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wiki20220301en020_102327	Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon	Crébillon was considered by many to be superior to Voltaire as a tragic poet. The spirit of rivalry induced Voltaire to take the subjects of no less than five of Crébillon's tragedies (Semiramis, Electre, Catilina, Le Triumviral and Ahreeas), as his own. The so-called Éloge de Crébillon (1762) (the title meant ironically), which appeared in the year of the poet's death, was generally attributed to Voltaire, though he strenuously denied the authorship. There are numerous editions of his works, among which may be noticed: Œuvres (1772), with preface and éloge, by Joseph de La Porte; Œuvres (1828), containing D'Alembert's Éloge de Crébillon, (1775); and Théâtre complet (1885) with a notice by Auguste Vito. A complete bibliography is given by Maurice Dutrait, in his Étude sur la vie et le théâtre de Crébillon (1895). References This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. External links	Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. Crébillon was considered by many to be superior to Voltaire as a tragic poet. The spirit of rivalry induced Voltaire to take the subjects of no less than five of Crébillon's tragedies (Semiramis, Electre, Catilina, Le Triumviral and Ahreeas), as his own. The so-called Éloge de Crébillon (1762) (the title meant ironically), which appeared in the year of the poet's death, was generally attributed to Voltaire, though he strenuously denied the authorship. There are numerous editions of his works, among which may be noticed: Œuvres (1772), with preface and éloge, by Joseph de La Porte; Œuvres (1828), containing D'Alembert's Éloge de Crébillon, (1775); and Théâtre complet (1885) with a notice by Auguste Vito. A complete bibliography is given by Maurice Dutrait, in his Étude sur la vie et le théâtre de Crébillon (1895). References This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. External links	523715
wiki20220301en020_102328	Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon	References This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. External links People from Dijon 1674 births 1762 deaths University of Paris alumni Members of the Académie Française 18th-century French poets 18th-century French dramatists and playwrights 18th-century French male writers	Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. References This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. External links People from Dijon 1674 births 1762 deaths University of Paris alumni Members of the Académie Française 18th-century French poets 18th-century French dramatists and playwrights 18th-century French male writers	523715
wiki20220301en020_102329	Boogie Box High	Boogie Box High was a musical project headed by Andros Georgiou in the late 1980s that featured a range of collaborators, including Georgiou's second cousin George Michael, guitarist Nick Heyward (of Haircut One Hundred), keyboardist Mick Talbot (of The Style Council), guitarist–songwriter David Austin, bassist Deon Estus, and others. Overview Boogie Box High's first single was a cover version of "Jive Talkin'"; released in July 1987 and was originally a top ten hit for the Bee Gees in 1975. The cover reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart. Outrageous, Boogie Box High's only LP, was released in 1989. It was released in the United States via SBK Records. The album included the previous two singles, "Jive Talkin'" and "Gave It All Away", as well as a new released titled "Nervous". The latter single failed to garner any chart success.	Boogie Box High. Boogie Box High was a musical project headed by Andros Georgiou in the late 1980s that featured a range of collaborators, including Georgiou's second cousin George Michael, guitarist Nick Heyward (of Haircut One Hundred), keyboardist Mick Talbot (of The Style Council), guitarist–songwriter David Austin, bassist Deon Estus, and others. Overview Boogie Box High's first single was a cover version of "Jive Talkin'"; released in July 1987 and was originally a top ten hit for the Bee Gees in 1975. The cover reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart. Outrageous, Boogie Box High's only LP, was released in 1989. It was released in the United States via SBK Records. The album included the previous two singles, "Jive Talkin'" and "Gave It All Away", as well as a new released titled "Nervous". The latter single failed to garner any chart success.	523725
