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id stringlengths 19 24	title stringlengths 1 110	content stringlengths 1 1k	contents stringlengths 7 1.11k	wiki_id stringlengths 2 8
wiki20220301en020_104827	Philae (spacecraft)	CIVA The Comet Nucleus Infrared and Visible Analyser (sometimes given as ÇIVA) is a group of seven identical cameras used to take panoramic pictures of the surface plus a visible-light microscope and an infrared spectrometer. The panoramic cameras (CIVA-P) are arranged on the sides of the lander at 60° intervals: five mono imagers and two others making up a stereo imager. Each camera has a 1024×1024 pixel CCD detector. The microscope and spectrometer (CIVA-M) are mounted on the base of the lander, and are used to analyse the composition, texture and albedo (reflectivity) of samples collected from the surface. CONSERT The COmet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission used electromagnetic wave propagation to determine the comet's internal structure. A radar on Rosetta transmitted a signal through the nucleus to be received by a detector on Philae.	Philae (spacecraft). CIVA The Comet Nucleus Infrared and Visible Analyser (sometimes given as ÇIVA) is a group of seven identical cameras used to take panoramic pictures of the surface plus a visible-light microscope and an infrared spectrometer. The panoramic cameras (CIVA-P) are arranged on the sides of the lander at 60° intervals: five mono imagers and two others making up a stereo imager. Each camera has a 1024×1024 pixel CCD detector. The microscope and spectrometer (CIVA-M) are mounted on the base of the lander, and are used to analyse the composition, texture and albedo (reflectivity) of samples collected from the surface. CONSERT The COmet Nucleus Sounding Experiment by Radiowave Transmission used electromagnetic wave propagation to determine the comet's internal structure. A radar on Rosetta transmitted a signal through the nucleus to be received by a detector on Philae.	524434
wiki20220301en020_104828	Philae (spacecraft)	COSAC The COmetary SAmpling and Composition instrument is a combined gas chromatograph and time-of-flight mass spectrometer to perform analysis of soil samples and determine the content of volatile components. MUPUS The MUlti-PUrpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-Surface Science instrument measured the density, thermal and mechanical properties of the comet's surface. Ptolemy An instrument measuring stable isotope ratios of key volatiles on the comet's nucleus. ROLIS The Rosetta Lander Imaging System is a CCD camera used to obtain high-resolution images during descent and stereo panoramic images of areas sampled by other instruments. The CCD detector consists of 1024×1024 pixels. ROMAP The Rosetta Lander Magnetometer and Plasma Monitor is a magnetometer and plasma sensor to study the nucleus' magnetic field and its interactions with the solar wind.	Philae (spacecraft). COSAC The COmetary SAmpling and Composition instrument is a combined gas chromatograph and time-of-flight mass spectrometer to perform analysis of soil samples and determine the content of volatile components. MUPUS The MUlti-PUrpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-Surface Science instrument measured the density, thermal and mechanical properties of the comet's surface. Ptolemy An instrument measuring stable isotope ratios of key volatiles on the comet's nucleus. ROLIS The Rosetta Lander Imaging System is a CCD camera used to obtain high-resolution images during descent and stereo panoramic images of areas sampled by other instruments. The CCD detector consists of 1024×1024 pixels. ROMAP The Rosetta Lander Magnetometer and Plasma Monitor is a magnetometer and plasma sensor to study the nucleus' magnetic field and its interactions with the solar wind.	524434
wiki20220301en020_104829	Philae (spacecraft)	SD2	Philae (spacecraft). SD2	524434
wiki20220301en020_104830	Philae (spacecraft)	The Sampling, Drilling and Distribution system obtains soil samples from the comet and transfers them to the Ptolemy, COSAC, and CIVA instruments for in-situ analysis. SD2 contains four primary subsystems: drill, ovens, carousel, and volume checker. The drill system, made of steel and titanium, is capable of drilling to a depth of , deploying a probe to collect samples, and delivering samples to the ovens. There are a total of 26 platinum ovens to heat samples—10 medium temperature ovens at and 16 high temperature ovens at —and one oven to clear the drill bit for reuse. The ovens are mounted on a rotating carousel that delivers the active oven to the appropriate instrument. The electromechanical volume checker determines how much material was deposited into an oven, and may be used to evenly distribute material on CIVA's optical windows. Development of SD2 was led by the Italian Space Agency with contributions by prime contractor Tecnospazio S.p.A. (now Selex ES S.p.A.) in charge of	Philae (spacecraft). The Sampling, Drilling and Distribution system obtains soil samples from the comet and transfers them to the Ptolemy, COSAC, and CIVA instruments for in-situ analysis. SD2 contains four primary subsystems: drill, ovens, carousel, and volume checker. The drill system, made of steel and titanium, is capable of drilling to a depth of , deploying a probe to collect samples, and delivering samples to the ovens. There are a total of 26 platinum ovens to heat samples—10 medium temperature ovens at and 16 high temperature ovens at —and one oven to clear the drill bit for reuse. The ovens are mounted on a rotating carousel that delivers the active oven to the appropriate instrument. The electromechanical volume checker determines how much material was deposited into an oven, and may be used to evenly distribute material on CIVA's optical windows. Development of SD2 was led by the Italian Space Agency with contributions by prime contractor Tecnospazio S.p.A. (now Selex ES S.p.A.) in charge of	524434
wiki20220301en020_104831	Philae (spacecraft)	distribute material on CIVA's optical windows. Development of SD2 was led by the Italian Space Agency with contributions by prime contractor Tecnospazio S.p.A. (now Selex ES S.p.A.) in charge of the system design and overall integration; the Italian company Tecnomare S.p.A., owned by Eni S.p.A., in charge of the design, development, and testing of the drilling/sampling tool and the volume checker; Media Lario; and Dallara. The instrument's principal investigator is Amalia Ercoli-Finzi (Politecnico di Milano).	Philae (spacecraft). distribute material on CIVA's optical windows. Development of SD2 was led by the Italian Space Agency with contributions by prime contractor Tecnospazio S.p.A. (now Selex ES S.p.A.) in charge of the system design and overall integration; the Italian company Tecnomare S.p.A., owned by Eni S.p.A., in charge of the design, development, and testing of the drilling/sampling tool and the volume checker; Media Lario; and Dallara. The instrument's principal investigator is Amalia Ercoli-Finzi (Politecnico di Milano).	524434
