'''
    inflect.py: correctly generate plurals, ordinals, indefinite articles;
                convert numbers to words
    Copyright (C) 2010 Paul Dyson
    Based upon the Perl module Lingua::EN::Inflect by Damian Conway.
    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.
    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
    The original Perl module Lingua::EN::Inflect by Damian Conway is
    available from http://search.cpan.org/~dconway/
    This module can be downloaded at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/inflect
methods:
          classical inflect
          plural plural_noun plural_verb plural_adj singular_noun no num a an
          compare compare_nouns compare_verbs compare_adjs
          present_participle
          ordinal
          number_to_words
          join
          defnoun defverb defadj defa defan
    INFLECTIONS:    classical inflect
          plural plural_noun plural_verb plural_adj singular_noun compare
          no num a an present_participle
    PLURALS:   classical inflect
          plural plural_noun plural_verb plural_adj singular_noun no num
          compare compare_nouns compare_verbs compare_adjs
    COMPARISONS:    classical
          compare compare_nouns compare_verbs compare_adjs
    ARTICLES:   classical inflect num a an
    NUMERICAL:      ordinal number_to_words
    USER_DEFINED:   defnoun defverb defadj defa defan
Exceptions:
 UnknownClassicalModeError
 BadNumValueError
 BadChunkingOptionError
 NumOutOfRangeError
 BadUserDefinedPatternError
 BadRcFileError
 BadGenderError
'''

from re import match, search, subn, IGNORECASE, VERBOSE
from re import split as splitre
from re import error as reerror
from re import sub as resub


class UnknownClassicalModeError(Exception):
  pass


class BadNumValueError(Exception):
  pass


class BadChunkingOptionError(Exception):
  pass


class NumOutOfRangeError(Exception):
  pass


class BadUserDefinedPatternError(Exception):
  pass


class BadRcFileError(Exception):
  pass


class BadGenderError(Exception):
  pass


__ver_major__ = 0
__ver_minor__ = 2
__ver_patch__ = 5
__ver_sub__ = ""
__version__ = "%d.%d.%d%s" % (__ver_major__, __ver_minor__,
                              __ver_patch__, __ver_sub__)

STDOUT_ON = False


def print3(txt):
  if STDOUT_ON:
    print(txt)


def enclose(s):
  return "(?:%s)" % s


def joinstem(cutpoint=0, words=''):
  '''
  join stem of each word in words into a string for regex
  each word is truncated at cutpoint
  cutpoint is usually negative indicating the number of letters to remove
  from the end of each word
  e.g.
  joinstem(-2, ["ephemeris", "iris", ".*itis"]) returns
  (?:ephemer|ir|.*it)
  '''
  return enclose('|'.join(w[:cutpoint] for w in words))


def bysize(words):
  '''
  take a list of words and return a dict of sets sorted by word length
  e.g.
  ret[3]=set(['ant', 'cat', 'dog', 'pig'])
  ret[4]=set(['frog', 'goat'])
  ret[5]=set(['horse'])
  ret[8]=set(['elephant'])
  '''
  ret = {}
  for w in words:
    if len(w) not in ret:
      ret[len(w)] = set()
    ret[len(w)].add(w)
  return ret


def make_pl_si_lists(lst, plending, siendingsize, dojoinstem=True):
  '''
  given a list of singular words: lst
  an ending to append to make the plural: plending
  the number of characters to remove from the singular before appending plending: siendingsize
  a flag whether to create a joinstem: dojoinstem
  return:
  a list of pluralised words: si_list (called si because this is what you need to
                                       look for to make the singular)
  the pluralised words as a dict of sets sorted by word length: si_bysize
  the singular words as a dict of sets sorted by word length: pl_bysize
  if dojoinstem is True: a regular expression that matches any of the stems: stem
  '''
  if siendingsize is not None:
    siendingsize = -siendingsize
  si_list = [w[:siendingsize] + plending for w in lst]
  pl_bysize = bysize(lst)
  si_bysize = bysize(si_list)
  if dojoinstem:
    stem = joinstem(siendingsize, lst)
    return si_list, si_bysize, pl_bysize, stem
  else:
    return si_list, si_bysize, pl_bysize


# 1. PLURALS

pl_sb_irregular_s = {
  "corpus": "corpuses|corpora",
  "opus": "opuses|opera",
  "genus": "genera",
  "mythos": "mythoi",
  "penis": "penises|penes",
  "testis": "testes",
  "atlas": "atlases|atlantes",
  "yes": "yeses",
}

pl_sb_irregular = {
  "child": "children",
  "brother": "brothers|brethren",
  "loaf": "loaves",
  "hoof": "hoofs|hooves",
  "beef": "beefs|beeves",
  "thief": "thiefs|thieves",
  "money": "monies",
  "mongoose": "mongooses",
  "ox": "oxen",
  "cow": "cows|kine",
  "graffito": "graffiti",
  "octopus": "octopuses|octopodes",
  "genie": "genies|genii",
  "ganglion": "ganglions|ganglia",
  "trilby": "trilbys",
  "turf": "turfs|turves",
  "numen": "numina",
  "atman": "atmas",
  "occiput": "occiputs|occipita",
  "sabretooth": "sabretooths",
  "sabertooth": "sabertooths",
  "lowlife": "lowlifes",
  "flatfoot": "flatfoots",
  "tenderfoot": "tenderfoots",
  "romany": "romanies",
  "jerry": "jerries",
  "mary": "maries",
  "talouse": "talouses",
  "blouse": "blouses",
  "rom": "roma",
  "carmen": "carmina",
}

pl_sb_irregular.update(pl_sb_irregular_s)
# pl_sb_irregular_keys = enclose('|'.join(pl_sb_irregular.keys()))

pl_sb_irregular_caps = {
  'Romany': 'Romanies',
  'Jerry': 'Jerrys',
  'Mary': 'Marys',
  'Rom': 'Roma',
}

pl_sb_irregular_compound = {
  "prima donna": "prima donnas|prime donne",
}

si_sb_irregular = dict([(v, k) for (k, v) in pl_sb_irregular.items()])
keys = list(si_sb_irregular.keys())
for k in keys:
  if '|' in k:
    k1, k2 = k.split('|')
    si_sb_irregular[k1] = si_sb_irregular[k2] = si_sb_irregular[k]
    del si_sb_irregular[k]
si_sb_irregular_caps = dict([(v, k) for (k, v) in pl_sb_irregular_caps.items()])
si_sb_irregular_compound = dict([(v, k) for (k, v) in pl_sb_irregular_compound.items()])
keys = list(si_sb_irregular_compound.keys())
for k in keys:
  if '|' in k:
    k1, k2 = k.split('|')
    si_sb_irregular_compound[k1] = si_sb_irregular_compound[k2] = si_sb_irregular_compound[k]
    del si_sb_irregular_compound[k]

# si_sb_irregular_keys = enclose('|'.join(si_sb_irregular.keys()))

# Z's that don't double

pl_sb_z_zes_list = (
  "quartz", "topaz",
)
pl_sb_z_zes_bysize = bysize(pl_sb_z_zes_list)

pl_sb_ze_zes_list = ('snooze',)
pl_sb_ze_zes_bysize = bysize(pl_sb_ze_zes_list)

# CLASSICAL "..is" -> "..ides"

pl_sb_C_is_ides_complete = [
  # GENERAL WORDS...
  "ephemeris", "iris", "clitoris",
  "chrysalis", "epididymis",
]

pl_sb_C_is_ides_endings = [
  # INFLAMATIONS...
  "itis",
]

pl_sb_C_is_ides = joinstem(-2, pl_sb_C_is_ides_complete + ['.*%s' % w for w in pl_sb_C_is_ides_endings])

pl_sb_C_is_ides_list = pl_sb_C_is_ides_complete + pl_sb_C_is_ides_endings

(si_sb_C_is_ides_list, si_sb_C_is_ides_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_is_ides_bysize) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_is_ides_list, 'ides', 2, dojoinstem=False)

# CLASSICAL "..a" -> "..ata"

pl_sb_C_a_ata_list = (
  "anathema", "bema", "carcinoma", "charisma", "diploma",
  "dogma", "drama", "edema", "enema", "enigma", "lemma",
  "lymphoma", "magma", "melisma", "miasma", "oedema",
  "sarcoma", "schema", "soma", "stigma", "stoma", "trauma",
  "gumma", "pragma",
)

(si_sb_C_a_ata_list, si_sb_C_a_ata_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_a_ata_bysize, pl_sb_C_a_ata) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_a_ata_list, 'ata', 1)

# UNCONDITIONAL "..a" -> "..ae"

pl_sb_U_a_ae_list = (
  "alumna", "alga", "vertebra", "persona"
)
(si_sb_U_a_ae_list, si_sb_U_a_ae_bysize,
 pl_sb_U_a_ae_bysize, pl_sb_U_a_ae) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_U_a_ae_list, 'e', None)

# CLASSICAL "..a" -> "..ae"

pl_sb_C_a_ae_list = (
  "amoeba", "antenna", "formula", "hyperbola",
  "medusa", "nebula", "parabola", "abscissa",
  "hydra", "nova", "lacuna", "aurora", "umbra",
  "flora", "fauna",
)
(si_sb_C_a_ae_list, si_sb_C_a_ae_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_a_ae_bysize, pl_sb_C_a_ae) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_a_ae_list, 'e', None)

# CLASSICAL "..en" -> "..ina"

pl_sb_C_en_ina_list = (
  "stamen", "foramen", "lumen",
)

(si_sb_C_en_ina_list, si_sb_C_en_ina_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_en_ina_bysize, pl_sb_C_en_ina) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_en_ina_list, 'ina', 2)

# UNCONDITIONAL "..um" -> "..a"

pl_sb_U_um_a_list = (
  "bacterium", "agendum", "desideratum", "erratum",
  "stratum", "datum", "ovum", "extremum",
  "candelabrum",
)
(si_sb_U_um_a_list, si_sb_U_um_a_bysize,
 pl_sb_U_um_a_bysize, pl_sb_U_um_a) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_U_um_a_list, 'a', 2)

# CLASSICAL "..um" -> "..a"

pl_sb_C_um_a_list = (
  "maximum", "minimum", "momentum", "optimum",
  "quantum", "cranium", "curriculum", "dictum",
  "phylum", "aquarium", "compendium", "emporium",
  "enconium", "gymnasium", "honorarium", "interregnum",
  "lustrum", "memorandum", "millennium", "rostrum",
  "spectrum", "speculum", "stadium", "trapezium",
  "ultimatum", "medium", "vacuum", "velum",
  "consortium", "arboretum",
)

(si_sb_C_um_a_list, si_sb_C_um_a_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_um_a_bysize, pl_sb_C_um_a) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_um_a_list, 'a', 2)

# UNCONDITIONAL "..us" -> "i"

pl_sb_U_us_i_list = (
  "alumnus", "alveolus", "bacillus", "bronchus",
  "locus", "nucleus", "stimulus", "meniscus",
  "sarcophagus",
)
(si_sb_U_us_i_list, si_sb_U_us_i_bysize,
 pl_sb_U_us_i_bysize, pl_sb_U_us_i) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_U_us_i_list, 'i', 2)

# CLASSICAL "..us" -> "..i"

pl_sb_C_us_i_list = (
  "focus", "radius", "genius",
  "incubus", "succubus", "nimbus",
  "fungus", "nucleolus", "stylus",
  "torus", "umbilicus", "uterus",
  "hippopotamus", "cactus",
)

(si_sb_C_us_i_list, si_sb_C_us_i_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_us_i_bysize, pl_sb_C_us_i) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_us_i_list, 'i', 2)

# CLASSICAL "..us" -> "..us"  (ASSIMILATED 4TH DECLENSION LATIN NOUNS)

pl_sb_C_us_us = (
  "status", "apparatus", "prospectus", "sinus",
  "hiatus", "impetus", "plexus",
)
pl_sb_C_us_us_bysize = bysize(pl_sb_C_us_us)

# UNCONDITIONAL "..on" -> "a"

pl_sb_U_on_a_list = (
  "criterion", "perihelion", "aphelion",
  "phenomenon", "prolegomenon", "noumenon",
  "organon", "asyndeton", "hyperbaton",
)
(si_sb_U_on_a_list, si_sb_U_on_a_bysize,
 pl_sb_U_on_a_bysize, pl_sb_U_on_a) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_U_on_a_list, 'a', 2)

# CLASSICAL "..on" -> "..a"

pl_sb_C_on_a_list = (
  "oxymoron",
)

(si_sb_C_on_a_list, si_sb_C_on_a_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_on_a_bysize, pl_sb_C_on_a) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_on_a_list, 'a', 2)

# CLASSICAL "..o" -> "..i"  (BUT NORMALLY -> "..os")

pl_sb_C_o_i = [
  "solo", "soprano", "basso", "alto",
  "contralto", "tempo", "piano", "virtuoso",
]  # list not tuple so can concat for pl_sb_U_o_os

pl_sb_C_o_i_bysize = bysize(pl_sb_C_o_i)
si_sb_C_o_i_bysize = bysize(['%si' % w[:-1] for w in pl_sb_C_o_i])

pl_sb_C_o_i_stems = joinstem(-1, pl_sb_C_o_i)