wiki20220301en020_102330	Boogie Box High	Michael's contributions to the album were two previously unreleased songs he had written for Wham!'s debut album Fantastic, "Golden Soul" and "Soul Boy". David Austin sang the lead vocal for the single "Gave It All Away". Once again, Michael was not credited for any of this. Discography Albums Outrageous (1989) Singles References External links Boogie Box High at Discogs 1987 establishments in England 2010 disestablishments in England English pop music groups Pop music supergroups British supergroups Musical groups established in 1987 Musical groups disestablished in 2010	Boogie Box High. Michael's contributions to the album were two previously unreleased songs he had written for Wham!'s debut album Fantastic, "Golden Soul" and "Soul Boy". David Austin sang the lead vocal for the single "Gave It All Away". Once again, Michael was not credited for any of this. Discography Albums Outrageous (1989) Singles References External links Boogie Box High at Discogs 1987 establishments in England 2010 disestablishments in England English pop music groups Pop music supergroups British supergroups Musical groups established in 1987 Musical groups disestablished in 2010	523725
wiki20220301en020_102331	Roper (band)	Roper was a Christian pop-punk band formed in Denver, Colorado. The band consisted of Reese Roper (lead singer of Five Iron Frenzy) on lead vocals, Jonathan Byrnside on lead guitar, Jonathan Till on bass, Matt Emmett on rhythm guitar, and Nick White on drums. Background Guerilla Rodeo was a short-lived project founded by Reese Roper, meant to follow his prior band Five Iron Frenzy. In addition to vocalist Reese Roper, the band was formed by fellow Five Iron member Sonnie Johnston (guitar), Ethan Luck (guitar), John Warne (bass, background vocals), and Josh Abbott (drums). The project yielded only a three-track EP, Ride, Rope and Destroy, released in 2004. It has been confirmed by both Ethan Luck and Reese Roper that there never was a fourth, unreleased song recorded for the EP. Reese Roper often compared the sound of the band to Letters to Cleo. Their name was a play on the Rage Against the Machine single "Guerrilla Radio".	Roper (band). Roper was a Christian pop-punk band formed in Denver, Colorado. The band consisted of Reese Roper (lead singer of Five Iron Frenzy) on lead vocals, Jonathan Byrnside on lead guitar, Jonathan Till on bass, Matt Emmett on rhythm guitar, and Nick White on drums. Background Guerilla Rodeo was a short-lived project founded by Reese Roper, meant to follow his prior band Five Iron Frenzy. In addition to vocalist Reese Roper, the band was formed by fellow Five Iron member Sonnie Johnston (guitar), Ethan Luck (guitar), John Warne (bass, background vocals), and Josh Abbott (drums). The project yielded only a three-track EP, Ride, Rope and Destroy, released in 2004. It has been confirmed by both Ethan Luck and Reese Roper that there never was a fourth, unreleased song recorded for the EP. Reese Roper often compared the sound of the band to Letters to Cleo. Their name was a play on the Rage Against the Machine single "Guerrilla Radio".	523726
wiki20220301en020_102332	Roper (band)	When the Guerilla Rodeo project came to an end, Reese reformed the band under his own name, Roper. Roper's full-length album, Brace Yourself for the Mediocre, was produced before the band was officially together and released on Five Minute Walk Records. All songs on the album with the exception of "Day of Pigs" and "You're Still The One" were written by Reese Roper, Masaki Liu, and Ethan Luck. Because of the incomplete state of the band at the time of the album's release, the only official member appearing on the CD is Reese Roper. As a result, the album features many additional musicians such as Frank Lenz (drums), Elijah Thomson (bass), Phil Bennett (organ), Bob Schiveley (guitar), Masaki Liu (guitar), Jason White (additional drums), Ethan Luck (guitar), and many additional vocalists. Some of the songs on the album were originally written for Guerilla Rodeo. One of the online forums spawned by this group is the Roper Board in which many fans of both Roper and Reese's previous band	Roper (band). When the Guerilla Rodeo project came to an end, Reese reformed the band under his own name, Roper. Roper's full-length album, Brace Yourself for the Mediocre, was produced before the band was officially together and released on Five Minute Walk Records. All songs on the album with the exception of "Day of Pigs" and "You're Still The One" were written by Reese Roper, Masaki Liu, and Ethan Luck. Because of the incomplete state of the band at the time of the album's release, the only official member appearing on the CD is Reese Roper. As a result, the album features many additional musicians such as Frank Lenz (drums), Elijah Thomson (bass), Phil Bennett (organ), Bob Schiveley (guitar), Masaki Liu (guitar), Jason White (additional drums), Ethan Luck (guitar), and many additional vocalists. Some of the songs on the album were originally written for Guerilla Rodeo. One of the online forums spawned by this group is the Roper Board in which many fans of both Roper and Reese's previous band	523726
