Beta-sitosterol.)
Kapoor, V. P. et al. 1975. Chemical analysis of seeds from 40 non-leguminous species. Part III. _Sci. Cult_. 41:336.
Malaviya, M. 1962. A study of sclereids in three species of _Nymphaea. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci_. 56:222.
Modrakowski, J. and H. Sikorski. 1934. The pharmacological action of nymphalin. II. Cardiovascular system of warm-blooded animals. _Bull. Intern. Acad. Polon. Sci. Ci. Med_. 365. _Chem. Abstr_. 1937.
31:3572. (A glycoside, nymphalin with digitalis-like activity found in flowers.)
Singh, N. et al. 1977. Pharmacological study on _Nymphaea stellata_ Willd. (Nilkamal) _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga Homoeo_. 12(3):53.
Singh, N. et al. 1978. An experimental evaluation of protective effects of some indigenous drugs in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice and rats. _Quart. J. Crude Drug Res._ 16:8. (The seed-extract prevented the necrosis of liver tissues and promoted liver regeneration.)
Taku, E. P. et al. 1970. Flavanoids of _Nymphaea alba. Khim. Prir. Soedin_. 6(5):629. _Chem. Abstr_. 1971. 74:39164j.
## 28
## Olive
### Olea europea
> _The Blessed Tree_
>
> —Qur'an 24:35
Although the botanical name of the olive tree _olea europea_ implies that it belonged to Europe, it is Phoenicia or the northern part of the Arab peninsula which is believed to be its original home.
### The Mediterranean Solution
Olive oil is the Mediterranean solution for rising blood pressure. Ramses II who ruled Egypt around 1400 bc is reported to have been a true devotee of the olive. He not only downed olive oil for every conceivable complaint when he was alive, but when he died, he was buried with barrels brimming with this golden liquid.
### The Cretian Paradox
The people of Crete are known for their huge appetite for fat. If one has to go by the criteria laid down by modern nutritional experts, it should follow that the incidence of heart failure should be the highest in Crete.
But this is surprisingly not the case. The incidence of heart diseases and cancer is the lowest in Crete and the longevity of the people is as good as, if not better than, their fellow Europeans. Scientists, who were baffled with this Cretian paradox have now discovered that a whopping 33 per cent of the calories consumed by Cretians come from a single source: olive oil. The chemical compounds in the oil perform wonders—from blocking blood-clots to flushing out the cholesterol accumulation in arteries. They also contribute towards improving the ratio of 'good' (HDL) cholesterol in the blood, a quality which is hardly known in any other vegetable oil. Dr Bruno Berra, an Italian professor of biochemistry, has discovered that a teaspoonful of olive oil can eliminate the cholesterol-raising effect of two eggs. Another study conducted in the University of Kentucky notes that a couple of spoons of olive oil can even lower blood pressure by about 5 systolic and 4 diastolic points.
Not only that. The anti-oxidants in the oil are reported to retard ageing by keeping cells alive for a longer time; they can also prevent the incidence of tumours.
### The Oil
Modern researches have confirmed the goodness of olive oil. Cutting down on saturated fats (found in meat and milk products) and boosting olive oil consumption is found to bring down 'bad' (LDL) cholesterol levels. Long live the olive!
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Olea europea_ L.
---|---|---
English Name | : | Olive
Indian Names | : | Hindi, Punjabi & Urdu : _Zaitun_
Greek Name | : | _Elia_
Italian Name | : | _Uliva_
Russian Name | : | _Oliva_
Spanish Name | : | _Olivo_
Hebrew Name | : | _Zayit_
Family | : | Oleaceae
Appearance | : | A medium-sized evergreen tree. The hard, yellow wood of the gnarled trunk is sheathed by grey-green bark. Leaves, elliptic and leathery. Flowers, fragrant, white. Fruit, shiny black when ripe.
Distribution | : | Throughout the Mediterranean region, particularly in Italy, Morocco, Spain, Tunesia and Turkey. According to an estimate, Spain grew 200 million olive trees while Italy had 123 million in the year 1964.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaves, fruits, oil.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
_Anaemia_ | : | Fry 1 tsp each of crushed purslane, sweet basil and gum arabic in 3 tsp olive oil. Remove from fire and soak in rose-water for 1 hour. Take 1 tsp 3 to 4 times daily for a few days.
Burns, bruises, insect bites, sprains intense itching | : | Apply olive oil.
Constipation, high cholesterol | : | Take 1 to 2 tsp olive oil.
Dandruff | : | Add a little oil of rosemary to olive oil and massage frequently.
Eczema, psoriasis, skin problems | : | Apply olive oil frequently.
Eruption of herpes and hives, inflammation of the stomach, skin ulceration | : | Chew a few olives every day.
Falling hair | : | Mix equal amounts of olive oil and alcohol and apply.
Nervous tension | : | Sip an infusion of leaves. ( _Caution_ : It has a tranquillizing effect.)
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
In excess, olive oil causes diarrhoea. Black olives may cause excess bile secretion.
### In Science
Carper, Jean. 1993. _The Food Pharmacy_. London: Simon & Schuster. 242.
Chishthi, S. H. M. 1991. _The Book of Sufi Healing_. Vermont: Inner Tradition International. 68.
Farooqi, M. I. H. Dr. 1995. _Fruits Mentioned in the Quran_. Lucknow: Sidrah Publishers. 30–35.
Ferro-Luzzi, A. et al. 1984. Changing the Mediterranean diet: Effects on blood lipids. _American J. Clin. Nutrition_. 40:1027–1037.
Grundy, S. M. 1986. Comparison of mono-unsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates for lowering plasma cholesterol. _New England J. Meds_. 314(12):745–748. (Mono-unsaturated fats combated high cholesterol just as effectively as a low fat diet.)
Keys, A. et al. 1986. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. _American J. Epidemiology_. 124(6):903–915.
Lust, John. 1974. _The Herb Book_. Bantam Books, 297.
Sairam, T. V. 1999. Olive oil for lowering high B. P. _Heritage Healing_. July 10.
Sirtori, C. R. et al. 1986. Controlled evaluation of fat intake in the Mediterranean diet: Comparative activities of olive oil and corn oil on plasma lipids and platelets in high-risk patients. _American J. Clinic. Nutrn_. 44:635–642.
Zoppi, S. et al. 1985. Effectiveness and reliability of medium term treatment with a diet rich in olive oil for patients with vascular diseases. _Acta Vitaminol. Enzymol_. (Italy). 7(1–2):3–8.
## 29
## Indian Sorrel
### Oxalis corniculata
> _Amlika destroys swellings_
>
> —Bhavaprakasam, Shaakvarg
### The Food Medicine
The Indian sorrel has a two-in-one utility: it is a food as well as a medicine. Its leaves are used in cooking. It has been a part and parcel of folk remedies from time immemorial. The traditional doctor would prescribe it for a host of ailments: indigestion, dysentery, diarrhoea, piles and swellings.
Its names in Sanskrit, viz. _Amla lonika_ and _Amla patrakah_ —refer to the peculiar, sour taste of the leaves of this plant.
The whole plant is used in folk remedies. The edible leaves are quite acidic in taste and are often mixed with other greens in Indian cuisine. They are cooling and have an appetizing effect. They are useful in the preventive treatment of scurvy—caused by vitamin C deficiency. The leaf juice is an antidote for _Datura_ poisoning.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Oxalis corniculata_ L.
_Xanthoxalis corniculata_ Small
---|---|---
English Names | : | Indian sorrel, Creeping sorrel.
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Amrul, Amboti-ki patti, Changeri, Champamethi_
| | Kannada : _Pulam, Purasi, Chappu_
| | Malayalam : _Puliyarala, Changeri_
| | Sanskrit : _Amlika_
| | Tamil : _Puliyarai_
Family | : | Oxalidaceae
Appearance | : | A small, hairy, delicate, prostate climber with thin, smooth, trifoliate leaves. Flowers, yellow. Fruits cylindrical with many tiny seeds.
Distribution | : | Grows abundantly during the monsoon in warmer parts of the country.
Medicinal Parts | : | The whole plant, leaves.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Changeryadi ghritam, Pathadi gulika, Suranadi ghritam, Abhram._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Boils, inflammation | : | Apply a poultice of leaves.
Diarrhoea and indigestion | : | Boil the leaves in buttermilk and eat.
Dysentery | : | Boil 2 tsp leaves in 1 cup buttermilk and drink.
| : | Mix 2 to 3 tsp leaf-extract with 1 tsp honey and take.
Fevers | : | Take 2 to 3 tsp leaf-extract with hot water.
Fevers | : | Drink the water in which the leaves are soaked.
Insomnia | : | Mix equal quantities of leaf-extract and castor oil. Heat to remove all traces of moisture, cool and bottle. Use this oil to massage the scalp before retiring to bed.
Induration of breast with redness, watery vaginal discharge | : | Use the leaf infusion for frequent washing.
Jaundice | : | Mix 2 to 3 tsp leaf-extract in buttermilk and take.
Pimples, boils | : | Make a leaf paste with a little hot water and apply.
Swellings | : | Crush the leaves and apply.
Warts | : | Mix equal quantities of leaf-juice and juice extracted from onions and apply.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
As the plant contains a very high amount of oxalic acid, it is not advisable for those suffering from gout, stones in the urinary tract and rheumatism.
### In Science
Chary, M. P. et al. 1984. Screening of indigenous plants for their antifungal principle. _Pesticides_. 18(4):117–118. (Antifungal properties of the plant.)
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants_. New Delhi: CSIR. 184. (Stomachic and antiscorbutic and for the cure of scurvy.)
Gaitonde, B. B. et al. 1977. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of an indigenous medicinal plant, _Oxalis corniculata_ L., _J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga & Homoeo_. 12(2):12–17.
Moos, N. S. 1976. _Single Drug Remedies_. Kottayam.
Nadkarni, A. K. 1954. _Indian Materia Medica_. Bombay.
Singh, Y. N. et al. 1984. Folk medicine in Tonga. A study on the use of herbal medicine for obstetric and gynaecological conditions and disorders. _J. Ethno-Pharmacol_. 12(3):305–329. (The leaf-infusion is used in menstrual disorders, infertility, watery vaginal discharge etc.)
Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balachandran. 1994. _Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources_. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. 113.
Venkataraman, S. and N. Radhakrishnan. 1974. Antibacterial activity of _Oxalis corniculata_ Linn. _J. Res. Indian Med_. 9(1):90–91.
## 30
## Kidney Beans
### Phaseolus vulgaris
> _Beans boiled with garlic are reputed to cure the 'otherwise incurable coughs_ ' _._
>
> —Jean Carper
### The Diabetic's Darling
Modern researchers are of the view that a cup of cooked dried beans (including kidney beans, chick peas, black-eyed peas, lentils, lima beans, split peas, baked beans and the like) a day should send your 'bad' LDL cholesterol down, control insulin and blood sugar, lower blood pressure and prevent gastro-intestinal disorders.
In a clinical trial conducted by Karnath et al. (1982), it was discovered that legumes and beans—like red kidney beans and Bengal gram ( _Cicer auritinum_ )—form an ideal food supplement for diabetes patients. The study indicated that dietary carbohydrates in the form of legumes markedly reduced the rise in postprandial plasma glucose levels as compared to dextrose, rice, wheat and potatoes. This effect was not due to increased insulin secretion. Beans produce such slow rises in blood sugar that the body needs to release much less insulin to keep the glucose under control.
The green pod shells are useful as diuretic, especially in kidney and heart ailments and as an adjuvant in mild cases of diarrhoea. The beans are included in European folk remedies for curing mental depression.
Beans are rich in compounds called lignans, that are anticancer agents. They are converted by colon bacteria into hormonelike substances which are believed to fight both colon and breast cancer.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Phaseolus vulgaris_ L.
---|---|---
Other Species | : | _Phaseolus aconitifolius_ (Syn. _P. trilobus_ ), Dew gram, Moth (H)
_Phaseolus aureus_ (Syn. _P. radiatus_ ), Green gram, Mung dal (H)
_Phaseolus calcaratus_ , Rice bean
_Phaseolus lunatus_ , Lima bean, Lobiya (H)
_Phaseolus mungo_ , Black gram, Urad (H)
English Names | : | Kidney beans, Red kidney beans, Franz beans
Indian Names | : | Gujarati : _Phanasi_
| | Hindi : _Bakla, Rajmah, Vilaiti sem_
| | Kannada : _Tingalavare_
| | Marathi : _Shravanghevda_
| | Punjabi : _Babri_
| | Telugu : _Barigalu_
Family | : | Papilionaceae
Appearance | : | A twining or sub-erect annual.
Distribution | : | Grown extensively throughout the warm regions of India.
Medicinal Parts | : | Beans, pod shells.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Cough, throat infection | : | Make a hot soup of beans with some garlic and drink.
Mercury poisoning | : | A big bowlful of soup of beans taken with sugar twice a day.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
Canned legumes and beans should be avoided by diabetics as it is reported to cause higher levels of blood sugar than the naturally available ones.
Eating beans can cause flatulence as many complex bean sugars called alpha-galactosides are not digestible. These undigested sugars are attacked by bacteria in the lower intestine. It is therefore advisable to eat them with spices and condiments such as ginger, garlic, cinnamon, black pepper, cardamom and the like.
### In Science
Basu, P. S. et al. 1980. On characterization of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ lectin (PHA) and separation of homogeneous leucoagglutinin (L-PHA). _Indian J. Exp. Biol_. 18:931.
Carper, J. 1989. _The Food Pharmacy_. London: Simon & Schuster. 132–138.
Chakraborty, A. K. and C. V. N. Rao. 1969. Preliminary studies on seed polysaccharides of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ and _Phaseolus aureus. J. Indian Chem. Soc_. 46:1055.
Chaudhuri, A. 1967. Bean extract from _Phaseolus vulgaris_ in the culture of capillary blood for chromosome analysis. _Indian J. Med. Res_. 55:47.
Datta, T. K. and M. K. Ray. 1979. Isolation of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ lectin (PHA) by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-sepharose 4B gel. _Indian J. Exp. Biol_. 17:323.
Gopalan, C. et al. 1984. _Nutritive value of Indian Foods_. New Delhi: ICMR. 63. (Presence of various amino acids, calcium, iron and phosphorous.)
Indian Council of Medical Research. 1987. _Medicinal Plants of India_ , Vol. 2. 401–403. (On _Phaseolus_ Spp.)
Kamath, P. S. et al. 1982. Plasma insulin response to legumes and carbohydrate foods. _Indian J. Med. Res_. 76:583. (Red kidney beans and Bengal grams are found to be the 'wonder diet' for the diabetics!)
Maheshwari, P. and U. Singh 1965. _Dictionary of Economic Plants in India_. New Delhi: ICAR. 121.
Nanda, R. S. 1972. Fluoride content of North Indian foods. _Indian J. Med. Res_. 60:1470. (Cooked French bean pulse contained fluorine, calcium, magnesium and phosphate.)
Nandi, L. N. et al. 1984. Pangamic acid content of _Cicer arietinum_ and _Phaseolus vulgaris_ cultivars. _Indian Drugs_. 21:400. (Presence of vitamin B15 confirmed.)
Ramachandran, V. et al. 1981. Distribution of chromium in red kidney beans ( _Phaseolus vulgaris_ ) _. Experientia_. 37:718.
Rashmi Lal, et al. 1973. Effect of some plant extracts on infectivity of tobacco mosaic virus. _Indian Phytopathol_. 26:122. (The water extract of the leaves show antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus.)
Saha, K. C. and D. R. Gupta. 1980. Chromatographic characterization of amino acids in some common vegetables of Nainital. _Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.) 9 (Pt II)_. 191. (Presence of various amino acids.)
## 31
## Cubebs
### Piper cubeba
> _Drives away bad odours_...
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu
### The Clueless Cubebs
Cubebs are extensively grown in coffee plantations under the shade and support of coffee shrubs.
They were introduced to Europe by the Arab traders. There is no clue that cubebs were known to the ancients.
Cubebs are dried, full-grown, unripe berries, which somewhat resemble black pepper. They have an acrid, camphoraceous taste and a typical aromatic odour. They are used in perfumeries and also as a spice and condiment.
In folk medicine the drug is attributed with several properties: it is antiseptic, carminative, diuretic, an expectorant, stimulant and stomachic. It is prescribed for bronchitis, catarrh, coughs, indigestion, etc. Its main action is on the genito-urinary passages. Oil extracted from cubebs is administered for urinary ailments. It is also reported to act as an antiseptic against gonorrhoea.
### Profile
Botanical Names | : | _Piper cubeba_ Linn.
---|---|---
| | _Cubeba officinalis_ Raf.
English Names | : | Cubebs, Java pepper, Tailed pepper, Tailed cubebs
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Sitalchini_
| | Gujarati : _Tada miri_
| | Hindi : _Sitalchini, Kababchini_
| | Kanada : _Gandamenasu_
| | Malayalam : _Vaalmilaku_
| | Marathi : _Kankora_
| | Sanskrit : _Sungadha Muricha, Kankolam_
| | Tamil : _Vaalmilagu_
| | Telugu : _Toka Miriyalu_
Family | : | Piperaceae
Appearance | : | A perennial shrub or creeper with ashgray branches, which take root at the joints. Leaves, smooth, egg-shaped and pointed. Flowers in smooth, scaly spikes, developing into a cluster of berries.
Distribution | : | Grows in tropical and sub-tropical parts of India. Cultivated in Karnataka.
Medicinal Part | : | Unripe fruits.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Asthma, bronchitis, hay fever, pharyngitis | : | Roll a few pieces of cubebs in a cigarette paper and smoke.
Bronchitis, cough, laryngitis | : | Mix powdered cubebs and cinnamon in equal quantities. Soak ⅛ tsp of this in 1 cup hot water for 2–3 minutes and drink the infusion 2–3 times a day.
Bronchitis, cough | : | Mix powdered cubebs, liquorice, long pepper and galangal (1 tsp each) in 1 cup water. Boil for 15–20 minutes. Take 2 tbsp with a little honey. _Dose_ : Thrice daily.
Cough, sore throat | : | Roast some cubebs and powder. Take a few pinches of the powder with hot water or honey thrice a day.
Cough, gastritis | : | Take ⅛ tsp powdered cubebs with 1 tsp honey thrice daily.
Gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea and other vaginal discharges in women | : | Mix powdered cubebs and alum (4:1). Take ⅛ tsp three times a day in warm water.
Hoarseness of voice | : | Take ⅛ tsp powdered cubebs mixed in hot milk with 2 tsp sugar at bed time.
Indigestion, stomach upset, excessive thirst | : | Steep ½ tsp cubebs in 1 cup hot water for 5 minutes. Take the infusion 2 or 3 times a day.
| : | Place 5 to 10 drops of oil of cubeb on a sugar cube and eat
Tooth ache, odour in mouth: | : | Mix 5 to 10 drops of oil of cubebs in warm water and gargle frequently.
| : | Steep ½ tsp cubebs in 1 cup hot water for 5 minutes. Use the infusion as a gargle.
: Vaginal discharge | : | Soak 5 tbsp cubebs in 1 litre water for 20 minutes. Use the infusion as a vaginal
_Note:_ Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Chunekar, K. C. 1982. _Bhavaprakasanighantu of Sri Bhavamisra. Commentary_. Varanasi. (In Hindi.)
Lust, J. 1974. _The Herb Book_. Bantam Books. 167.
Maheshwari, P. and U. Singh. 1965. _Dictionary of Economic Plants in India_. New Delhi: ICAR. 124.
Sharma, P. V. 1983. _Dravyaguna Vijnana_. Varanasi. (In Hindi.)
Sivananda, Swami. 1985. _Home Remedies_. Shivananda Nagar: The Divine Life Society. 80–82.
## 32
## Pongam
### Pongamia glabra
> _Leveller of vata and kapha_
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Guduchyadivarga
### The Animal Endorsement
Villagers in India stuff dried leaves of this tree in cupboards and almirahs in order to drive away white ants. The wisdom of the villagers stand confirmed in scientific investigations (Vijayalakshmi et al., 1979).
The fruits of pongam are edible. The flowers are given in the treatment of diabetes. The seeds are used to cure bronchitis and whooping cough. They are tonic and febrifuge. The seed oil is used in soap making. Soap made out of this oil exhibited an inhibitory effect on _Aspergillus niger_ (Jambotkar, 1962).
The plant, its different parts and extracts and isolated compounds possess a number of pharmacological properties and uses: for external application in skin diseases, cutaneous affections, herpes, scabies, rheumatism, as fish poison, in bleeding of piles, for closing fistulous sores, clearing foul ulcers etc.
A decoction of the dried bark of this plant was tested on various animals by scientists in Trivandrum. The extract exhibited significant antipyretic activity in Brewer's yeast inducing pyrexia without showing any hypothermic effect. It showed a cardiac depressant effect in frogs; a hypotensive effect in dogs. Toxicity studies were conducted on mice, which could well tolerate the drug upto 5 g/ kg dose. Guinea pigs were used to ascertain anticholinergic and histaminic effects.
### Profile
Botanical Names | : | _Pongamia glabra_ Vent.
_Pongamia pinnata_ (L.) Pierre
_Derris indica_ (Lam.) Bennet
---|---|---
English Names | : | Indian beech, Pongam
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Karanj, Papre, Kanji_
| | Hindi : _Karanja_
| | Kannada : _Batti_
| | Malayalam : _Unee, Minnari_
| | Sanskrit : _Karanja_
| | Tamil : _Pargam, Punku, Kanjanam_
| | Telugu : _Pungu, Kranaga_
Family | : | Leguminoseae (Papilionaceae)
Appearance | : | A dwarf, deciduous tree with smooth grey bark and fleshy foliage. Flowers, mauve or lilac.
Distribution | : | Wild in most parts of India. Commonly found near banks of streams in peninsular India, Kerala, and West Bengal.
Medicinal Parts | : | Bark, root, seeds, seed oil.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Karnajadi churna, Karanjadya ghrita, Karanadi taila._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Bleeding piles, maggot-infested sores | : | Apply a poultice of leaves.
Fistula, ulcers | : | Apply the root juice.
Flatulence, diarrhoea, dyspepsia | : | Take a spoonful of the leaf juice with a little warm water.
Itches, scabies | : | Apply oil of the seeds of pongam and Mexican prickly pear. ( _Note_ : Itching skin may be covered with a mixture of lime juice and coconut oil.)
Leperous sores, rheumatic joints, skin diseases | : | Apply a paste of the seeds.
_Pitta_ -aggravation | : | Wash and crush the roots and boil in 2 cups water till the volume is reduced to 1 cup. Take twice daily for a week.
Poisoning due to ratbite | : | Grind the bark into a very fine paste. Apply it over the bite.
Psoriasis, rheumatic joints | : | Apply a liniment made of equal quantities of the oil extracted from seeds and lime juice.
Rheumatic pain, sores, ulcers | : | Bathe/wash with an infusion of leaves.
Rheumatism, skin diseases: | : | Apply the seed oil.
Skin ailments | : | Apply the leaf paste.
Swellings | : | Shred the leaves into fine pieces. Now fry in castor oil. Apply and tie a bandage.
Wounds and cuts | : | Grind the leaves into a fine paste and apply.
_Note:_ Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 1996. _Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha_. New Delhi: 172–175.
Chatterjee, P. C. et al. 1980. Studies on the effect of plant seed extracts on different isolates of _Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jap. J. Exp. Med_. 50:263.
Chaurasia, S. C. and P. C. Jain. 1978. Antibacterial activity of essential oils of four medicinal plants. _Indian J. Hosp. Pharm_. (Nov-Dec.) 166. (Seed oil showed antibacterial activity on several bacteria except _Shigella dysenteriae_.)
Garg, G. P. and R. N. Khanna. 1980. Pharmacological activity of Pongagin, Kanugin and Desmethoxy Kanugin in rats. _East. Pharm_. 23(265):113.
Gupta, B. S. et al. 1981. Biological evaluation of Karanja ( _Pongamia glabra_ ) cake. _Indian J. Animal Health._ 75:75. (As fodder for cattle.)
Gupta, S. S. and C. R. Mitra. 1983. The component acids of refined Karanja oil _(Pongamia glabra_ Vent.). _J. Indian Chem. Soc_. 30:781.
Jain, P. C. and S. C. Agarwal. 1978. Notes on the activity of some odoriferous organic compounds against some keratinophilic fungi. _Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan_. 19:197. (Antifungal activities confirmed.)
