Datasets:

MedRAG
/

wikipedia

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 3.31M rows

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.

id stringlengths 19 24	title stringlengths 1 110	content stringlengths 1 1k	contents stringlengths 7 1.11k	wiki_id stringlengths 2 8
wiki20220301en020_103427	Jeanbon Saint-André	1749 births 1813 deaths People from Montauban Deputies to the French National Convention Regicides of Louis XVI First French Empire 18th-century French Jesuits French diplomats French Protestants Montagnards People on the Committee of Public Safety Former Jesuits Représentants en mission People of the Reign of Terror	Jeanbon Saint-André. 1749 births 1813 deaths People from Montauban Deputies to the French National Convention Regicides of Louis XVI First French Empire 18th-century French Jesuits French diplomats French Protestants Montagnards People on the Committee of Public Safety Former Jesuits Représentants en mission People of the Reign of Terror	524023
wiki20220301en020_103428	Pacific Time Zone	The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−08:00). During daylight saving time, a time offset of UTC−07:00 is used. In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, time in this zone is referred to as Pacific Standard Time (PST) when standard time is being observed (early November to mid-March), and Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) when daylight saving time (mid-March to early November) is being observed. In Mexico, the corresponding time zone is known as the Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone) and observes the same daylight saving schedule as the U.S. and Canada. The largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, whose metropolitan area is also the largest in the time zone.	Pacific Time Zone. The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−08:00). During daylight saving time, a time offset of UTC−07:00 is used. In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, time in this zone is referred to as Pacific Standard Time (PST) when standard time is being observed (early November to mid-March), and Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) when daylight saving time (mid-March to early November) is being observed. In Mexico, the corresponding time zone is known as the Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone) and observes the same daylight saving schedule as the U.S. and Canada. The largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, whose metropolitan area is also the largest in the time zone.	524024
wiki20220301en020_103429	Pacific Time Zone	The zone is two hours ahead of the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone, one hour ahead of the Alaska Time Zone, one hour behind the Mountain Time Zone, two hours behind the Central Time Zone, three hours behind the Eastern Time Zone, and four hours behind the Atlantic Time Zone. Canada One Canadian province is split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: British Columbia – all, except for the Highway 95 corridor (including Golden and Creston) in the southeast, and Tumbler Ridge, Fort St. John, and Dawson Creek in the northeast As of September 24, 2020, Yukon officially switched from the Pacific Time Zone to a time zone "to be reckoned as seven hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−7)" after deciding to no longer observe daylight saving time. Mexico In Mexico, the Zona Noroeste, which corresponds to Pacific Time in the United States and Canada, includes: Baja California United States Two states are fully contained in the Pacific Time Zone: California Washington	Pacific Time Zone. The zone is two hours ahead of the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone, one hour ahead of the Alaska Time Zone, one hour behind the Mountain Time Zone, two hours behind the Central Time Zone, three hours behind the Eastern Time Zone, and four hours behind the Atlantic Time Zone. Canada One Canadian province is split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: British Columbia – all, except for the Highway 95 corridor (including Golden and Creston) in the southeast, and Tumbler Ridge, Fort St. John, and Dawson Creek in the northeast As of September 24, 2020, Yukon officially switched from the Pacific Time Zone to a time zone "to be reckoned as seven hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−7)" after deciding to no longer observe daylight saving time. Mexico In Mexico, the Zona Noroeste, which corresponds to Pacific Time in the United States and Canada, includes: Baja California United States Two states are fully contained in the Pacific Time Zone: California Washington	524024
wiki20220301en020_103430	Pacific Time Zone	United States Two states are fully contained in the Pacific Time Zone: California Washington Three states are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: Idaho – Idaho Panhandle Nevada – all, except for West Wendover and, unofficially, several towns along the Idaho border Oregon – all, except for the majority of Malheur County One state is split between the Pacific Time Zone (unofficially), the Alaska Time Zone, and the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone: Alaska – Hyder Daylight time Through 2006, the local time (PST, UTC−08:00) changed to daylight time (PDT, UTC−07:00) at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and returned at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October.	Pacific Time Zone. United States Two states are fully contained in the Pacific Time Zone: California Washington Three states are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: Idaho – Idaho Panhandle Nevada – all, except for West Wendover and, unofficially, several towns along the Idaho border Oregon – all, except for the majority of Malheur County One state is split between the Pacific Time Zone (unofficially), the Alaska Time Zone, and the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone: Alaska – Hyder Daylight time Through 2006, the local time (PST, UTC−08:00) changed to daylight time (PDT, UTC−07:00) at 02:00 LST (local standard time) to 03:00 LDT (local daylight time) on the first Sunday in April, and returned at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the last Sunday in October.	524024
wiki20220301en020_103431	Pacific Time Zone	Effective in the U.S. in 2007 as a result of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the local time changes from PST to PDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and the time returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007. In Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates. See also Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting Notes References External links The Official NIST US Time Official times across Canada World time zone map U.S. time zone map History of U.S. time zones and UTC conversion Canada time zone map Time zones for major world cities Time in Canada Time in Mexico Time zones Time zones in the United States	Pacific Time Zone. Effective in the U.S. in 2007 as a result of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the local time changes from PST to PDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and the time returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007. In Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates. See also Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting Notes References External links The Official NIST US Time Official times across Canada World time zone map U.S. time zone map History of U.S. time zones and UTC conversion Canada time zone map Time zones for major world cities Time in Canada Time in Mexico Time zones Time zones in the United States	524024