wiki20220301en020_102333	Roper (band)	of the songs on the album were originally written for Guerilla Rodeo. One of the online forums spawned by this group is the Roper Board in which many fans of both Roper and Reese's previous band Five Iron Frenzy congregate.	Roper (band). of the songs on the album were originally written for Guerilla Rodeo. One of the online forums spawned by this group is the Roper Board in which many fans of both Roper and Reese's previous band Five Iron Frenzy congregate.	523726
wiki20220301en020_102334	Roper (band)	Roper issued a statement regarding the status of the band in 2006: In 2009 Reese Roper told HM that the probability of making another album was "somewhere around 3%." The Roper project sold close to 30,000 albums in total, about the same as Brave Saint Saturn and other Five Iron related side projects. He also stated that, in retrospect, the project was "doomed from the beginning," but that musically it was the highlight of his career. Members Reese Roper – vocals and synthesizer Jonathan Byrnside – guitar Matt "Emo" Emmett – guitar Johnathan Till – bass guitar Nick White – drums Stephen Till – guitar Discography References External links Roper on Myspace Concert review from 2004 Christian punk groups American Christian rock groups Musical groups from Denver Musical groups established in 2004 American pop punk groups Punk rock groups from Colorado 2004 establishments in Colorado	Roper (band). Roper issued a statement regarding the status of the band in 2006: In 2009 Reese Roper told HM that the probability of making another album was "somewhere around 3%." The Roper project sold close to 30,000 albums in total, about the same as Brave Saint Saturn and other Five Iron related side projects. He also stated that, in retrospect, the project was "doomed from the beginning," but that musically it was the highlight of his career. Members Reese Roper – vocals and synthesizer Jonathan Byrnside – guitar Matt "Emo" Emmett – guitar Johnathan Till – bass guitar Nick White – drums Stephen Till – guitar Discography References External links Roper on Myspace Concert review from 2004 Christian punk groups American Christian rock groups Musical groups from Denver Musical groups established in 2004 American pop punk groups Punk rock groups from Colorado 2004 establishments in Colorado	523726
wiki20220301en020_102335	Maniwaki	Maniwaki is a town located north of Gatineau and north-west of Montreal, in the province of Quebec, Canada. The town is situated on the Gatineau River, at the crossroads of Route 105 and Route 107, not far south of Route 117 (Trans-Canada Highway). It is the administrative centre for La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality. History The history of Maniwaki is closely linked to that of the adjacent Kitigan Zibi Reserve, because the Town of Maniwaki was developed on land that was originally part of this reserve. Its municipal lands were included in historical land claims by Kitigan Zibi; some of which were settled as recently as 2007.	Maniwaki. Maniwaki is a town located north of Gatineau and north-west of Montreal, in the province of Quebec, Canada. The town is situated on the Gatineau River, at the crossroads of Route 105 and Route 107, not far south of Route 117 (Trans-Canada Highway). It is the administrative centre for La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality. History The history of Maniwaki is closely linked to that of the adjacent Kitigan Zibi Reserve, because the Town of Maniwaki was developed on land that was originally part of this reserve. Its municipal lands were included in historical land claims by Kitigan Zibi; some of which were settled as recently as 2007.	523733
wiki20220301en020_102336	Maniwaki	In the first half of the nineteenth century, Algonquins of the mission at Lake of Two Mountains, under the leadership of Chief Pakinawatik, came to the area of the Désert River. Shortly after, in 1832, the Hudson's Bay Company followed them and installed a trading post at the confluence of the Désert and Gatineau rivers. A decade later, Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate established the mission of Notre-Dame-du-Desert and, from 1849, they demanded of the authorities the demarcation of a township in order to establish a reserve for the Algonquins. The township limits were drawn in 1850 and the settlement was given the name of Maniwaki by the Oblates at this time (Algonquin for "Mary's Land"). Soon after, wood merchants, farmers, trade workers, businessmen and professionals, drawn by the forest's wealth, came to live in Maniwaki.	Maniwaki. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Algonquins of the mission at Lake of Two Mountains, under the leadership of Chief Pakinawatik, came to the area of the Désert River. Shortly after, in 1832, the Hudson's Bay Company followed them and installed a trading post at the confluence of the Désert and Gatineau rivers. A decade later, Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate established the mission of Notre-Dame-du-Desert and, from 1849, they demanded of the authorities the demarcation of a township in order to establish a reserve for the Algonquins. The township limits were drawn in 1850 and the settlement was given the name of Maniwaki by the Oblates at this time (Algonquin for "Mary's Land"). Soon after, wood merchants, farmers, trade workers, businessmen and professionals, drawn by the forest's wealth, came to live in Maniwaki.	523733