wiki20220301en020_104832	Philae (spacecraft)	SESAME The Surface Electric Sounding and Acoustic Monitoring Experiments used three instruments to measure properties of the comet's outer layers. The Cometary Acoustic Sounding Surface Experiment (CASSE) measures the way in which sound travels through the surface. The Permittivity Probe (PP) investigates its electrical characteristics, and the Dust Impact Monitor (DIM) measures dust falling back to the surface. Analysis of comet On October 28, 2020, it was reported that Philae had discovered, among other things, "low-strength primitive ice inside cometary boulders." This also included primitive water ice from the comet's estimated formation 4.5 billion years prior. This occurred primarily at the site of Philae's second touchdown onto the 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, where the spacecraft successfully produced four distinct surface contacts on two adjoining cometary boulders. Philae was also able to drill 0.25 metres into the comet's boulder ice.	Philae (spacecraft). SESAME The Surface Electric Sounding and Acoustic Monitoring Experiments used three instruments to measure properties of the comet's outer layers. The Cometary Acoustic Sounding Surface Experiment (CASSE) measures the way in which sound travels through the surface. The Permittivity Probe (PP) investigates its electrical characteristics, and the Dust Impact Monitor (DIM) measures dust falling back to the surface. Analysis of comet On October 28, 2020, it was reported that Philae had discovered, among other things, "low-strength primitive ice inside cometary boulders." This also included primitive water ice from the comet's estimated formation 4.5 billion years prior. This occurred primarily at the site of Philae's second touchdown onto the 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, where the spacecraft successfully produced four distinct surface contacts on two adjoining cometary boulders. Philae was also able to drill 0.25 metres into the comet's boulder ice.	524434
wiki20220301en020_104833	Philae (spacecraft)	International contributions Austria The Austrian Space Research Institute developed the lander's anchor and two sensors within MUPUS, which are integrated into the anchor tips. Belgium The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA) cooperated with different partners to build one of the sensors (DFMS) of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument. The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA) and Royal Observatory of Belgium (ROB) provided information about the space weather conditions at Rosetta to support the landing of Philae. The main concern was solar proton events.	Philae (spacecraft). International contributions Austria The Austrian Space Research Institute developed the lander's anchor and two sensors within MUPUS, which are integrated into the anchor tips. Belgium The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA) cooperated with different partners to build one of the sensors (DFMS) of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument. The Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA) and Royal Observatory of Belgium (ROB) provided information about the space weather conditions at Rosetta to support the landing of Philae. The main concern was solar proton events.	524434
wiki20220301en020_104834	Philae (spacecraft)	Canada Two Canadian companies played a role in the mission. SED Systems, located on the University of Saskatchewan campus in Saskatoon, built three ground stations that were used to communicate with the Rosetta spacecraft. ADGA-RHEA Group of Ottawa provided MOIS (Manufacturing and Operating Information Systems) software which supported the procedures and command sequences operations software. Finland The Finnish Meteorological Institute provided the memory of the Command, Data and Management System (CDMS) and the Permittivity Probe (PP). France The French Space Agency, together with some scientific laboratories (IAS, SA, LPG, LISA) provided the system's overall engineering, radiocommunications, battery assembly, CONSERT, CIVA and the ground segment (overall engineering and development/operation of the Scientific Operation & Navigation Centre).	Philae (spacecraft). Canada Two Canadian companies played a role in the mission. SED Systems, located on the University of Saskatchewan campus in Saskatoon, built three ground stations that were used to communicate with the Rosetta spacecraft. ADGA-RHEA Group of Ottawa provided MOIS (Manufacturing and Operating Information Systems) software which supported the procedures and command sequences operations software. Finland The Finnish Meteorological Institute provided the memory of the Command, Data and Management System (CDMS) and the Permittivity Probe (PP). France The French Space Agency, together with some scientific laboratories (IAS, SA, LPG, LISA) provided the system's overall engineering, radiocommunications, battery assembly, CONSERT, CIVA and the ground segment (overall engineering and development/operation of the Scientific Operation & Navigation Centre).	524434
wiki20220301en020_104835	Philae (spacecraft)	Germany The German Space Agency (DLR) has provided the structure, thermal subsystem, flywheel, the Active Descent System (procured by DLR but made in Switzerland), ROLIS, downward-looking camera, SESAME, acoustic sounding and seismic instrument for Philae. It has also managed the project and did the level product assurance. The University of Münster built MUPUS (it was designed and built in Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences) and the Braunschweig University of Technology the ROMAP instrument. The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research made the payload engineering, eject mechanism, landing gear, anchoring harpoon, central computer, COSAC, APXS and other subsystems. The institute has led development and construction of COSAC and DIM, a part of SESAME, as well as contributed to the deveplopment and construction of ROMAP.	Philae (spacecraft). Germany The German Space Agency (DLR) has provided the structure, thermal subsystem, flywheel, the Active Descent System (procured by DLR but made in Switzerland), ROLIS, downward-looking camera, SESAME, acoustic sounding and seismic instrument for Philae. It has also managed the project and did the level product assurance. The University of Münster built MUPUS (it was designed and built in Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences) and the Braunschweig University of Technology the ROMAP instrument. The Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research made the payload engineering, eject mechanism, landing gear, anchoring harpoon, central computer, COSAC, APXS and other subsystems. The institute has led development and construction of COSAC and DIM, a part of SESAME, as well as contributed to the deveplopment and construction of ROMAP.	524434
wiki20220301en020_104836	Philae (spacecraft)	Hungary The Command and Data Management Subsystem (CDMS) designed in the Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences jointly with the Space and Ground Facilities Ltd. (a spin-off company of the Wigner Research Centre for Physics). The Power Subsystem (PSS) designed in the Department of Broadband Infocommunications and Electromagnetic Theory at Budapest University of Technology and Economics. CDMS is the fault tolerant central computer of the lander, while PSS assures that the power coming from the batteries and solar arrays are properly handled, controls battery charging and manages the onboard power distribution.	Philae (spacecraft). Hungary The Command and Data Management Subsystem (CDMS) designed in the Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences jointly with the Space and Ground Facilities Ltd. (a spin-off company of the Wigner Research Centre for Physics). The Power Subsystem (PSS) designed in the Department of Broadband Infocommunications and Electromagnetic Theory at Budapest University of Technology and Economics. CDMS is the fault tolerant central computer of the lander, while PSS assures that the power coming from the batteries and solar arrays are properly handled, controls battery charging and manages the onboard power distribution.	524434
