import copy

import numpy as np
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier

from skmultiflow.core import BaseSKMObject, ClassifierMixin, MetaEstimatorMixin
from skmultiflow.utils import check_random_state

import warnings


def LearnPP(base_estimator=DecisionTreeClassifier(), error_threshold=0.5, n_estimators=30,
            n_ensembles=10, window_size=100, random_state=None):  # pragma: no cover
    warnings.warn("'LearnPP' has been renamed to 'LearnPPClassifier' in v0.5.0.\n"
                  "The old name will be removed in v0.7.0", category=FutureWarning)
    return LearnPPClassifier(base_estimator=base_estimator,
                             error_threshold=error_threshold,
                             n_estimators=n_estimators,
                             n_ensembles=n_ensembles,
                             window_size=window_size,
                             random_state=random_state)


class LearnPPClassifier(BaseSKMObject, ClassifierMixin, MetaEstimatorMixin):
    """ Learn++ ensemble classifier.

    Learn++ [1]_  does not require access to previously used data during
    subsequent incremental learning steps. At the same time, it does not
    forget previously acquired knowledge. Learn++ utilizes an ensemble of
    classifiers by generating multiple hypotheses using training data
    sampled according to carefully tailored distributions.

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] Polikar, Robi and Upda, Lalita and Upda, Satish S and Honavar, Vasant.
       Learn++: An Incremental Learning Algorithm for Supervised Neural Networks.
       IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C (Applications and Reviews), 2002.

    Parameters
    ----------
    base_estimator: skmultiflow.core.BaseSKMObject or sklearn.BaseEstimator
        (default=DecisionTreeClassifier) Each member of the ensemble is
        an instance of the base estimator.
    n_estimators: int (default=30)
        The number of classifiers per ensemble
    n_ensembles: int (default=10)
        The number of ensembles to keep.
    window_size: int (default=100)
        The size of the training window (batch), in other words, how many instances are kept
        for training.
    error_threshold: float (default=0.5)
        Only keep the learner with the error smaller than error_threshold
    random_state: int, RandomState instance or None, optional (default=None)
        If int, random_state is the seed used by the random number generator;
        If RandomState instance, random_state is the random number generator;
        If None, the random number generator is the RandomState instance used by `np.random`.

    Raises
    ------
    RuntimeError:
        A RuntimeError is raised if the base_estimator is too weak. In other words,
        it has too low accuracy on the dataset. A RuntimeError is also raised if the
        'classes' parameter is not passed in the first partial_fit call, or if they
        are passed in further calls but differ from the initial classes.

    Notes
    -----
        Originally, Learn++ is designed to train all of its members and combine their predictions
        considering the observed normalized errors. However, when training the base estimators, if
        the observed prediction error shrinks to zero before all estimators are trained, the error
        normalization is ill-defined, i.e., the instance error-based weight normalization factor
        (the sum of the errors) is zero. This implementation adds an 'early stop' mechanism to
        circumvent this corner case: LearnPPClassifier stops adding members to the ensemble if all
        instances are correctly classified. Otherwise (its normal behavior), the model uses as many
        ensemble members as defined via the ``n_estimators`` parameter.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> # Imports
    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> from skmultiflow.meta.learn_pp import LearnPPClassifier
    >>> from skmultiflow.lazy import KNNClassifier
    >>> from skmultiflow.data.sea_generator import SEAGenerator
    >>> # Setting up the stream
    >>> stream = SEAGenerator(1)
    >>> # Setting up the Learn++ classifier to work with KNN classifiers
    >>> clf = LearnPPClassifier(base_estimator=KNNClassifier(n_neighbors=8, max_window_size=2000,
    ...                                                     leaf_size=30), n_estimators=30)
    >>> # Keeping track of sample count and correct prediction count
    >>> sample_count = 0
    >>> corrects = 0
    >>> m = 200
    >>> # Pre training the classifier with 200 samples
    >>> X, y = stream.next_sample(m)
    >>> clf = clf.partial_fit(X, y, classes=stream.target_values)
    >>> for i in range(3):
    ...     X, y = stream.next_sample(m)
    ...     pred = clf.predict(X)
    ...     clf = clf.partial_fit(X, y)
    ...     if pred is not None:
    ...         corrects += np.sum(y == pred)
    ...     sample_count += m
    >>>
    >>> # Displaying the results
    >>> print('Learn++ classifier performance: ' + str(corrects / sample_count))
    Learn++ classifier performance: 0.9555

    """

    def __init__(self, base_estimator=DecisionTreeClassifier(),
                 error_threshold=0.5,
                 n_estimators=30,
                 n_ensembles=10,
                 window_size=100,
                 random_state=None):
        super().__init__()
        self.base_estimator = base_estimator
        self.n_estimators = n_estimators
        self.ensembles = []
        self.ensemble_weights = []
        self.classes = None
        self.n_ensembles = n_ensembles
        self.random = check_random_state(random_state)
        self.random_state = random_state
        self.error_threshold = error_threshold
        self.X_batch = []
        self.y_batch = []
        self.window_size = window_size

    def reset(self):
        self.ensembles = []
        self.ensemble_weights = []
        self.X_batch = []
        self.y_batch = []
        self.random = check_random_state(self.random_state)

    def partial_fit(self, X, y, classes=None, sample_weight=None):
        """ Partially (incrementally) fit the model.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : numpy.ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_features)
            The features to train the model.

        y: numpy.ndarray of shape (n_samples)
            An array-like with the class labels of all samples in X.

        classes: numpy.ndarray, optional (default=None)
            Array with all possible/known class labels. This is an optional parameter, except
            for the first partial_fit call where it is compulsory.

        sample_weight: NOT used (default=None)

        Raises
        ------
        RuntimeError:
            A RuntimeError is raised if the 'classes' parameter is not
            passed in the first partial_fit call, or if they are passed in further
            calls but differ from the initial classes list passed.
            A RuntimeError is raised if the base_estimator is too weak. In other word,
            it has too low accuracy on the dataset.