wiki20220301en020_102337	Maniwaki	Ottawa was linked to Maniwaki by a branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, a distance of 82.3 miles. After crossing the Ottawa River, there were stations were at Hull, Wakefield, Low, Kazabazua and Gracefield before reaching Maniwaki. It was opened in stages between 1893 and 1902. Passenger services were discontinued in 1964. The line was totally abandoned in 1986. In 1851, the Oblats founded the L'Assomption-de-Maniwaki parish. Forestry took root and became the livelihood of many settlers in the region. Irish, French and Algonquins, the three traditional cultures of the Gatineau Valley, contributed to the development of the town and lived side by side in harmony. Maniwaki was officially founded in 1851 and became a township municipality in 1904. It obtained the status of "village" in 1930, and status of "Ville" in 1957.	Maniwaki. Ottawa was linked to Maniwaki by a branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, a distance of 82.3 miles. After crossing the Ottawa River, there were stations were at Hull, Wakefield, Low, Kazabazua and Gracefield before reaching Maniwaki. It was opened in stages between 1893 and 1902. Passenger services were discontinued in 1964. The line was totally abandoned in 1986. In 1851, the Oblats founded the L'Assomption-de-Maniwaki parish. Forestry took root and became the livelihood of many settlers in the region. Irish, French and Algonquins, the three traditional cultures of the Gatineau Valley, contributed to the development of the town and lived side by side in harmony. Maniwaki was officially founded in 1851 and became a township municipality in 1904. It obtained the status of "village" in 1930, and status of "Ville" in 1957.	523733
wiki20220301en020_102338	Maniwaki	At the end of World War I, the region, like everywhere in Quebec, indeed like in most of the world, was hit by an epidemic of the Spanish influenza. In less than two weeks, some twenty deaths were related to this sickness. Scared, people refused to go outdoors, and for the first time in its history, a Sunday passed without any mass being celebrated at the Assumption church. The flood of 1974 is an event remembered by the local population. On May 14 of that year, the waters of the Gatineau river and those of the Désert river overflowed. The water rose at the alarming rate of 3 to 6 inches an hour. Over 1,000 residences in the Maniwaki area were flooded and approximately 3,000 peoples had to be evacuated. Although no one was injured, damages reached many millions of dollars. Since 1974, no other major calamity has occurred. The area continues prospering every year in two predominant fields, namely forestry and tourism. Demographics	Maniwaki. At the end of World War I, the region, like everywhere in Quebec, indeed like in most of the world, was hit by an epidemic of the Spanish influenza. In less than two weeks, some twenty deaths were related to this sickness. Scared, people refused to go outdoors, and for the first time in its history, a Sunday passed without any mass being celebrated at the Assumption church. The flood of 1974 is an event remembered by the local population. On May 14 of that year, the waters of the Gatineau river and those of the Désert river overflowed. The water rose at the alarming rate of 3 to 6 inches an hour. Over 1,000 residences in the Maniwaki area were flooded and approximately 3,000 peoples had to be evacuated. Although no one was injured, damages reached many millions of dollars. Since 1974, no other major calamity has occurred. The area continues prospering every year in two predominant fields, namely forestry and tourism. Demographics	523733