Jambotkar, D. K. et al. 1962. The _in vitro_ and _in vivo_ evaluation of soaps from some Indian edible oils. _Indian J. Pharm_. 24:154. (The soap made out of seed oil inhibits the growth of _Aspergillus niger_.)
Maheshwari, P. and U. Singh. 1965. _Dictionary of Economic Plants in India_. New Delhi: ICAR. 127.
Mandai, B. et al. 1984. Nutritional evaluation from non-traditional seeds with or without amino acids supplementation in albino rats. _Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad_. 50:48. (Karanja and metabolic disorders.)
Mishra, S. D. and S. K. Prasad. 1973. Effect of water extract of oil seed cakes on the second stage larvae of _Meloidogyne incognita_ at different concentrations and exposure times. _Indian J. Ent_. 35:104.
Osman, Z. H. and M. B. Naidu. 1956. _Pongamia glabra_ (Karanja) as insecticide. _Sci. & Cult_. 22:235.
Patel, R. P. and B. M. Trivedi. 1962. The _in vitro_ activity of some medicinal oils. _Indian J. Med. Res_. 50:218. (Oil showed antibacterial effect on several laboratory tested bacteria except _P. pyrogenes and P. vulgariss._ )
Ramaswamy, A. S. and M. Sirsi. 1960. Antitubercular activity of some chemical constituents from higher plants. _Indian J. Pharm_. 22:34. (Oil fights _M. tuberculosis_.)
Randhawa, M. S. 1993. _Flowering Trees_. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
Sahu, M. D. et al. 1978. Antimicrobial activity of metal complexes prepared from seed proteins of _Pongamia glabra_ Vent. _Indian Drugs_. 15:127.
Vijayalakshmi, K. et al. 1979. Nematicidal properties of some indigenous plant materials against second stage juveniles of _Meloidogyne incognita_ (Koffoid and white) Chitwood. _Indian J. Ent_. 41:326. (Water extract of the leaves kill nematodes.)
## 33
## Guava
### Psidium guajava
> _Perukah_ — _the sweet elixir_... —Svayamkriti
>
> The Poorman's Apple
In the _Atharvaveda_ , the guava is known as jamphal. Indians call it the apple of the poor.
To discourage birds and squirrels which vie with each other to taste the delicious guava fruits, Indian gardeners hang on the branches of the trees small empty metal tins with a thin metal rod in the centre which make a constant noise and drive away these unwanted visitors.
The fruit is rich in vitamin C. As the peel and the thin pulp just below it is reported to be loaded with this vitamin, guava is to be eaten without peeling off the rind. The seeds are used in the preparation of scents.
Like papaya, the ripe fruit fights constipation. Strangely, the unripe fruit is a cure for diarrhoea! A combination of guava and honey is believed to tone up the heart muscles.
The native _vaids_ would swear that guava thickens the semen in men. According to Charaka, the guava, half-baked on burning coal, when taken regularly increases semen.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Psidium guajava_ Linn.
---|---|---
English Names | : | Guava, Guyava, Kuawa
Indian Names | : | Bengalii : _Peyara, Piyara, Goaachi_
| | Gujaratii : _Jamrukh, Jamrud, Peru_
| | Hindi & Punjabii : _Amrud, Safed safaris, Lal safari_
| | Kannada : _Perala hannu, Seebehartnu, Balehannu, Keli_
| | Malayalam : _Palamper, Pera, Koyya_
| | Marathi : _Pera, Jamba, Tupkel_
| | Sanskrit : _Perukah_
| | Tamil : _Koyya_
| | Telugu : _Goyya, Jam pandu, Tellajama_
Family | : | Myrtaceae
Appearance | : | A medium evergreen or semi-deciduous tree, cultivated for its fruits. Leaves dull green, leathery. Flowers, white, faintly fragrant.
Distribution | : | Throughout India
Medicinal Parts | : | Root bark, leaves, fruits.
Other Species | : | _Psidium littorale_ (Strawberry guava) _Psidium guinense_ (Guisaro)
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Bleeding gums, loose teeth | : | Take a cupful of dried peels from unripe fruits and add ½ tsp each of black pepper and rocksalt. Powder and bottle. Rub on the teeth twice daily.
Cerebral and kidney affections: | : | Take 2 tbsp leaf infusion twice a day.
Cholera | : | Roast a handful of finely cut leaves with 1 green chilli in a skillet till the leaves are shrunk. Now add 2 cups water and let it boil till the volume is reduced to 1 cup. Remove from the flame. _Dose_ : 2 to 3 tsp every hour.
Common cold | : | Bake a guava and eat with rocksalt and powdered black pepper.
Constipation | : | Eat ripe guavas with a little powdered black pepper and a few drops of lemon juice.
Diarrhoea | : | Eat the unripe fruit with sugar. Take ¼ tsp powdered root bark with a little honey.
Dysentery | : | Boil a handful of leaves in 1 cup water till the volume is reduced to half. Now add the yellow of an egg and beat thoroughly. _Dose_ : 4 tsp thrice a day.
Excessive thirst | : | Cut the fruits into pieces and soak them in drinking water for about 3 hours. Drink. ( _Note:_ It is also reported that this solution can bring down blood sugar levels.)
Headache | : | Rub the fruit on a stone and apply the paste on the forehead. ( _Note_ : Generally this treatment is undertaken before sunrise and in the case of continuous headache.)
Loss of appetite | : | Grind into a fine paste 2 or 3 tender leaf buds of guava with a little salt and ½ tsp cumin. Mix it in a glass of hot water and drink.
Mouth ulcer | : | Mix the leaf juice with catechu and apply this ointment on the affected parts.
|
: | Boil a few leaves in a glass of water. Use this decoction as a gargle. ( _Note_ : Powdered alum can be added to this mouthwash.)
Rheumatism | : | Apply the leaves locally after slightly warming them on a flame.
Toothache | : | Chew a leaf and allow it to remain in touch with the aching region for 5 to 10 minutes. Now gargle with hot water. Repeat after sometime.
|
: | Boil 2 or 3 guava leaves in a glassful of water and cool. When lukewarm, gargle the solution frequently.
Vomiting and diarrhoea | : | Take 2 tbsp decoction of leaves.
Wounds and sores | : | Apply a finely ground paste of leaves.
Swollen gums, ulceration of the mouth | : | Gargle with leaf decoction.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
The intake of the fruit in excess may cause indigestion. Those who suffer from stomach ulcers should avoid the fruit as the seeds may aggravate their problem.
### In Science
Chaudhri, Roy H. N. 1968. Pharmacognostic studies on the stem bark of _Psidium guajava_ Linn. _Bull. Bot. Surv. India_. 10:7.
Facciola, S. 1990. _Cornucopia: A Source Book of Edible Plants_. Kampong Publication. 110–112.
Kishore, N. et al. 1982. Fungitoxicity of the leaf extracts of some higher plants against _Fusarium moniliforme. Natl. Acad. Sci. Leff_. 5(2):43. (Inhibits the fungal growth.)
Mishra, C. S. and K. Misra. 1981. Chemical constituents of _Psidium guajava_ heartwood. _J. Indian Chem. Soc_. 58:201.
Misra, S. B. and S. N. Dixit. 1979. Antifungal activity of the leaf extract of some higher plants. _Acta. Bot. Indica_. 7:147. (Leaf extract exhibited fungitoxicity against _Ustilago tritici_ and _U. hordei_ as revealed by the complete inhibition of spore germination.)
Morton, J. F. 1987. _Fruits of Warm Climates_. Creative Resources Systems Inc. 356–363.
Olajide, O. A. et al. 1999. Pharmacological studies on the leaves of _Psidium guajava. Filoterapia_. 70(1):25–31.
Popenoe, W. 1974. _Manuel of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits_. Hafner Press. 272–279.
Pruthi, J. S. et al. 1960. Isolation, characterization and quantitative estimation of the chemical constituents of guava pectin. _Sci. Cult_. 26:34.
Seshadri, T. R. and K. Vasishta. 1963. Polyphenols of _Psidium guajava_ plant. (Letters to editor.) _Curr. Sci._ 32:499.
Seshadri, T. R. and K. Vasishta. 1964. Polyphenolic components of guava fruits. (Letters to editor.) _Curr. Sci._ 33:334.
Tiwari, K. C. et al. 1979. Folk-lore medicines from Assam and Arunachal Pradesh (Dist. Tirap). _J. Crude Drug Res._ 17(2):61. (A preparation made of the fruit and the root is administered for jaundice.)
Trivedi, K. K. and K. Misra. 1984. Chemical investigation of _Psidium guajava_ roots. _Curr. Sci._ 53:746.
Varshney, I. P. and K. M. Shamsuddin. 1962. Saponins and sapogenins. Part XV. The chemical constituents of the leaves of _Psidium guajava_ Linn. _Vijnana Parishad Anu sandhan Patrika._ 5(2):77.
Varshney, I. P. et al. 1971. Study of saponins and sapogenins of _Sesbania grandiflora_ seeds, _Albizzia lebbeck_ pods and _Psidium guajava_ fruits. _Indian J. Appl. Chem._ 34:214.
## 34
## Babchi
### Psoralea corylifolia
> _Destroyer of leprosy_
>
> —A Sanskrit name of babchi
### Changing Colours
The folk application of the seeds of this plant in the treatment of leucoderma has prompted various chemical and pharmacological studies in recent times. Scientists at CDRI Lucknow, have studied the action of psoralen, a compound isolated from the seeds in influencing pigment production.
Micro-chemical tests of the seeds indicate the presence of alkaloids, amygdalin, lignin, saponin and tannin in the seed coat; oil, protein and starch in the kernel.
### In Folk Medicine
Babchi seeds are used as a stomachic. They fight intestinal worms and promote urine outflow. Oral application as well as the ground paste or ointment for local applications is used to fight skin ailments, bilious affections, scorpion sting and snake bites. The seeds are also believed to be aphrodisiac.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Psoralea corylifolia_ L.
---|---|---
English Name | : | Babchi
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Bavachi, Hakuch, Kakuch_
| | Gujarati : _Babchi, Bavchi_
| | Hindi : _Babchi, Bavanchi, Buckchi_
| | Kannada : _Bavanchigida_
| | Malayalam : _Karpokkari, Kaurkolari_
| | Tamil : _Karbhogarisi, Karporgam_
| | Telugu : _Bapunga, Bavanchalu, Bavuchi, Kalagihja_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Bakuchi_
Family | : | Papilionaceae
Appearance | : | A common, erect herb. Leaves simple, roundish, firm. Flowers white or yellow with purple tipped keel. Pod small, shiny, black. Seeds kidney-shaped, a source of an oleo-resinous substance, which is useful in the treatment of leucoderma, leprosy and other skin diseases.
Distribution | : | Throughout India.
Medicinal Parts | : | Fruits.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Leucoderma | : | Apply the smooth paste of the seeds with an equal part of Harital red (arsenic sulphide) finely powdered and rubbed into a paste with cow's urine.
Ringworm, psoriasis, itching | : | Apply a smooth paste of babchi seeds, poppy seeds, black cumin and dried copra (coconut) and allow it to remain for 3 hours before washing off in lukewarm water.
Ringworm | : | Apply the fine powder of babchi seeds.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
The drug has a tendency to increase _pitta_ -aggravation.
### Babchi: An Anti-Bacterial Soap Substitute
Powder the seeds and bottle. Mix with milk and use as soap-substitute. It is an effective preventive remedy for skin infections.
### In Science
Anand, K. K. et al. 1978. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties of bovachinin—A flavenone isolated from seeds of _Psoralea corylifolia_ Linn. (Babchi). _Indian J. Exp. Biol._ 16:1216–1217.
Bhalla, V. K. et al. 1968. Some new flavanoids from _Psoralea corylifolia. Tetrahedron Lett._ 2401.
Bhandari, P. R. and B. Mukerji. 1958. Babchi for leucoderma. _Nagarjun._ 2:22–28.
Bhattacharji, S. 1961. Isolation of raffinose from _Psoralea corylifolia._ Linn. _J. Sci. Industr. Res._ 20B:135.
Gupta, B. K. et al. 1980. Psoralidin oxide, a coumestan from the seeds of _Psoralea corylifolia. Phytochemistry_ 19:2232–33.
Gupta, G. K. et al. 1978. Corylinal—a new isoflavone from seeds of _Psoralea corylifolia. Phytochemistry_ 17:164.
Gupta, K. C. et al. 1962. Anti-staphylococcal activity of _Psoralea corylifolia_ seed extracts. _Bull. Reg. Res. Lab. Jammu._ 1:59–60.
Indian Council of Medical Research. 1987. _Medicinal Plants of India_ , Vol. 2. 518–530.
Mehta, G. et al. 1973. _Psoralea corylifolia_ Linn. I. Bakuchiol, a novel monoterpene phenol. _Tetrahedron._ 29:1119.
Mukerji, B. 1956. _Psoralea_ and other indigenous drugs used in leucoderma. _J. Sci. Industr. Res._ 15A (Suppl.):1–2.
Suri, J. L. et al. 1978. Psoralenol, a new isoflavone from the seeds of _Psoralea corylifolia. Phytochemistry._ 17:2046.
## 35
## Manjishta
### Rubia cordifolia
> _For a golden complexion..._
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Haritakyadivarga
### Rubia and the Rural Belles
Rural women in Andhra Pradesh use a bathing powder in which powdered roots of manjishta occupy a pre-eminent position.
Manjishta is not only a cosmetic. Its therapeutic role is evident in its application in folk medicine as well. It is considered a blood-purifier and is reported to have the potential for curing diabetic ulcer in combination with other oral anti-diabetic drugs.
The root yields a yellow dye which is traditionally used for colouring fabric. Different combinations of this yellow dye with various ingredients such as alum produce a rainbow of hues: coffee-brown, red or scarlet.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Rubia cordifolia_
---|---|---
English Name | : | Indian maddar
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Manjishta, Manjit_
| | Malayalam : _Manjetti, Tamravalli_
| | Sanskrit : _Manjistha_
| | Tamil : _Manjitti, Manchitti_
| | Telugu : _Manjishti_
Family | : | Rubiaceae
Appearance | : | A creeper with angular branches and recurved prickles. The root-stock is red and cylindrical. Leaves 5–7, with prickly margins and nerves. Flowers, greenish yellow. Fruit bluish black, one-seeded.
Distribution | : | Found wild in hills and in higher altitudes (1000–2500 m) particularly in the Nilgiris and in the Himalayas.
Medicinal Part | : | Root.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Manjishtadya ghrita, Manjishtadi arka, Manjishtadi kwatha._
Unani Preparations | : | _Arq ananas, Halwa-i-ghaikwar, Ma'jun supari pak, Sufuf masaffikhas._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Blemishes and dark spots in skin, dark patches around the eyes: | : | Mix 1 tsp root powder in ¼ cup water and boil on a low flame for 10 minutes. Add 1 tsp honey to the filtrate and apply all over the affected skin and allow it to remain for 15 minutes before washing it off . Repeat for a few days.
Burns and scalds | : | Boil equal parts of powdered roots of manjishta, red sandalwood and the roots of murva ( _Saussurea roxburghiana_ ) in an adequate quantity of cow's ghee. Allow it to cool. Bottle and store. Apply frequently.
To improve complexion and to impart brightness to the face | : | Mix 3 tbsp root powder in 1 glass water and boil on a low flame for 10 minutes. Soak ½ cup _mung dal_ in the decoction for a day and then remove and dry in shade. Powder and bottle. _Dosage_ : Mix 1 to 2 tsp powder in rose water to make a thick paste. Apply the paste all over the face and allow it to remain for at least 15 minutes before washing it off.
_Note:_ Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Abraham, Z. et al. 1986. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part III. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 24(1):41–68. (Anti-inflammatory properties.)
Adwanker, M. K. and M. P. Chitnis. 1982. _In vivo_ anticancer activity of RC-18, a plant isolate from _Rubia cordifolia_ against a spectrum of experimental tumour models. _Chemotherapy._ 28(4):291–293.
Adwanker, M. K. et al. 1979. Anticancer activity of the extracts of _Rubia cordifolia_ L. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 18(1):102.
Adwanker, M. K. et al. 1980. Anticancer activity of the extracts of _Rubia cordifolia_ in rats. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 24(1):41–68. (Chloroform extract of the whole plant exhibited anti-cancer activity in experimental mice.)
Arnarkar, D. S. et al. 1983. Anti-inflammatory activity of _Rubia cordifolia_ in rats. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 15(3):185–188. (Water extract of the whole plant exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats; the activity was comparable to phenylbutazone.)
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha. 1996. _Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations used in Ayurveda and Siddha._ New Delhi: 229–230.
Chopra, R. N. et al. 1956. _Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants._ New Delhi: CSIR. 215. (Village doctors use the drug for cobra bites and scorpion stings.)
Itakawa, H. et al. 1983. Studies on novel anthraquinone and its glycoside isolated form _Rubia cordifolia_ and _R. akane. Chem. Pharm. Bull._ 31:2353.
Kurup, P. A. 1956. Studies on plant antibiotics: Screening of some Indian medicinal plants. _J. Sci. Industr. Res._ 15(6):153–154. (Alcoholic and water extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial effect against 5. _aureus_ (gram-positive bacteria); water extracts, against _E. coli_ (gram negative bacteria).)
Maheshwari, P. and U. Singh. 1965. _Dictionary of Economic Plants of India._ New Delhi: ICAR. 138.
Murti, V. V. S. et al. 1972. Anthraquinones of _Rubia cordifolia. Phytochemistry_. 11:1524.
Paramkush Rao, M. 2000. Ayurvedic herbal cosmetics. _Heritage Healing._ January. 33–36.
Talapatra, S. K. et al. 1981. Two pentacyclic triterpenes from _Rubia cordifolia. Phytochemistry._ 20:1923.
Verma, N. et al. 1985. A new anthraquinone glycoside from _Rubia cordyfolia. Indian J. Chem._ 24B:791–792.
## 36
## Asoka
### Saraca asoca
> _Antidotal..._
>
> —Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Pushpavarga
### The Sacred Tree
The name 'asoka' means being free of sorrow. It is one of the many sacred trees worshipped by the Hindus, as it is believed to relieve the sorrows of the people by keeping them healthy and youthful. The tree symbolizes love and is dedicated to Kamadeva, the Indian God of Love.
In folk medicine, the drug is considered a uterine tonic. Used in the treatment of an enlarged uterus, prolapsed uterus and in cases of uterine fibroids, it acts directly on the uterine muscles to reduce pain, inflammation, excessive secretions and menstrual cramps, etc. It also corrects irregular menstrual bleeding.
The bark of the tree is astringent and is used in traditional medicine as a uterine sedative and in the treatment of dysentery, bleeding piles and scorpion sting. It is also prescribed for arresting excessive blood loss during menstruation.
The flowers pounded and mixed in water are given in cases of haemorrhagic dysentery. The dried flowers are reported to be useful in diabetes. They are used in the treatment of bleeding piles, scabies in children and other skin ailments.
### Profile
Botanical Names | : | _Saraca asoca_ (Roxb.), De Wilde _Jonesai asoca_ Roxb.
---|---|---
| | _Saraca indica_ auct. non L.
English Name | : | Asoka
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Ashok_
| | Kannada : _Ashka_
| | Malayalam : _Hemapushpam_
| | Sanskrit : _Vanjula_
| | Tamil : _Asokam_
| | Telugu : _Asokamu_
Family | : | Caesalpineae
Appearance | : | A small tree with smooth brown bark and compound leaves forming a dense crown. Flowers, odorous, bright orange on opening, later turn red—a colour associated with the God of Love, Kamadeva. Fruits, flat with many seeds.
Distribution | : | It is rare in the wild, but widely cultivated.
Medicinal Parts | : | Bark, flowers.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Asokarishtam_
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Bleeding piles, diabetes, scabies | : | Take ⅛ tsp powdered flowers with warm water.
Dysentery with bleeding | : | Extract juice from the flowers. Take ¼ tsp with hot water.
Dysentery, bleeding, piles, uterine problems | : | Take ⅛ tsp bark powder and boil in 1 cup milk and 1 cup water till the water content is evaporated. Drink twice a day.
_Note:_ Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
An avenue tree, _Polyalthia longifolia_ , commonly grown in gardens is also referred to as the asoka tree. Its bark is often used as an adulterant.
### In Science
Aiyer, K. N. and M. Kolammal. 1960. _Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic Drugs._ 4:3. (Medicinal use.)
Badanni, R. C. and K. B. Patil. 1975. Minor seed oils. IX. Phytochemical characteristics and unsaturated acids of four seed oils. _J. Proc. Oil Tech. Ass. India._ 2:79. (Palmitic, linoleic, linolenic and stearic acids isolated from the seeds.)
Behari, M. et al. 1977. Phytosterols from the bark of _Saraca indica_ Linn. _Indian J. Chem._ 13B:765.
Chunekar, K. C. 1982. _Bhava prakasanighantu of Sri Bhavamisra. Commentary._ Varanasi. (In Hindi.)
Duggal, J. K. and R. Misra. 1980. Leucoanthocyanidins from _Saraca asoca_ stem bark. _J. Indian Chem. Soc._ 37:1243.
Kapoor, S. L. and R. Mitra. 1979. _Herbal Drugs in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry._ Lucknow. 60.
Lakshmi, V. and J. S. Chauhan. 1976. Chemical examination of the flowers of _Saraca indica. J. Indian Chem. Soc._ 53:632. (Chemistry of the flowers.)
Mukherjee, S. et al. 1970. Studies on plant anti-tumour agents. _Indian J. Pharm._ 32:48. (Chemistry of the bark.)
Nadkarni, A. K. 1954. _Indian Materia Medica._ Bombay, 105.
Ray, N. and P. C. Datta. 1981. Pharmacognostic study of the bark of _Saraca indica. Quart. J. Crude Drug._ 19(2–3):99–102. (Character of the bark.)
Satyavati, G. V. et al. 1969. Investigations into the uterine activity of _Saraca indica_ L. (Ashoka). _J. Res. Indian Med._ 4(1):37–45. (The drug's curative efficacy on various uterine disorders demonstrated.)
Satyavati, G. V. et al. 1970. Oxytocic activity of a pure phenolic glycoside (P-2) from _Saraca indica_ Linn. (Ashoka). _Indian J. Med. Res._ 58:947. (Highly potent and specific oxytocic activity on the uteri of different species of animals.)
Ser, S. P. 1963. Chemical study of indigenous plant _Saraca indica. Curr. Sci._ 32:502. (Isolation of chemical constituents: a glycoside and a saponin.)
Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balachandran. 1994. _Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Resources._ New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. 57–58.
Suganthan, D. and G. Santhakumari. 1979. Antifertility activity of an indigenous preparation, Ayush-47. _Indian J. Med. Res._ 70:504. (Experimental rats have shown anti-implantation effect when Ayush-47 was orally administered.)
## 37
## Costus
### Saussurea lappa
> _For toxic conditions_...
>
> —Nighantu Ratnakaram
### The Chinese Fumigant
Costus belongs to the sun-flower family (Compositae) which has about 23,000 species spread across the globe and is characterized by the floral head or capitulum consisting of numerous florets. Costus is used as an insect repellant by villagers in Himachal Pradesh for preservation of their woollens.
In folk medicine it is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac complaints, cough, dyspepsia, eczema, fever, flatulence and, skin diseases.
The roots are used medicinally as a tonic, carminative, stimulant and in controlling bronchial asthma. They are harvested from 3 to 4 year-old plants. The roots of the plant are well-esteemed as a fumigant in China and Tibet. They are considered as an aphrodisiac in Indian folklore. The roots yield essential oil either on distillation of through solvent extraction. The oil obtained from the roots is used in perfumery.
### Profile
Botanical Names | : | _Saussurea lappa_ C. B. Clarke _Aucklandia costus_ Falc.
---|---|---
English Name | : | Costus
Indian Names | : | Bengali : _Pachak_
| | Hindi : _Kuth, Kur_
| | Kashmiri : _Kuth_
| | Malayalam : _Sepuddy kottam, Simakottan_
| | Sanskrit : _Kushta_
| | Tamil : _Goshtam_
| | Telugu : _Kusam, Kushtam_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Kushtha_
Unani Name | : | _Qust-shirin_
Family | : | Compositae (Asteraceae)
Appearance | : | Tall, stout herb having an annual stem and perennial roots. Leaves, large, borne on winged stalk. Flowers, purplish blue, almost clasping the stem. Fruits with leathery hairs.