# ALWAYS "..o" -> "..os"

pl_sb_U_o_os_complete = set((
  "ado", "ISO", "NATO", "NCO", "NGO", "oto",
))
si_sb_U_o_os_complete = set('%ss' % w for w in pl_sb_U_o_os_complete)

pl_sb_U_o_os_endings = [
                         "aficionado", "aggro",
                         "albino", "allegro", "ammo",
                         "Antananarivo", "archipelago", "armadillo",
                         "auto", "avocado", "Bamako",
                         "Barquisimeto", "bimbo", "bingo",
                         "Biro", "bolero", "Bolzano",
                         "bongo", "Boto", "burro",
                         "Cairo", "canto", "cappuccino",
                         "casino", "cello", "Chicago",
                         "Chimango", "cilantro", "cochito",
                         "coco", "Colombo", "Colorado",
                         "commando", "concertino", "contango",
                         "credo", "crescendo", "cyano",
                         "demo", "ditto", "Draco",
                         "dynamo", "embryo", "Esperanto",
                         "espresso", "euro", "falsetto",
                         "Faro", "fiasco", "Filipino",
                         "flamenco", "furioso", "generalissimo",
                         "Gestapo", "ghetto", "gigolo",
                         "gizmo", "Greensboro", "gringo",
                         "Guaiabero", "guano", "gumbo",
                         "gyro", "hairdo", "hippo",
                         "Idaho", "impetigo", "inferno",
                         "info", "intermezzo", "intertrigo",
                         "Iquico", "jumbo",
                         "junto", "Kakapo", "kilo",
                         "Kinkimavo", "Kokako", "Kosovo",
                         "Lesotho", "libero", "libido",
                         "libretto", "lido", "Lilo",
                         "limbo", "limo", "lineno",
                         "lingo", "lino", "livedo",
                         "loco", "logo", "lumbago",
                         "macho", "macro", "mafioso",
                         "magneto", "magnifico", "Majuro",
                         "Malabo", "manifesto", "Maputo",
                         "Maracaibo", "medico", "memo",
                         "metro", "Mexico", "micro",
                         "Milano", "Monaco", "mono",
                         "Montenegro", "Morocco", "Muqdisho",
                         "myo",
                         "neutrino", "Ningbo",
                         "octavo", "oregano", "Orinoco",
                         "Orlando", "Oslo",
                         "panto", "Paramaribo", "Pardusco",
                         "pedalo", "photo", "pimento",
                         "pinto", "pleco", "Pluto",
                         "pogo", "polo", "poncho",
                         "Porto-Novo", "Porto", "pro",
                         "psycho", "pueblo", "quarto",
                         "Quito", "rhino", "risotto",
                         "rococo", "rondo", "Sacramento",
                         "saddo", "sago", "salvo",
                         "Santiago", "Sapporo", "Sarajevo",
                         "scherzando", "scherzo", "silo",
                         "sirocco", "sombrero", "staccato",
                         "sterno", "stucco", "stylo",
                         "sumo", "Taiko", "techno",
                         "terrazzo", "testudo", "timpano",
                         "tiro", "tobacco", "Togo",
                         "Tokyo", "torero", "Torino",
                         "Toronto", "torso", "tremolo",
                         "typo", "tyro", "ufo",
                         "UNESCO", "vaquero", "vermicello",
                         "verso", "vibrato", "violoncello",
                         "Virgo", "weirdo", "WHO",
                         "WTO", "Yamoussoukro", "yo-yo",
                         "zero", "Zibo",
                       ] + pl_sb_C_o_i

pl_sb_U_o_os_bysize = bysize(pl_sb_U_o_os_endings)
si_sb_U_o_os_bysize = bysize(['%ss' % w for w in pl_sb_U_o_os_endings])

# UNCONDITIONAL "..ch" -> "..chs"

pl_sb_U_ch_chs_list = (
  "czech", "eunuch", "stomach"
)

(si_sb_U_ch_chs_list, si_sb_U_ch_chs_bysize,
 pl_sb_U_ch_chs_bysize, pl_sb_U_ch_chs) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_U_ch_chs_list, 's', None)

# UNCONDITIONAL "..[ei]x" -> "..ices"

pl_sb_U_ex_ices_list = (
  "codex", "murex", "silex",
)
(si_sb_U_ex_ices_list, si_sb_U_ex_ices_bysize,
 pl_sb_U_ex_ices_bysize, pl_sb_U_ex_ices) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_U_ex_ices_list, 'ices', 2)

pl_sb_U_ix_ices_list = (
  "radix", "helix",
)
(si_sb_U_ix_ices_list, si_sb_U_ix_ices_bysize,
 pl_sb_U_ix_ices_bysize, pl_sb_U_ix_ices) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_U_ix_ices_list, 'ices', 2)

# CLASSICAL "..[ei]x" -> "..ices"

pl_sb_C_ex_ices_list = (
  "vortex", "vertex", "cortex", "latex",
  "pontifex", "apex", "index", "simplex",
)

(si_sb_C_ex_ices_list, si_sb_C_ex_ices_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_ex_ices_bysize, pl_sb_C_ex_ices) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_ex_ices_list, 'ices', 2)

pl_sb_C_ix_ices_list = (
  "appendix",
)

(si_sb_C_ix_ices_list, si_sb_C_ix_ices_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_ix_ices_bysize, pl_sb_C_ix_ices) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_ix_ices_list, 'ices', 2)

# ARABIC: ".." -> "..i"

pl_sb_C_i_list = (
  "afrit", "afreet", "efreet",
)

(si_sb_C_i_list, si_sb_C_i_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_i_bysize, pl_sb_C_i) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_i_list, 'i', None)

# HEBREW: ".." -> "..im"

pl_sb_C_im_list = (
  "goy", "seraph", "cherub",
)

(si_sb_C_im_list, si_sb_C_im_bysize,
 pl_sb_C_im_bysize, pl_sb_C_im) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_C_im_list, 'im', None)

# UNCONDITIONAL "..man" -> "..mans"

pl_sb_U_man_mans_list = """
    ataman caiman cayman ceriman
    desman dolman farman harman hetman
    human leman ottoman shaman talisman
""".split()
pl_sb_U_man_mans_caps_list = """
    Alabaman Bahaman Burman German
    Hiroshiman Liman Nakayaman Norman Oklahoman
    Panaman Roman Selman Sonaman Tacoman Yakiman
    Yokohaman Yuman
""".split()

(si_sb_U_man_mans_list, si_sb_U_man_mans_bysize,
 pl_sb_U_man_mans_bysize) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_U_man_mans_list, 's', None, dojoinstem=False)
(si_sb_U_man_mans_caps_list, si_sb_U_man_mans_caps_bysize,
 pl_sb_U_man_mans_caps_bysize) = make_pl_si_lists(pl_sb_U_man_mans_caps_list, 's', None, dojoinstem=False)

pl_sb_uninflected_s_complete = [
  # PAIRS OR GROUPS SUBSUMED TO A SINGULAR...
  "breeches", "britches", "pajamas", "pyjamas", "clippers", "gallows",
  "hijinks", "headquarters", "pliers", "scissors", "testes", "herpes",
  "pincers", "shears", "proceedings", "trousers",

  # UNASSIMILATED LATIN 4th DECLENSION

  "cantus", "coitus", "nexus",

  # RECENT IMPORTS...
  "contretemps", "corps", "debris",
  "siemens",

  # DISEASES
  "mumps",

  # MISCELLANEOUS OTHERS...
  "diabetes", "jackanapes", "series", "species", "subspecies", "rabies",
  "chassis", "innings", "news", "mews", "haggis",
]

pl_sb_uninflected_s_endings = [
  # RECENT IMPORTS...
  "ois",

  # DISEASES
  "measles",
]

pl_sb_uninflected_s = pl_sb_uninflected_s_complete + ['.*%s' % w for w in pl_sb_uninflected_s_endings]

pl_sb_uninflected_herd = (
  # DON'T INFLECT IN CLASSICAL MODE, OTHERWISE NORMAL INFLECTION
  "wildebeest", "swine", "eland", "bison", "buffalo",
  "elk", "rhinoceros", 'zucchini',
  'caribou', 'dace', 'grouse', 'guinea fowl', 'guinea-fowl',
  'haddock', 'hake', 'halibut', 'herring', 'mackerel',
  'pickerel', 'pike', 'roe', 'seed', 'shad',
  'snipe', 'teal', 'turbot', 'water fowl', 'water-fowl',
)

pl_sb_uninflected_complete = [
                               # SOME FISH AND HERD ANIMALS
                               "tuna", "salmon", "mackerel", "trout",
                               "bream", "sea-bass", "sea bass", "carp", "cod", "flounder", "whiting",
                               "moose",

                               # OTHER ODDITIES
                               "graffiti", "djinn", 'samuri',
                               'offspring', 'pence', 'quid', 'hertz',
                             ] + pl_sb_uninflected_s_complete
# SOME WORDS ENDING IN ...s (OFTEN PAIRS TAKEN AS A WHOLE)

pl_sb_uninflected_caps = [
  # ALL NATIONALS ENDING IN -ese
  "Portuguese", "Amoyese", "Borghese", "Congoese", "Faroese",
  "Foochowese", "Genevese", "Genoese", "Gilbertese", "Hottentotese",
  "Kiplingese", "Kongoese", "Lucchese", "Maltese", "Nankingese",
  "Niasese", "Pekingese", "Piedmontese", "Pistoiese", "Sarawakese",
  "Shavese", "Vermontese", "Wenchowese", "Yengeese",
]

pl_sb_uninflected_endings = [
                              # SOME FISH AND HERD ANIMALS
                              "fish",

                              "deer", "sheep",

                              # ALL NATIONALS ENDING IN -ese
                              "nese", "rese", "lese", "mese",

                              # DISEASES
                              "pox",

                              # OTHER ODDITIES
                              'craft',
                            ] + pl_sb_uninflected_s_endings
# SOME WORDS ENDING IN ...s (OFTEN PAIRS TAKEN AS A WHOLE)


pl_sb_uninflected_bysize = bysize(pl_sb_uninflected_endings)

# SINGULAR WORDS ENDING IN ...s (ALL INFLECT WITH ...es)

pl_sb_singular_s_complete = [
                              "acropolis", "aegis", "alias", "asbestos", "bathos", "bias",
                              "bronchitis", "bursitis", "caddis", "cannabis",
                              "canvas", "chaos", "cosmos", "dais", "digitalis",
                              "epidermis", "ethos", "eyas", "gas", "glottis",
                              "hubris", "ibis", "lens", "mantis", "marquis", "metropolis",
                              "pathos", "pelvis", "polis", "rhinoceros",
                              "sassafras", "trellis",
                            ] + pl_sb_C_is_ides_complete

pl_sb_singular_s_endings = [
                             "ss", "us",
                           ] + pl_sb_C_is_ides_endings

pl_sb_singular_s_bysize = bysize(pl_sb_singular_s_endings)

si_sb_singular_s_complete = ['%ses' % w for w in pl_sb_singular_s_complete]
si_sb_singular_s_endings = ['%ses' % w for w in pl_sb_singular_s_endings]
si_sb_singular_s_bysize = bysize(si_sb_singular_s_endings)

pl_sb_singular_s_es = [
  "[A-Z].*es",
]

pl_sb_singular_s = enclose('|'.join(pl_sb_singular_s_complete +
                                    ['.*%s' % w for w in pl_sb_singular_s_endings] +
                                    pl_sb_singular_s_es))