wiki20220301en020_102339	Maniwaki	Since 1974, no other major calamity has occurred. The area continues prospering every year in two predominant fields, namely forestry and tourism. Demographics Population: Population in 2016: 3778 Population in 2011: 3930 Population in 2006: 4102 2006 to 2011 population change: -4.2% Population in 2001: 4020 (R) Population in 1996: 4527 (included additional area before ceded to Kitigan Zibi) Population in 1991: 4605 (R) = Revised count. Private dwellings (occupied by usual residents): 1934 Languages: English as first language: 5.5% French as first language: 90.7% English and French as first language: 0.7% Other as first language: 3.1% Notable people Annie Galipeau: actress who starred in the 1999 movie about Grey Owl, alongside Pierce Brosnan. Matt Lang: country music artist. Gino Odjick: NHL player for Vancouver Canucks, New York Islanders, Philadelphia Flyers and Montreal Canadiens. Disappearance of Maisy Odjick and Shannon Alexander	Maniwaki. Since 1974, no other major calamity has occurred. The area continues prospering every year in two predominant fields, namely forestry and tourism. Demographics Population: Population in 2016: 3778 Population in 2011: 3930 Population in 2006: 4102 2006 to 2011 population change: -4.2% Population in 2001: 4020 (R) Population in 1996: 4527 (included additional area before ceded to Kitigan Zibi) Population in 1991: 4605 (R) = Revised count. Private dwellings (occupied by usual residents): 1934 Languages: English as first language: 5.5% French as first language: 90.7% English and French as first language: 0.7% Other as first language: 3.1% Notable people Annie Galipeau: actress who starred in the 1999 movie about Grey Owl, alongside Pierce Brosnan. Matt Lang: country music artist. Gino Odjick: NHL player for Vancouver Canucks, New York Islanders, Philadelphia Flyers and Montreal Canadiens. Disappearance of Maisy Odjick and Shannon Alexander	523733
wiki20220301en020_102340	Maniwaki	Disappearance of Maisy Odjick and Shannon Alexander On September 6, 2008 the town of Maniwaki was brought into the international spotlight with the disappearance of Maisy Odjick and Shannon Alexander from the Kitigan Zibi Nation. Search and Rescue Global One was invited to the community by the chief and council. Two separate searches were conducted, both unsuccessful. Since their disappearance, the Quebec police, RCMP and the Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg police have carried out several investigations, but it was not possible to move the case forward. References Cities and towns in Quebec Incorporated places in Outaouais	Maniwaki. Disappearance of Maisy Odjick and Shannon Alexander On September 6, 2008 the town of Maniwaki was brought into the international spotlight with the disappearance of Maisy Odjick and Shannon Alexander from the Kitigan Zibi Nation. Search and Rescue Global One was invited to the community by the chief and council. Two separate searches were conducted, both unsuccessful. Since their disappearance, the Quebec police, RCMP and the Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg police have carried out several investigations, but it was not possible to move the case forward. References Cities and towns in Quebec Incorporated places in Outaouais	523733
wiki20220301en020_102341	Egg incubation	Incubation is the process by which certain oviparous (egg-laying) animals hatch their eggs; it also refers to the development of the embryo within the egg under favorable environmental condition. Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds in contrast, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular temperature is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding. The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness, and most egg-laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior selectively bred out of them to increase production.	Egg incubation. Incubation is the process by which certain oviparous (egg-laying) animals hatch their eggs; it also refers to the development of the embryo within the egg under favorable environmental condition. Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds in contrast, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular temperature is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding. The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness, and most egg-laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior selectively bred out of them to increase production.	523737
wiki20220301en020_102342	Egg incubation	Avian incubation A wide range of incubation habits is displayed among birds. In warm-blooded species such as bird species generally, body heat from the brooding patch of the brooding parent provides the constant temperature. Several groups, notably the megapodes, instead use heat generated from rotting vegetable material, effectively creating a giant compost heap while crab plovers make partial use of heat from the sun. The Namaqua sandgrouse of the deserts of southern Africa, needing to keep its eggs cool during the heat of the day, stands over them drooping its wings to shade them. The humidity is also critical, because if the air is too dry the egg will lose too much water to the atmosphere, which can make hatching difficult or impossible. As incubation proceeds, an egg will normally become lighter, and the air space within the egg will normally become larger, owing to evaporation from the egg.	