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wiki20220301en020_103127 | Norman Godman | Norman Anthony Godman (19 April 1937 – 20 June 2018) was a Scottish Labour Party politician. Early life Godman was one of nine children born to a trawler skipper man and a mother who worked in fish processing. After leaving Westbourne Street Boys' School at 15, he worked as a shipwright before undertaking night classes and eventually graduating from Hull and Heriot-Watt Universities with a PhD and undertaking an academic career in Scotland. He served in the Royal Military Police during his National Service. Parliamentary career Godman first stood for election to the House of Commons at the 1979 general election when he contested Aberdeen South, but lost to the Conservative incumbent Iain Sproat by 772 votes. He served as Member of Parliament for Greenock and Port Glasgow from 1983 to 1997, and for Greenock and Inverclyde from 1997 to 2001. From 1988 to 1989, he served as Opposition spokesman for Agricultural and Rural Affairs. | Norman Godman. Norman Anthony Godman (19 April 1937 – 20 June 2018) was a Scottish Labour Party politician. Early life Godman was one of nine children born to a trawler skipper man and a mother who worked in fish processing. After leaving Westbourne Street Boys' School at 15, he worked as a shipwright before undertaking night classes and eventually graduating from Hull and Heriot-Watt Universities with a PhD and undertaking an academic career in Scotland. He served in the Royal Military Police during his National Service. Parliamentary career Godman first stood for election to the House of Commons at the 1979 general election when he contested Aberdeen South, but lost to the Conservative incumbent Iain Sproat by 772 votes. He served as Member of Parliament for Greenock and Port Glasgow from 1983 to 1997, and for Greenock and Inverclyde from 1997 to 2001. From 1988 to 1989, he served as Opposition spokesman for Agricultural and Rural Affairs. | 523957 |
wiki20220301en020_103128 | Norman Godman | Renowned for his humility and integrity, he was a champion of the shipbuilding industry, particularly the Scott Lythgow yard on the lower Clyde. He was tenacious in his support for fishing communities and he took a lifelong interest in Irish affairs. On Northern Ireland, he championed an inquiry into Bloody Sunday and privately lobbied Tony Blair for Lord Cullen to chair an inquiry. Godman served on the House of Commons Scottish Affairs Committee (1983–87), the European Legislation Committee (1989–95), the Northern Ireland Committee for a year and the Foreign Affairs Committee (1997-2001). | Norman Godman. Renowned for his humility and integrity, he was a champion of the shipbuilding industry, particularly the Scott Lythgow yard on the lower Clyde. He was tenacious in his support for fishing communities and he took a lifelong interest in Irish affairs. On Northern Ireland, he championed an inquiry into Bloody Sunday and privately lobbied Tony Blair for Lord Cullen to chair an inquiry. Godman served on the House of Commons Scottish Affairs Committee (1983–87), the European Legislation Committee (1989–95), the Northern Ireland Committee for a year and the Foreign Affairs Committee (1997-2001). | 523957 |
wiki20220301en020_103129 | Norman Godman | Bernard Ponsonby, the long-serving political editor of Scottish Television, described Godman as a "warm, gentle and empathetic man" whose career was characterised by "a special kind of integrity". ”An old-fashioned socialist whose values were marked by a belief in social justice and world peace, he argued for his values with a consistency which always made him a prisoner of his own conscience. He never sought moral high grounds or to ever promote himself above his values. "He was humble, hard-working, sought to do right by those who needed his advocacy. "He was a model public servant who gave Parliament his hard work, his party his loyalty – when he thought it merited – and he always gave the country his best judgement". | Norman Godman. Bernard Ponsonby, the long-serving political editor of Scottish Television, described Godman as a "warm, gentle and empathetic man" whose career was characterised by "a special kind of integrity". ”An old-fashioned socialist whose values were marked by a belief in social justice and world peace, he argued for his values with a consistency which always made him a prisoner of his own conscience. He never sought moral high grounds or to ever promote himself above his values. "He was humble, hard-working, sought to do right by those who needed his advocacy. "He was a model public servant who gave Parliament his hard work, his party his loyalty – when he thought it merited – and he always gave the country his best judgement". | 523957 |
wiki20220301en020_103130 | Norman Godman | "His beliefs were incorruptible and he was incapable of bending or fashioning a view in order to get on. He had no time for spin, even less for apparatchiks who debased Labour values by wheeling and dealing". Ponsonby cited Godman's stand on abortion rights as an example of how he was willing to put his principles over his self-advancement, noting that he at one stage faced serious pressure from Catholic opponents who threatened his pre-selection over the issue. "He displayed a moral courage in seeing down those in his local party who saw his support for a woman’s right to choose as a ground for cutting short his Parliamentary career. He would gladly have it cut short than to do or say something that cast him as a hypocrite". Family His wife was Trish Godman, who was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for West Renfrewshire constituency from the 1999 Scottish Parliament election until her retirement in 2011. References External links | Norman Godman. "His beliefs were incorruptible and he was incapable of bending or fashioning a view in order to get on. He had no time for spin, even less for apparatchiks who debased Labour values by wheeling and dealing". Ponsonby cited Godman's stand on abortion rights as an example of how he was willing to put his principles over his self-advancement, noting that he at one stage faced serious pressure from Catholic opponents who threatened his pre-selection over the issue. "He displayed a moral courage in seeing down those in his local party who saw his support for a woman’s right to choose as a ground for cutting short his Parliamentary career. He would gladly have it cut short than to do or say something that cast him as a hypocrite". Family His wife was Trish Godman, who was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for West Renfrewshire constituency from the 1999 Scottish Parliament election until her retirement in 2011. References External links | 523957 |
wiki20220301en020_103131 | Norman Godman | References External links 1937 births 2018 deaths Scottish Labour MPs People associated with Inverclyde UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001 British shipwrights Royal Military Police soldiers Place of birth missing 20th-century British Army personnel | Norman Godman. References External links 1937 births 2018 deaths Scottish Labour MPs People associated with Inverclyde UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001 British shipwrights Royal Military Police soldiers Place of birth missing 20th-century British Army personnel | 523957 |
wiki20220301en020_103132 | Gramsbergen | Gramsbergen (Dutch Low Saxon: Grambarge) is a small Dutch town on the Vechte, located in the municipality of Hardenberg and the province of Overijssel. The town is located on corridors of different transportation modes: The N34 (Zwolle - Emmen), the Zwolle - Emmen railway and the Almelo - de Haandrik canal. History Gramsbergen and its hamlets have been inhabited since pre-historic times. In the 'Cultuur Historisch Informatie Centrum Vechtdal' (The Historical and Cultural Center of Vechtdal), in the centre of Gramsbergen, several archaeological artifacts are exhibited. These artifacts come from settlements from around 8000 BC. Generally it is assumed that the village of Gramsbergen already existed in the thirteenth century. In the books from the period before, the name Gramsbergen is already mentioned. It received city rights in 1442. | Gramsbergen. Gramsbergen (Dutch Low Saxon: Grambarge) is a small Dutch town on the Vechte, located in the municipality of Hardenberg and the province of Overijssel. The town is located on corridors of different transportation modes: The N34 (Zwolle - Emmen), the Zwolle - Emmen railway and the Almelo - de Haandrik canal. History Gramsbergen and its hamlets have been inhabited since pre-historic times. In the 'Cultuur Historisch Informatie Centrum Vechtdal' (The Historical and Cultural Center of Vechtdal), in the centre of Gramsbergen, several archaeological artifacts are exhibited. These artifacts come from settlements from around 8000 BC. Generally it is assumed that the village of Gramsbergen already existed in the thirteenth century. In the books from the period before, the name Gramsbergen is already mentioned. It received city rights in 1442. | 523959 |
wiki20220301en020_103133 | Gramsbergen | As an independent municipality, Gramsbergen comprised the centres of Gramsbergen and and the hamlets Ane, Anerveen, Anevelde, , , and . Since 1 January 2001, Gramsbergen has been part of Hardenberg. Transportation Railway Station: Gramsbergen Statistics Number of residents 3,064 Number of men 1,546 Number of women 1,518 Notable citizens Erik Hulzebosch, marathon speed skater, inline speed skater and part-time singer and blogger Albert Timmer, professional road bicycle racer References External links Map of the former municipality, around 1868. Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2001 Populated places in Overijssel Former municipalities of Overijssel Hardenberg | Gramsbergen. As an independent municipality, Gramsbergen comprised the centres of Gramsbergen and and the hamlets Ane, Anerveen, Anevelde, , , and . Since 1 January 2001, Gramsbergen has been part of Hardenberg. Transportation Railway Station: Gramsbergen Statistics Number of residents 3,064 Number of men 1,546 Number of women 1,518 Notable citizens Erik Hulzebosch, marathon speed skater, inline speed skater and part-time singer and blogger Albert Timmer, professional road bicycle racer References External links Map of the former municipality, around 1868. Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2001 Populated places in Overijssel Former municipalities of Overijssel Hardenberg | 523959 |
wiki20220301en020_103134 | Overlanders | Overlander or Overlanders may refer to: | Overlanders. Overlander or Overlanders may refer to: | 523961 |
wiki20220301en020_103135 | Overlanders | An Australian name for a drover who herds large mobs of sheep or cattle over long distances, to a market or rail head, or to open up new grazing territory Overlander (train) was a rail service that operated between the cities of Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand Overlander, Western Australia, a location in Australia Overlanders, Edmonton, a residential neighbourhood in the Hermitage area of northeast Edmonton, Alberta, Canada The Overlanders (film), a 1946 movie about Australian drovers herding cattle across the Australian outback during World War II The Overlanders (band), the name of a British 1960s music group Gregor the Overlander, the first book of the Underland Chronicles by Suzanne Collins Overlanders are a human-like species in the comic books Sonic the Hedgehog. They are slightly-mutated descendants of humans, having only four fingers instead of five, and were created by the Xorda gene bomb which was exploded on Earth thousands of years ago | Overlanders. An Australian name for a drover who herds large mobs of sheep or cattle over long distances, to a market or rail head, or to open up new grazing territory Overlander (train) was a rail service that operated between the cities of Wellington and Auckland, New Zealand Overlander, Western Australia, a location in Australia Overlanders, Edmonton, a residential neighbourhood in the Hermitage area of northeast Edmonton, Alberta, Canada The Overlanders (film), a 1946 movie about Australian drovers herding cattle across the Australian outback during World War II The Overlanders (band), the name of a British 1960s music group Gregor the Overlander, the first book of the Underland Chronicles by Suzanne Collins Overlanders are a human-like species in the comic books Sonic the Hedgehog. They are slightly-mutated descendants of humans, having only four fingers instead of five, and were created by the Xorda gene bomb which was exploded on Earth thousands of years ago | 523961 |
wiki20220301en020_103136 | Overlanders | See also Overland (disambiguation) Overlanding Oberland (disambiguation) Oberlander Oorlams | Overlanders. See also Overland (disambiguation) Overlanding Oberland (disambiguation) Oberlander Oorlams | 523961 |
wiki20220301en020_103137 | Georges Couthon | Georges Auguste Couthon (22 December 1755 – 28 July 1794) was a French politician and lawyer known for his service as a deputy in the Legislative Assembly during the French Revolution. Couthon was elected to the Committee of Public Safety on 30 May 1793 and served as a close associate of Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just until his arrest and execution in 1794 during the period of the Reign of Terror. Couthon played an important role in the development of the Law of 22 Prairial, which was responsible for a sharp increase in the number of executions of accused counter-revolutionaries. | Georges Couthon. Georges Auguste Couthon (22 December 1755 – 28 July 1794) was a French politician and lawyer known for his service as a deputy in the Legislative Assembly during the French Revolution. Couthon was elected to the Committee of Public Safety on 30 May 1793 and served as a close associate of Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just until his arrest and execution in 1794 during the period of the Reign of Terror. Couthon played an important role in the development of the Law of 22 Prairial, which was responsible for a sharp increase in the number of executions of accused counter-revolutionaries. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103138 | Georges Couthon | Background Couthon was born on 22 December 1755 in Orcet in the province of Auvergne. His father was a notary, and his mother was the daughter of a shopkeeper. Couthon, like generations of his family before him, was a member of the lower bourgeoisie. Following in his father's footsteps, Couthon became a notary. The skills that he acquired enabled him to serve on the Provincial Assembly of Auvergne in 1787, his first experience of politics. He was well-regarded by others as an honest well-mannered individual. | Georges Couthon. Background Couthon was born on 22 December 1755 in Orcet in the province of Auvergne. His father was a notary, and his mother was the daughter of a shopkeeper. Couthon, like generations of his family before him, was a member of the lower bourgeoisie. Following in his father's footsteps, Couthon became a notary. The skills that he acquired enabled him to serve on the Provincial Assembly of Auvergne in 1787, his first experience of politics. He was well-regarded by others as an honest well-mannered individual. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103139 | Georges Couthon | As the Revolution grew nearer, Couthon started to become disabled because of advancing paralysis in both legs. Doctors diagnosed Couthon with meningitis in 1792, but Couthon blamed his paralysis on the frequent sexual experiences of his youth. Although he began treating his condition with mineral baths, he grew so weak by 1793 that he was confined to a wheelchair driven by hand cranks via gears. His political aspirations took him away from Orcet and to Paris, and he joined the Freemasons in 1790 in Clermont. There, he became a fixture at its literary society, where he earned acclaim for his discussion on the topic of "Patience". In 1791, Couthon became one of the deputies of the Legislative Assembly, representing Puy-de-Dôme. | Georges Couthon. As the Revolution grew nearer, Couthon started to become disabled because of advancing paralysis in both legs. Doctors diagnosed Couthon with meningitis in 1792, but Couthon blamed his paralysis on the frequent sexual experiences of his youth. Although he began treating his condition with mineral baths, he grew so weak by 1793 that he was confined to a wheelchair driven by hand cranks via gears. His political aspirations took him away from Orcet and to Paris, and he joined the Freemasons in 1790 in Clermont. There, he became a fixture at its literary society, where he earned acclaim for his discussion on the topic of "Patience". In 1791, Couthon became one of the deputies of the Legislative Assembly, representing Puy-de-Dôme. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103140 | Georges Couthon | Deputy In 1791, Couthon traveled to Paris to fulfill his duty as a deputy in the Legislative Assembly. He then joined the growing Jacobin Club of Paris. He chose to sit on the Left at the first meeting of the Assembly but soon decided against associating himself with such radicals, as he feared they were "shocking the majority". Reportedly, he was also a very proficient speaker. | Georges Couthon. Deputy In 1791, Couthon traveled to Paris to fulfill his duty as a deputy in the Legislative Assembly. He then joined the growing Jacobin Club of Paris. He chose to sit on the Left at the first meeting of the Assembly but soon decided against associating himself with such radicals, as he feared they were "shocking the majority". Reportedly, he was also a very proficient speaker. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103141 | Georges Couthon | In September 1792, Couthon was elected to the National Convention. During a visit to Flanders, where he sought treatment for his health, he met and befriended Charles François Dumouriez and later writing praises of him to the Assembly and referred to him as "a man essential to us." His relationship with Dumouriez briefly caused Couthon to consider joining the Girondist faction of the Assembly, but after the Girondist electors of the Committee of the Constitution refused Couthon a seat on the Committee in October 1792, he ultimately committed himself to the Montagnards and the inner group formed around Maximilien Robespierre; both shared many opinions. Couthon became an enthusiastic supporter of the Montagnards and often echoed their opinions. At the Trial of Louis XVI in December 1792, he argued loudly against the Girondist request for a referendum and went on to vote for the death sentence without appeal. On 30 May 1793, Couthon was appointed as secretary, on 10 July as member to the | Georges Couthon. In September 1792, Couthon was elected to the National Convention. During a visit to Flanders, where he sought treatment for his health, he met and befriended Charles François Dumouriez and later writing praises of him to the Assembly and referred to him as "a man essential to us." His relationship with Dumouriez briefly caused Couthon to consider joining the Girondist faction of the Assembly, but after the Girondist electors of the Committee of the Constitution refused Couthon a seat on the Committee in October 1792, he ultimately committed himself to the Montagnards and the inner group formed around Maximilien Robespierre; both shared many opinions. Couthon became an enthusiastic supporter of the Montagnards and often echoed their opinions. At the Trial of Louis XVI in December 1792, he argued loudly against the Girondist request for a referendum and went on to vote for the death sentence without appeal. On 30 May 1793, Couthon was appointed as secretary, on 10 July as member to the | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103142 | Georges Couthon | argued loudly against the Girondist request for a referendum and went on to vote for the death sentence without appeal. On 30 May 1793, Couthon was appointed as secretary, on 10 July as member to the Committee of Public Safety, where he would work closely with Robespierre and Saint-Just in the planning of policy strategy and policing personnel. Three days after rising to that position, Couthon was the first to demand the arrest of proscribed Girondists. | Georges Couthon. argued loudly against the Girondist request for a referendum and went on to vote for the death sentence without appeal. On 30 May 1793, Couthon was appointed as secretary, on 10 July as member to the Committee of Public Safety, where he would work closely with Robespierre and Saint-Just in the planning of policy strategy and policing personnel. Three days after rising to that position, Couthon was the first to demand the arrest of proscribed Girondists. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103143 | Georges Couthon | Lyon Growing unrest had been occurring in Lyon in late February and early May. By 5 July 1793, the National Convention determined the city of Lyon to be "in a state of rebellion", and by September, the Committee of Public Safety decided to send representatives to Lyon to end the rebellion. Couthon would be the representative to whom Lyon would surrender on 9 October 1793. He was suspicious of the unrest in Lyon upon his arrival and would not allow the Jacobins of the local administration to meet with one another for fear of an uprising. | Georges Couthon. Lyon Growing unrest had been occurring in Lyon in late February and early May. By 5 July 1793, the National Convention determined the city of Lyon to be "in a state of rebellion", and by September, the Committee of Public Safety decided to send representatives to Lyon to end the rebellion. Couthon would be the representative to whom Lyon would surrender on 9 October 1793. He was suspicious of the unrest in Lyon upon his arrival and would not allow the Jacobins of the local administration to meet with one another for fear of an uprising. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103144 | Georges Couthon | On 12 October 1793, the Committee of Public Safety passed a decree that it believed would make an example of Lyon. The decree specified that the city itself was to be destroyed. Following the decree, Couthon established special courts to supervise the demolition of the richest homes in Lyon and leave the homes of the poor untouched. In addition to the demolition of the city, the decree dictated that the rebels and the traitors were to be executed. Couthon had difficulty accepting the destruction of Lyon and proceeded slowly with his orders. Eventually, he would find that he could not stomach the task at hand, and by the end of October, he requested the National Convention to send a replacement. Republican atrocities in Lyon began after Couthon was replaced on 3 November 1793 by Jean Marie Collot d'Herbois, who would go on to condemn 1,880 Lyonnais by April 1794. Law of 22 Prairial | Georges Couthon. On 12 October 1793, the Committee of Public Safety passed a decree that it believed would make an example of Lyon. The decree specified that the city itself was to be destroyed. Following the decree, Couthon established special courts to supervise the demolition of the richest homes in Lyon and leave the homes of the poor untouched. In addition to the demolition of the city, the decree dictated that the rebels and the traitors were to be executed. Couthon had difficulty accepting the destruction of Lyon and proceeded slowly with his orders. Eventually, he would find that he could not stomach the task at hand, and by the end of October, he requested the National Convention to send a replacement. Republican atrocities in Lyon began after Couthon was replaced on 3 November 1793 by Jean Marie Collot d'Herbois, who would go on to condemn 1,880 Lyonnais by April 1794. Law of 22 Prairial | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103145 | Georges Couthon | Law of 22 Prairial Following his departure from Lyon, Couthon returned to Paris, and on 21 December, he was elected president of the Convention. He contributed to the prosecution of the Hébertists and continued serving on the Committee of Public Safety for the next several months. On 10 June 1794 (22 Prairial Year II on the French Republican Calendar), Couthon drafted the Law of 22 Prairial with the aid of Robespierre. On the pretext of shortening proceedings, the law deprived the accused of the aid of counsel and of witnesses for their defence in the case of trials before the Revolutionary Tribunal. The Revolutionary Tribunals were charged with quick verdicts of innocence or death for the accused brought before them. | Georges Couthon. Law of 22 Prairial Following his departure from Lyon, Couthon returned to Paris, and on 21 December, he was elected president of the Convention. He contributed to the prosecution of the Hébertists and continued serving on the Committee of Public Safety for the next several months. On 10 June 1794 (22 Prairial Year II on the French Republican Calendar), Couthon drafted the Law of 22 Prairial with the aid of Robespierre. On the pretext of shortening proceedings, the law deprived the accused of the aid of counsel and of witnesses for their defence in the case of trials before the Revolutionary Tribunal. The Revolutionary Tribunals were charged with quick verdicts of innocence or death for the accused brought before them. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103146 | Georges Couthon | Couthon proposed the law without consulting the rest of the Committee of Public Safety, as both Couthon and Robespierre expected that the Committee would not be receptive to it. The Convention raised objections to the measure, but Couthon justified the measure by arguing that the political crimes overseen by the Revolutionary Tribunals were considerably worse than common crimes because "the existence of free society is threatened." Couthon also famously justified the deprivation of the right to a counsel by declaring, The guilty have no such right and the innocents do not need any it." | Georges Couthon. Couthon proposed the law without consulting the rest of the Committee of Public Safety, as both Couthon and Robespierre expected that the Committee would not be receptive to it. The Convention raised objections to the measure, but Couthon justified the measure by arguing that the political crimes overseen by the Revolutionary Tribunals were considerably worse than common crimes because "the existence of free society is threatened." Couthon also famously justified the deprivation of the right to a counsel by declaring, The guilty have no such right and the innocents do not need any it." | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103147 | Georges Couthon | Robespierre assisted Couthon in his arguments by subtly implying that any member of the Convention who objected to the new bill should fear being exposed as a traitor to the republic. Both Couthon and Robespierre would be seen as amoral bloodthirsty dictators because of their vehement defense of the Law of 22 Prairial. Collot d'Herbois, Fouché and Tallien feared for their lives, due to the excesses carried out by them in various regions of France to stamp out opposition to the revolutionary government. Almost all the deputies agreed it had become dangerous. | Georges Couthon. Robespierre assisted Couthon in his arguments by subtly implying that any member of the Convention who objected to the new bill should fear being exposed as a traitor to the republic. Both Couthon and Robespierre would be seen as amoral bloodthirsty dictators because of their vehement defense of the Law of 22 Prairial. Collot d'Herbois, Fouché and Tallien feared for their lives, due to the excesses carried out by them in various regions of France to stamp out opposition to the revolutionary government. Almost all the deputies agreed it had become dangerous. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103148 | Georges Couthon | The law passed, and the rate of executions promptly rose. In Paris alone, compared to an average of 5 executions, which had been the norm two months earlier (Germinal), 17 executions would take place daily during Prairial, with 26 occurring daily during the following month of Messidor. Between the passing of the Law of 22 Prairial (10 June 1794) and the end of July 1794, 1,515 executions took place at the Place du Trône-Renversé, now Place de la Nation, more than half of the final total of 2,639 executions that occurred between March 1793 and August 1794. Arrest and execution | Georges Couthon. The law passed, and the rate of executions promptly rose. In Paris alone, compared to an average of 5 executions, which had been the norm two months earlier (Germinal), 17 executions would take place daily during Prairial, with 26 occurring daily during the following month of Messidor. Between the passing of the Law of 22 Prairial (10 June 1794) and the end of July 1794, 1,515 executions took place at the Place du Trône-Renversé, now Place de la Nation, more than half of the final total of 2,639 executions that occurred between March 1793 and August 1794. Arrest and execution | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103149 | Georges Couthon | Arrest and execution During the crisis preceding the Thermidorian Reaction, Couthon showed considerable courage by giving up a journey to Auvergne in order, as he wrote, that he might either die or triumph with Robespierre and liberty. Robespierre had disappeared from the political arena for an entire month because of a supposed nervous breakdown and therefore did not realise that the situation in the Convention had changed. His last speech seemed to indicate that another purge of the Convention was necessary, but he refused to name names. In a panic of self-preservation, the Convention called for the arrest of Robespierre and his affiliates, including Couthon, Saint-Just and Robespierre's own brother, Augustin Robespierre. Couthon was guillotined on 10 Thermidor alongside Robespierre, but it took the executioner fifteen minutes (amidst Couthon's screams of pain) to arrange him on the board correctly because of his paralysis. Legacy | Georges Couthon. Arrest and execution During the crisis preceding the Thermidorian Reaction, Couthon showed considerable courage by giving up a journey to Auvergne in order, as he wrote, that he might either die or triumph with Robespierre and liberty. Robespierre had disappeared from the political arena for an entire month because of a supposed nervous breakdown and therefore did not realise that the situation in the Convention had changed. His last speech seemed to indicate that another purge of the Convention was necessary, but he refused to name names. In a panic of self-preservation, the Convention called for the arrest of Robespierre and his affiliates, including Couthon, Saint-Just and Robespierre's own brother, Augustin Robespierre. Couthon was guillotined on 10 Thermidor alongside Robespierre, but it took the executioner fifteen minutes (amidst Couthon's screams of pain) to arrange him on the board correctly because of his paralysis. Legacy | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103150 | Georges Couthon | Couthon, during the course of the French Revolution, had transitioned from an undecided young deputy to a strongly committed lawmaker. Aside from his actions in Lyon, it is perhaps the creation of the Law of 22 Prairial and the number of individuals that would be executed because of the law that have become his lasting legacy. After the acceptance of Couthon's new decree, executions increased from 134 people in early 1794 to 1,376 people between the months of June and July 1794. The Law of 22 Prairial also allowed tribunals to target noblemen and members of the clergy with reckless abandon, as the accused no longer could call character witnesses on their behalf. Of the victims executed during June and July 1794, 38% were of noble descent and 26% represented the clergy. More than half of the victims came from the wealthier parts of the bourgeoisie. Couthon's lawmaking not only greatly increased the rate of executions across France but also brought the Terror away from mere | Georges Couthon. Couthon, during the course of the French Revolution, had transitioned from an undecided young deputy to a strongly committed lawmaker. Aside from his actions in Lyon, it is perhaps the creation of the Law of 22 Prairial and the number of individuals that would be executed because of the law that have become his lasting legacy. After the acceptance of Couthon's new decree, executions increased from 134 people in early 1794 to 1,376 people between the months of June and July 1794. The Law of 22 Prairial also allowed tribunals to target noblemen and members of the clergy with reckless abandon, as the accused no longer could call character witnesses on their behalf. Of the victims executed during June and July 1794, 38% were of noble descent and 26% represented the clergy. More than half of the victims came from the wealthier parts of the bourgeoisie. Couthon's lawmaking not only greatly increased the rate of executions across France but also brought the Terror away from mere | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103151 | Georges Couthon | half of the victims came from the wealthier parts of the bourgeoisie. Couthon's lawmaking not only greatly increased the rate of executions across France but also brought the Terror away from mere counter-revolutionary acts and closer to social discrimination than ever before. | Georges Couthon. half of the victims came from the wealthier parts of the bourgeoisie. Couthon's lawmaking not only greatly increased the rate of executions across France but also brought the Terror away from mere counter-revolutionary acts and closer to social discrimination than ever before. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103152 | Georges Couthon | References | Georges Couthon. References | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103153 | Georges Couthon | The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, in turn, gives the following references: Francisque Mége, , Paris: 1872. Nouveaux Documents sur Georges Couthon, Clermont-Ferrand: 1890. F. A. Aulard, Les Orateurs de la Legislative et de la Convention, (Paris, 1885–1886), ii. 425-443. R.R. Palmer, 12 Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution , Princeton U. Press, 1970(reprint) Bruun, Geoffrey. "The Evolution of a Terrorist: Georges Auguste Couthon". Journal of Modern History 2, no. 3 (1930), . Doyle, William. "The Republican Revolution October 1791-January 1793". In The Oxford History of the French Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Furet, François, and Mona Ozouf. "Committee of Public Safety". In A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1989. Jones, Colin. The Longman Companion to the French Revolution. London: Longman Publishing Group, 1990. | Georges Couthon. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, in turn, gives the following references: Francisque Mége, , Paris: 1872. Nouveaux Documents sur Georges Couthon, Clermont-Ferrand: 1890. F. A. Aulard, Les Orateurs de la Legislative et de la Convention, (Paris, 1885–1886), ii. 425-443. R.R. Palmer, 12 Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution , Princeton U. Press, 1970(reprint) Bruun, Geoffrey. "The Evolution of a Terrorist: Georges Auguste Couthon". Journal of Modern History 2, no. 3 (1930), . Doyle, William. "The Republican Revolution October 1791-January 1793". In The Oxford History of the French Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Furet, François, and Mona Ozouf. "Committee of Public Safety". In A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1989. Jones, Colin. The Longman Companion to the French Revolution. London: Longman Publishing Group, 1990. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103154 | Georges Couthon | Jones, Colin. The Longman Companion to the French Revolution. London: Longman Publishing Group, 1990. Kennedy, Michael L. The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution 1793-1795. New York: Berghahn Books, 2000. Kennedy, Michael L. The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The Middle Years. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988. Lenotre, G. Romances of the French Revolution. Translated by George Frederic William Lees. New York: William Heinemann: 1909. Schama, Simon. Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Scott, Walter. The Miscellaneous Prose Works of Walter Scott. London: Whittaker and Co., 1835. 195.M1. The French Revolution''. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1799. | Georges Couthon. Jones, Colin. The Longman Companion to the French Revolution. London: Longman Publishing Group, 1990. Kennedy, Michael L. The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution 1793-1795. New York: Berghahn Books, 2000. Kennedy, Michael L. The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution: The Middle Years. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988. Lenotre, G. Romances of the French Revolution. Translated by George Frederic William Lees. New York: William Heinemann: 1909. Schama, Simon. Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Scott, Walter. The Miscellaneous Prose Works of Walter Scott. London: Whittaker and Co., 1835. 195.M1. The French Revolution''. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1799. | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103155 | Georges Couthon | Jacobins 1755 births 1794 deaths People from Puy-de-Dôme Members of the Legislative Assembly (France) Deputies to the French National Convention French lawyers French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution Politicians with paraplegia Regicides of Louis XVI Représentants en mission People on the Committee of Public Safety People of the Reign of Terror Presidents of the National Convention French politicians with physical disabilities | Georges Couthon. Jacobins 1755 births 1794 deaths People from Puy-de-Dôme Members of the Legislative Assembly (France) Deputies to the French National Convention French lawyers French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution Politicians with paraplegia Regicides of Louis XVI Représentants en mission People on the Committee of Public Safety People of the Reign of Terror Presidents of the National Convention French politicians with physical disabilities | 523963 |