wiki20220301en020_103432	Kilchoan	Kilchoan () is a village on the Scottish peninsula of Ardnamurchan, beside the Sound of Mull in Lochaber, Highland. It is the most westerly village in Great Britain, although several tiny hamlets lie further west on the peninsula (of these, the most westerly is called Portuairk). The western linear, coastal parts of the village are Ormsaigmore and Ormsaigbeg. Kilchoan has a population of about 150 people altogether. History M.E.M. Donaldson equates "Buarblaig" (now Bourblaige about east of Kilchoan on the other side of the eastern mountain of Ben Hiant at , ) with Muribulg, where the Annals of Tigernach record a battle between the Picts and Dalriads in 731 AD. It may also be the 'Muirbole Paradisi' mentioned by Adomnán.	Kilchoan. Kilchoan () is a village on the Scottish peninsula of Ardnamurchan, beside the Sound of Mull in Lochaber, Highland. It is the most westerly village in Great Britain, although several tiny hamlets lie further west on the peninsula (of these, the most westerly is called Portuairk). The western linear, coastal parts of the village are Ormsaigmore and Ormsaigbeg. Kilchoan has a population of about 150 people altogether. History M.E.M. Donaldson equates "Buarblaig" (now Bourblaige about east of Kilchoan on the other side of the eastern mountain of Ben Hiant at , ) with Muribulg, where the Annals of Tigernach record a battle between the Picts and Dalriads in 731 AD. It may also be the 'Muirbole Paradisi' mentioned by Adomnán.	524033
wiki20220301en020_103433	Kilchoan	For many years following the 1688 overthrow and exile of the House of Stuart, the historic parish church at Kilchoan, which was dedicated to Saint Comgan and which is now in ruins, was a Non-juring Episcopal parish within the Church of Scotland. South Uist native Mhaighstir Alasdair MacDhòmhnaill, 1st of Dalilea, was the Rector of Kilchoan until his death around 1724. In addition to being well known locally as a folk hero, Maighstir Alasdair MacDhòmhnaill was also the father of poet Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, who served as the Gaelic tutor to Prince Charles Edward Stuart during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and who remains, along with Sorley MacLean, one of the two most important writers in the whole history of Scottish Gaelic literature. Landmarks The ancient Mingary Castle is on the coast about 1 km east of the village. Examples of a type of igneous rock structure called a cone sheet are found at Kilchoan.	Kilchoan. For many years following the 1688 overthrow and exile of the House of Stuart, the historic parish church at Kilchoan, which was dedicated to Saint Comgan and which is now in ruins, was a Non-juring Episcopal parish within the Church of Scotland. South Uist native Mhaighstir Alasdair MacDhòmhnaill, 1st of Dalilea, was the Rector of Kilchoan until his death around 1724. In addition to being well known locally as a folk hero, Maighstir Alasdair MacDhòmhnaill was also the father of poet Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, who served as the Gaelic tutor to Prince Charles Edward Stuart during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and who remains, along with Sorley MacLean, one of the two most important writers in the whole history of Scottish Gaelic literature. Landmarks The ancient Mingary Castle is on the coast about 1 km east of the village. Examples of a type of igneous rock structure called a cone sheet are found at Kilchoan.	524033
wiki20220301en020_103434	Kilchoan	Landmarks The ancient Mingary Castle is on the coast about 1 km east of the village. Examples of a type of igneous rock structure called a cone sheet are found at Kilchoan. Below the slope north-west of the village street is a chambered cairn, Greadal Fhinn. Ben Hiant is the highest point of the peninsula at 528 m and lies between the village and the coastal hamlet of Ardslignish. Tourism and amenities Transport A regular CalMac ferry service runs from Kilchoan to Tobermory on the Isle of Mull. To and from the regional centre of Fort William, one bus per day Monday to Saturday connects with the ferry via Salen and the Corran Ferry Kilchoan Bay Kilchoan Bay has four visitor moorings, a ferry jetty, a shop with a post office, showers and a petrol station. Hospitality The Kilchoan House Hotel is now the most westerly bar/hotel on the mainland of the UK, after the closure of Sonachan Hotel. Ardnamurchan Campsite, Kilchoan.	Kilchoan. Landmarks The ancient Mingary Castle is on the coast about 1 km east of the village. Examples of a type of igneous rock structure called a cone sheet are found at Kilchoan. Below the slope north-west of the village street is a chambered cairn, Greadal Fhinn. Ben Hiant is the highest point of the peninsula at 528 m and lies between the village and the coastal hamlet of Ardslignish. Tourism and amenities Transport A regular CalMac ferry service runs from Kilchoan to Tobermory on the Isle of Mull. To and from the regional centre of Fort William, one bus per day Monday to Saturday connects with the ferry via Salen and the Corran Ferry Kilchoan Bay Kilchoan Bay has four visitor moorings, a ferry jetty, a shop with a post office, showers and a petrol station. Hospitality The Kilchoan House Hotel is now the most westerly bar/hotel on the mainland of the UK, after the closure of Sonachan Hotel. Ardnamurchan Campsite, Kilchoan.	524033
wiki20220301en020_103435	Kilchoan	Hospitality The Kilchoan House Hotel is now the most westerly bar/hotel on the mainland of the UK, after the closure of Sonachan Hotel. Ardnamurchan Campsite, Kilchoan. Geology The minerals kilchoanite, dellaite and rustumite were first found at Kilchoan. A natural history museum is adjacent to the hamlet to the east at the coastal hamlet of Glenmore. Notes and references References Notes External links Populated places in Lochaber Ports and harbours of Scotland Ardnamurchan	Kilchoan. Hospitality The Kilchoan House Hotel is now the most westerly bar/hotel on the mainland of the UK, after the closure of Sonachan Hotel. Ardnamurchan Campsite, Kilchoan. Geology The minerals kilchoanite, dellaite and rustumite were first found at Kilchoan. A natural history museum is adjacent to the hamlet to the east at the coastal hamlet of Glenmore. Notes and references References Notes External links Populated places in Lochaber Ports and harbours of Scotland Ardnamurchan	524033
