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wiki20220301en020_104127	Winston-Salem State University	Yancey Thigpen, former NFL wide receiver who played for the San Diego Chargers (1991), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1992–1997), and the Tennessee Oilers/Titans Dennis L.A. White, stage and screen actor noted for portraying Damion 'D-Roc' Butler in the Notorious B.I.G. biopic entitled Notorious and the re-occurring character "Mistah Ray" on NBC's Parenthood Earl "The Twirl" Williams, American-Israeli basketball player Donald Evans (American football), former professional American football Defensive Lineman in the National Football League for the Los Angeles Rams, Philadelphia Eagles, Pittsburgh Steelers & New York Jets Richard Huntley, professional American football running back in the National Football League. He played six seasons for the Atlanta Falcons (1996), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1998–2000), the Carolina Panthers (2001), and the Detroit Lions (2002). Louis Farrakhan, religious leader, African-American activist, and social commentator	Winston-Salem State University. Yancey Thigpen, former NFL wide receiver who played for the San Diego Chargers (1991), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1992–1997), and the Tennessee Oilers/Titans Dennis L.A. White, stage and screen actor noted for portraying Damion 'D-Roc' Butler in the Notorious B.I.G. biopic entitled Notorious and the re-occurring character "Mistah Ray" on NBC's Parenthood Earl "The Twirl" Williams, American-Israeli basketball player Donald Evans (American football), former professional American football Defensive Lineman in the National Football League for the Los Angeles Rams, Philadelphia Eagles, Pittsburgh Steelers & New York Jets Richard Huntley, professional American football running back in the National Football League. He played six seasons for the Atlanta Falcons (1996), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1998–2000), the Carolina Panthers (2001), and the Detroit Lions (2002). Louis Farrakhan, religious leader, African-American activist, and social commentator	524237
wiki20220301en020_104128	Winston-Salem State University	Louis Farrakhan, religious leader, African-American activist, and social commentator Oronde Gadsden, former professional American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and Miami Dolphins Spurgeon Neal Ellington, Tuskegee Airman. 1st Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Maria Howell, actress and singer. She made her film debut in The Color Purple (1985) and appeared in Hidden Figures (2016) as Ms. Sumner. William Hayes, American football defensive end for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the fourth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. Harry Lewis, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 74th House district in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Derwin L. Montgomery, Winston-Salem City Councilman, pastor, owner of the Winston-Salem Chronicle, and a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives.	Winston-Salem State University. Louis Farrakhan, religious leader, African-American activist, and social commentator Oronde Gadsden, former professional American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and Miami Dolphins Spurgeon Neal Ellington, Tuskegee Airman. 1st Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Maria Howell, actress and singer. She made her film debut in The Color Purple (1985) and appeared in Hidden Figures (2016) as Ms. Sumner. William Hayes, American football defensive end for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the fourth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. Harry Lewis, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 74th House district in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Derwin L. Montgomery, Winston-Salem City Councilman, pastor, owner of the Winston-Salem Chronicle, and a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives.	524237
wiki20220301en020_104129	Winston-Salem State University	Derwin L. Montgomery, Winston-Salem City Councilman, pastor, owner of the Winston-Salem Chronicle, and a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives. Moyer Hauser (1896 to 1978) Professor of Physics and engineer who helped build WSSU building formally Slater Teachers College. The Hauser Building on campus was initially named for him. Moyer Hauser was the chief sound effects producer for City's Community radio workshop in the early 1940s.	Winston-Salem State University. Derwin L. Montgomery, Winston-Salem City Councilman, pastor, owner of the Winston-Salem Chronicle, and a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives. Moyer Hauser (1896 to 1978) Professor of Physics and engineer who helped build WSSU building formally Slater Teachers College. The Hauser Building on campus was initially named for him. Moyer Hauser was the chief sound effects producer for City's Community radio workshop in the early 1940s.	524237
wiki20220301en020_104130	Winston-Salem State University	References External links Winston-Salem State Athletics website University of North Carolina Public universities and colleges in North Carolina Historically black universities and colleges in the United States Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Universities and colleges in Winston-Salem, North Carolina 1892 establishments in North Carolina	Winston-Salem State University. References External links Winston-Salem State Athletics website University of North Carolina Public universities and colleges in North Carolina Historically black universities and colleges in the United States Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Universities and colleges in Winston-Salem, North Carolina 1892 establishments in North Carolina	524237
wiki20220301en020_104131	1891 Canadian federal election	The 1891 Canadian federal election was held on March 5, 1891, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 7th Parliament of Canada. It was won by the Conservative Party of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. The main issue of the 1891 campaign was Macdonald's National Policy, a policy of protective tariffs. The Liberals supported reciprocity (free trade) with the United States. Macdonald led a Conservative campaign emphasizing stability, and retained the Conservatives' majority in the House of Commons. It was a close election and he campaigned hard. Macdonald died a few months after the election, which led to his succession by four different Conservative Prime Ministers until the 1896 election. It was Wilfrid Laurier's first election as leader of the Liberals. Although he lost the election, he increased the Liberals' support. He returned in 1896 to win a solid majority, despite losing the popular vote.	1891 Canadian federal election. The 1891 Canadian federal election was held on March 5, 1891, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 7th Parliament of Canada. It was won by the Conservative Party of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. The main issue of the 1891 campaign was Macdonald's National Policy, a policy of protective tariffs. The Liberals supported reciprocity (free trade) with the United States. Macdonald led a Conservative campaign emphasizing stability, and retained the Conservatives' majority in the House of Commons. It was a close election and he campaigned hard. Macdonald died a few months after the election, which led to his succession by four different Conservative Prime Ministers until the 1896 election. It was Wilfrid Laurier's first election as leader of the Liberals. Although he lost the election, he increased the Liberals' support. He returned in 1896 to win a solid majority, despite losing the popular vote.	524238
