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wiki20220301en020_102727	Jacques Cartier Bridge	Fifty-three types of data pertaining to Montreal, across eleven categories, are tracked to feed the bridge's lighting systems, included but not limited to; weather, traffic, noise and activity on social media. The bridge is then invaded by luminous movements in the colours of the most discussed topics of the day by the Montreal media: society (red), environment (green), technology (light blue), business (gray), sports (blue), institutions (pink), culture (purple). The systems track this data using physical capture systems such as sensors and cameras as well as through hashtags and keywords on online platforms. More information on how data is interpreted and expressed in light, and the systems used to do so, can be found on the Réalisations website.	Jacques Cartier Bridge. Fifty-three types of data pertaining to Montreal, across eleven categories, are tracked to feed the bridge's lighting systems, included but not limited to; weather, traffic, noise and activity on social media. The bridge is then invaded by luminous movements in the colours of the most discussed topics of the day by the Montreal media: society (red), environment (green), technology (light blue), business (gray), sports (blue), institutions (pink), culture (purple). The systems track this data using physical capture systems such as sensors and cameras as well as through hashtags and keywords on online platforms. More information on how data is interpreted and expressed in light, and the systems used to do so, can be found on the Réalisations website.	523855
wiki20220301en020_102728	Jacques Cartier Bridge	The bridge is part of the cycle of the seasons thanks to a chromatic calendar of 365 colours. Day after day, it is transformed, progressively from the spring energizing green, to the radiant summer orange, to the voluptuous autumn red and the icy blue of winter. The bridge also gives the pulse of Montreal life in real time. The intensity, speed and density of light movements are fueled by the mention of Montreal on Twitter. The first lighting up of the bridge occurred on May 17, 2017, the same day associated with the founding of Montreal in 1642 and officially kicking off the festivities for the 375th anniversary.	Jacques Cartier Bridge. The bridge is part of the cycle of the seasons thanks to a chromatic calendar of 365 colours. Day after day, it is transformed, progressively from the spring energizing green, to the radiant summer orange, to the voluptuous autumn red and the icy blue of winter. The bridge also gives the pulse of Montreal life in real time. The intensity, speed and density of light movements are fueled by the mention of Montreal on Twitter. The first lighting up of the bridge occurred on May 17, 2017, the same day associated with the founding of Montreal in 1642 and officially kicking off the festivities for the 375th anniversary.	523855
wiki20220301en020_102729	Jacques Cartier Bridge	The first lighting up of the bridge occurred on May 17, 2017, the same day associated with the founding of Montreal in 1642 and officially kicking off the festivities for the 375th anniversary. The illumination of the bridge in figures 15,650 tonnes: weight of bridge superstructure 10,000 fastening systems: to secure the luminaires on the steel supports fixed to the bridge 10.4 km: cabling needed for bridge lighting for data transfer and power supply 2,807 luminaires: thanks to a combination of projectors and strips, the steel superstructure lights up according to the effervescence of the metropolis. More than 200 participants from all professional backgrounds contributed to the project (creative, engineers, designers, project managers, programmers, rope access technicians, electricians, steel erectors, traffic officers, etc.). Gallery See also Suicide bridge Story Bridge References	Jacques Cartier Bridge. The first lighting up of the bridge occurred on May 17, 2017, the same day associated with the founding of Montreal in 1642 and officially kicking off the festivities for the 375th anniversary. The illumination of the bridge in figures 15,650 tonnes: weight of bridge superstructure 10,000 fastening systems: to secure the luminaires on the steel supports fixed to the bridge 10.4 km: cabling needed for bridge lighting for data transfer and power supply 2,807 luminaires: thanks to a combination of projectors and strips, the steel superstructure lights up according to the effervescence of the metropolis. More than 200 participants from all professional backgrounds contributed to the project (creative, engineers, designers, project managers, programmers, rope access technicians, electricians, steel erectors, traffic officers, etc.). Gallery See also Suicide bridge Story Bridge References	523855
wiki20220301en020_102730	Jacques Cartier Bridge	Gallery See also Suicide bridge Story Bridge References External links Official page Steve Anderson's MontrealRoads.com: Jacques Cartier Bridge (QC 134) Réalisations' website Live Traffic – Jacques Cartier Bridge Cantilever bridges Cartier Bridges completed in 1930 Transport in Longueuil Bridges over the Saint Lawrence River Buildings and structures in Longueuil Centre-Sud Road bridges in Quebec Roads with a reversible lane Former toll bridges in Canada	Jacques Cartier Bridge. Gallery See also Suicide bridge Story Bridge References External links Official page Steve Anderson's MontrealRoads.com: Jacques Cartier Bridge (QC 134) Réalisations' website Live Traffic – Jacques Cartier Bridge Cantilever bridges Cartier Bridges completed in 1930 Transport in Longueuil Bridges over the Saint Lawrence River Buildings and structures in Longueuil Centre-Sud Road bridges in Quebec Roads with a reversible lane Former toll bridges in Canada	523855
wiki20220301en020_102731	Charles Bulfinch	Charles Bulfinch (August 8, 1763 – April 15, 1844) was an early American architect, and has been regarded by many as the first native-born American to practice architecture as a profession. Life Bulfinch split his career between his native Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, D.C., where he served as Commissioner of Public Building and built the intermediate United States Capitol rotunda and dome. His works are notable for their simplicity, balance, and good taste, and as the origin of a distinctive Federal style of classical domes, columns, and ornament that dominated early 19th-century American architecture. Early life Bulfinch was born in Boston to Thomas Bulfinch, a prominent physician, and his wife, Susan Apthorp, daughter of Charles Apthorp. At the age of 12, he watched the Battle of Bunker Hill from this home on the Boston side of the Charles River.	Charles Bulfinch. Charles Bulfinch (August 8, 1763 – April 15, 1844) was an early American architect, and has been regarded by many as the first native-born American to practice architecture as a profession. Life Bulfinch split his career between his native Boston, Massachusetts, and Washington, D.C., where he served as Commissioner of Public Building and built the intermediate United States Capitol rotunda and dome. His works are notable for their simplicity, balance, and good taste, and as the origin of a distinctive Federal style of classical domes, columns, and ornament that dominated early 19th-century American architecture. Early life Bulfinch was born in Boston to Thomas Bulfinch, a prominent physician, and his wife, Susan Apthorp, daughter of Charles Apthorp. At the age of 12, he watched the Battle of Bunker Hill from this home on the Boston side of the Charles River.	523876