wiki20220301en020_104837	Philae (spacecraft)	Ireland Captec Ltd., based in Malahide, provided the independent validation of mission critical software (independent software validation facility or SVF) and developed the software for the communications interface between the orbiter and the lander. Captec also provided engineering support to the prime contractor for the launch activities at Kourou. Space Technology Ireland Ltd. at Maynooth University has designed, constructed and tested the Electrical Support System Processor Unit (ESS) for the Rosetta mission. ESS stores, transmits and provides decoding for the command streams passing from the spacecraft to the lander and handles the data streams coming back from the scientific experiments on the lander to the spacecraft.	Philae (spacecraft). Ireland Captec Ltd., based in Malahide, provided the independent validation of mission critical software (independent software validation facility or SVF) and developed the software for the communications interface between the orbiter and the lander. Captec also provided engineering support to the prime contractor for the launch activities at Kourou. Space Technology Ireland Ltd. at Maynooth University has designed, constructed and tested the Electrical Support System Processor Unit (ESS) for the Rosetta mission. ESS stores, transmits and provides decoding for the command streams passing from the spacecraft to the lander and handles the data streams coming back from the scientific experiments on the lander to the spacecraft.	524434
wiki20220301en020_104838	Philae (spacecraft)	Italy The Italian Space Agency (ASI) developed the SD2 instrument and the photovoltaic assembly. Italian Alenia Space was involved in the assembly, integration and testing of the probe, as well as several mechanical and electrical ground support equipment. The company also built the probe's S-band and X-band digital transponder, used for communications with Earth. Netherlands Moog Bradford (Heerle, The Netherlands) provided the Active Descent System, which guided and propelled the lander down to its landing zone. To accomplish the ADS, a strategic industrial team was formed with Bleuler-Baumer Mechanik in Switzerland. Poland The Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences built the Multi-Purpose Sensors for Surface and Subsurface Science (MUPUS).	Philae (spacecraft). Italy The Italian Space Agency (ASI) developed the SD2 instrument and the photovoltaic assembly. Italian Alenia Space was involved in the assembly, integration and testing of the probe, as well as several mechanical and electrical ground support equipment. The company also built the probe's S-band and X-band digital transponder, used for communications with Earth. Netherlands Moog Bradford (Heerle, The Netherlands) provided the Active Descent System, which guided and propelled the lander down to its landing zone. To accomplish the ADS, a strategic industrial team was formed with Bleuler-Baumer Mechanik in Switzerland. Poland The Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences built the Multi-Purpose Sensors for Surface and Subsurface Science (MUPUS).	524434
wiki20220301en020_104839	Philae (spacecraft)	Poland The Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences built the Multi-Purpose Sensors for Surface and Subsurface Science (MUPUS). Spain The GMV Spanish division has been responsible for the maintenance of the calculation tools to calculate the criteria of lighting and visibility necessary to decide the point of landing on the comet, as well as the possible trajectories of decline of the Philae module. Other important Spanish companies or educational institutions that have been contributed are as follows: INTA, Airbus Defence and Space Spanish division, other small companies also participated in subcontracted packages in structural mechanics and thermal control like AASpace (former Space Contact), and the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Switzerland The Swiss Centre for Electronics and Microtechnology developed CIVA.	Philae (spacecraft). Poland The Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences built the Multi-Purpose Sensors for Surface and Subsurface Science (MUPUS). Spain The GMV Spanish division has been responsible for the maintenance of the calculation tools to calculate the criteria of lighting and visibility necessary to decide the point of landing on the comet, as well as the possible trajectories of decline of the Philae module. Other important Spanish companies or educational institutions that have been contributed are as follows: INTA, Airbus Defence and Space Spanish division, other small companies also participated in subcontracted packages in structural mechanics and thermal control like AASpace (former Space Contact), and the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Switzerland The Swiss Centre for Electronics and Microtechnology developed CIVA.	524434
wiki20220301en020_104840	Philae (spacecraft)	Switzerland The Swiss Centre for Electronics and Microtechnology developed CIVA. United Kingdom The Open University and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) developed PTOLEMY. RAL also constructed the blankets that kept the lander warm throughout its mission. Surrey Satellites Technology Ltd. (SSTL) constructed the momentum wheel for the lander. It stabilised the module during the descent and landing phases. Manufacturer e2v supplied the CIVA and Rolis camera systems used to film the descent and take images of samples, as well as three other camera systems.	Philae (spacecraft). Switzerland The Swiss Centre for Electronics and Microtechnology developed CIVA. United Kingdom The Open University and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) developed PTOLEMY. RAL also constructed the blankets that kept the lander warm throughout its mission. Surrey Satellites Technology Ltd. (SSTL) constructed the momentum wheel for the lander. It stabilised the module during the descent and landing phases. Manufacturer e2v supplied the CIVA and Rolis camera systems used to film the descent and take images of samples, as well as three other camera systems.	524434
wiki20220301en020_104841	Philae (spacecraft)	Media coverage The landing was featured heavily in social media, with the lander having an official Twitter account portraying a personification of the spacecraft. The hashtag "#CometLanding" gained widespread traction. A Livestream of the control centres was set up, as were multiple official and unofficial events around the world to follow Philae landing on Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Various instruments on Philae were given their own Twitter accounts to announce news and science results. Popular culture Vangelis composed the music for the trio of music videos released by ESA to celebrate the first-ever attempted soft landing on a comet by ESA's Rosetta mission. On 12 November 2014, the search engine Google featured a Google Doodle of Philae on its home page. On 31 December 2014, Google featured Philae again as part of its New Year's Eve 2014 Doodle. Online comic author Randall Munroe wrote a live updating strip on his website xkcd on the day of the landing. See also	Philae (spacecraft). Media coverage The landing was featured heavily in social media, with the lander having an official Twitter account portraying a personification of the spacecraft. The hashtag "#CometLanding" gained widespread traction. A Livestream of the control centres was set up, as were multiple official and unofficial events around the world to follow Philae landing on Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Various instruments on Philae were given their own Twitter accounts to announce news and science results. Popular culture Vangelis composed the music for the trio of music videos released by ESA to celebrate the first-ever attempted soft landing on a comet by ESA's Rosetta mission. On 12 November 2014, the search engine Google featured a Google Doodle of Philae on its home page. On 31 December 2014, Google featured Philae again as part of its New Year's Eve 2014 Doodle. Online comic author Randall Munroe wrote a live updating strip on his website xkcd on the day of the landing. See also	524434