wiki20220301en020_104132	1891 Canadian federal election	Canadian voters would return to the issue of free trade 20 years later in the 1911 federal election. National results Notes: * Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election. 1 One Nationalist candidate was elected by acclamation. 2 The Parliamentary website identifies two candidates in Nova Scotia as being "Progressives". This may be an error. Acclamations: The following Members of Parliament were elected by acclamation; British Columbia: 1 Conservative, 1 Liberal-Conservative Manitoba: 1 Conservative Ontario: 1 Conservative Quebec: 1 Conservative, 2 Liberal, 1 Nationalist Results by province Vote and seat summaries See also List of Canadian federal general elections List of political parties in Canada 7th Canadian Parliament Notes References Further reading External links The Election of 1891: A Question of Loyalty, by James Marsh Federal 1891 March 1891 events	1891 Canadian federal election. Canadian voters would return to the issue of free trade 20 years later in the 1911 federal election. National results Notes: * Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election. 1 One Nationalist candidate was elected by acclamation. 2 The Parliamentary website identifies two candidates in Nova Scotia as being "Progressives". This may be an error. Acclamations: The following Members of Parliament were elected by acclamation; British Columbia: 1 Conservative, 1 Liberal-Conservative Manitoba: 1 Conservative Ontario: 1 Conservative Quebec: 1 Conservative, 2 Liberal, 1 Nationalist Results by province Vote and seat summaries See also List of Canadian federal general elections List of political parties in Canada 7th Canadian Parliament Notes References Further reading External links The Election of 1891: A Question of Loyalty, by James Marsh Federal 1891 March 1891 events	524238
wiki20220301en020_104133	Brodmann area 47	Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It curves from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral (orbital) frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and beside BA11. This cytoarchitectonic region most closely corresponds to the gyral region the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus, although these regions are not equivalent. Pars orbitalis is not based on cytoarchitectonic distinctions, and rather is defined according to gross anatomical landmarks. Despite a clear distinction, these two terms are often used liberally in peer-reviewed research journals.	Brodmann area 47. Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It curves from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral (orbital) frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and beside BA11. This cytoarchitectonic region most closely corresponds to the gyral region the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus, although these regions are not equivalent. Pars orbitalis is not based on cytoarchitectonic distinctions, and rather is defined according to gross anatomical landmarks. Despite a clear distinction, these two terms are often used liberally in peer-reviewed research journals.	524241
wiki20220301en020_104134	Brodmann area 47	BA47 is also known as orbital area 47. In the human, on the orbital surface it surrounds the caudal portion of the orbital sulcus (H) from which it extends laterally into the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909, and rostrally by the frontopolar area 10 (Brodmann-1909). It incorporates the region that Brodmann identified as "Area 12" in the monkey, and therefore, following the suggestion of Michael Petrides, some contemporary neuroscientists refer to the region as "BA47/12". BA47 has been implicated in the processing of syntax in oral and sign languages, musical syntax, and semantic aspects of language. Functions and Clinical Considerations	Brodmann area 47. BA47 is also known as orbital area 47. In the human, on the orbital surface it surrounds the caudal portion of the orbital sulcus (H) from which it extends laterally into the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909, and rostrally by the frontopolar area 10 (Brodmann-1909). It incorporates the region that Brodmann identified as "Area 12" in the monkey, and therefore, following the suggestion of Michael Petrides, some contemporary neuroscientists refer to the region as "BA47/12". BA47 has been implicated in the processing of syntax in oral and sign languages, musical syntax, and semantic aspects of language. Functions and Clinical Considerations	524241
wiki20220301en020_104135	Brodmann area 47	Language Processing and Comprehension	Brodmann area 47. Language Processing and Comprehension	524241
wiki20220301en020_104136	Brodmann area 47	A major function of BA 47 is language processing and comprehension. Although Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are often the major foci of neuroanatomical studies related to language, research has discovered that these two areas are not as integral to language comprehension as originally thought; other structures like BA 47 play a major role. Specifically, BA 47 is active in tasks regarding semantics, or identifying the meaning of words and sentences. To understand language semantics, consider Dapretto and Bookheimer’s (1999) study where participants needed to identify that there was a difference between the sentences, “The man was attacked by the Doberman,” and “The man was attacked by the Pitbull.” While sentence form was similar, the words Doberman and Pitbull had different meanings, specifically dog breeds. This is indicative of a change in semantics. Having defined what semantics are, it is important to identify the functional limitations of individuals with damage to BA 47. Patients	Brodmann area 47. A major function of BA 47 is language processing and comprehension. Although Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are often the major foci of neuroanatomical studies related to language, research has discovered that these two areas are not as integral to language comprehension as originally thought; other structures like BA 47 play a major role. Specifically, BA 47 is active in tasks regarding semantics, or identifying the meaning of words and sentences. To understand language semantics, consider Dapretto and Bookheimer’s (1999) study where participants needed to identify that there was a difference between the sentences, “The man was attacked by the Doberman,” and “The man was attacked by the Pitbull.” While sentence form was similar, the words Doberman and Pitbull had different meanings, specifically dog breeds. This is indicative of a change in semantics. Having defined what semantics are, it is important to identify the functional limitations of individuals with damage to BA 47. Patients	524241