# PLURALS ENDING IN uses -> use


si_sb_ois_oi_case = (
  'Bolshois', 'Hanois'
)

si_sb_uses_use_case = (
  'Betelgeuses', 'Duses', 'Meuses', 'Syracuses', 'Toulouses',
)

si_sb_uses_use = (
  'abuses', 'applauses', 'blouses',
  'carouses', 'causes', 'chartreuses', 'clauses',
  'contuses', 'douses', 'excuses', 'fuses',
  'grouses', 'hypotenuses', 'masseuses',
  'menopauses', 'misuses', 'muses', 'overuses', 'pauses',
  'peruses', 'profuses', 'recluses', 'reuses',
  'ruses', 'souses', 'spouses', 'suffuses', 'transfuses', 'uses',
)

si_sb_ies_ie_case = (
  'Addies', 'Aggies', 'Allies', 'Amies', 'Angies', 'Annies',
  'Annmaries', 'Archies', 'Arties', 'Aussies', 'Barbies',
  'Barries', 'Basies', 'Bennies', 'Bernies', 'Berties', 'Bessies',
  'Betties', 'Billies', 'Blondies', 'Bobbies', 'Bonnies',
  'Bowies', 'Brandies', 'Bries', 'Brownies', 'Callies',
  'Carnegies', 'Carries', 'Cassies', 'Charlies', 'Cheries',
  'Christies', 'Connies', 'Curies', 'Dannies', 'Debbies', 'Dixies',
  'Dollies', 'Donnies', 'Drambuies', 'Eddies', 'Effies', 'Ellies',
  'Elsies', 'Eries', 'Ernies', 'Essies', 'Eugenies', 'Fannies',
  'Flossies', 'Frankies', 'Freddies', 'Gillespies', 'Goldies',
  'Gracies', 'Guthries', 'Hallies', 'Hatties', 'Hetties',
  'Hollies', 'Jackies', 'Jamies', 'Janies', 'Jannies', 'Jeanies',
  'Jeannies', 'Jennies', 'Jessies', 'Jimmies', 'Jodies', 'Johnies',
  'Johnnies', 'Josies', 'Julies', 'Kalgoorlies', 'Kathies', 'Katies',
  'Kellies', 'Kewpies', 'Kristies', 'Laramies', 'Lassies', 'Lauries',
  'Leslies', 'Lessies', 'Lillies', 'Lizzies', 'Lonnies', 'Lories',
  'Lorries', 'Lotties', 'Louies', 'Mackenzies', 'Maggies', 'Maisies',
  'Mamies', 'Marcies', 'Margies', 'Maries', 'Marjories', 'Matties',
  'McKenzies', 'Melanies', 'Mickies', 'Millies', 'Minnies', 'Mollies',
  'Mounties', 'Nannies', 'Natalies', 'Nellies', 'Netties', 'Ollies',
  'Ozzies', 'Pearlies', 'Pottawatomies', 'Reggies', 'Richies', 'Rickies',
  'Robbies', 'Ronnies', 'Rosalies', 'Rosemaries', 'Rosies', 'Roxies',
  'Rushdies', 'Ruthies', 'Sadies', 'Sallies', 'Sammies', 'Scotties',
  'Selassies', 'Sherries', 'Sophies', 'Stacies', 'Stefanies', 'Stephanies',
  'Stevies', 'Susies', 'Sylvies', 'Tammies', 'Terries', 'Tessies',
  'Tommies', 'Tracies', 'Trekkies', 'Valaries', 'Valeries', 'Valkyries',
  'Vickies', 'Virgies', 'Willies', 'Winnies', 'Wylies', 'Yorkies',
)

si_sb_ies_ie = (
  'aeries', 'baggies', 'belies', 'biggies', 'birdies', 'bogies',
  'bonnies', 'boogies', 'bookies', 'bourgeoisies', 'brownies',
  'budgies', 'caddies', 'calories', 'camaraderies', 'cockamamies',
  'collies', 'cookies', 'coolies', 'cooties', 'coteries', 'crappies',
  'curies', 'cutesies', 'dogies', 'eyrie', 'floozies', 'footsies',
  'freebies', 'genies', 'goalies', 'groupies',
  'hies', 'jalousies', 'junkies',
  'kiddies', 'laddies', 'lassies', 'lies',
  'lingeries', 'magpies', 'menageries', 'mommies', 'movies', 'neckties',
  'newbies', 'nighties', 'oldies', 'organdies', 'overlies',
  'pies', 'pinkies', 'pixies', 'potpies', 'prairies',
  'quickies', 'reveries', 'rookies', 'rotisseries', 'softies', 'sorties',
  'species', 'stymies', 'sweeties', 'ties', 'underlies', 'unties',
  'veggies', 'vies', 'yuppies', 'zombies',
)

si_sb_oes_oe_case = (
  'Chloes', 'Crusoes', 'Defoes', 'Faeroes', 'Ivanhoes', 'Joes',
  'McEnroes', 'Moes', 'Monroes', 'Noes', 'Poes', 'Roscoes',
  'Tahoes', 'Tippecanoes', 'Zoes',
)

si_sb_oes_oe = (
  'aloes', 'backhoes', 'canoes',
  'does', 'floes', 'foes', 'hoes', 'mistletoes',
  'oboes', 'pekoes', 'roes', 'sloes',
  'throes', 'tiptoes', 'toes', 'woes',
)

si_sb_z_zes = (
  "quartzes", "topazes",
)

si_sb_zzes_zz = (
  'buzzes', 'fizzes', 'frizzes', 'razzes'
)

si_sb_ches_che_case = (
  'Andromaches', 'Apaches', 'Blanches', 'Comanches',
  'Nietzsches', 'Porsches', 'Roches',
)

si_sb_ches_che = (
  'aches', 'avalanches', 'backaches', 'bellyaches', 'caches',
  'cloches', 'creches', 'douches', 'earaches', 'fiches',
  'headaches', 'heartaches', 'microfiches',
  'niches', 'pastiches', 'psyches', 'quiches',
  'stomachaches', 'toothaches',
)

si_sb_xes_xe = (
  'annexes', 'axes', 'deluxes', 'pickaxes',
)

si_sb_sses_sse_case = (
  'Hesses', 'Jesses', 'Larousses', 'Matisses',
)
si_sb_sses_sse = (
  'bouillabaisses', 'crevasses', 'demitasses', 'impasses',
  'mousses', 'posses',
)

si_sb_ves_ve_case = (
  # *[nwl]ives -> [nwl]live
  'Clives', 'Palmolives',
)
si_sb_ves_ve = (
  # *[^d]eaves -> eave
  'interweaves', 'weaves',

  # *[nwl]ives -> [nwl]live
  'olives',

  # *[eoa]lves -> [eoa]lve
  'bivalves', 'dissolves', 'resolves', 'salves', 'twelves', 'valves',
)

plverb_special_s = enclose('|'.join(
  [pl_sb_singular_s] +
  pl_sb_uninflected_s +
  list(pl_sb_irregular_s.keys()) + [
    '(.*[csx])is',
    '(.*)ceps',
    '[A-Z].*s',
  ]
))

pl_sb_postfix_adj = {
  'general': ['(?!major|lieutenant|brigadier|adjutant|.*star)\S+'],
  'martial': ['court'],
}

for k in list(pl_sb_postfix_adj.keys()):
  pl_sb_postfix_adj[k] = enclose(
    enclose('|'.join(pl_sb_postfix_adj[k])) +
    "(?=(?:-|\\s+)%s)" % k)

pl_sb_postfix_adj_stems = '(' + '|'.join(list(pl_sb_postfix_adj.values())) + ')(.*)'

# PLURAL WORDS ENDING IS es GO TO SINGULAR is

si_sb_es_is = (
  'amanuenses', 'amniocenteses', 'analyses', 'antitheses',
  'apotheoses', 'arterioscleroses', 'atheroscleroses', 'axes',
  # 'bases', # bases -> basis
  'catalyses', 'catharses', 'chasses', 'cirrhoses',
  'cocces', 'crises', 'diagnoses', 'dialyses', 'diereses',
  'electrolyses', 'emphases', 'exegeses', 'geneses',
  'halitoses', 'hydrolyses', 'hypnoses', 'hypotheses', 'hystereses',
  'metamorphoses', 'metastases', 'misdiagnoses', 'mitoses',
  'mononucleoses', 'narcoses', 'necroses', 'nemeses', 'neuroses',
  'oases', 'osmoses', 'osteoporoses', 'paralyses', 'parentheses',
  'parthenogeneses', 'periphrases', 'photosyntheses', 'probosces',
  'prognoses', 'prophylaxes', 'prostheses', 'preces', 'psoriases',
  'psychoanalyses', 'psychokineses', 'psychoses', 'scleroses',
  'scolioses', 'sepses', 'silicoses', 'symbioses', 'synopses',
  'syntheses', 'taxes', 'telekineses', 'theses', 'thromboses',
  'tuberculoses', 'urinalyses',
)

pl_prep_list = """
    about above across after among around at athwart before behind
    below beneath beside besides between betwixt beyond but by
    during except for from in into near of off on onto out over
    since till to under until unto upon with""".split()

pl_prep_list_da = pl_prep_list + ['de', 'du', 'da']

pl_prep_bysize = bysize(pl_prep_list_da)

pl_prep = enclose('|'.join(pl_prep_list_da))

pl_sb_prep_dual_compound = r'(.*?)((?:-|\s+)(?:' + pl_prep + r')(?:-|\s+))a(?:-|\s+)(.*)'

singular_pronoun_genders = set(['neuter',
                                'feminine',
                                'masculine',
                                'gender-neutral',
                                'feminine or masculine',
                                'masculine or feminine'])

pl_pron_nom = {
  # NOMINATIVE    REFLEXIVE
  "i": "we", "myself": "ourselves",
  "you": "you", "yourself": "yourselves",
  "she": "they", "herself": "themselves",
  "he": "they", "himself": "themselves",
  "it": "they", "itself": "themselves",
  "they": "they", "themself": "themselves",

  #   POSSESSIVE
  "mine": "ours",
  "yours": "yours",
  "hers": "theirs",
  "his": "theirs",
  "its": "theirs",
  "theirs": "theirs",
}

si_pron = {}
si_pron['nom'] = dict([(v, k) for (k, v) in pl_pron_nom.items()])
si_pron['nom']['we'] = 'I'

pl_pron_acc = {
  # ACCUSATIVE    REFLEXIVE
  "me": "us", "myself": "ourselves",
  "you": "you", "yourself": "yourselves",
  "her": "them", "herself": "themselves",
  "him": "them", "himself": "themselves",
  "it": "them", "itself": "themselves",
  "them": "them", "themself": "themselves",
}

pl_pron_acc_keys = enclose('|'.join(list(pl_pron_acc.keys())))
pl_pron_acc_keys_bysize = bysize(list(pl_pron_acc.keys()))

si_pron['acc'] = dict([(v, k) for (k, v) in pl_pron_acc.items()])

for thecase, plur, gend, sing in (
    ('nom', 'they', 'neuter', 'it'),
    ('nom', 'they', 'feminine', 'she'),
    ('nom', 'they', 'masculine', 'he'),
    ('nom', 'they', 'gender-neutral', 'they'),
    ('nom', 'they', 'feminine or masculine', 'she or he'),
    ('nom', 'they', 'masculine or feminine', 'he or she'),
    ('nom', 'themselves', 'neuter', 'itself'),
    ('nom', 'themselves', 'feminine', 'herself'),
    ('nom', 'themselves', 'masculine', 'himself'),
    ('nom', 'themselves', 'gender-neutral', 'themself'),
    ('nom', 'themselves', 'feminine or masculine', 'herself or himself'),
    ('nom', 'themselves', 'masculine or feminine', 'himself or herself'),
    ('nom', 'theirs', 'neuter', 'its'),
    ('nom', 'theirs', 'feminine', 'hers'),
    ('nom', 'theirs', 'masculine', 'his'),
    ('nom', 'theirs', 'gender-neutral', 'theirs'),
    ('nom', 'theirs', 'feminine or masculine', 'hers or his'),
    ('nom', 'theirs', 'masculine or feminine', 'his or hers'),
    ('acc', 'them', 'neuter', 'it'),
    ('acc', 'them', 'feminine', 'her'),
    ('acc', 'them', 'masculine', 'him'),
    ('acc', 'them', 'gender-neutral', 'them'),
    ('acc', 'them', 'feminine or masculine', 'her or him'),
    ('acc', 'them', 'masculine or feminine', 'him or her'),
    ('acc', 'themselves', 'neuter', 'itself'),
    ('acc', 'themselves', 'feminine', 'herself'),
    ('acc', 'themselves', 'masculine', 'himself'),
    ('acc', 'themselves', 'gender-neutral', 'themself'),
    ('acc', 'themselves', 'feminine or masculine', 'herself or himself'),
    ('acc', 'themselves', 'masculine or feminine', 'himself or herself'),
):
  try:
    si_pron[thecase][plur][gend] = sing
  except TypeError:
    si_pron[thecase][plur] = {}
    si_pron[thecase][plur][gend] = sing

si_pron_acc_keys = enclose('|'.join(list(si_pron['acc'].keys())))
si_pron_acc_keys_bysize = bysize(list(si_pron['acc'].keys()))


def get_si_pron(thecase, word, gender):
  try:
    sing = si_pron[thecase][word]
  except KeyError:
    raise  # not a pronoun
  try:
    return sing[gender]  # has several types due to gender
  except TypeError:
    return sing  # answer independent of gender


plverb_irregular_pres = {
  # 1st PERS. SING.   2ND PERS. SING.   3RD PERS. SINGULAR
  # 3RD PERS. (INDET.)
  "am": "are", "are": "are", "is": "are",
  "was": "were", "were": "were", "was": "were",
  "have": "have", "have": "have", "has": "have",
  "do": "do", "do": "do", "does": "do",
}

plverb_ambiguous_pres = {
  # 1st PERS. SING.  2ND PERS. SING.   3RD PERS. SINGULAR
  # 3RD PERS. (INDET.)
  "act": "act", "act": "act", "acts": "act",
  "blame": "blame", "blame": "blame", "blames": "blame",
  "can": "can", "can": "can", "can": "can",
  "must": "must", "must": "must", "must": "must",
  "fly": "fly", "fly": "fly", "flies": "fly",
  "copy": "copy", "copy": "copy", "copies": "copy",
  "drink": "drink", "drink": "drink", "drinks": "drink",
  "fight": "fight", "fight": "fight", "fights": "fight",
  "fire": "fire", "fire": "fire", "fires": "fire",
  "like": "like", "like": "like", "likes": "like",
  "look": "look", "look": "look", "looks": "look",
  "make": "make", "make": "make", "makes": "make",
  "reach": "reach", "reach": "reach", "reaches": "reach",
  "run": "run", "run": "run", "runs": "run",
  "sink": "sink", "sink": "sink", "sinks": "sink",
  "sleep": "sleep", "sleep": "sleep", "sleeps": "sleep",
  "view": "view", "view": "view", "views": "view",
}

plverb_ambiguous_pres_keys = enclose('|'.join(list(plverb_ambiguous_pres.keys())))

plverb_irregular_non_pres = (
  "did", "had", "ate", "made", "put",
  "spent", "fought", "sank", "gave", "sought",
  "shall", "could", "ought", "should",
)

plverb_ambiguous_non_pres = enclose('|'.join((
  "thought", "saw", "bent", "will", "might", "cut",
)))

# "..oes" -> "..oe" (the rest are "..oes" -> "o")

pl_v_oes_oe = ('canoes', 'floes', 'oboes', 'roes', 'throes', 'woes')
pl_v_oes_oe_endings_size4 = ('hoes', 'toes')
pl_v_oes_oe_endings_size5 = ('shoes')

pl_count_zero = (
  "0", "no", "zero", "nil"
)

pl_count_one = (
  "1", "a", "an", "one", "each", "every", "this", "that",
)

pl_adj_special = {
  "a": "some", "an": "some",
  "this": "these", "that": "those",
}

pl_adj_special_keys = enclose('|'.join(list(pl_adj_special.keys())))

pl_adj_poss = {
  "my": "our",
  "your": "your",
  "its": "their",
  "her": "their",
  "his": "their",
  "their": "their",
}

pl_adj_poss_keys = enclose('|'.join(list(pl_adj_poss.keys())))

# 2. INDEFINITE ARTICLES

# THIS PATTERN MATCHES STRINGS OF CAPITALS STARTING WITH A "VOWEL-SOUND"
# CONSONANT FOLLOWED BY ANOTHER CONSONANT, AND WHICH ARE NOT LIKELY
# TO BE REAL WORDS (OH, ALL RIGHT THEN, IT'S JUST MAGIC!)