Distribution | : | Found wild in Western Himalayas in sub-alpine regions, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
Cultivated in Lahul and Spiti along the Indo-Tibetan border.
Medicinal Parts : | : | Roots.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Agnimukha churnam, Jvarasamham rasa, Kushtadi kawatha, Kushtadi taila._
Unani Preparations : | _Auquaruya-i-kabir, Jawarish jalanus, Roghan qust._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Burns and scalds | : | Boil equal quantities of powdered roots of manjishta, red sandalwood and the roots of murva ( _Saussurea roxburghiana_ ) in an adequate quantity of cow's ghee. Allow it to cool and apply.
Dyspepsia | : | A few pinches of the root powder is taken in whey or wine.
Eczema | : | Char the roots and powder. Mix with adequate quantity of coconut oil and apply.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### In Science
Amar Nath and F. C. Gupta. 1968. Antitubercular activity of _Saussurea lappa._ Clarke. _In vitro. Indian J. Microbiol._ 8:273.
Bhattacharya, S. C. et al. Structure of costunolides. _Chem. Ind._ 104.
Gupta, O. P. and B. J. Ray Ghatak. 1967. Pharmacological investigation of _Saussurea lappa._ Clarke. _Indian J. Med. Res._ 55:1078–1083.
Joshi, B. S. et al. 1961. Terpenoids. XXVI. Examination of costus root oil. Part III. _Perfum. Essent. Oil Rec._ 52:779.
Maheshwari, P. and U. Singh 1965. _Dictionary of Economic Plants in India._ New Delhi: ICAR. 143.
Namboodripad, G. P. et al. 1968. Isolation of taraxasterol and its acetate from leaves of _Saussurea lappa._ Clarke. _Curr. Sci._ 37:550.
Rai, M. and O. Acharya. 2000. Indian asteraceous plants in beauty aids and therapy. _Heritage Healing._ Jan. 65–68.
Ray, P. G. and S. K. Majumdar. 1977. Antifungal activity of _Saussurea lappa._ Clarke. _Indian J. Exptl. Biol._ 15:334. (Inhibits strongly the growth of _Trichophyton rubrum_ and _Epidermophyton floccosum_ , responsible for major skin diseases in eastern parts of India.)
Salooja, K. C. et al. 1950. Chemical examination of the roots of _Saussurea lappa._ Clarke. I. On the reported isolation of the alkaloid 'saussurine'. _J. Sec. Industr. Res._ 9B:1.
## 38
## Bhallataka
### Semecarpus anacardium
> _There's no disease caused by aggravated kapha that bhallataka cannot cure._
>
> —An ancient Sanskrit verse
### The Fiery Fruit
The Sanskrit name of this plant, bhallataka, comes from a sharp and penetrating spear, _bhala_. It is also called _agni_ (fire) as it is one of the most fiery or heat-generating plants. In folk medicine, this plant is found useful for terminating an unwanted pregnancy. The Santals place the bruised nuts of this plant on the mouth of the uterus of women three-to-five months pregnant for abortion. In addition, the roots cooked with rice and water are also administered for three days, at the end of menstruation, in order to achieve sterility.
Charaka refers to the plant as one of the foremost among the _rasayana_ drugs. According to him, bhallataka produces a strong and firm body while sharpening the sense organs and the mental faculties. It is reported to impart youthfulness by stimulating the functioning of the heart and the liver and toning up the urinary tract, reproductive and excretory systems. It improves brain functions, and makes the body light and energetic. In combination with bel, it is reported to cure excess urination. It is also reported to be a pain reliever. It imparts a glow and youthfulness to the skin and delays its ageing besides preventing wrinkles. Its anti-cancer effects are now under study.
In Siddha medicine, there is an elaborate process of 'curing' the drug with ingredients such as toddy, yoghurt, cow-dung and the juices of tamarind leaves, etc. before it is used as a medicine.
### The Dhobi Mark
The English name 'marking nut' comes from the practice of Indian dhobis who were in the habit of marking clothes with its ink to identify their ownership.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Semecarpus anacardium_ Linn.
---|---|---
English Name | : | Marking nut
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Bhala, Belatak, Bhilava, Bibba_
| | Kannada : _Bhallataka_
| | Malayalam : _Chera_
| | Sanskrit : _Bhallataka_
| | Tamil : _Cherangottai_
| | Telugu : _Bhallataki, Jidi, Jeadiruttulu_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Bhallatak_
Unani Name | : | _Baladur_
Family | : | Anacardiaceae
Appearance | : | A moderate-sized deciduous tree with dark brown bark. Fruit, heart-shaped, about ½ inch long, green when raw and shiny black when ripe. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches. The pericarp of the fruit is vesicant and stains cloth black.
Distribution | : | Grows wild in the warmer parts.
Medicinal Parts | : | Dried fruits.
Ayurvedic Preparations | : | _Amrit bhallataka, Bhallatakasava, Sanjivani guti, Mahabhallatak guda._
Unani Preparations | : | _Anqaruya-i-kabir, Ma'jun baladur._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Cracks on the feet | : | Boil the dried fruits with beeswax and sesame oil and apply.
|
: | Mix a drop of oil with sal butter ( _Shorea robusta_ ) and apply.
Inflammation | : | Massage with the fatty oil obtained by heating the seeds.
Wounds and sores | : | Add 2 drops of oil into some coconut oil and apply the mixture locally.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### A Word of Caution
As it is a strong and potent medicine, it may have serious side-effects such as heat in the body, sores in the mouth, burning sensations, etc. No self-medication is recommended. Some people are so allergic to this plant that simply by touching it, they develop skin irritation, itching or rashes. Reports indicate that even sleeping near a bhallataka tree or inhaling its smoke can induce an acute allergic reaction in some people. Coconut oil, sesame oil, juices of coriander or tamarind leaves and tamarind pulp are all reported to be effective antidotes for such poisoning.
While taking bhallataka, the diet should be salt-free. A bland and cooling diet consisting of milk, butter, ghee and rice is recommended.
The drug should not be used in summer months and in hot weather conditions as it produces excess heat in the body. Little children, aged people and pregnant women are advised to refrain from using bhallataka. People with excessive _pitta_ or a tendency towards excess bleeding should avoid it.
### In Science
Gendam, P. H. et al. 1974. Composition of bhilawanol from _Semecarpus anacadium. Phytochemistry._ 13:513.
Gothoskar, S. V. and K. J. Ranadive. 1971. Anticancer screening of SAN-AB extract of marking nut, _Sermecarpus anacardium. Indian J. Exp. Biol._ 9:372. (The extracted oil of the whole nut is reported to have provided symptomatic relief chinically in myeloid leukaemia and oesophageal cancer.)
Gothoskar, S. V. et al. 1971. Anticancer activity of SAN-AB Extract of marking nut, _Semecarpus anacardium._ II. _Indian J. Exp. Biol._ 9:399. (The chloroform extract of the nut produced a complete repression of Yoshid sarcoma in rats.)
Govindachari, T. R. 1971. Phenolic constituents of _Semecarpus anacardium. Indian J. Chem._ 9:1044. (The vesicant juice is a rich source of phenol.)
Hembree, J. A. et al. 1978. Anticancer activity of _Semecarpus anacardium._ I, 9KB active pentadecyclcatechols. _Lloydia._ 41:491. (An effort to identity the active constituent of Bhilawan oil.)
Ishrtullah, K. et al. 1977. Biflavanoids from _Semecarpus anacardium_ (Anacardiaceae). _Indian J. Chem._ 15b:615.
Lanture, J. B. et al. 1982. _Semecarpus anacardium._ Separation of bhilwanols A and B and a comparative study of their growth inhibiting effect on _Clostridium titani_ and general pharmacology. _Bull. Haffkine Institute._ 10:87.
Mehta, T. N. and M. V. Gokhale. 1964. The fatty acid composition of oil from the kernels of _semecarpus anacardium. Indian J. Appl. Chem._ 27:93. (Chemistry of the reddish brown oil obtained from the kernels.)
Murthy, S. S. N. et al. 1981. Confirmation of structure of _Semecarpus_ biflavanols A 1 and A 2. _Planta. Med._ 43:46.
Row, N. S. P. et al. 1973. Phenolic constituents of _Semecarpus anacardium. Phytochemistry_. 12:2125.
## 39
## Climbing Brinjal
### Solanum trilobatum
> _The flowers of thudhulai can transform an exhausted old man into a vibrant youth!_
>
> —A song of Therayyar
The source of the drug Alarka is botanically identified with this plant. It is used in Siddha medicine for the treatment of respiratory diseases and chronic bronchitis.
### The Ladder to Wisdom
The climbing brinjal has a mythological basis to its remedial powers and is a legendary climber. Legends say that it is a favourite of Lord Shiva and when one of his devotees, Sundarar, approached Shiva to reveal _gnana_ , spiritual wisdom, Shiva directed him to consume this plant.
Saint Ramalingaswamigal of Vandaloor, a key-figure in the Tamil bhakti movement, also rates this plant as one of the 'Three Great Herbs' that facilitate the achievement of spiritual wisdom. The other two herbs are: _karisilai_ ( _Eclipta prostrata_ ) and _kandankatiri_ ( _Solatium xanthocarpuni_ ).
The flowers and leaves of the climbing brinjal are believed to be aphrodisiacs. The flowers are believed to increase semen output. The roots and the creeper are also found to be useful in the treatment of respiratory diseases.
### Profile
Botanical Name | : | _Solarium trilobatum_ Linn.
---|---|---
English Name | : | Climbing brinjal
Indian Names | : | Kannada & : _Mullamusti, Mulkathari_ Telugu
| | Malayalam : _Mulkathari_
| | Sanskrit : _Alarka_
| | Tamil : _Alarkkam, Gangavali, Singavalli, Thudhulai, Thudhulam, Thudhuvalai_
| | Telugu : _Mullamusti_
Family | : | Solanaceae
Appearance | : | Commonly found spiny creeper. Leaves contain hook-like thorns. Fruits, small, round, red when ripe.
Distribution | : | Cultivated in South India
Medicinal Parts | : | Flower, fruit, leaf, root, the whole plant.
Siddha Preparation | : | _Amirtha sanjeevi lehyam_.
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Aggravation due to _kapha_ | : | Soak the fruits in honey and place in the sun for at least 10 days continuously. Bottle. _Dose_ : Five fruits at bed time with some hot milk.
Asthma | : | Dry and powder equal quantities of leaves of neem, tulsi, climbing brinjal, vasaka and fruits of kantakari and bottle the mixture. _Dosage_ : 1 tsp powder with a glass of hot water before a meal every day for 3 months.
Asthma, bronchial asthma, cough | : | After thoroughly washing, grind the whole plant with its roots into a fine paste and boil it in 1 litre water till the volume is reduced to ⅛th of the original volume. Take 1 tbsp.
Asthma, congestion of nose and lungs due to accumulation of phelgm | : | Collect the ripe fruits from the creeper and dry them in the sun. Powder and bottle. Dust the powder on burning charcoal and inhale the smoke. Also take two or three pinches of this powder with some hot water.
Constipation, mental imbalance, weak heart | : | Collect the ripe fruits from the creeper and dry them in the sun. Soak them in yoghurt overnight and again dry them in the sun. Bottle the dried fruits. As and when needed, fry them in cow's ghee and eat.
Cough | : | Crush the whole plant and soak it in 1 cup water over night. Take the infusion (1 glass) and add to this ⅛ tsp root-paste of kantakari. Sip.
Cough | : | Take 1 tsp paste of the whole plant with 1 cup hot milk.
Exhaustion, spermatorrhoea | : | Boil a few flowers in 2 glasses of water till the volume is reduced to 1 glass. ( _Note_ : The flowers are reported to impart brightness to the face and a glowing complexion.)
Hearing problems | : | Put a few drops of leaf juice into the ears.
Lung congestion, phelgm accumulation, physical weakness, psychological problems, tuberculosis | : | Boil cow's butter (1 cup) with leaves (⅛ cup) and make ghee. Use this ghee every day in the meal.
Piles | : | Fry a handful of leaves in 1 tbsp ghee and take twice a day with meals.
Spermatorrhoea, watery semen | : | Steam a handful of the following: flowers of climbing brinjal, moringa and coconut. Mix 3 tbsp ghee made from cow's milk and palm sugar and eat.
|
: | Fry 2 tsp flowers in 1 tsp ghee. Add ½ cup yoghurt and eat with steamed
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### Thudhuvalai Chutney: A Home Recipe
Grind equal quantities of the following into a paste: leaves of coriander, pudina, climbing brinjal and roasted urad dal. Fry the paste in 1 tsp ghee. Eat with rice, chapati or bread.
### In Science
Badami, R. C. et al. 1977. _J. Food Sci. Tech._ 14:126. (Seed oil contains linoleic, oleic, palmitic and steraic acids.)
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 1990. _Phytochemical Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda._ New Delhi. 332–333.
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. 1972. _The Wealth of India, Raw Materials._ New Delhi. IX: 395. (Solasodine, the steroidal alkaloid was reported in the fruits and leaves.)
Purushothaman, K. K. et al. 1969. _Aust. J. Chem._ 22:1569.
Purushothaman, K. K. et al. 1972. _J. Res. Indian Med._ 7(3):43.
Swami Sivananda, 1985. _Home Remedies._ Shivananda Nagar: The Divine Life Society.
## 40
## Jujube
### Zizyphus jujuba
> _Jujube imparts taste..._
>
> —Raja Nighantu
### Chinese Dates
A native of North China, jujube is regarded as one of the 'Five Great Fruits' by the Chinese. Widely known as 'Chinese dates', the fruits are quite nutritive (carotene content: 70 mg/100g) and various parts of the plant have medicinal applications both in China and in India in their respective traditional healing systems. In the Unani system, the fruits are valued as a blood-purifier.
In India, the plant is commerically cultivated in Elichpur and Vidharbha in Maharashtra.
### The Folk-Sung
The fruit, known as ber in India, is acknowledged not only in Indian folk medicine, but in India's folk songs as well. There are umpteen compositions by Marwaris which glorify either _ber_ or _mor_ (peacock)—or both!
### Profile
Botanical Names | : | _Zizyphus jujuba_ Mill.
_Zizyphus sativa_ Gaertin.
_Zizyphus vulgaris_ Lan.
---|---|---
Other Species | : | _Ziziyphus mauritiana_ (Indian jujube)
English Names | : | Jujube, Chinese dates
Indian Names | : | Hindi : _Titmber, Pitniber, Kandiari, Banber, Makkay_
| | Kashmiri : _Bari Konkam Ber_
| | Marathi : _Ram ber, Unnab_
| | Punjabi : _Amlai, Singli, Simli, Barari, Sanjit_
| | Sanskrit : _Karkandhu_
| | Tamil : _Ilandai_
Ayurvedic Name | : | _Soubira_
Unani Name | : | _Unnab_
Family | : | Rhamnaceae
Appearance | : | Small, glabrous, spiny deciduous tree. Leaves egg like, oval or nearly lance-like, serrate. Flowers in axillary clusters. Fruits round, red or black, shining.
Distribution | : | Found in wastelands and deserts in warmer
|
: | parts of the country. Also cultivated in Maharashtra.
Medicinal Parts | : | Leaf buds, leaves, bark, fruits, root bark, stem, whole plant.
Unani Preparations | : | _Khamira abr sham shira-i-unabwala, Dayaqueza, Sharbat arzani, Sharbat aijaz, Laooq sapistan, Itrifal-i-zamani, Sharbat unnab._
### In Tradition
AILMENT | |
PRESCRIPTION
---|---|---
Abdominal pain during pregnancy | : | Frequent intake of a little quantity of fruit pulp.
Bed sores | : | Grind the bark into a fine powder, dust frequently on the affected areas.
Boils, swellings | : | Grind the leaf buds and stems into a fine paste and apply externally.
Burning sensation in the body, particularly in the anus, diarrhoea, itching, veneral diseases | : | Boil 1 tsp leaves in 2 cups of water till the volume in reduced to 1 cup. Add honey and drink the filtrate.
Burning sensation in the body, particularly in the anus | : | Mix 1 tsp of the leaf paste in 1 cup of butter milk (or yoghurt) and drink.
Constipation | : | Take 1 pinch of the root bark powder with 1 cup hot water twice a day.
Constipation, biliousness | : | Take an infusion of fruits with powdered dry ginger, leaves of endive and flowers of sweet violet.
Diarrhoea, dysentery, stomach upset | : | Take ¼ tsp finely ground leaf buds with 1 cup lukewarm water every morning on an empty stomach.
Fatigue, loss of appetite | : | Soak some cleaned root pieces in drinking water and use this for drinking purposes frequently.
Intestinal worms | : | Take ¼ tsp finely ground leaves with hot milk at bed-time.
Insomnia | : | Grind the kernels into a fine powder. Take a pinch or two with hot water at bed time.
Menorrhagia | : | Mix equal quantities of powdered bark of both zizyphus and pomegranate trees (1 tbsp each). Boil in 1 litre water till the volume is reduced to one-fourth. Take ½ cup.
Mental retardation | : | Boil a handful of fruits in 1 litre water till the volume is reduced to half. Add 1 tsp honey and drink at bed time.
Pectoral complaints, bronchitis, fevers | : | Take dried fruits with a little honey.
Piles | : | Take ¼ tsp finely ground leaf buds with 1 cup butter milk (or yoghurt) twice a day.
Tastelessness, nausea, body ache,phlegm-accumulation | : | Eat the fruit pulp mixed with equal quantities of jaggery ( _gur_ ).
Wounds | : | Dust finely powdered bark on the mouth of the wound. Bandage.
| : | Apply the fruit-pulp externally.
_Note_ : Individual results may vary.
### Zizyphus Bath: A Siddha Antiseptic
Boil the bark and leaves of the plant in water to extract a thick decoction. Mix the decoction in hot bath water. Besides ensuring cleansing of the body, this bath water is also reported to be useful in preventing skin infection and in relieving body pain.
### In Science
Del. S. et al. 1980. Anticholinergic activity of the leaves of _Zizyphus jujuba. Indian Med. Gaz._ 114:21. (Confirmed.)
Hus, H. Y. et al. 1971. Preparation of Chinese herbs I. Preparation of _Zizyphus spinosa_ seeds. _Tai-wan Yao Tsa Chin._ 23:57. _Chem. Abstr._ 1974. 80:124651j. (Seeds of the plant exhibited toxicity which was reduced after roasting.)
Ikram, M. 1984. Biologically active medicinal plants. _Hamdard Med._ 27:73. (Antifungal and antiviral activity.)
Istratescu-Gutil and E. Gristea. 1972. Chemical compositions of fruits of _Zizyphus jujuba. Farmacia_ ( _Buc._ ). 20:351. _Chem. Abstr._ 1972. 77:111641 U.
Kang, S. S. and S. S. Woo. 1984. Flavonol glycosides from the leaves of _zizyphus jujuba. Korean J. Pharmacog._ 15:174.
Kawal, K. et al. 1974. Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs. _XXXVIII._ New sapogenin in the saponins of _Zizyphus jujuba, Hovenia dulcis_ and _Bacopa monniem. Phytochemistry._ 13:2829.
Mitsuhashi, T. et al. 1973. Seed oils of _Zizyphus jujuba, Cornus officinalis_ and _Ficus erecta. Tokyo Gakugai Daigaku Kiyo, Dai-U-Bu_ , 25:94. _Chem. Abstr._ 1974. 80:248035.
Otsuka, H. et al. 1974. Isolation of colaurine from _Zizyphus jujuba_ by droplet counter current chromatography. _Phylochemistry._ 13:2016.
Singh, H. and T. R. Seshadri. 1965. Chemical investigation of lac hosts. I. _Zizyphus jujuba_ and _Zizyphus xylophlora. Curr. Sci._ 34:344.
Tshesche, R. et al. 1976. Alkaloids from Rhamnaceae. Part 27. Jubanine A and Jubanine B, new cyclopeptide alkaloids from _Zizyphus jujuba. Phytochemistry_. 15:541.
## Glossary of English Medical Terms
_Abortifacient:_ Causing abortion.
_Abscess:_ Local inflammation of body tissues with deep suppuration caused by bacteria, which destroy the cells in the centre of the area and leave a cavity filled with pus.
_Adrenalin:_ Hormone secreted by adrenal glands, which are located near the kidney. It affects circulation and muscular action. Used in medicine as a stimulant.
_Allergy:_ An abnormal response by the body to food or foreign matter.
_Amenorrhoea:_ Delayed menstruation.
_Amoebiasis:_ Infection caused by amoeba, a single-celled protozoan.
_Amphetamine:_ Powerful synthetic stimulant.
_Amylases:_ Enzymes capable of hydrolysing starch and carbohydrates.
_Analgesic:_ Relieving pain.
_Anthelmintic_ (also _anthelminthic_ ): Destroying intestinal worms.
_Antiamoebic:_ Reducing and preventing the growth of amoeba.
_Anticarcinogenic:_ Reducing and preventing cancer.
_Antidote:_ A substance that counteracts poison.
_Antiemetic:_ Preventing vomiting.
_Antiepileptic:_ Preventing epilepsy.
_Antifungal:_ Reducing and preventing the growth of fungus.
_Antihypertensive:_ Lowering blood pressure.
_Antimicrobial:_ Reducing and preventing the growth of microbes.
_Antiprotozoal_ : Reducing and preventing the growth of protozoans eg., amoeba.
_Antipyretic:_ Reducing fever.
_Antiseptic:_ Reducing and preventing the growth of microbes.
_Antitumour:_ Reducing and preventing the growth of tumours.
_Antitussive:_ Relieving coughing.
_Aphrodisiac:_ Exciting sexual activity.
_Arrhythmia_ (also _arhythmia_ ) _:_ Abnormal rhythm of the heart-beat.
_Arteriosclerosis:_ Hardening of arteries and other degenerative changes in them.
_Artery:_ One of the vessels that convey blood from heart to the body.
_Ascites:_ Fluid-retention in the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen.
_Asthma:_ Periodic attacks of difficulty in breathing.
_Bactericidal:_ Destroying bacteria.
_Bacterium_ (pl. _bacteria_ ): Single-celled organism which brings about decay, disease, or builds up nitrogen compounds in the soil.
_Bad breath_ (also _halitosis_ ): Caused by poor dental hygiene, smoking, alcohol consumption, etc. Also a symptom of many disorders such as cancer of the mouth, throat, lungs, constipation, diabetes, gastritis, gingivitis, liver failure, sinusitis, underproduction of saliva, etc.
_Bile: Th_ ick, oily fluid excreted by the liver, helpful in digestion of fats.
_Biliousness:_ Disorder of bile production (to excess).
_Blood pressure, High:_ See Hypertension.
_Blood pressure, Low:_ See Hypotension.
_Blood:_ Fluid contained in arteries and veins of the body that carries nutrients to, and waste away, from all tissues. Made up of cells and plasma.
_Bradycardia:_ Slow heart rate.
_Bronchitis:_ An inflammation of the mucous lining of the bronchial tubes.
_Carcinoma:_ Cancer, especially of epithelial origin.
_Cardiac:_ Of the heart.
_Cardio-vascular:_ Pertaining to the heart and the blood vessels.
_Carminative:_ Expelling gas from the stomach and the intestine.
_Cataract:_ Any opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye.
_Cholera:_ Epidemic disease with violent vomiting and purging, cramps and collapse, endemic in India and epidemic elsewhere.
_Cholesterol:_ Steroid alcohol present in animal cells and body fluids. Excess can lead to gallstones.
_Colic:_ Acute abdominal griping pain caused by various abnormal conditions in the bowels.
_Colitis:_ Inflammation of the colon.
_Colon:_ The longest portion of the large intestine.
_Compress: A_ lint or pad that is soaked in hot or cold substances and applied to the body for relief of swelling and pain.
_Conjunctivitis:_ Inflammation of the transparent membrane covering the eyeball.
_Constipation:_ Condition of bowels in which defecation is irregular and difficult.
_Contraceptive:_ Preventing pregnancy.
_Convulsion:_ Generalized involuntary spasm of the voluntary muscles.
_Decoction:_ A herbal preparation, where the plant material (usually bark, roots, etc.) is boiled in water and reduced to make a concentrated extract.