wiki20220301en020_104137	Brodmann area 47	dog breeds. This is indicative of a change in semantics. Having defined what semantics are, it is important to identify the functional limitations of individuals with damage to BA 47. Patients with lesions to BA 47 reported difficulty engaging in tasks that required one to process words as well as tasks that required one to be familiar with grammatical rules.	Brodmann area 47. dog breeds. This is indicative of a change in semantics. Having defined what semantics are, it is important to identify the functional limitations of individuals with damage to BA 47. Patients with lesions to BA 47 reported difficulty engaging in tasks that required one to process words as well as tasks that required one to be familiar with grammatical rules.	524241
wiki20220301en020_104138	Brodmann area 47	Recently, studies have determined that BA 47 is involved in processing more than just spoken language. Considering BA 47’s role in language semantics, it is essential to note that this function is not related only to oral communication; BA 47 is also important for identifying semantics in sign language. Specifically, BA 47 plays a role in helping us determine what spoken words mean as well as what signed words mean. This finding that similar areas of the brain are active when processing different types of linguistic information is especially interesting considering the fact that the sensory modalities involved in spoken and sign language are different, the former involves audition and the latter involves vision. Furthermore, in addition to language processing, BA 47 helps us process music. Levitin and Menon (2003) found that BA 47 showed greater activation when individuals were presented with “scrambled” sounds that violated their expectations versus sounds that went together and	Brodmann area 47. Recently, studies have determined that BA 47 is involved in processing more than just spoken language. Considering BA 47’s role in language semantics, it is essential to note that this function is not related only to oral communication; BA 47 is also important for identifying semantics in sign language. Specifically, BA 47 plays a role in helping us determine what spoken words mean as well as what signed words mean. This finding that similar areas of the brain are active when processing different types of linguistic information is especially interesting considering the fact that the sensory modalities involved in spoken and sign language are different, the former involves audition and the latter involves vision. Furthermore, in addition to language processing, BA 47 helps us process music. Levitin and Menon (2003) found that BA 47 showed greater activation when individuals were presented with “scrambled” sounds that violated their expectations versus sounds that went together and	524241
wiki20220301en020_104139	Brodmann area 47	Levitin and Menon (2003) found that BA 47 showed greater activation when individuals were presented with “scrambled” sounds that violated their expectations versus sounds that went together and confirmed their expectations. That is, with disrupted musical structure, participants required more brain processing for musical comprehension, and that happened in BA 47.	Brodmann area 47. Levitin and Menon (2003) found that BA 47 showed greater activation when individuals were presented with “scrambled” sounds that violated their expectations versus sounds that went together and confirmed their expectations. That is, with disrupted musical structure, participants required more brain processing for musical comprehension, and that happened in BA 47.	524241
wiki20220301en020_104140	Brodmann area 47	Emotional Recognition BA47 is thought to be related to the recognition of emotions. The emotions thought to be recognized by BA47 are fear, disgust, and anger. In a study conducted by R. Sprengelmeyer, M. Rausch, U.T. Eysel, and H. Pruzentek this hypothesis was tested be using an fMRI experiment on six healthy individuals with no prior neurological problems. The individuals were shown 8 faces showing the emotions of fear, disgust, anger, or neutral. The fMRI image was taken after the subjects were shown the face for 3 seconds. BA 47 showed increased activity when the subject was shown the emotions of fear, disgust, and anger. See also Brodmann area List of regions in the human brain	Brodmann area 47. Emotional Recognition BA47 is thought to be related to the recognition of emotions. The emotions thought to be recognized by BA47 are fear, disgust, and anger. In a study conducted by R. Sprengelmeyer, M. Rausch, U.T. Eysel, and H. Pruzentek this hypothesis was tested be using an fMRI experiment on six healthy individuals with no prior neurological problems. The individuals were shown 8 faces showing the emotions of fear, disgust, anger, or neutral. The fMRI image was taken after the subjects were shown the face for 3 seconds. BA 47 showed increased activity when the subject was shown the emotions of fear, disgust, and anger. See also Brodmann area List of regions in the human brain	524241
wiki20220301en020_104141	Brodmann area 47	See also Brodmann area List of regions in the human brain Further reading Ardila, A., Bernal, B., & Rosselli, M. (2017). Should Broca’s area include Brodmann area 47? Psicothema, 29(1), 73-77. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.11 Dapretto, M., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (1999). Form and content: Dissociating syntax and semantics in sentence comprehension. Neuron, 24(2), 427-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80855-7 Dronkers, N. F., Wilkins, D. P., Van Valin, R. D., Redfern, B. B., & Jaeger, J. J. (2004). Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension. Cognition, 92(1-2), 145-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.002 Molitoris, J., Seay, M., Crinon, J., Newhart, M., Davis, C., & Hillis, A. (2010, May 23–27). The role of Brodmann area 47 in acute stroke Patients with language impairment [Conference session]. Clinical Aphasiology 2010 Conference, Isle of Palms, SC, United States. http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/2162/	Brodmann area 47. See also Brodmann area List of regions in the human brain Further reading Ardila, A., Bernal, B., & Rosselli, M. (2017). Should Broca’s area include Brodmann area 47? Psicothema, 29(1), 73-77. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.11 Dapretto, M., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (1999). Form and content: Dissociating syntax and semantics in sentence comprehension. Neuron, 24(2), 427-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80855-7 Dronkers, N. F., Wilkins, D. P., Van Valin, R. D., Redfern, B. B., & Jaeger, J. J. (2004). Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension. Cognition, 92(1-2), 145-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.002 Molitoris, J., Seay, M., Crinon, J., Newhart, M., Davis, C., & Hillis, A. (2010, May 23–27). The role of Brodmann area 47 in acute stroke Patients with language impairment [Conference session]. Clinical Aphasiology 2010 Conference, Isle of Palms, SC, United States. http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/2162/	524241