A_abbrev = r"""
(?! FJO | [HLMNS]Y.  | RY[EO] | SQU
  | ( F[LR]? | [HL] | MN? | N | RH? | S[CHKLMNPTVW]? | X(YL)?) [AEIOU])
[FHLMNRSX][A-Z]
"""

# THIS PATTERN CODES THE BEGINNINGS OF ALL ENGLISH WORDS BEGINING WITH A
# 'y' FOLLOWED BY A CONSONANT. ANY OTHER Y-CONSONANT PREFIX THEREFORE
# IMPLIES AN ABBREVIATION.

A_y_cons = 'y(b[lor]|cl[ea]|fere|gg|p[ios]|rou|tt)'

# EXCEPTIONS TO EXCEPTIONS

A_explicit_a = enclose('|'.join((
  "unabomber", "unanimous", "US",
)))

A_explicit_an = enclose('|'.join((
  "euler",
  "hour(?!i)", "heir", "honest", "hono[ur]",
  "mpeg",
)))

A_ordinal_an = enclose('|'.join((
  "[aefhilmnorsx]-?th",
)))

A_ordinal_a = enclose('|'.join((
  "[bcdgjkpqtuvwyz]-?th",
)))

# NUMERICAL INFLECTIONS

nth = {
  0: 'th',
  1: 'st',
  2: 'nd',
  3: 'rd',
  4: 'th',
  5: 'th',
  6: 'th',
  7: 'th',
  8: 'th',
  9: 'th',
  11: 'th',
  12: 'th',
  13: 'th',
}

ordinal = dict(ty='tieth',
               one='first',
               two='second',
               three='third',
               five='fifth',
               eight='eighth',
               nine='ninth',
               twelve='twelfth')

ordinal_suff = '|'.join(list(ordinal.keys()))

# NUMBERS

unit = ['', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five',
        'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine']
teen = ['ten', 'eleven', 'twelve', 'thirteen', 'fourteen',
        'fifteen', 'sixteen', 'seventeen', 'eighteen', 'nineteen']
ten = ['', '', 'twenty', 'thirty', 'forty',
       'fifty', 'sixty', 'seventy', 'eighty', 'ninety']
mill = [' ', ' thousand', ' million', ' billion', ' trillion', ' quadrillion',
        ' quintillion', ' sextillion', ' septillion', ' octillion',
        ' nonillion', ' decillion']

# SUPPORT CLASSICAL PLURALIZATIONS

def_classical = dict(
  all=False,
  zero=False,
  herd=False,
  names=True,
  persons=False,
  ancient=False,
)

all_classical = dict((k, True) for k in list(def_classical.keys()))
no_classical = dict((k, False) for k in list(def_classical.keys()))


# TODO: .inflectrc file does not work
# can't just execute methods from another file like this

# for rcfile in (pathjoin(dirname(__file__), '.inflectrc'),
#               expanduser(pathjoin(('~'), '.inflectrc'))):
#    if isfile(rcfile):
#        try:
#            execfile(rcfile)
#        except:
#            print3("\nBad .inflectrc file (%s):\n" % rcfile)
#            raise BadRcFileError


class engine:

  def __init__(self):

    self.classical_dict = def_classical.copy()
    self.persistent_count = None
    self.mill_count = 0
    self.pl_sb_user_defined = []
    self.pl_v_user_defined = []
    self.pl_adj_user_defined = []
    self.si_sb_user_defined = []
    self.A_a_user_defined = []
    self.thegender = 'neuter'

  deprecated_methods = dict(pl='plural',
                            plnoun='plural_noun',
                            plverb='plural_verb',
                            pladj='plural_adj',
                            sinoun='single_noun',
                            prespart='present_participle',
                            numwords='number_to_words',
                            plequal='compare',
                            plnounequal='compare_nouns',
                            plverbequal='compare_verbs',
                            pladjequal='compare_adjs',
                            wordlist='join',
                            )

  def __getattr__(self, meth):
    if meth in self.deprecated_methods:
      print3('%s() deprecated, use %s()' % (meth, self.deprecated_methods[meth]))
      raise DeprecationWarning
    raise AttributeError

  def defnoun(self, singular, plural):
    '''
    Set the noun plural of singular to plural.
    '''
    self.checkpat(singular)
    self.checkpatplural(plural)
    self.pl_sb_user_defined.extend((singular, plural))
    self.si_sb_user_defined.extend((plural, singular))
    return 1

  def defverb(self, s1, p1, s2, p2, s3, p3):
    '''
    Set the verb plurals for s1, s2 and s3 to p1, p2 and p3 respectively.
    Where 1, 2 and 3 represent the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person forms of the verb.
    '''
    self.checkpat(s1)
    self.checkpat(s2)
    self.checkpat(s3)
    self.checkpatplural(p1)
    self.checkpatplural(p2)
    self.checkpatplural(p3)
    self.pl_v_user_defined.extend((s1, p1, s2, p2, s3, p3))
    return 1

  def defadj(self, singular, plural):
    '''
    Set the adjective plural of singular to plural.
    '''
    self.checkpat(singular)
    self.checkpatplural(plural)
    self.pl_adj_user_defined.extend((singular, plural))
    return 1

  def defa(self, pattern):
    '''
    Define the indefinate article as 'a' for words matching pattern.
    '''
    self.checkpat(pattern)
    self.A_a_user_defined.extend((pattern, 'a'))
    return 1

  def defan(self, pattern):
    '''
    Define the indefinate article as 'an' for words matching pattern.
    '''
    self.checkpat(pattern)
    self.A_a_user_defined.extend((pattern, 'an'))
    return 1

  def checkpat(self, pattern):
    '''
    check for errors in a regex pattern
    '''
    if pattern is None:
      return
    try:
      match(pattern, '')
    except reerror:
      print3("\nBad user-defined singular pattern:\n\t%s\n" % pattern)
      raise BadUserDefinedPatternError

  def checkpatplural(self, pattern):
    '''
    check for errors in a regex replace pattern
    '''
    return
    # can't find a pattern that doesn't pass the following test:
    # if pattern is None:
    #    return
    # try:
    #    resub('', pattern, '')
    # except reerror:
    #    print3("\nBad user-defined plural pattern:\n\t%s\n" % pattern)
    #    raise BadUserDefinedPatternError

  def ud_match(self, word, wordlist):
    for i in range(len(wordlist) - 2, -2, -2):  # backwards through even elements
      mo = search(r'^%s$' % wordlist[i], word, IGNORECASE)
      if mo:
        if wordlist[i + 1] is None:
          return None
        pl = resub(r'\$(\d+)', r'\\1', wordlist[i + 1])  # change $n to \n for expand
        return mo.expand(pl)
    return None

  def classical(self, **kwargs):
    """
    turn classical mode on and off for various categories
    turn on all classical modes:
    classical()
    classical(all=True)
    turn on or off specific claassical modes:
    e.g.
    classical(herd=True)
    classical(names=False)
    By default all classical modes are off except names.
    unknown value in args or key in kwargs rasies exception: UnknownClasicalModeError
    """
    classical_mode = list(def_classical.keys())
    if not kwargs:
      self.classical_dict = all_classical.copy()
      return
    if 'all' in kwargs:
      if kwargs['all']:
        self.classical_dict = all_classical.copy()
      else:
        self.classical_dict = no_classical.copy()

    for k, v in list(kwargs.items()):
      if k in classical_mode:
        self.classical_dict[k] = v
      else:
        raise UnknownClassicalModeError

  def num(self, count=None, show=None):  # (;$count,$show)
    '''
    Set the number to be used in other method calls.
    Returns count.
    Set show to False to return '' instead.
    '''
    if count is not None:
      try:
        self.persistent_count = int(count)
      except ValueError:
        raise BadNumValueError
      if (show is None) or show:
        return str(count)
    else:
      self.persistent_count = None
    return ''

  def gender(self, gender):
    '''
    set the gender for the singular of plural pronouns
    can be one of:
    'neuter'                ('they' -> 'it')
    'feminine'              ('they' -> 'she')
    'masculine'             ('they' -> 'he')
    'gender-neutral'        ('they' -> 'they')
    'feminine or masculine' ('they' -> 'she or he')
    'masculine or feminine' ('they' -> 'he or she')
    '''
    if gender in singular_pronoun_genders:
      self.thegender = gender
    else:
      raise BadGenderError

  def nummo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    num but take a matchobject
    use groups 1 and 2 in matchobject
    '''
    return self.num(matchobject.group(1), matchobject.group(2))

  def plmo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    plural but take a matchobject
    use groups 1 and 3 in matchobject
    '''
    return self.plural(matchobject.group(1), matchobject.group(3))

  def plnounmo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    plural_noun but take a matchobject
    use groups 1 and 3 in matchobject
    '''
    return self.plural_noun(matchobject.group(1), matchobject.group(3))

  def plverbmo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    plural_verb but take a matchobject
    use groups 1 and 3 in matchobject
    '''
    return self.plural_verb(matchobject.group(1), matchobject.group(3))

  def pladjmo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    plural_adj but take a matchobject
    use groups 1 and 3 in matchobject
    '''
    return self.plural_adj(matchobject.group(1), matchobject.group(3))

  def sinounmo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    singular_noun but take a matchobject
    use groups 1 and 3 in matchobject
    '''
    return self.singular_noun(matchobject.group(1), matchobject.group(3))

  def amo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    A but take a matchobject
    use groups 1 and 3 in matchobject
    '''
    if matchobject.group(3) is None:
      return self.a(matchobject.group(1))
    return self.a(matchobject.group(1), matchobject.group(3))

  def nomo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    NO but take a matchobject
    use groups 1 and 3 in matchobject
    '''
    return self.no(matchobject.group(1), matchobject.group(3))

  def ordinalmo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    ordinal but take a matchobject
    use group 1
    '''
    return self.ordinal(matchobject.group(1))

  def numwordsmo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    number_to_words but take a matchobject
    use group 1
    '''
    return self.number_to_words(matchobject.group(1))

  def prespartmo(self, matchobject):
    '''
    prespart but take a matchobject
    use group 1
    '''
    return self.present_participle(matchobject.group(1))

  # 0. PERFORM GENERAL INFLECTIONS IN A STRING

  def inflect(self, text):
    '''
    Perform inflections in a string.
    e.g. inflect('The plural of cat is plural(cat)') returns
    'The plural of cat is cats'
    can use plural, plural_noun, plural_verb, plural_adj, singular_noun, a, an, no, ordinal,
    number_to_words and prespart
    '''
    save_persistent_count = self.persistent_count
    sections = splitre(r"(num\([^)]*\))", text)
    inflection = []

    for section in sections:
      (section, count) = subn(r"num\(\s*?(?:([^),]*)(?:,([^)]*))?)?\)", self.nummo, section)
      if not count:
        total = -1
        while total:
          (section, total) = subn(
            r"(?x)\bplural     \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \)  ",
            self.plmo, section)
          (section, count) = subn(
            r"(?x)\bplural_noun   \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \)  ",
            self.plnounmo, section)
          total += count
          (section, count) = subn(
            r"(?x)\bplural_verb   \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \)  ",
            self.plverbmo, section)
          total += count
          (section, count) = subn(
            r"(?x)\bplural_adj \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \)  ",
            self.pladjmo, section)
          total += count
          (section, count) = subn(
            r"(?x)\bsingular_noun   \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \)  ",
            self.sinounmo, section)
          total += count
          (section, count) = subn(
            r"(?x)\ban?    \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \)  ",
            self.amo, section)
          total += count
          (section, count) = subn(
            r"(?x)\bno    \( ([^),]*) (, ([^)]*) )? \)  ",
            self.nomo, section)
          total += count
          (section, count) = subn(
            r"(?x)\bordinal        \( ([^)]*) \)            ",
            self.ordinalmo, section)
          total += count
          (section, count) = subn(
            r"(?x)\bnumber_to_words  \( ([^)]*) \)            ",
            self.numwordsmo, section)
          total += count
          (section, count) = subn(
            r"(?x)\bpresent_participle \( ([^)]*) \)            ",
            self.prespartmo, section)
          total += count

      inflection.append(section)

    self.persistent_count = save_persistent_count
    return "".join(inflection)