wiki20220301en020_102732	Charles Bulfinch	He was educated at Boston Latin School and Harvard University, from which he graduated with an AB in 1781 and master's degree in 1784. He then made a grand tour of Europe from 1785 to 1788, traveling to London, Paris, and the major cities of Italy. Bulfinch was greatly influenced by Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. He was also influenced by the classical architecture in Italy and the neoclassical buildings of Sir Christopher Wren, Robert Adam, William Chambers, and others in the United Kingdom. Thomas Jefferson became something of a mentor to him in Europe, as he would later be to Robert Mills.	Charles Bulfinch. He was educated at Boston Latin School and Harvard University, from which he graduated with an AB in 1781 and master's degree in 1784. He then made a grand tour of Europe from 1785 to 1788, traveling to London, Paris, and the major cities of Italy. Bulfinch was greatly influenced by Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. He was also influenced by the classical architecture in Italy and the neoclassical buildings of Sir Christopher Wren, Robert Adam, William Chambers, and others in the United Kingdom. Thomas Jefferson became something of a mentor to him in Europe, as he would later be to Robert Mills.	523876
wiki20220301en020_102733	Charles Bulfinch	Upon his return to the United States in 1787, he became a promoter of the ship Columbia Rediviva's voyage around the world under command of Captain Robert Gray (1755–1806). It was the first American ship to circumnavigate the globe. In 1788, he married Hannah Apthorp, his first cousin. Their sons include Thomas Bulfinch (1796–1867), author of Bulfinch's Mythology, and Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch (1809–1870), Unitarian clergyman and author. Career Bulfinch's first building was the Hollis Street Church (1788). Among his other early works are a memorial column on Beacon Hill (1789), the first monument to the American Revolution; the Federal Street theater (1793); the "Tontine Crescent" (built 1793–1794, now demolished), fashioned in part after John Wood's Royal Crescent; the Old State House in Hartford, Connecticut (1796); and the Massachusetts State House (1798). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1791.	Charles Bulfinch. Upon his return to the United States in 1787, he became a promoter of the ship Columbia Rediviva's voyage around the world under command of Captain Robert Gray (1755–1806). It was the first American ship to circumnavigate the globe. In 1788, he married Hannah Apthorp, his first cousin. Their sons include Thomas Bulfinch (1796–1867), author of Bulfinch's Mythology, and Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch (1809–1870), Unitarian clergyman and author. Career Bulfinch's first building was the Hollis Street Church (1788). Among his other early works are a memorial column on Beacon Hill (1789), the first monument to the American Revolution; the Federal Street theater (1793); the "Tontine Crescent" (built 1793–1794, now demolished), fashioned in part after John Wood's Royal Crescent; the Old State House in Hartford, Connecticut (1796); and the Massachusetts State House (1798). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1791.	523876
wiki20220301en020_102734	Charles Bulfinch	Over the course of ten years, Bulfinch built a remarkable number of private dwellings in the Boston area, including Joseph Barrell's Pleasant Hill (1793), a series of three houses in Boston for Harrison Gray Otis (1796, 1800, 1806), and the John Phillips House (1804). He built several churches in Boston, of which New North (built 1802–1804) is the last standing.	Charles Bulfinch. Over the course of ten years, Bulfinch built a remarkable number of private dwellings in the Boston area, including Joseph Barrell's Pleasant Hill (1793), a series of three houses in Boston for Harrison Gray Otis (1796, 1800, 1806), and the John Phillips House (1804). He built several churches in Boston, of which New North (built 1802–1804) is the last standing.	523876
wiki20220301en020_102735	Charles Bulfinch	Serving from 1791 to 1795 on Boston's board of selectmen, he resigned due to business pressures but returned in 1799. From 1799 to 1817, he was the chairman of Boston's board of selectmen continuously, and served as a paid police superintendent, improving the city's streets, drains, and lighting. Under his direction, both the infrastructure and civic center of Boston were transformed into a dignified, classical style. Bulfinch was responsible for the design of the Boston Common, the remodeling and enlargement of Faneuil Hall (1805), and the construction of India Wharf. In these Boston years, he also designed the Massachusetts State Prison (1803); Boylston Market (1810); University Hall for Harvard University (1813–1814); First Church of Christ, Unitarian in Lancaster, Massachusetts (1815–1817); and the Bulfinch Building, home of the Ether Dome at Massachusetts General Hospital (1818), its completion overseen by Alexander Parris, who was working in Bulfinch's office at the time the	Charles Bulfinch. Serving from 1791 to 1795 on Boston's board of selectmen, he resigned due to business pressures but returned in 1799. From 1799 to 1817, he was the chairman of Boston's board of selectmen continuously, and served as a paid police superintendent, improving the city's streets, drains, and lighting. Under his direction, both the infrastructure and civic center of Boston were transformed into a dignified, classical style. Bulfinch was responsible for the design of the Boston Common, the remodeling and enlargement of Faneuil Hall (1805), and the construction of India Wharf. In these Boston years, he also designed the Massachusetts State Prison (1803); Boylston Market (1810); University Hall for Harvard University (1813–1814); First Church of Christ, Unitarian in Lancaster, Massachusetts (1815–1817); and the Bulfinch Building, home of the Ether Dome at Massachusetts General Hospital (1818), its completion overseen by Alexander Parris, who was working in Bulfinch's office at the time the	523876
wiki20220301en020_102736	Charles Bulfinch	and the Bulfinch Building, home of the Ether Dome at Massachusetts General Hospital (1818), its completion overseen by Alexander Parris, who was working in Bulfinch's office at the time the architect was summoned to Washington.	Charles Bulfinch. and the Bulfinch Building, home of the Ether Dome at Massachusetts General Hospital (1818), its completion overseen by Alexander Parris, who was working in Bulfinch's office at the time the architect was summoned to Washington.	523876