wiki20220301en020_104142	Brodmann area 47	Petitto, L. A., Zatorre, R. J., Gauna, K., Nikelski, E. J., Dostie, D., & Evans, A. C. (2000). Speech-like cerebral activity in profoundly deaf people processing signed languages: Implications for the neural basis of human language. PNAS, 97(25), 13961–13966. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.25.13961 Sprengelmeyer, R.; Rausch, M.; Eysel, U. T.; Przuntek, H. (1998). "Neural Structures Associated with Recognition of Facial Expressions of Basic Emotions". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 265 (1409): 1927–1931. ISSN 0962-8452. References External links For Neuroanatomy of this area visit BrainInfo 47 Frontal lobe	Brodmann area 47. Petitto, L. A., Zatorre, R. J., Gauna, K., Nikelski, E. J., Dostie, D., & Evans, A. C. (2000). Speech-like cerebral activity in profoundly deaf people processing signed languages: Implications for the neural basis of human language. PNAS, 97(25), 13961–13966. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.25.13961 Sprengelmeyer, R.; Rausch, M.; Eysel, U. T.; Przuntek, H. (1998). "Neural Structures Associated with Recognition of Facial Expressions of Basic Emotions". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 265 (1409): 1927–1931. ISSN 0962-8452. References External links For Neuroanatomy of this area visit BrainInfo 47 Frontal lobe	524241
wiki20220301en020_104143	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	The University of North Carolina School of the Arts (UNCSA) is an arts school in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It grants high school, undergraduate, and graduate degrees. Founded in 1963 as the North Carolina School of the Arts by then-Governor Terry Sanford, it was the first public arts conservatory in the United States. The school owns and operates the Stevens Center in Downtown Winston-Salem and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The school consists of five professional schools: School of Dance, School of Design & Production (including a HS Visual Arts Program), School of Drama, School of Filmmaking, and School of Music. History	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. The University of North Carolina School of the Arts (UNCSA) is an arts school in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. It grants high school, undergraduate, and graduate degrees. Founded in 1963 as the North Carolina School of the Arts by then-Governor Terry Sanford, it was the first public arts conservatory in the United States. The school owns and operates the Stevens Center in Downtown Winston-Salem and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The school consists of five professional schools: School of Dance, School of Design & Production (including a HS Visual Arts Program), School of Drama, School of Filmmaking, and School of Music. History	524243
wiki20220301en020_104144	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	History Founding The idea of the University of North Carolina School of the Arts was initiated in 1962 by Vittorio Giannini, a leading American Composer and teacher of Composition at Juilliard, the Curtis Institute of Music and the Manhattan School of Music, who approached then-governor Terry Sanford and enlisted the help of author John Ehle and William Sprott Greene, Jr. and Martha Dulin Muilenburg of Charlotte, North Carolina, to support his dream of an arts conservatory. State funds were appropriated, and a North Carolina Conservatory Committee was established. The School of the Arts became a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina in 1972.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. History Founding The idea of the University of North Carolina School of the Arts was initiated in 1962 by Vittorio Giannini, a leading American Composer and teacher of Composition at Juilliard, the Curtis Institute of Music and the Manhattan School of Music, who approached then-governor Terry Sanford and enlisted the help of author John Ehle and William Sprott Greene, Jr. and Martha Dulin Muilenburg of Charlotte, North Carolina, to support his dream of an arts conservatory. State funds were appropriated, and a North Carolina Conservatory Committee was established. The School of the Arts became a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina in 1972.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104145	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	In 2008, the institution's board of trustees voted unanimously to change the name of the school from the "North Carolina School of the Arts" to the "University of North Carolina School of the Arts" to raise its profile. The name change was subsequently approved by the University of North Carolina Board of Governors, North Carolina Senate, North Carolina House of Representatives, and Governor Mike Easley.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. In 2008, the institution's board of trustees voted unanimously to change the name of the school from the "North Carolina School of the Arts" to the "University of North Carolina School of the Arts" to raise its profile. The name change was subsequently approved by the University of North Carolina Board of Governors, North Carolina Senate, North Carolina House of Representatives, and Governor Mike Easley.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104146	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Leaders Vittorio Giannini was the School's founder and first President. His vision of arts education shaped UNCSA at its beginning and continues to influence it today. Giannini served as President of the fledgling institution until his death in November 1966. A resolution dated December 3, 1966 by the Board of Trustees and the Governor pays tribute to Giannini as the founder of the School, noting that 'When it was a dream, he sought a home for it and helped bring it into being. When it was an infant institution, he gave it structure and design.' The Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Robert Ward became UNCSA's second president following Giannini's death.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Leaders Vittorio Giannini was the School's founder and first President. His vision of arts education shaped UNCSA at its beginning and continues to influence it today. Giannini served as President of the fledgling institution until his death in November 1966. A resolution dated December 3, 1966 by the Board of Trustees and the Governor pays tribute to Giannini as the founder of the School, noting that 'When it was a dream, he sought a home for it and helped bring it into being. When it was an infant institution, he gave it structure and design.' The Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Robert Ward became UNCSA's second president following Giannini's death.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104147	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	In 1974 Robert Suderburg became UNCSA's third chancellor following Martin Sokoloff, the administrative director, who served as interim chancellor from 1973 to 1974. During his time at UNCSA the Workplace building, containing the Semans Library, was opened on the UNCSA campus, as well as the Stevens Center, previously the Carolina Theatre, in downtown Winston-Salem. The gala opening of the Stevens Center featured the school's symphony orchestra conducted by Leonard Bernstein, with Isaac Stern as soloist and Gregory Peck as the Master of Ceremonies. Attendees included Agnes de Mille, Cliff Robertson, Governor James Hunt, President and Mrs. Gerald Ford and Lady Bird Johnson. The Stevens Center remains UNCSA's largest performance facility.