_Diabetes:_ Disease characterized by excessive discharge of glucose-containing urine, with thirst and emaciation, caused by the failure of pancreas to secrete an adequate amount of insulin and the resultant accumulation of glucose in the blood.
_Diarrhoea:_ Excessive looseness of bowels.
_Diuretic_ : Increasing the formation of urine.
_Dropsy_ : Generalized accumulation of fluid in body; edema.
_Dysentery:_ Disease with inflammation of mucous membrane and glands of large intestine, with mucous and bloody evacuations.
_Dysmenorrhoea:_ Painful and difficult menstruation.
_Dyspepsia:_ Indigestion or impaired digestion.
_Dyspnea:_ Laboured breathing.
_Dysuria_ (also _dysury_ ): Painful and difficult passage of urine.
_Ear ache:_ Pain in ear, usually due to inflammation.
_Eczema:_ An itching disease of the skin.
_Elephantiasis:_ Tropical disease leading to huge swelling of the tissues especially in the lower limbs.
_Emetic:_ Producing vomiting.
_Emmenagogue:_ Stimulating or restoring menstrual flow.
_Enzymes:_ Catalysts produced by living cells.
_Eosinophil:_ Any cell which is stained readily with the dye eosin.
_Eosinophilia:_ A pathological excess of eosinophils in blood.
_Epilepsy:_ A nervous disorder, usually chronic, with characteristic convulsions of sudden onset, a tonic spasm often with crying and arrest of breathing followed by twitching, biting of tongue, frothing at the mouth, relaxation of the sphincter.
_Epiphora:_ Continuous overflow of tears.
_Epistaxis:_ Nosebleeds.
_Erysipelas:_ Infection of the skin with _streptococci._
_Estrogen_ (also _oestrogen_ ) _:_ The generic term for female sex hormones.
_Expectorant_ : Causing or stimulating expectoration to cough up and spit.
_Fatigue:_ Exhaustion.
_Febrifuge:_ Eliminating fever.
_Fever:_ Elevation of body temperature.
_Flatulence:_ Wind or gas in the stomach or intestine.
_Flavanoids:_ Antioxidants which act on the immune system.
_Fomentation:_ A hot compress.
_Fungus:_ Mould.
_Galactagogue:_ Increasing milk secretion.
_Gastritis:_ Inflammation of the stomach.
_Gastro-enteritis:_ Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and the intestine.
_Giardiasis:_ Infestation of the intestinal tract with _Giardia lamblia_ , a flagellate protozoan causing severe diarrhoea.
_Glaucoma:_ A disease characterized by abnormally high pressure of the fluids within the eyeball, with consequent pain and impairment or loss of vision.
_Goitre:_ Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
_Gram-positive:_ Said of bacteria which stain when treated with methyl violet, followed by iodine and then by acetone or ethanol. Bacteria which do not stain are called gram-negative.
_Haemoptysis:_ Spitting up of blood from the lungs.
_Haemorrhage:_ Severe loss of blood from a blood vessel.
_Haemorrhoids:_ Varicose dilatation of veins at the lower end of the rectum and the anus; piles.
_Hematuria:_ The passing of blood in urine.
_Hepatitis:_ A swelling and soreness of the liver.
_Hernia:_ Protrusion of a viscus or part of a viscus, through an opening in the cavity containing it.
_Hormone:_ A secretion from endocrine or ductless glands, exercising a stimulatory physiological action on other organs to which it is carried by the blood. Examples: thyroxin, adrenalin, corticosterone, insulin, oestradiol, etc. Such secretions are also formed in the actively growing parts of plants.
_Hydrophobia:_ Aversion to water, especially as symptom of rabies; rabies.
_Hypertension:_ High arterial pressure.
_Hypoglycaemia:_ A below normal concentration of sugar in blood.
_Hypotension:_ Low blood pressure; a fall in the blood pressure below the normal range.
_Hysteria:_ A psychoneurosis, resulting from the conflict between the ego and the primitive tendencies of the id, in which the latter tendencies are repressed, and are thus excluded from the direct conscious expression, it being assumed that the unconscious, repressed material finds an indirect physical outlet through conversion, producing the hysterical symptoms.
_Inflammation:_ The reaction of living tissue to injury or infection; swelling.
_Insomnia:_ Chronic inability to sleep.
_Ischaemia_ : A local, usually temporary deficiency of blood.
_Itch_ (also _itching_ ): An irritating cutaneous disorder involving a persistent impulse to scratch.
_Jaundice:_ Increase in bile pigments in blood.
_Laxative:_ Promoting bowel movements.
_Leprosy:_ Chronic, endemic bacterial disease caused by _Mycobacterium_ _lepriae_ , characterized by ulceration and thickening of the skin with loss of sensation and in severe cases, deformity and blindness.
_Leucoderma:_ Depigmentation of the skin.
_Leucorrhoea:_ An abnormal mucus discharge from the vagina.
_Lipase:_ A fat-digesting enzyme.
_Liver:_ An organ secreting bile which plays a key role in excretion.
_Lumbago:_ Backache in the loin region.
_Menorrhagia:_ Irregular profuse bleeding irrespective of menstrual cylce in women.
_Migraine:_ A pathological headache, often on only one side, characterized by nausea and sensory disturbances.
_Mouth ulcer:_ White or grey open sores with an outer ring of red inflammation, appearing inside of the lips, cheeks or on the floor of the mouth, caused by aggressive brushing of the teeth, ill-fitting dentures, accidental biting, etc.
_Mucus_ : A thick, white liquid secreted by mucous glands.
_Mumps:_ An acute infectious disease caused by a virus.
_Myocardial infarction:_ Death of a part of the heart muscle, caused by a reduction or complete stoppage of blood supply.
_Neurasthenia:_ A condition characterized by lack of physical and mental vigour, often by the presence of phobias.
_Nocturnal emissions:_ Involuntary ejaculation of semen during sleep.
_Obesity:_ A bodily condition in which there is an excess of fat in relation to other bodily components; presumed to exist when an individual is 20% or more over the normal weight.
_Ophthalmia:_ An inflammation of the superficial tissue of the eye, especially of the conjunctiva.
_Orchitis:_ Inflammation of the testicles.
_Otitis media:_ Inflammation of the middle ear, caused often by the spread of throat infection.
_Otitis:_ Inflammation of the ear.
_Oxytocic:_ Stimulating contraction of the uterine muscle, accelerating childbirth.
_Oxytocin:_ Hormone produced by the pituitary glands, stimulating muscles of uterus.
_Pathogen:_ Anything capable of producing disease.
_Pharmacology:_ The study of drugs.
_Phlegm:_ Thick mucus from the respiratory tract.
_Piles:_ Enlarged painful veins in the rectum or around the anus.
_Pneumonia:_ A general disease in which the essential lesion is an inflammation of the spongy tissue of the lung.
_Poultice_ : A soft mush prepared by various substances with oily or watery fluids.
_Pox:_ Blisters and scars on the skin caused by certain diseases.
_Psoriasis:_ Chronic skin-disease in which red, scaly patches develop.
_Purgative:_ Relieving constipation.
_Pus:_ The yellowish fluid formed by suppuration, consisting of serum, white blood cells, bacteria and the debris of tissue destruction.
_Pustules:_ Pimples.
_Pyorrhoea:_ A gum-infection.
_Rejuvenation:_ The process of restoring vitality, especially the renewal of youthful, physiological vigour in the aged and senescent.
_Rheumatism:_ Pain, swelling and deformity of joints of unknown cause.
_Ringworm:_ A fungal infection.
_Saponins:_ A group of glycosides, useful as detergents. Large doses of them in the blood-stream may prove fatal due to haemolysis (by dissolving the red blood corpuscles). Since they are feebly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, their oral administration is, generally, without danger. They are mild laxatives, diuretics and expectorants.
_Scabies:_ A skin-disease caused by a mite.
_Sedative:_ Tending to soothe.
_Sore:_ An ulcer or wound.
_Spadix:_ A spike with a swollen, fleshy axis.
_Spermatorrhoea:_ Frequent, involuntary discharge of semen, in the absence of sexual excitement or intercourse.
_Spleen:_ A ductless gland situated at the left side of the cardiac end of the stomach.
_Sterility:_ Inability to reproduce.
_Steroids:_ Fat soluble organic compounds that occur naturally in flora and fauna and play many important functional roles.
_Tachycardia:_ Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart.
_Tannin:_ Widespread in plants, particularly in bark, leaves, etc. They prevent bacterial growth and thus aid in healing. By contracting blood-capillaries, tannins can help in preventing haemorrhages. _Throat:_ Area between the mouth and oesophagus. _Thyroid:_ Located below the larynx.
_Tuberculosis_ (also _TB_ ) _:_ Caused by tubercle bacilli, it is an infectious disease, having varied manifestations in lung, bone or brain.
_Ulcer:_ A slow-healing wound with superficial loss of tissue.
_Urine:_ Excretion of kidneys, stored in the bladder and eliminated through urethra.
_Vaso-dilating:_ Causing relaxation of blood vessels resulting in lowering of blood pressure.
_Venereal sores:_ Diseases transmitted through coitus.
_Vermifuge:_ Expelling worms from the intestine.
_Virus:_ Minute organism that causes diseases such as common cold, chicken pox, smallpox, measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, etc.
_Viscus_ : Any one of the organs situated within the chest and the abdomen: heart, lungs, liver, spleen, etc.
_Vitamin_ : Any of the numerous substances, essential for nutrition, occuring naturally in food; also synthesized.
_Vitamin A_ : Vital to good vision and is best obtained through natural sources. For instance, the pods of moringa are rich in B-carotene, which is converted into Vitamin A within the body. In the synthetic form, it has been proved to be toxic, particularly taken in large amounts.
_Wheezing cough_ : Cough with whistling or piping sound.
_Wound_ : An injury or break in the skin.
## Glossary of Non-English Terms
_Amlapitta_ : Non-ulcer dyspepsia.
_Ayurveda:_ 'The Veda of Life', the Indian system of medicine, as dealt with in the Atharva Veda.
_Bhutas_ : Spirits; elements.
_Churan_ (also _Churanam, Churand_ ): Powder.
_Hakim_ (also, _Hakeem_ ): An Arabic word meaning a physician.
_Kapha_ (also _Sleshma_ ): The bodily water humour; it implies the functions of heat regulation and also formation of various preservative fluids, e.g., mucus, synovia, etc.
_Karappaan:_ Eczema.
_Kayakalpa:_ A treatment that arrests or retards the ageing process.
_Medhya_ : A drug capable of improving the intellect and memory.
_Panchakarma:_ Five types of detoxification prescribed for healing.
_Pitta:_ The bodily fire humour, which helps thermogenic and metabolic processes such as digestion, assimilation, tissue-building, endocrine activities, etc.
_Rasam:_ A popular South Indian soup, made of lentils, tamarind, coriander seeds, cumin, asafoetida, curry leaves, etc.
_Rasayana:_ A rejuvenative therapy or drug which regenerates body and mind, preventing decay and ageing.
_Samhita:_ A part of the Vedic literature dealing with do's and dont's called _smriti;_ in all, there are 18 Samhitas.
_Sloka:_ A distich verse.
_Tantra:_ A system of worship.
_Tapasya:_ Severe religious austerity.
_Trikatu:_ A mixture of dry ginger, black pepper and long pepper.
_Triphala:_ A mixture of three myrobalans: emblic (amlaki), chebulic (haritaki) and beleric (bibhitaki).
_Unani:_ Conventional Arabian system of medicine.
_Upanishad_ : Mystical writing in Sanskrit aimed at exploring the Vedas; in all, there are over 100 Upanishads.
_Vaid_ (also _Vaidya, Vaidyar, Baid_ ): One who is trained in medical science.
_Vata_ (also _Vayu_ ): The bodily air humour, explaining all the biological phenomena, controlled by the central and autonomous nervous systems.
_Vedas:_ The Hindu scriptures; in all, there are four vedas: Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva.
_Vedic_ : Pertaining to the Vedas.
## Glossary of Plants and Other Ingredients
_This glossary covers only those plants which are not discussed under a separate chapter in this book. Abbreviations used: (E)=English, (S)=Sanskrit, (H)=Hindi and (T)=Tamil._
Ajwain (H), _Trachyspermum ammi_ , Omum (T). 'Helps digest a hundred foods'—An ancient Sanskrit saying.
Amaltas (H), _Cassia fistula_ , Indian laburnum (E). Aavaarai (T). The fruit pulp is a purgative.
Amla (H), _Phyllanthus emblica_ , Nellica (T). A storehouse of vitamin C.
Areca nut (E), Also, Betel nut (E), _Areca catechu_ , Supaari (H), Paakku (T). The 'Masticator's Delight'.
Arjuna (S, H), _Terminalia arjuna_ , Maruthu (T). A cardiac stimulant.
Asafoetida (E), _Ferula asafoetida_ , Hing (H), Perungayam (T). An ideal wind-expeller from the digestive tract.
Bara nimbu, (H) _Citrus medica_ , Citron (E). Fruits edible.
Bel (H), _Aegle marmelos_ , Vilvam (T). 'Plant a bel tree and please Shiva'—Padma Purana.
Bengal gram (E), _Cicer arietinum_ , Chana (H). Seeds edible and the vegetative parts used as salad or fodder.
Betel nut (E), See Areca nut.
Bilaikand (H), _Ipomoea digitata._
Bhringaraja (H), also Karisilai (T), _Eclipta prostrata._
Black pepper (E), _Piper nigrum_ , Kali Mirch (H), Milagu (T). 'Loved by _yavanas_ '—Abhidaana Manjari.
Black nightshade (E), _Solatium nigrum._ Makoy (H). Manathakkali (T). Fights cough.
Bottle gourd (E), _Lagenaria siceraria_ , Lauki (H), Sorakkai (T). The fruits are edible and common throughout India.
Buttermilk (E), yoghurt diluted with water, often after the removal of cream or butter.
Calamus (E), _Acorus calamus_. 'The Memory Enhancer'—Raja Vallabham.
Camphor (E), _Cinnamomum camphora_ , Kapoor (H), Karpooram (T). Useful for local applications on sprains, inflammations and rheumatic pains.
Caraway (E), _Carum carvi_ , Shiajira (H). Strong-smelling seed-like fruits.
Cardamom (E), _Elettaria cardamom_ , Chhoti Elaichi (H), Elam (T). A combination of cardamom with cinnamon and bay leaves is known as the 'Three Aromatics'.
Carrot (E), _Daucus carota_ , Gajar (H), Manjal Mullangi (T). Raw carrots have shown to depress blood cholesterol.
Castor (E), _Ricinus communis_ , Diveli (H), Aamanakku (T). Popular with the ancient Egyptians.
Chicory (E), _Cichorium intybus._ Kaasni (H). Milky and medicinal.
Cinnamon (E), _Cinnamomum zeylanicum_ , Dalchini (H), Lavangapattai (T). 'Cinnamon fights toxins'—Abhidaana Manjari.
Coconut (E), _Cocos nucifera_ , Nariel (H), Thengai (T). 'Coconut adds beauty and prosperity to a household'—Matsya Purana (8th Century ad).
Coriander or Cilantro (E), _Coriandrum sativum_ , Dhania (H), Kotmalli (T). Hypoglycaemic.
Deodar (E), _Cedrus deodara._
Endive (E), _Cichorium endivia_ , Kasni (H).
Fenugreek (E), _Trigonella foenum-graecum_ , Methi (H), Vendhayam (T). Both leaves and seed cool down the body.
Fennel (E), _Foeniculum vulgare_ , Saunf (H), Sombu (T). An excellent remedy for stomach ailments.
Galangal (E), _Alpinia galanga_ , Kulinjan (H), Aratthai (T). Charaka includes galangal in the category of drugs that impart youth and vigour.
Garlic (E), _Allium sativum_. Lassan (H). Poondu (T). Bactericidal.
Ghee (H), clarified butter, a common ingredient in Indian cuisine.
Gingelly oil (E), Also: Sesame oil. Til-ka-tel (H), Nallennai (T).
Ginger (E), _Zingiber officinale_ , Adrak (Fresh) or Sonth (Dry) (H), Inji (Fresh) or Chukku (Dry) (T). 'The Universal Medicine'.
Gokhru, _Tribulus terrestris._ See: Nerunjil
Grapes, _Vitis vinifera._ Daakh (H). Draakshai (T). Fruits medicinal.
Green gram (E), _Phaseolus mungo_ , Mung (H). Pachapayru (T). A popular dal.
Gulkand (H), a confection made of rose-petals.
Gurmar (H), _Gymnaema sylvestre_ , Madhunaashini (S). The leaves suppress the sweet taste in the tongue.
Haritaki (S), _Terminalia chebula_ , Chebulic Myrobalan (E), Harad (H), Kadukkai (T). One of the Three Myrobalans.
Indian Acalypha (E), _Acalypha indica_ , Khokali (H), Kuppaimeni (T). Drug from the dunghill.
Indian Red wood (E), _Soymida febrifuga_ , Rohan (H).
Jaggery (E), Unrefined cane sugar. Gur (H), Vallem (T). Often added to the herbal drugs as a cheap substitute for honey.
Kantakari (S), _Solarium xanthocarpum_ , Kateli (H), Kandankathiri (T). Useful in respiratory problems.
Karisilai (T), _Eclipta prostrata._
Katurohini (H), _Picrorhiza kurroa_ , Katki (H), Kadugu Rohini (T). A recognized substitute for the European Gentian, _Gentiana lutea._
Lime (E), _Citrus aurantifolium._ Kaghzi nimbu (H), Elumithcai (T).
Liquorice or Licorice (E), _Glycyrrhiza glabra_ , Mulethi (H), Adhimadhuram (T). Considered to be an aphrodisiac by the Chinese.
Long pepper (E), _Piper longum_ , Pipli (H), Tippili (T). 'The First Medicine'.
Manathakaali (T), _Solarium nigrum_ , Black night-shade (E), Makoi (H). 'The Destroyer of Leprosy'—Gunapaadham.
Mexican prickly pear (E), _Argemone mexicana_ , Shialkanta (H).
Murva (H), _Saussurea roxburghiana._
Mustard (E), _Brassica nigra_ , Kali Sarson (H), Kadugu (T). Increases appetite.
Neem (H), _Azadirachta indica_ , Vembu (T). A valuable anti-leprosy source, neem's activity is found akin to that of clofzimine, dapsone and rifampicin.
Nerunjil (T), _Tribulus terrestris_ , Gokhru (H). 'One of the Ten Great Roots'.
Pindalu (H), _Randia ulginosa._ Fruits edible.
Pippali (H), _Piper longum_ , Long Pepper (E). 'With a paste of pipali, several poisons can be destroyed'—Matsya Purana.
Red sandalwood (E).
Rosa centifolia. 'Ideal for skin diseases'—Dhanavantari.
Rose (E), _Rosa centifolia._ 'Ideal for skin diseases'—Dhanavantari.
Sal (H), _Shorea robusta._ Vellai Kungiliyam (T).
Sandalwood (E), _Santalum album_ , Chandan (H).
Sesame (E), _Sesamum indicum_ , Til (H), Ellu (T). Sought after since the Vedic days.
Shatavari (H), _Asparagus racemosus._ Anti-cancer.
Slaked lime (E), Chuna (H), Sunnaambu (T). Calcium hydroxide, produced when caustic lime is mixed in water, releasing much heat. Used by betel-chewers.
Sunn hemp (E), _Crotalaria juncea_ , Sunn (H).
Sweet violet (E), _Viola odorata_ , Banafshah (H).
Tamarind (E), _Tamarindus indica_ , Imi (H), Puli (T). Fights nausea and sea-sickness.
Triphala (S), a combination of powders of the Three Myrobalans: amal, vibhitaki and harithaki.
Tukahh (H), _Spermacoce hispida._
Turmeric (E), _Curcuma longa_ , Haldi (H), Manjal (T). An important ingredient in the Indian cuisine and cosmetics.
Vaaividangam (T), _Embelia ribes_ , Vidanga (S), Baberang (H). Seeds are anthelmintic.
Vibhitaki (S), _Terminalia bellirica_ , Bastard Myrobalan (E), Bahera (H), Taani (T). One of the 'Three Myrobalans'.
Vila (T), _Limonica acidissima_
##### PENGUIN BOOKS
UK | Canada | Ireland | Australia
New Zealand | India | South Africa
Penguin Books is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies whose addresses can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com.
This collection published 2002
Copyright © T. V. Sairam 2002
The moral right of the author has been asserted
ISBN: 978-0-143-02820-8
This digital edition published in 2016.
e-ISBN: 978-9-351-18117-0
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
|
Free Will and Cheating
In 2008, a paper in Psychological Science found that people were more likely to cheat on a test after they had read an essay arguing that behavior was predetermined by environmental factors. The authors suggested from their findings that belief in free will had societal implications.
The redone study found an effect pointing in the same direction as the original, but far weaker. One possible reason, the authors suggest, had to do with how subjects' opinions about free will were manipulated. Participants read an essay, and it's plausible that they were not as engaged in reading and thinking about it as were those in the first study.
The study was cited 341 times in other journals, the most of any of the 100 studies that the Reproducibility Project tried to replicate. There are 24 citations listed in the PubMed database.
In popular news media at the time, the study was covered with a focus on what it meant for societal belief in free will. A Scientific American report in August 2008 called the study clever and added, "The results were clear: Those who read the anti-free-will text cheated more often!" In Psychology Today in March 2008, a reporter wrote, "Reducing belief in free will might also make people exercise less and drink more." A New York Times story in February of the same year said that the researchers interpreted their findings to raise, "questions about how human behavior might change if the belief in free will continued to decrease." However, it added that the researchers, "cautioned against reading too much into the results."
|
n= int(input())
s = input()
ans = 10**9
alth = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
w = "ACTG"
for i in range(3,n):
num = 0
for j in range(4):
num += min(26 - abs(alth.find(s[i-j]) - alth.find(w[3-j])),abs(alth.find(s[i-j]) - alth.find(w[3-j])))
ans = min(ans,num)
print(ans)
|
export * from './general/breadcrumb/breadcrumb';
export * from './general/card/card';
export * from './general/acordion/acordion';
export * from './general/informative-input/informativeInput';
export * from './specific/main/main';
export * from './specific/nav-bar/navBar';
export * from './specific/footer/footer';
export * from './specific/path/path';
export * from './specific/user-registration/userRegistration';
export * from './specific/user-registration-help/userRegistrationHelp';
export * from './specific/user-registration-form/userRegistrationForm';
export * from './specific/user-registration-list/userRegistrationList';
|
Controllably mobile infrastructure for low energy embedded networks
We discuss the use of mobility to enhance network performance for a certain class of applications in sensor networks. A major performance bottleneck in sensor networks is energy since it is impractical to replace the batteries in embedded sensor nodes post-deployment. A significant portion of the energy expenditure is attributed to communications and, in particular, the nodes close to the sensor network gateways used for data collection typically suffer a large overhead as these nodes must relay data from the remaining network. Even with compression and in-network processing to reduce the amount of communicated data, all the processed data must still traverse these nodes to reach the gateway. We discuss a network infrastructure based on the use of controllably mobile elements to reduce the communication energy consumption at the energy constrained nodes and, thus, increase useful network lifetime. In addition, our approach yields advantages in delay-tolerant networks and sparsely deployed networks. We first show how our approach helps reduce energy consumption at battery constrained nodes. Second, we describe our system prototype, which utilizes our proposed approach to improve the energy performance. As part of the prototyping effort, we experienced several interesting design choices and trade-offs that affect system capabilities and performance. We describe many of these design challenges and discuss the algorithms developed for addressing these. In particular, we focus on network protocols and motion control strategies. Our methods are tested using a practical system and do not assume idealistic radio range models or operation in unobstructed environments
|
/**
* Returns an array of colours the length of numColours
*/
public static Color[] generateColours(int numColours)
{
Color[] kellyColors = new Color[]{
new Color(255, 179, 0),
new Color(128, 62, 117),
new Color(255, 104, 0),
new Color(166, 189, 215),
new Color(193, 0, 32),
new Color(206, 162, 98),
new Color(129, 112, 102),
new Color(0, 125, 52),
new Color(246, 118, 142),
new Color(0, 83, 138),
new Color(255, 122, 92),
new Color(83, 55, 122),
new Color(255, 142, 0),
new Color(179, 40, 81),
new Color(244, 200, 0),
new Color(127, 24, 13),
new Color(147, 170, 0),
new Color(89, 51, 21),
new Color(241, 58, 19),
new Color(35, 44, 22)
};
Color[] finalColours = new Color[numColours];
if (numColours <= kellyColors.length)
{
finalColours = shuffleColours(kellyColors, numColours);
}
else
{
int additionalColours = numColours - kellyColors.length;
Color[] colours = new Color[additionalColours];
float increment = 1 / (float) additionalColours;
float currentHue = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < colours.length; i++)
{
colours[i] = Color.getHSBColor(currentHue, 0.8f, 0.8f);
currentHue += increment;
}
System.arraycopy(kellyColors, 0, finalColours, 0, kellyColors.length);
System.arraycopy(colours, 0, finalColours, kellyColors.length, colours.length);
finalColours = shuffleColours(finalColours, numColours);
}
return finalColours;
}
|
A follow-up of 130 patients with acromegaly in a single centre.