wiki20220301en020_103156 | Nick St Aubyn | Nicholas Francis St Aubyn (born 19 November 1955) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. Early life St Aubyn is the younger son of the Hon. Piers St Aubyn MC by his marriage to Mary Bailey-Southwell, and a grandson of Baron St Levan. He went to Eton College, and Trinity College, Oxford, where he was a member of the Oxford University Liberal Club. He was awarded a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in PPE in 1977; the BA was later promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Oxon) degree. Before Oxford, he lived and worked in Soweto, South Africa, through a placement with the Project Trust. | Nick St Aubyn. Nicholas Francis St Aubyn (born 19 November 1955) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. Early life St Aubyn is the younger son of the Hon. Piers St Aubyn MC by his marriage to Mary Bailey-Southwell, and a grandson of Baron St Levan. He went to Eton College, and Trinity College, Oxford, where he was a member of the Oxford University Liberal Club. He was awarded a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in PPE in 1977; the BA was later promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Oxon) degree. Before Oxford, he lived and worked in Soweto, South Africa, through a placement with the Project Trust. | 523964 |
wiki20220301en020_103157 | Nick St Aubyn | He worked as a Loan Officer for Morgan Guaranty Trust from 1977 to 1981. He was the head of the London office of Morgan Futures from 1981 to 1984, then the head of the Sterling and Arbitrage Swaps Desk from 1984 to 1986. He was Vice President of Kleinwort Benson Cross Finance from 1986 to 1987. He worked for American International Group's Financial Products Division from 1987 to 1989. From 1989 to 1993, he was Chairman of Gemini Ltd. From 1993 to 1997, he was Chairman of Fitzroy Joinery Ltd in Plymouth. Political career From 1982 to 1986, St Aubyn was a Conservative councillor in Westminster City Council, representing a ward in Paddington. He then fought the Truro by-election in March 1987 following the death of David Penhaligon, when Matthew Taylor comfortably held the seat for the Liberals. He stood again in Truro at the 1987 general election, more than halving the Liberal majority, but slipped back at the 1992 general election. | Nick St Aubyn. He worked as a Loan Officer for Morgan Guaranty Trust from 1977 to 1981. He was the head of the London office of Morgan Futures from 1981 to 1984, then the head of the Sterling and Arbitrage Swaps Desk from 1984 to 1986. He was Vice President of Kleinwort Benson Cross Finance from 1986 to 1987. He worked for American International Group's Financial Products Division from 1987 to 1989. From 1989 to 1993, he was Chairman of Gemini Ltd. From 1993 to 1997, he was Chairman of Fitzroy Joinery Ltd in Plymouth. Political career From 1982 to 1986, St Aubyn was a Conservative councillor in Westminster City Council, representing a ward in Paddington. He then fought the Truro by-election in March 1987 following the death of David Penhaligon, when Matthew Taylor comfortably held the seat for the Liberals. He stood again in Truro at the 1987 general election, more than halving the Liberal majority, but slipped back at the 1992 general election. | 523964 |
wiki20220301en020_103158 | Nick St Aubyn | Following the retirement of long-serving Conservative MP and former minister David Howell, St Aubyn was selected as Conservative candidate for Guildford in preparation for the 1997 general election. Withstanding the national landslide against his party, he held the seat with a reduced majority over the Liberal Democrats, but at the 2001 election he narrowly lost the seat to the Liberal Democrat Sue Doughty. While in parliament, he served on the Education Select Committee and was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Michael Portillo. He did not contest the 2005 election, when Anne Milton narrowly retook the seat for the Conservatives. Personal life St Aubyn married Jane Brooks on 26 April 1980 and they have two sons (Henry and Edward) and three daughters (Kitty, Alice and Camilla). His older brother inherited the title Lord St Levan from their uncle the 4th Baron St Levan. Books Nick St Aubyn, Custom of the County (2010) References External links | Nick St Aubyn. Following the retirement of long-serving Conservative MP and former minister David Howell, St Aubyn was selected as Conservative candidate for Guildford in preparation for the 1997 general election. Withstanding the national landslide against his party, he held the seat with a reduced majority over the Liberal Democrats, but at the 2001 election he narrowly lost the seat to the Liberal Democrat Sue Doughty. While in parliament, he served on the Education Select Committee and was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Michael Portillo. He did not contest the 2005 election, when Anne Milton narrowly retook the seat for the Conservatives. Personal life St Aubyn married Jane Brooks on 26 April 1980 and they have two sons (Henry and Edward) and three daughters (Kitty, Alice and Camilla). His older brother inherited the title Lord St Levan from their uncle the 4th Baron St Levan. Books Nick St Aubyn, Custom of the County (2010) References External links | 523964 |
wiki20220301en020_103159 | Nick St Aubyn | Books Nick St Aubyn, Custom of the County (2010) References External links 1955 births Living people People educated at Eton College Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1997–2001 Politics of Guildford Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Guildford | Nick St Aubyn. Books Nick St Aubyn, Custom of the County (2010) References External links 1955 births Living people People educated at Eton College Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1997–2001 Politics of Guildford Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Guildford | 523964 |
wiki20220301en020_103160 | Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen | Francis Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen, (8 August 1926 – 28 May 2016) was a British barrister and cross bench member of the House of Lords. Early life and education A son of Sir Thomas Neill, Patrick Neill was educated at Highgate School and Magdalen College, Oxford. Legal career He became a barrister in 1951 and took silk in 1966. After heading One Hare Court, he became head of chambers of Serle Court, in Lincoln's Inn when the two merged in 1999. He worked alongside Henry Fisher, Roger Parker, Gordon Slynn, and Richard Southwell QC Lord Neill left Serle Court in 2008 to join his elder brother Sir Brian Neill, a former Court of Appeal judge, at 20 Essex Street. | Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen. Francis Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen, (8 August 1926 – 28 May 2016) was a British barrister and cross bench member of the House of Lords. Early life and education A son of Sir Thomas Neill, Patrick Neill was educated at Highgate School and Magdalen College, Oxford. Legal career He became a barrister in 1951 and took silk in 1966. After heading One Hare Court, he became head of chambers of Serle Court, in Lincoln's Inn when the two merged in 1999. He worked alongside Henry Fisher, Roger Parker, Gordon Slynn, and Richard Southwell QC Lord Neill left Serle Court in 2008 to join his elder brother Sir Brian Neill, a former Court of Appeal judge, at 20 Essex Street. | 523965 |
wiki20220301en020_103161 | Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen | University of Oxford He was Warden of All Souls College, Oxford, from 1977 until 1995, and an Honorary Fellow since 1995. He was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University from 1985 till 1989, and played a major part in the University's decision to undertake The Campaign for Oxford. He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2003 University of Oxford Chancellor election. Family life In 1954 he married Caroline Susan Debenham, daughter of Sir Piers Kenrick Debenham. They had six children: Timothy Piers Patrick Neill Robin Charles Richard Neill Jonathan Francis Kenrick Neill Harriet Susan Anne Neill Matthew Piers Thomas Neill Emma Charlotte Angela Neill, married to Rt Hon. Christopher Geidt, Baron Geidt, the former Private Secretary to HM The Queen. He died in May 2016 at the age of 89. | Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen. University of Oxford He was Warden of All Souls College, Oxford, from 1977 until 1995, and an Honorary Fellow since 1995. He was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University from 1985 till 1989, and played a major part in the University's decision to undertake The Campaign for Oxford. He was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2003 University of Oxford Chancellor election. Family life In 1954 he married Caroline Susan Debenham, daughter of Sir Piers Kenrick Debenham. They had six children: Timothy Piers Patrick Neill Robin Charles Richard Neill Jonathan Francis Kenrick Neill Harriet Susan Anne Neill Matthew Piers Thomas Neill Emma Charlotte Angela Neill, married to Rt Hon. Christopher Geidt, Baron Geidt, the former Private Secretary to HM The Queen. He died in May 2016 at the age of 89. | 523965 |
wiki20220301en020_103162 | Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen | He died in May 2016 at the age of 89. Honours Having been knighted in 1983, Neill was made a Life Peer as Baron Neill of Bladen, of Briantspuddle in the County of Dorset, on 28 November 1997. He sat in the House of Lords as a crossbencher until 18 May 2016, at which point he ceased to be a member pursuant to section 2 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014, having failed to attend during the whole of the 2015–16 session without being on leave of absence. References External links Personal Biography |- |- 1926 births 2016 deaths People educated at Highgate School Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford English Queen's Counsel Queen's Counsel 1901–2000 Wardens of All Souls College, Oxford Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford Crossbench life peers Knights Bachelor English people of Irish descent 20th-century English lawyers Member of the Committee on Standards in Public Life | Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen. He died in May 2016 at the age of 89. Honours Having been knighted in 1983, Neill was made a Life Peer as Baron Neill of Bladen, of Briantspuddle in the County of Dorset, on 28 November 1997. He sat in the House of Lords as a crossbencher until 18 May 2016, at which point he ceased to be a member pursuant to section 2 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014, having failed to attend during the whole of the 2015–16 session without being on leave of absence. References External links Personal Biography |- |- 1926 births 2016 deaths People educated at Highgate School Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford English Queen's Counsel Queen's Counsel 1901–2000 Wardens of All Souls College, Oxford Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford Crossbench life peers Knights Bachelor English people of Irish descent 20th-century English lawyers Member of the Committee on Standards in Public Life | 523965 |
wiki20220301en020_103163 | Ideal number | In number theory an ideal number is an algebraic integer which represents an ideal in the ring of integers of a number field; the idea was developed by Ernst Kummer, and led to Richard Dedekind's definition of ideals for rings. An ideal in the ring of integers of an algebraic number field is principal if it consists of multiples of a single element of the ring, and nonprincipal otherwise. By the principal ideal theorem any nonprincipal ideal becomes principal when extended to an ideal of the Hilbert class field. This means that there is an element of the ring of integers of the Hilbert class field, which is an ideal number, such that the original nonprincipal ideal is equal to the collection of all multiples of this ideal number by elements of this ring of integers that lie in the original field's ring of integers. | Ideal number. In number theory an ideal number is an algebraic integer which represents an ideal in the ring of integers of a number field; the idea was developed by Ernst Kummer, and led to Richard Dedekind's definition of ideals for rings. An ideal in the ring of integers of an algebraic number field is principal if it consists of multiples of a single element of the ring, and nonprincipal otherwise. By the principal ideal theorem any nonprincipal ideal becomes principal when extended to an ideal of the Hilbert class field. This means that there is an element of the ring of integers of the Hilbert class field, which is an ideal number, such that the original nonprincipal ideal is equal to the collection of all multiples of this ideal number by elements of this ring of integers that lie in the original field's ring of integers. | 523968 |
wiki20220301en020_103164 | Ideal number | Example For instance, let be a root of , then the ring of integers of the field is , which means all with and integers form the ring of integers. An example of a nonprincipal ideal in this ring is the set of all where and are integers; the cube of this ideal is principal, and in fact the class group is cyclic of order three. The corresponding class field is obtained by adjoining an element satisfying to , giving . An ideal number for the nonprincipal ideal is . Since this satisfies the equation it is an algebraic integer. All elements of the ring of integers of the class field which when multiplied by give a result in are of the form , where and The coefficients α and β are also algebraic integers, satisfying and respectively. Multiplying by the ideal number gives , which is the nonprincipal ideal. | Ideal number. Example For instance, let be a root of , then the ring of integers of the field is , which means all with and integers form the ring of integers. An example of a nonprincipal ideal in this ring is the set of all where and are integers; the cube of this ideal is principal, and in fact the class group is cyclic of order three. The corresponding class field is obtained by adjoining an element satisfying to , giving . An ideal number for the nonprincipal ideal is . Since this satisfies the equation it is an algebraic integer. All elements of the ring of integers of the class field which when multiplied by give a result in are of the form , where and The coefficients α and β are also algebraic integers, satisfying and respectively. Multiplying by the ideal number gives , which is the nonprincipal ideal. | 523968 |
wiki20220301en020_103165 | Ideal number | and The coefficients α and β are also algebraic integers, satisfying and respectively. Multiplying by the ideal number gives , which is the nonprincipal ideal. History Kummer first published the failure of unique factorization in cyclotomic fields in 1844 in an obscure journal; it was reprinted in 1847 in Liouville's journal. In subsequent papers in 1846 and 1847 he published his main theorem, the unique factorization into (actual and ideal) primes. | Ideal number. and The coefficients α and β are also algebraic integers, satisfying and respectively. Multiplying by the ideal number gives , which is the nonprincipal ideal. History Kummer first published the failure of unique factorization in cyclotomic fields in 1844 in an obscure journal; it was reprinted in 1847 in Liouville's journal. In subsequent papers in 1846 and 1847 he published his main theorem, the unique factorization into (actual and ideal) primes. | 523968 |
wiki20220301en020_103166 | Ideal number | It is widely believed that Kummer was led to his "ideal complex numbers" by his interest in Fermat's Last Theorem; there is even a story often told that Kummer, like Lamé, believed he had proven Fermat's Last Theorem until Lejeune Dirichlet told him his argument relied on unique factorization; but the story was first told by Kurt Hensel in 1910 and the evidence indicates it likely derives from a confusion by one of Hensel's sources. Harold Edwards says the belief that Kummer was mainly interested in Fermat's Last Theorem "is surely mistaken" (Edwards 1977, p. 79). Kummer's use of the letter λ to represent a prime number, α to denote a λth root of unity, and his study of the factorization of prime number into "complex numbers composed of th roots of unity" all derive directly from a paper of Jacobi which is concerned with higher reciprocity laws. Kummer's 1844 memoir was in honor of the jubilee celebration of the University of Königsberg and was meant as a tribute to Jacobi. Although | Ideal number. It is widely believed that Kummer was led to his "ideal complex numbers" by his interest in Fermat's Last Theorem; there is even a story often told that Kummer, like Lamé, believed he had proven Fermat's Last Theorem until Lejeune Dirichlet told him his argument relied on unique factorization; but the story was first told by Kurt Hensel in 1910 and the evidence indicates it likely derives from a confusion by one of Hensel's sources. Harold Edwards says the belief that Kummer was mainly interested in Fermat's Last Theorem "is surely mistaken" (Edwards 1977, p. 79). Kummer's use of the letter λ to represent a prime number, α to denote a λth root of unity, and his study of the factorization of prime number into "complex numbers composed of th roots of unity" all derive directly from a paper of Jacobi which is concerned with higher reciprocity laws. Kummer's 1844 memoir was in honor of the jubilee celebration of the University of Königsberg and was meant as a tribute to Jacobi. Although | 523968 |