wiki20220301en020_104842	Philae (spacecraft)	Online comic author Randall Munroe wrote a live updating strip on his website xkcd on the day of the landing. See also Hayabusa MASCOT, DLR-CNES mini asteroid lander MINERVA NEAR Shoemaker OSIRIS-REx Timeline of Rosetta spacecraft References Further reading External links Rosetta mission website by the European Space Agency Philae entry at the National Space Science Data Center Philae blog at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Rosetta Lander Mission Data Archive at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node Media The working of... Philae, the comet lander by the German Aerospace Center Rosetta: landing on a comet by the European Space Agency ESA's Philae landing gallery at Flickr.com 2 Attached spacecraft Landers (spacecraft) Derelict landers (spacecraft) Space probes launched in 2004 Articles containing video clips	Philae (spacecraft). Online comic author Randall Munroe wrote a live updating strip on his website xkcd on the day of the landing. See also Hayabusa MASCOT, DLR-CNES mini asteroid lander MINERVA NEAR Shoemaker OSIRIS-REx Timeline of Rosetta spacecraft References Further reading External links Rosetta mission website by the European Space Agency Philae entry at the National Space Science Data Center Philae blog at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Rosetta Lander Mission Data Archive at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node Media The working of... Philae, the comet lander by the German Aerospace Center Rosetta: landing on a comet by the European Space Agency ESA's Philae landing gallery at Flickr.com 2 Attached spacecraft Landers (spacecraft) Derelict landers (spacecraft) Space probes launched in 2004 Articles containing video clips	524434
wiki20220301en020_104843	TSA	TSA may refer to: Organizations Transportation Security Administration, of the US Department of Homeland Security Technology Student Association Tenant Services Authority, a former regulatory body in England Thailand Swimming Association, the aquatic sports government of Thailand Theosophical Society in America The Scout Association, a UK scouting organisation Tourette Syndrome Association, former name of the Tourette Association of America Transpacific Stabilization Agreement, a research and discussion forum for the main transpacific container shipping lines Trans States Airlines, US The Sports Authority, former name of the defunct sports retailer Sports Authority	TSA. TSA may refer to: Organizations Transportation Security Administration, of the US Department of Homeland Security Technology Student Association Tenant Services Authority, a former regulatory body in England Thailand Swimming Association, the aquatic sports government of Thailand Theosophical Society in America The Scout Association, a UK scouting organisation Tourette Syndrome Association, former name of the Tourette Association of America Transpacific Stabilization Agreement, a research and discussion forum for the main transpacific container shipping lines Trans States Airlines, US The Sports Authority, former name of the defunct sports retailer Sports Authority	524438
wiki20220301en020_104844	TSA	Education Tattnall Square Academy, Macon, Georgia, US Thinking Skills Assessment, a generic university admissions test Tiong Se Academy, Chinese school, the Philippines The Sharon Academy, Vermont, US Territory-wide System Assessment, a Hong Kong academic assessment program Tulane School of Architecture, New Orleans, Louisiana, US Toledo School for the Arts, a public charter school in Toledo, Ohio Places Taipei Songshan Airport (IATA code) Tin Sau stop, Hong Kong (MTR station code) Titanium Security Arena, a sports stadium in Australia Science and technology TS/A, a mouse mammary carcinoma cell line Temperature swing adsorption, a gas separation technique Time Stamping Authority, carrying out cryptographic trusted timestamping Trichostatin A, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases Trypticase soy agar, a common laboratory plating media Tumor-specific antigen	TSA. Education Tattnall Square Academy, Macon, Georgia, US Thinking Skills Assessment, a generic university admissions test Tiong Se Academy, Chinese school, the Philippines The Sharon Academy, Vermont, US Territory-wide System Assessment, a Hong Kong academic assessment program Tulane School of Architecture, New Orleans, Louisiana, US Toledo School for the Arts, a public charter school in Toledo, Ohio Places Taipei Songshan Airport (IATA code) Tin Sau stop, Hong Kong (MTR station code) Titanium Security Arena, a sports stadium in Australia Science and technology TS/A, a mouse mammary carcinoma cell line Temperature swing adsorption, a gas separation technique Time Stamping Authority, carrying out cryptographic trusted timestamping Trichostatin A, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases Trypticase soy agar, a common laboratory plating media Tumor-specific antigen	524438
wiki20220301en020_104845	TSA	Arts and entertainment TSA (band) (Tajne Stowarzyszenie Abstynentów or Teetotallers' Secret Association), a Polish heavy metal/hard rock band Transformation Story Archive, web site archiving amateur fiction Toilet Safety Administration, parody of US Transportation Security Administration in TV episode "Reverse Cowgirl" (South Park) Other uses Tax sheltered annuity or 403(b) plan Technicien supérieur de l'aviation, a certification in French civil aviation Treasury single account, a financial policy in Nigeria	TSA. Arts and entertainment TSA (band) (Tajne Stowarzyszenie Abstynentów or Teetotallers' Secret Association), a Polish heavy metal/hard rock band Transformation Story Archive, web site archiving amateur fiction Toilet Safety Administration, parody of US Transportation Security Administration in TV episode "Reverse Cowgirl" (South Park) Other uses Tax sheltered annuity or 403(b) plan Technicien supérieur de l'aviation, a certification in French civil aviation Treasury single account, a financial policy in Nigeria	524438
wiki20220301en020_104846	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone	The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is the first large canyon on the Yellowstone River downstream from Yellowstone Falls in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The canyon is approximately long, between deep and from wide. History Although trappers and prospectors who visited the Yellowstone region had knowledge of the canyon, the first significant descriptions were publicized after the Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition of 1869 and the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition of 1870. When Charles W. Cook first viewed the canyon after traveling west from the Lamar Valley on September 20, 1869, he subsequently wrote these words in his journal:	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is the first large canyon on the Yellowstone River downstream from Yellowstone Falls in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The canyon is approximately long, between deep and from wide. History Although trappers and prospectors who visited the Yellowstone region had knowledge of the canyon, the first significant descriptions were publicized after the Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition of 1869 and the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition of 1870. When Charles W. Cook first viewed the canyon after traveling west from the Lamar Valley on September 20, 1869, he subsequently wrote these words in his journal:	524440