wiki20220301en020_103436	Alaska Time Zone	The Alaska Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting nine hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−09:00). During daylight saving time its time offset is eight hours (UTC−08:00). The clock time in this zone is based on mean solar time at the 135th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. The zone includes nearly all of the U.S. state of Alaska and is one hour behind the Pacific Time Zone. standard time: Alaska Standard Time (AKST) daylight saving time: Alaska Daylight Time (AKDT) The western Aleutian Islands observe Hawaii–Aleutian Time, one hour behind the remainder of the state. The largest city in the Alaskan Time Zone is Anchorage, Alaska. The Anchorage Metropolitan Area is the largest metropolitan area in the zone. Effective from 2007, the local time changes from AKST to AKDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November.	Alaska Time Zone. The Alaska Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting nine hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−09:00). During daylight saving time its time offset is eight hours (UTC−08:00). The clock time in this zone is based on mean solar time at the 135th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. The zone includes nearly all of the U.S. state of Alaska and is one hour behind the Pacific Time Zone. standard time: Alaska Standard Time (AKST) daylight saving time: Alaska Daylight Time (AKDT) The western Aleutian Islands observe Hawaii–Aleutian Time, one hour behind the remainder of the state. The largest city in the Alaskan Time Zone is Anchorage, Alaska. The Anchorage Metropolitan Area is the largest metropolitan area in the zone. Effective from 2007, the local time changes from AKST to AKDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November.	524034
wiki20220301en020_103437	Alaska Time Zone	Effective from 2007, the local time changes from AKST to AKDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November. History Two time zones have been referred to as the "Alaska Time Zone": a zone based on UTC−10:00 that covered much of Central Alaska in the early 20th century, and a zone based on UTC−09:00 zone that has covered all of the state except the Aleutian Islands since 1983. The Standard Time Act of 1918 authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to define each time zone. The United States Standard Alaska Time was designated as UTC−10:00. Some references prior to 1967 refer to this zone as Central Alaska Standard Time (CAT) or as Alaska Standard Time (AST). In 1966, the Uniform Time Act renamed the UTC−10:00 zone to Alaska-Hawaii Standard Time (AHST), effective April 1, 1967. This zone was renamed in 1983 to Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time when the majority of Alaska was moved out of the zone.	Alaska Time Zone. Effective from 2007, the local time changes from AKST to AKDT at 02:00 LST to 03:00 LDT on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 LDT to 01:00 LST on the first Sunday in November. History Two time zones have been referred to as the "Alaska Time Zone": a zone based on UTC−10:00 that covered much of Central Alaska in the early 20th century, and a zone based on UTC−09:00 zone that has covered all of the state except the Aleutian Islands since 1983. The Standard Time Act of 1918 authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to define each time zone. The United States Standard Alaska Time was designated as UTC−10:00. Some references prior to 1967 refer to this zone as Central Alaska Standard Time (CAT) or as Alaska Standard Time (AST). In 1966, the Uniform Time Act renamed the UTC−10:00 zone to Alaska-Hawaii Standard Time (AHST), effective April 1, 1967. This zone was renamed in 1983 to Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time when the majority of Alaska was moved out of the zone.	524034
wiki20220301en020_103438	Alaska Time Zone	Prior to 1983, the current Alaska Time Zone (UTC−09:00) was known as the Yukon Time Zone, observing Yukon Standard Time (YST). This time zone included Canada's Yukon Territory and a small portion of Alaska including Yakutat. The Alaska Panhandle communities were in the Pacific Time Zone, while most of the interior was on UTC−10:00. Nome and the Aleutians previously observed Bering Standard Time or UTC−11:00. In 1975, the Yukon Territory switched to Pacific Standard Time, leaving Yakutat the only land area in the zone. With the reorganization of Alaska's time zones in 1983 to place the entire state in either a zone based on UTC−09:00 or UTC−10:00, the Yukon Time Zone based on UTC−09:00 was renamed the Alaska Time Zone. Anomalies The Alaska Time Zone applies to the territory of the state of Alaska east of 169°30′ W, that is, the entire state minus the westernmost portions of the Aleutian Islands. Solar time zones are 15° wide.	Alaska Time Zone. Prior to 1983, the current Alaska Time Zone (UTC−09:00) was known as the Yukon Time Zone, observing Yukon Standard Time (YST). This time zone included Canada's Yukon Territory and a small portion of Alaska including Yakutat. The Alaska Panhandle communities were in the Pacific Time Zone, while most of the interior was on UTC−10:00. Nome and the Aleutians previously observed Bering Standard Time or UTC−11:00. In 1975, the Yukon Territory switched to Pacific Standard Time, leaving Yakutat the only land area in the zone. With the reorganization of Alaska's time zones in 1983 to place the entire state in either a zone based on UTC−09:00 or UTC−10:00, the Yukon Time Zone based on UTC−09:00 was renamed the Alaska Time Zone. Anomalies The Alaska Time Zone applies to the territory of the state of Alaska east of 169°30′ W, that is, the entire state minus the westernmost portions of the Aleutian Islands. Solar time zones are 15° wide.	524034
wiki20220301en020_103439	Alaska Time Zone	UTC−09:00 time corresponds to the solar time at 9 × 15° = 135° W (roughly, Juneau, which is in the southeast panhandle). Thus, the westernmost locales of the Alaska Time Zone are off by up to 169°30′ − 135° = 34°30′ from local solar time, or slightly more than 2 hours and 17 minutes. At noon Alaskan Time at a location just east of 169°30′ W, local solar time is only about 9:42 a.m. The sun will not reach culmination for another 2 hours and 18 minutes. When UTC−08:00 is applied in the summer (because of daylight saving time), this effect becomes even more apparent. For example, on June 12 at noon AKDT, the solar time at the extreme westerly points of the Alaskan time zone will be only 8:42 a.m., nearly 3 hours and 18 minutes behind clock time.	Alaska Time Zone. UTC−09:00 time corresponds to the solar time at 9 × 15° = 135° W (roughly, Juneau, which is in the southeast panhandle). Thus, the westernmost locales of the Alaska Time Zone are off by up to 169°30′ − 135° = 34°30′ from local solar time, or slightly more than 2 hours and 17 minutes. At noon Alaskan Time at a location just east of 169°30′ W, local solar time is only about 9:42 a.m. The sun will not reach culmination for another 2 hours and 18 minutes. When UTC−08:00 is applied in the summer (because of daylight saving time), this effect becomes even more apparent. For example, on June 12 at noon AKDT, the solar time at the extreme westerly points of the Alaskan time zone will be only 8:42 a.m., nearly 3 hours and 18 minutes behind clock time.	524034
