Doc: improve documentation about nextval()/setval().
Clarify that the results of nextval and setval are not guaranteed
persistent until the calling transaction commits.  Some people
seem to have drawn the opposite conclusion from the statement that
these functions are never rolled back, so re-word to avoid saying
it quite that way.
Discussion:
@@ -13678,24 +13678,6 @@ nextval('foo'::text) <lineannotation><literal>foo</literal> is looked up at
see its command reference page for more information.
</para>
- <important>
- <para>
- To avoid blocking concurrent transactions that obtain numbers from
- the same sequence, a <function>nextval</function> operation is never
- rolled back; that is, once a value has been fetched it is considered
- used and will not be returned again. This is true even if the
- surrounding transaction later aborts, or if the calling query ends
- up not using the value. For example an <command>INSERT</command> with
- an <literal>ON CONFLICT</literal> clause will compute the to-be-inserted
- tuple, including doing any required <function>nextval</function>
- calls, before detecting any conflict that would cause it to follow
- the <literal>ON CONFLICT</literal> rule instead. Such cases will leave
- unused <quote>holes</quote> in the sequence of assigned values.
- Thus, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> sequence objects <emphasis>cannot
- be used to obtain <quote>gapless</quote> sequences</emphasis>.
- </para>
- </important>
-
<para>
This function requires <literal>USAGE</literal>
or <literal>UPDATE</literal> privilege on the sequence.
@@ -13772,13 +13754,6 @@ SELECT setval('foo', 42, false); <lineannotation>Next <function>nextval</func
The result returned by <function>setval</function> is just the value of its
second argument.
</para>
- <important>
- <para>
- Because sequences are non-transactional, changes made by
- <function>setval</function> are not undone if the transaction rolls
- back.
- </para>
- </important>
<para>
This function requires <literal>UPDATE</literal> privilege on the
@@ -13789,6 +13764,42 @@ SELECT setval('foo', 42, false); <lineannotation>Next <function>nextval</func
</variablelist>
</para>
+ <caution>
+ <para>
+ To avoid blocking concurrent transactions that obtain numbers from
+ the same sequence, the value obtained by <function>nextval</function>
+ is not reclaimed for re-use if the calling transaction later aborts.
+ This means that transaction aborts or database crashes can result in
+ gaps in the sequence of assigned values. That can happen without a
+ transaction abort, too. For example an <command>INSERT</command> with
+ an <literal>ON CONFLICT</literal> clause will compute the to-be-inserted
+ tuple, including doing any required <function>nextval</function>
+ calls, before detecting any conflict that would cause it to follow
+ the <literal>ON CONFLICT</literal> rule instead.
+ Thus, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> sequence
+ objects <emphasis>cannot be used to obtain <quote>gapless</quote>
+ sequences</emphasis>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Likewise, sequence state changes made by <function>setval</function>
+ are immediately visible to other transactions, and are not undone if
+ the calling transaction rolls back.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the database cluster crashes before committing a transaction
+ containing a <function>nextval</function>
+ or <function>setval</function> call, the sequence state change might
+ not have made its way to persistent storage, so that it is uncertain
+ whether the sequence will have its original or updated state after the
+ cluster restarts. This is harmless for usage of the sequence within
+ the database, since other effects of uncommitted transactions will not
+ be visible either. However, if you wish to use a sequence value for
+ persistent outside-the-database purposes, make sure that the
+ <function>nextval</function> call has been committed before doing so.
+ </para>
+ </caution>
</sect1>