wiki20220301en020_104847	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone	When Charles W. Cook first viewed the canyon after traveling west from the Lamar Valley on September 20, 1869, he subsequently wrote these words in his journal: I was riding ahead, the two pack animals following, and then Mr. Folsom and Mr. Peterson on their saddle horses. I remembered seeing what appeared to be an opening in the forest ahead, which I presumed to be a park, or open country. While my attention was attracted by the pack animals, which had stopped to eat grass, my saddle horse suddenly stopped. I turned and looked forward from the brink of the great canyon, at a point just across from what is now called Inspiration Point. I sat there in amazement, while my companions came up, and after that, it seemed to me that it was five minutes before anyone spoke. A year later during the Washburn expedition, on August 30–31, 1870, Lt. Gustavus C. Doane described the canyon with a bit more scientific detail:	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. When Charles W. Cook first viewed the canyon after traveling west from the Lamar Valley on September 20, 1869, he subsequently wrote these words in his journal: I was riding ahead, the two pack animals following, and then Mr. Folsom and Mr. Peterson on their saddle horses. I remembered seeing what appeared to be an opening in the forest ahead, which I presumed to be a park, or open country. While my attention was attracted by the pack animals, which had stopped to eat grass, my saddle horse suddenly stopped. I turned and looked forward from the brink of the great canyon, at a point just across from what is now called Inspiration Point. I sat there in amazement, while my companions came up, and after that, it seemed to me that it was five minutes before anyone spoke. A year later during the Washburn expedition, on August 30–31, 1870, Lt. Gustavus C. Doane described the canyon with a bit more scientific detail:	524440
wiki20220301en020_104848	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone	A year later during the Washburn expedition, on August 30–31, 1870, Lt. Gustavus C. Doane described the canyon with a bit more scientific detail: In 1890, Bozeman resident H.F. Richardson (known as Uncle Tom) was given a permit to operate a ferry across the Yellowstone River near the site of today's Chittenden Bridge and take tourists down into the canyon below the lower falls on Uncle Tom's Trail. Although the original trail no longer exists, there is still a steep stairway down to the base of the lower falls that is called Uncle Tom's Trail. Uncle Tom's Trail is approximately a 3-mile hike. Important Canyon landmarks Agate Creek Artist Point Calcite Spring * Cascade Creek Inspiration Point Grand View Lookout Point Overhanging Cliff Point Sublime Seven Mile Hole Silver Cord Cascade Geology	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. A year later during the Washburn expedition, on August 30–31, 1870, Lt. Gustavus C. Doane described the canyon with a bit more scientific detail: In 1890, Bozeman resident H.F. Richardson (known as Uncle Tom) was given a permit to operate a ferry across the Yellowstone River near the site of today's Chittenden Bridge and take tourists down into the canyon below the lower falls on Uncle Tom's Trail. Although the original trail no longer exists, there is still a steep stairway down to the base of the lower falls that is called Uncle Tom's Trail. Uncle Tom's Trail is approximately a 3-mile hike. Important Canyon landmarks Agate Creek Artist Point Calcite Spring * Cascade Creek Inspiration Point Grand View Lookout Point Overhanging Cliff Point Sublime Seven Mile Hole Silver Cord Cascade Geology	524440
wiki20220301en020_104849	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone	Geology The specifics of the geology of the canyon are not well understood, except that it is the result of erosion by the Yellowstone River, not by glaciation. After the Yellowstone Caldera eruption of about 600,000 years ago, the area was covered by a series of lava flows. The area was also faulted by the doming action of the caldera before the eruption. The site of the present canyon, as well as any previous canyons, was probably the result of this uplift and related faulting, which allowed erosion to proceed at an accelerated rate. The area was also covered by the glaciers that formed during several ice ages. Glacial deposits probably filled the canyon at one time, but have since been eroded away, leaving little or no evidence of their presence.	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. Geology The specifics of the geology of the canyon are not well understood, except that it is the result of erosion by the Yellowstone River, not by glaciation. After the Yellowstone Caldera eruption of about 600,000 years ago, the area was covered by a series of lava flows. The area was also faulted by the doming action of the caldera before the eruption. The site of the present canyon, as well as any previous canyons, was probably the result of this uplift and related faulting, which allowed erosion to proceed at an accelerated rate. The area was also covered by the glaciers that formed during several ice ages. Glacial deposits probably filled the canyon at one time, but have since been eroded away, leaving little or no evidence of their presence.	524440
wiki20220301en020_104850	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone	The canyon below the Lower Yellowstone Falls was at one time the site of a geyser basin that was the result of rhyolite lava flows, extensive faulting, and heat beneath the surface (related to the hot spot). No one is sure exactly when the geyser basin was formed in the area, although it was probably present at the time of the last glaciation. The chemical and heat action of the geyser basin caused the rhyolite rock to become hydrothermally altered, making it very soft and brittle and more easily erodible (sometimes likened to baking a potato). Evidence of this thermal activity still exists in the canyon in the form of geysers and hot springs that are still active and visible. The Clear Lake area, which is fed by hot springs, south of the canyon is probably also a remnant of this activity.	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. The canyon below the Lower Yellowstone Falls was at one time the site of a geyser basin that was the result of rhyolite lava flows, extensive faulting, and heat beneath the surface (related to the hot spot). No one is sure exactly when the geyser basin was formed in the area, although it was probably present at the time of the last glaciation. The chemical and heat action of the geyser basin caused the rhyolite rock to become hydrothermally altered, making it very soft and brittle and more easily erodible (sometimes likened to baking a potato). Evidence of this thermal activity still exists in the canyon in the form of geysers and hot springs that are still active and visible. The Clear Lake area, which is fed by hot springs, south of the canyon is probably also a remnant of this activity.	524440
wiki20220301en020_104851	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone	According to Ken Pierce, U.S. Geological Survey geologist, at the end of the last glacial period, about 14,000 to 18,000 years ago, ice dams formed at the mouth of Yellowstone Lake. When the ice dams melted, a great volume of water was released downstream causing massive flash floods and immediate and catastrophic erosion of the present-day canyon. These flash floods probably happened more than once. The canyon is a classic V-shaped valley, indicative of river-type erosion rather than glaciation. Today the canyon is still being eroded by the Yellowstone River.	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. According to Ken Pierce, U.S. Geological Survey geologist, at the end of the last glacial period, about 14,000 to 18,000 years ago, ice dams formed at the mouth of Yellowstone Lake. When the ice dams melted, a great volume of water was released downstream causing massive flash floods and immediate and catastrophic erosion of the present-day canyon. These flash floods probably happened more than once. The canyon is a classic V-shaped valley, indicative of river-type erosion rather than glaciation. Today the canyon is still being eroded by the Yellowstone River.	524440