OBJECTIVES
Acromegaly is a rare disease with increased mortality rate. The aim was to present our centre experience in the diagnosis and treatment of a series of patients suffering from acromegaly.
METHODS
130 patients (55 men, 75 women) aged 19-84 years presenting with clinical and hormonal features of acromegaly, attending Department of Endocrinology and Out-patient Clinic between 1990 and 2004 were studied. They were analyzed their GH and IGF-1 levels, CT and MRI scans, and they were administered medical therapy, neurosurgery and radiotherapy.
RESULTS
We have observed 106 macro-, 16 microadenomas and 1 case of ectopic GHRH. 115 patients were operated, as cured were recognized 74 of them. Pituitary irradiation was applied to 11 patients, in 4 of them it did not cure the disease. Medical therapy was efficacious in 12% patients treated with bromocriptine, 73% with long-acting lanreotide and 58% with long-acting octreotide. In 7 patients other malignant neoplasm were detected. 11 patients died during the follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
There is possible underdiagnosis of acromegaly in our region, especially in males. We have observed better diagnostic opportunities in recent years when MRI was available. It was accompanied by better outcome of surgical and pharmacological treatment and better control of the complications of the disease.
|
With the NSA already tracking and recording every form of communication and electronic data exchange, it would hardly come as a surprise that the final piece of the puzzle was also actively being intercepted and collected by General Keith Alexander's superspy army: money, or rather tracking the global flow thereof.
Which is why we were not surprised to learn just this, following the latest report from Germany's Spiegel that "The National Security Agency (NSA) widely monitors international payments, banking and credit card transactions" and has even created an internal branch titled appropriately enough "Follow The Money" (FTM). Once collected, the data then flows into the NSA's own financial databank, called "Tracfin," which in 2011 contained 180 million records. Some 84 percent of the data is from credit card transactions.
Stated simply: every time you "charge it" and a credit card is swiped, literally or metaphorically, the NSA knows all about it and if it triggers a specific filter, congratulations: the NSA will be tracking your every transaction in perpetuity.
Further NSA documents from 2010 show that the NSA also targets the transactions of customers of large credit card companies like VISA for surveillance. NSA analysts at an internal conference that year described in detail how they had apparently successfully searched through the US company's complex transaction network for tapping possibilities. Their aim was to gain access to transactions by VISA customers in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, according to one presentation. The goal was to "collect, parse and ingest transactional data for priority credit card associations, focusing on priority geographic regions." In response to a SPIEGEL inquiry, however, a VISA spokeswoman ruled out the possibility that data could be taken from company-run networks.
Odd: we fail to recall smartphone makers admitting the NSA has full back door access to their products, and only got confirmation following yet another report from Spiegel last weekend. Which is why we tend to take VISA's "ruling out" of any possibility with a grain of salt, and would rather be far more curious what if any backdoor funding channels exist between credit card processors and the espionage service to the US government. You know, to help soothe their consciences and what not.
But while collecting credit card data was to be expected, what is even worse is that the NSA has also secretly planted itself in the nexus of the entire global USD-intermediated financial transactions system courtesy of SWIFT.
The NSA's Tracfin data bank also contained data from the Brussels-based Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), a network used by thousands of banks to send transaction information securely. SWIFT was named as a "target," according to the documents, which also show that the NSA spied on the organization on several levels, involving, among others, the agency's "tailored access operations" division. One of the ways the agency accessed the data included reading "SWIFT printer traffic from numerous banks," the documents show.
What is curious is that while the NSA and its henchmen, in this case the GCHQ, had no qualms about violating personal privacy at every level, it is only when banks were threatened that someone feel like perhaps a line was crossed:
But even intelligence agency employees are somewhat concerned about spying on the world finance system, according to one document from the UK's intelligence agency GCHQ concerning the legal perspectives on "financial data" and the agency's own cooperations with the NSA in this area.
In other words, America's unsupervised uber spies, when not checking in on their former significant others, spend the bulk of their time tracking who is buying what, where, and with whose money.
They also know how much anyone in the world has spent on credit card-based purchases, what the source of that money is, and what the purchase was. In other words: absolute monetary and financial surveillance.
And since SWIFT is insolved, it likely also means a full blanket coverage of who buys what stock, and furthermore, leaves open to abuse the knowledge of which equities or FX pair the Fed, for example, is buying ahead of time in order to prevent yet another daily stock market plunge.
Which means that not only everyone would be fascinated in gaining access to the NSA's $29.95/month stock-picking newsletter, a bigger issue is that suddenly all money laundering on the global arena may grind to a halt. How this could impact capital flows in a world in which parking oligarch capital in assorted "free markets" is the only recourse for concerned billionaires who have no desire to be Cyprused, and where oligarch money laundering is one of the main drivers behind the US housing recovery for example, remains to be seen.
|
// BuildImages builds passed images setting passed repository and version
func BuildImages(w io.Writer, repository, version string, names []string) ([]string, error) {
var created []string
for _, name := range names {
image, ok := Images[name]
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot find image %s", name)
}
imageTag, err := buildImage(w, name, image, repository, version)
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "while building image %s", name)
}
created = append(created, imageTag)
}
return created, nil
}
|
import { pipe } from "fp-ts/lib/function";
import { expectType } from "tsd";
import test from "ava";
import { MakeADT, makeMatchers } from "../src/MakeADT";
type These<A, B> = MakeADT<'_tag', {
this: { this: A };
that: { that: B };
both: { this: A; that: B };
}>;
const thiss = <A>(a: A): These<A, never> => ({ _tag: "this", this: a });
const that = <B>(b: B): These<never, B> => ({ _tag: "that", that: b });
const both = <A, B>(a: A, b: B): These<A, B> => ({ _tag: "both", this: a, that: b });
const these: These<string, number> = that(42);
const [match, matchP, matchI, matchPI] = makeMatchers("_tag");
test("inference [makeMatch]", (t) => {
const result = pipe(
these,
match({
both: () => "both" as const,
that: () => 5,
this: () => "this" as const,
})
);
expectType<number | "this" | "both">(result);
t.assert(result === 5);
});
test("inference [makeMatchP]", (t) => {
const result = pipe(
these,
matchP(
{
both: () => "both" as const,
that: () => 5,
},
(a) => a.this
)
);
expectType<string | number>(result);
t.is(result, 5);
const result2 = pipe(
these,
matchP(
{
both: () => "both" as const,
},
(a) => {
expectType<
{ _tag: "this"; this: string } | { _tag: "that"; that: number }
>(a);
return a._tag;
}
)
);
expectType<"this" | "that" | "both">(result2);
t.is(result2, "that");
});
test("inference [makeMatchI]", (t) => {
const result = matchI(these)({
both: () => "both" as const,
that: () => 5,
this: () => "this" as const,
});
expectType<number | "this" | "both">(result);
t.is(result, 5);
});
test("inference [makeMatchPI]", (t) => {
const result = matchPI(these)(
{
both: () => "both" as const,
that: () => 5,
},
() => "this" as const
);
expectType<number | "this" | "both">(result);
t.is(result, 5);
const result2 =
matchPI(these)(
{
both: () => "both" as const,
},
(a) => {
expectType<
{ _tag: "this"; this: string } | { _tag: "that"; that: number }
>(a);
return a._tag;
}
);
});
|
<gh_stars>0
import React from "react";
import AuthPageLayout from "./AuthPageLayout";
import AuthPageContent from "./AuthPageContent";
const AuthPage: React.FC = () => {
return (
<AuthPageLayout>
<AuthPageContent />
</AuthPageLayout>
);
};
export default AuthPage;
|
package plugins
import (
"reflect"
)
type (
// Notifier must be implemented by plugins capable of delivering
// notifications.
Notifier interface {
Notify(text string) error
}
// NotifierDescription describes a notifier.
NotifierDescription struct {
Name string `json:"name"`
Arguments []ArgumentDescription `json:"arguments"`
}
)
var (
notifiers = make(map[string]reflect.Type)
)
// RegisterNotifier will register the notifier with the notifier store.
func RegisterNotifier(name string, notifier interface{}) {
_, found := notifiers[name]
if found {
// This should only happen at init time. panic() is okay for now.
panic("A notifier with that name already exists")
}
notifiers[name] = reflect.TypeOf(notifier)
}
// GetNotifier will return a notifier registred with the name.
func GetNotifier(name string) Notifier {
notifier, found := notifiers[name]
if !found {
return nil
}
return reflect.New(notifier).Interface().(Notifier)
}
// ListNotifiers will return a list of all agents.
func ListNotifiers() []NotifierDescription {
list := make([]NotifierDescription, 0, len(agents))
for name, typ := range notifiers {
list = append(list, NotifierDescription{
Name: name,
Arguments: getArguments(typ),
})
}
return list
}
|
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function
from distutils.version import LooseVersion
import numpy as np
if LooseVersion(np.__version__) >= LooseVersion('1.12'):
as_strided = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided
else:
def as_strided(x, shape=None, strides=None, subok=False, writeable=True):
array = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(x, shape, strides, subok)
array.setflags(write=writeable)
return array
try:
from numpy import nancumsum, nancumprod, flip
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
# Code copied from newer versions of NumPy (v1.12).
# Used under the terms of NumPy's license, see licenses/NUMPY_LICENSE.
def _replace_nan(a, val):
"""
If `a` is of inexact type, make a copy of `a`, replace NaNs with
the `val` value, and return the copy together with a boolean mask
marking the locations where NaNs were present. If `a` is not of
inexact type, do nothing and return `a` together with a mask of None.
Note that scalars will end up as array scalars, which is important
for using the result as the value of the out argument in some
operations.
Parameters
----------
a : array-like
Input array.
val : float
NaN values are set to val before doing the operation.
Returns
-------
y : ndarray
If `a` is of inexact type, return a copy of `a` with the NaNs
replaced by the fill value, otherwise return `a`.
mask: {bool, None}
If `a` is of inexact type, return a boolean mask marking locations
of NaNs, otherwise return None.
"""
is_new = not isinstance(a, np.ndarray)
if is_new:
a = np.array(a)
if not issubclass(a.dtype.type, np.inexact):
return a, None
if not is_new:
# need copy
a = np.array(a, subok=True)
mask = np.isnan(a)
np.copyto(a, val, where=mask)
return a, mask
def nancumsum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
"""
Return the cumulative sum of array elements over a given axis treating
Not a Numbers (NaNs) as zero. The cumulative sum does not change when
NaNs are encountered and leading NaNs are replaced by zeros.
Zeros are returned for slices that are all-NaN or empty.
.. versionadded:: 1.12.0
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the cumulative sum is computed. The default
(None) is to compute the cumsum over the flattened array.
dtype : dtype, optional
Type of the returned array and of the accumulator in which the
elements are summed. If `dtype` is not specified, it defaults
to the dtype of `a`, unless `a` has an integer dtype with a
precision less than that of the default platform integer. In
that case, the default platform integer is used.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must
have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output
but the type will be cast if necessary. See `doc.ufuncs`
(Section "Output arguments") for more details.
Returns
-------
nancumsum : ndarray.
A new array holding the result is returned unless `out` is
specified, in which it is returned. The result has the same
size as `a`, and the same shape as `a` if `axis` is not None
or `a` is a 1-d array.
See Also
--------
numpy.cumsum : Cumulative sum across array propagating NaNs.
isnan : Show which elements are NaN.
Examples
--------
>>> np.nancumsum(1)
array([1])
>>> np.nancumsum([1])
array([1])
>>> np.nancumsum([1, np.nan])
array([ 1., 1.])
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, np.nan]])
>>> np.nancumsum(a)
array([ 1., 3., 6., 6.])
>>> np.nancumsum(a, axis=0)
array([[ 1., 2.],
[ 4., 2.]])
>>> np.nancumsum(a, axis=1)
array([[ 1., 3.],
[ 3., 3.]])
"""
a, mask = _replace_nan(a, 0)
return np.cumsum(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out)
def nancumprod(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None):
"""
Return the cumulative product of array elements over a given axis
treating Not a Numbers (NaNs) as one. The cumulative product does not
change when NaNs are encountered and leading NaNs are replaced by ones.
Ones are returned for slices that are all-NaN or empty.
.. versionadded:: 1.12.0
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the cumulative product is computed. By default
the input is flattened.
dtype : dtype, optional
Type of the returned array, as well as of the accumulator in which
the elements are multiplied. If *dtype* is not specified, it
defaults to the dtype of `a`, unless `a` has an integer dtype with
a precision less than that of the default platform integer. In
that case, the default platform integer is used instead.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must
have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output
but the type of the resulting values will be cast if necessary.
Returns
-------
nancumprod : ndarray
A new array holding the result is returned unless `out` is
specified, in which case it is returned.
See Also
--------
numpy.cumprod : Cumulative product across array propagating NaNs.
isnan : Show which elements are NaN.
Examples
--------
>>> np.nancumprod(1)
array([1])
>>> np.nancumprod([1])
array([1])
>>> np.nancumprod([1, np.nan])
array([ 1., 1.])
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, np.nan]])
>>> np.nancumprod(a)
array([ 1., 2., 6., 6.])
>>> np.nancumprod(a, axis=0)
array([[ 1., 2.],
[ 3., 2.]])
>>> np.nancumprod(a, axis=1)
array([[ 1., 2.],
[ 3., 3.]])
"""
a, mask = _replace_nan(a, 1)
return np.cumprod(a, axis=axis, dtype=dtype, out=out)
def flip(m, axis):
"""
Reverse the order of elements in an array along the given axis.
The shape of the array is preserved, but the elements are reordered.
.. versionadded:: 1.12.0
Parameters
----------
m : array_like
Input array.
axis : integer
Axis in array, which entries are reversed.
Returns
-------
out : array_like
A view of `m` with the entries of axis reversed. Since a view is
returned, this operation is done in constant time.
See Also
--------
flipud : Flip an array vertically (axis=0).
fliplr : Flip an array horizontally (axis=1).
Notes
-----
flip(m, 0) is equivalent to flipud(m).
flip(m, 1) is equivalent to fliplr(m).
flip(m, n) corresponds to ``m[...,::-1,...]`` with ``::-1`` at index n.
Examples
--------
>>> A = np.arange(8).reshape((2,2,2))
>>> A
array([[[0, 1],
[2, 3]],
[[4, 5],
[6, 7]]])
>>> flip(A, 0)
array([[[4, 5],
[6, 7]],
[[0, 1],
[2, 3]]])
>>> flip(A, 1)
array([[[2, 3],
[0, 1]],
[[6, 7],
[4, 5]]])
>>> A = np.random.randn(3,4,5)
>>> np.all(flip(A,2) == A[:,:,::-1,...])
True
"""
if not hasattr(m, 'ndim'):
m = np.asarray(m)
indexer = [slice(None)] * m.ndim
try:
indexer[axis] = slice(None, None, -1)
except IndexError:
raise ValueError("axis=%i is invalid for the %i-dimensional "
"input array" % (axis, m.ndim))
return m[tuple(indexer)]
try:
from numpy import isin
except ImportError:
def isin(element, test_elements, assume_unique=False, invert=False):
"""
Calculates `element in test_elements`, broadcasting over `element`
only. Returns a boolean array of the same shape as `element` that is
True where an element of `element` is in `test_elements` and False
otherwise.
Parameters
----------
element : array_like
Input array.
test_elements : array_like
The values against which to test each value of `element`.
This argument is flattened if it is an array or array_like.
See notes for behavior with non-array-like parameters.
assume_unique : bool, optional
If True, the input arrays are both assumed to be unique, which
can speed up the calculation. Default is False.
invert : bool, optional
If True, the values in the returned array are inverted, as if
calculating `element not in test_elements`. Default is False.
``np.isin(a, b, invert=True)`` is equivalent to (but faster
than) ``np.invert(np.isin(a, b))``.
Returns
-------
isin : ndarray, bool
Has the same shape as `element`. The values `element[isin]`
are in `test_elements`.
See Also
--------
in1d : Flattened version of this function.
numpy.lib.arraysetops : Module with a number of other functions for
performing set operations on arrays.
Notes
-----
`isin` is an element-wise function version of the python keyword `in`.
``isin(a, b)`` is roughly equivalent to
``np.array([item in b for item in a])`` if `a` and `b` are 1-D
sequences.
`element` and `test_elements` are converted to arrays if they are not
already. If `test_elements` is a set (or other non-sequence collection)
it will be converted to an object array with one element, rather than
an array of the values contained in `test_elements`. This is a
consequence of the `array` constructor's way of handling non-sequence
collections. Converting the set to a list usually gives the desired
behavior.
.. versionadded:: 1.13.0
Examples
--------
>>> element = 2*np.arange(4).reshape((2, 2))
>>> element
array([[0, 2],
[4, 6]])
>>> test_elements = [1, 2, 4, 8]
>>> mask = np.isin(element, test_elements)
>>> mask
array([[ False, True],
[ True, False]])
>>> element[mask]
array([2, 4])
>>> mask = np.isin(element, test_elements, invert=True)
>>> mask
array([[ True, False],
[ False, True]])
>>> element[mask]
array([0, 6])
Because of how `array` handles sets, the following does not
work as expected:
>>> test_set = {1, 2, 4, 8}
>>> np.isin(element, test_set)
array([[ False, False],
[ False, False]])
Casting the set to a list gives the expected result:
>>> np.isin(element, list(test_set))
array([[ False, True],
[ True, False]])
"""
element = np.asarray(element)
return np.in1d(element, test_elements, assume_unique=assume_unique,
invert=invert).reshape(element.shape)
|
President Bill Clinton stopped by Omaha to stump for his wife Hillary Clinton Friday. The visit comes one day before Nebraska's Democratic caucuses.
Clinton picked a hip spot to appeal to Omaha’s Democratic crowd: The Waiting Room, a concert venue in Benson, a neighborhood that draws loads of young people to its bars and lounges. In a speech that sounded a positive note about the direction of the country, Clinton went straight for that youthful demographic.
“We are the best positioned country for the future because we’re younger and more diverse than any other country,” he said. “Look at this crowd in Omaha. If I’d given this speech here 40 years ago, most of the crowd would look like me: old, gray-haired white guys in suits.”
“I’m glad looking out here,” he added, “my demographic has not been entirely eliminated.”
It hasn’t. People of all ages made up the 400 or so who packed into the venue. Evelyn Solonynka, a Hillary Clinton campaign volunteer in her 60s, waited in a line that snaked around the block, and said she was inspired to knock on doors for the campaign because she doesn’t like what she’s hearing of the country’s political tone. “Frankly, I think a woman would be a nice calming influence over some of the things that are going on,” she said. “I just don’t see Hillary stooping to the level that some of our politicians are stooping to.”
Clinton’s primary opponent, Bernie Sanders, has siphoned significant support among young people nationwide, but her share of youthful supporters showed up. Heather Williams, a young social worker from Omaha and her husband, Michael, a graphic designer said they are fully behind her. “I like Bernie Sanders,” Michael Williams said, “I like a lot of his ideas, I just think Hillary has a certain level of experience that can carry a lot of President Obama’s policies forward.”
Much as Hillary has done in her campaign, Bill Clinton praised President Obama for turning the economy around during his presidency and achieving progressive goals. But he simultaneously turned that praise into an explainer of voter frustration that has marked this election season.
“The president said be not afraid, embrace change, don’t run away from it,” Clinton said. “So why is this such a crazy election? Why are there so many angry people? Because that beautiful picture he painted of America’s future, there are still too many Americans who look at that picture and they can’t find themselves or their children there to save their lives.”
In typical style, Clinton’s speech was wonky. He praised neighboring Iowa for its advances in wind energy and said the economy of the future depends on bringing back manufacturing jobs, investing in modern infrastructure, and helping students burdened by debt. He also jabbed at the divisiveness on the other side of the campaign and said Hillary wants to bring people together. “Hillary is running for president so that every single American can find themselves in the picture,” he said.
Nebraska will decide which picture they prefer in the state’s Democratic caucuses Saturday. President Clinton also had a scheduled stop planned in Lincoln Friday night. The state's Republican presidential primary will be held May 10.
|
/// Receive a successful key claim response and create new Olm sessions with
/// the claimed keys.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `response` - The response containing the claimed one-time keys.
pub async fn receive_keys_claim_response(&self, response: &KeysClaimResponse) -> OlmResult<()> {
// TODO log the failures here
let mut changes = Changes::default();
for (user_id, user_devices) in &response.one_time_keys {
for (device_id, key_map) in user_devices {
let device = match self.store.get_readonly_device(user_id, device_id).await {
Ok(Some(d)) => d,
Ok(None) => {
warn!(
"Tried to create an Olm session for {} {}, but the device is unknown",
user_id, device_id
);
continue;
}
Err(e) => {
warn!(
"Tried to create an Olm session for {} {}, but \
can't fetch the device from the store {:?}",
user_id, device_id, e
);
continue;
}
};
info!("Creating outbound Session for {} {}", user_id, device_id);
let session = match self.account.create_outbound_session(device, key_map).await {
Ok(s) => s,
Err(e) => {
warn!("Error creating new outbound session {:?}", e);
continue;
}
};
changes.sessions.push(session);
self.key_request_machine.retry_keyshare(user_id, device_id);
if let Err(e) = self.check_if_unwedged(user_id, device_id).await {
error!(
"Error while treating an unwedged device {} {} {:?}",
user_id, device_id, e
);
}
}
}
// TODO turn this into a single save_changes() call.
self.store.save_changes(changes).await?;
match self.key_request_machine.collect_incoming_key_requests().await {
Ok(sessions) => {
let changes = Changes { sessions, ..Default::default() };
self.store.save_changes(changes).await?
}
// We don't propagate the error here since the next sync will retry
// this.
Err(e) => {
warn!(error =? e, "Error while trying to collect the incoming secret requests")
}
}
Ok(())
}
|
//!
//! \brief Free State Heaps (including MHW interfaces)
//! \details Free State Heap resources allocated by RenderHal
//! \param PRENDERHAL_INTERFACE pRenderHal
//! [in] Pointer to Render Hal Interface
//! \return MOS_STATUS
//!
MOS_STATUS RenderHal_DSH_FreeStateHeaps(PRENDERHAL_INTERFACE pRenderHal)
{
PMOS_INTERFACE pOsInterface;
PRENDERHAL_STATE_HEAP pStateHeap;
MOS_STATUS eStatus;
MHW_RENDERHAL_CHK_NULL(pRenderHal);
MHW_RENDERHAL_CHK_NULL(pRenderHal->pOsInterface);
MHW_RENDERHAL_CHK_NULL(pRenderHal->pStateHeap);
eStatus = MOS_STATUS_UNKNOWN;
pOsInterface = pRenderHal->pOsInterface;
pStateHeap = pRenderHal->pStateHeap;
if (pStateHeap->pSurfaceEntry)
{
for (int32_t index = 0; index < pRenderHal->StateHeapSettings.iSurfaceStates; ++index) {
PRENDERHAL_SURFACE_STATE_ENTRY entry = pStateHeap->pSurfaceEntry + index;
MOS_SafeFreeMemory(entry->pSurface);
entry->pSurface = nullptr;
}
MOS_FreeMemory(pStateHeap->pSurfaceEntry);
pStateHeap->pSurfaceEntry = nullptr;
}
if (pStateHeap->pSshBuffer)
{
MOS_FreeMemory(pStateHeap->pSshBuffer);
pStateHeap->pSshBuffer = nullptr;
}
if(pStateHeap->pMediaStatesMemPool)
{
MOS_Delete(pStateHeap->pMediaStatesMemPool);
pStateHeap->pMediaStatesMemPool = nullptr;
}
if(pStateHeap->pKernelAllocMemPool)
{
MOS_Delete(pStateHeap->pKernelAllocMemPool);
pStateHeap->pKernelAllocMemPool = nullptr;
}
pRenderHal->pStateHeap->kernelHashTable.Free();
MOS_AlignedFreeMemory(pStateHeap);
pRenderHal->pStateHeap = nullptr;
pRenderHal->pRenderHalPltInterface->FreeScratchSpaceBuffer(pRenderHal);
eStatus = MOS_STATUS_SUCCESS;
finish:
return eStatus;
}
|
The video will start in 8 Cancel
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Kurt Zouma will hold talks with West Bromwich Albion and Stoke City tomorrow ahead of a potential loan move from Chelsea.