wiki20220301en020_102737	Charles Bulfinch	Despite this great activity and civic involvement, Bulfinch was insolvent several times starting in 1796, including at the start of his work on the statehouse, and was jailed for the month of July 1811 for debt (in a prison he had designed himself). There was no payment for his services as selectman, and he received only $1,400 for designing and overseeing the construction of the State House. In the summer of 1817, Bulfinch's roles as selectman, designer, and public official coincided during a visit by President James Monroe. The two men were almost constantly in each other's company for the week-long visit, and a few months later (1818), Monroe appointed Bulfinch the successor to Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764–1820) as Architect of the Capitol in Washington, DC (the Capitol Building had been partially burned by the British in 1814.) In this position, he was paid a salary of $2,500 per year plus expenses.	Charles Bulfinch. Despite this great activity and civic involvement, Bulfinch was insolvent several times starting in 1796, including at the start of his work on the statehouse, and was jailed for the month of July 1811 for debt (in a prison he had designed himself). There was no payment for his services as selectman, and he received only $1,400 for designing and overseeing the construction of the State House. In the summer of 1817, Bulfinch's roles as selectman, designer, and public official coincided during a visit by President James Monroe. The two men were almost constantly in each other's company for the week-long visit, and a few months later (1818), Monroe appointed Bulfinch the successor to Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764–1820) as Architect of the Capitol in Washington, DC (the Capitol Building had been partially burned by the British in 1814.) In this position, he was paid a salary of $2,500 per year plus expenses.	523876
wiki20220301en020_102738	Charles Bulfinch	As Commissioner of Public Building, Bulfinch completed the Capitol's wings and central portion, designed the western approach and portico, and constructed the Capitol's original low wooden dome to his own design (replaced by the present cast-iron dome completed in the mid-1860s). In 1829 Bulfinch completed the construction of the Capitol, 36 years after its cornerstone was laid. During his interval in Washington, Bulfinch also drew plans for the State House in Augusta, Maine (1829–1832), a Unitarian Church and prison in Washington, D.C.. In 1827, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary member. He returned to Boston in 1830, where he died on April 15, 1844, aged 80, and was buried in King's Chapel Burial Ground in Boston. His tomb was later moved to Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1943, a United States Liberty ship named the SS Charles Bulfinch was launched. The ship was scrapped in 1971.	Charles Bulfinch. As Commissioner of Public Building, Bulfinch completed the Capitol's wings and central portion, designed the western approach and portico, and constructed the Capitol's original low wooden dome to his own design (replaced by the present cast-iron dome completed in the mid-1860s). In 1829 Bulfinch completed the construction of the Capitol, 36 years after its cornerstone was laid. During his interval in Washington, Bulfinch also drew plans for the State House in Augusta, Maine (1829–1832), a Unitarian Church and prison in Washington, D.C.. In 1827, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary member. He returned to Boston in 1830, where he died on April 15, 1844, aged 80, and was buried in King's Chapel Burial Ground in Boston. His tomb was later moved to Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1943, a United States Liberty ship named the SS Charles Bulfinch was launched. The ship was scrapped in 1971.	523876
wiki20220301en020_102739	Charles Bulfinch	Designs Designs marked with an asterisk have been attributed to Bulfinch, though are not confirmed to have been designed by the architect	Charles Bulfinch. Designs Designs marked with an asterisk have been attributed to Bulfinch, though are not confirmed to have been designed by the architect	523876
wiki20220301en020_102740	Charles Bulfinch	Second meeting house of the Hollis Street Church (1788), Boston, Massachusetts Meeting House (1789- 1792), Taunton, Massachusetts Bulfinch Church (1790-1793), Pittsfield, Massachusetts Beacon Hill Memorial (1791), Boston, Massachusetts Joseph Coolidge House (1792), Boston, Massachusetts Federal Street Theatre (1793), Boston, Massachusetts Tontine Crescent (1793-95), Boston, Massachusetts First Harrison Gray Otis House (1795–96), Boston, Massachusetts Massachusetts State House (1795–1798), Boston, Massachusetts Old Connecticut State House (1796), Hartford, Connecticut Dedham Community House (1798), Dedham, Massachusetts Second Harrison Gray Otis House (1800–1802), Boston, Massachusetts Holy Cross Church (1800-1803), Boston, Massachusetts Worcester County Courthouse (1801-1803) Worcester, Massachusetts St. Stephen's Church (1802-1804), Boston, Massachusetts Amory–Ticknor House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts Nichols House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts	Charles Bulfinch. Second meeting house of the Hollis Street Church (1788), Boston, Massachusetts Meeting House (1789- 1792), Taunton, Massachusetts Bulfinch Church (1790-1793), Pittsfield, Massachusetts Beacon Hill Memorial (1791), Boston, Massachusetts Joseph Coolidge House (1792), Boston, Massachusetts Federal Street Theatre (1793), Boston, Massachusetts Tontine Crescent (1793-95), Boston, Massachusetts First Harrison Gray Otis House (1795–96), Boston, Massachusetts Massachusetts State House (1795–1798), Boston, Massachusetts Old Connecticut State House (1796), Hartford, Connecticut Dedham Community House (1798), Dedham, Massachusetts Second Harrison Gray Otis House (1800–1802), Boston, Massachusetts Holy Cross Church (1800-1803), Boston, Massachusetts Worcester County Courthouse (1801-1803) Worcester, Massachusetts St. Stephen's Church (1802-1804), Boston, Massachusetts Amory–Ticknor House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts Nichols House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts	523876
wiki20220301en020_102741	Charles Bulfinch	St. Stephen's Church (1802-1804), Boston, Massachusetts Amory–Ticknor House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts Nichols House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts 51–57 Mount Vernon Street (1804), Boston, Massachusetts Samuel Gridley and Julia Ward Howe House)* (1804-1805), Boston, Massachusetts 13-17 Chestnut Street (1804-1805), Boston, Massachusetts Newburyport Superior Courthouse (1805), Newburyport, Massachusetts Stoughton Hall, Harvard University (1805), Cambridge, Massachusetts Third Harrison Gray Otis House (1806), Boston, Massachusetts Faneuil Hall expansion (1806), Boston, Massachusetts Quarters A, Brooklyn Navy Yard* (1805-1806), Boston, Massachusetts Second steeple of Old North Church* (1806), Boston, Massachusetts India Wharf (1807), Boston, Massachusetts 87 Mount Vernon Street (1807), Boston, Massachusetts Third meeting house of the Federal Street Church (1809), Boston, Massachusetts Massachusetts Bank (1809) Boston, Massachusetts	Charles Bulfinch. St. Stephen's Church (1802-1804), Boston, Massachusetts Amory–Ticknor House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts Nichols House (1804), Boston, Massachusetts 51–57 Mount Vernon Street (1804), Boston, Massachusetts Samuel Gridley and Julia Ward Howe House)* (1804-1805), Boston, Massachusetts 13-17 Chestnut Street (1804-1805), Boston, Massachusetts Newburyport Superior Courthouse (1805), Newburyport, Massachusetts Stoughton Hall, Harvard University (1805), Cambridge, Massachusetts Third Harrison Gray Otis House (1806), Boston, Massachusetts Faneuil Hall expansion (1806), Boston, Massachusetts Quarters A, Brooklyn Navy Yard* (1805-1806), Boston, Massachusetts Second steeple of Old North Church* (1806), Boston, Massachusetts India Wharf (1807), Boston, Massachusetts 87 Mount Vernon Street (1807), Boston, Massachusetts Third meeting house of the Federal Street Church (1809), Boston, Massachusetts Massachusetts Bank (1809) Boston, Massachusetts	523876