  # ## PLURAL SUBROUTINES

  def postprocess(self, orig, inflected):
    """
    FIX PEDANTRY AND CAPITALIZATION :-)
    """
    if '|' in inflected:
      inflected = inflected.split('|')[self.classical_dict['all']]
    if orig == "I":
      return inflected
    if orig == orig.upper():
      return inflected.upper()
    if orig[0] == orig[0].upper():
      return '%s%s' % (inflected[0].upper(),
                       inflected[1:])
    return inflected

  def partition_word(self, text):
    mo = search(r'\A(\s*)(.+?)(\s*)\Z', text)
    try:
      return mo.group(1), mo.group(2), mo.group(3)
    except AttributeError:  # empty string
      return '', '', ''

  #    def pl(self, *args, **kwds):
  #        print 'pl() deprecated, use plural()'
  #        raise DeprecationWarning
  #        return self.plural(*args, **kwds)
  #
  #    def plnoun(self, *args, **kwds):
  #        print 'plnoun() deprecated, use plural_noun()'
  #        raise DeprecationWarning
  #        return self.plural_noun(*args, **kwds)
  #
  #    def plverb(self, *args, **kwds):
  #        print 'plverb() deprecated, use plural_verb()'
  #        raise DeprecationWarning
  #        return self.plural_verb(*args, **kwds)
  #
  #    def pladj(self, *args, **kwds):
  #        print 'pladj() deprecated, use plural_adj()'
  #        raise DeprecationWarning
  #        return self.plural_adj(*args, **kwds)
  #
  #    def sinoun(self, *args, **kwds):
  #        print 'sinoun() deprecated, use singular_noun()'
  #        raise DeprecationWarning
  #        return self.singular_noun(*args, **kwds)
  #
  #    def prespart(self, *args, **kwds):
  #        print 'prespart() deprecated, use present_participle()'
  #        raise DeprecationWarning
  #        return self.present_participle(*args, **kwds)
  #
  #    def numwords(self, *args, **kwds):
  #        print 'numwords() deprecated, use number_to_words()'
  #        raise DeprecationWarning
  #        return self.number_to_words(*args, **kwds)

  def plural(self, text, count=None):
    '''
    Return the plural of text.
    If count supplied, then return text if count is one of:
        1, a, an, one, each, every, this, that
    otherwise return the plural.
    Whitespace at the start and end is preserved.
    '''
    pre, word, post = self.partition_word(text)
    if not word:
      return text
    plural = self.postprocess(
      word,
      self._pl_special_adjective(word, count) or
      self._pl_special_verb(word, count) or
      self._plnoun(word, count))
    return "%s%s%s" % (pre, plural, post)

  def plural_noun(self, text, count=None):
    '''
    Return the plural of text, where text is a noun.
    If count supplied, then return text if count is one of:
        1, a, an, one, each, every, this, that
    otherwise return the plural.
    Whitespace at the start and end is preserved.
    '''
    pre, word, post = self.partition_word(text)
    if not word:
      return text
    plural = self.postprocess(word, self._plnoun(word, count))
    return "%s%s%s" % (pre, plural, post)

  def plural_verb(self, text, count=None):
    '''
    Return the plural of text, where text is a verb.
    If count supplied, then return text if count is one of:
        1, a, an, one, each, every, this, that
    otherwise return the plural.
    Whitespace at the start and end is preserved.
    '''
    pre, word, post = self.partition_word(text)
    if not word:
      return text
    plural = self.postprocess(word, self._pl_special_verb(word, count) or
                              self._pl_general_verb(word, count))
    return "%s%s%s" % (pre, plural, post)

  def plural_adj(self, text, count=None):
    '''
    Return the plural of text, where text is an adjective.
    If count supplied, then return text if count is one of:
        1, a, an, one, each, every, this, that
    otherwise return the plural.
    Whitespace at the start and end is preserved.
    '''
    pre, word, post = self.partition_word(text)
    if not word:
      return text
    plural = self.postprocess(word, self._pl_special_adjective(word, count) or word)
    return "%s%s%s" % (pre, plural, post)

  def compare(self, word1, word2):
    '''
    compare word1 and word2 for equality regardless of plurality
    return values:
    eq - the strings are equal
    p:s - word1 is the plural of word2
    s:p - word2 is the plural of word1
    p:p - word1 and word2 are two different plural forms of the one word
    False - otherwise
    '''
    return (
        self._plequal(word1, word2, self.plural_noun) or
        self._plequal(word1, word2, self.plural_verb) or
        self._plequal(word1, word2, self.plural_adj))

  def compare_nouns(self, word1, word2):
    '''
    compare word1 and word2 for equality regardless of plurality
    word1 and word2 are to be treated as nouns
    return values:
    eq - the strings are equal
    p:s - word1 is the plural of word2
    s:p - word2 is the plural of word1
    p:p - word1 and word2 are two different plural forms of the one word
    False - otherwise
    '''
    return self._plequal(word1, word2, self.plural_noun)

  def compare_verbs(self, word1, word2):
    '''
    compare word1 and word2 for equality regardless of plurality
    word1 and word2 are to be treated as verbs
    return values:
    eq - the strings are equal
    p:s - word1 is the plural of word2
    s:p - word2 is the plural of word1
    p:p - word1 and word2 are two different plural forms of the one word
    False - otherwise
    '''
    return self._plequal(word1, word2, self.plural_verb)

  def compare_adjs(self, word1, word2):
    '''
    compare word1 and word2 for equality regardless of plurality
    word1 and word2 are to be treated as adjectives
    return values:
    eq - the strings are equal
    p:s - word1 is the plural of word2
    s:p - word2 is the plural of word1
    p:p - word1 and word2 are two different plural forms of the one word
    False - otherwise
    '''
    return self._plequal(word1, word2, self.plural_adj)

  def singular_noun(self, text, count=None, gender=None):
    '''
    Return the singular of text, where text is a plural noun.
    If count supplied, then return the singular if count is one of:
        1, a, an, one, each, every, this, that or if count is None
    otherwise return text unchanged.
    Whitespace at the start and end is preserved.
    '''
    pre, word, post = self.partition_word(text)
    if not word:
      return text
    sing = self._sinoun(word, count=count, gender=gender)
    if sing is not False:
      plural = self.postprocess(word, self._sinoun(word, count=count, gender=gender))
      return "%s%s%s" % (pre, plural, post)
    return False

  def _plequal(self, word1, word2, pl):
    classval = self.classical_dict.copy()
    self.classical_dict = all_classical.copy()
    if word1 == word2:
      return "eq"
    if word1 == pl(word2):
      return "p:s"
    if pl(word1) == word2:
      return "s:p"
    self.classical_dict = no_classical.copy()
    if word1 == pl(word2):
      return "p:s"
    if pl(word1) == word2:
      return "s:p"
    self.classical_dict = classval.copy()

    if pl == self.plural or pl == self.plural_noun:
      if self._pl_check_plurals_N(word1, word2):
        return "p:p"
      if self._pl_check_plurals_N(word2, word1):
        return "p:p"
    if pl == self.plural or pl == self.plural_adj:
      if self._pl_check_plurals_adj(word1, word2):
        return "p:p"
    return False

  def _pl_reg_plurals(self, pair, stems, end1, end2):
    if search(r"(%s)(%s\|\1%s|%s\|\1%s)" % (stems, end1, end2, end2, end1), pair):
      return True
    return False

  def _pl_check_plurals_N(self, word1, word2):
    pair = "%s|%s" % (word1, word2)
    if pair in list(pl_sb_irregular_s.values()):
      return True
    if pair in list(pl_sb_irregular.values()):
      return True
    if pair in list(pl_sb_irregular_caps.values()):
      return True

    for (stems, end1, end2) in (
        (pl_sb_C_a_ata, "as", "ata"),
        (pl_sb_C_is_ides, "is", "ides"),
        (pl_sb_C_a_ae, "s", "e"),
        (pl_sb_C_en_ina, "ens", "ina"),
        (pl_sb_C_um_a, "ums", "a"),
        (pl_sb_C_us_i, "uses", "i"),
        (pl_sb_C_on_a, "ons", "a"),
        (pl_sb_C_o_i_stems, "os", "i"),
        (pl_sb_C_ex_ices, "exes", "ices"),
        (pl_sb_C_ix_ices, "ixes", "ices"),
        (pl_sb_C_i, "s", "i"),
        (pl_sb_C_im, "s", "im"),
        ('.*eau', "s", "x"),
        ('.*ieu', "s", "x"),
        ('.*tri', "xes", "ces"),
        ('.{2,}[yia]n', "xes", "ges")
    ):
      if self._pl_reg_plurals(pair, stems, end1, end2):
        return True
    return False

  def _pl_check_plurals_adj(self, word1, word2):
    # VERSION: tuple in endswith requires python 2.5
    word1a = word1[:word1.rfind("'")] if word1.endswith(("'s", "'")) else ''
    word2a = word2[:word2.rfind("'")] if word2.endswith(("'s", "'")) else ''
    # TODO: BUG? report upstream. I don't think you should chop off the s'
    # word1b = word1[:-2] if word1.endswith("s'") else ''
    # word2b = word2[:-2] if word2.endswith("s'") else ''

    # TODO: dresses', dresses's -> dresses, dresses when chop off letters
    # then they return False because they are the same. Need to fix this.

    if word1a:
      if word2a and (self._pl_check_plurals_N(word1a, word2a)
                     or self._pl_check_plurals_N(word2a, word1a)):
        return True
    #    if word2b and ( self._pl_check_plurals_N(word1a, word2b)
    #                    or self._pl_check_plurals_N(word2b, word1a) ):
    #        return True

    # if word1b:
    #    if word2a and ( self._pl_check_plurals_N(word1b, word2a)
    #                    or self._pl_check_plurals_N(word2a, word1b) ):
    #        return True
    #    if word2b and ( self._pl_check_plurals_N(word1b, word2b)
    #                    or self._pl_check_plurals_N(word2b, word1b) ):
    #        return True

    return False

  def get_count(self, count=None):
    if count is None and self.persistent_count is not None:
      count = self.persistent_count

    if count is not None:
      count = 1 if ((str(count) in pl_count_one) or
                    (self.classical_dict['zero'] and str(count).lower() in pl_count_zero)) else 2
    else:
      count = ''
    return count

  # @profile
  def _plnoun(self, word, count=None):
    count = self.get_count(count)

    # DEFAULT TO PLURAL

    if count == 1:
      return word

    # HANDLE USER-DEFINED NOUNS

    value = self.ud_match(word, self.pl_sb_user_defined)
    if value is not None:
      return value

    # HANDLE EMPTY WORD, SINGULAR COUNT AND UNINFLECTED PLURALS

    if word == '':
      return word

    lowerword = word.lower()

    if lowerword in pl_sb_uninflected_complete:
      return word

    if word in pl_sb_uninflected_caps:
      return word

    for k, v in pl_sb_uninflected_bysize.items():
      if lowerword[-k:] in v:
        return word

    if (self.classical_dict['herd'] and lowerword in pl_sb_uninflected_herd):
      return word

    # HANDLE COMPOUNDS ("Governor General", "mother-in-law", "aide-de-camp", ETC.)

    mo = search(r"^(?:%s)$" % pl_sb_postfix_adj_stems, word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo and mo.group(2) != '':
      return "%s%s" % (self._plnoun(mo.group(1), 2), mo.group(2))

    if ' a ' in lowerword or '-a-' in lowerword:
      mo = search(r"^(?:%s)$" % pl_sb_prep_dual_compound, word, IGNORECASE)
      if mo and mo.group(2) != '' and mo.group(3) != '':
        return "%s%s%s" % (self._plnoun(mo.group(1), 2),
                           mo.group(2),
                           self._plnoun(mo.group(3)))

    lowersplit = lowerword.split(' ')
    if len(lowersplit) >= 3:
      for numword in range(1, len(lowersplit) - 1):
        if lowersplit[numword] in pl_prep_list_da:
          return ' '.join(
            lowersplit[:numword - 1] +
            [self._plnoun(lowersplit[numword - 1], 2)] + lowersplit[numword:])

    lowersplit = lowerword.split('-')
    if len(lowersplit) >= 3:
      for numword in range(1, len(lowersplit) - 1):
        if lowersplit[numword] in pl_prep_list_da:
          return ' '.join(
            lowersplit[:numword - 1] +
            [self._plnoun(lowersplit[numword - 1], 2) +
             '-' + lowersplit[numword] + '-']) + ' '.join(lowersplit[(numword + 1):])