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. In 1974 Robert Suderburg became UNCSA's third chancellor following Martin Sokoloff, the administrative director, who served as interim chancellor from 1973 to 1974. During his time at UNCSA the Workplace building, containing the Semans Library, was opened on the UNCSA campus, as well as the Stevens Center, previously the Carolina Theatre, in downtown Winston-Salem. The gala opening of the Stevens Center featured the school's symphony orchestra conducted by Leonard Bernstein, with Isaac Stern as soloist and Gregory Peck as the Master of Ceremonies. Attendees included Agnes de Mille, Cliff Robertson, Governor James Hunt, President and Mrs. Gerald Ford and Lady Bird Johnson. The Stevens Center remains UNCSA's largest performance facility.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104148	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Jane E. Milley became Chancellor at the School of the Arts in September 1984. In the spring of 1990, Alex C. Ewing was appointed Chancellor. He assumed the position in July 1990, following Philip R. Nelson, former Dean of music at Yale University, who served as Interim Chancellor during the 1989–90 school year. Ewing had been associated with the School since 1985, when he became chairman of the Board of Visitors. In 1988 he established the Lucia Chase Endowed Fellowship for Dance at the School, in memory of his mother, a co-founder and principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre. A man of diverse talents, Ewing almost single-handedly revitalized the Joffrey Ballet during his tenure as general director in the 1960s. As Chancellor, Ewing oversaw the success of the School's $25 million campaign for endowment and scholarships. He also orchestrated a combination of local, state and national support to secure the establishment of NCSA's fifth arts school, the School of Filmmaking, in	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Jane E. Milley became Chancellor at the School of the Arts in September 1984. In the spring of 1990, Alex C. Ewing was appointed Chancellor. He assumed the position in July 1990, following Philip R. Nelson, former Dean of music at Yale University, who served as Interim Chancellor during the 1989–90 school year. Ewing had been associated with the School since 1985, when he became chairman of the Board of Visitors. In 1988 he established the Lucia Chase Endowed Fellowship for Dance at the School, in memory of his mother, a co-founder and principal dancer with American Ballet Theatre. A man of diverse talents, Ewing almost single-handedly revitalized the Joffrey Ballet during his tenure as general director in the 1960s. As Chancellor, Ewing oversaw the success of the School's $25 million campaign for endowment and scholarships. He also orchestrated a combination of local, state and national support to secure the establishment of NCSA's fifth arts school, the School of Filmmaking, in	524243
wiki20220301en020_104149	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	campaign for endowment and scholarships. He also orchestrated a combination of local, state and national support to secure the establishment of NCSA's fifth arts school, the School of Filmmaking, in 1993. Ewing took a special interest in NCSA's campus plan. Other capital projects he spearheaded included a new Sculpture Studio, a new Fitness Center, and the start of the Student Commons renovation. Wade Hobgood, Dean of the College of the Arts at California State University at Long Beach since 1993, was named Chancellor in February 2000, assuming the position on July 1, 2000. A native of Wilson, NC, Hobgood attended East Carolina University, where he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts and Master of Fine Arts in Communication Arts.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. campaign for endowment and scholarships. He also orchestrated a combination of local, state and national support to secure the establishment of NCSA's fifth arts school, the School of Filmmaking, in 1993. Ewing took a special interest in NCSA's campus plan. Other capital projects he spearheaded included a new Sculpture Studio, a new Fitness Center, and the start of the Student Commons renovation. Wade Hobgood, Dean of the College of the Arts at California State University at Long Beach since 1993, was named Chancellor in February 2000, assuming the position on July 1, 2000. A native of Wilson, NC, Hobgood attended East Carolina University, where he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts and Master of Fine Arts in Communication Arts.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104150	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	John Mauceri was UNCSA's seventh chancellor. He assumed the position following Gretchen M. Bataille, former Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs of the 16-campus University of North Carolina, who served as Interim Chancellor during the 2005–2006 academic year. Mr. Mauceri earned Bachelor of Science and Master of Philosophy in music theory degrees from Yale University, where he was also a member of the faculty for fifteen years. He is internationally known as a conductor, arranger and music director; he was the first American to hold the post of music director in both British and Italian opera houses. For the last fifteen years he had been the Director of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra in Los Angeles, California. A distinguished recording artist, he has won Grammy, Tony, Emmy and Drama Desk awards. In addition, he frequently writes articles on opera, musical theater and music for the American cinema. Chancellor Mauceri announced in the Fall of 2012 that he would retire at the	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. John Mauceri was UNCSA's seventh chancellor. He assumed the position following Gretchen M. Bataille, former Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs of the 16-campus University of North Carolina, who served as Interim Chancellor during the 2005–2006 academic year. Mr. Mauceri earned Bachelor of Science and Master of Philosophy in music theory degrees from Yale University, where he was also a member of the faculty for fifteen years. He is internationally known as a conductor, arranger and music director; he was the first American to hold the post of music director in both British and Italian opera houses. For the last fifteen years he had been the Director of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra in Los Angeles, California. A distinguished recording artist, he has won Grammy, Tony, Emmy and Drama Desk awards. In addition, he frequently writes articles on opera, musical theater and music for the American cinema. Chancellor Mauceri announced in the Fall of 2012 that he would retire at the	524243