wiki20220301en020_102742	Charles Bulfinch	87 Mount Vernon Street (1807), Boston, Massachusetts Third meeting house of the Federal Street Church (1809), Boston, Massachusetts Massachusetts Bank (1809) Boston, Massachusetts Boylston Market (1810), Boston, Massachusetts Suffolk County Courthouse (1810), Boston, Massachusetts Essex Bank (1811), Salem, Massachusetts University Hall, Harvard University (1813–1815), Cambridge, Massachusetts New South Church (1814), Boston, Massachusetts Manufacturers & Mechanics Bank (1814-1815), Boston, Massachusetts Middlesex County Courthouse (1814-1816), Cambridge, Massachusetts First Church of Christ, Unitarian (1816), Lancaster, Massachusetts Salem Town Hall (1816–17), Salem, Massachusetts Chapel and library, Andover Theological Seminary (1817-1818), Andover, Massachusetts Massachusetts General Hospital, Bulfinch Building (1818-1823), Boston, Massachusetts United States Capitol alterations (1822-1823), Washington, D.C. First Unitarian Church (1821-1822), Washington, D.C	Charles Bulfinch. 87 Mount Vernon Street (1807), Boston, Massachusetts Third meeting house of the Federal Street Church (1809), Boston, Massachusetts Massachusetts Bank (1809) Boston, Massachusetts Boylston Market (1810), Boston, Massachusetts Suffolk County Courthouse (1810), Boston, Massachusetts Essex Bank (1811), Salem, Massachusetts University Hall, Harvard University (1813–1815), Cambridge, Massachusetts New South Church (1814), Boston, Massachusetts Manufacturers & Mechanics Bank (1814-1815), Boston, Massachusetts Middlesex County Courthouse (1814-1816), Cambridge, Massachusetts First Church of Christ, Unitarian (1816), Lancaster, Massachusetts Salem Town Hall (1816–17), Salem, Massachusetts Chapel and library, Andover Theological Seminary (1817-1818), Andover, Massachusetts Massachusetts General Hospital, Bulfinch Building (1818-1823), Boston, Massachusetts United States Capitol alterations (1822-1823), Washington, D.C. First Unitarian Church (1821-1822), Washington, D.C	523876
wiki20220301en020_102743	Charles Bulfinch	United States Capitol alterations (1822-1823), Washington, D.C. First Unitarian Church (1821-1822), Washington, D.C U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts (1827), Washington, D.C. Maine State House (1832), Augusta, Maine	Charles Bulfinch. United States Capitol alterations (1822-1823), Washington, D.C. First Unitarian Church (1821-1822), Washington, D.C U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts (1827), Washington, D.C. Maine State House (1832), Augusta, Maine	523876
wiki20220301en020_102744	Charles Bulfinch	Gallery of designs References Charles Bulfinch: Architect and Citizen, C. A. Place, Da Capo Press, 1968 The Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, H. Kirker, Harvard University Press, 1998 The Bulfinch Building: State of the Art from the Start, R. Tomsho, Massachusetts General Hospital Magazine, 2011 Further reading Ellen Susan Bulfinch. Life and Letters of Charles Bulfinch, Architect. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York 1896 External links Walking Tour of Charles Bulfinch's works on Beacon Hill Digital archive of American architecture: Charles Bulfinch Boston Public Library. Bulfinch, Charles (1763-1844) Architectural Collection Architects of the Capitol Harvard University alumni Boston Latin School alumni Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Architects from Boston 18th-century American architects 19th-century American architects 1763 births 1844 deaths Federalist architects Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery People imprisoned for debt	Charles Bulfinch. Gallery of designs References Charles Bulfinch: Architect and Citizen, C. A. Place, Da Capo Press, 1968 The Architecture of Charles Bulfinch, H. Kirker, Harvard University Press, 1998 The Bulfinch Building: State of the Art from the Start, R. Tomsho, Massachusetts General Hospital Magazine, 2011 Further reading Ellen Susan Bulfinch. Life and Letters of Charles Bulfinch, Architect. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston and New York 1896 External links Walking Tour of Charles Bulfinch's works on Beacon Hill Digital archive of American architecture: Charles Bulfinch Boston Public Library. Bulfinch, Charles (1763-1844) Architectural Collection Architects of the Capitol Harvard University alumni Boston Latin School alumni Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Architects from Boston 18th-century American architects 19th-century American architects 1763 births 1844 deaths Federalist architects Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery People imprisoned for debt	523876
wiki20220301en020_102745	Ponderosa	Ponderosa may refer to: Places Ponderosa, California, a census-designated place in Tulare County, California, United States Ponderosa, New Mexico, a census-designated place in Sandoval County, New Mexico, United States Village of Ponderosa, a New Urbanism-inspired community in West Des Moines, Iowa, United States Entertainment Fictional family of drug aficionados, punks, and cats, on the show It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia Ponderosa (TV series), a 2001–2002 television series that was the prequel to Bonanza Ponderosa, fictional ranch bordering the northeast side of Lake Tahoe in the American television series Bonanza Ponderosa, a title used for reruns of the American television series Bonanza during the summer of 1972 Ponderosa, an American Southern rock band	Ponderosa. Ponderosa may refer to: Places Ponderosa, California, a census-designated place in Tulare County, California, United States Ponderosa, New Mexico, a census-designated place in Sandoval County, New Mexico, United States Village of Ponderosa, a New Urbanism-inspired community in West Des Moines, Iowa, United States Entertainment Fictional family of drug aficionados, punks, and cats, on the show It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia Ponderosa (TV series), a 2001–2002 television series that was the prequel to Bonanza Ponderosa, fictional ranch bordering the northeast side of Lake Tahoe in the American television series Bonanza Ponderosa, a title used for reruns of the American television series Bonanza during the summer of 1972 Ponderosa, an American Southern rock band	523878
wiki20220301en020_102746	Ponderosa	Schools Ponderosa Elementary School (South San Francisco), an elementary school located in South San Francisco, California, United States Ponderosa High School (California), a member of the El Dorado Union High School District in Shingle Springs, California, United States Ponderosa High School (Colorado), a public high school in Parker, Colorado, United States	Ponderosa. Schools Ponderosa Elementary School (South San Francisco), an elementary school located in South San Francisco, California, United States Ponderosa High School (California), a member of the El Dorado Union High School District in Shingle Springs, California, United States Ponderosa High School (Colorado), a public high school in Parker, Colorado, United States	523878