wiki20220301en020_104852	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone	The colors in the canyon are also a result of hydrothermal alteration. The rhyolite in the canyon contains a variety of different iron compounds. When the old geyser basin was active, the "cooking" of the rock caused chemical alterations in these iron compounds. Exposure to the elements caused the rocks to change colors. The rocks are oxidizing; in effect, the canyon is rusting. The colors indicate the presence or absence of water in the individual iron compounds. Most of the yellows in the canyon are the result of iron present in the rock rather than, as many people think, sulfur. Notes External links Landforms of Yellowstone National Park Canyons and gorges of Wyoming Hot springs of Wyoming Landforms of Park County, Wyoming Tourist attractions in Park County, Wyoming Yellowstone River	Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. The colors in the canyon are also a result of hydrothermal alteration. The rhyolite in the canyon contains a variety of different iron compounds. When the old geyser basin was active, the "cooking" of the rock caused chemical alterations in these iron compounds. Exposure to the elements caused the rocks to change colors. The rocks are oxidizing; in effect, the canyon is rusting. The colors indicate the presence or absence of water in the individual iron compounds. Most of the yellows in the canyon are the result of iron present in the rock rather than, as many people think, sulfur. Notes External links Landforms of Yellowstone National Park Canyons and gorges of Wyoming Hot springs of Wyoming Landforms of Park County, Wyoming Tourist attractions in Park County, Wyoming Yellowstone River	524440
wiki20220301en020_104853	Billy Bailey	Billy Bailey (January 1947 – January 25, 1996) was a convicted murderer who was hanged in Delaware in 1996. He became the third person to be hanged in the United States since 1965 (the previous two were Charles Rodman Campbell and Westley Allan Dodd, both in Washington), and the first person hanged in Delaware in 50 years. As of 2022, he remains the last person to be executed by hanging in the United States. The crime In 1979, Bailey was assigned to the Plummer House, a work release facility in Wilmington, Delaware, but soon escaped. He later appeared at the home of his foster sister, Sue Ann Coker, in Cheswold, Delaware, saying he was upset and was not going back to the Plummer House.	Billy Bailey. Billy Bailey (January 1947 – January 25, 1996) was a convicted murderer who was hanged in Delaware in 1996. He became the third person to be hanged in the United States since 1965 (the previous two were Charles Rodman Campbell and Westley Allan Dodd, both in Washington), and the first person hanged in Delaware in 50 years. As of 2022, he remains the last person to be executed by hanging in the United States. The crime In 1979, Bailey was assigned to the Plummer House, a work release facility in Wilmington, Delaware, but soon escaped. He later appeared at the home of his foster sister, Sue Ann Coker, in Cheswold, Delaware, saying he was upset and was not going back to the Plummer House.	524442
wiki20220301en020_104854	Billy Bailey	He and Charles Coker, his foster sister's husband, went on an errand in Coker's truck. Bailey asked Coker to stop at a liquor store. Bailey entered the store and robbed the clerk at gunpoint. Emerging from the store with a pistol in one hand and a bottle in the other, Bailey told Coker that the police would be arriving, and asked to be dropped at Lambertson's Corner, about away.	Billy Bailey. He and Charles Coker, his foster sister's husband, went on an errand in Coker's truck. Bailey asked Coker to stop at a liquor store. Bailey entered the store and robbed the clerk at gunpoint. Emerging from the store with a pistol in one hand and a bottle in the other, Bailey told Coker that the police would be arriving, and asked to be dropped at Lambertson's Corner, about away.	524442
wiki20220301en020_104855	Billy Bailey	At Lambertson's Corner, Bailey entered the farmhouse of Gilbert Lambertson, aged 80, and his wife, Clara Lambertson, aged 73. Bailey shot Gilbert Lambertson twice in the chest with a pistol, and once in the head with the Lambertsons' shotgun. He also shot Clara Lambertson once in the shoulder with the pistol, and once each in the abdomen and neck with the shotgun. Both Lambertsons died. Bailey arranged their bodies in chairs, and then fled from the scene. He was spotted by a Delaware State Police helicopter as he ran across the Lambertsons' field. He attempted to shoot the helicopter co-pilot with the pistol, and was later arrested. Conviction Bailey was found guilty of the murders in 1980. After his conviction, the jury found that his crimes "were outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible, or inhuman", and recommended the death penalty. Bailey chose hanging over lethal injection. Therefore, he was sentenced to be hanged by his neck until dead.	Billy Bailey. At Lambertson's Corner, Bailey entered the farmhouse of Gilbert Lambertson, aged 80, and his wife, Clara Lambertson, aged 73. Bailey shot Gilbert Lambertson twice in the chest with a pistol, and once in the head with the Lambertsons' shotgun. He also shot Clara Lambertson once in the shoulder with the pistol, and once each in the abdomen and neck with the shotgun. Both Lambertsons died. Bailey arranged their bodies in chairs, and then fled from the scene. He was spotted by a Delaware State Police helicopter as he ran across the Lambertsons' field. He attempted to shoot the helicopter co-pilot with the pistol, and was later arrested. Conviction Bailey was found guilty of the murders in 1980. After his conviction, the jury found that his crimes "were outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible, or inhuman", and recommended the death penalty. Bailey chose hanging over lethal injection. Therefore, he was sentenced to be hanged by his neck until dead.	524442
wiki20220301en020_104856	Billy Bailey	Preparations Although the method of execution in Delaware had been changed to lethal injection, he had the legal option of choosing to be hanged instead. Bailey refused to accept lethal injection, telling a visitor, "I'm not going to let them put me to sleep." As Delaware had not carried out a hanging in 50 years, it sought advice from corrections officials at Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla, Washington, where hangings had recently been performed. The wooden gallows were built on the grounds of the Delaware Correctional Center at Smyrna in 1986, prior to a January 9, 1987, execution date for Bailey which was where he was staying. The structure required renovation and strengthening before Bailey could be executed on it. The platform housing the trap door was from the ground and accessed by 23 steps.	Billy Bailey. Preparations Although the method of execution in Delaware had been changed to lethal injection, he had the legal option of choosing to be hanged instead. Bailey refused to accept lethal injection, telling a visitor, "I'm not going to let them put me to sleep." As Delaware had not carried out a hanging in 50 years, it sought advice from corrections officials at Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla, Washington, where hangings had recently been performed. The wooden gallows were built on the grounds of the Delaware Correctional Center at Smyrna in 1986, prior to a January 9, 1987, execution date for Bailey which was where he was staying. The structure required renovation and strengthening before Bailey could be executed on it. The platform housing the trap door was from the ground and accessed by 23 steps.	524442