    # HANDLE PRONOUNS

    for k, v in pl_pron_acc_keys_bysize.items():
      if lowerword[-k:] in v:  # ends with accusivate pronoun
        for pk, pv in pl_prep_bysize.items():
          if lowerword[:pk] in pv:  # starts with a prep
            if lowerword.split() == [lowerword[:pk], lowerword[-k:]]:  # only whitespace in between
              return lowerword[:-k] + pl_pron_acc[lowerword[-k:]]

    try:
      return pl_pron_nom[word.lower()]
    except KeyError:
      pass

    try:
      return pl_pron_acc[word.lower()]
    except KeyError:
      pass

    # HANDLE ISOLATED IRREGULAR PLURALS

    wordsplit = word.split()
    wordlast = wordsplit[-1]
    lowerwordlast = wordlast.lower()

    if wordlast in list(pl_sb_irregular_caps.keys()):
      llen = len(wordlast)
      return '%s%s' % (word[:-llen],
                       pl_sb_irregular_caps[wordlast])

    if lowerwordlast in list(pl_sb_irregular.keys()):
      llen = len(lowerwordlast)
      return '%s%s' % (word[:-llen],
                       pl_sb_irregular[lowerwordlast])

    if (' '.join(wordsplit[-2:])).lower() in list(pl_sb_irregular_compound.keys()):
      llen = len(' '.join(wordsplit[-2:]))  # TODO: what if 2 spaces between these words?
      return '%s%s' % (word[:-llen],
                       pl_sb_irregular_compound[(' '.join(wordsplit[-2:])).lower()])

    if lowerword[-3:] == 'quy':
      return word[:-1] + 'ies'

    if lowerword[-6:] == 'person':
      if self.classical_dict['persons']:
        return word + 's'
      else:
        return word[:-4] + 'ople'

    # HANDLE FAMILIES OF IRREGULAR PLURALS

    if lowerword[-3:] == 'man':
      for k, v in pl_sb_U_man_mans_bysize.items():
        if lowerword[-k:] in v:
          return word + 's'
      for k, v in pl_sb_U_man_mans_caps_bysize.items():
        if word[-k:] in v:
          return word + 's'
      return word[:-3] + 'men'
    if lowerword[-5:] == 'mouse':
      return word[:-5] + 'mice'
    if lowerword[-5:] == 'louse':
      return word[:-5] + 'lice'
    if lowerword[-5:] == 'goose':
      return word[:-5] + 'geese'
    if lowerword[-5:] == 'tooth':
      return word[:-5] + 'teeth'
    if lowerword[-4:] == 'foot':
      return word[:-4] + 'feet'

    if lowerword == 'die':
      return 'dice'

    # HANDLE UNASSIMILATED IMPORTS

    if lowerword[-4:] == 'ceps':
      return word
    if lowerword[-4:] == 'zoon':
      return word[:-2] + 'a'
    if lowerword[-3:] in ('cis', 'sis', 'xis'):
      return word[:-2] + 'es'

    for lastlet, d, numend, post in (
        ('h', pl_sb_U_ch_chs_bysize, None, 's'),
        ('x', pl_sb_U_ex_ices_bysize, -2, 'ices'),
        ('x', pl_sb_U_ix_ices_bysize, -2, 'ices'),
        ('m', pl_sb_U_um_a_bysize, -2, 'a'),
        ('s', pl_sb_U_us_i_bysize, -2, 'i'),
        ('n', pl_sb_U_on_a_bysize, -2, 'a'),
        ('a', pl_sb_U_a_ae_bysize, None, 'e'),
    ):
      if lowerword[-1] == lastlet:  # this test to add speed
        for k, v in d.items():
          if lowerword[-k:] in v:
            return word[:numend] + post

    # HANDLE INCOMPLETELY ASSIMILATED IMPORTS

    if (self.classical_dict['ancient']):
      if lowerword[-4:] == 'trix':
        return word[:-1] + 'ces'
      if lowerword[-3:] in ('eau', 'ieu'):
        return word + 'x'
      if lowerword[-3:] in ('ynx', 'inx', 'anx') and len(word) > 4:
        return word[:-1] + 'ges'

      for lastlet, d, numend, post in (
          ('n', pl_sb_C_en_ina_bysize, -2, 'ina'),
          ('x', pl_sb_C_ex_ices_bysize, -2, 'ices'),
          ('x', pl_sb_C_ix_ices_bysize, -2, 'ices'),
          ('m', pl_sb_C_um_a_bysize, -2, 'a'),
          ('s', pl_sb_C_us_i_bysize, -2, 'i'),
          ('s', pl_sb_C_us_us_bysize, None, ''),
          ('a', pl_sb_C_a_ae_bysize, None, 'e'),
          ('a', pl_sb_C_a_ata_bysize, None, 'ta'),
          ('s', pl_sb_C_is_ides_bysize, -1, 'des'),
          ('o', pl_sb_C_o_i_bysize, -1, 'i'),
          ('n', pl_sb_C_on_a_bysize, -2, 'a'),
      ):
        if lowerword[-1] == lastlet:  # this test to add speed
          for k, v in d.items():
            if lowerword[-k:] in v:
              return word[:numend] + post

      for d, numend, post in (
          (pl_sb_C_i_bysize, None, 'i'),
          (pl_sb_C_im_bysize, None, 'im'),
      ):
        for k, v in d.items():
          if lowerword[-k:] in v:
            return word[:numend] + post

    # HANDLE SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN ...s OR OTHER SILIBANTS

    if lowerword in pl_sb_singular_s_complete:
      return word + 'es'

    for k, v in pl_sb_singular_s_bysize.items():
      if lowerword[-k:] in v:
        return word + 'es'

    if lowerword[-2:] == 'es' and word[0] == word[0].upper():
      return word + 'es'

    # Wouldn't special words
    # ending with 's' always have been caught, regardless of them starting
    # with a capital letter (i.e. being names)
    # It makes sense below to do this for words ending in 'y' so that
    # Sally -> Sallys. But not sure it makes sense here. Where is the case
    # of a word ending in s that is caught here and would otherwise have been
    # caught below?
    #
    # removing it as I can't find a case that executes it
    # TODO: check this again
    #
    #        if (self.classical_dict['names']):
    #            mo = search(r"([A-Z].*s)$", word)
    #            if mo:
    #                return "%ses" % mo.group(1)

    if lowerword[-1] == 'z':
      for k, v in pl_sb_z_zes_bysize.items():
        if lowerword[-k:] in v:
          return word + 'es'

      if lowerword[-2:-1] != 'z':
        return word + 'zes'

    if lowerword[-2:] == 'ze':
      for k, v in pl_sb_ze_zes_bysize.items():
        if lowerword[-k:] in v:
          return word + 's'

    if lowerword[-2:] in ('ch', 'sh', 'zz', 'ss') or lowerword[-1] == 'x':
      return word + 'es'

    # ##                  (r"(.*)(us)$", "%s%ses"),  TODO: why is this commented?

    # HANDLE ...f -> ...ves

    if lowerword[-3:] in ('elf', 'alf', 'olf'):
      return word[:-1] + 'ves'
    if lowerword[-3:] == 'eaf' and lowerword[-4:-3] != 'd':
      return word[:-1] + 'ves'
    if lowerword[-4:] in ('nife', 'life', 'wife'):
      return word[:-2] + 'ves'
    if lowerword[-3:] == 'arf':
      return word[:-1] + 'ves'

    # HANDLE ...y

    if lowerword[-1] == 'y':
      if lowerword[-2:-1] in 'aeiou' or len(word) == 1:
        return word + 's'

      if (self.classical_dict['names']):
        if lowerword[-1] == 'y' and word[0] == word[0].upper():
          return word + 's'

      return word[:-1] + 'ies'

    # HANDLE ...o

    if lowerword in pl_sb_U_o_os_complete:
      return word + 's'

    for k, v in pl_sb_U_o_os_bysize.items():
      if lowerword[-k:] in v:
        return word + 's'

    if lowerword[-2:] in ('ao', 'eo', 'io', 'oo', 'uo'):
      return word + 's'

    if lowerword[-1] == 'o':
      return word + 'es'

    # OTHERWISE JUST ADD ...s

    return "%ss" % word

  def _pl_special_verb(self, word, count=None):
    if (self.classical_dict['zero'] and
        str(count).lower() in pl_count_zero):
      return False
    count = self.get_count(count)

    if count == 1:
      return word

    # HANDLE USER-DEFINED VERBS

    value = self.ud_match(word, self.pl_v_user_defined)
    if value is not None:
      return value

    # HANDLE IRREGULAR PRESENT TENSE (SIMPLE AND COMPOUND)

    lowerword = word.lower()
    try:
      firstword = lowerword.split()[0]
    except IndexError:
      return False  # word is ''

    if firstword in list(plverb_irregular_pres.keys()):
      return "%s%s" % (plverb_irregular_pres[firstword], word[len(firstword):])

    # HANDLE IRREGULAR FUTURE, PRETERITE AND PERFECT TENSES

    if firstword in plverb_irregular_non_pres:
      return word

    # HANDLE PRESENT NEGATIONS (SIMPLE AND COMPOUND)

    if firstword.endswith("n't") and firstword[:-3] in list(plverb_irregular_pres.keys()):
      return "%sn't%s" % (plverb_irregular_pres[firstword[:-3]], word[len(firstword):])

    if firstword.endswith("n't"):
      return word

    # HANDLE SPECIAL CASES

    mo = search(r"^(%s)$" % plverb_special_s, word)
    if mo:
      return False
    if search(r"\s", word):
      return False
    if lowerword == 'quizzes':
      return 'quiz'

    # HANDLE STANDARD 3RD PERSON (CHOP THE ...(e)s OFF SINGLE WORDS)

    if lowerword[-4:] in ('ches', 'shes', 'zzes', 'sses') or \
        lowerword[-3:] == 'xes':
      return word[:-2]

    # #        mo = search(r"^(.*)([cs]h|[x]|zz|ss)es$",
    # #                    word, IGNORECASE)
    # #        if mo:
    # #            return "%s%s" % (mo.group(1), mo.group(2))

    if lowerword[-3:] == 'ies' and len(word) > 3:
      return lowerword[:-3] + 'y'

    if (lowerword in pl_v_oes_oe or
        lowerword[-4:] in pl_v_oes_oe_endings_size4 or
        lowerword[-5:] in pl_v_oes_oe_endings_size5):
      return word[:-1]

    if lowerword.endswith('oes') and len(word) > 3:
      return lowerword[:-2]

    mo = search(r"^(.*[^s])s$", word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo:
      return mo.group(1)

    # OTHERWISE, A REGULAR VERB (HANDLE ELSEWHERE)

    return False

  def _pl_general_verb(self, word, count=None):
    count = self.get_count(count)

    if count == 1:
      return word

    # HANDLE AMBIGUOUS PRESENT TENSES  (SIMPLE AND COMPOUND)

    mo = search(r"^(%s)((\s.*)?)$" % plverb_ambiguous_pres_keys, word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo:
      return "%s%s" % (plverb_ambiguous_pres[mo.group(1).lower()], mo.group(2))

    # HANDLE AMBIGUOUS PRETERITE AND PERFECT TENSES

    mo = search(r"^(%s)((\s.*)?)$" % plverb_ambiguous_non_pres, word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo:
      return word

    # OTHERWISE, 1st OR 2ND PERSON IS UNINFLECTED

    return word

  def _pl_special_adjective(self, word, count=None):
    count = self.get_count(count)

    if count == 1:
      return word

    # HANDLE USER-DEFINED ADJECTIVES

    value = self.ud_match(word, self.pl_adj_user_defined)
    if value is not None:
      return value

    # HANDLE KNOWN CASES

    mo = search(r"^(%s)$" % pl_adj_special_keys,
                word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo:
      return "%s" % (pl_adj_special[mo.group(1).lower()])

    # HANDLE POSSESSIVES

    mo = search(r"^(%s)$" % pl_adj_poss_keys,
                word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo:
      return "%s" % (pl_adj_poss[mo.group(1).lower()])

    mo = search(r"^(.*)'s?$",
                word)
    if mo:
      pl = self.plural_noun(mo.group(1))
      trailing_s = "" if pl[-1] == 's' else "s"
      return "%s'%s" % (pl, trailing_s)

    # OTHERWISE, NO IDEA

    return False

  # @profile
  def _sinoun(self, word, count=None, gender=None):
    count = self.get_count(count)

    # DEFAULT TO PLURAL

    if count == 2:
      return word

    # SET THE GENDER

    try:
      if gender is None:
        gender = self.thegender
      elif gender not in singular_pronoun_genders:
        raise BadGenderError
    except (TypeError, IndexError):
      raise BadGenderError

    # HANDLE USER-DEFINED NOUNS

    value = self.ud_match(word, self.si_sb_user_defined)
    if value is not None:
      return value

    # HANDLE EMPTY WORD, SINGULAR COUNT AND UNINFLECTED PLURALS

    if word == '':
      return word

    lowerword = word.lower()

    if word in si_sb_ois_oi_case:
      return word[:-1]

    if lowerword in pl_sb_uninflected_complete:
      return word

    if word in pl_sb_uninflected_caps:
      return word

    for k, v in pl_sb_uninflected_bysize.items():
      if lowerword[-k:] in v:
        return word

    if (self.classical_dict['herd'] and lowerword in pl_sb_uninflected_herd):
      return word

    # HANDLE COMPOUNDS ("Governor General", "mother-in-law", "aide-de-camp", ETC.)

    mo = search(r"^(?:%s)$" % pl_sb_postfix_adj_stems, word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo and mo.group(2) != '':
      return "%s%s" % (self._sinoun(mo.group(1), 1, gender=gender), mo.group(2))