Egg incubation. Avian incubation A wide range of incubation habits is displayed among birds. In warm-blooded species such as bird species generally, body heat from the brooding patch of the brooding parent provides the constant temperature. Several groups, notably the megapodes, instead use heat generated from rotting vegetable material, effectively creating a giant compost heap while crab plovers make partial use of heat from the sun. The Namaqua sandgrouse of the deserts of southern Africa, needing to keep its eggs cool during the heat of the day, stands over them drooping its wings to shade them. The humidity is also critical, because if the air is too dry the egg will lose too much water to the atmosphere, which can make hatching difficult or impossible. As incubation proceeds, an egg will normally become lighter, and the air space within the egg will normally become larger, owing to evaporation from the egg.	523737
wiki20220301en020_102343	Egg incubation	Experiments with great tits show that females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch. In the species that incubate, the work is divided differently between the sexes. Possibly the most common pattern is that the female does all the incubation, as in the Atlantic canary and the Indian robin, or most of it, as is typical of falcons. In some species, such as the whooping crane, the male and the female take turns incubating the egg. In others, such as the cassowaries, only the male incubates. The male mountain plover incubates the female's first clutch, but if she lays a second, she incubates it herself. In hoatzins, some birds (mostly males) help their parents incubate later broods.	Egg incubation. Experiments with great tits show that females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch. In the species that incubate, the work is divided differently between the sexes. Possibly the most common pattern is that the female does all the incubation, as in the Atlantic canary and the Indian robin, or most of it, as is typical of falcons. In some species, such as the whooping crane, the male and the female take turns incubating the egg. In others, such as the cassowaries, only the male incubates. The male mountain plover incubates the female's first clutch, but if she lays a second, she incubates it herself. In hoatzins, some birds (mostly males) help their parents incubate later broods.	523737
wiki20220301en020_102344	Egg incubation	The incubation period, the time from the start of uninterrupted incubation to the emergence of the young, varies from 11 days (some small passerines and the black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoos) to 85 days (the wandering albatross and the brown kiwi). In these latter, the incubation is interrupted; the longest uninterrupted period is 64 to 67 days in the emperor penguin. In general smaller birds tend to hatch faster, but there are exceptions, and cavity nesting birds tend to have longer incubation periods. It can be an energetically demanding process, with adult albatrosses losing as much as 83 g of body weight a day. Megapode eggs take from 49 to 90 days depending on the mound and ambient temperature. Even in other birds, ambient temperatures can lead to variation in incubation period. Normally the egg is incubated outside the body. However, in one recorded case, the egg incubation occurred entirely within a chicken. The chick hatched inside and emerged from its mother without the	Egg incubation. The incubation period, the time from the start of uninterrupted incubation to the emergence of the young, varies from 11 days (some small passerines and the black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoos) to 85 days (the wandering albatross and the brown kiwi). In these latter, the incubation is interrupted; the longest uninterrupted period is 64 to 67 days in the emperor penguin. In general smaller birds tend to hatch faster, but there are exceptions, and cavity nesting birds tend to have longer incubation periods. It can be an energetically demanding process, with adult albatrosses losing as much as 83 g of body weight a day. Megapode eggs take from 49 to 90 days depending on the mound and ambient temperature. Even in other birds, ambient temperatures can lead to variation in incubation period. Normally the egg is incubated outside the body. However, in one recorded case, the egg incubation occurred entirely within a chicken. The chick hatched inside and emerged from its mother without the	523737
wiki20220301en020_102345	Egg incubation	Normally the egg is incubated outside the body. However, in one recorded case, the egg incubation occurred entirely within a chicken. The chick hatched inside and emerged from its mother without the shell, leading to internal wounds that killed the mother hen.	Egg incubation. Normally the egg is incubated outside the body. However, in one recorded case, the egg incubation occurred entirely within a chicken. The chick hatched inside and emerged from its mother without the shell, leading to internal wounds that killed the mother hen.	523737