wiki20220301en020_103440	Alaska Time Zone	Very few people notice this, however, as these locations are virtually uninhabited, and for the very few people who do live there, the long days in the summer and short days in the winter make the sunrise and sunset times less important than areas closer to the equator. By contrast, in Juneau, which is much closer to the 135° west meridian, mean solar noon occurs around 11:57 a.m., very close to noon on the clock. In Anchorage, visitors from more southerly latitudes are often surprised to see the sun set at 11:41 p.m. on the summer solstice while the solar time is 9:41 p.m. Anchorage is at 150° W, one hour further west from the solar time for UTC−09:00. Thus, Anchorage is one solar hour behind the legal time zone and observes daylight saving time as well for a two-hour discrepancy between legal time and solar time. Some local residents refer to this phenomenon as "double daylight time".	Alaska Time Zone. Very few people notice this, however, as these locations are virtually uninhabited, and for the very few people who do live there, the long days in the summer and short days in the winter make the sunrise and sunset times less important than areas closer to the equator. By contrast, in Juneau, which is much closer to the 135° west meridian, mean solar noon occurs around 11:57 a.m., very close to noon on the clock. In Anchorage, visitors from more southerly latitudes are often surprised to see the sun set at 11:41 p.m. on the summer solstice while the solar time is 9:41 p.m. Anchorage is at 150° W, one hour further west from the solar time for UTC−09:00. Thus, Anchorage is one solar hour behind the legal time zone and observes daylight saving time as well for a two-hour discrepancy between legal time and solar time. Some local residents refer to this phenomenon as "double daylight time".	524034
wiki20220301en020_103441	Alaska Time Zone	In Fairbanks, the same circumstances cause sunset to occur at 12:47 a.m. the next calendar day and the solar sunset is at 10:47 p.m. Even without daylight saving time, another anomaly is that on the winter solstice in Nome, the sunrise is after "noon" clock time, at 12:02 p.m., about 4 hours before sunset at 3:56 p.m. The territory of the state of Alaska spans almost as much longitude as the contiguous United States (57.5° vs. 57.6°) so the use of two time zones will inevitably lead to some distortions. Alaska would naturally fall into five time zones, with the greatest territory more correctly in UTC−10:00 and UTC−11:00, with Adak more correctly in UTC–12:00 and Cape Wrangell in UTC–13:00 as sunset can be late as midnight. But political and logistical considerations have led to the use of two time zones, leading to the distortions mentioned above. Cities Anchorage, Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Juneau, Alaska	Alaska Time Zone. In Fairbanks, the same circumstances cause sunset to occur at 12:47 a.m. the next calendar day and the solar sunset is at 10:47 p.m. Even without daylight saving time, another anomaly is that on the winter solstice in Nome, the sunrise is after "noon" clock time, at 12:02 p.m., about 4 hours before sunset at 3:56 p.m. The territory of the state of Alaska spans almost as much longitude as the contiguous United States (57.5° vs. 57.6°) so the use of two time zones will inevitably lead to some distortions. Alaska would naturally fall into five time zones, with the greatest territory more correctly in UTC−10:00 and UTC−11:00, with Adak more correctly in UTC–12:00 and Cape Wrangell in UTC–13:00 as sunset can be late as midnight. But political and logistical considerations have led to the use of two time zones, leading to the distortions mentioned above. Cities Anchorage, Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Juneau, Alaska	524034
wiki20220301en020_103442	Alaska Time Zone	Cities Anchorage, Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Juneau, Alaska See also Time in Alaska Time zone Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting References Sources The official U.S. time for the Alaska Time Zone dead link Time zones Geography of Alaska Time zones in the United States	Alaska Time Zone. Cities Anchorage, Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Juneau, Alaska See also Time in Alaska Time zone Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting References Sources The official U.S. time for the Alaska Time Zone dead link Time zones Geography of Alaska Time zones in the United States	524034
wiki20220301en020_103443	David Prior	David Prior may refer to: David Prior, Baron Prior of Brampton (born 1954), British Conservative Party politician David Prior (musician) (born 1972), British sound artist and composer David Prior (entrepreneur), Australian businessman and distillery owner David A. Prior (1955–2015), American screenwriter and director David Prior, American film director, screenwriter, and producer See also David Pryor (born 1934), American politician David Priors, a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders	David Prior. David Prior may refer to: David Prior, Baron Prior of Brampton (born 1954), British Conservative Party politician David Prior (musician) (born 1972), British sound artist and composer David Prior (entrepreneur), Australian businessman and distillery owner David A. Prior (1955–2015), American screenwriter and director David Prior, American film director, screenwriter, and producer See also David Pryor (born 1934), American politician David Priors, a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders	524035
wiki20220301en020_103444	Rancho Santa Margarita	This article refers to the San Luis Obispo County, California, land grant. For the city of Rancho Santa Margarita, see Rancho Santa Margarita, California Rancho Santa Margarita was a Mexican land grant in the Santa Lucia Mountains, in present day San Luis Obispo County, central California. The rancho was granted by Governor pro tem Manuel Jimeno Casarin in 1841 to Joaquín Estrada. The grant encompassed present day Santa Margarita. It remains an active ranch.	Rancho Santa Margarita. This article refers to the San Luis Obispo County, California, land grant. For the city of Rancho Santa Margarita, see Rancho Santa Margarita, California Rancho Santa Margarita was a Mexican land grant in the Santa Lucia Mountains, in present day San Luis Obispo County, central California. The rancho was granted by Governor pro tem Manuel Jimeno Casarin in 1841 to Joaquín Estrada. The grant encompassed present day Santa Margarita. It remains an active ranch.	524039