wiki20220301en020_102747	Ponderosa	Other Ponderosa (Sheffield), an open space / recreation area in Sheffield, England Ponderosa (typeface), Adobe's version of French Clarendon XXX Condensed Ponderosa lemon (limon × medica), a citrus species thought to be a hybrid of a lemon and a citron Ponderosa Lodge, an historic lodge in Black Forest, Colorado Ponderosa Park (disambiguation) Ponderosa Pine, a widespread and variable pine native to western North America Ponderosa Ranch, a real-life amusement park which was located on the set of the fictitious setting of the television series Bonanza Ponderosa Ranch Airport, a private airport located 7 miles south of Seneca in Grant County, Oregon, United States Ponderosa Steakhouse, a restaurant that primarily serves steaks Ponderosa Stomp, an annual American roots music festival dedicated to recognizing the architects of rock-n-roll, blues, jazz, country, swamp pop and soul music Ponderosa Sun Club, a nudist resort in Roselawn, Indiana, United States	Ponderosa. Other Ponderosa (Sheffield), an open space / recreation area in Sheffield, England Ponderosa (typeface), Adobe's version of French Clarendon XXX Condensed Ponderosa lemon (limon × medica), a citrus species thought to be a hybrid of a lemon and a citron Ponderosa Lodge, an historic lodge in Black Forest, Colorado Ponderosa Park (disambiguation) Ponderosa Pine, a widespread and variable pine native to western North America Ponderosa Ranch, a real-life amusement park which was located on the set of the fictitious setting of the television series Bonanza Ponderosa Ranch Airport, a private airport located 7 miles south of Seneca in Grant County, Oregon, United States Ponderosa Steakhouse, a restaurant that primarily serves steaks Ponderosa Stomp, an annual American roots music festival dedicated to recognizing the architects of rock-n-roll, blues, jazz, country, swamp pop and soul music Ponderosa Sun Club, a nudist resort in Roselawn, Indiana, United States	523878
wiki20220301en020_102748	Ponderosa	See also Ponterosa, a 2001 Finnish film	Ponderosa. See also Ponterosa, a 2001 Finnish film	523878
wiki20220301en020_102749	Simply connected space	In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed (intuitively for embedded spaces, staying within the space) into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question. The fundamental group of a topological space is an indicator of the failure for the space to be simply connected: a path-connected topological space is simply connected if and only if its fundamental group is trivial. Definition and equivalent formulations A topological space is called if it is path-connected and any loop in defined by can be contracted to a point: there exists a continuous map such that restricted to is Here, and denotes the unit circle and closed unit disk in the Euclidean plane respectively.	Simply connected space. In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed (intuitively for embedded spaces, staying within the space) into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question. The fundamental group of a topological space is an indicator of the failure for the space to be simply connected: a path-connected topological space is simply connected if and only if its fundamental group is trivial. Definition and equivalent formulations A topological space is called if it is path-connected and any loop in defined by can be contracted to a point: there exists a continuous map such that restricted to is Here, and denotes the unit circle and closed unit disk in the Euclidean plane respectively.	523879
wiki20220301en020_102750	Simply connected space	An equivalent formulation is this: is simply connected if and only if it is path-connected, and whenever and are two paths (that is, continuous maps) with the same start and endpoint ( and ), then can be continuously deformed into while keeping both endpoints fixed. Explicitly, there exists a homotopy such that and A topological space is simply connected if and only if is path-connected and the fundamental group of at each point is trivial, i.e. consists only of the identity element. Similarly, is simply connected if and only if for all points the set of morphisms in the fundamental groupoid of has only one element.	Simply connected space. An equivalent formulation is this: is simply connected if and only if it is path-connected, and whenever and are two paths (that is, continuous maps) with the same start and endpoint ( and ), then can be continuously deformed into while keeping both endpoints fixed. Explicitly, there exists a homotopy such that and A topological space is simply connected if and only if is path-connected and the fundamental group of at each point is trivial, i.e. consists only of the identity element. Similarly, is simply connected if and only if for all points the set of morphisms in the fundamental groupoid of has only one element.	523879
wiki20220301en020_102751	Simply connected space	In complex analysis: an open subset is simply connected if and only if both and its complement in the Riemann sphere are connected. The set of complex numbers with imaginary part strictly greater than zero and less than one, furnishes a nice example of an unbounded, connected, open subset of the plane whose complement is not connected. It is nevertheless simply connected. It might also be worth pointing out that a relaxation of the requirement that be connected leads to an interesting exploration of open subsets of the plane with connected extended complement. For example, a (not necessarily connected) open set has connected extended complement exactly when each of its connected components are simply connected. Informal discussion	Simply connected space. In complex analysis: an open subset is simply connected if and only if both and its complement in the Riemann sphere are connected. The set of complex numbers with imaginary part strictly greater than zero and less than one, furnishes a nice example of an unbounded, connected, open subset of the plane whose complement is not connected. It is nevertheless simply connected. It might also be worth pointing out that a relaxation of the requirement that be connected leads to an interesting exploration of open subsets of the plane with connected extended complement. For example, a (not necessarily connected) open set has connected extended complement exactly when each of its connected components are simply connected. Informal discussion	523879
wiki20220301en020_102752	Simply connected space	Informal discussion Informally, an object in our space is simply connected if it consists of one piece and does not have any "holes" that pass all the way through it. For example, neither a doughnut nor a coffee cup (with a handle) is simply connected, but a hollow rubber ball is simply connected. In two dimensions, a circle is not simply connected, but a disk and a line are. Spaces that are connected but not simply connected are called non-simply connected or multiply connected. The definition rules out only handle-shaped holes. A sphere (or, equivalently, a rubber ball with a hollow center) is simply connected, because any loop on the surface of a sphere can contract to a point even though it has a "hole" in the hollow center. The stronger condition, that the object has no holes of dimension, is called contractibility. Examples	Simply connected space. Informal discussion Informally, an object in our space is simply connected if it consists of one piece and does not have any "holes" that pass all the way through it. For example, neither a doughnut nor a coffee cup (with a handle) is simply connected, but a hollow rubber ball is simply connected. In two dimensions, a circle is not simply connected, but a disk and a line are. Spaces that are connected but not simply connected are called non-simply connected or multiply connected. The definition rules out only handle-shaped holes. A sphere (or, equivalently, a rubber ball with a hollow center) is simply connected, because any loop on the surface of a sphere can contract to a point even though it has a "hole" in the hollow center. The stronger condition, that the object has no holes of dimension, is called contractibility. Examples	523879