wiki20220301en020_102346	Egg incubation	Embryo development remains suspended until the onset of incubation. The freshly laid eggs of domestic fowl, ostrich, and several other species can be stored for about two weeks when maintained under 5 °C. Extended periods of suspension have been observed in some marine birds. Some species begin incubation with the first egg, causing the young to hatch at different times; others begin after laying the second egg, so that the third chick will be smaller and more vulnerable to food shortages. Some start to incubate after the last egg of the clutch, causing the young to hatch simultaneously. Incubation periods for birds:	Egg incubation. Embryo development remains suspended until the onset of incubation. The freshly laid eggs of domestic fowl, ostrich, and several other species can be stored for about two weeks when maintained under 5 °C. Extended periods of suspension have been observed in some marine birds. Some species begin incubation with the first egg, causing the young to hatch at different times; others begin after laying the second egg, so that the third chick will be smaller and more vulnerable to food shortages. Some start to incubate after the last egg of the clutch, causing the young to hatch simultaneously. Incubation periods for birds:	523737
wiki20220301en020_102347	Egg incubation	Mammalian incubation	Egg incubation. Mammalian incubation	523737
wiki20220301en020_102348	Egg incubation	Very few mammals lay eggs. In perhaps the best known example, the platypus, the eggs develop in utero for about 28 days, with only about 10 days of external incubation (in contrast to a chicken egg, which spends about one day in tract and 21 days externally). After laying her eggs, the female curls around them. The incubation period is divided into three phases. In the first phase, the embryo has no functional organs and relies on the yolk sac for sustenance. The yolk is absorbed by the developing young. During the second phase, the digits develop. In the last phase, the egg tooth appears. The only other egg-laying mammal is the echidna. New science research has been found that eggshells have a nanostructure that has inner and outer layers. The structure of this shell contains a protein known as osteopontin which is also found in tooth and bone. What researchers found was that the inner layers of the shell were thinner than the outer shells. This is because in the process of the egg	Egg incubation. Very few mammals lay eggs. In perhaps the best known example, the platypus, the eggs develop in utero for about 28 days, with only about 10 days of external incubation (in contrast to a chicken egg, which spends about one day in tract and 21 days externally). After laying her eggs, the female curls around them. The incubation period is divided into three phases. In the first phase, the embryo has no functional organs and relies on the yolk sac for sustenance. The yolk is absorbed by the developing young. During the second phase, the digits develop. In the last phase, the egg tooth appears. The only other egg-laying mammal is the echidna. New science research has been found that eggshells have a nanostructure that has inner and outer layers. The structure of this shell contains a protein known as osteopontin which is also found in tooth and bone. What researchers found was that the inner layers of the shell were thinner than the outer shells. This is because in the process of the egg	523737
wiki20220301en020_102349	Egg incubation	known as osteopontin which is also found in tooth and bone. What researchers found was that the inner layers of the shell were thinner than the outer shells. This is because in the process of the egg being incubated the chicken embryos are taking the protein from the shell making the chicks skeleton stronger.	Egg incubation. known as osteopontin which is also found in tooth and bone. What researchers found was that the inner layers of the shell were thinner than the outer shells. This is because in the process of the egg being incubated the chicken embryos are taking the protein from the shell making the chicks skeleton stronger.	523737
wiki20220301en020_102350	Egg incubation	Reptilian incubation Methods of incubation vary widely among the many different kinds of reptiles. Various species of sea turtles bury their eggs on beaches under a layer of sand that provides both protection from predators and a constant temperature for the nest. Snakes may lay eggs in communal burrows, where a large number of adults combine to keep the eggs warm. Alligators and crocodiles either lay their eggs in mounds of decomposing vegetation or lay them in holes they dig in the ground. Incubation by other vertebrates Fish generally do not incubate their eggs. However, some species mouthbrood their eggs, not eating until they hatch.	Egg incubation. Reptilian incubation Methods of incubation vary widely among the many different kinds of reptiles. Various species of sea turtles bury their eggs on beaches under a layer of sand that provides both protection from predators and a constant temperature for the nest. Snakes may lay eggs in communal burrows, where a large number of adults combine to keep the eggs warm. Alligators and crocodiles either lay their eggs in mounds of decomposing vegetation or lay them in holes they dig in the ground. Incubation by other vertebrates Fish generally do not incubate their eggs. However, some species mouthbrood their eggs, not eating until they hatch.	523737