wiki20220301en020_103445	Rancho Santa Margarita	The rancho was granted by Governor pro tem Manuel Jimeno Casarin in 1841 to Joaquín Estrada. The grant encompassed present day Santa Margarita. It remains an active ranch. History Joaquín Tomas Estrada (1815–1893), the son of José Raimundo Estrada and Josefa Vallejo de Alvarado, was born in Spanish colonial Monterey, Alta California. Originally part of the northern lands of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, the four square league Rancho Santa Margarita was granted to Estrada in 1841. At the time, his older half brother Juan Bautista Alvarado was Governor of Alta California for independent México. Joaquín Estrada and his wife Maria de Jesus made their home at the adobe ranch headquarters. His brother Pedro Estrada was granted the adjacent Rancho Asuncion in 1845 after the Mexican secularization act of 1833. Joaquín Estrada was elected to the post-staehood first San Luis Obispo County Board of Supervisors in 1852, and served as County Treasurer in 1853–1854.	Rancho Santa Margarita. The rancho was granted by Governor pro tem Manuel Jimeno Casarin in 1841 to Joaquín Estrada. The grant encompassed present day Santa Margarita. It remains an active ranch. History Joaquín Tomas Estrada (1815–1893), the son of José Raimundo Estrada and Josefa Vallejo de Alvarado, was born in Spanish colonial Monterey, Alta California. Originally part of the northern lands of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, the four square league Rancho Santa Margarita was granted to Estrada in 1841. At the time, his older half brother Juan Bautista Alvarado was Governor of Alta California for independent México. Joaquín Estrada and his wife Maria de Jesus made their home at the adobe ranch headquarters. His brother Pedro Estrada was granted the adjacent Rancho Asuncion in 1845 after the Mexican secularization act of 1833. Joaquín Estrada was elected to the post-staehood first San Luis Obispo County Board of Supervisors in 1852, and served as County Treasurer in 1853–1854.	524039
wiki20220301en020_103446	Rancho Santa Margarita	With the Mexican Cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Santa Margarita was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to Joaquín Estrada in 1861.	Rancho Santa Margarita. With the Mexican Cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Santa Margarita was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to Joaquín Estrada in 1861.	524039
wiki20220301en020_103447	Rancho Santa Margarita	In 1861, Estrada sold the rancho to Martin Murphy Jr. (1807–1884) and his wife Mary Bulger Murphy (d.1892) of Sunnyvale, who had come to California with the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party in 1844. The Murphys turned over running of the rancho to their son Patrick Murphy, who was a General in the California National Guard. Patrick Washington Murphy (September 11, 1840 in Missouri – November 1, 1901 in San Francisco) operated Rancho Santa Margarita, and the adjacent Rancho Atascadero, and Rancho Asuncion, altogether comprising about from his Rancho Santa Margarita headquarters. Patrick Murphy married Mary Kate O'Brien in 1870. In 1876, Murphy bought the Rancho Cojo.	Rancho Santa Margarita. In 1861, Estrada sold the rancho to Martin Murphy Jr. (1807–1884) and his wife Mary Bulger Murphy (d.1892) of Sunnyvale, who had come to California with the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party in 1844. The Murphys turned over running of the rancho to their son Patrick Murphy, who was a General in the California National Guard. Patrick Washington Murphy (September 11, 1840 in Missouri – November 1, 1901 in San Francisco) operated Rancho Santa Margarita, and the adjacent Rancho Atascadero, and Rancho Asuncion, altogether comprising about from his Rancho Santa Margarita headquarters. Patrick Murphy married Mary Kate O'Brien in 1870. In 1876, Murphy bought the Rancho Cojo.	524039
wiki20220301en020_103448	Rancho Santa Margarita	In 1889, Patrick Murphy enticed the Southern Pacific Railroad to Rancho Santa Margarita by selling them land near the ranch house. By 1890 Patrick Murphy's efforts to entice further land buyers had largely failed, and Murphy died in 1901. In 1904, the Murphy family sold Rancho Santa Margarita to the three Reis brothers – Ferdinand, Christian and Gustav, German emigrants who made their fortune in the California Gold Rush. Historic sites of the Rancho Santa Margarita de Cortona Asistencia – sub-mission established in 1782, on land that later was within the rancho See also Ranchos of San Luis Obispo County, California List of Ranchos of California Ranchos of California References External links Santa Margarita Santa Margarita Santa Lucia Range 1841 in Alta California 1841 establishments in Alta California	Rancho Santa Margarita. In 1889, Patrick Murphy enticed the Southern Pacific Railroad to Rancho Santa Margarita by selling them land near the ranch house. By 1890 Patrick Murphy's efforts to entice further land buyers had largely failed, and Murphy died in 1901. In 1904, the Murphy family sold Rancho Santa Margarita to the three Reis brothers – Ferdinand, Christian and Gustav, German emigrants who made their fortune in the California Gold Rush. Historic sites of the Rancho Santa Margarita de Cortona Asistencia – sub-mission established in 1782, on land that later was within the rancho See also Ranchos of San Luis Obispo County, California List of Ranchos of California Ranchos of California References External links Santa Margarita Santa Margarita Santa Lucia Range 1841 in Alta California 1841 establishments in Alta California	524039
wiki20220301en020_103449	CKPR-DT	CKPR-DT, virtual and VHF digital channel 2, is a CTV-affiliated television station licensed to Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Owned by locally based Dougall Media, it is part of a twinstick with Global affiliate CHFD-DT (channel 4). Both stations share studios on Hill and Van Norman Streets in central Thunder Bay, while CKPR-DT's transmitter is located in Shuniah, Ontario. In June 2014, Dougall Media announced that the station would disaffiliate from CBC Television (with which it was affiliated since its 1954 sign-on) in September to become a CTV affiliate, bringing CTV back to the Thunder Bay market for the first time since sister station CHFD switched its affiliation from CTV to Global in 2010.	CKPR-DT. CKPR-DT, virtual and VHF digital channel 2, is a CTV-affiliated television station licensed to Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Owned by locally based Dougall Media, it is part of a twinstick with Global affiliate CHFD-DT (channel 4). Both stations share studios on Hill and Van Norman Streets in central Thunder Bay, while CKPR-DT's transmitter is located in Shuniah, Ontario. In June 2014, Dougall Media announced that the station would disaffiliate from CBC Television (with which it was affiliated since its 1954 sign-on) in September to become a CTV affiliate, bringing CTV back to the Thunder Bay market for the first time since sister station CHFD switched its affiliation from CTV to Global in 2010.	524042