wiki20220301en020_104151	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Drama Desk awards. In addition, he frequently writes articles on opera, musical theater and music for the American cinema. Chancellor Mauceri announced in the Fall of 2012 that he would retire at the conclusion of the 2012–2013 academic year.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Drama Desk awards. In addition, he frequently writes articles on opera, musical theater and music for the American cinema. Chancellor Mauceri announced in the Fall of 2012 that he would retire at the conclusion of the 2012–2013 academic year.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104152	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Lindsay Bierman, former editor of Southern Living magazine, served as chancellor from 2014 to 2019, overseeing the implementation of a new strategic plan, widespread campus renovations, and the launch of the largest fundraising campaign in school history. Bierman departed UNCSA in 2019 to become chief executive officer of the North Carolina public television system, known then as UNC-TV and subsequently rebranded as PBS North Carolina. In 2020, Brian Cole, who had previously served as dean of the UNCSA School of Music and interim chancellor, was named the ninth chancellor at UNCSA.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Lindsay Bierman, former editor of Southern Living magazine, served as chancellor from 2014 to 2019, overseeing the implementation of a new strategic plan, widespread campus renovations, and the launch of the largest fundraising campaign in school history. Bierman departed UNCSA in 2019 to become chief executive officer of the North Carolina public television system, known then as UNC-TV and subsequently rebranded as PBS North Carolina. In 2020, Brian Cole, who had previously served as dean of the UNCSA School of Music and interim chancellor, was named the ninth chancellor at UNCSA.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104153	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Campus The school's campus consists of in Winston-Salem, near Old Salem. There are eight residence halls – six for college students, two for high school students, an on-campus student apartment complex and an off-campus student apartment complex within walking distance. The school has eleven performance and screening spaces; the ACE Exhibition Complex with three movie theaters, Crawford Recital Hall (with a Fisk Organ), deMille Theatre for dance, Hood Recital Hall, Performance Place with three theatrical spaces, the Stevens Center in downtown Winston-Salem, and Watson Chamber Music Hall. Performance Place is the home of the drama department, the ACE Theatre is the home of the filmmaking department, deMille theatre is the home of the dance department and Watson, Hood and Crawford halls are used by the music department. The Stevens Center is shared.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Campus The school's campus consists of in Winston-Salem, near Old Salem. There are eight residence halls – six for college students, two for high school students, an on-campus student apartment complex and an off-campus student apartment complex within walking distance. The school has eleven performance and screening spaces; the ACE Exhibition Complex with three movie theaters, Crawford Recital Hall (with a Fisk Organ), deMille Theatre for dance, Hood Recital Hall, Performance Place with three theatrical spaces, the Stevens Center in downtown Winston-Salem, and Watson Chamber Music Hall. Performance Place is the home of the drama department, the ACE Theatre is the home of the filmmaking department, deMille theatre is the home of the dance department and Watson, Hood and Crawford halls are used by the music department. The Stevens Center is shared.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104154	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	The school also has a fitness center with an interior basketball court, the Semans Library, the Hanes Student Commons, Workplace (adjacent to the library) which holds Visual Arts Studios as well as Offices and Studios for the School of Dance, Gray Building, which holds high school academics on the third floor and music offices and practice rooms on the first and second floors, a building holding two dance studios, a visual arts sculpting studio, a large design and production complex, a costume, wig and makeup studio, a welcome center, and several buildings for administrative offices and college academics. New studio spaces and a new apartment complex are currently under construction.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. The school also has a fitness center with an interior basketball court, the Semans Library, the Hanes Student Commons, Workplace (adjacent to the library) which holds Visual Arts Studios as well as Offices and Studios for the School of Dance, Gray Building, which holds high school academics on the third floor and music offices and practice rooms on the first and second floors, a building holding two dance studios, a visual arts sculpting studio, a large design and production complex, a costume, wig and makeup studio, a welcome center, and several buildings for administrative offices and college academics. New studio spaces and a new apartment complex are currently under construction.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104155	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Performance opportunities UNCSA offers many performance opportunities throughout the course of a school year. Dance students have three seasonal performances: Fall dance, Winter dance, and Spring dance. They also perform the Nutcracker every Christmas as well as many other minor performances throughout the school year. Music students have the chance to perform in front of their peers every Wednesday at performance hour, and students are usually in a large ensemble, such as jazz band, orchestra, opera, or wind ensemble. These ensembles each perform several times a year.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Performance opportunities UNCSA offers many performance opportunities throughout the course of a school year. Dance students have three seasonal performances: Fall dance, Winter dance, and Spring dance. They also perform the Nutcracker every Christmas as well as many other minor performances throughout the school year. Music students have the chance to perform in front of their peers every Wednesday at performance hour, and students are usually in a large ensemble, such as jazz band, orchestra, opera, or wind ensemble. These ensembles each perform several times a year.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104156	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	The School of Design and Production is responsible for the scenery, costumes, wigs, makeup, lighting, sound, and stage management for all shows produced by the School of Drama, two operas that UNCSA produces each year through the Fletcher Opera Institute, as well as dance performances, although dance costumes are provided partly by the Costume Department and also by the School of Dance's own professional costume shop. The Lighting Department each December presents a showcase entitled "Photona" which combines lighting as well as projection equipment. The Film-making school is host to the ACE Exhibition Complex, where students can display their work and watch others. This complex, along with the Stevens Center, is host to the RiverRun International Film Festival every spring.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. The School of Design and Production is responsible for the scenery, costumes, wigs, makeup, lighting, sound, and stage management for all shows produced by the School of Drama, two operas that UNCSA produces each year through the Fletcher Opera Institute, as well as dance performances, although dance costumes are provided partly by the Costume Department and also by the School of Dance's own professional costume shop. The Lighting Department each December presents a showcase entitled "Photona" which combines lighting as well as projection equipment. The Film-making school is host to the ACE Exhibition Complex, where students can display their work and watch others. This complex, along with the Stevens Center, is host to the RiverRun International Film Festival every spring.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104157	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	All School Musical	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. All School Musical	524243