wiki20220301en020_103167 | Ideal number | of Jacobi which is concerned with higher reciprocity laws. Kummer's 1844 memoir was in honor of the jubilee celebration of the University of Königsberg and was meant as a tribute to Jacobi. Although Kummer had studied Fermat's Last Theorem in the 1830s and was probably aware that his theory would have implications for its study, it is more likely that the subject of Jacobi's (and Gauss's) interest, higher reciprocity laws, held more importance for him. Kummer referred to his own partial proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for regular primes as "a curiosity of number theory rather than a major item" and to the higher reciprocity law (which he stated as a conjecture) as "the principal subject and the pinnacle of contemporary number theory." On the other hand, this latter pronouncement was made when Kummer was still excited about the success of his work on reciprocity and when his work on Fermat's Last Theorem was running out of steam, so it may perhaps be taken with some skepticism. | Ideal number. of Jacobi which is concerned with higher reciprocity laws. Kummer's 1844 memoir was in honor of the jubilee celebration of the University of Königsberg and was meant as a tribute to Jacobi. Although Kummer had studied Fermat's Last Theorem in the 1830s and was probably aware that his theory would have implications for its study, it is more likely that the subject of Jacobi's (and Gauss's) interest, higher reciprocity laws, held more importance for him. Kummer referred to his own partial proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for regular primes as "a curiosity of number theory rather than a major item" and to the higher reciprocity law (which he stated as a conjecture) as "the principal subject and the pinnacle of contemporary number theory." On the other hand, this latter pronouncement was made when Kummer was still excited about the success of his work on reciprocity and when his work on Fermat's Last Theorem was running out of steam, so it may perhaps be taken with some skepticism. | 523968 |
wiki20220301en020_103168 | Ideal number | The extension of Kummer's ideas to the general case was accomplished independently by Kronecker and Dedekind during the next forty years. A direct generalization encountered formidable difficulties, and it eventually led Dedekind to the creation of the theory of modules and ideals. Kronecker dealt with the difficulties by developing a theory of forms (a generalization of quadratic forms) and a theory of divisors. Dedekind's contribution would become the basis of ring theory and abstract algebra, while Kronecker's would become major tools in algebraic geometry. | Ideal number. The extension of Kummer's ideas to the general case was accomplished independently by Kronecker and Dedekind during the next forty years. A direct generalization encountered formidable difficulties, and it eventually led Dedekind to the creation of the theory of modules and ideals. Kronecker dealt with the difficulties by developing a theory of forms (a generalization of quadratic forms) and a theory of divisors. Dedekind's contribution would become the basis of ring theory and abstract algebra, while Kronecker's would become major tools in algebraic geometry. | 523968 |
wiki20220301en020_103169 | Ideal number | References Nicolas Bourbaki, Elements of the History of Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1999. Harold M. Edwards, Fermat's Last Theorem. A genetic introduction to number theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics vol. 50, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1977. C.G. Jacobi, Über die complexen Primzahlen, welche in der theori der Reste der 5ten, 8ten, und 12ten Potenzen zu betrachten sind, Monatsber. der. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1839) 89-91. E.E. Kummer, De numeris complexis, qui radicibus unitatis et numeris integris realibus constant, Gratulationschrift der Univ. Breslau zur Jubelfeier der Univ. Königsberg, 1844; reprinted in Jour. de Math. 12 (1847) 185-212. E.E. Kummer, Über die Zerlegung der aus Wurzeln der Einheit gebildeten complexen Zahlen in ihre Primfactoren, Jour. für Math. (Crelle) 35 (1847) 327-367. John Stillwell, introduction to Theory of Algebraic Integers by Richard Dedekind. Cambridge Mathematical Library, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 1996. | Ideal number. References Nicolas Bourbaki, Elements of the History of Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1999. Harold M. Edwards, Fermat's Last Theorem. A genetic introduction to number theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics vol. 50, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1977. C.G. Jacobi, Über die complexen Primzahlen, welche in der theori der Reste der 5ten, 8ten, und 12ten Potenzen zu betrachten sind, Monatsber. der. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1839) 89-91. E.E. Kummer, De numeris complexis, qui radicibus unitatis et numeris integris realibus constant, Gratulationschrift der Univ. Breslau zur Jubelfeier der Univ. Königsberg, 1844; reprinted in Jour. de Math. 12 (1847) 185-212. E.E. Kummer, Über die Zerlegung der aus Wurzeln der Einheit gebildeten complexen Zahlen in ihre Primfactoren, Jour. für Math. (Crelle) 35 (1847) 327-367. John Stillwell, introduction to Theory of Algebraic Integers by Richard Dedekind. Cambridge Mathematical Library, Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, 1996. | 523968 |
wiki20220301en020_103170 | Ideal number | External links Ideal Numbers, Proof that the theory of ideal numbers saves unique factorization for cyclotomic integers at Fermat's Last Theorem Blog. Number theory Numbers | Ideal number. External links Ideal Numbers, Proof that the theory of ideal numbers saves unique factorization for cyclotomic integers at Fermat's Last Theorem Blog. Number theory Numbers | 523968 |
wiki20220301en020_103171 | Bowen Wells | Petrie Bowen Wells (born 4 August 1935), known as Bowen Wells, is a retired British Conservative Party politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Hertford and Stevenage then Hertford and Stortford from 1979 until 2001. He was also Chair of the International Development Select Committee from 1997 until 2001. Education Wells was educated at St Paul's School in London, the University of Exeter, and Regent Street Polytechnic. Member of Parliament Wells was first elected in the 1979 general election as MP for Hertford and Stevenage, defeating Labour's Shirley Williams. After boundary changes in the 1983 general election, he served as MP for Hertford and Stortford until the 2001 general election when he retired. | Bowen Wells. Petrie Bowen Wells (born 4 August 1935), known as Bowen Wells, is a retired British Conservative Party politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Hertford and Stevenage then Hertford and Stortford from 1979 until 2001. He was also Chair of the International Development Select Committee from 1997 until 2001. Education Wells was educated at St Paul's School in London, the University of Exeter, and Regent Street Polytechnic. Member of Parliament Wells was first elected in the 1979 general election as MP for Hertford and Stevenage, defeating Labour's Shirley Williams. After boundary changes in the 1983 general election, he served as MP for Hertford and Stortford until the 2001 general election when he retired. | 523971 |
wiki20220301en020_103172 | Bowen Wells | From 1982 until 1983, Wells served in Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Government as Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Minister of State for Employment Michael Alison. He then served twice in John Major's Government; as PPS to Minister of State for Public Transport Roger Freeman from 1992 until 1994, and as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1995 until 1997. Wells lost his position in government following the Labour victory in the 1997 general election. Soon after, he was made Chair of the newly formed International Development Select Committee. He remained in the post until his retirement in 2001. Non-political career Sub Lieutenant, RNVR, National Service 1954-56School Master, Colet Court, London 1956-57 Trainee, British Aluminium Company 1957-58 Senior Executive Commonwealth Development Corporation 1961-74 Owner/Manager, Substation Group Services Ltd 1974-79 Personal life Wells is married with two sons, Adam and Simon Bowen, and resides in the South of England. | Bowen Wells. From 1982 until 1983, Wells served in Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Government as Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Minister of State for Employment Michael Alison. He then served twice in John Major's Government; as PPS to Minister of State for Public Transport Roger Freeman from 1992 until 1994, and as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1995 until 1997. Wells lost his position in government following the Labour victory in the 1997 general election. Soon after, he was made Chair of the newly formed International Development Select Committee. He remained in the post until his retirement in 2001. Non-political career Sub Lieutenant, RNVR, National Service 1954-56School Master, Colet Court, London 1956-57 Trainee, British Aluminium Company 1957-58 Senior Executive Commonwealth Development Corporation 1961-74 Owner/Manager, Substation Group Services Ltd 1974-79 Personal life Wells is married with two sons, Adam and Simon Bowen, and resides in the South of England. | 523971 |
wiki20220301en020_103173 | Bowen Wells | Personal life Wells is married with two sons, Adam and Simon Bowen, and resides in the South of England. Sources UK Politics: People in Parliament, BBC News (28 July 1998) External links 1935 births Living people Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1979–1983 UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001 People educated at St Paul's School, London Alumni of the University of Essex Alumni of the University of Westminster | Bowen Wells. Personal life Wells is married with two sons, Adam and Simon Bowen, and resides in the South of England. Sources UK Politics: People in Parliament, BBC News (28 July 1998) External links 1935 births Living people Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1979–1983 UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001 People educated at St Paul's School, London Alumni of the University of Essex Alumni of the University of Westminster | 523971 |
wiki20220301en020_103174 | Operation Castle | Operation Castle was a United States series of high-yield (high-energy) nuclear tests by Joint Task Force 7 (JTF-7) at Bikini Atoll beginning in March 1954. It followed Operation Upshot–Knothole and preceded Operation Teapot. Conducted as a joint venture between the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Department of Defense (DoD), the ultimate objective of the operation was to test designs for an aircraft-deliverable thermonuclear weapon. All the devices tested, which ranged in weight from , were built to be dropped from aircraft. However, ballistic casings, fins and fusing systems would have to be attached. | Operation Castle. Operation Castle was a United States series of high-yield (high-energy) nuclear tests by Joint Task Force 7 (JTF-7) at Bikini Atoll beginning in March 1954. It followed Operation Upshot–Knothole and preceded Operation Teapot. Conducted as a joint venture between the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Department of Defense (DoD), the ultimate objective of the operation was to test designs for an aircraft-deliverable thermonuclear weapon. All the devices tested, which ranged in weight from , were built to be dropped from aircraft. However, ballistic casings, fins and fusing systems would have to be attached. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103175 | Operation Castle | Operation Castle was considered by government officials to be a success as it proved the feasibility of deployable "dry" fuel designs for thermonuclear weapons. There were technical difficulties with some of the tests: one device had a yield much lower than predicted (a "fizzle"), while two other bombs detonated with over twice their predicted yields. One test in particular, Castle Bravo, resulted in extensive radiological contamination. The fallout affected nearby islands including inhabitants and U.S. soldiers stationed there, as well as a nearby Japanese fishing boat (the Daigo Fukuryū Maru), resulting in one direct fatality, and then continued health problems for many of those exposed. Public reaction to the tests and an awareness of the long-range effects of nuclear fallout has been attributed as being part of the motivation for the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963. Background | Operation Castle. Operation Castle was considered by government officials to be a success as it proved the feasibility of deployable "dry" fuel designs for thermonuclear weapons. There were technical difficulties with some of the tests: one device had a yield much lower than predicted (a "fizzle"), while two other bombs detonated with over twice their predicted yields. One test in particular, Castle Bravo, resulted in extensive radiological contamination. The fallout affected nearby islands including inhabitants and U.S. soldiers stationed there, as well as a nearby Japanese fishing boat (the Daigo Fukuryū Maru), resulting in one direct fatality, and then continued health problems for many of those exposed. Public reaction to the tests and an awareness of the long-range effects of nuclear fallout has been attributed as being part of the motivation for the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963. Background | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103176 | Operation Castle | Background Bikini Atoll had previously hosted nuclear testing in 1946 as part of Operation Crossroads where the world's fourth and fifth atomic weapons were detonated in Bikini Lagoon. Since then, American nuclear weapons testing had moved to the Enewetak Atoll to take advantage of generally larger islands and deeper water. Both atolls were part of the American Pacific Proving Grounds. The extremely high yields of the Castle weapons caused concern within the AEC that potential damage to the limited infrastructure already established at Enewetak would delay other operations. Additionally, the cratering from the Castle weapons was expected to be comparable to that of Ivy Mike, a 10.4 megatons of TNT (Mt) device tested at Enewetak in 1952 leaving a crater approximately in diameter marking the location of the obliterated test island Elugelab. | Operation Castle. Background Bikini Atoll had previously hosted nuclear testing in 1946 as part of Operation Crossroads where the world's fourth and fifth atomic weapons were detonated in Bikini Lagoon. Since then, American nuclear weapons testing had moved to the Enewetak Atoll to take advantage of generally larger islands and deeper water. Both atolls were part of the American Pacific Proving Grounds. The extremely high yields of the Castle weapons caused concern within the AEC that potential damage to the limited infrastructure already established at Enewetak would delay other operations. Additionally, the cratering from the Castle weapons was expected to be comparable to that of Ivy Mike, a 10.4 megatons of TNT (Mt) device tested at Enewetak in 1952 leaving a crater approximately in diameter marking the location of the obliterated test island Elugelab. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103177 | Operation Castle | The Ivy Mike test was the world's first "hydrogen bomb", producing a full-scale thermonuclear or fusion explosion. The Ivy Mike device used liquid deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, making it a "wet" bomb. The complex dewar mechanisms needed to store the liquid deuterium at cryogenic temperatures made the device three stories tall and 82 tons in total weight, far too heavy and bulky to be a usable weapon. With the success of Ivy Mike as proof of the Teller-Ulam bomb concept, research began on using a "dry" fuel to make a practical fusion weapon so that the United States could begin production and deployment of thermonuclear weapons in quantity. The final result incorporated lithium deuteride as the fusion fuel in the Teller-Ulam design, vastly reducing size and weight and simplifying the overall design. Operation Castle was charted to test four dry fuel designs, two wet bombs, and one smaller device. The approval for Operation Castle was issued to JTF-7 by Major General Kenneth D. | Operation Castle. The Ivy Mike test was the world's first "hydrogen bomb", producing a full-scale thermonuclear or fusion explosion. The Ivy Mike device used liquid deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, making it a "wet" bomb. The complex dewar mechanisms needed to store the liquid deuterium at cryogenic temperatures made the device three stories tall and 82 tons in total weight, far too heavy and bulky to be a usable weapon. With the success of Ivy Mike as proof of the Teller-Ulam bomb concept, research began on using a "dry" fuel to make a practical fusion weapon so that the United States could begin production and deployment of thermonuclear weapons in quantity. The final result incorporated lithium deuteride as the fusion fuel in the Teller-Ulam design, vastly reducing size and weight and simplifying the overall design. Operation Castle was charted to test four dry fuel designs, two wet bombs, and one smaller device. The approval for Operation Castle was issued to JTF-7 by Major General Kenneth D. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103178 | Operation Castle | overall design. Operation Castle was charted to test four dry fuel designs, two wet bombs, and one smaller device. The approval for Operation Castle was issued to JTF-7 by Major General Kenneth D. Nichols, the General Manager of the AEC, on January 21, 1954. | Operation Castle. overall design. Operation Castle was charted to test four dry fuel designs, two wet bombs, and one smaller device. The approval for Operation Castle was issued to JTF-7 by Major General Kenneth D. Nichols, the General Manager of the AEC, on January 21, 1954. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103179 | Operation Castle | Experiments Operation Castle was organized into seven experiments, all but one of which were to take place at Bikini Atoll. Below is the original test schedule (as of February 1954). The Echo test was canceled due to the liquid fuel design becoming obsolete with the success of dry-fueled Bravo as noted above. Yankee was similarly considered obsolete and the Jughead device was replaced with a "Runt II" device (similar to the Union device), which was hastily completed at Los Alamos and flown to Bikini. With this revision, both of the wet fuel devices were removed from the test schedule. | Operation Castle. Experiments Operation Castle was organized into seven experiments, all but one of which were to take place at Bikini Atoll. Below is the original test schedule (as of February 1954). The Echo test was canceled due to the liquid fuel design becoming obsolete with the success of dry-fueled Bravo as noted above. Yankee was similarly considered obsolete and the Jughead device was replaced with a "Runt II" device (similar to the Union device), which was hastily completed at Los Alamos and flown to Bikini. With this revision, both of the wet fuel devices were removed from the test schedule. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103180 | Operation Castle | Operation Castle was intended to test lithium deuteride (LiD) as a thermonuclear fusion fuel. A solid at room temperature, LiD, if it worked, would be far more practical than the cryogenic liquid deuterium fuel in the Ivy Mike device. The same Teller-Ulam principle would be used as in the Ivy Mike so-called "Sausage" device, but the fusion reactions were different. Ivy Mike fused deuterium with deuterium, but the LiD devices would fuse deuterium with tritium. The tritium was produced during the explosion by irradiating the lithium with fast neutrons. | Operation Castle. Operation Castle was intended to test lithium deuteride (LiD) as a thermonuclear fusion fuel. A solid at room temperature, LiD, if it worked, would be far more practical than the cryogenic liquid deuterium fuel in the Ivy Mike device. The same Teller-Ulam principle would be used as in the Ivy Mike so-called "Sausage" device, but the fusion reactions were different. Ivy Mike fused deuterium with deuterium, but the LiD devices would fuse deuterium with tritium. The tritium was produced during the explosion by irradiating the lithium with fast neutrons. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103181 | Operation Castle | Bravo, Yankee (II), and Union used lithium enriched in the Li-6 isotope (Bravo and Yankee used lithium enriched to 40% Li-6, while the lithium used in Union was enriched to 95% Li-6), while Romeo and Koon were fueled with natural lithium (92% Li-7, 7.5% Li-6). The use of natural lithium would be important to the ability of the US to rapidly expand its nuclear stockpile during the Cold War nuclear arms race, since the so-called "Alloy Development Plants" were in an early stage at the time Castle was carried out. The first plant started production in late 1953. | Operation Castle. Bravo, Yankee (II), and Union used lithium enriched in the Li-6 isotope (Bravo and Yankee used lithium enriched to 40% Li-6, while the lithium used in Union was enriched to 95% Li-6), while Romeo and Koon were fueled with natural lithium (92% Li-7, 7.5% Li-6). The use of natural lithium would be important to the ability of the US to rapidly expand its nuclear stockpile during the Cold War nuclear arms race, since the so-called "Alloy Development Plants" were in an early stage at the time Castle was carried out. The first plant started production in late 1953. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103182 | Operation Castle | As a hedge, development of liquid deuterium weapons continued in parallel. Even though they were much less practical because of the logistical problems dealing with the transport, handling, and storage of a cryogenic device, the Cold War arms race drove the demand for a viable fusion weapon. The "Ramrod" and "Jughead" devices were liquid fuel designs greatly reduced in size and weight from their so-called "Sausage" predecessor. The "Jughead" device was eventually weaponized, and it saw limited fielding by the U.S. Air Force until the "dry" fuel H-bombs became common. | Operation Castle. As a hedge, development of liquid deuterium weapons continued in parallel. Even though they were much less practical because of the logistical problems dealing with the transport, handling, and storage of a cryogenic device, the Cold War arms race drove the demand for a viable fusion weapon. The "Ramrod" and "Jughead" devices were liquid fuel designs greatly reduced in size and weight from their so-called "Sausage" predecessor. The "Jughead" device was eventually weaponized, and it saw limited fielding by the U.S. Air Force until the "dry" fuel H-bombs became common. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103183 | Operation Castle | Nectar was not a fusion weapon in the same sense as the rest of the Castle series. Even though it used lithium fuel for fission boosting, the principal reaction material in the second stage was uranium and plutonium. Similar to the Teller-Ulam configuration, a nuclear fission explosion was used to create high temperatures and pressures to compress a second fissionable mass. This would have otherwise been too large to sustain an efficient reaction if it were triggered with conventional explosives. This experiment was intended to develop intermediate yield weapons for expanding the inventory (around 1-2 Mt vs. 4-8). | Operation Castle. Nectar was not a fusion weapon in the same sense as the rest of the Castle series. Even though it used lithium fuel for fission boosting, the principal reaction material in the second stage was uranium and plutonium. Similar to the Teller-Ulam configuration, a nuclear fission explosion was used to create high temperatures and pressures to compress a second fissionable mass. This would have otherwise been too large to sustain an efficient reaction if it were triggered with conventional explosives. This experiment was intended to develop intermediate yield weapons for expanding the inventory (around 1-2 Mt vs. 4-8). | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103184 | Operation Castle | Many fusion or thermonuclear weapons generate much, or even most, of their yields from fission. Although the U-238 isotope of uranium will not sustain a chain reaction, it still fissions when irradiated by the intense fast neutron flux of a fusion explosion. Because U-238 is plentiful and has no critical mass, it can be added in (in theory) almost unlimited quantities as a tamper around a fusion bomb, helping to contain the fusion reaction and contributing its own fission energy. For example, the fast-fission of the U-238 tamper contributed 77% (8.0 megatons) to the yield of the 10.4 Mt Ivy Mike explosion. | Operation Castle. Many fusion or thermonuclear weapons generate much, or even most, of their yields from fission. Although the U-238 isotope of uranium will not sustain a chain reaction, it still fissions when irradiated by the intense fast neutron flux of a fusion explosion. Because U-238 is plentiful and has no critical mass, it can be added in (in theory) almost unlimited quantities as a tamper around a fusion bomb, helping to contain the fusion reaction and contributing its own fission energy. For example, the fast-fission of the U-238 tamper contributed 77% (8.0 megatons) to the yield of the 10.4 Mt Ivy Mike explosion. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103185 | Operation Castle | Test execution The most notable event of Operation Castle was the Castle Bravo test. The dry fuel for Bravo was 40% Li-6 and 60% Li-7. Only the Li-6 was expected to breed tritium for the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction; the Li-7 was expected to be inert. Yet J. Carson Mark, the head of the Los Alamos Theoretical Design Division, had speculated that Bravo could "go big", estimating that the device could produce an explosive yield as much as 20% more than had been originally calculated. It was discovered, because of the unexpected larger yield, that the Li-7 in the device also undergoes breeding that produces tritium. In practice, Bravo exceeded expectations by 150%, yielding 15 Mt — about 1,000 times more powerful than the Little Boy weapon used on Hiroshima. Castle Bravo remains to this day, the largest detonation ever carried out anywhere by the United States, and the fifth largest H-bomb detonation in the world. | Operation Castle. Test execution The most notable event of Operation Castle was the Castle Bravo test. The dry fuel for Bravo was 40% Li-6 and 60% Li-7. Only the Li-6 was expected to breed tritium for the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction; the Li-7 was expected to be inert. Yet J. Carson Mark, the head of the Los Alamos Theoretical Design Division, had speculated that Bravo could "go big", estimating that the device could produce an explosive yield as much as 20% more than had been originally calculated. It was discovered, because of the unexpected larger yield, that the Li-7 in the device also undergoes breeding that produces tritium. In practice, Bravo exceeded expectations by 150%, yielding 15 Mt — about 1,000 times more powerful than the Little Boy weapon used on Hiroshima. Castle Bravo remains to this day, the largest detonation ever carried out anywhere by the United States, and the fifth largest H-bomb detonation in the world. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103186 | Operation Castle | Because Castle Bravo greatly exceeded its expected yield, JTF-7 was caught unprepared. Much of the permanent infrastructure on Bikini Atoll was heavily damaged. The intense thermal flash ignited a fire at a distance of on the island of Eneu (base island of Bikini Atoll). The ensuing fallout contaminated all of the atoll, so much so, that it could not be approached by JTF-7 for 24 hours after the test, and even then exposure times were limited. As the fallout spread downwind to the east, more atolls were contaminated by radioactive calcium ash from the incinerated underwater coral banks. Although the atolls were evacuated soon after the test, 239 Marshallese on the Utirik, Rongelap, and Ailinginae Atolls were subjected to significant levels of radiation. 28 Americans stationed on the Rongerik Atoll were also exposed. Follow-up studies of the contaminated individuals began soon after the blast as Project 4.1, and though the short-term effects of the radiation exposure for most of the | Operation Castle. Because Castle Bravo greatly exceeded its expected yield, JTF-7 was caught unprepared. Much of the permanent infrastructure on Bikini Atoll was heavily damaged. The intense thermal flash ignited a fire at a distance of on the island of Eneu (base island of Bikini Atoll). The ensuing fallout contaminated all of the atoll, so much so, that it could not be approached by JTF-7 for 24 hours after the test, and even then exposure times were limited. As the fallout spread downwind to the east, more atolls were contaminated by radioactive calcium ash from the incinerated underwater coral banks. Although the atolls were evacuated soon after the test, 239 Marshallese on the Utirik, Rongelap, and Ailinginae Atolls were subjected to significant levels of radiation. 28 Americans stationed on the Rongerik Atoll were also exposed. Follow-up studies of the contaminated individuals began soon after the blast as Project 4.1, and though the short-term effects of the radiation exposure for most of the | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103187 | Operation Castle | Atoll were also exposed. Follow-up studies of the contaminated individuals began soon after the blast as Project 4.1, and though the short-term effects of the radiation exposure for most of the Marshallese were mild and/or hard to correlate, the long-term effects were pronounced. Additionally, 23 Japanese fishermen aboard Daigo Fukuryū Maru were also exposed to high levels of radiation. They suffered symptoms of radiation poisoning, and one crew member died in September 1954. | Operation Castle. Atoll were also exposed. Follow-up studies of the contaminated individuals began soon after the blast as Project 4.1, and though the short-term effects of the radiation exposure for most of the Marshallese were mild and/or hard to correlate, the long-term effects were pronounced. Additionally, 23 Japanese fishermen aboard Daigo Fukuryū Maru were also exposed to high levels of radiation. They suffered symptoms of radiation poisoning, and one crew member died in September 1954. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103188 | Operation Castle | The heavy contamination and extensive damage from Bravo significantly delayed the rest of the series. The rescheduling after Bravo was officially released on April 14, 1954. The Castle Romeo and Koon tests were complete by the time that this revision was published. As Operation Castle progressed, the increased yields and fallout caused test locations to be reevaluated. While the majority of the tests were planned for barges near the sand spit of Iroij, some were moved to the craters of Bravo and Union. In addition, Castle Nectar was moved from Bikini Atoll to the crater of Ivy Mike at Eniwetok for expediency, since Bikini was still heavily contaminated from the previous tests. The final test in Operation Castle took place on May 14, 1954. | Operation Castle. The heavy contamination and extensive damage from Bravo significantly delayed the rest of the series. The rescheduling after Bravo was officially released on April 14, 1954. The Castle Romeo and Koon tests were complete by the time that this revision was published. As Operation Castle progressed, the increased yields and fallout caused test locations to be reevaluated. While the majority of the tests were planned for barges near the sand spit of Iroij, some were moved to the craters of Bravo and Union. In addition, Castle Nectar was moved from Bikini Atoll to the crater of Ivy Mike at Eniwetok for expediency, since Bikini was still heavily contaminated from the previous tests. The final test in Operation Castle took place on May 14, 1954. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103189 | Operation Castle | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ United States' Castle series tests and detonations |- !style="background:#ffdead;" | Name !style="background:#efefef;" | Date time (UT) !style="background:#ffdead;" | Local time zone !style="background:#efefef;" | Location !style="background:#ffdead;" | Elevation + height !style="background:#efefef;" | Delivery,purpose !style="background:#efefef;" | Device !style="background:#ffdead;" | Yield !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Fallout !style="background:#ffdead;" class="unsortable" | References !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Notes |- ! Bravo | 18:45:00.0 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll | + | dry surface,weapons development | TX-21 "Shrimp" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Operation Castle. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ United States' Castle series tests and detonations |- !style="background:#ffdead;" | Name !style="background:#efefef;" | Date time (UT) !style="background:#ffdead;" | Local time zone !style="background:#efefef;" | Location !style="background:#ffdead;" | Elevation + height !style="background:#efefef;" | Delivery,purpose !style="background:#efefef;" | Device !style="background:#ffdead;" | Yield !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Fallout !style="background:#ffdead;" class="unsortable" | References !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Notes |- ! Bravo | 18:45:00.0 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll | + | dry surface,weapons development | TX-21 "Shrimp" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103190 | Operation Castle | | 18:45:00.0 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll | + | dry surface,weapons development | TX-21 "Shrimp" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Used a RACER IV primary. Over twice as powerful as predicted, error in assessing Li-7. Lethal fallout, killed radioman on Japanese vessel Daigo Fukuryu Maru (Fifth Lucky Dragon); 1 fatality, 93+ injured. Design used in Mk-21/36. Largest US atmospheric detonation. |- ! Romeo | 18:30:00.4 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX/EC-17A "Runt" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Exceeded yield expectations, by almost a factor of 3. Proof test of the Mk-17, deployed as the EC-17. |- ! Echo(canceled) | | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Ebiriru (Ruby), Enewetak Atoll | + | barge,weapons development | Cryo design "ramrod" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Operation Castle. | 18:45:00.0 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Namu (Charlie), Bikini Atoll | + | dry surface,weapons development | TX-21 "Shrimp" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Used a RACER IV primary. Over twice as powerful as predicted, error in assessing Li-7. Lethal fallout, killed radioman on Japanese vessel Daigo Fukuryu Maru (Fifth Lucky Dragon); 1 fatality, 93+ injured. Design used in Mk-21/36. Largest US atmospheric detonation. |- ! Romeo | 18:30:00.4 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX/EC-17A "Runt" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Exceeded yield expectations, by almost a factor of 3. Proof test of the Mk-17, deployed as the EC-17. |- ! Echo(canceled) | | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Ebiriru (Ruby), Enewetak Atoll | + | barge,weapons development | Cryo design "ramrod" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103191 | Operation Castle | | | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Ebiriru (Ruby), Enewetak Atoll | + | barge,weapons development | Cryo design "ramrod" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Scheduled for Castle but not executed, location and time are as planned. It cancelled when the Bravo test was so unexpectedly successful, making cryogenic thermonuclear concepts obsolete. |- ! Koon | 18:20:00.4 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll | + | dry surface,weapons development | "Morgenstern" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | UCRL design, last one that Teller worked on, secondary delayed too long, and fizzled at 110 kt yield. |- ! Union | 18:10:00.6 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX-14 w/ RACER IV "Alarm Clock" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Prototype EC-14, used expensive 95% enriched Li-6 fuel, RACER IV primary. |- | Operation Castle. | | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Ebiriru (Ruby), Enewetak Atoll | + | barge,weapons development | Cryo design "ramrod" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Scheduled for Castle but not executed, location and