wiki20220301en020_103450	CKPR-DT	History CKPR-DT began broadcasting on October 4, 1954 as CFPA-TV. The "PA" stood for Port Arthur, where the station was licensed until it merged with Fort William to form Thunder Bay in 1970. The station was then owned by Ralph H. Parker Ltd. along with CFPA radio (AM 1230, now CKTG-FM). Three years later on July 20, 1957, Thunder Bay Electronics, owned by the Dougall family, bought CFPA-TV and changed its callsign letters to CFCJ-TV. They changed again ten years later in 1967, to CKPR-TV. In 1972, Thunder Bay Electronics launched the CTV affiliate CHFD-TV (which switched to Global in 2010) and thus CKPR-TV and CHFD-TV became one of the first private twinstick stations in Canada.	CKPR-DT. History CKPR-DT began broadcasting on October 4, 1954 as CFPA-TV. The "PA" stood for Port Arthur, where the station was licensed until it merged with Fort William to form Thunder Bay in 1970. The station was then owned by Ralph H. Parker Ltd. along with CFPA radio (AM 1230, now CKTG-FM). Three years later on July 20, 1957, Thunder Bay Electronics, owned by the Dougall family, bought CFPA-TV and changed its callsign letters to CFCJ-TV. They changed again ten years later in 1967, to CKPR-TV. In 1972, Thunder Bay Electronics launched the CTV affiliate CHFD-TV (which switched to Global in 2010) and thus CKPR-TV and CHFD-TV became one of the first private twinstick stations in Canada.	524042
wiki20220301en020_103451	CKPR-DT	In 1972, Thunder Bay Electronics launched the CTV affiliate CHFD-TV (which switched to Global in 2010) and thus CKPR-TV and CHFD-TV became one of the first private twinstick stations in Canada. In March 2010, CKPR announced it was unable to come to an agreement with CBC to continue to operate as an affiliate. CKPR filed an application with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) seeking to remove its condition of licence which mandates affiliation with CBC Television. The affiliation agreement would expire on August 31, 2011 and, according to the station would not be renewed by the CBC after that date. CKPR said that it was tentatively planning to disaffiliate as of September 1, 2010, but that it had yet to find a new programming source, and that it would be reserving the right to remain a CBC affiliate through the end of the 2010–2011 season, even if the relevant condition of licence was removed.	CKPR-DT. In 1972, Thunder Bay Electronics launched the CTV affiliate CHFD-TV (which switched to Global in 2010) and thus CKPR-TV and CHFD-TV became one of the first private twinstick stations in Canada. In March 2010, CKPR announced it was unable to come to an agreement with CBC to continue to operate as an affiliate. CKPR filed an application with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) seeking to remove its condition of licence which mandates affiliation with CBC Television. The affiliation agreement would expire on August 31, 2011 and, according to the station would not be renewed by the CBC after that date. CKPR said that it was tentatively planning to disaffiliate as of September 1, 2010, but that it had yet to find a new programming source, and that it would be reserving the right to remain a CBC affiliate through the end of the 2010–2011 season, even if the relevant condition of licence was removed.	524042
wiki20220301en020_103452	CKPR-DT	CKPR did not disaffiliate and continued negotiations with CBC. In March 2011, CKPR announced they had come to a programming agreement, under which the station would continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay, which at the time was described as having a five-year term. In early 2014, the station filed a new application to disaffiliate, indicating that it had the ability under its current agreement to opt out in September 2014. In June 2014, the CRTC approved CKPR's request to disaffiliate from CBC while suggesting to both CKPR and CBC to "consider alternate solutions" in order to "ensure the availability of the CBC's service over-the-air" in the Thunder Bay area. On September 1, 2014, CKPR-DT disaffiliated from the CBC to become an affiliate of the CTV Television Network, which returned to local terrestrial television after sister station CHFD-TV disaffiliated from that network in 2010.	CKPR-DT. CKPR did not disaffiliate and continued negotiations with CBC. In March 2011, CKPR announced they had come to a programming agreement, under which the station would continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay, which at the time was described as having a five-year term. In early 2014, the station filed a new application to disaffiliate, indicating that it had the ability under its current agreement to opt out in September 2014. In June 2014, the CRTC approved CKPR's request to disaffiliate from CBC while suggesting to both CKPR and CBC to "consider alternate solutions" in order to "ensure the availability of the CBC's service over-the-air" in the Thunder Bay area. On September 1, 2014, CKPR-DT disaffiliated from the CBC to become an affiliate of the CTV Television Network, which returned to local terrestrial television after sister station CHFD-TV disaffiliated from that network in 2010.	524042
wiki20220301en020_103453	CKPR-DT	Despite the affiliation change, all TV service providers serving Thunder Bay, like all service providers across Canada, will continue to be required to include a CBC Television signal as part of their basic services. Shortly before the affiliation change, CBC confirmed that CBLT Toronto would be added to the basic packages of Shaw Communications cable systems in the area (channel 2 in Thunder Bay), and Tbaytel TV (channels 210 [SD] and 802 [HD]). On January 27, 2016, Dougall Media officials revealed that CKPR and CHFD are both being sustained by the payouts from life insurance policies on former owner Fraser Dougall and a former general manager who both died in 2015, and said that the stations were likely to sign off for good by September 1, barring a favourable change in CRTC policies. Both stations, however, are still in operation.	CKPR-DT. Despite the affiliation change, all TV service providers serving Thunder Bay, like all service providers across Canada, will continue to be required to include a CBC Television signal as part of their basic services. Shortly before the affiliation change, CBC confirmed that CBLT Toronto would be added to the basic packages of Shaw Communications cable systems in the area (channel 2 in Thunder Bay), and Tbaytel TV (channels 210 [SD] and 802 [HD]). On January 27, 2016, Dougall Media officials revealed that CKPR and CHFD are both being sustained by the payouts from life insurance policies on former owner Fraser Dougall and a former general manager who both died in 2015, and said that the stations were likely to sign off for good by September 1, barring a favourable change in CRTC policies. Both stations, however, are still in operation.	524042