wiki20220301en020_104158	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Once every four years, UNCSA produces an all-school musical – a massive, extensive, Broadway-style production involving all five arts schools of the conservatory. All students have the opportunity to audition. Past all-school musicals have included Brigadoon, Oklahoma!, Kiss Me, Kate, Canterbury Tales, and Guys and Dolls with the most recent one being Leonard Bernstein's Mass. The purpose of the all-school musicals are not only to provide the students with professional experience but also to raise money and awareness for the school. For example, for West Side Story the lead roles and Chancellor John Mauceri traveled to New York to promote the school and the school's revival of the musical. West Side Story was performed at UNCSA's Stevens Center from May 3–13, 2007, and then went on tour to Chicago's Ravinia Festival on June 8, 2007. The production was directed by Dean of Drama Gerald Freedman, the assistant director of the original production, and conducted by UNCSA Chancellor and	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Once every four years, UNCSA produces an all-school musical – a massive, extensive, Broadway-style production involving all five arts schools of the conservatory. All students have the opportunity to audition. Past all-school musicals have included Brigadoon, Oklahoma!, Kiss Me, Kate, Canterbury Tales, and Guys and Dolls with the most recent one being Leonard Bernstein's Mass. The purpose of the all-school musicals are not only to provide the students with professional experience but also to raise money and awareness for the school. For example, for West Side Story the lead roles and Chancellor John Mauceri traveled to New York to promote the school and the school's revival of the musical. West Side Story was performed at UNCSA's Stevens Center from May 3–13, 2007, and then went on tour to Chicago's Ravinia Festival on June 8, 2007. The production was directed by Dean of Drama Gerald Freedman, the assistant director of the original production, and conducted by UNCSA Chancellor and	524243
wiki20220301en020_104159	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	to Chicago's Ravinia Festival on June 8, 2007. The production was directed by Dean of Drama Gerald Freedman, the assistant director of the original production, and conducted by UNCSA Chancellor and world renown conductor John Mauceri. It has also been reported that Arthur Laurents changed portions of the dialogue for the UNCSA production. In May 2011, UNCSA presented "Oklahoma!" as an all-school musical.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. to Chicago's Ravinia Festival on June 8, 2007. The production was directed by Dean of Drama Gerald Freedman, the assistant director of the original production, and conducted by UNCSA Chancellor and world renown conductor John Mauceri. It has also been reported that Arthur Laurents changed portions of the dialogue for the UNCSA production. In May 2011, UNCSA presented "Oklahoma!" as an all-school musical.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104160	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Notable alumni Student life Mascot Although UNCSA has no officially sanctioned athletic teams, the school mascot is The Fighting Pickle. The premiere athletic event from the early 1970s was an annual touch-football game between a UNCSA team versus one from a Wake Forest University fraternity. The mascot was selected by a contest name the football team in 1972. The original name was simply "The Pickles," along with a slogan, "Sling 'Em By The Warts!" but the mascot eventually became "The Fighting Pickles." In the spring of 2010, UNCSA hosted a competition to choose the new, official "Fighting Pickle" mascot. Design entries and voting was opened to students, alumni, faculty, staff and former faculty and staff. The winner was unveiled on May 21, 2010 in the Student Union's cafe, "The Pickle Jar."	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Notable alumni Student life Mascot Although UNCSA has no officially sanctioned athletic teams, the school mascot is The Fighting Pickle. The premiere athletic event from the early 1970s was an annual touch-football game between a UNCSA team versus one from a Wake Forest University fraternity. The mascot was selected by a contest name the football team in 1972. The original name was simply "The Pickles," along with a slogan, "Sling 'Em By The Warts!" but the mascot eventually became "The Fighting Pickles." In the spring of 2010, UNCSA hosted a competition to choose the new, official "Fighting Pickle" mascot. Design entries and voting was opened to students, alumni, faculty, staff and former faculty and staff. The winner was unveiled on May 21, 2010 in the Student Union's cafe, "The Pickle Jar."	524243
wiki20220301en020_104161	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Student organizations UNCSA has many active student organizations, including, but not limited to, the following: SGA (Student Government Association) Pride (UNCSA's Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender support organization) United States Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT) Student Chapter Overly Rambunctious God's Youth (Comedy Improv troupe) Artists of Color S.G. (UNCSA High School Student Government) Controversies In 1995, UNCSA [then NCSA] was sued by former student Christopher Soderlund. Soderlund alleged that two dance instructors sexually abused him. News of the lawsuit led to the resignation of the accused faculty members, Richard Kuch and Richard Gain. The suit was dismissed in 2001 due to the expiration of the statute of limitations.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Student organizations UNCSA has many active student organizations, including, but not limited to, the following: SGA (Student Government Association) Pride (UNCSA's Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender support organization) United States Institute for Theatre Technology (USITT) Student Chapter Overly Rambunctious God's Youth (Comedy Improv troupe) Artists of Color S.G. (UNCSA High School Student Government) Controversies In 1995, UNCSA [then NCSA] was sued by former student Christopher Soderlund. Soderlund alleged that two dance instructors sexually abused him. News of the lawsuit led to the resignation of the accused faculty members, Richard Kuch and Richard Gain. The suit was dismissed in 2001 due to the expiration of the statute of limitations.