time are as planned. It cancelled when the Bravo test was so unexpectedly successful, making cryogenic thermonuclear concepts obsolete. |- ! Koon | 18:20:00.4 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Eninmen (Tare), Bikini Atoll | + | dry surface,weapons development | "Morgenstern" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | UCRL design, last one that Teller worked on, secondary delayed too long, and fizzled at 110 kt yield. |- ! Union | 18:10:00.6 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX-14 w/ RACER IV "Alarm Clock" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Prototype EC-14, used expensive 95% enriched Li-6 fuel, RACER IV primary. |- | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103192 | Operation Castle | | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX-14 w/ RACER IV "Alarm Clock" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Prototype EC-14, used expensive 95% enriched Li-6 fuel, RACER IV primary. |- ! Yankee 2 | 18:10:00.1 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX/EC-24 RACER IV "Runt II" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Proof test of TX/EC-24 with a RACER IV primary. After Bravo'''s success, the wet/dry TX/EC-16 Jughead device that was to be tested was discarded for the Runt2 dry device, hence the "2" designation. |- ! Nectar | 18:20:00.1 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Elugelab (Flora), Enewetak Atoll | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX-15 COBRA "Zombie" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | |} | Operation Castle. | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX-14 w/ RACER IV "Alarm Clock" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Prototype EC-14, used expensive 95% enriched Li-6 fuel, RACER IV primary. |- ! Yankee 2 | 18:10:00.1 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Yurochi aka Irioj (Dog), Bikini Atoll | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX/EC-24 RACER IV "Runt II" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | Proof test of TX/EC-24 with a RACER IV primary. After Bravo'''s success, the wet/dry TX/EC-16 Jughead device that was to be tested was discarded for the Runt2 dry device, hence the "2" designation. |- ! Nectar | 18:20:00.1 | style="text-align:center;" | MHT (11 hrs) || Elugelab (Flora), Enewetak Atoll | 0 + | barge,weapons development | TX-15 COBRA "Zombie" | style="text-align:center;" | | | | |} | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103193 | Operation Castle | ResultsOperation Castle was an unqualified success for the implementation of dry fuel devices. The Bravo design was quickly weaponized and is suspected to be the progenitor of the Mk-21 gravity bomb. The Mk-21 design project began on March 26, 1954 (just three weeks after Bravo) with production of 275 weapons beginning in late 1955. Romeo, relying on natural lithium, was rapidly turned into the Mk-17 bomb, the first deployable US thermonuclear weapon, and was available to strategic forces as an Emergency Capability weapon by mid-1954. Most of the Castle dry fuel devices eventually appeared in the inventory and ultimately grandfathered the majority of thermonuclear configurations. | Operation Castle. ResultsOperation Castle was an unqualified success for the implementation of dry fuel devices. The Bravo design was quickly weaponized and is suspected to be the progenitor of the Mk-21 gravity bomb. The Mk-21 design project began on March 26, 1954 (just three weeks after Bravo) with production of 275 weapons beginning in late 1955. Romeo, relying on natural lithium, was rapidly turned into the Mk-17 bomb, the first deployable US thermonuclear weapon, and was available to strategic forces as an Emergency Capability weapon by mid-1954. Most of the Castle dry fuel devices eventually appeared in the inventory and ultimately grandfathered the majority of thermonuclear configurations. | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103194 | Operation Castle | In contrast, the Livermore-designed Koon'' was a failure. Using natural lithium and a heavily modified Teller-Ulam configuration, the test produced only 110 kilotons of an expected 1.5 megaton yield. While engineers at the Radiation Laboratory had hoped it would lead to a promising new field of weapons, it was eventually determined that the design allowed premature heating of the lithium fuel, thereby disrupting the delicate fusion conditions. Gallery See also Katsuko Saruhashi Operation Redwing References External links Operation Castle at The Nuclear Weapon Archive 1950s in the Marshall Islands 1954 in military history 1954 in the environment 1954 in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Articles containing video clips C Castle Enewetak Atoll nuclear explosive tests Explosions in 1954 Military projects of the United States | Operation Castle. In contrast, the Livermore-designed Koon'' was a failure. Using natural lithium and a heavily modified Teller-Ulam configuration, the test produced only 110 kilotons of an expected 1.5 megaton yield. While engineers at the Radiation Laboratory had hoped it would lead to a promising new field of weapons, it was eventually determined that the design allowed premature heating of the lithium fuel, thereby disrupting the delicate fusion conditions. Gallery See also Katsuko Saruhashi Operation Redwing References External links Operation Castle at The Nuclear Weapon Archive 1950s in the Marshall Islands 1954 in military history 1954 in the environment 1954 in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Articles containing video clips C Castle Enewetak Atoll nuclear explosive tests Explosions in 1954 Military projects of the United States | 523973 |
wiki20220301en020_103195 | Lawrence Cunliffe | Lawrence Cunliffe (born 25 March 1929) is a retired British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leigh from 1979 to 2001. Early life Cunliffe was born in Walkden, Lancashire, in 1929. He was a National Coal Board engineer, and became involved in the National Union of Mineworkers. Parliamentary career He first stood for Parliament in Rochdale. There, he lost the previously Labour-held seat to the Liberal candidate Cyril Smith at a by-election in 1972, and was again defeated by Smith at the subsequent general election in February 1974. Cunliffe served as the Member of Parliament for Leigh from 1979 until he retired from the House of Commons at the 2001 general election. References External links | Lawrence Cunliffe. Lawrence Cunliffe (born 25 March 1929) is a retired British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leigh from 1979 to 2001. Early life Cunliffe was born in Walkden, Lancashire, in 1929. He was a National Coal Board engineer, and became involved in the National Union of Mineworkers. Parliamentary career He first stood for Parliament in Rochdale. There, he lost the previously Labour-held seat to the Liberal candidate Cyril Smith at a by-election in 1972, and was again defeated by Smith at the subsequent general election in February 1974. Cunliffe served as the Member of Parliament for Leigh from 1979 until he retired from the House of Commons at the 2001 general election. References External links | 523974 |
wiki20220301en020_103196 | Lawrence Cunliffe | Cunliffe served as the Member of Parliament for Leigh from 1979 until he retired from the House of Commons at the 2001 general election. References External links 1929 births Living people Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies National Union of Mineworkers-sponsored MPs UK MPs 1979–1983 UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001 People from Walkden Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Leigh | Lawrence Cunliffe. Cunliffe served as the Member of Parliament for Leigh from 1979 until he retired from the House of Commons at the 2001 general election. References External links 1929 births Living people Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies National Union of Mineworkers-sponsored MPs UK MPs 1979–1983 UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001 People from Walkden Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Leigh | 523974 |
wiki20220301en020_103197 | Eberhard Weber | Eberhard Weber (born 22 January 1940, in Stuttgart, Germany) is a German double bassist and composer. As a bass player, he is known for his highly distinctive tone and phrasing. Weber's compositions blend chamber jazz, European classical music, minimalism and ambient music, and are regarded as characteristic examples of the ECM Records sound. Biography Weber began recording in the early 1960s, and released The Colours of Chloë (ECM 1042), his first record under his own name, in 1973. In addition to his career as a musician, he also worked for many years as a television and theater director. He has designed an electric-acoustic bass with an additional string tuned to C. Weber's music, often in a melancholic tone, frequently utilizes ostinatos, yet is highly organized in its colouring and attention to detail. He was an early proponent of the solid-body electric double bass, which he has played regularly since the early 1970s. | Eberhard Weber. Eberhard Weber (born 22 January 1940, in Stuttgart, Germany) is a German double bassist and composer. As a bass player, he is known for his highly distinctive tone and phrasing. Weber's compositions blend chamber jazz, European classical music, minimalism and ambient music, and are regarded as characteristic examples of the ECM Records sound. Biography Weber began recording in the early 1960s, and released The Colours of Chloë (ECM 1042), his first record under his own name, in 1973. In addition to his career as a musician, he also worked for many years as a television and theater director. He has designed an electric-acoustic bass with an additional string tuned to C. Weber's music, often in a melancholic tone, frequently utilizes ostinatos, yet is highly organized in its colouring and attention to detail. He was an early proponent of the solid-body electric double bass, which he has played regularly since the early 1970s. | 523975 |
wiki20220301en020_103198 | Eberhard Weber | From the early 1960s to the early 1970s, Weber's closest musical association was with pianist Wolfgang Dauner. Their many mutual projects were diverse, from mainstream jazz to jazz-rock fusion to avant-garde sound experiments. During this period, Weber also played and recorded with pianists Hampton Hawes and Mal Waldron, guitarists Baden Powell de Aquino and Joe Pass, The Mike Gibbs Orchestra, violinist Stephane Grappelli, and many others. Starting with The Colours of Chloë, Weber has released 13 more records under his own name, all on ECM. The ECM association also led to collaborations with other ECM recording artists such as Gary Burton (Ring, 1974; Passengers, 1976), Ralph Towner (Solstice, 1975; Solstice/Sound and Shadows, 1977), Pat Metheny (Watercolors, 1977), and Jan Garbarek (10 recordings between 1978 and 1998). | Eberhard Weber. From the early 1960s to the early 1970s, Weber's closest musical association was with pianist Wolfgang Dauner. Their many mutual projects were diverse, from mainstream jazz to jazz-rock fusion to avant-garde sound experiments. During this period, Weber also played and recorded with pianists Hampton Hawes and Mal Waldron, guitarists Baden Powell de Aquino and Joe Pass, The Mike Gibbs Orchestra, violinist Stephane Grappelli, and many others. Starting with The Colours of Chloë, Weber has released 13 more records under his own name, all on ECM. The ECM association also led to collaborations with other ECM recording artists such as Gary Burton (Ring, 1974; Passengers, 1976), Ralph Towner (Solstice, 1975; Solstice/Sound and Shadows, 1977), Pat Metheny (Watercolors, 1977), and Jan Garbarek (10 recordings between 1978 and 1998). | 523975 |
wiki20220301en020_103199 | Eberhard Weber | In the mid-1970s Weber formed his own group, Colours, with Charlie Mariano (soprano saxophone, flutes), Rainer Brüninghaus (piano, synthesizer) and Jon Christensen (drums). After their first recording, Yellow Fields (1975), Christensen left and was replaced by John Marshall. The group toured extensively and recorded two further records, Silent Feet (1977) and Little Movements (1980), before disbanding. Since the early 1980s, Weber has regularly collaborated with the British singer-songwriter Kate Bush, playing on four of her last six studio albums (The Dreaming, 1982; Hounds of Love, 1985; The Sensual World, 1989; Aerial, 2005). During the 1980s, Weber toured with Barbara Thompson's jazz ensemble Paraphernalia. | Eberhard Weber. In the mid-1970s Weber formed his own group, Colours, with Charlie Mariano (soprano saxophone, flutes), Rainer Brüninghaus (piano, synthesizer) and Jon Christensen (drums). After their first recording, Yellow Fields (1975), Christensen left and was replaced by John Marshall. The group toured extensively and recorded two further records, Silent Feet (1977) and Little Movements (1980), before disbanding. Since the early 1980s, Weber has regularly collaborated with the British singer-songwriter Kate Bush, playing on four of her last six studio albums (The Dreaming, 1982; Hounds of Love, 1985; The Sensual World, 1989; Aerial, 2005). During the 1980s, Weber toured with Barbara Thompson's jazz ensemble Paraphernalia. | 523975 |
wiki20220301en020_103200 | Eberhard Weber | During the 1980s, Weber toured with Barbara Thompson's jazz ensemble Paraphernalia. Since 1990, Weber's touring has been limited, and he has had only two new recordings under his own name: The 2001 release Endless Days is an elemental fusion of jazz and classical music flavors, fitting well the moniker chamber jazz. His main touring activity during that period was as a regular member of the Jan Garbarek Group. On the occasion of his 65th birthday, in March, 2005 he recorded Stages of a Long Journey, a live concert with the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra and featuring Gary Burton, Wolfgang Dauner and Jan Garbarek. In 2009 ECM also re-released his albums Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements as a 3-CD collection titled "Colours". In 2007, Weber suffered a stroke and was subsequently unable to perform. In a January 2010 interview with Die Welt, he spoke about his medical condition and future projects. | Eberhard Weber. During the 1980s, Weber toured with Barbara Thompson's jazz ensemble Paraphernalia. Since 1990, Weber's touring has been limited, and he has had only two new recordings under his own name: The 2001 release Endless Days is an elemental fusion of jazz and classical music flavors, fitting well the moniker chamber jazz. His main touring activity during that period was as a regular member of the Jan Garbarek Group. On the occasion of his 65th birthday, in March, 2005 he recorded Stages of a Long Journey, a live concert with the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra and featuring Gary Burton, Wolfgang Dauner and Jan Garbarek. In 2009 ECM also re-released his albums Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements as a 3-CD collection titled "Colours". In 2007, Weber suffered a stroke and was subsequently unable to perform. In a January 2010 interview with Die Welt, he spoke about his medical condition and future projects. | 523975 |
wiki20220301en020_103201 | Eberhard Weber | In 2007, Weber suffered a stroke and was subsequently unable to perform. In a January 2010 interview with Die Welt, he spoke about his medical condition and future projects. Weber was awarded the prestigious Albert Mangelsdorff-Preis in November 2009. A box set of his 1970s works was released by ECM Records the same month. Weber's latest albums, Résumé (2012) and Encore (2015) comprise solos from his performances worldwide with The Jan Garbarek Group, overdubbed with keyboards/treatments by Weber, sax by Garbarek, and flügelhorn by Ack Van Rooyen. His autobiography, Résumé, was published in 2015. An English translation by Heidi Kirk - Eberhard Weber: A German Jazz Story - was published in October 2021. In 2021, Lyle Mays posthumously released the 13-minute recording Eberhard, revised from a 2009 composition debuted at Lawrence University and written as a tribute to Weber's influential compositional style. Discography | Eberhard Weber. In 2007, Weber suffered a stroke and was subsequently unable to perform. In a January 2010 interview with Die Welt, he spoke about his medical condition and future projects. Weber was awarded the prestigious Albert Mangelsdorff-Preis in November 2009. A box set of his 1970s works was released by ECM Records the same month. Weber's latest albums, Résumé (2012) and Encore (2015) comprise solos from his performances worldwide with The Jan Garbarek Group, overdubbed with keyboards/treatments by Weber, sax by Garbarek, and flügelhorn by Ack Van Rooyen. His autobiography, Résumé, was published in 2015. An English translation by Heidi Kirk - Eberhard Weber: A German Jazz Story - was published in October 2021. In 2021, Lyle Mays posthumously released the 13-minute recording Eberhard, revised from a 2009 composition debuted at Lawrence University and written as a tribute to Weber's influential compositional style. Discography | 523975 |
wiki20220301en020_103202 | Eberhard Weber | Discography As leader The Colours of Chloë (1973) Yellow Fields (1975) The Following Morning (1976) Silent Feet (1977) Fluid Rustle (1979) Little Movements (1980) Later That Evening (1982) Chorus (1984) Orchestra (1988) Pendulum (1993) Endless Days (2001) Stages of a Long Journey (2007) Résumé (2012) Encore (2015) Hommage à Eberhard Weber (2015) Once Upon a Time (Live in Avignon) (2021) Compilation albums Works (ECM, 1985) Rarum: Selected Recordings (ECM, 2004) Colours (ECM, 2010) (reissue compiling Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements) | Eberhard Weber. Discography As leader The Colours of Chloë (1973) Yellow Fields (1975) The Following Morning (1976) Silent Feet (1977) Fluid Rustle (1979) Little Movements (1980) Later That Evening (1982) Chorus (1984) Orchestra (1988) Pendulum (1993) Endless Days (2001) Stages of a Long Journey (2007) Résumé (2012) Encore (2015) Hommage à Eberhard Weber (2015) Once Upon a Time (Live in Avignon) (2021) Compilation albums Works (ECM, 1985) Rarum: Selected Recordings (ECM, 2004) Colours (ECM, 2010) (reissue compiling Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements) | 523975 |