The defender played only three times since returning from a lengthy injury lay-off in January and looks set to leave Stamford Bridge this summer in the search for regular football.
Albion, who were linked with Zouma in January, are desperate to add to their defensive ranks ahead of the new season and boss Tony Pulis has identified the 22-year-old as a target.
Sky Sports report that Zouma will now discuss a potential loan switch to the Hawthorns, but will also meet with representatives from Stoke.
Nice, Lyon and Marseille are among his French suitors, Italian giants Inter Milan are keen while Spaniards Sevilla and Valencia are also in the hunt, but the French centre-back would prefer to stay in the Premier League.
|
// End of variables declaration//GEN-END:variables
private void actualiserParties() {
try {
Couple<Integer, String>[] liste = diabolik.getParties();
if(liste.length == 0) {
partiesListe.setListData(new String[]{msg_aucune_partie});
listeVide = true;
}
else {
partiesListe.setListData(liste);
listeVide = false;
}
rejoindreButton.setEnabled(false);
} catch (RemoteException ex) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, err_connexion, "Erreur", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}
|
For some 15 years, airport security has become steadily more invasive. There are ever more checkpoints, ever more requests for documents as you make your way from the airport entrance to the airplane. Passengers adapt to the new changes as they come. But my latest flight to Mexico, originating in Atlanta, presented all passengers with something I had never seen before.
Like everyone else, I complied. What was my choice?We had already been through boarding pass checks, passport checks, scanners, and pat downs. At the gate, each passenger had already had their tickets scanned and we were all walking on the jet bridge to board. It’s at this point that most people assume that it is all done: finally we can enjoy some sense of normalcy.
This time was different. Halfway down the jetbridge, there was a new layer of security. Two US Marshals, heavily armed and dressed in dystopian-style black regalia, stood next to an upright machine with a glowing green eye. Every passenger, one by one, was told to step on a mat and look into the green scanner. It was scanning our eyes and matching that scan with the passport, which was also scanned (yet again).
Like everyone else, I complied. What was my choice? I guess I could have turned back at the point, decline to take the flight I had paid for, but it would be unclear what would then happen. After standing there for perhaps 8 seconds, the machine gave the go signal and I boarded.
I talked to a few passengers about this and others were just as shaken by the experience. They were reticent even to talk about it, as people tend to be when confronted with something like this.
I couldn’t find anyone who had ever seen something like this before. I wrote friends who travel internationally and none said they had ever seen anything like this.
I will tell you how it made me feel: like a prisoner in my own country. It’s one thing to control who comes into a country. But surveilling and permissioning American citizens as they leave their own country, even as they are about to board, is something else.
Where is the toggle switch that would have told the machine not to let me board, and who controls it? How prone is it to bureaucratic error? What happens to my scan now and who has access to it?
The scene reminded me of movies I’ve seen, like Hunger Games or 1984. It’s chilling and strange, even deeply alarming to anyone who has ever dreamed of what freedom might be like. It doesn’t look like this.
Why Now?
I’ve searched the web for some evidence that this new practice has been going on for a while and I just didn’t notice. I find nothing about it. I’ve looked to find some new order, maybe leftover from the Obama administration, that is just now being implemented. But I find nothing.
Update: a reader has pointed me to this page at Homeland Security:
As part of U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s (CBP) border security mission, the agency is deploying new technologies to verify travelers’ identities – both when they arrive and when they leave the United States – by matching a traveler to the document they are presenting. CBP’s goal is to enhance national security and protect a traveler’s identity against theft through the use of biometrics. Biometric information (such as finger, face, or iris) measures a person’s unique physical characteristics. CBP incorporated fingerprints for biometric identification and verification in 2004, and is now testing facial and iris imaging capabilities to help improve travelers’ identity protection, the integrity of our immigration system, and our national security.
I happened to be on the "one daily flight" that gets exit scanned.
Another change has to do with new rules for Homeland Security just imposed by the Trump administration. They make deportation vastly easier for the government. I have no idea if these rules are the culprit for intensified emigration checks.
What people don’t often consider is that every rule that pertains to immigration ultimately applies to emigration as well. Every rule that government has to treat immigrants a certain way also necessarily applies to citizens as well.
Chandran Kukathas is right when he says that “controlling immigration means controlling everyone.”
Regulating immigration is not just about how people arrive, but about what they do once they have entered a country. It is about controlling how long people stay, where they travel, and what they do. Most of all, it means controlling whether or not and for whom they work (paid or unpaid), what they accept in financial remuneration, and what they must do to remain in employment, for as long as that is permitted. Yet this is not possible without controlling citizens and existing residents, who must be regulated, monitored and policed to make sure that they comply with immigration laws.
To be sure, there might have been some tip off that security officials received that triggered these special measures for this flight only. Maybe they were looking for something, someone, in particular. Maybe this was a one-time thing and will not become routine.
The point is that it happened without any change in the laws or regulations. Whatever the reason, it was some decision made by security. It can happen on any flight for any reason. And who is in charge of making that decision?
Think of it: there might be no getting out of the country without subjecting yourself to this process. On the plane, finally, my mind raced through the deeper history here. Passports as we know them are only a little over a century old. In the late 19th century, the apotheosis of the liberal age, there were no passports. You could travel anywhere in the world through whatever means you could find. Nationalism unleashed by World War I ended that.
And here we are today, with ever more controls, seeming to follow Orwell’s blueprint for how to end whatever practical freedoms we have left. And we are going this way despite the absence of any real crisis, any imminent threat? The driving force seems to be this: our own government’s desire to control every aspect of our lives.
Think of it: there might be no getting out of the country without subjecting yourself to this process. It's a digital Berlin Wall. This is what it means to put “security” ahead of freedom: you get neither.
|
// Add adds each RGB component of a color with another color component
func (fc *FloatColor) Add(b FloatColor) FloatColor {
fc.R += b.R
fc.G += b.G
fc.B += b.B
return *fc
}
|
// TestTrustDomainAliasSecureNaming scope:
// The client side mTLS connection should validate the trust domain alias during secure naming validation.
//
// Setup:
// 1. Setup Istio with custom CA cert. This is because we need to use that root cert to sign customized
// certificate for server workloads to give them different trust domains.
// 2. One client workload with sidecar injected.
// 3. Two naked server workloads with custom certs whose URI SAN have different SPIFFE trust domains.
// 4. PeerAuthentication with strict mtls, to enforce the mtls connection.
// 5. DestinaitonRule with tls ISTIO_MUTUAL mode, because Istio auto mTLS will let client send plaintext to naked servers by default.
// 6. MeshConfig.TrustDomainAliases contains one of the trust domain "server-naked-foo".
//
// Expectation:
// When the "server-naked-foo" is in the list of MeshConfig.TrustDomainAliases, client requests to
// "server-naked-foo" succeeds, and requests to "server-naked-bar" fails.
func TestTrustDomainAliasSecureNaming(t *testing.T) {
framework.NewTest(t).
Features("security.peer.trust-domain-alias-secure-naming").
Run(func(ctx framework.TestContext) {
if ctx.Clusters().IsMulticluster() {
ctx.Skip()
}
testNS := apps.Namespace
ctx.Config().ApplyYAMLOrFail(ctx, testNS.Name(), POLICY)
defer ctx.Config().DeleteYAMLOrFail(ctx, testNS.Name(), POLICY)
for _, cluster := range ctx.Clusters() {
ctx.NewSubTest(fmt.Sprintf("From %s", cluster.StableName())).Run(func(ctx framework.TestContext) {
verify := func(ctx framework.TestContext, src echo.Instance, dest echo.Instance, s scheme.Instance, success bool) {
want := "success"
if !success {
want = "fail"
}
name := fmt.Sprintf("server:%s[%s]", dest.Config().Service, want)
ctx.NewSubTest(name).Run(func(ctx framework.TestContext) {
ctx.Helper()
opt := echo.CallOptions{
Target: dest,
PortName: HTTPS,
Address: dest.Config().Service,
Scheme: s,
}
checker := connection.Checker{
From: src,
Options: opt,
ExpectSuccess: success,
DestClusters: ctx.Clusters(),
}
checker.CheckOrFail(ctx)
})
}
client := apps.Client.GetOrFail(ctx, echo.InCluster(cluster))
serverNakedFoo := apps.ServerNakedFoo.GetOrFail(ctx, echo.InCluster(cluster))
serverNakedBar := apps.ServerNakedBar.GetOrFail(ctx, echo.InCluster(cluster))
cases := []struct {
src echo.Instance
dest echo.Instance
expect bool
}{
{
src: client,
dest: serverNakedFoo,
expect: true,
},
{
src: client,
dest: serverNakedBar,
expect: false,
},
}
for _, tc := range cases {
verify(ctx, tc.src, tc.dest, scheme.HTTP, tc.expect)
}
})
}
})
}
|
<reponame>skuzzle/stringz
/**
* Contains interfaces to customize the way in which
* {@link de.skuzzle.stringz.Stringz Stringz} looks up
* {@link java.util.ResourceBundle ResourceBundles} and how it maps fields to resources.
* Except for the {@link de.skuzzle.stringz.strategy.BundleFamilyLocator BundleFamilyLocator},
* the general pattern of customization is:
* <ul>
* <li>Create an implementation of the desired strategy, e.g. implement
* {@link de.skuzzle.stringz.strategy.FieldMapper FieldMapper} to specify a custom
* field mapping behavior.
* <li>Create a <em>YourStrategy</em>Factory implementation with a no arguments
* public constructor. Make its {@code create} method return an instance of
* your strategy implementation.</li>
* <li>Mark your message class with the respective annotation to specify the factory.
* In case of the
* {@link de.skuzzle.stringz.strategy.FieldMapperFactory FieldMapperFactory},
* use the {@link de.skuzzle.stringz.annotation.FieldMapping FieldMapping} annotation
* to specify the Class of your factory.
* </li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>This shows the available strategies and their corresponding factorys and
* annotations:</p>
* <table summary="Available strategies">
* <tr>
* <th>Strategy</th><th>Factory</th><th>Annotation</th>
* </tr>
* <tr>
* <td>{@link de.skuzzle.stringz.strategy.FieldMapper FieldMapper}</td>
* <td>{@link de.skuzzle.stringz.strategy.FieldMapperFactory FieldMapperFactory}</td>
* <td>{@link de.skuzzle.stringz.annotation.FieldMapping @FieldMapping}</td>
* </tr>
* <tr>
* <td>{@link java.util.ResourceBundle.Control Control}</td>
* <td>{@link de.skuzzle.stringz.strategy.ControlFactory ControlFactory}</td>
* <td>{@link de.skuzzle.stringz.annotation.ResourceControl @ResourceControl}</td>
* </tr>
* <tr>
* <td>{@link de.skuzzle.stringz.strategy.BundleFamilyLocator BundleFamilyLocator}</td>
* <td style="text-align:center">-</td>
* <td>{@link de.skuzzle.stringz.annotation.FamilyLocator @FamilyLocator}</td>
* </tr>
* </table>
*
* <h2>Strategy Usage of Stringz</h2>
* <p>The {@link de.skuzzle.stringz.Stringz Stringz} class makes use of all these
* strategies when initializing a message class. The exact way in which the strategies
* are used is defined using a {@link de.skuzzle.stringz.strategy.Strategies Strategies}
* instance. E.g. the default behavior is to cache all created factory classes. If
* you do not like the caching behavior, you could
* {@link de.skuzzle.stringz.Stringz#setStrategies(Strategies) switch} the strategy
* to e.g. {@link de.skuzzle.stringz.SimpleStrategies SimpleStrategies} or an own
* implementation.
*
* <h2>Sample Strategy implementation</h2>
* <p>Below follows a typical example strategy definition for a field mapper. Start with
* the {@code FieldMapper} implementation:</p>
* <pre>
* public class PatternFieldMapper extends DefaultFieldMapper {
*
* private final Pattern pattern;
*
* public PatternFieldMapper(Pattern pattern) {
* this.pattern = pattern;
* }
*
* @Override
* public boolean accept(Field field) {
* return super.accept(field) && this.pattern.matcher(field.getName()).matches();
* }
* }
* </pre>
*
* Create the Factory:
*
* <pre>
* public class PatternFieldMapperFactory implements FieldMapperFactory {
*
* @Override
* public FieldMapper create(ResourceMapping mapping, String[] args) {
* if (args.length != 1) {
* throw new FieldMapperException("Missing pattern argument");
* }
* try {
* final Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(args[0]);
* return new PatternFieldMapper(pattern);
* } catch (PatternSyntaxException e) {
* throw new FieldMapperException(String.format(
* "Illegal pattern: %s", args[0]), e);
* }
* }
* }
* </pre>
*
* Now mark your message class to use the new factory:
*
* <pre>
* @ResourceMapping
* @FieldMapping(value = PatternFieldMapperFactory.class, args = { "prefix.*" })
* public class MSG {
* static {
* Stringz.init(MSG.class);
* }
*
* // ...
* }
* </pre>
*/
package de.skuzzle.stringz.strategy;
|
/// Sim start:
/// - Hard-coded engine init
/// - Sim-level init of step packages (context, state, output)
/// - Run init packages (e.g. init.js)
/// - init.js can depend on globals, which vary between sim runs, so it has to be executed
/// at the start of a sim run, not at the start of the experiment run.
fn start_sim(&mut self, mv8: &'m MiniV8, run: NewSimulationRun) -> Result<()> {
// Initialize JS.
// Passing in schemas with an immutable reference is allowed,
// and getting a `*mut` to them is also allowed, but if Javascript
// *actually* mutates the contents of a schema, it will cause
// undefined behavior, because the pointer to the schema comes from
// an immutable reference.
// ---> Do *not* mutate the schema bytes in `runner.js`.
let mut agent_schema_bytes =
schema_to_stream_bytes(&run.datastore.agent_batch_schema.arrow);
let mut msg_schema_bytes = schema_to_stream_bytes(&run.datastore.message_batch_schema);
let mut ctx_schema_bytes = schema_to_stream_bytes(&run.datastore.context_batch_schema);
// run.shared_context.datasets?
// Keep schema vecs alive while bytes are passed to V8.
let agent_schema_bytes = bytes_to_js(mv8, &mut agent_schema_bytes);
let msg_schema_bytes = bytes_to_js(mv8, &mut msg_schema_bytes);
let ctx_schema_bytes = bytes_to_js(mv8, &mut ctx_schema_bytes);
let pkg_ids = mv8.create_array();
let pkg_msgs = mv8.create_array();
for (i_pkg, (pkg_id, pkg_msg)) in run.packages.0.iter().enumerate() {
let i_pkg = i_pkg as u32;
pkg_ids.set(i_pkg, pkg_id_to_js(mv8, *pkg_id))?;
let payload = serde_json::to_string(&pkg_msg.payload).unwrap();
pkg_msgs.set(i_pkg, mv8.create_string(&payload))?;
}
let globals: &Globals = &run.globals;
let globals = serde_json::to_string(globals).unwrap();
let globals = mv8.create_string(&globals);
let args = mv8::Values::from_vec(vec![
sim_id_to_js(mv8, run.short_id),
agent_schema_bytes,
msg_schema_bytes,
ctx_schema_bytes,
mv8::Value::Array(pkg_ids),
mv8::Value::Array(pkg_msgs),
mv8::Value::String(globals),
]);
self.embedded
.start_sim
.call_method(self.this.clone(), args)?;
// Initialize Rust.
let state = SimState {
agent_schema: Arc::clone(&run.datastore.agent_batch_schema.arrow),
msg_schema: Arc::clone(&run.datastore.message_batch_schema),
agent_pool: AgentPool::empty(),
msg_pool: MessagePool::empty(),
};
self.sims_state
.try_insert(run.short_id, state)
.map_err(|_| Error::DuplicateSimulationRun(run.short_id))?;
Ok(())
}
|
// SetChanOut is a simple setter.
func (m *Manager) SetChanOut(out faces.IChan) faces.IManager {
m.out = out
return m
}
|
/**
* Load JAR files, initialize the dependency graph, and perform the
* dependency analysis.
*
* @throws IOException if an error occurs constructing the class loader
* or reading any of the JAR files.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException in the following cases:
* <ul>
* <li>if <code>addJar</code> was never
* called or <code>addJar</code> was called with a file which
* does not exist or is a directory
* <li>if any proxies supplied via the <code>addProxy</code>
* method could not be found
* <li>if any component in the classpath does not exist
* </ul>
*/
public synchronized void compute() throws IOException {
if (jarList.isEmpty()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(getString("preflistgen.nojars"));
}
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
if (classpath != null) {
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(classpath,
File.pathSeparator);
while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
String fileName = st.nextToken();
File cpFile = new File(fileName);
if (!cpFile.exists()) {
String msg = getString("preflistgen.badcp", fileName);
throw new IllegalArgumentException(msg);
}
list.add(cpFile.getCanonicalFile().toURI().toURL());
}
}
for (Iterator it = jarList.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
String fileName = (String) it.next();
list.add(new File(fileName).getCanonicalFile().toURI().toURL());
}
if (list.size() > 0) {
URL[] urls = (URL[]) list.toArray(new URL[list.size()]);
ClassLoader cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
if (cl != null) {
cl = cl.getParent();
}
loader = new URLClassLoader(urls, cl);
}
loadJars();
Collection roots = getRoots();
for (Iterator it = roots.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
String clazz = (String) it.next();
Class c = null;
try {
c = Class.forName(clazz, false, loader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException("could not load root class " + clazz);
}
if ((c.getModifiers() & Modifier.PUBLIC) == 0) {
if (keepNonPublicRoots) {
print("preflistgen.rootNotPublic", c);
} else {
if (!listGraph.isFrozen(clazz)) {
it.remove();
listGraph.setPreferred(clazz, true, true);
continue;
}
}
}
process(null, clazz);
}
}
|
def read_spectra(self, mzml_file, scan_list):
t0 = timeit.default_timer()
stats = {
"n_spectra": 0,
"n_ms1_spectra": 0,
"n_ms2_spectra": 0,
"n_HCD_spectra": 0,
"n_IT_spectra": 0,
"n_ETD_spectra": 0,
"high_accuracy_precursors": "unknown",
"fragmentation_type": "unknown",
}
n_scans = len(scan_list)
if self.verbose >= 1:
eprint(f"INFO: Reading {n_scans} scans from mzML file {mzml_file}")
progress_intro = False
spectra = []
match = re.search("\.gz$", mzml_file)
if match:
infile = gzip.open(mzml_file)
else:
infile = open(mzml_file, "rb")
with mzml.read(infile) as reader:
for scan in scan_list:
spectrum = reader.get_by_id(
f"controllerType=0 controllerNumber=1 scan={scan}"
)
spectrum_type = "default"
filter_string = None
if spectrum["ms level"] == 2 and "m/z array" in spectrum:
precursor_mz = spectrum["precursorList"]["precursor"][0][
"selectedIonList"
]["selectedIon"][0]["selected ion m/z"]
precursor_charge = spectrum["precursorList"]["precursor"][0][
"selectedIonList"
]["selectedIon"][0]["charge state"]
print(
f"INFO: Reading {scan}. Precursor m/z = {precursor_mz}. n peaks={len(spectrum['m/z array'])}"
)
peaklist = {
"m/z array": spectrum["m/z array"],
"intensity array": spectrum["intensity array"],
"precursor mz": precursor_mz,
"precursor charge": precursor_charge,
}
spectra.append(peaklist)
else:
print(f"ERROR: scan {scan} is not ms_level=2! Skipping")
stats["n_spectra"] += 1
infile.close()
if self.verbose >= 1:
eprint("")
t1 = timeit.default_timer()
print(f"INFO: Read {stats['n_spectra']} spectra from {mzml_file}")
print(f"INFO: Elapsed time: {t1-t0}")
print(f"INFO: Processed {stats['n_spectra']/(t1-t0)} spectra per second")
return spectra
|
use crate::credential::request::HttpClient;
use crate::credential::{
parse_credentials_from_aws_service, AwsCredentials, CredentialsError, ProvideAwsCredentials,
};
use async_trait::async_trait;
use hyper::Uri;
use std::time::Duration;
const AWS_CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_IP: &str = "169.254.169.254";
const AWS_CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_PATH: &str = "latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials";
/// Provides AWS credentials from a resource's IAM role.
///
/// The provider has a default timeout of 30 seconds. While it should work well for most setups,
/// you can change the timeout using the `set_timeout` method.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::time::Duration;
///
/// use rusoto_credential::InstanceMetadataProvider;
///
/// let mut provider = InstanceMetadataProvider::new();
/// // you can overwrite the default timeout like this:
/// provider.set_timeout(Duration::from_secs(60));
/// ```
///
/// The source location can be changed from the default of 169.254.169.254:
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::time::Duration;
///
/// use rusoto_credential::InstanceMetadataProvider;
///
/// let mut provider = InstanceMetadataProvider::new();
/// // you can overwrite the default endpoint like this:
/// provider.set_ip_addr_with_port("127.0.0.1", "8080");
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct InstanceMetadataProvider {
client: HttpClient,
timeout: Duration,
metadata_ip_addr: String,
}
impl InstanceMetadataProvider {
/// Create a new provider with the given handle.
pub fn new() -> Self {
InstanceMetadataProvider {
client: HttpClient::new(),
timeout: Duration::from_secs(30),
metadata_ip_addr: AWS_CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_IP.to_string(),
}
}
/// Set the timeout on the provider to the specified duration.
pub fn set_timeout(&mut self, timeout: Duration) {
self.timeout = timeout;
}
/// Allow overriding host and port of instance metadata service.
pub fn set_ip_addr_with_port(&mut self, ip: &str, port: &str) {
self.metadata_ip_addr = format!("{}:{}", ip, port);
}
}
impl Default for InstanceMetadataProvider {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
#[async_trait]
impl ProvideAwsCredentials for InstanceMetadataProvider {
async fn credentials(&self) -> Result<AwsCredentials, CredentialsError> {
let role_name = get_role_name(&self.client, self.timeout, &self.metadata_ip_addr)
.await
.map_err(|err| CredentialsError {
message: format!("Could not get credentials from iam: {}", err.to_string()),
})?;
let cred_str = get_credentials_from_role(
&self.client,
self.timeout,
&role_name,
&self.metadata_ip_addr,
)
.await
.map_err(|err| CredentialsError {
message: format!("Could not get credentials from iam: {}", err.to_string()),
})?;
parse_credentials_from_aws_service(&cred_str)
}
}
/// Gets the role name to get credentials for using the IAM Metadata Service (169.254.169.254).
async fn get_role_name(
client: &HttpClient,
timeout: Duration,
ip_addr: &str,
) -> Result<String, CredentialsError> {
let role_name_address = format!("http://{}/{}/", ip_addr, AWS_CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_PATH);
let uri = match role_name_address.parse::<Uri>() {
Ok(u) => u,
Err(e) => return Err(CredentialsError::new(e)),
};
Ok(client.get(uri, timeout).await?)
}
/// Gets the credentials for an EC2 Instances IAM Role.
async fn get_credentials_from_role(
client: &HttpClient,
timeout: Duration,
role_name: &str,
ip_addr: &str,
) -> Result<String, CredentialsError> {
let credentials_provider_url = format!(
"http://{}/{}/{}",
ip_addr, AWS_CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_PATH, role_name
);
let uri = match credentials_provider_url.parse::<Uri>() {
Ok(u) => u,
Err(e) => return Err(CredentialsError::new(e)),
};
Ok(client.get(uri, timeout).await?)