        Returns
        -------
        LearnPPClassifier
            self
        """

        if self.classes is None:
            if classes is None:
                raise RuntimeError("Should pass the classes in the first partial_fit call")
            else:
                self.classes = classes

        if classes is not None and self.classes is not None:
            if set(classes) == set(self.classes):
                pass
            else:
                raise RuntimeError("The values of classes are different")

        N, _ = X.shape

        for i in range(N):
            self.X_batch.append(X[i])
            self.y_batch.append(y[i])
            if len(self.y_batch) == self.window_size:
                self.__fit_batch(self.X_batch, self.y_batch)
                self.X_batch = []
                self.y_batch = []

        return self

    def __fit_batch(self, X, y):
        ensemble = []
        normalized_errors = []

        m = len(X)
        X = np.array(X)
        y = np.array(y)

        Dt = np.ones((m,)) / m

        items_index = np.linspace(0, m - 1, m)
        t = 0
        while t < self.n_estimators:
            patience = 0

            # Set distribution Dt
            sum_dt = np.sum(Dt)
            if sum_dt == 0:  # Early stop in case all instances are correctly classified
                break
            Dt = Dt / sum_dt

            total_error = 1.0
            while total_error >= self.error_threshold:

                # create training and testing subsets according to Dt
                train_size = int(m / 2)
                test_size = int(m / 2)
                train_items_index = self._get_item(items_index, Dt, train_size)
                test_items_index = self._get_item(items_index, Dt, test_size)

                X_train = X[train_items_index]
                y_train = y[train_items_index]
                X_test = X[test_items_index]
                y_test = y[test_items_index]

                # Train a weak learner
                if t > len(ensemble) - 1:
                    ensemble.append(copy.deepcopy(self.base_estimator))
                    normalized_errors.append(1.0)
                try:
                    ensemble[t].fit(X_train, y_train)
                except NotImplementedError:
                    ensemble[t].partial_fit(X_train, y_train)

                # predict on the data
                y_predict = ensemble[t].predict(X_test)

                total_error = self.__compute_error(Dt[test_items_index], y_test, y_predict)

                if total_error < self.error_threshold:

                    norm_error = total_error / (1 - total_error)
                    normalized_errors[t] = norm_error

                    # predict using all hypothesis in the ensemble with majority votes
                    y_predict_composite = self.__majority_vote(
                        X, t + 1, ensemble, normalized_errors)

                    total_error = self.__compute_error(Dt, y, y_predict_composite)
                    if total_error < self.error_threshold:
                        normalize_composite_error = total_error / (1 - total_error)
                        if t < self.n_estimators - 1:
                            Dt[y_predict_composite == y] = Dt[y_predict_composite == y] * \
                                normalize_composite_error

                if total_error > self.error_threshold:
                    patience += 1
                else:
                    patience = 0
                if patience > 1000:
                    raise RuntimeError("Your base estimator is too weak")
            t += 1

        self.ensembles.append(ensemble)
        self.ensemble_weights.append(normalized_errors)

        if len(self.ensembles) > self.n_ensembles:
            self.ensembles.pop(0)
            self.ensemble_weights.pop(0)

        return self

    @staticmethod
    def __compute_error(Dt, y_true, y_predict):
        total_error = np.sum(Dt[y_predict != y_true]) / np.sum(Dt)
        return total_error

    def __vote_proba(self, X, t, ensemble, normalized_errors):
        res = []
        for m in range(len(X)):
            votes = np.zeros(len(self.classes))
            for i in range(t):
                h = ensemble[i]

                y_predicts = h.predict(X[m].reshape(1, -1))
                norm_error = normalized_errors[i]
                votes[int(y_predicts[0])] += np.log(1 / (norm_error + 1e-50))

            res.append(votes)
        return res

    def __majority_vote(self, X, t, ensemble, normalized_errors):
        res = self.__vote_proba(X, t, ensemble, normalized_errors)
        return np.argmax(res, axis=1)

    def predict_proba(self, X):
        """ Predicts the probability of each sample belonging to each one of the
        known classes.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X: numpy.ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_features)
            A matrix of the samples we want to predict.

        Returns
        -------
        numpy.ndarray
            An array of shape (n_samples, n_features), in which each outer entry is
            associated with the X entry of the same index. And where the list in
            index [i] contains len(self.target_values) elements, each of which represents
            the probability that the i-th sample of X belongs to a certain label.

        """
        votes = np.zeros((len(X), len(self.classes)))
        for i in range(len(self.ensembles)):
            ensemble = self.ensembles[i]
            ensemble_weight = self.ensemble_weights[i]
            votes += np.array(self.__vote_proba(X, len(ensemble), ensemble, ensemble_weight))
        return votes

    def predict(self, X):
        """ Predict classes for the passed data.

        Parameters
        ----------
        X : numpy.ndarray of shape (n_samples, n_features)
            The set of data samples to predict the labels for.

        Returns
        -------
        A numpy.ndarray with all the predictions for the samples in X.

        Notes
        -----

        The predict function uses majority votes from all its learners
        with their weights to find the most likely prediction for the sample matrix X.

        """
        votes = self.predict_proba(X)
        return np.argmax(votes, axis=1)

    def _get_item(self, items, items_weights, number_of_items):
        return self.random.choice(items, number_of_items, p=items_weights).astype(np.int32)