wiki20220301en020_103203 | Eberhard Weber | Compilation albums Works (ECM, 1985) Rarum: Selected Recordings (ECM, 2004) Colours (ECM, 2010) (reissue compiling Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements) As sideman With Gary Burton Ring (ECM, 1974) Passengers (ECM, 1976) With Kate Bush The Dreaming (1982) Hounds of Love (1985) The Sensual World (1989) Aerial (2005) With Jan Garbarek Photo with Blue Sky, White Cloud, Wires, Windows and a Red Roof (ECM, 1979) Paths, Prints (ECM, 1981) Wayfarer (ECM, 1983) It's OK to Listen to the Gray Voice (ECM, 1985) All Those Born With Wings Jan Garbarek SOLO! (ECM, 1987) Legend of the Seven Dreams (ECM, 1988) I Took Up the Runes (ECM, 1990) Twelve Moons (ECM, 1992) Visible World (ECM, 1995) Rites (ECM, 1998) With Pat Metheny Watercolors (ECM, 1977) With Ralph Towner Solstice (ECM, 1975) Solstice/Sound and Shadows (ECM, 1977) With Mal Waldron The Call (JAPO, 1971) | Eberhard Weber. Compilation albums Works (ECM, 1985) Rarum: Selected Recordings (ECM, 2004) Colours (ECM, 2010) (reissue compiling Yellow Fields, Silent Feet and Little Movements) As sideman With Gary Burton Ring (ECM, 1974) Passengers (ECM, 1976) With Kate Bush The Dreaming (1982) Hounds of Love (1985) The Sensual World (1989) Aerial (2005) With Jan Garbarek Photo with Blue Sky, White Cloud, Wires, Windows and a Red Roof (ECM, 1979) Paths, Prints (ECM, 1981) Wayfarer (ECM, 1983) It's OK to Listen to the Gray Voice (ECM, 1985) All Those Born With Wings Jan Garbarek SOLO! (ECM, 1987) Legend of the Seven Dreams (ECM, 1988) I Took Up the Runes (ECM, 1990) Twelve Moons (ECM, 1992) Visible World (ECM, 1995) Rites (ECM, 1998) With Pat Metheny Watercolors (ECM, 1977) With Ralph Towner Solstice (ECM, 1975) Solstice/Sound and Shadows (ECM, 1977) With Mal Waldron The Call (JAPO, 1971) | 523975 |
wiki20220301en020_103204 | Eberhard Weber | With others See "External Links" below for a complete discography Wolfgang Dauner, Dream Talk (1964), Free Action (1967), Output (1970), The Oimels (1970) Hampton Hawes, Hamps' Piano (1967) Baden Powell, Poema en Guitar (1968), Solitude on Guitar (1971) Joe Pass, Intercontinental (1970) Michael Naura, Vanessa (1974) & Call (1975) Ernest Ranglin, Ranglypso (1976), MPS Stephane Grappelli, Afternoon in Paris (1971) The Singers Unlimited with Art Van Damme, Invitation (1973) Benny Bailey Islands (1976) Manfred Schoof Orchestra, Reflections (1983) Graeme Revell, Body of Evidence: Motion Picture Soundtrack (1993) United Jazz + Rock Ensemble, including The Break Even Point and United Live Opus Sechs | Eberhard Weber. With others See "External Links" below for a complete discography Wolfgang Dauner, Dream Talk (1964), Free Action (1967), Output (1970), The Oimels (1970) Hampton Hawes, Hamps' Piano (1967) Baden Powell, Poema en Guitar (1968), Solitude on Guitar (1971) Joe Pass, Intercontinental (1970) Michael Naura, Vanessa (1974) & Call (1975) Ernest Ranglin, Ranglypso (1976), MPS Stephane Grappelli, Afternoon in Paris (1971) The Singers Unlimited with Art Van Damme, Invitation (1973) Benny Bailey Islands (1976) Manfred Schoof Orchestra, Reflections (1983) Graeme Revell, Body of Evidence: Motion Picture Soundtrack (1993) United Jazz + Rock Ensemble, including The Break Even Point and United Live Opus Sechs | 523975 |
wiki20220301en020_103205 | Eberhard Weber | Literary connections Weber has, on at least five occasions, drawn on text from the book Watership Down (by Richard Adams) for the names of his compositions and albums. Examples include "Silent Feet" and "Eyes That Can See in the Dark" from the Silent Feet album; "Often in the Open" from the Later That Evening album; and "Quiet Departures" and "Fluid Rustle" on the Fluid Rustle album. See also Electric upright bass References External links Discography Eberhard Weber on ECM Records 20th-century double-bassists 21st-century double-bassists Chamber jazz double-bassists Post-bop double-bassists 1940 births Living people Musicians from Stuttgart German jazz double-bassists Male double-bassists ECM Records artists United Jazz + Rock Ensemble members 20th-century German male musicians 21st-century German male musicians German male jazz musicians | Eberhard Weber. Literary connections Weber has, on at least five occasions, drawn on text from the book Watership Down (by Richard Adams) for the names of his compositions and albums. Examples include "Silent Feet" and "Eyes That Can See in the Dark" from the Silent Feet album; "Often in the Open" from the Later That Evening album; and "Quiet Departures" and "Fluid Rustle" on the Fluid Rustle album. See also Electric upright bass References External links Discography Eberhard Weber on ECM Records 20th-century double-bassists 21st-century double-bassists Chamber jazz double-bassists Post-bop double-bassists 1940 births Living people Musicians from Stuttgart German jazz double-bassists Male double-bassists ECM Records artists United Jazz + Rock Ensemble members 20th-century German male musicians 21st-century German male musicians German male jazz musicians | 523975 |
wiki20220301en020_103206 | Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum | Richard Andrew Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum, (born 4 February 1949) is a British Conservative Party politician. A former Member of Parliament (MP) and government minister, he was made a life peer in 1997 and was a member of the House of Lords from 1997 to 2021. Early life He was educated at Radley College and Magdalene College, Cambridge. In the 1981 Birthday Honours Ryder was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), for political service. Parliamentary career Having unsuccessfully fought the Labour seat of Gateshead East in February and October 1974, Ryder was elected at the 1983 general election as MP for the Mid Norfolk constituency. From 1990 to 1995 he was the government's Chief Whip. This period includes the Conservative backbench rebellion over the Maastricht Treaty. The maverick MPs, known as the Maastricht Rebels, were under intense pressure from the government whips but still brought the administration of John Major close to collapse. | Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum. Richard Andrew Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum, (born 4 February 1949) is a British Conservative Party politician. A former Member of Parliament (MP) and government minister, he was made a life peer in 1997 and was a member of the House of Lords from 1997 to 2021. Early life He was educated at Radley College and Magdalene College, Cambridge. In the 1981 Birthday Honours Ryder was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), for political service. Parliamentary career Having unsuccessfully fought the Labour seat of Gateshead East in February and October 1974, Ryder was elected at the 1983 general election as MP for the Mid Norfolk constituency. From 1990 to 1995 he was the government's Chief Whip. This period includes the Conservative backbench rebellion over the Maastricht Treaty. The maverick MPs, known as the Maastricht Rebels, were under intense pressure from the government whips but still brought the administration of John Major close to collapse. | 523977 |
wiki20220301en020_103207 | Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum | Ryder retired from the House of Commons at the 1997 general election, and was created a life peer as Baron Ryder of Wensum, of Wensum in the County of Norfolk on 22 November 1997. He will retire from the Lords on 12 April 2021. Outside Parliament He became Vice-Chairman of the BBC on 1 January 2002 for a four-year term. | Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum. Ryder retired from the House of Commons at the 1997 general election, and was created a life peer as Baron Ryder of Wensum, of Wensum in the County of Norfolk on 22 November 1997. He will retire from the Lords on 12 April 2021. Outside Parliament He became Vice-Chairman of the BBC on 1 January 2002 for a four-year term. | 523977 |
wiki20220301en020_103208 | Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum | Outside Parliament He became Vice-Chairman of the BBC on 1 January 2002 for a four-year term. Ryder was appointed Acting Chairman of the BBC following the resignation of Gavyn Davies on 28 January 2004. Davies resigned following the criticism of the BBC in the Hutton Report, which was set up to investigate "the circumstances surrounding the death of Dr David Kelly". One of Ryder's first acts as chairman was to give a televised statement, during which he offered an unreserved apology for the mistakes made during the Dr. Kelly affair. This apology was criticised by many, including departing Director General, Greg Dyke, as overdone. In the same statement Ryder announced that the process to select a new Chairman had begun, and that he would not be putting his name forward. Michael Grade was appointed on 2 April 2004 and took up his post on 17 May; Ryder resumed the post of Vice-Chairman. Ryder resigned early on 1 August 2004, after which the position was assumed by Anthony Salz. | Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum. Outside Parliament He became Vice-Chairman of the BBC on 1 January 2002 for a four-year term. Ryder was appointed Acting Chairman of the BBC following the resignation of Gavyn Davies on 28 January 2004. Davies resigned following the criticism of the BBC in the Hutton Report, which was set up to investigate "the circumstances surrounding the death of Dr David Kelly". One of Ryder's first acts as chairman was to give a televised statement, during which he offered an unreserved apology for the mistakes made during the Dr. Kelly affair. This apology was criticised by many, including departing Director General, Greg Dyke, as overdone. In the same statement Ryder announced that the process to select a new Chairman had begun, and that he would not be putting his name forward. Michael Grade was appointed on 2 April 2004 and took up his post on 17 May; Ryder resumed the post of Vice-Chairman. Ryder resigned early on 1 August 2004, after which the position was assumed by Anthony Salz. | 523977 |
wiki20220301en020_103209 | Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum | Ryder resigned early on 1 August 2004, after which the position was assumed by Anthony Salz. Ryder is the Chairman of the Institute of Cancer Research, and is a director of Ipswich Town F.C.. Family He is a nephew of the late Sue Ryder, the Baroness Ryder of Warsaw. References External links BBC News Profile |- |- |- |- |- |- |- 1949 births Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge BBC Governors Chairmen of the BBC Conservative Party (UK) life peers Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Living people Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom People educated at Radley College UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 United Kingdom Paymasters General Officers of the Order of the British Empire | Richard Ryder, Baron Ryder of Wensum. Ryder resigned early on 1 August 2004, after which the position was assumed by Anthony Salz. Ryder is the Chairman of the Institute of Cancer Research, and is a director of Ipswich Town F.C.. Family He is a nephew of the late Sue Ryder, the Baroness Ryder of Warsaw. References External links BBC News Profile |- |- |- |- |- |- |- 1949 births Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge BBC Governors Chairmen of the BBC Conservative Party (UK) life peers Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Living people Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom People educated at Radley College UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 United Kingdom Paymasters General Officers of the Order of the British Empire | 523977 |
wiki20220301en020_103210 | Hunt Museum | The Hunt Museum () is a museum in the city of Limerick, Ireland. The Hunt Museum holds a personal collection donated by the Hunt family, it was originally situated in the University of Limerick, before being moved to its present location in Limerick's Georgian custom house in 1997. The Custom House is situated on Rutland Street on the banks of the River Shannon at its confluence with the Abbey River. Among the museum's collection are works by notable artists and designers such as Pablo Picasso, Jack B. Yeats, and Sybil Connolly as well as distinctive historical items such as the O'Dea Mitre and Crozier. History | Hunt Museum. The Hunt Museum () is a museum in the city of Limerick, Ireland. The Hunt Museum holds a personal collection donated by the Hunt family, it was originally situated in the University of Limerick, before being moved to its present location in Limerick's Georgian custom house in 1997. The Custom House is situated on Rutland Street on the banks of the River Shannon at its confluence with the Abbey River. Among the museum's collection are works by notable artists and designers such as Pablo Picasso, Jack B. Yeats, and Sybil Connolly as well as distinctive historical items such as the O'Dea Mitre and Crozier. History | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103211 | Hunt Museum | History As antique dealers and advisors to collectors, as well as collecting pieces commercial purposes, John and Gertrude Hunt also acquired pieces that reflected their own interests and curiosity. During the latter stages of John Hunt's life, the couple became increasingly aware of the scale of their collection and wished that it would remain intact, so they began to search for a permanent home for it. They met Professor Patrick Doran of the National Institute of Higher Education (now University of Limerick) and Dr Edward Walsh, the institute's president, who agreed to house a substantial part of the collection on a temporary basis. The Hunt Museum opened there in 1978 in an exhibition room with the display designed by architect Arthur Gibney. | Hunt Museum. History As antique dealers and advisors to collectors, as well as collecting pieces commercial purposes, John and Gertrude Hunt also acquired pieces that reflected their own interests and curiosity. During the latter stages of John Hunt's life, the couple became increasingly aware of the scale of their collection and wished that it would remain intact, so they began to search for a permanent home for it. They met Professor Patrick Doran of the National Institute of Higher Education (now University of Limerick) and Dr Edward Walsh, the institute's president, who agreed to house a substantial part of the collection on a temporary basis. The Hunt Museum opened there in 1978 in an exhibition room with the display designed by architect Arthur Gibney. | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103212 | Hunt Museum | During this period, the Irish government had declined the offer of the Hunt's collection, so the requirement to find a suitable home and owner to take responsibility for the artifacts became more urgent. The Hunt Museums Trust was established in 1974 to hold the collection, and the property at Craggaunowen (a 16th-century four-storey tower house, typical of late medieval Ireland, purchased and restored by John and Gertrude Hunt) was held in trust on behalf of the people of Ireland. The trust established The Hunt Museum Ltd., the sole purpose of which was the establishment of a permanent home for the museum. A public private partnership involving the University of Limerick, Shannon Development, Limerick Corporation and the Department of Arts, Heritage, the Gaeltacht and the Islands, linked with local business interests secured the historic 18th-century former custom house in Limerick city together with the funds to restore and renovate the building for use as a museum. The museum was | Hunt Museum. During this period, the Irish government had declined the offer of the Hunt's collection, so the requirement to find a suitable home and owner to take responsibility for the artifacts became more urgent. The Hunt Museums Trust was established in 1974 to hold the collection, and the property at Craggaunowen (a 16th-century four-storey tower house, typical of late medieval Ireland, purchased and restored by John and Gertrude Hunt) was held in trust on behalf of the people of Ireland. The trust established The Hunt Museum Ltd., the sole purpose of which was the establishment of a permanent home for the museum. A public private partnership involving the University of Limerick, Shannon Development, Limerick Corporation and the Department of Arts, Heritage, the Gaeltacht and the Islands, linked with local business interests secured the historic 18th-century former custom house in Limerick city together with the funds to restore and renovate the building for use as a museum. The museum was | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103213 | Hunt Museum | with local business interests secured the historic 18th-century former custom house in Limerick city together with the funds to restore and renovate the building for use as a museum. The museum was officially opened by the then Taoiseach John Bruton on 14 February 1997. | Hunt Museum. with local business interests secured the historic 18th-century former custom house in Limerick city together with the funds to restore and renovate the building for use as a museum. The museum was officially opened by the then Taoiseach John Bruton on 14 February 1997. | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103214 | Hunt Museum | Custom House The Hunt Museum is housed in Limerick's former Custom House, an eighteenth century building which is unusual in comparison to other Georgian buildings in the city in that the exterior of the building is limestone rather than red brick. It is a Palladian-style building designed by the Italian architect, Davis Ducart, in 1765. Both the 'Captain's Room' and 'Red Staircase' are noted examples of Georgian architecture within the building. Ducart also designed several other Palladian-style buildings in Ireland including Castletown Cox in County Kilkenny and Florence Court in County Fermanagh. The Limerick Custom House was the administrative centre for the Revenue Commissioners (including Customs and Excise) in Limerick and it was also the home of the Customs Collector in the eighteenth century. In the 1840s, with the introduction of a new postal system, a Penny Post Office was opened in the Custom House. | Hunt Museum. Custom House The Hunt Museum is housed in Limerick's former Custom House, an eighteenth century building which is unusual in comparison to other Georgian buildings in the city in that the exterior of the building is limestone rather than red brick. It is a Palladian-style building designed by the Italian architect, Davis Ducart, in 1765. Both the 'Captain's Room' and 'Red Staircase' are noted examples of Georgian architecture within the building. Ducart also designed several other Palladian-style buildings in Ireland including Castletown Cox in County Kilkenny and Florence Court in County Fermanagh. The Limerick Custom House was the administrative centre for the Revenue Commissioners (including Customs and Excise) in Limerick and it was also the home of the Customs Collector in the eighteenth century. In the 1840s, with the introduction of a new postal system, a Penny Post Office was opened in the Custom House. | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103215 | Hunt Museum | The Office of Public Works (OPW) undertook a major restoration and refurbishment of the building, completing it in 1996. The Custom House opened as The Hunt Museum on 14 February 1997. The anniversary of the opening of The Hunt Museum is celebrated annually as 'Open Day' with free admission, talks, tours, and workshops. Collection The Hunt Museum holds about 2,500 different artifacts, both from Ireland and abroad. The oldest pieces are from Stone-Age Ireland and ancient Egypt. The collection includes the Antrim Cross (an early 9th-century cast bronze and enamel cross), dresses by Irish designer Sybil Connolly, drawings by Picasso and a bronze horse once thought to be a design by Leonardo da Vinci for a large monument. The bronze horse is similar to the Budapest horse, but its provenance was disproven in 2009. Some of the Hunt collection is also on display at the nearby Craggaunowen in County Clare, which was also greatly contributed to by John and Gertrude Hunt. | Hunt Museum. The Office of Public Works (OPW) undertook a major restoration and refurbishment of the building, completing it in 1996. The Custom House opened as The Hunt Museum on 14 February 1997. The anniversary of the opening of The Hunt Museum is celebrated annually as 'Open Day' with free admission, talks, tours, and workshops. Collection The Hunt Museum holds about 2,500 different artifacts, both from Ireland and abroad. The oldest pieces are from Stone-Age Ireland and ancient Egypt. The collection includes the Antrim Cross (an early 9th-century cast bronze and enamel cross), dresses by Irish designer Sybil Connolly, drawings by Picasso and a bronze horse once thought to be a design by Leonardo da Vinci for a large monument. The bronze horse is similar to the Budapest horse, but its provenance was disproven in 2009. Some of the Hunt collection is also on display at the nearby Craggaunowen in County Clare, which was also greatly contributed to by John and Gertrude Hunt. | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103216 | Hunt Museum | Religious artifacts John Hunt was extremely interested in early Christian art and artifacts and he collected them widely, so the museum collection held many religious items from rosary beads to statues of varying sizes, from not just Ireland but from around Europe. The Museums 'Treasury Room' houses a great number of these items and among the artifacts in this room are the Arthur Cross and Arthur Chalice. Also found in the collection are a number of medieval Christian pieces such as the Antrim Cross, the Cashel Bell, and the Hohenzollern Crucifix. Sybil Connolly The Sybil Connolly collection at The Hunt Museum is formed by different documents, sketches, letters, photographs, ceramic and textile items. The textile collection is made up for 45 pieces designed by Sybil Connolly during her career. Most of the collection, which includes dresses like the "Heiress Dress" or "Pink Ice Dress", was donated to museum by Gertrude Hunt. | Hunt Museum. Religious artifacts John Hunt was extremely interested in early Christian art and artifacts and he collected them widely, so the museum collection held many religious items from rosary beads to statues of varying sizes, from not just Ireland but from around Europe. The Museums 'Treasury Room' houses a great number of these items and among the artifacts in this room are the Arthur Cross and Arthur Chalice. Also found in the collection are a number of medieval Christian pieces such as the Antrim Cross, the Cashel Bell, and the Hohenzollern Crucifix. Sybil Connolly The Sybil Connolly collection at The Hunt Museum is formed by different documents, sketches, letters, photographs, ceramic and textile items. The textile collection is made up for 45 pieces designed by Sybil Connolly during her career. Most of the collection, which includes dresses like the "Heiress Dress" or "Pink Ice Dress", was donated to museum by Gertrude Hunt. | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103217 | Hunt Museum | Temporary Exhibition Gallery Included in the plan to house the Hunt collection in the custom house was also an idea for a purpose built modern gallery space. It was completed as a part of the renovation of the Custom House and is sometimes used for temporary exhibitions that accompany the permanent collection. Horse Outside In 2011 a lifesize model of a horse, painted by young people aged 10–18 was placed outside the front of the building. This was joined by a second one in 2012. The models are made of fibreglass, and are taken inside at night. The art installation was inspired by the song Horse Outside by the group The Rubberbandits. Controversy In December 2003, the Simon Wiesenthal Center alleged in a letter to President Mary McAleese that the museum's collection contained items looted by the Nazis during the Second World War, although the letter did not refer to any specific items in the collection. The museum denied the claims. | Hunt Museum. Temporary Exhibition Gallery Included in the plan to house the Hunt collection in the custom house was also an idea for a purpose built modern gallery space. It was completed as a part of the renovation of the Custom House and is sometimes used for temporary exhibitions that accompany the permanent collection. Horse Outside In 2011 a lifesize model of a horse, painted by young people aged 10–18 was placed outside the front of the building. This was joined by a second one in 2012. The models are made of fibreglass, and are taken inside at night. The art installation was inspired by the song Horse Outside by the group The Rubberbandits. Controversy In December 2003, the Simon Wiesenthal Center alleged in a letter to President Mary McAleese that the museum's collection contained items looted by the Nazis during the Second World War, although the letter did not refer to any specific items in the collection. The museum denied the claims. | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103218 | Hunt Museum | An inquiry led by former Supreme Court judge Donal Barrington was set up by the museum, but its members resigned in February 2005, saying that the museum's funding made an independent inquiry impossible, and requesting that a more appropriate inquiry be created. The Department of Arts then provided €150,000 in funding for a second inquiry led by former civil servant Seán Cromien, under the auspices of the Royal Irish Academy (RIA). | Hunt Museum. An inquiry led by former Supreme Court judge Donal Barrington was set up by the museum, but its members resigned in February 2005, saying that the museum's funding made an independent inquiry impossible, and requesting that a more appropriate inquiry be created. The Department of Arts then provided €150,000 in funding for a second inquiry led by former civil servant Seán Cromien, under the auspices of the Royal Irish Academy (RIA). | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103219 | Hunt Museum | The second inquiry submitted an interim report to the RIA in February 2006. In the meantime, in October 2005, the museum had published a catalogue of its exhibits on the internet, providing details of all the items in its collection. In June 2006, the inquiry submitted a final report, which was published on the RIA's website. Also in June 2006, a one-day conference took place on the theme of Contested Cultural Property and Museums: The Case of the Hunt Museum. At this conference, a message was conveyed from Shimon Samuels, who had sent the original letter of allegation, questioning why he had not been invited to the seminar. Later, the terms of reference of the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group were questioned, the Simon Wiesenthal Center believing that more emphasis should have been placed on investigating the purported Nazi links of the Hunt family and the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group believing that this lay beyond their terms of reference, which were to do with provenance research. The | Hunt Museum. The second inquiry submitted an interim report to the RIA in February 2006. In the meantime, in October 2005, the museum had published a catalogue of its exhibits on the internet, providing details of all the items in its collection. In June 2006, the inquiry submitted a final report, which was published on the RIA's website. Also in June 2006, a one-day conference took place on the theme of Contested Cultural Property and Museums: The Case of the Hunt Museum. At this conference, a message was conveyed from Shimon Samuels, who had sent the original letter of allegation, questioning why he had not been invited to the seminar. Later, the terms of reference of the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group were questioned, the Simon Wiesenthal Center believing that more emphasis should have been placed on investigating the purported Nazi links of the Hunt family and the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group believing that this lay beyond their terms of reference, which were to do with provenance research. The | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103220 | Hunt Museum | investigating the purported Nazi links of the Hunt family and the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group believing that this lay beyond their terms of reference, which were to do with provenance research. The RIA issued a press release responding to the statement of the Simon Wiesenthal Center. | Hunt Museum. investigating the purported Nazi links of the Hunt family and the Hunt Museum Evaluation Group believing that this lay beyond their terms of reference, which were to do with provenance research. The RIA issued a press release responding to the statement of the Simon Wiesenthal Center. | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103221 | Hunt Museum | Resolution A 2007 report from Lynn Nicholas, published by the RIA following three years of investigation, called the Wiesenthal Center's allegations "unprofessional in the extreme". Nicholas found that the Wiesenthal Center had misidentified names in the letters. "The name used, four times in one letter, is Buhl, not Buhrle, and the individual described, an unreliable dealer who sells forgeries, certainly bears no resemblance to the extremely rich collector and armaments manufacturer Emil Buhrle," the report said. In 2008, the Simon Wiesenthal Center published a 165 page analysis entitled, "The Hunt Controversy: A Shadow Report" written by Erin Gibbons which covered the history of the controversy and the findings. See also Limerick City Gallery of Art Limerick City Museum List of museums in the Republic of Ireland References External links Hunt Museum Evaluation Group final report — June, 2006 | Hunt Museum. Resolution A 2007 report from Lynn Nicholas, published by the RIA following three years of investigation, called the Wiesenthal Center's allegations "unprofessional in the extreme". Nicholas found that the Wiesenthal Center had misidentified names in the letters. "The name used, four times in one letter, is Buhl, not Buhrle, and the individual described, an unreliable dealer who sells forgeries, certainly bears no resemblance to the extremely rich collector and armaments manufacturer Emil Buhrle," the report said. In 2008, the Simon Wiesenthal Center published a 165 page analysis entitled, "The Hunt Controversy: A Shadow Report" written by Erin Gibbons which covered the history of the controversy and the findings. See also Limerick City Gallery of Art Limerick City Museum List of museums in the Republic of Ireland References External links Hunt Museum Evaluation Group final report — June, 2006 | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103222 | Hunt Museum | See also Limerick City Gallery of Art Limerick City Museum List of museums in the Republic of Ireland References External links Hunt Museum Evaluation Group final report — June, 2006 Art museums established in 1978 Art museums and galleries in the Republic of Ireland Museums in County Limerick Egyptological collections in the Republic of Ireland Buildings and structures in Limerick (city) Education in Limerick (city) 1978 establishments in Ireland Former private collections | Hunt Museum. See also Limerick City Gallery of Art Limerick City Museum List of museums in the Republic of Ireland References External links Hunt Museum Evaluation Group final report — June, 2006 Art museums established in 1978 Art museums and galleries in the Republic of Ireland Museums in County Limerick Egyptological collections in the Republic of Ireland Buildings and structures in Limerick (city) Education in Limerick (city) 1978 establishments in Ireland Former private collections | 523979 |
wiki20220301en020_103223 | Christopher Gill | Christopher John Fred Gill RD (born 28 October 1936) is a politician in the United Kingdom, and a former member of the National Executive Committee of the UK Independence Party (UKIP). He is also the current President of The Freedom Association (TFA). A former Conservative Party Member of Parliament, he was one of the Maastricht Rebels of the mid-1990s. Biography Gill was born in Wolverhampton, where he later became a local councillor, and was educated locally at Birchfield Preparatory School, then at Shrewsbury School. His national service was in the Royal Navy, serving aboard HMS Modeste and HMS Birmingham. He retired as Chairman of his family's sausage-making business, F.A. Gill Ltd., in 2006. Gill served as Conservative MP for Ludlow from 1987 to 2001, when he stepped down. He was known as the "Butcher from Ludlow" because of his family company being a meat processing firm. He had the Conservative whip withdrawn over the EC Finance Bill on 28 November 1994. | Christopher Gill. Christopher John Fred Gill RD (born 28 October 1936) is a politician in the United Kingdom, and a former member of the National Executive Committee of the UK Independence Party (UKIP). He is also the current President of The Freedom Association (TFA). A former Conservative Party Member of Parliament, he was one of the Maastricht Rebels of the mid-1990s. Biography Gill was born in Wolverhampton, where he later became a local councillor, and was educated locally at Birchfield Preparatory School, then at Shrewsbury School. His national service was in the Royal Navy, serving aboard HMS Modeste and HMS Birmingham. He retired as Chairman of his family's sausage-making business, F.A. Gill Ltd., in 2006. Gill served as Conservative MP for Ludlow from 1987 to 2001, when he stepped down. He was known as the "Butcher from Ludlow" because of his family company being a meat processing firm. He had the Conservative whip withdrawn over the EC Finance Bill on 28 November 1994. | 523985 |
wiki20220301en020_103224 | Christopher Gill | As a constituency MP, Gill fought against the closure of local cottage hospitals. Gill was also known for being an expert on areas of European Union legislation, and he was a notable Eurosceptic. | Christopher Gill. As a constituency MP, Gill fought against the closure of local cottage hospitals. Gill was also known for being an expert on areas of European Union legislation, and he was a notable Eurosceptic. | 523985 |
wiki20220301en020_103225 | Christopher Gill | Shortly before leaving Parliament in 2001, he resigned his membership of the Conservatives. In 2006, Gill announced that he had joined the UK Independence Party (UKIP), having endorsed the party's policies at the 2004 European Parliament election. He was an elected member of UKIP's National Executive Committee from 2007 until 2010. He stood for Ludlow as a UKIP candidate at the 2010 general election, coming fourth with 2,127 votes, 4.4% of the total, losing his deposit but almost tripling the 2005 vote. At the time of the election, Gill stated that his reasoning for standing was: "I am standing against 'call me Dave's' Tories because I cannot tolerate their utter contempt for the concerns of voters on matters of immigration, economy, individual liberty and the broken promise of a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty." He served as Chairman of The Freedom Association from 2001, before becoming its President in 2007. Publications References External links | Christopher Gill. Shortly before leaving Parliament in 2001, he resigned his membership of the Conservatives. In 2006, Gill announced that he had joined the UK Independence Party (UKIP), having endorsed the party's policies at the 2004 European Parliament election. He was an elected member of UKIP's National Executive Committee from 2007 until 2010. He stood for Ludlow as a UKIP candidate at the 2010 general election, coming fourth with 2,127 votes, 4.4% of the total, losing his deposit but almost tripling the 2005 vote. At the time of the election, Gill stated that his reasoning for standing was: "I am standing against 'call me Dave's' Tories because I cannot tolerate their utter contempt for the concerns of voters on matters of immigration, economy, individual liberty and the broken promise of a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty." He served as Chairman of The Freedom Association from 2001, before becoming its President in 2007. Publications References External links | 523985 |
wiki20220301en020_103226 | Christopher Gill | He served as Chairman of The Freedom Association from 2001, before becoming its President in 2007. Publications References External links 1936 births Living people People from Wolverhampton Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies People educated at Shrewsbury School Councillors in Wolverhampton UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001 UK Independence Party parliamentary candidates Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Shropshire Members of the Freedom Association Conservative Party (UK) councillors | Christopher Gill. He served as Chairman of The Freedom Association from 2001, before becoming its President in 2007. Publications References External links 1936 births Living people People from Wolverhampton Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies People educated at Shrewsbury School Councillors in Wolverhampton UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001 UK Independence Party parliamentary candidates Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Shropshire Members of the Freedom Association Conservative Party (UK) councillors | 523985 |
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