}
|
#ifndef __VGPU_IOCTL_H__
#define __VGPU_IOCTL_H__
#ifdef __KERNEL__
#include <linux/ioctl.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#else
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#endif
#include <linux/kvm.h>
/* To guestdrv */
#define IOCTL_GET_VM_ID _IO(VGPU_DRIVER_MAJOR, 0x17)
#define IOCTL_REQUEST_SHM _IOR(VGPU_DRIVER_MAJOR, 0x16, size_t)
#define IOCTL_REQUEST_ZCOPY _IO(VGPU_DRIVER_MAJOR, 0x18)
#define IOCTL_GET_ZCOPY_PHY_ADDR _IOW(VGPU_ZCOPY_DRIVER_MAJOR, 0x10D, uintptr_t *)
/* To host KVM */
#define KVM_NOTIFY_NEW_WORKER _IOR(KVMIO, 0x107, int64_t)
#define PY_KVM_NOTIFY_NEW_WORKER 0x107
#define KVM_NOTIFY_VM_EXIT _IO(KVMIO, 0x106)
#define KVM_GET_VM_ID _IO(KVMIO, 0x10B)
#define KVM_SET_VM_GUEST_CID _IOR(KVMIO, 0x10C, int)
#define KVM_GET_ZCOPY_PHY_ADDR _IOW(VGPU_ZCOPY_DRIVER_MAJOR, 0x10D, uintptr_t *)
#define KVM_SET_SCHEDULING_POLICY _IOR(KVMIO, 0x10D, uintptr_t)
#define KVM_REMOVE_SCHEDULING_POLICY _IOR(KVMIO, 0x10F, int)
#define KVM_ATTACH_BPF _IOR(KVMIO, 0x10E, uintptr_t)
#define KVM_DETACH_BPF _IOR(KVMIO, 0x110, int)
/* APIs */
#define IOCTL_TF_PY_CMD 0x54
#define IOCTL_TF_PY_CALLBACK 0x55
#endif
|
package app.creatures;
import app.Treasure;
public class Villager extends Creature {
//CONSTRUCTORS
public Villager(){
super("Villager");
}
public Villager(String name){
super(name);
}
public Villager(String name, int health){
super(name, health);
}
public Villager(String name, Treasure t){
super(name, t);
}
@Override
public void attack() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
}
|
#include "tcl++/core/List.h"
#include "tcl++/core/Interp.h"
#include "tcl++/core/String.h"
#include <catch2/catch.hpp>
SCENARIO("List base operations", "[list]") {
GIVEN("An initial Tcl list") {
tcl::Interp interp;
tcl::List l;
REQUIRE(l.size() == 0);
WHEN("iterated over") {
REQUIRE(std::distance(l.begin(), l.end()) == std::ptrdiff_t(0));
}
WHEN("reversily iterated over") {
REQUIRE(std::distance(l.rbegin(), l.rend()) == std::ptrdiff_t(0));
}
WHEN("elements appended") {
l.append("appended").append("elements");
THEN("Size and string representation change") {
CHECK(l.size() == 2);
REQUIRE(l.getStringRep() == "appended elements");
}
WHEN("iterated over") {
REQUIRE(std::distance(l.begin(), l.end()) == 2);
auto it = l.begin();
REQUIRE(it->getStringRep() == "appended");
REQUIRE((++it)->getStringRep() == "elements");
}
}
WHEN("other lists appended") {
auto l2 = tcl::List().append("single_element");
auto l3 = tcl::List().append("multiple").append("elements");
l.append(l2).append(l3);
THEN("Size and string representation change") {
CHECK(l.size() == 2);
REQUIRE(l.getStringRep() == "single_element {multiple elements}");
}
WHEN("iterated over (nested)") {
REQUIRE(std::distance(l.begin(), l.end()) == 2);
REQUIRE(l.begin()->getStringRep() == "single_element");
auto l2 = std::next(l.begin())->as<tcl::List>();
REQUIRE(l2.begin()->getStringRep() == "multiple");
REQUIRE(std::prev(l2.end(), 2)->getStringRep() == "multiple");
REQUIRE(std::next(l2.begin())->getStringRep() == "elements");
REQUIRE(std::prev(l2.end())->getStringRep() == "elements");
}
WHEN("reversely iterated over (nested)") {
REQUIRE(std::distance(l.rbegin(), l.rend()) == 2);
REQUIRE(l.rbegin()->getStringRep() == "multiple elements");
REQUIRE(std::next(l.rbegin())->getStringRep() == "single_element");
auto l2 = l.rbegin()->as<tcl::List>();
REQUIRE(l2.rbegin()->getStringRep() == "elements");
REQUIRE(std::prev(l2.rend(), 2)->getStringRep() == "elements");
REQUIRE(std::next(l2.rbegin())->getStringRep() == "multiple");
REQUIRE(std::prev(l2.rend())->getStringRep() == "multiple");
}
}
WHEN("spliced with other list") {
auto other = tcl::List().append("underlying").append("elements");
auto to_splice = tcl::List().append("several").append(other).append("inside");
l.splice(to_splice);
THEN("Size and string representation change") {
CHECK(l.size() == 3);
REQUIRE(l.getStringRep() == "several {underlying elements} inside");
}
WHEN("iterated over (nested)") {
REQUIRE(std::distance(l.begin(), l.end()) == 3);
REQUIRE(l.begin()->getStringRep() == "several");
auto l2 = std::next(l.begin())->as<tcl::List>();
REQUIRE(l2.begin()->getStringRep() == "underlying");
REQUIRE(std::next(l2.begin())->getStringRep() == "elements");
REQUIRE(std::next(l.begin(), 2)->getStringRep() == "inside");
}
}
}
}
|
import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';
import { FormBuilder, Validators } from '@angular/forms';
import { MAT_DIALOG_DATA, MatDialogRef, MatSnackBar } from '@angular/material';
import { GamingCurrencyRateService } from './gaming-currency-rate.service';
@Component({
selector: 'fury-gaming-currency-rate-dialog-component',
templateUrl: './gaming-currency-rate-dialog.component.html',
})
export class GamingCurrencyRateDialogComponent {
form = this.fb.group({
gold: ['', Validators.required],
});
constructor(
@Inject(MAT_DIALOG_DATA) public data: any,
private dialogRef: MatDialogRef<GamingCurrencyRateDialogComponent>,
private snackBar: MatSnackBar,
private fb: FormBuilder,
private gamingCurrencyRateService: GamingCurrencyRateService,
) {
}
close() {
this.form.reset();
this.dialogRef.close();
}
submit() {
const formData = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(this.form.value));
this.gamingCurrencyRateService.postData(formData).subscribe(() => {
this.form.reset();
this.snackBar.open('Изменено');
this.dialogRef.close('reload');
}, error => {
this.snackBar.open(error.message, error.name);
});
}
}
|
// createPlanForLookupJoin creates a distributed plan for a lookupJoinNode.
// Note that this is a separate code path from the experimental path which
// converts joins to lookup joins.
func (dsp *DistSQLPlanner) createPlanForLookupJoin(
planCtx *PlanningCtx, n *lookupJoinNode,
) (PhysicalPlan, error) {
plan, err := dsp.createPlanForNode(planCtx, n.input)
if err != nil {
return PhysicalPlan{}, err
}
joinReaderSpec := execinfrapb.JoinReaderSpec{
Table: *n.table.desc.TableDesc(),
Type: n.joinType,
Visibility: n.table.colCfg.visibility.toDistSQLScanVisibility(),
}
joinReaderSpec.IndexIdx, err = getIndexIdx(n.table)
if err != nil {
return PhysicalPlan{}, err
}
joinReaderSpec.LookupColumns = make([]uint32, len(n.eqCols))
for i, col := range n.eqCols {
if plan.PlanToStreamColMap[col] == -1 {
panic("lookup column not in planToStreamColMap")
}
joinReaderSpec.LookupColumns[i] = uint32(plan.PlanToStreamColMap[col])
}
joinReaderSpec.LookupColumnsAreKey = n.eqColsAreKey
numLeftCols := len(plan.ResultTypes)
numOutCols := numLeftCols + len(n.table.cols)
post := execinfrapb.PostProcessSpec{Projection: true}
post.OutputColumns = make([]uint32, numOutCols)
types := make([]types.T, numOutCols)
for i := 0; i < numLeftCols; i++ {
types[i] = plan.ResultTypes[i]
post.OutputColumns[i] = uint32(i)
}
for i := range n.table.cols {
types[numLeftCols+i] = n.table.cols[i].Type
ord := tableOrdinal(n.table.desc, n.table.cols[i].ID, n.table.colCfg.visibility)
post.OutputColumns[numLeftCols+i] = uint32(numLeftCols + ord)
}
numInputNodeCols := len(planColumns(n.input))
planToStreamColMap := makePlanToStreamColMap(numInputNodeCols + len(n.table.cols))
copy(planToStreamColMap, plan.PlanToStreamColMap)
for i := range n.table.cols {
planToStreamColMap[numInputNodeCols+i] = numLeftCols + i
}
if n.onCond != nil {
indexVarMap := makePlanToStreamColMap(numInputNodeCols + len(n.table.cols))
copy(indexVarMap, plan.PlanToStreamColMap)
for i := range n.table.cols {
indexVarMap[numInputNodeCols+i] = int(post.OutputColumns[numLeftCols+i])
}
var err error
joinReaderSpec.OnExpr, err = physicalplan.MakeExpression(
n.onCond, planCtx, indexVarMap,
)
if err != nil {
return PhysicalPlan{}, err
}
}
if n.joinType == sqlbase.LeftSemiJoin || n.joinType == sqlbase.LeftAntiJoin {
planToStreamColMap = planToStreamColMap[:numInputNodeCols]
post.OutputColumns = post.OutputColumns[:numInputNodeCols]
types = types[:numInputNodeCols]
}
plan.AddNoGroupingStage(
execinfrapb.ProcessorCoreUnion{JoinReader: &joinReaderSpec},
post,
types,
dsp.convertOrdering(planReqOrdering(n), planToStreamColMap),
)
plan.PlanToStreamColMap = planToStreamColMap
return plan, nil
}
|
/**
* constructs a DBObject with statistics for the file that was loaded.
* NOTE: This method can only be called once a VCF file is uploaded into the TEMPDIR (e.g. /tmp) with the error file next to it in
* the same directory
* @param workspace
*/
public DBObject constructStatsObject(String workspace, HashMap<String,Long> context) throws IOException {
DBObject stats = new BasicDBObject();
String errorFile = VCFErrorFileUtils.getLoadErrorFilePath(workspace);
File f = new File(errorFile.replaceAll("\\.errors$",""));
long filesize = 0;
if(f.exists()){
filesize = f.length();
}
stats.put("VCF_FILE_SIZE", filesize);
for(String key : context.keySet()){
stats.put(key, context.get(key));
}
ErrorStats estats = VCFErrorFileUtils.calculateErrorStatistics(workspace);
stats.put("ERRORS", (long) estats.getErrors());
stats.put("WARNINGS", (long) estats.getWarnings());
return stats;
}
|
package modules
import (
"github.com/graphql-go/graphql"
)
var PersonType = graphql.NewObject(graphql.ObjectConfig{
Name: "Person",
Fields: graphql.Fields{
"id": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.ID),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.ID, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
"name": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.Name, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
"email": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.Email, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
"title": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.Title, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
"description": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.Description, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
"location": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.Location, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
"picture": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.Picture, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
"githuburl": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.GithubURL, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
"linkedinurl": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.String),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.LinkedInURL, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
"startdate": &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.Int),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface{}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return person.StartDate, nil
}
return nil, nil
},
},
},
})
func init() {
PersonType.AddFieldConfig("person", &graphql.Field{
Type: PersonType,
Args: graphql.FieldConfigArgument{
"id": &graphql.ArgumentConfig{
Description: "Person ID",
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.ID),
},
},
})
PersonType.AddFieldConfig("skills", &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(SkillType))),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface {}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return GetPersonsSkillsByID(person.ID)
}
return nil, nil
},
})
PersonType.AddFieldConfig("projects", &graphql.Field{
Type: graphql.NewNonNull(graphql.NewList(graphql.NewNonNull(ProjectType))),
Resolve: func(p graphql.ResolveParams) (interface {}, error) {
if person, ok := p.Source.(*Person); ok == true {
return GetPersonsProjectsByID(person.ID)
}
return nil, nil
},
})
}
|
<gh_stars>10-100
#include "blowfish_cbc.h"
int
encrypt_string_cbc (const char *key, const char *str, char *dest, int len)
{
BF_KEY bf_key;
unsigned char ivec[BF_BLOCK] = {0};
BIO *l_mem = NULL, *l_b64 = NULL;
int ret = -1;
if (!key || !key[0])
return 0;
BF_set_key (&bf_key, strlen (key), (const unsigned char *) key);
l_b64 = BIO_new(BIO_f_base64());
if(!l_b64) {
goto fail;
}
BIO_set_flags(l_b64, BIO_FLAGS_BASE64_NO_NL);
l_mem = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
if(!l_mem) {
goto fail;
}
l_b64 = BIO_push(l_b64, l_mem);
{
/* for some f*cked up reason, Mircryption's CBC blowfish does not use an
explicit IV, but prepends 8 bytes of random data to the actual string
instead, so we have to do this too... */
unsigned char block[BF_BLOCK] = {0};
RAND_bytes(block, sizeof(block));
BF_cbc_encrypt(block, block, BF_BLOCK, &bf_key, ivec, BF_ENCRYPT);
if(BIO_write(l_b64, block, sizeof(block)) != sizeof(block)) {
goto fail;
}
}
while (len > 0)
{
const size_t blocksize = len < 8 ? len : BF_BLOCK;
unsigned char block[BF_BLOCK] = { 0 }; /* pad with zero */
memcpy (block, str, blocksize);
BF_cbc_encrypt(block, block, BF_BLOCK, &bf_key, ivec, BF_ENCRYPT);
if(BIO_write(l_b64, block, sizeof(block)) != sizeof(block)) {
goto fail;
}
len -= blocksize;
str += blocksize;
}
BUF_MEM *l_ptr = NULL;
BIO_flush(l_b64);
BIO_get_mem_ptr(l_b64, &l_ptr);
memcpy(dest, l_ptr->data, l_ptr->length);
dest[l_ptr->length] = 0;
ret = 1;
fail:
if(l_b64) {
BIO_free_all(l_b64);
}
return ret;
}
int
decrypt_string_cbc (const char *key, const char *str, char *dest, int len)
{
BF_KEY bf_key;
BIO *l_b64 = NULL;
int ret = -1;
unsigned char ivec[BF_BLOCK] = {0};
unsigned char block[BF_BLOCK] = {0};
char * dest_begin = dest;
int inlen = 0;
/* Pad encoded string with 0 bits in case it's bogus */
if (!key || !key[0])
return 0;
BF_set_key (&bf_key, strlen (key), (const unsigned char *) key);
l_b64 = BIO_new(BIO_f_base64());
if(!l_b64) {
goto fail;
}
BIO_set_flags(l_b64, BIO_FLAGS_BASE64_NO_NL);
BIO *l_mem = BIO_new_mem_buf((char *)str, len);
if(!l_mem) {
goto fail;
}
l_b64 = BIO_push(l_b64, l_mem);
while ((inlen = BIO_read(l_b64, block, sizeof(block))) > 0)
{
if(inlen != BF_BLOCK) {
ret *= -1;
break;
}
BF_cbc_encrypt(block, block, BF_BLOCK, &bf_key, ivec, BF_DECRYPT);
memcpy (dest, block, BF_BLOCK);
dest += BF_BLOCK;
}
*dest++ = 0;
// get rid of first 8 bytes
memmove(dest_begin, dest_begin + BF_BLOCK, strlen(dest_begin + BF_BLOCK) + 1);
ret *= -1;
fail:
if(l_b64) {
BIO_free_all(l_b64);
}
return ret;
}
|
def run_notebook(owner: str, slug: str, executor_name: str, output_dir_path: str,
docker_image_url: Optional[str] = None,
timeout: Optional[int] = None,
**executor_kwargs):
if executor_name not in get_available_executors():
raise ValueError(f"Executor {executor_name} not found. Executor must be one of {get_available_executors()}")
if executor_name == "simple_executor":
from databutler.mining.kaggle.execution.simple_executor import SimpleExecutor
executor = SimpleExecutor
elif executor_name == "pandas_miner":
from databutler.mining.kaggle.dynamic_analysis.pandas_mining.miner import PandasMiner
executor = PandasMiner
elif executor_name == "plotly_miner":
from databutler.mining.kaggle.dynamic_analysis.plotly_mining.miner import PlotlyMiner
executor = PlotlyMiner
elif executor_name == "mpl_seaborn_viz_miner":
from databutler.mining.kaggle.dynamic_analysis.mpl_seaborn_mining.miner import MplSeabornVizMiner
executor = MplSeabornVizMiner
else:
assert False
notebook = KaggleNotebook(owner, slug)
result = executor.run_notebook(notebook,
output_dir_path=output_dir_path,
docker_image_url=docker_image_url,
timeout=timeout,
**executor_kwargs)
if result.status == NotebookExecStatus.SUCCESS:
print("Notebook execution succeeded.")
elif result.status == NotebookExecStatus.ERROR:
print("Notebook execution errored out.")
print("Error message:")
print(result.msg)
elif result.status == NotebookExecStatus.TIMEOUT:
print("Notebook execution timed out.")
if os.path.exists(executor.get_stdout_log_path(output_dir_path)):
print("STDOUT:")
with open(executor.get_stdout_log_path(output_dir_path), "r") as f:
print(f.read())
print("----------------")
if os.path.exists(executor.get_stderr_log_path(output_dir_path)):
print("STDERR:")
with open(executor.get_stderr_log_path(output_dir_path), "r") as f:
print(f.read())
print("----------------")
|
// StartContainer starts a container.
func (r *runtimeVM) StartContainer(ctx context.Context, c *Container) error {
log.Debugf(ctx, "RuntimeVM.StartContainer() start")
defer log.Debugf(ctx, "RuntimeVM.StartContainer() end")
c.opLock.Lock()
defer c.opLock.Unlock()
if err := r.start(c.ID(), ""); err != nil {
return err
}
c.state.Started = time.Now()
go func() {
_, err := r.wait(c.ID(), "")
if err == nil {
if err1 := r.updateContainerStatus(ctx, c); err1 != nil {
log.Warnf(ctx, "Error updating container status %v", err1)
}
} else {
log.Warnf(ctx, "Wait for %s returned: %v", c.ID(), err)
}
}()
return nil
}
|
# 累積計算
from itertools import product
if __name__ == "__main__":
while True:
try:
col = 0
n = int(input())
#print(n)
if n > 36:
print(0)
else:
for a, b, c, d in product(range(0, 10), repeat=4):
if a + b + c + d == n:
col += 1
else:
pass
print(col)
except EOFError:
break # escape from while loop
pass
#
|
The modern courtship ritual is a delicate machine with billions of interworking parts, each requiring a precise application of force and motion. Push when you should pull, rotate when you should flip, jiggle when you should slide, and the entire elaborate mechanism explodes like the end of Chicken Run. You cannot rely on your instincts, for your neuro-circuitry is wired for caveman mating, not the intricate minutiae of 21st century pretty lady interaction. You must strategize carefully. Buy a Moleskine notebook and formulate your tactics in lush detail. Hide the Moleskine notebook where she will never find it, can never find it, or better yet, encode your plans like Da Vinci. You are the sovereign of your romantic destiny. You can manipulate fate through careful preparation.
When you see her at the bar, do not approach; girls are easily startled and might dart into tiny holes in the floor if frightened. Instead, stare at her from across the room with a blank unreadable expression, sucking down Kahlua with an intensity that suggests mystery and depth. As she moves through the bar, adjust your location so you’re always in her field of view, ever watchful like Uatu the Watcher — silent, patient. Over the course of two or three hours, your face will subconsciously imprint on her. When she falls asleep, your blank expression will hover in space, wreathed in galaxies, whispering sweet, possibly terrible things.
After a few minutes of staring, go to the bathroom and do a quick ten pushups on the wet floor. Moisten your fingers and modify your hair into a fastidiously disheveled structure to project indifference. When you pee, speculate on your penis’s appeal. Is it an appealing penis? Would this penis appeal to you if you were a lady? Does it conform to pornography’s standard aesthetic model? If it does not, descend into a state of panicked self-loathing for a period no longer than ten minutes. Loneliness, as we’ve learned from movies and television, can’t possibly last forever, simply can’t last forever.
Buy a drink and send it to her through a nonthreatening intermediary, but do not let her know who bought the drink. Secrecy will magnify your allure. Also include money — maybe ten to fifteen dollars — with the drink; girls require gifts before they’ll entertain conversations with strangers. She’ll see the money and wonder, Is this from a wealthy sleazebag of mystery like Christian Grey or Booth Jonathan? Perhaps he wears a cape and has a cane sword.
Just as the bar’s closing, emerge unexpectedly out of the darkness and initiate conversation with a well-crafted icebreaker. Gaze through her pupils, through her brain goop, deep into her soul cavity, and say, “HEY WHERE ARE YOU GOING WHAT ARE YOU DOING WHO ARE YOU WHAT UH WHAT UH WHAT UH WHAT UH YOU LIKE MUSIC?” If she giggles, you may proceed further, but if she frowns and turns to the nearest female associate, back away into the darkness, for like a temperamental hippogriff, she has rejected your advances.
During the conversation, compliment her physical and mental characteristics in a casual way, hinting at bathypelagic depths of feeling where bioluminescent viperfish devour phytoplankton. Grasp hold of her hair and comment on its loveliness. Or if she’s wearing glasses, snatch them from her face and put them on while commenting on their stylishness. Hand her a candy bar from your pocket and imply you have many more candy bars. Your only goal is to obtain a first and last name, then conclude the verbal engagement because this signals the next stage of flirting: Facebook.
At last, you’ve reached the easy part. Once you have access to her Facebook, like every status, every photo, and every link, but do not comment or send a message because that would be too obtrusive, too unsettling; flirting requires a light deft touch like a finger grazing the hairs on the back of someone’s neck. When you update your status, include her in a long list of names to whom it’s addressed. Any events, parties, shows — invite her, along with every other Facebook friend. Distill your essence into a seed and plant that seed in her mind. Grow the seed through steady indirect Facebook interaction, until it blossoms into a message or a comment, and by then, a long and passionate relationship is inevitable.
Of course, there are ways to speed the process: whisper her name to flowers and trees; carve her face into a mountain side; write a flirty note and bury it deep underground; plunge your head into the ocean and describe her to the fish; or telepathically beam your flirts into the cosmos. The universe, faced with this constant hysterical neediness, will manifest total fulfillment of your needs. That’s how the universe works.
|
Keyword research happens to be one of the most imperative tasks in SEO. Of course, you cannot leave link building and copywriting behind but it would be a mistake to put keyword research at the last of your priorities. In fact, some experts believe that this should come first. When creating affiliate sites, you might find a great deal of importance in selecting which keywords to employ and what competition levels to expect with this imperative. This area of search engine optimization can be really tricky for some.
What is keyword research
We are talking about a process of looking for words or phrases that people often use to search for something online. This concept is backed up by a psychological understanding that what we type into the search boxes of search engines is not a product of random thought but rather an effect of our background, say language and habits. The way we search depends upon certain patterns and most people associate their searches with what’s popular—fads, latest gadgets, news stories, education and recent developments in fashion and technology.
Like most of the processes encompassed in SEO, keyword research is not a one-off technique that is employed just at the start because the way people search Google or Yahoo changes over time. As new developments, discoveries, improvements, products, and news arise, so do keywords. And because of this, the search for new effective keywords is a weekly task. When understood in the right depth, the set of keywords for a given website gives a thorough understanding of the behavior of people who belong to your market. This knowledge is worth a fortune for website owners who place incremental website traffic at the top of their priorities.
Throwing a whole bunch of related keywords on a page doesn’t work either because people are the soul judges of your content in the end. That’s why link bait get’s such a good wrap. It’s a whole other article and while I’m thinking on it, here’s a link to more on link bait.
How search volume of keywords affect SEO
Some groups of words are more popular than others. That is, they are being searched more often on Google, for instance. When you look for popular key terms and phrases, you are given a list of items and their corresponding search volume on a particular search engine. Now, this gives you an idea about what words to optimize on. But there’s another problem, popular key phrases are used by many websites, which also rank their pages using those terms. This is where the competition lies, and it’s your job to make sure you stand a chance against competing websites. In a number of cases, new websites may evade a big deal of competition by opting for the next few popular keywords or long tail keyword phrases to have a better chance at ranking higher. All these considerations can make search engine optimization a taxing process.