    # how to reverse this one?
    # mo = search(r"^(?:%s)$" % pl_sb_prep_dual_compound, word, IGNORECASE)
    # if mo and mo.group(2) != '' and mo.group(3) != '':
    #     return "%s%s%s" % (self._sinoun(mo.group(1), 1),
    #                        mo.group(2),
    #                        self._sinoun(mo.group(3), 1))

    lowersplit = lowerword.split(' ')
    if len(lowersplit) >= 3:
      for numword in range(1, len(lowersplit) - 1):
        if lowersplit[numword] in pl_prep_list_da:
          return ' '.join(lowersplit[:numword - 1] +
                          [self._sinoun(lowersplit[numword - 1], 1, gender=gender) or
                           lowersplit[numword - 1]] + lowersplit[numword:])

    lowersplit = lowerword.split('-')
    if len(lowersplit) >= 3:
      for numword in range(1, len(lowersplit) - 1):
        if lowersplit[numword] in pl_prep_list_da:
          return ' '.join(
            lowersplit[:numword - 1] +
            [(self._sinoun(lowersplit[numword - 1], 1, gender=gender) or lowersplit[numword - 1]) +
             '-' + lowersplit[numword] + '-']) + ' '.join(lowersplit[(numword + 1):])

    # HANDLE PRONOUNS

    for k, v in si_pron_acc_keys_bysize.items():
      if lowerword[-k:] in v:  # ends with accusivate pronoun
        for pk, pv in pl_prep_bysize.items():
          if lowerword[:pk] in pv:  # starts with a prep
            if lowerword.split() == [lowerword[:pk], lowerword[-k:]]:  # only whitespace in between
              return lowerword[:-k] + get_si_pron('acc', lowerword[-k:], gender)

    try:
      return get_si_pron('nom', word.lower(), gender)
    except KeyError:
      pass

    try:
      return get_si_pron('acc', word.lower(), gender)
    except KeyError:
      pass

    # HANDLE ISOLATED IRREGULAR PLURALS

    wordsplit = word.split()
    wordlast = wordsplit[-1]
    lowerwordlast = wordlast.lower()

    if wordlast in list(si_sb_irregular_caps.keys()):
      llen = len(wordlast)
      return '%s%s' % (word[:-llen],
                       si_sb_irregular_caps[wordlast])

    if lowerwordlast in list(si_sb_irregular.keys()):
      llen = len(lowerwordlast)
      return '%s%s' % (word[:-llen],
                       si_sb_irregular[lowerwordlast])

    if (' '.join(wordsplit[-2:])).lower() in list(si_sb_irregular_compound.keys()):
      llen = len(' '.join(wordsplit[-2:]))  # TODO: what if 2 spaces between these words?
      return '%s%s' % (word[:-llen],
                       si_sb_irregular_compound[(' '.join(wordsplit[-2:])).lower()])

    if lowerword[-5:] == 'quies':
      return word[:-3] + 'y'

    if lowerword[-7:] == 'persons':
      return word[:-1]
    if lowerword[-6:] == 'people':
      return word[:-4] + 'rson'

    # HANDLE FAMILIES OF IRREGULAR PLURALS

    if lowerword[-4:] == 'mans':
      for k, v in si_sb_U_man_mans_bysize.items():
        if lowerword[-k:] in v:
          return word[:-1]
      for k, v in si_sb_U_man_mans_caps_bysize.items():
        if word[-k:] in v:
          return word[:-1]
    if lowerword[-3:] == 'men':
      return word[:-3] + 'man'
    if lowerword[-4:] == 'mice':
      return word[:-4] + 'mouse'
    if lowerword[-4:] == 'lice':
      return word[:-4] + 'louse'
    if lowerword[-5:] == 'geese':
      return word[:-5] + 'goose'
    if lowerword[-5:] == 'teeth':
      return word[:-5] + 'tooth'
    if lowerword[-4:] == 'feet':
      return word[:-4] + 'foot'

    if lowerword == 'dice':
      return 'die'

    # HANDLE UNASSIMILATED IMPORTS

    if lowerword[-4:] == 'ceps':
      return word
    if lowerword[-3:] == 'zoa':
      return word[:-1] + 'on'

    for lastlet, d, numend, post in (
        ('s', si_sb_U_ch_chs_bysize, -1, ''),
        ('s', si_sb_U_ex_ices_bysize, -4, 'ex'),
        ('s', si_sb_U_ix_ices_bysize, -4, 'ix'),
        ('a', si_sb_U_um_a_bysize, -1, 'um'),
        ('i', si_sb_U_us_i_bysize, -1, 'us'),
        ('a', si_sb_U_on_a_bysize, -1, 'on'),
        ('e', si_sb_U_a_ae_bysize, -1, ''),
    ):
      if lowerword[-1] == lastlet:  # this test to add speed
        for k, v in d.items():
          if lowerword[-k:] in v:
            return word[:numend] + post

    # HANDLE INCOMPLETELY ASSIMILATED IMPORTS

    if (self.classical_dict['ancient']):

      if lowerword[-6:] == 'trices':
        return word[:-3] + 'x'
      if lowerword[-4:] in ('eaux', 'ieux'):
        return word[:-1]
      if lowerword[-5:] in ('ynges', 'inges', 'anges') and len(word) > 6:
        return word[:-3] + 'x'

      for lastlet, d, numend, post in (
          ('a', si_sb_C_en_ina_bysize, -3, 'en'),
          ('s', si_sb_C_ex_ices_bysize, -4, 'ex'),
          ('s', si_sb_C_ix_ices_bysize, -4, 'ix'),
          ('a', si_sb_C_um_a_bysize, -1, 'um'),
          ('i', si_sb_C_us_i_bysize, -1, 'us'),
          ('s', pl_sb_C_us_us_bysize, None, ''),
          ('e', si_sb_C_a_ae_bysize, -1, ''),
          ('a', si_sb_C_a_ata_bysize, -2, ''),
          ('s', si_sb_C_is_ides_bysize, -3, 's'),
          ('i', si_sb_C_o_i_bysize, -1, 'o'),
          ('a', si_sb_C_on_a_bysize, -1, 'on'),
          ('m', si_sb_C_im_bysize, -2, ''),
          ('i', si_sb_C_i_bysize, -1, ''),
      ):
        if lowerword[-1] == lastlet:  # this test to add speed
          for k, v in d.items():
            if lowerword[-k:] in v:
              return word[:numend] + post

    # HANDLE PLURLS ENDING IN uses -> use

    if (lowerword[-6:] == 'houses' or
        word in si_sb_uses_use_case or
        lowerword in si_sb_uses_use):
      return word[:-1]

    # HANDLE PLURLS ENDING IN ies -> ie

    if word in si_sb_ies_ie_case or lowerword in si_sb_ies_ie:
      return word[:-1]

    # HANDLE PLURLS ENDING IN oes -> oe

    if (lowerword[-5:] == 'shoes' or
        word in si_sb_oes_oe_case or
        lowerword in si_sb_oes_oe):
      return word[:-1]

    # HANDLE SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN ...s OR OTHER SILIBANTS

    if (word in si_sb_sses_sse_case or
        lowerword in si_sb_sses_sse):
      return word[:-1]

    if lowerword in si_sb_singular_s_complete:
      return word[:-2]

    for k, v in si_sb_singular_s_bysize.items():
      if lowerword[-k:] in v:
        return word[:-2]

    if lowerword[-4:] == 'eses' and word[0] == word[0].upper():
      return word[:-2]

    # Wouldn't special words
    # ending with 's' always have been caught, regardless of them starting
    # with a capital letter (i.e. being names)
    # It makes sense below to do this for words ending in 'y' so that
    # Sally -> Sallys. But not sure it makes sense here. Where is the case
    # of a word ending in s that is caught here and would otherwise have been
    # caught below?
    #
    # removing it as I can't find a case that executes it
    # TODO: check this again
    #
    #        if (self.classical_dict['names']):
    #            mo = search(r"([A-Z].*ses)$", word)
    #            if mo:
    #                return "%s" % mo.group(1)

    if lowerword in si_sb_z_zes:
      return word[:-2]

    if lowerword in si_sb_zzes_zz:
      return word[:-2]

    if lowerword[-4:] == 'zzes':
      return word[:-3]

    if (word in si_sb_ches_che_case or
        lowerword in si_sb_ches_che):
      return word[:-1]

    if lowerword[-4:] in ('ches', 'shes'):
      return word[:-2]

    if lowerword in si_sb_xes_xe:
      return word[:-1]

    if lowerword[-3:] == 'xes':
      return word[:-2]
    #                  (r"(.*)(us)es$", "%s%s"),  TODO: why is this commented?

    # HANDLE ...f -> ...ves

    if (word in si_sb_ves_ve_case or
        lowerword in si_sb_ves_ve):
      return word[:-1]

    if lowerword[-3:] == 'ves':
      if lowerword[-5:-3] in ('el', 'al', 'ol'):
        return word[:-3] + 'f'
      if lowerword[-5:-3] == 'ea' and word[-6:-5] != 'd':
        return word[:-3] + 'f'
      if lowerword[-5:-3] in ('ni', 'li', 'wi'):
        return word[:-3] + 'fe'
      if lowerword[-5:-3] == 'ar':
        return word[:-3] + 'f'

    # HANDLE ...y

    if lowerword[-2:] == 'ys':
      if len(lowerword) > 2 and lowerword[-3] in 'aeiou':
        return word[:-1]

      if (self.classical_dict['names']):
        if lowerword[-2:] == 'ys' and word[0] == word[0].upper():
          return word[:-1]

    if lowerword[-3:] == 'ies':
      return word[:-3] + 'y'

    # HANDLE ...o

    if lowerword[-2:] == 'os':

      if lowerword in si_sb_U_o_os_complete:
        return word[:-1]

      for k, v in si_sb_U_o_os_bysize.items():
        if lowerword[-k:] in v:
          return word[:-1]

      if lowerword[-3:] in ('aos', 'eos', 'ios', 'oos', 'uos'):
        return word[:-1]

    if lowerword[-3:] == 'oes':
      return word[:-2]

    # UNASSIMILATED IMPORTS FINAL RULE

    if word in si_sb_es_is:
      return word[:-2] + 'is'

    # OTHERWISE JUST REMOVE ...s

    if lowerword[-1] == 's':
      return word[:-1]

    # COULD NOT FIND SINGULAR

    return False

  # ADJECTIVES

  def a(self, text, count=1):
    '''
    Return the appropriate indefinite article followed by text.
    The indefinite article is either 'a' or 'an'.
    If count is not one, then return count followed by text
    instead of 'a' or 'an'.
    Whitespace at the start and end is preserved.
    '''
    mo = search(r"\A(\s*)(?:an?\s+)?(.+?)(\s*)\Z",
                text, IGNORECASE)
    if mo:
      word = mo.group(2)
      if not word:
        return text
      pre = mo.group(1)
      post = mo.group(3)
      result = self._indef_article(word, count)
      return "%s%s%s" % (pre, result, post)
    return ''

  an = a

  def _indef_article(self, word, count):
    mycount = self.get_count(count)

    if mycount != 1:
      return "%s %s" % (count, word)

    # HANDLE USER-DEFINED VARIANTS

    value = self.ud_match(word, self.A_a_user_defined)
    if value is not None:
      return "%s %s" % (value, word)

    # HANDLE ORDINAL FORMS

    for a in (
        (r"^(%s)" % A_ordinal_a, "a"),
        (r"^(%s)" % A_ordinal_an, "an"),
    ):
      mo = search(a[0], word, IGNORECASE)
      if mo:
        return "%s %s" % (a[1], word)

    # HANDLE SPECIAL CASES

    for a in (
        (r"^(%s)" % A_explicit_an, "an"),
        (r"^[aefhilmnorsx]$", "an"),
        (r"^[bcdgjkpqtuvwyz]$", "a"),
    ):
      mo = search(a[0], word, IGNORECASE)
      if mo:
        return "%s %s" % (a[1], word)

    # HANDLE ABBREVIATIONS

    for a in (
        (r"(%s)" % A_abbrev, "an", VERBOSE),
        (r"^[aefhilmnorsx][.-]", "an", IGNORECASE),
        (r"^[a-z][.-]", "a", IGNORECASE),
    ):
      mo = search(a[0], word, a[2])
      if mo:
        return "%s %s" % (a[1], word)

    # HANDLE CONSONANTS

    mo = search(r"^[^aeiouy]", word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo:
      return "a %s" % word

    # HANDLE SPECIAL VOWEL-FORMS

    for a in (
        (r"^e[uw]", "a"),
        (r"^onc?e\b", "a"),
        (r"^onetime\b", "a"),
        (r"^uni([^nmd]|mo)", "a"),
        (r"^u[bcfghjkqrst][aeiou]", "a"),
        (r"^ukr", "a"),
        (r"^(%s)" % A_explicit_a, "a"),
    ):
      mo = search(a[0], word, IGNORECASE)
      if mo:
        return "%s %s" % (a[1], word)

    # HANDLE SPECIAL CAPITALS

    mo = search(r"^U[NK][AIEO]?", word)
    if mo:
      return "a %s" % word

    # HANDLE VOWELS

    mo = search(r"^[aeiou]", word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo:
      return "an %s" % word