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104162	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	A 2004 state audit uncovered multiple instances of financial improprieties committed by Wade Hobgood, who served as chancellor of the university from 2000 to 2005, as well as other staff and administrators, including Dale Pollock, the former dean of the School of Filmmaking (1999-2006), who also served as interim dean from 2020 to 2021. In 2011, the school settled a lawsuit brought forward by an anonymous former employee after negligently hiring a known sexual predator to its campus police department. According to the Winston-Salem Journal, the amount paid to the former employee by the school was $100,000. In 2016, the school settled another lawsuit brought forward by a former graduate student for alleged disability discrimination that "did not include monetary damages."	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. A 2004 state audit uncovered multiple instances of financial improprieties committed by Wade Hobgood, who served as chancellor of the university from 2000 to 2005, as well as other staff and administrators, including Dale Pollock, the former dean of the School of Filmmaking (1999-2006), who also served as interim dean from 2020 to 2021. In 2011, the school settled a lawsuit brought forward by an anonymous former employee after negligently hiring a known sexual predator to its campus police department. According to the Winston-Salem Journal, the amount paid to the former employee by the school was $100,000. In 2016, the school settled another lawsuit brought forward by a former graduate student for alleged disability discrimination that "did not include monetary damages."	524243
wiki20220301en020_104163	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	In the fall of 2021, Soderlund and six other dance alumni sued the school and multiple former administrators for sexual abuses perpetrated by faculty. The lawsuit, Alloways-Ramsey et al. v. Milley et al., case 21-CVS-4831 filed 29 September 2021 in the Superior Court for Forsyth County, was made possible by a special North Carolina law allowing child sexual abuse survivors to file claims through the end of the year. An investigation by the Raleigh News & Observer and the Charlotte Observer found that the school's investigation into alleged faculty misconduct in the 1990s "hid the most damning discoveries." In a subsequent refiling, 32 additional alumni joined the complaint, alleging various forms of sexual, physical and verbal abuse by faculty. 17 more alumni joined the lawsuit in late December 2021, bringing the total number of plaintiffs to 56.	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. In the fall of 2021, Soderlund and six other dance alumni sued the school and multiple former administrators for sexual abuses perpetrated by faculty. The lawsuit, Alloways-Ramsey et al. v. Milley et al., case 21-CVS-4831 filed 29 September 2021 in the Superior Court for Forsyth County, was made possible by a special North Carolina law allowing child sexual abuse survivors to file claims through the end of the year. An investigation by the Raleigh News & Observer and the Charlotte Observer found that the school's investigation into alleged faculty misconduct in the 1990s "hid the most damning discoveries." In a subsequent refiling, 32 additional alumni joined the complaint, alleging various forms of sexual, physical and verbal abuse by faculty. 17 more alumni joined the lawsuit in late December 2021, bringing the total number of plaintiffs to 56.	524243
wiki20220301en020_104164	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	Additional reporting by the Raleigh News & Observer and the Charlotte Observer in February 2022 uncovered details of another lawsuit against the school brought by two alumnae of the college music program who alleged that they were sexually harassed by Nicholas Muni, the former artistic director of the A. J. Fletcher Opera Institute (which is part of UNCSA), and that the school's leadership failed to protect them by allowing Muni back on campus during the Title IX investigation that ended in the termination of his employment. The Observer's investigation also found that Muni remained on the school's payroll into 2020, despite UNCSA's insistence that his employment ended in 2018. References External links	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. Additional reporting by the Raleigh News & Observer and the Charlotte Observer in February 2022 uncovered details of another lawsuit against the school brought by two alumnae of the college music program who alleged that they were sexually harassed by Nicholas Muni, the former artistic director of the A. J. Fletcher Opera Institute (which is part of UNCSA), and that the school's leadership failed to protect them by allowing Muni back on campus during the Title IX investigation that ended in the termination of his employment. The Observer's investigation also found that Muni remained on the school's payroll into 2020, despite UNCSA's insistence that his employment ended in 2018. References External links	524243
wiki20220301en020_104165	University of North Carolina School of the Arts	References External links Music schools in North Carolina Drama schools in the United States Film schools in the United States School of the Arts Boarding schools in North Carolina Educational institutions established in 1963 Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Universities and colleges in Winston-Salem, North Carolina 1963 establishments in North Carolina Theatre in North Carolina	University of North Carolina School of the Arts. References External links Music schools in North Carolina Drama schools in the United States Film schools in the United States School of the Arts Boarding schools in North Carolina Educational institutions established in 1963 Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Universities and colleges in Winston-Salem, North Carolina 1963 establishments in North Carolina Theatre in North Carolina	524243
wiki20220301en020_104166	Pathogenesis	Pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops. It can include factors which contribute not only to the onset of the disease or disorder, but also to its progression and maintenance. The word comes from Greek πάθος pathos 'suffering, disease' and γένεσις genesis 'creation'. Description Types of pathogenesis include microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy and tissue breakdown. For example, bacterial pathogenesis is the process by which bacteria cause infectious illness. Most diseases are caused by multiple processes. For example, certain cancers arise from dysfunction of the immune system (skin tumors and lymphoma after a renal transplant, which requires immunosuppression).	Pathogenesis. Pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops. It can include factors which contribute not only to the onset of the disease or disorder, but also to its progression and maintenance. The word comes from Greek πάθος pathos 'suffering, disease' and γένεσις genesis 'creation'. Description Types of pathogenesis include microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy and tissue breakdown. For example, bacterial pathogenesis is the process by which bacteria cause infectious illness. Most diseases are caused by multiple processes. For example, certain cancers arise from dysfunction of the immune system (skin tumors and lymphoma after a renal transplant, which requires immunosuppression).	524246