wiki20220301en020_102753	Simply connected space	Examples The Euclidean plane is simply connected, but minus the origin is not. If then both and minus the origin are simply connected. Analogously: the n-dimensional sphere is simply connected if and only if Every convex subset of is simply connected. A torus, the (elliptic) cylinder, the Möbius strip, the projective plane and the Klein bottle are not simply connected. Every topological vector space is simply connected; this includes Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces. For the special orthogonal group is not simply connected and the special unitary group is simply connected. The one-point compactification of is not simply connected (even though is simply connected). The long line is simply connected, but its compactification, the extended long line is not (since it is not even path connected). Properties A surface (two-dimensional topological manifold) is simply connected if and only if it is connected and its genus (the number of of the surface) is 0.	Simply connected space. Examples The Euclidean plane is simply connected, but minus the origin is not. If then both and minus the origin are simply connected. Analogously: the n-dimensional sphere is simply connected if and only if Every convex subset of is simply connected. A torus, the (elliptic) cylinder, the Möbius strip, the projective plane and the Klein bottle are not simply connected. Every topological vector space is simply connected; this includes Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces. For the special orthogonal group is not simply connected and the special unitary group is simply connected. The one-point compactification of is not simply connected (even though is simply connected). The long line is simply connected, but its compactification, the extended long line is not (since it is not even path connected). Properties A surface (two-dimensional topological manifold) is simply connected if and only if it is connected and its genus (the number of of the surface) is 0.	523879
wiki20220301en020_102754	Simply connected space	Properties A surface (two-dimensional topological manifold) is simply connected if and only if it is connected and its genus (the number of of the surface) is 0. A universal cover of any (suitable) space is a simply connected space which maps to via a covering map. If and are homotopy equivalent and is simply connected, then so is The image of a simply connected set under a continuous function need not be simply connected. Take for example the complex plane under the exponential map: the image is which is not simply connected.	Simply connected space. Properties A surface (two-dimensional topological manifold) is simply connected if and only if it is connected and its genus (the number of of the surface) is 0. A universal cover of any (suitable) space is a simply connected space which maps to via a covering map. If and are homotopy equivalent and is simply connected, then so is The image of a simply connected set under a continuous function need not be simply connected. Take for example the complex plane under the exponential map: the image is which is not simply connected.	523879
wiki20220301en020_102755	Simply connected space	The notion of simple connectedness is important in complex analysis because of the following facts: The Cauchy's integral theorem states that if is a simply connected open subset of the complex plane and is a holomorphic function, then has an antiderivative on and the value of every line integral in with integrand depends only on the end points and of the path, and can be computed as The integral thus does not depend on the particular path connecting and The Riemann mapping theorem states that any non-empty open simply connected subset of (except for itself) is conformally equivalent to the unit disk. The notion of simple connectedness is also a crucial condition in the Poincaré conjecture. See also References Algebraic topology Properties of topological spaces de:Zusammenhängender Raum#Einfach zusammenhängend	Simply connected space. The notion of simple connectedness is important in complex analysis because of the following facts: The Cauchy's integral theorem states that if is a simply connected open subset of the complex plane and is a holomorphic function, then has an antiderivative on and the value of every line integral in with integrand depends only on the end points and of the path, and can be computed as The integral thus does not depend on the particular path connecting and The Riemann mapping theorem states that any non-empty open simply connected subset of (except for itself) is conformally equivalent to the unit disk. The notion of simple connectedness is also a crucial condition in the Poincaré conjecture. See also References Algebraic topology Properties of topological spaces de:Zusammenhängender Raum#Einfach zusammenhängend	523879
wiki20220301en020_102756	Works (Pink Floyd album)	Works is a compilation album of songs by British progressive rock band Pink Floyd, released in 1983. It features a variety of material, including two of the band's early singles, "Arnold Layne" and "See Emily Play," alternative mixes of tracks from The Dark Side of the Moon and the studio outtake "Embryo." Release and contents {{Album ratings \| rev1 = Allmusic \| rev1Score = \| rev2 = The Encyclopedia of Popular Music\| rev2Score = \| rev3 = Rolling Stone\| rev3Score = }} The album was released by Pink Floyd's former American label, Capitol Records, to compete with their then-current studio album The Final Cut. The album is particularly notable for including the track "Embryo," an outtake from the Ummagumma album that later became a concert staple in a greatly elongated form. Previously, the track had only appeared on a scarce various artists compilation album promoting Pink Floyd's UK label Harvest Records entitled Picnic – A Breath of Fresh Air in January 1970.	Works (Pink Floyd album). Works is a compilation album of songs by British progressive rock band Pink Floyd, released in 1983. It features a variety of material, including two of the band's early singles, "Arnold Layne" and "See Emily Play," alternative mixes of tracks from The Dark Side of the Moon and the studio outtake "Embryo." Release and contents {{Album ratings \| rev1 = Allmusic \| rev1Score = \| rev2 = The Encyclopedia of Popular Music\| rev2Score = \| rev3 = Rolling Stone\| rev3Score = }} The album was released by Pink Floyd's former American label, Capitol Records, to compete with their then-current studio album The Final Cut. The album is particularly notable for including the track "Embryo," an outtake from the Ummagumma album that later became a concert staple in a greatly elongated form. Previously, the track had only appeared on a scarce various artists compilation album promoting Pink Floyd's UK label Harvest Records entitled Picnic – A Breath of Fresh Air in January 1970.	523882