wiki20220301en020_103454	CKPR-DT	Distribution As part of the CBC's budget cuts, the operation of CBLK-TV and the other CBC-owned analogue rebroadcasters of private affiliates was discontinued on July 31, 2012. Programming As one of CTV's independently-owned affiliates, CKPR-DT currently clears the vast majority of the CTV schedule (as it did as a CBC affiliate), with a handful of preemptions in daytime and overnight for locally-sold paid programming, sometimes varying from day to day. Most notably, The Daily Show is not carried at all by CKPR in favour of infomercials, as well as the Monday edition of Dr. Phil. However, in the absence of a local noon newscast of its own, CKPR carries CTV Ottawa's lunch-hour newscast in the noon timeslot, as well as its 5 p.m. newscast.	CKPR-DT. Distribution As part of the CBC's budget cuts, the operation of CBLK-TV and the other CBC-owned analogue rebroadcasters of private affiliates was discontinued on July 31, 2012. Programming As one of CTV's independently-owned affiliates, CKPR-DT currently clears the vast majority of the CTV schedule (as it did as a CBC affiliate), with a handful of preemptions in daytime and overnight for locally-sold paid programming, sometimes varying from day to day. Most notably, The Daily Show is not carried at all by CKPR in favour of infomercials, as well as the Monday edition of Dr. Phil. However, in the absence of a local noon newscast of its own, CKPR carries CTV Ottawa's lunch-hour newscast in the noon timeslot, as well as its 5 p.m. newscast.	524042
wiki20220301en020_103455	CKPR-DT	In many cases during its CBC affiliation (as of fall 2008, up to five times per day) CBC network shows broadcast during daytime or late-night on CKPR were preempted by paid programming. For example, with the Kids' CBC block having expanded to five hours on August 31, 2009, CKPR did not air the final hour of the expanded block, just like Corus-owned CBC affiliates (at the time) in Peterborough (CHEX-DT), Oshawa (CHEX-TV-2) and Kingston (CKWS-DT), opting for an hour of paid programming instead. Also, as of February 2010, CKPR also preempted a half-hour of Kids' CBC at 7 a.m. for a local morning newscast (which has since been cancelled with the affiliation switch in favor of Canada AM). Furthermore, in September 2011, as more programming toward adults, CKPR began preempting the 9-11 a.m. and the Saturday 11:30 a.m. block of Kids' CBC and a few months later in 2012, CKPR also began to preempt the 7:30 a.m. portion of Kids' CBC for more local and paid programming. The 9-11 a.m. block of	CKPR-DT. In many cases during its CBC affiliation (as of fall 2008, up to five times per day) CBC network shows broadcast during daytime or late-night on CKPR were preempted by paid programming. For example, with the Kids' CBC block having expanded to five hours on August 31, 2009, CKPR did not air the final hour of the expanded block, just like Corus-owned CBC affiliates (at the time) in Peterborough (CHEX-DT), Oshawa (CHEX-TV-2) and Kingston (CKWS-DT), opting for an hour of paid programming instead. Also, as of February 2010, CKPR also preempted a half-hour of Kids' CBC at 7 a.m. for a local morning newscast (which has since been cancelled with the affiliation switch in favor of Canada AM). Furthermore, in September 2011, as more programming toward adults, CKPR began preempting the 9-11 a.m. and the Saturday 11:30 a.m. block of Kids' CBC and a few months later in 2012, CKPR also began to preempt the 7:30 a.m. portion of Kids' CBC for more local and paid programming. The 9-11 a.m. block of	524042
wiki20220301en020_103456	CKPR-DT	the Saturday 11:30 a.m. block of Kids' CBC and a few months later in 2012, CKPR also began to preempt the 7:30 a.m. portion of Kids' CBC for more local and paid programming. The 9-11 a.m. block of Kids' CBC eventually returned in February 2012 but CKPR continued to decline the 7:30–8 a.m., 11 a.m.–noon and the Saturday 11:30 a.m.–noon blocks of Kids' CBC. CKPR also signs off most nights after the late-night talk show Conan on Monday to Thursday and the late network movie on weekends.	CKPR-DT. the Saturday 11:30 a.m. block of Kids' CBC and a few months later in 2012, CKPR also began to preempt the 7:30 a.m. portion of Kids' CBC for more local and paid programming. The 9-11 a.m. block of Kids' CBC eventually returned in February 2012 but CKPR continued to decline the 7:30–8 a.m., 11 a.m.–noon and the Saturday 11:30 a.m.–noon blocks of Kids' CBC. CKPR also signs off most nights after the late-night talk show Conan on Monday to Thursday and the late network movie on weekends.	524042
wiki20220301en020_103457	CKPR-DT	When CHFD was primarily a CTV affiliate, Global programs that could not be cleared by CHFD-DT, such as Survivor, would occasionally air on CKPR-DT instead. In the past, some CTV programming not cleared by CHFD may have also aired on CKPR. Technical information Subchannels Analogue-to-digital conversion CKPR-DT flash cut to digital in early August 2011 alongside sister station CHFD. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display CKPR-DT's virtual channel as 2.1. In January 2011, Dougall Media applied with the CRTC to broadcast its digital signal instead on channel 2, following the digital conversion date. See also CKPR-FM CHFD-DT References External links KPR-DT Mass media in Thunder Bay Television channels and stations established in 1954 KPR-DT 1954 establishments in Ontario	CKPR-DT. When CHFD was primarily a CTV affiliate, Global programs that could not be cleared by CHFD-DT, such as Survivor, would occasionally air on CKPR-DT instead. In the past, some CTV programming not cleared by CHFD may have also aired on CKPR. Technical information Subchannels Analogue-to-digital conversion CKPR-DT flash cut to digital in early August 2011 alongside sister station CHFD. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display CKPR-DT's virtual channel as 2.1. In January 2011, Dougall Media applied with the CRTC to broadcast its digital signal instead on channel 2, following the digital conversion date. See also CKPR-FM CHFD-DT References External links KPR-DT Mass media in Thunder Bay Television channels and stations established in 1954 KPR-DT 1954 establishments in Ontario	524042
wiki20220301en020_103458	Open Door Policy	The Open Door Policy () is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China. The policy was enunciated in US Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and circulated to the major European powers. In order to prevent them from "carving of China like a melon," as they were doing in Africa, the Note asked the powers to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis and called upon all powers, within their spheres of influence to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. The policy was accepted only grudgingly, if at all, by the major powers, and it had no legal standing or enforcement mechanism. In July 1900,	Open Door Policy. The Open Door Policy () is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China. The policy was enunciated in US Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and circulated to the major European powers. In order to prevent them from "carving of China like a melon," as they were doing in Africa, the Note asked the powers to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis and called upon all powers, within their spheres of influence to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. The policy was accepted only grudgingly, if at all, by the major powers, and it had no legal standing or enforcement mechanism. In July 1900,	524043