wiki20220301en020_104857	Billy Bailey	Delaware used an execution protocol written by Fred Leuchter. This specifies the use of of diameter Manila hemp rope, boiled to take out stretch and any tendency to coil. The area of the rope sliding inside the knot was lubricated with melted paraffin wax, to allow it to slide freely. A black hood is specified by the protocol, as is a sandbag to test the trap door and a "collapse board" to which a prisoner can be strapped if necessary. The day before, Bailey was weighed as , and the drop was determined to be at around . Bailey was moved from his prison cell to the execution trailer used for lethal injection prior to the execution. There, he spent his last 24 hours, sleeping, eating, watching television, talking with staff, and meeting with his fifty-three-year-old sister, Betty Odom, the prison chaplain, and his attorney. For his last meal, he requested a well-done steak, a baked potato with sour cream and butter, buttered rolls, peas, and vanilla ice cream.	Billy Bailey. Delaware used an execution protocol written by Fred Leuchter. This specifies the use of of diameter Manila hemp rope, boiled to take out stretch and any tendency to coil. The area of the rope sliding inside the knot was lubricated with melted paraffin wax, to allow it to slide freely. A black hood is specified by the protocol, as is a sandbag to test the trap door and a "collapse board" to which a prisoner can be strapped if necessary. The day before, Bailey was weighed as , and the drop was determined to be at around . Bailey was moved from his prison cell to the execution trailer used for lethal injection prior to the execution. There, he spent his last 24 hours, sleeping, eating, watching television, talking with staff, and meeting with his fifty-three-year-old sister, Betty Odom, the prison chaplain, and his attorney. For his last meal, he requested a well-done steak, a baked potato with sour cream and butter, buttered rolls, peas, and vanilla ice cream.	524442
wiki20220301en020_104858	Billy Bailey	For his last meal, he requested a well-done steak, a baked potato with sour cream and butter, buttered rolls, peas, and vanilla ice cream. His final appeals having failed, Bailey was executed on January 25, 1996. The gallows in Delaware were dismantled in 2003, because in that year, none of its death row inmates remained eligible to choose hanging over lethal injection. See also Capital punishment in Delaware Capital punishment in the United States List of people executed in Delaware References External links CNN article on Bailey's hanging 1947 births 1996 deaths People from Smyrna, Delaware American people convicted of murder 1979 murders in the United States People executed for murder 20th-century executions by Delaware People executed by Delaware by hanging Executed people from Delaware People convicted of murder by Delaware 20th-century executions of American people	Billy Bailey. For his last meal, he requested a well-done steak, a baked potato with sour cream and butter, buttered rolls, peas, and vanilla ice cream. His final appeals having failed, Bailey was executed on January 25, 1996. The gallows in Delaware were dismantled in 2003, because in that year, none of its death row inmates remained eligible to choose hanging over lethal injection. See also Capital punishment in Delaware Capital punishment in the United States List of people executed in Delaware References External links CNN article on Bailey's hanging 1947 births 1996 deaths People from Smyrna, Delaware American people convicted of murder 1979 murders in the United States People executed for murder 20th-century executions by Delaware People executed by Delaware by hanging Executed people from Delaware People convicted of murder by Delaware 20th-century executions of American people	524442
wiki20220301en020_104859	Thrombopoietin	Thrombopoietin (THPO) also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene. Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets. It stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that bud off large numbers of platelets. Megakaryocytopoiesis is the cellular development process that leads to platelet production. The protein encoded by this gene is a humoral growth factor necessary for megakaryocyte proliferation and maturation, as well as for thrombopoiesis. This protein is the ligand for MLP/C_MPL, the product of myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene.	Thrombopoietin. Thrombopoietin (THPO) also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene. Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets. It stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that bud off large numbers of platelets. Megakaryocytopoiesis is the cellular development process that leads to platelet production. The protein encoded by this gene is a humoral growth factor necessary for megakaryocyte proliferation and maturation, as well as for thrombopoiesis. This protein is the ligand for MLP/C_MPL, the product of myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene.	524445
wiki20220301en020_104860	Thrombopoietin	Genetics The thrombopoietin gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (q26.3-27). Abnormalities in this gene occur in some hereditary forms of thrombocytosis (high platelet count) and in some cases of leukemia. The first 155 amino acids of the protein share homology with erythropoietin. Function and regulation Thrombopoietin is produced in the liver by both parenchymal cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells, as well as in the kidney by proximal convoluted tubule cells. Small amounts are also made by striated muscle and bone marrow stromal cells. In the liver, its production is augmented by interleukin 6 (IL-6). However, the liver and the kidney are the primary sites of thrombopoietin production. Thrombopoietin regulates the differentiation of megakaryocytes and platelets, but studies on the removal of the thrombopoietin receptor show that its effects on hematopoiesis are more versatile.	Thrombopoietin. Genetics The thrombopoietin gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (q26.3-27). Abnormalities in this gene occur in some hereditary forms of thrombocytosis (high platelet count) and in some cases of leukemia. The first 155 amino acids of the protein share homology with erythropoietin. Function and regulation Thrombopoietin is produced in the liver by both parenchymal cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells, as well as in the kidney by proximal convoluted tubule cells. Small amounts are also made by striated muscle and bone marrow stromal cells. In the liver, its production is augmented by interleukin 6 (IL-6). However, the liver and the kidney are the primary sites of thrombopoietin production. Thrombopoietin regulates the differentiation of megakaryocytes and platelets, but studies on the removal of the thrombopoietin receptor show that its effects on hematopoiesis are more versatile.	524445
wiki20220301en020_104861	Thrombopoietin	Its negative feedback is different from that of most hormones in endocrinology: The effector regulates the hormone directly. Thrombopoietin is bound to the surface of platelets and megakaryocytes by the mpl receptor (CD 110). Inside the platelets it gets destroyed, while inside the megakaryocytes it gives the signal of their maturation and consecutively more platelet production. The bounding of the hormone at these cells thereby reduces further megakaryocyte exposure to the hormone. Therefore, the rising and dropping platelet and megakaryocyte concentrations regulate the thrombopoietin levels. Low platelets and megakaryocytes lead a higher degree of thrombopoietin exposure to the undifferentiated bone marrow cells, leading to differentiation into megakaryocytes and further maturation of these cells. On the other hand, high platelet and megakaryocyte concentrations lead to more thrombopoetin destruction and thus less availability of thrombopoietin to bone marrow.	Thrombopoietin. Its negative feedback is different from that of most hormones in endocrinology: The effector regulates the hormone directly. Thrombopoietin is bound to the surface of platelets and megakaryocytes by the mpl receptor (CD 110). Inside the platelets it gets destroyed, while inside the megakaryocytes it gives the signal of their maturation and consecutively more platelet production. The bounding of the hormone at these cells thereby reduces further megakaryocyte exposure to the hormone. Therefore, the rising and dropping platelet and megakaryocyte concentrations regulate the thrombopoietin levels. Low platelets and megakaryocytes lead a higher degree of thrombopoietin exposure to the undifferentiated bone marrow cells, leading to differentiation into megakaryocytes and further maturation of these cells. On the other hand, high platelet and megakaryocyte concentrations lead to more thrombopoetin destruction and thus less availability of thrombopoietin to bone marrow.	524445