wiki20220301en020_102757	Works (Pink Floyd album)	Also unique to Works are the tracks "Brain Damage" and "Eclipse," which are alternative stereo mixes, rumored to be "fold-down" mixes from the quadraphonic edition of Dark Side of the Moon. Additionally, some tracks are crossfaded into one another, such as "See Emily Play" into "Several Species..." and "Fearless" into "Brain Damage." The album also opens with a heartbeat similar to the opening of Dark Side of the Moon that fades into the wind intro of "One of These Days." This creates a bookend effect on side 1, which ends with the heartbeat fadeout of "Eclipse." Cover The cover art, illustrated by Ron Larson, was inspired by the c. 1948 poster "Nederland industrialiseert" ("The Netherlands industrialise"), designed by Dutch graphic artist Wladimir Flem.	Works (Pink Floyd album). Also unique to Works are the tracks "Brain Damage" and "Eclipse," which are alternative stereo mixes, rumored to be "fold-down" mixes from the quadraphonic edition of Dark Side of the Moon. Additionally, some tracks are crossfaded into one another, such as "See Emily Play" into "Several Species..." and "Fearless" into "Brain Damage." The album also opens with a heartbeat similar to the opening of Dark Side of the Moon that fades into the wind intro of "One of These Days." This creates a bookend effect on side 1, which ends with the heartbeat fadeout of "Eclipse." Cover The cover art, illustrated by Ron Larson, was inspired by the c. 1948 poster "Nederland industrialiseert" ("The Netherlands industrialise"), designed by Dutch graphic artist Wladimir Flem.	523882
wiki20220301en020_102758	Works (Pink Floyd album)	Cover The cover art, illustrated by Ron Larson, was inspired by the c. 1948 poster "Nederland industrialiseert" ("The Netherlands industrialise"), designed by Dutch graphic artist Wladimir Flem. Track listing Side one "One of These Days" – 5:50 (re-mix of the Meddle version, interpolates part of "Speak to Me" from The Dark Side of the Moon) "Arnold Layne" – 2:52 (single, Duophonic Stereo) "Fearless" – 6:08 (from Meddle) "Brain Damage" – 3:50 (from The Dark Side of the Moon, alternate mix) "Eclipse" – 1:45 (from The Dark Side of the Moon'', alternate mix) Side two "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" – 5:23 (from A Saucerful of Secrets) "See Emily Play" – 2:54 (single, Duophonic Stereo) "Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict" – 4:47 (from Ummagumma) "Free Four" – 4:07 (from Obscured by Clouds) "Embryo" – 4:39 (from the various artists compilation Picnic – A Breath of Fresh Air)	Works (Pink Floyd album). Cover The cover art, illustrated by Ron Larson, was inspired by the c. 1948 poster "Nederland industrialiseert" ("The Netherlands industrialise"), designed by Dutch graphic artist Wladimir Flem. Track listing Side one "One of These Days" – 5:50 (re-mix of the Meddle version, interpolates part of "Speak to Me" from The Dark Side of the Moon) "Arnold Layne" – 2:52 (single, Duophonic Stereo) "Fearless" – 6:08 (from Meddle) "Brain Damage" – 3:50 (from The Dark Side of the Moon, alternate mix) "Eclipse" – 1:45 (from The Dark Side of the Moon'', alternate mix) Side two "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" – 5:23 (from A Saucerful of Secrets) "See Emily Play" – 2:54 (single, Duophonic Stereo) "Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict" – 4:47 (from Ummagumma) "Free Four" – 4:07 (from Obscured by Clouds) "Embryo" – 4:39 (from the various artists compilation Picnic – A Breath of Fresh Air)	523882
wiki20220301en020_102759	Works (Pink Floyd album)	Personnel Syd Barrett — guitar ("Arnold Layne", "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun", "See Emily Play"), lead vocals ("Arnold Layne", "See Emily Play") David Gilmour — guitar (all but "Arnold Layne", "See Emily Play", "Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict"), bass guitar ("One of These Days"), lead vocals ("Fearless", "Embryo"), backing vocals Nick Mason — drums, percussion, tape effects, vocalisations ("One of These Days") Roger Waters — bass guitar, tape effects, lead vocals ("Brain Damage", "Eclipse", "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun", "Free Four"), vocalisations ("Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict"), backing vocals Richard Wright — keyboards, piano, synthesisers, backing vocals Charts References	Works (Pink Floyd album). Personnel Syd Barrett — guitar ("Arnold Layne", "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun", "See Emily Play"), lead vocals ("Arnold Layne", "See Emily Play") David Gilmour — guitar (all but "Arnold Layne", "See Emily Play", "Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict"), bass guitar ("One of These Days"), lead vocals ("Fearless", "Embryo"), backing vocals Nick Mason — drums, percussion, tape effects, vocalisations ("One of These Days") Roger Waters — bass guitar, tape effects, lead vocals ("Brain Damage", "Eclipse", "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun", "Free Four"), vocalisations ("Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict"), backing vocals Richard Wright — keyboards, piano, synthesisers, backing vocals Charts References	523882
wiki20220301en020_102760	Works (Pink Floyd album)	Charts References Albums produced by David Gilmour Albums produced by Joe Boyd Albums produced by Nick Mason Albums produced by Norman Smith (record producer) Albums produced by Richard Wright (musician) Albums produced by Roger Waters Pink Floyd compilation albums 1983 compilation albums Capitol Records compilation albums	Works (Pink Floyd album). Charts References Albums produced by David Gilmour Albums produced by Joe Boyd Albums produced by Nick Mason Albums produced by Norman Smith (record producer) Albums produced by Richard Wright (musician) Albums produced by Roger Waters Pink Floyd compilation albums 1983 compilation albums Capitol Records compilation albums	523882
wiki20220301en020_102761	MC Jin	Jin Au-Yeung (; born June 4, 1982), known professionally as MC Jin, is an American rapper, songwriter, actor and comedian of Chinese descent. Jin is notable for being the first Asian American solo rapper to be signed to a major record label in the United States. Early life Jin Au-Yeung was born on June 4, 1982 in Miami, Florida to Hong Kong immigrants of Hakka descent. He was raised in the general Miami area, where his parents owned a Chinese restaurant and Jin attended John F. Kennedy Middle School in North Miami Beach. Jin went on to attend North Miami Beach Senior High School, from which he graduated in 2000. After graduating, Jin decided to forgo college and begin his rap career. Shortly afterwards, his parents closed the restaurant and the family moved in 2001 to Queens, New York City. Career 2001–2006: 106 & Park and Ruff Ryders While in New York, Jin participated in many rap battles with his peers.	MC Jin. Jin Au-Yeung (; born June 4, 1982), known professionally as MC Jin, is an American rapper, songwriter, actor and comedian of Chinese descent. Jin is notable for being the first Asian American solo rapper to be signed to a major record label in the United States. Early life Jin Au-Yeung was born on June 4, 1982 in Miami, Florida to Hong Kong immigrants of Hakka descent. He was raised in the general Miami area, where his parents owned a Chinese restaurant and Jin attended John F. Kennedy Middle School in North Miami Beach. Jin went on to attend North Miami Beach Senior High School, from which he graduated in 2000. After graduating, Jin decided to forgo college and begin his rap career. Shortly afterwards, his parents closed the restaurant and the family moved in 2001 to Queens, New York City. Career 2001–2006: 106 & Park and Ruff Ryders While in New York, Jin participated in many rap battles with his peers.	523883