    # HANDLE y... (BEFORE CERTAIN CONSONANTS IMPLIES (UNNATURALIZED) "i.." SOUND)

    mo = search(r"^(%s)" % A_y_cons, word, IGNORECASE)
    if mo:
      return "an %s" % word

    # OTHERWISE, GUESS "a"
    return "a %s" % word

  # 2. TRANSLATE ZERO-QUANTIFIED $word TO "no plural($word)"

  def no(self, text, count=None):
    '''
    If count is 0, no, zero or nil, return 'no' followed by the plural
    of text.
    If count is one of:
        1, a, an, one, each, every, this, that
    return count followed by text.
    Otherwise return count follow by the plural of text.
    In the return value count is always followed by a space.
    Whitespace at the start and end is preserved.
    '''
    if count is None and self.persistent_count is not None:
      count = self.persistent_count

    if count is None:
      count = 0
    mo = search(r"\A(\s*)(.+?)(\s*)\Z", text)
    pre = mo.group(1)
    word = mo.group(2)
    post = mo.group(3)

    if str(count).lower() in pl_count_zero:
      return "%sno %s%s" % (pre, self.plural(word, 0), post)
    else:
      return "%s%s %s%s" % (pre, count, self.plural(word, count), post)

  # PARTICIPLES

  def present_participle(self, word):
    '''
    Return the present participle for word.
    word is the 3rd person singular verb.
    '''
    plv = self.plural_verb(word, 2)

    for pat, repl in (
        (r"ie$", r"y"),
        (r"ue$", r"u"),  # TODO: isn't ue$ -> u encompassed in the following rule?
        (r"([auy])e$", r"\g<1>"),
        (r"ski$", r"ski"),
        (r"[^b]i$", r""),
        (r"^(are|were)$", r"be"),
        (r"^(had)$", r"hav"),
        (r"^(hoe)$", r"\g<1>"),
        (r"([^e])e$", r"\g<1>"),
        (r"er$", r"er"),
        (r"([^aeiou][aeiouy]([bdgmnprst]))$", "\g<1>\g<2>"),
    ):
      (ans, num) = subn(pat, repl, plv)
      if num:
        return "%sing" % ans
    return "%sing" % ans

  # NUMERICAL INFLECTIONS

  def ordinal(self, num):
    '''
    Return the ordinal of num.
    num can be an integer or text
    e.g. ordinal(1) returns '1st'
    ordinal('one') returns 'first'
    '''
    if match(r"\d", str(num)):
      try:
        num % 2
        n = num
      except TypeError:
        if '.' in str(num):
          try:
            n = int(num[-1])  # numbers after decimal, so only need last one for ordinal
          except ValueError:  # ends with '.', so need to use whole string
            n = int(num[:-1])
        else:
          n = int(num)
      try:
        post = nth[n % 100]
      except KeyError:
        post = nth[n % 10]
      return "%s%s" % (num, post)
    else:
      mo = search(r"(%s)\Z" % ordinal_suff, num)
      try:
        post = ordinal[mo.group(1)]
        return resub(r"(%s)\Z" % ordinal_suff, post, num)
      except AttributeError:
        return "%sth" % num

  def millfn(self, ind=0):
    if ind > len(mill) - 1:
      print3("number out of range")
      raise NumOutOfRangeError
    return mill[ind]

  def unitfn(self, units, mindex=0):
    return "%s%s" % (unit[units], self.millfn(mindex))

  def tenfn(self, tens, units, mindex=0):
    if tens != 1:
      return "%s%s%s%s" % (ten[tens],
                           '-' if tens and units else '',
                           unit[units],
                           self.millfn(mindex))
    return "%s%s" % (teen[units], mill[mindex])

  def hundfn(self, hundreds, tens, units, mindex):
    if hundreds:
      return "%s hundred%s%s%s, " % (unit[hundreds],  # use unit not unitfn as simpler
                                     " %s " % self.number_args['andword'] if tens or units else '',
                                     self.tenfn(tens, units),
                                     self.millfn(mindex))
    if tens or units:
      return "%s%s, " % (self.tenfn(tens, units), self.millfn(mindex))
    return ''

  def group1sub(self, mo):
    units = int(mo.group(1))
    if units == 1:
      return " %s, " % self.number_args['one']
    elif units:
      # TODO: bug one and zero are padded with a space but other numbers aren't. check this in perl
      return "%s, " % unit[units]
    else:
      return " %s, " % self.number_args['zero']

  def group1bsub(self, mo):
    units = int(mo.group(1))
    if units:
      # TODO: bug one and zero are padded with a space but other numbers aren't. check this in perl
      return "%s, " % unit[units]
    else:
      return " %s, " % self.number_args['zero']

  def group2sub(self, mo):
    tens = int(mo.group(1))
    units = int(mo.group(2))
    if tens:
      return "%s, " % self.tenfn(tens, units)
    if units:
      return " %s %s, " % (self.number_args['zero'], unit[units])
    return " %s %s, " % (self.number_args['zero'], self.number_args['zero'])

  def group3sub(self, mo):
    hundreds = int(mo.group(1))
    tens = int(mo.group(2))
    units = int(mo.group(3))
    if hundreds == 1:
      hunword = " %s" % self.number_args['one']
    elif hundreds:
      hunword = "%s" % unit[hundreds]
      # TODO: bug one and zero are padded with a space but other numbers aren't. check this in perl
    else:
      hunword = " %s" % self.number_args['zero']
    if tens:
      tenword = self.tenfn(tens, units)
    elif units:
      tenword = " %s %s" % (self.number_args['zero'], unit[units])
    else:
      tenword = " %s %s" % (self.number_args['zero'], self.number_args['zero'])
    return "%s %s, " % (hunword, tenword)

  def hundsub(self, mo):
    ret = self.hundfn(int(mo.group(1)), int(mo.group(2)), int(mo.group(3)), self.mill_count)
    self.mill_count += 1
    return ret

  def tensub(self, mo):
    return "%s, " % self.tenfn(int(mo.group(1)), int(mo.group(2)), self.mill_count)

  def unitsub(self, mo):
    return "%s, " % self.unitfn(int(mo.group(1)), self.mill_count)

  def enword(self, num, group):
    # import pdb
    # pdb.set_trace()

    if group == 1:
      num = resub(r"(\d)", self.group1sub, num)
    elif group == 2:
      num = resub(r"(\d)(\d)", self.group2sub, num)
      num = resub(r"(\d)", self.group1bsub, num, 1)
      # group1bsub same as
      # group1sub except it doesn't use the default word for one.
      # Is this required? i.e. is the default word not to beused when
      # grouping in pairs?
      #
      # No. This is a bug. Fixed. TODO: report upstream.
    elif group == 3:
      num = resub(r"(\d)(\d)(\d)", self.group3sub, num)
      num = resub(r"(\d)(\d)", self.group2sub, num, 1)
      num = resub(r"(\d)", self.group1sub, num, 1)
    elif int(num) == 0:
      num = self.number_args['zero']
    elif int(num) == 1:
      num = self.number_args['one']
    else:
      num = num.lstrip().lstrip('0')
      self.mill_count = 0
      # surely there's a better way to do the next bit
      mo = search(r"(\d)(\d)(\d)(?=\D*\Z)", num)
      while mo:
        num = resub(r"(\d)(\d)(\d)(?=\D*\Z)", self.hundsub, num, 1)
        mo = search(r"(\d)(\d)(\d)(?=\D*\Z)", num)
      num = resub(r"(\d)(\d)(?=\D*\Z)", self.tensub, num, 1)
      num = resub(r"(\d)(?=\D*\Z)", self.unitsub, num, 1)
    return num

  def blankfn(self, mo):
    ''' do a global blank replace
    TODO: surely this can be done with an option to resub
          rather than this fn
    '''
    return ''

  def commafn(self, mo):
    ''' do a global ',' replace
    TODO: surely this can be done with an option to resub
          rather than this fn
    '''
    return ','

  def spacefn(self, mo):
    ''' do a global ' ' replace
    TODO: surely this can be done with an option to resub
          rather than this fn
    '''
    return ' '

  def number_to_words(self, num, wantlist=False,
                      group=0, comma=',', andword='and',
                      zero='zero', one='one', decimal='point',
                      threshold=None):
    '''
    Return a number in words.
    group = 1, 2 or 3 to group numbers before turning into words
    comma: define comma
    andword: word for 'and'. Can be set to ''.
        e.g. "one hundred and one" vs "one hundred one"
    zero: word for '0'
    one: word for '1'
    decimal: word for decimal point
    threshold: numbers above threshold not turned into words
    parameters not remembered from last call. Departure from Perl version.
    '''
    self.number_args = dict(andword=andword, zero=zero, one=one)
    num = '%s' % num

    # Handle "stylistic" conversions (up to a given threshold)...
    if (threshold is not None and float(num) > threshold):
      spnum = num.split('.', 1)
      while (comma):
        (spnum[0], n) = subn(r"(\d)(\d{3}(?:,|\Z))", r"\1,\2", spnum[0])
        if n == 0:
          break
      try:
        return "%s.%s" % (spnum[0], spnum[1])
      except IndexError:
        return "%s" % spnum[0]

    if group < 0 or group > 3:
      raise BadChunkingOptionError
    nowhite = num.lstrip()
    if nowhite[0] == '+':
      sign = "plus"
    elif nowhite[0] == '-':
      sign = "minus"
    else:
      sign = ""

    myord = (num[-2:] in ('st', 'nd', 'rd', 'th'))
    if myord:
      num = num[:-2]
    finalpoint = False
    if decimal:
      if group != 0:
        chunks = num.split('.')
      else:
        chunks = num.split('.', 1)
      if chunks[-1] == '':  # remove blank string if nothing after decimal
        chunks = chunks[:-1]
        finalpoint = True  # add 'point' to end of output
    else:
      chunks = [num]

    first = 1
    loopstart = 0

    if chunks[0] == '':
      first = 0
      if len(chunks) > 1:
        loopstart = 1

    for i in range(loopstart, len(chunks)):
      chunk = chunks[i]
      # remove all non numeric \D
      chunk = resub(r"\D", self.blankfn, chunk)
      if chunk == "":
        chunk = "0"

      if group == 0 and (first == 0 or first == ''):
        chunk = self.enword(chunk, 1)
      else:
        chunk = self.enword(chunk, group)

      if chunk[-2:] == ', ':
        chunk = chunk[:-2]
      chunk = resub(r"\s+,", self.commafn, chunk)

      if group == 0 and first:
        chunk = resub(r", (\S+)\s+\Z", " %s \\1" % andword, chunk)
      chunk = resub(r"\s+", self.spacefn, chunk)
      # chunk = resub(r"(\A\s|\s\Z)", self.blankfn, chunk)
      chunk = chunk.strip()
      if first:
        first = ''
      chunks[i] = chunk

    numchunks = []
    if first != 0:
      numchunks = chunks[0].split("%s " % comma)

    if myord and numchunks:
      # TODO: can this be just one re as it is in perl?
      mo = search(r"(%s)\Z" % ordinal_suff, numchunks[-1])
      if mo:
        numchunks[-1] = resub(r"(%s)\Z" % ordinal_suff, ordinal[mo.group(1)],
                              numchunks[-1])
      else:
        numchunks[-1] += 'th'

    for chunk in chunks[1:]:
      numchunks.append(decimal)
      numchunks.extend(chunk.split("%s " % comma))

    if finalpoint:
      numchunks.append(decimal)

    # wantlist: Perl list context. can explictly specify in Python
    if wantlist:
      if sign:
        numchunks = [sign] + numchunks
      return numchunks
    elif group:
      signout = "%s " % sign if sign else ''
      return "%s%s" % (signout, ", ".join(numchunks))
    else:
      signout = "%s " % sign if sign else ''
      num = "%s%s" % (signout, numchunks.pop(0))
      if decimal is None:
        first = True
      else:
        first = not num.endswith(decimal)
      for nc in numchunks:
        if nc == decimal:
          num += " %s" % nc
          first = 0
        elif first:
          num += "%s %s" % (comma, nc)
        else:
          num += " %s" % nc
      return num

  # Join words with commas and a trailing 'and' (when appropriate)...

  def join(self, words, sep=None, sep_spaced=True,
           final_sep=None, conj='and', conj_spaced=True):
    '''
    Join words into a list.
    e.g. join(['ant', 'bee', 'fly']) returns 'ant, bee, and fly'
    options:
    conj: replacement for 'and'
    sep: separator. default ',', unless ',' is in the list then ';'
    final_sep: final separator. default ',', unless ',' is in the list then ';'
    conj_spaced: boolean. Should conj have spaces around it
    '''
    if not words:
      return ""
    if len(words) == 1:
      return words[0]

    if conj_spaced:
      if conj == '':
        conj = ' '
      else:
        conj = ' %s ' % conj

    if len(words) == 2:
      return "%s%s%s" % (words[0], conj, words[1])

    if sep is None:
      if ',' in ''.join(words):
        sep = ';'
      else:
        sep = ','
    if final_sep is None:
      final_sep = sep

    final_sep = "%s%s" % (final_sep, conj)

    if sep_spaced:
      sep += ' '

    return "%s%s%s" % (sep.join(words[0:-1]), final_sep, words[-1])