wiki20220301en020_103459	Open Door Policy	in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. The policy was accepted only grudgingly, if at all, by the major powers, and it had no legal standing or enforcement mechanism. In July 1900, as the powers contemplated intervention to put down the violently anti-foreign Boxer uprising, Hay circulated a Second Open Door Note affirming the principles. Over the next decades, American policy-makers and national figures continued to refer to the Open Door Policy as a basic doctrine, and Chinese diplomats appealed to it as they sought American support, but critics pointed out that the policy had little practical effect.	Open Door Policy. in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. The policy was accepted only grudgingly, if at all, by the major powers, and it had no legal standing or enforcement mechanism. In July 1900, as the powers contemplated intervention to put down the violently anti-foreign Boxer uprising, Hay circulated a Second Open Door Note affirming the principles. Over the next decades, American policy-makers and national figures continued to refer to the Open Door Policy as a basic doctrine, and Chinese diplomats appealed to it as they sought American support, but critics pointed out that the policy had little practical effect.	524043
wiki20220301en020_103460	Open Door Policy	The term "Open Door" also describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. The policy set into motion the economic transformation of China. In the 20th and 21st centuries, scholars such as Christopher Layne in the neorealist school have generalized the use of the term to applications in 'political' open door policies and 'economic' open door policies of nations in general, which interact on a global or international basis.	Open Door Policy. The term "Open Door" also describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. The policy set into motion the economic transformation of China. In the 20th and 21st centuries, scholars such as Christopher Layne in the neorealist school have generalized the use of the term to applications in 'political' open door policies and 'economic' open door policies of nations in general, which interact on a global or international basis.	524043
wiki20220301en020_103461	Open Door Policy	Background	Open Door Policy. Background	524043
wiki20220301en020_103462	Open Door Policy	The theory of the Open Door Policy originated with British commercial practice, as reflected in treaties concluded with the Qing dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839–42) which included Most favored nation provisions designed to keep any one nation from gaining an advantage. The concept was seen at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo. As a concept and policy, the Open Door Policy was a principle that was never formally adopted via treaty or international law. It was invoked or alluded to but never enforced as such. The policy collapsed in 1931 when the Japanese seized and kept Manchuria, despite international disapproval. Technically, the term Open Door Policy is applicable only before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. After Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, the term referred to China's policy of opening up to foreign business that wanted to invest in the country, which set into motion	Open Door Policy. The theory of the Open Door Policy originated with British commercial practice, as reflected in treaties concluded with the Qing dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839–42) which included Most favored nation provisions designed to keep any one nation from gaining an advantage. The concept was seen at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo. As a concept and policy, the Open Door Policy was a principle that was never formally adopted via treaty or international law. It was invoked or alluded to but never enforced as such. The policy collapsed in 1931 when the Japanese seized and kept Manchuria, despite international disapproval. Technically, the term Open Door Policy is applicable only before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. After Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, the term referred to China's policy of opening up to foreign business that wanted to invest in the country, which set into motion	524043
wiki20220301en020_103463	Open Door Policy	Republic of China in 1949. After Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, the term referred to China's policy of opening up to foreign business that wanted to invest in the country, which set into motion the economic transformation of modern China.	Open Door Policy. Republic of China in 1949. After Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, the term referred to China's policy of opening up to foreign business that wanted to invest in the country, which set into motion the economic transformation of modern China.	524043
wiki20220301en020_103464	Open Door Policy	History	Open Door Policy. History	524043
wiki20220301en020_103465	Open Door Policy	Formation of policy	Open Door Policy. Formation of policy	524043
wiki20220301en020_103466	Open Door Policy	During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperialist powers such as Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Germany, and Italy. After winning the Spanish–American War of 1898, with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the United States increased its Asian presence and expected to further its commercial and political interests in China. It felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese market if it was partitioned. As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in China. On September 6, 1899, US Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia) to ask them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and they would not	Open Door Policy. During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperialist powers such as Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Germany, and Italy. After winning the Spanish–American War of 1898, with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the United States increased its Asian presence and expected to further its commercial and political interests in China. It felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese market if it was partitioned. As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in China. On September 6, 1899, US Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia) to ask them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and they would not	524043