wiki20220301en020_102762	MC Jin	Career 2001–2006: 106 & Park and Ruff Ryders While in New York, Jin participated in many rap battles with his peers. Jin's big break came in 2002 when the BET program 106 & Park invited local rappers to compete in a segment known as Freestyle Friday. Unlike other competitors, Jin occasionally spoke Cantonese in his freestyle verses. After winning seven battles in a row, he was inducted into the Freestyle Friday Hall of Fame. The night of the ceremony, he announced that he had signed a deal with the Ruff Ryders Entertainment label.	MC Jin. Career 2001–2006: 106 & Park and Ruff Ryders While in New York, Jin participated in many rap battles with his peers. Jin's big break came in 2002 when the BET program 106 & Park invited local rappers to compete in a segment known as Freestyle Friday. Unlike other competitors, Jin occasionally spoke Cantonese in his freestyle verses. After winning seven battles in a row, he was inducted into the Freestyle Friday Hall of Fame. The night of the ceremony, he announced that he had signed a deal with the Ruff Ryders Entertainment label.	523883
wiki20220301en020_102763	MC Jin	His first single under Ruff Ryders was titled "Learn Chinese" featuring Haitian rapper Wyclef Jean. It contained a sample from song "Blind Man Can See It", by James Brown (also sampled by Das EFX and Lord Finesse). The second single for the album was originally supposed to be "I Got a Love", featuring and produced by Kanye West. The album was originally scheduled to be released in the summer of 2003 but was delayed for over a year by the label. In October 2004, Jin released his debut album, The Rest Is History, which reached number 54 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart. The two singles, "Learn Chinese" and "Senorita", were not major mainstream successes and the album only sold 19,000 units in its first week. Jin left the label in 2006. On April 23, 2005, Jin and rapper Serius Jones engaged in a rap battle. The battle was featured on Fight Klub DVD.	MC Jin. His first single under Ruff Ryders was titled "Learn Chinese" featuring Haitian rapper Wyclef Jean. It contained a sample from song "Blind Man Can See It", by James Brown (also sampled by Das EFX and Lord Finesse). The second single for the album was originally supposed to be "I Got a Love", featuring and produced by Kanye West. The album was originally scheduled to be released in the summer of 2003 but was delayed for over a year by the label. In October 2004, Jin released his debut album, The Rest Is History, which reached number 54 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart. The two singles, "Learn Chinese" and "Senorita", were not major mainstream successes and the album only sold 19,000 units in its first week. Jin left the label in 2006. On April 23, 2005, Jin and rapper Serius Jones engaged in a rap battle. The battle was featured on Fight Klub DVD.	523883
wiki20220301en020_102764	MC Jin	On April 23, 2005, Jin and rapper Serius Jones engaged in a rap battle. The battle was featured on Fight Klub DVD. On May 18, 2005, Jin revealed that he would be putting his rap career on hold in order to explore other options. To make this clear, he recorded a song titled "I Quit", produced by the Golden Child. The announcement was widely misunderstood to have marked the end of Jin's rap career. However, he later re-emerged under a different alias, The Emcee, and freestyled over such songs as Jay-Z's "Dear Summer." He released a single called "Top 5 (Dead or Alive)" in which he explored the history of hip-hop's greatest artists, using lyrics. The legendary DJ Kool Herc, who is credited as the founder of hip-hop, appears in Jin's music video. With independent label CraftyPlugz/Draft Records, Jin released his second album, The Emcee's Properganda, on October 25, 2005.	MC Jin. On April 23, 2005, Jin and rapper Serius Jones engaged in a rap battle. The battle was featured on Fight Klub DVD. On May 18, 2005, Jin revealed that he would be putting his rap career on hold in order to explore other options. To make this clear, he recorded a song titled "I Quit", produced by the Golden Child. The announcement was widely misunderstood to have marked the end of Jin's rap career. However, he later re-emerged under a different alias, The Emcee, and freestyled over such songs as Jay-Z's "Dear Summer." He released a single called "Top 5 (Dead or Alive)" in which he explored the history of hip-hop's greatest artists, using lyrics. The legendary DJ Kool Herc, who is credited as the founder of hip-hop, appears in Jin's music video. With independent label CraftyPlugz/Draft Records, Jin released his second album, The Emcee's Properganda, on October 25, 2005.	523883
wiki20220301en020_102765	MC Jin	Jin collaborated in 2005 with Queens-born rapper Creature on his song "Never Say Die," which also featured Slug and Busdriver. Jin was also featured on Taiwanese pop artist Leehom Wang's 2005 album Heroes of Earth. Together, Jin and Leehom performed their "Heroes of the Earth" collaboration live in Shanghai on February 16, 2006, at an event arranged by China-resident American A&R exec Andrew Ballen. Ballen was also the first promoter to bring Jin to mainland China in 2003 for his "The Rest is History" tour. 2006–2007: Independent label Jin released two albums in 2006. The first, 100 Grand Jin, was a mixtape that was released on August 29, 2006. The single released from the album is "FYI", for which the rapper shot and released a music video. The second album is Jin's third LP, I Promise.	MC Jin. Jin collaborated in 2005 with Queens-born rapper Creature on his song "Never Say Die," which also featured Slug and Busdriver. Jin was also featured on Taiwanese pop artist Leehom Wang's 2005 album Heroes of Earth. Together, Jin and Leehom performed their "Heroes of the Earth" collaboration live in Shanghai on February 16, 2006, at an event arranged by China-resident American A&R exec Andrew Ballen. Ballen was also the first promoter to bring Jin to mainland China in 2003 for his "The Rest is History" tour. 2006–2007: Independent label Jin released two albums in 2006. The first, 100 Grand Jin, was a mixtape that was released on August 29, 2006. The single released from the album is "FYI", for which the rapper shot and released a music video. The second album is Jin's third LP, I Promise.	523883
wiki20220301en020_102766	MC Jin	On his MySpace, Jin mentioned that he was working on another English album named "Birthdays, Funerals and Things in Between". Jin premiered the song, "Open Letter to Obama," on April 24, 2007, which made him become 1st on then-Presidential nominee Barack Obama's Top 8 list on MySpace. On April 16, 2007, Jin made a tribute song to the victims of the Virginia Tech massacre called "Rain, Rain Go Away". Later that year, Jin decided to make his November 2006 online album, I Promise available in retail stores; it was given an October 23, 2007 release. In 2006, the PlayStation 2/Xbox video game NBA Ballers: Phenom featured MC Jin as one of the rapper characters along with Ludacris and Hot Sauce. He released his first all-Cantonese language album, ABC, in 2007.	MC Jin. On his MySpace, Jin mentioned that he was working on another English album named "Birthdays, Funerals and Things in Between". Jin premiered the song, "Open Letter to Obama," on April 24, 2007, which made him become 1st on then-Presidential nominee Barack Obama's Top 8 list on MySpace. On April 16, 2007, Jin made a tribute song to the victims of the Virginia Tech massacre called "Rain, Rain Go Away". Later that year, Jin decided to make his November 2006 online album, I Promise available in retail stores; it was given an October 23, 2007 release. In 2006, the PlayStation 2/Xbox video game NBA Ballers: Phenom featured MC Jin as one of the rapper characters along with Ludacris and Hot Sauce. He released his first all-Cantonese language album, ABC, in 2007.	523883