wiki20220301en020_104862	Thrombopoietin	TPO, like EPO, plays a role in brain development. It promotes apoptosis of newly generated neurons, an effect counteracted by EPO and neurotrophins. Therapeutic use Despite numerous trials, thrombopoietin has not been found to be useful therapeutically. Theoretical uses include the procurement of platelets for donation, and recovery of platelet counts after myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Trials of a modified recombinant form, megakaryocyte growth and differentiation factor (MGDF), were stopped when healthy volunteers developed autoantibodies to endogenous thrombopoietin and then developed thrombocytopenia. Romiplostim and Eltrombopag, structurally different compounds that stimulate the same pathway, are used instead. A quadrivalent peptide analogue is being investigated, as well as several small-molecule agents, and several non-peptide ligands of c-Mpl, which act as thrombopoietin analogues.	Thrombopoietin. TPO, like EPO, plays a role in brain development. It promotes apoptosis of newly generated neurons, an effect counteracted by EPO and neurotrophins. Therapeutic use Despite numerous trials, thrombopoietin has not been found to be useful therapeutically. Theoretical uses include the procurement of platelets for donation, and recovery of platelet counts after myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Trials of a modified recombinant form, megakaryocyte growth and differentiation factor (MGDF), were stopped when healthy volunteers developed autoantibodies to endogenous thrombopoietin and then developed thrombocytopenia. Romiplostim and Eltrombopag, structurally different compounds that stimulate the same pathway, are used instead. A quadrivalent peptide analogue is being investigated, as well as several small-molecule agents, and several non-peptide ligands of c-Mpl, which act as thrombopoietin analogues.	524445
wiki20220301en020_104863	Thrombopoietin	A quadrivalent peptide analogue is being investigated, as well as several small-molecule agents, and several non-peptide ligands of c-Mpl, which act as thrombopoietin analogues. Discovery Thrombopoietin was cloned by five independent teams in 1994. Before its identification, its function has been hypothesized for as much as 30 years as being linked to the cell surface receptor c-Mpl, and in older publications thrombopoietin is described as c-Mpl ligand (the agent that binds to the c-Mpl molecule). Thrombopoietin is one of the Class I hematopoietic cytokines. See also Thrombopoietic agent References Further reading External links Longer summary on thrombopoietin Growth factors Thrombopoietin receptor agonists	Thrombopoietin. A quadrivalent peptide analogue is being investigated, as well as several small-molecule agents, and several non-peptide ligands of c-Mpl, which act as thrombopoietin analogues. Discovery Thrombopoietin was cloned by five independent teams in 1994. Before its identification, its function has been hypothesized for as much as 30 years as being linked to the cell surface receptor c-Mpl, and in older publications thrombopoietin is described as c-Mpl ligand (the agent that binds to the c-Mpl molecule). Thrombopoietin is one of the Class I hematopoietic cytokines. See also Thrombopoietic agent References Further reading External links Longer summary on thrombopoietin Growth factors Thrombopoietin receptor agonists	524445
wiki20220301en020_104864	Wooster	Wooster may refer to: Places India Wooster Nagar, a small fishing village in the state of Tamil Nadu United States Wooster, Arkansas, a town in Faulkner County Wooster, Georgia, an unincorporated community Wooster, Kosciusko County, Indiana, an unincorporated community Wooster, Scott County, Indiana, an unincorporated community Wooster, Ohio, a city in Wayne County Wooster, Baytown, Texas Wooster Square, a neighborhood in the city of New Haven, Connecticut Wooster Township, Wayne County, Ohio Schools in the United States College of Wooster, in Wooster, Ohio Earl Wooster High School, in Reno, Nevada Wooster High School (Ohio), in Wooster, Ohio Wooster School, in Danbury, Connecticut Groups and organizations Wooster Collective, an online street art website The Wooster Group, a New York-based U.S. ensemble of theatre and media artists Wooster Warriors, a former U.S. ice hockey team	Wooster. Wooster may refer to: Places India Wooster Nagar, a small fishing village in the state of Tamil Nadu United States Wooster, Arkansas, a town in Faulkner County Wooster, Georgia, an unincorporated community Wooster, Kosciusko County, Indiana, an unincorporated community Wooster, Scott County, Indiana, an unincorporated community Wooster, Ohio, a city in Wayne County Wooster, Baytown, Texas Wooster Square, a neighborhood in the city of New Haven, Connecticut Wooster Township, Wayne County, Ohio Schools in the United States College of Wooster, in Wooster, Ohio Earl Wooster High School, in Reno, Nevada Wooster High School (Ohio), in Wooster, Ohio Wooster School, in Danbury, Connecticut Groups and organizations Wooster Collective, an online street art website The Wooster Group, a New York-based U.S. ensemble of theatre and media artists Wooster Warriors, a former U.S. ice hockey team	524451
wiki20220301en020_104865	Wooster	Other uses Wooster Island, an island in the Housatonic River in Orange, Connecticut Wooster Lake, a lake in Lake County, Illinois People with the surname Wooster Charles Whiting Wooster, 1780-1848, grandson of David Wooster and Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Navy David Wooster (1710–1777), brigadier-general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution Edward Wooster (1622–1689), early pioneer and founder of Derby, Connecticut Fred Wooster (1938–1993), cofounder of the Saanich Lacrosse Association, Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame Louise Wooster (1842–1913), "Lou Wooster", famous madam in Birmingham, Alabama Reginald Wooster (1903-1968), English cricketer who made one first-class appearance for Northamptonshire Stanton Hall Wooster of Wooster and Davis, a U.S. Navy airman who attempted to fly over the Atlantic Ocean in 1927	Wooster. Other uses Wooster Island, an island in the Housatonic River in Orange, Connecticut Wooster Lake, a lake in Lake County, Illinois People with the surname Wooster Charles Whiting Wooster, 1780-1848, grandson of David Wooster and Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Navy David Wooster (1710–1777), brigadier-general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution Edward Wooster (1622–1689), early pioneer and founder of Derby, Connecticut Fred Wooster (1938–1993), cofounder of the Saanich Lacrosse Association, Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame Louise Wooster (1842–1913), "Lou Wooster", famous madam in Birmingham, Alabama Reginald Wooster (1903-1968), English cricketer who made one first-class appearance for Northamptonshire Stanton Hall Wooster of Wooster and Davis, a U.S. Navy airman who attempted to fly over the Atlantic Ocean in 1927	524451
wiki20220301en020_104866	Wooster	Fictional characters Bertie Wooster, character in the stories of P. G. Wodehouse, adapted in the Jeeves and Wooster TV show Henry Wooster, character in the stories of P. G. Wodehouse, uncle of Bertie Wooster See also Wooster Street (disambiguation) Worcester (disambiguation), pronounced and commonly misspelled Wooster	Wooster. Fictional characters Bertie Wooster, character in the stories of P. G. Wodehouse, adapted in the Jeeves and Wooster TV show Henry Wooster, character in the stories of P. G. Wodehouse, uncle of Bertie Wooster See also Wooster Street (disambiguation) Worcester (disambiguation), pronounced and commonly misspelled Wooster	524451