What factors influence the effectiveness of a keyword or key phrase
1. Volume of searches – General and broad terms usually have high search volumes because people begin their search typing general terms like chocolate, lingerie, wrist watches, perfumes, etc. While many people key in these words, by this time, so many companies have exploited these terms; and if you are to use them for your own website, you would be up against a great deal of competition. The more reasonable option is to check out the next terms on the list.
2. Number or volume of title tags and anchor text wherein the keyword appears – This is another crucial factor in discerning which terms to use. Generally, the higher the search volume of a keyword, the more webpages would certainly contain that keyword. When there are too many web pages that use the keyword, you also would be facing tough competition with that key term. However, there are terms that are often looked up by many people but aren’t yet extensively used in different content pages.
3. Your target market profile – Being the business person that you are, you should be concerned about the kind of market you have even if you are doing your business online. This is an important consideration. The keywords to use depend on your target market since certain groups of people would tend to look for certain items, products, services, and information.
…hope that was helpful to someone,
Ray Baker
|
/*
* CTxtPtr::GetPch(&cchValid)
*
* @mfunc
* return a character pointer to the text at this text pointer
*
* @rdesc
* a pointer to an array of characters. May be NULL. If non-null,
* then cchValid is guaranteed to be at least 1
*/
const TCHAR * CTxtPtr::GetPch(
LONG & cchValid) const
{
TRACEBEGIN(TRCSUBSYSBACK, TRCSCOPEINTERN, "CTxtPtr::GetPch");
LONG ich = _ich;
TCHAR * pchBase;
CTxtBlk * ptb = IsValid() ? GetRun(0) : NULL;
cchValid = 0;
if(!ptb)
return NULL;
if(_ich == ptb->_cch)
{
if(_iRun < Count() - 1)
{
ptb = GetRun(1);
ich = 0;
}
else
return NULL;
}
AssertSz(CbOfCch(ich) <= ptb->_cbBlock,
"CTxtPtr::GetPch(): _ich bigger than block");
pchBase = ptb->_pch + ich;
if(CbOfCch(ich) >= ptb->_ibGap)
{
pchBase += CchOfCb(ptb->_cbBlock) - ptb->_cch;
cchValid = ptb->_cch - ich;
}
else
{
cchValid = CchOfCb(ptb->_ibGap) - ich;
}
AssertSz(cchValid > 0 && GetCp() + cchValid <= GetTextLength(),
"CTxtPtr::GetPch: illegal cchValid");
return pchBase;
}
|
<filename>identity-iota/src/tangle/receipt.rs<gh_stars>0
// Copyright 2020-2021 <NAME>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
use serde;
use serde::Deserialize;
use serde::Serialize;
use crate::tangle::Message;
use crate::tangle::MessageId;
use crate::tangle::Network;
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Deserialize, Serialize)]
pub struct Receipt {
network: Network,
#[serde(rename = "messageId")]
message_id: MessageId,
#[serde(rename = "networkId")]
network_id: u64,
nonce: u64,
}
impl Receipt {
pub(crate) fn new(network: Network, message: Message) -> Self {
Self {
network,
message_id: message.id().0,
network_id: message.network_id(),
nonce: message.nonce(),
}
}
/// Returns the associated IOTA Tangle `Network`.
pub fn network(&self) -> Network {
self.network.clone()
}
/// Returns the message `id`.
pub fn message_id(&self) -> &MessageId {
&self.message_id
}
/// Returns the message `network_id`.
pub fn network_id(&self) -> u64 {
self.network_id
}
/// Returns the message `nonce`.
pub fn nonce(&self) -> u64 {
self.nonce
}
}
impl From<Receipt> for MessageId {
fn from(other: Receipt) -> MessageId {
other.message_id
}
}
|
/**
* Temporarily disables auto-restarting of the plugin's webserver when certificate changes are detected.
*
* @param pause The duration for which certificate changes are ignored.
*/
public synchronized void pauseAutoRestartEnabled(final Duration pause) {
setAutoRestartEnabled(false);
if (reenableTask != null) {
TaskEngine.getInstance().cancelScheduledTask(reenableTask);
}
reenableTask = new TimerTask() {
@Override
public void run() {
setAutoRestartEnabled(true);
}
};
TaskEngine.getInstance().schedule(reenableTask, pause);
}
|
import { classScopingMode } from './classScopingMode';
const hasTransformable = /\b(?=[A-Z])/g;
const noConflictCache: any = {};
const legacyCache: any = {};
function prefixSingle(scopedStyle: string): string {
const { noConflict } = classScopingMode;
const cache = noConflict ? noConflictCache : legacyCache;
if (cache[scopedStyle]) {
return cache[scopedStyle];
}
const prefixed = scopedStyle.replace(hasTransformable, 'vkui');
const resolved = noConflict || scopedStyle === prefixed ? prefixed : prefixed + ' ' + scopedStyle;
cache[scopedStyle] = resolved;
return resolved;
}
export function prefixClass(scopedStyle?: string | string[]) {
let resolved = '';
if (typeof scopedStyle === 'string') {
resolved = prefixSingle(scopedStyle);
} else {
for (let i = 0; i < scopedStyle.length; i++) {
resolved += ' ' + prefixSingle(scopedStyle[i]);
}
}
return resolved;
}
|
def create_hanger(self):
halfEdge = np.array([0.15, 0.8, 0.15])
center = np.array([0., 0., 0.])
quat = np.array([1., 0., 0., 0.])
pyflex.add_box(halfEdge, center, quat)
pyflex.add_box(halfEdge, center, quat)
|
/*
* Copyright (C) 2019 Alexei Bezborodov
*
* This file is subject to the terms and conditions of the GNU Lesser
* General Public License v2.1. See the file LICENSE in the top level
* directory for more details.
*/
/**
* @ingroup cpu_stm32
* @{
* @file
* @brief Low-level RTC driver implementation for STM32F1
*
* @author Alexei Bezborodov <[email protected]>
* @}
*/
#include <time.h>
#include "cpu.h"
#include "periph/rtc.h"
#define ENABLE_DEBUG 0
#include "debug.h"
#define EXTI_IMR_BIT (EXTI_IMR_MR17)
#define EXTI_FTSR_BIT (EXTI_FTSR_TR17)
#define EXTI_RTSR_BIT (EXTI_RTSR_TR17)
#define EXTI_PR_BIT (EXTI_PR_PR17)
static struct {
rtc_alarm_cb_t cb; /**< callback called from RTC interrupt */
void *arg; /**< argument passed to the callback */
} isr_ctx;
static void _rtc_enter_config_mode(void)
{
/* disable backup domain write protection */
PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_DBP;
/* wait until the RTOFF bit is 1 (no RTC register writes ongoing). */
while ((RTC->CRL & RTC_CRL_RTOFF) == 0) {}
/* enter configuration mode. */
RTC->CRL |= RTC_CRL_CNF;
}
static void _rtc_exit_config_mode(void)
{
/* exit configuration mode. */
RTC->CRL &= ~RTC_CRL_CNF;
/* wait until the RTOFF bit is 1 (our RTC register write finished). */
while ((RTC->CRL & RTC_CRL_RTOFF) == 0) {}
/* disable backup domain write protection */
PWR->CR &= ~PWR_CR_DBP;
}
static bool _is_rtc_enable(void)
{
return ((RCC->BDCR & RCC_BDCR_RTCEN) == RCC_BDCR_RTCEN);
}
static void _rtc_config(void)
{
DEBUG("[RTC] config\n");
/* enable APB1 clocks */
RCC->APB1ENR |= RCC_APB1ENR_PWREN | RCC_APB1ENR_BKPEN;
/* disable backup domain write protection */
PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_DBP;
/* resets the entire backup domain */
RCC->BDCR |= RCC_BDCR_BDRST;
/* reset not activated */
RCC->BDCR &= ~RCC_BDCR_BDRST;
/* oscillator clock used as RTC clock */
RCC->BDCR |= RCC_BDCR_RTCEN | RCC_BDCR_RTCSEL_LSE;
/* turn on LSE crystal */
RCC->BDCR |= RCC_BDCR_LSEON;
while ((RCC->BDCR & RCC_BDCR_LSEON) != RCC_BDCR_LSEON) {}
/* calibration clock from 0 to 0x7F */
BKP->RTCCR |= 0;
/* second interrupt is disabled. */
RTC->CRH &= ~RTC_CRH_SECIE;
_rtc_enter_config_mode();
/* if the input clock frequency (fRTCCLK) is 32.768 kHz, write 7FFFh in this register to get a signal period of 1 second. */
RTC->PRLH = 0;
RTC->PRLL = 0x7FFF;
_rtc_exit_config_mode();
/* wait registers synchronize flag */
RTC->CRL &= (uint16_t)~RTC_CRL_RSF;
while((RTC->CRL & RTC_CRL_RSF) != RTC_CRL_RSF) {}
/* disable backup domain write protection */
PWR->CR &= ~PWR_CR_DBP;
/* configure the EXTI channel, as RTC interrupts are routed through it.
* Needs to be configured to trigger on rising edges. */
EXTI->FTSR &= ~(EXTI_FTSR_BIT);
EXTI->RTSR |= EXTI_RTSR_BIT;
EXTI->IMR |= EXTI_IMR_BIT;
EXTI->PR |= EXTI_PR_BIT;
/* enable global RTC interrupt */
NVIC_EnableIRQ(RTC_Alarm_IRQn);
}
static uint32_t _rtc_get_time(void)
{
return (RTC->CNTH << 16) | RTC->CNTL;
}
static void _rtc_set_time(uint32_t counter_val)
{
_rtc_enter_config_mode();
RTC->CNTH = (counter_val & 0xffff0000) >> 16;
RTC->CNTL = counter_val & 0x0000ffff;
_rtc_exit_config_mode();
}
void rtc_init(void)
{
/* save current time if RTC already works */
bool is_rtc_enable = _is_rtc_enable();
uint32_t cur_time = 0;
if (is_rtc_enable) {
cur_time = _rtc_get_time();
}
/* config RTC */
_rtc_config();
/* restore current time after config */
if (is_rtc_enable) {
_rtc_set_time(cur_time);
}
}
int rtc_set_time(struct tm *time)
{
uint32_t timestamp = rtc_mktime(time);
_rtc_set_time(timestamp);
DEBUG("%s timestamp=%"PRIu32"\n", __func__, timestamp);
return 0;
}
int rtc_get_time(struct tm *time)
{
uint32_t timestamp = _rtc_get_time();
rtc_localtime(timestamp, time);
DEBUG("%s timestamp=%"PRIu32"\n", __func__, timestamp);
return 0;
}
static void _rtc_enable_alarm(void)
{
/* clear alarm flag */
RTC->CRL &= ~RTC_CRL_ALRF;
_rtc_enter_config_mode();
RTC->CRH |= (RTC_CRH_ALRIE);
_rtc_exit_config_mode();
}
static void _rtc_disable_alarm(void)
{
_rtc_enter_config_mode();
RTC->CRH &= ~RTC_CRH_ALRIE;
_rtc_exit_config_mode();
}
static uint32_t _rtc_get_alarm_time(void)
{
return (RTC->ALRH << 16) | RTC->ALRL;
}
static void _rtc_set_alarm_time(uint32_t alarm_time)
{
_rtc_enter_config_mode();
RTC->ALRL = (alarm_time & 0x0000ffff);
RTC->ALRH = (alarm_time & 0xffff0000) >> 16;
_rtc_exit_config_mode();
}
int rtc_set_alarm(struct tm *time, rtc_alarm_cb_t cb, void *arg)
{
uint32_t timestamp = rtc_mktime(time);
/* disable existing alarm (if enabled) */
rtc_clear_alarm();
/* save callback and argument */
isr_ctx.cb = cb;
isr_ctx.arg = arg;
/* set wakeup time */
_rtc_set_alarm_time(timestamp);
/* enable Alarm */
_rtc_enable_alarm();
DEBUG("%s timestamp=%"PRIu32"\n", __func__, timestamp);
return 0;
}
int rtc_get_alarm(struct tm *time)
{
uint32_t timestamp = _rtc_get_alarm_time();
rtc_localtime(timestamp, time);
DEBUG("%s timestamp=%"PRIu32"\n", __func__, timestamp);
return 0;
}
void rtc_clear_alarm(void)
{
_rtc_disable_alarm();
isr_ctx.cb = NULL;
isr_ctx.arg = NULL;
}
void rtc_poweron(void)
{
/* RTC is always on */
return;
}
void rtc_poweroff(void)
{
/* RTC is always on */
return;
}
void isr_rtc_alarm(void)
{
if (RTC->CRL & RTC_CRL_ALRF) {
if (isr_ctx.cb != NULL) {
isr_ctx.cb(isr_ctx.arg);
}
RTC->CRL &= ~RTC_CRL_ALRF;
}
EXTI->PR |= EXTI_PR_BIT;
cortexm_isr_end();
}
|
<filename>src/main/java/frc/robot/RobotContainer.java<gh_stars>0
// Copyright (c) FIRST and other WPILib contributors.
// Open Source Software; you can modify and/or share it under the terms of
// the WPILib BSD license file in the root directory of this project.
package frc.robot;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.GenericHID;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.GenericHID.Hand;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.XboxController;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.XboxController.Button;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj2.command.Command;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj2.command.button.JoystickButton;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj2.command.button.Trigger;
import frc.robot.config.Config;
import frc.robot.setup.Hardware;
import frc.robot.subsystems.DriveTrainSubsystem;
import frc.robot.subsystems.IntakeSubsystem;
import io.github.oblarg.oblog.Logger;
import java.util.function.BooleanSupplier;
/**
* This class is where the bulk of the robot should be declared. Since Command-based is a
* "declarative" paradigm, very little robot logic should actually be handled in the {@link Robot}
* periodic methods (other than the scheduler calls). Instead, the structure of the robot (including
* subsystems, commands, and button mappings) should be declared here.
*/
public class RobotContainer {
private final DriveTrainSubsystem driveSubsystem;
private final IntakeSubsystem intakeSubsystem = new IntakeSubsystem();
private final Hardware hardware;
private final Config config;
/** The container for the robot. Contains subsystems, OI devices, and commands. */
public RobotContainer(Config cfg, Hardware hardware) {
Logger.configureLoggingAndConfig(this, false);
this.hardware = hardware;
this.config = cfg;
this.driveSubsystem = this.hardware.TrainHardware.DriveTrainSubsystem;
// Configure the button bindings
configureButtonBindings(this.hardware.DriverController, this.hardware.GunnerController);
// Configure default commands
// Set the default drive command to split-stick arcade drive
driveSubsystem.setDefaultCommand(this.hardware.TrainHardware.DefaultCommand);
}
/**
* Use this method to define your button->command mappings. Buttons can be created by
* instantiating a {@link GenericHID} or one of its subclasses ({@link
* edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.Joystick} or {@link XboxController}), and then passing it to a {@link
* edu.wpi.first.wpilibj2.command.button.JoystickButton}.
*/
private void configureButtonBindings(XboxController driver, XboxController gunner) {
new JoystickButton(driver, Button.kBumperLeft.value)
.whenPressed(() -> intakeSubsystem.Deploy())
.whenReleased(() -> intakeSubsystem.Retract());
BooleanSupplier driverLeftTrigger =
() -> driver.getTriggerAxis(Hand.kLeft) >= config.Driver.triggerSensitivity;
new Trigger(driverLeftTrigger)
.whenActive(() -> intakeSubsystem.IntakeCells(true))
.whenInactive(() -> intakeSubsystem.IntakeCells(false));
BooleanSupplier driverRightTrigger =
() -> driver.getTriggerAxis(Hand.kRight) >= config.Driver.triggerSensitivity;
new Trigger(driverRightTrigger)
.whenActive(() -> intakeSubsystem.EjectCells(true))
.whenInactive(() -> intakeSubsystem.EjectCells(false));
}
/**
* Use this to pass the autonomous command to the main {@link Robot} class.
*
* @return the command to run in autonomous
*/
public Command getAutonomousCommand() {
return null;
}
}
|
This slightly confuses me from Paul Krugman. OK, he's a much brighter guy than I am so he can confuse me pretty easily. But he's looking at what Putin is doing and calling it macroeconomic populism, or rather macroeconomic cronyism. And sure, that's what it looks like to me too. But Krugman's also thinking that this is something rare: I would argue that it's something extremely common through. Both in Russian history and also more generally. Indeed, while I don't go all the way over to Mancur Olson's ideas (well, not all the time, depends on how the liver is feeling after the night before) I would argue that it might well be the natural state of things. Depends on how severe your definitions are I suspect.
Here's Krugman:
There is, however, one interesting difference. The stories Dornbusch and Edwards analyzed, the issues of Latin America today, involved governments that really were trying to help the poor and workers with low wages. That is, they really were populist regimes, even if they didn’t end up serving the interests of their constituency. But nobody would call the Putin regime populist; he’s rejecting economics as we know it to defend a kleptocracy, not the downtrodden masses. Have there been comparable examples? I’m sure there must have been, but I can’t think of them.
And thus macroeconomic cronyism. But I think I could add a number of other examples. From Russia, the loans for shares program perhaps. Where oligarchs were able to make small loans to the government ahead of an election ,secured against state owned stock in various businesses. Everyone knowing that the loans would not be paid off and the stocks would change hands at ridiculously low prices. This was obviously cronyism, favouring the oligarchs at the expense of the public purse and the people. But perhaps we might not call that macroeconomic policy.
Or maybe we could look at the way that every British government for 50 years has been obsessed with continually rising house prices. That's definitely a macroeconomic policy. And it works because the haves, those who own property, are more likely to vote than the young who do not. While property owners in Britain aren't exactly oligarchs that's definitely macroeconomic policy favouring the wealthy and not the poor.
But I think my best example would be Nkrumah in Ghana just after independence. Exports were largely cocoa, the cocoa being grown by the rural peasantry. Imports went largely to the town dwellers and the middle classes and it was they that really voted in the elections. The peasants would be disadvantaged by a high exchange rate, the middle class benefit from one. The exchange rate (we were in a world of fixed exchange rates then) was deliberately set high in order to benefit the urban middle class and to disadvantage the rural peasantry. And that's very far from being the only example one could come up with of an FX policy like that.
Turning a bit Mancur Olson I think I would argue that wherever a government does have that sort of power, to be able to follow policies that favour one or another class, they're going to follow those that reward their own supporters. And if those supporters happen to be the urban middle class (as they often have been in developing countries) then that's who policy will favour. Sure, maybe Putin's at an extreme end of this spectrum but the basic behaviour, macroeconomic cronyism, I pretty much regard as the normal state of affairs when anyone has the power to so discriminate. Cynical, yes, but perhaps more realistic than the assumption that politicians actually try to do good all round.
|
/*********************************************************************************************************
** Function name: init
** Descriptions: init all pins
*********************************************************************************************************/
void motor_4wd::begin() {
motorSpeed1 = 0;
motorSpeed2 = 0;
motorDir1 = 0;
motorDir2 = 0;
motorState1 = STOP;
motorState2 = STOP;
PWM.init();
PWM.setPwm(9, 0, FREQPWM);
PWM.setPwm(10, 0, FREQPWM);
pinMode(PINCS, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PINM1F, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PINM1R, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PINM2F, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PINM2R, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(PINCS, LOW);
digitalWrite(PINM1F, LOW);
digitalWrite(PINM1R, LOW);
digitalWrite(PINM2F, LOW);
digitalWrite(PINM2R, LOW);
}
|
<filename>src/leetcode/set1000/set1000/set1200/set1270/p1272/solution.go<gh_stars>1-10
package p1272
func removeInterval(intervals [][]int, toBeRemoved []int) [][]int {
var res [][]int
x, y := toBeRemoved[0], toBeRemoved[1]
var i int
for i < len(intervals) && intervals[i][1] <= x {
res = append(res, intervals[i])
i++
}
if i == len(intervals) {
return res
}
// intervals[i][1] > x
if intervals[i][0] < x {
res = append(res, []int{intervals[i][0], x})
}
for i < len(intervals) && intervals[i][1] <= y {
i++
}
if i == len(intervals) {
return res
}
// intervals[i][1] > y
if intervals[i][0] < y {
res = append(res, []int{y, intervals[i][1]})
i++
}
for i < len(intervals) {
res = append(res, intervals[i])
i++
}
return res
}
|
<gh_stars>0
import { check } from 'express-validator';
export const registrationValid = [
check('formData.firstName', 'Field cannot be empty').notEmpty(),
check('formData.lastName', 'Field cannot be empty').notEmpty(),
check('formData.phone', 'Field cannot be empty').notEmpty().isNumeric().withMessage('Invalid phone number'),
check('formData.email', 'Field cannot be empty').notEmpty().isEmail().withMessage('Invalid email address'),
check('formData.password', 'Field cannot be empty').notEmpty().isLength({ min: 6 }).withMessage('The password has to be minimum 6 characters'),
check('formData.repeatPassword', 'Field cannot be empty').notEmpty().custom(async (repeatPassword, { req }) => {
const password = <PASSWORD>
if (password !== repeatPassword) {
throw new Error('Passwords must be same')
}
}),
]
export const loginValid = [
check('email', 'Field cannot be empty').notEmpty().isEmail().withMessage('Invalid email address'),
check('password', 'Field cannot be empty').notEmpty().isLength({ min: 6 }).withMessage('The password has to be minimum 6 characters'),
]
export const resetValid = [
check('email', 'Field cannot be empty').notEmpty().isEmail().withMessage('Invalid email address'),
]
|
/**
* (SAX) Invoked at the start of any document parse
*
* @exception SAXException
*/
public void startDocument() throws SAXException {
current = vocab;
outputXML.setLength( 0 );
outputXML.append( "\t" );
rewriteXML = false;
currentHeader = "";
currentFooter = "\n";
startSavingXML = false;
uiGroupLevelAt = 0;
if ( parsingDefinitions ) {
String filename = saxLocator.getSystemId().substring( 5, saxLocator.getSystemId().length() );
try {
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader( new FileReader( filename ) );
String s = null;
boolean parsingHeader = true;
boolean parsingFooter = false;
while ( ( s = in.readLine() ) != null ) {
if ( parsingHeader ) {
if ( s.indexOf( "<field" ) > -1 ) {
parsingHeader = false;
}
else {
currentHeader = currentHeader + s + "\n";
}
}
else if ( parsingFooter ) {
currentFooter = currentFooter + s + "\n";
}
else if ( s.indexOf( "</termsRecord>" ) > -1 ) {
parsingFooter = true;
}
}
}
catch ( FileNotFoundException fnfe ) {
System.err.println( "Vocab file not found - " );
System.err.println( fnfe.getClass() + " " + fnfe.getMessage() );
}
catch ( IOException ioe ) {
System.err.println( "Exception occurred reading " + filename );
System.err.println( ioe.getClass() + " " + ioe.getMessage() );
}
}
}
|
/**
* @todo should we get rid of this ConvertValidate object somehow? It's
* used in the formRenderer.
*/
private ConvertValidate _getNewConvertValidate(
String clientId
)
{
ConvertValidate convertValidateInfo = new ConvertValidate();
Map<String, List<ConvertValidate>> map = getFormValidatorsInfo(true);
List<ConvertValidate> convertValidateList = map.get(clientId);
if (convertValidateList == null)
{
convertValidateList = new ArrayList<ConvertValidate>();
map.put(clientId, convertValidateList);
}
convertValidateList.add(convertValidateInfo);
return convertValidateInfo;
}
|
We all know that the American media has gone all in on the story of the royal wedding (which starts on Friday and, while we're on the subject, why not follow The Huffington Post's coverage?) But a new study from Nielsen shows that the coverage of the wedding by the U.S. press has surpassed even that of the British media--and surpassed it by a rather large margin.
The study found that, "while the United Kingdom creates the greater overall level of consumer buzz about the Royal Wedding, the United States has the highest share of news coverage by traditional news sources, such as the online versions of newspapers and magazines."
Indeed, much of the American media has essentially decamped to London all this week, following every twist and turn in the run-up to, and on the day of, the wedding. (The Brits, of course, have an advantage here, since it's not as notable if you send twenty people down the street in London than if you send them across the ocean.)
Lest we forget, the UK happens to be the country where the wedding is actually taking place. So, what is it about the nuptials of Prince William and Kate Middleton that is causing such a glut of coverage in the States?
|
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