wiki20220301en020_102351	Egg incubation	Incubation by other vertebrates Fish generally do not incubate their eggs. However, some species mouthbrood their eggs, not eating until they hatch. Some amphibians brood their eggs. The female salamander Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii) curls around the clutch of eggs and massages individual eggs with her pulsating throat. Some aquatic frogs such as the Surinam toad (Pipa pipa) have pouches in their skin into which the eggs are inserted. Other neotropical frogs in the family Hemiphractidae also have pouches in which the eggs develop, in some species directly into juvenile frogs and in others into tadpoles that are later deposited in small water bodies to continue their development. The male Darwin's frog carries the eggs around in his mouth until metamorphosis, and the female stomach-brooding frog of Australia swallows the eggs, which develop in her stomach.	Egg incubation. Incubation by other vertebrates Fish generally do not incubate their eggs. However, some species mouthbrood their eggs, not eating until they hatch. Some amphibians brood their eggs. The female salamander Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii) curls around the clutch of eggs and massages individual eggs with her pulsating throat. Some aquatic frogs such as the Surinam toad (Pipa pipa) have pouches in their skin into which the eggs are inserted. Other neotropical frogs in the family Hemiphractidae also have pouches in which the eggs develop, in some species directly into juvenile frogs and in others into tadpoles that are later deposited in small water bodies to continue their development. The male Darwin's frog carries the eggs around in his mouth until metamorphosis, and the female stomach-brooding frog of Australia swallows the eggs, which develop in her stomach.	523737
wiki20220301en020_102352	Egg incubation	Incubation by invertebrates Brooding occurs in some invertebrates when the fertilised eggs are retained inside or on the surface of the parent, usually the mother. This happens in some cnidarians (sea anemones and corals), a few chitons, some gastropod molluscs, some cephalopods, some bivalve molluscs, many arthropods, some entoproctans, some brachiopods, some bryozoans, and some starfish. See also Artificial incubation Broodiness Accumulated thermal unit References Christopher Perrins (editor), Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds, External links Scarlet macaw from Guide to macaws Incubation periods in table from PennState Extension Bird breeding Eggs Reproduction in animals Ethology sv:Häckning#Ruvning	Egg incubation. Incubation by invertebrates Brooding occurs in some invertebrates when the fertilised eggs are retained inside or on the surface of the parent, usually the mother. This happens in some cnidarians (sea anemones and corals), a few chitons, some gastropod molluscs, some cephalopods, some bivalve molluscs, many arthropods, some entoproctans, some brachiopods, some bryozoans, and some starfish. See also Artificial incubation Broodiness Accumulated thermal unit References Christopher Perrins (editor), Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds, External links Scarlet macaw from Guide to macaws Incubation periods in table from PennState Extension Bird breeding Eggs Reproduction in animals Ethology sv:Häckning#Ruvning	523737
wiki20220301en020_102353	Zoot	Zoot may refer to: Zoot Comics, a 1946–1948 Fox Features Syndicate comic book featuring Rulah, Jungle Goddess Zoot (band), an Australian pop group active 1965–1971 Zoot!, a 1956 album by saxophonist Zoot Sims Zoot suit, a style of clothing first popular in the 1930s and 1940s Zoot, a game on the MSX platform, released by Bug Byte software in 1986 Zoot (artist), an Persian rapper active since 2019– present People Zoot Sims (born John Haley Sims; 1925–1985), American jazz saxophonist Zoot Money (born George Bruno Money, 1942), British vocalist, keyboardist and actor Characters Zoot, a balding saxophone player character in the fictional Muppet band Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Zoot, a character in the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail Zoot, a synthetic suit in My Favorite Martian Zoot, a character in the webcomic Loxie & Zoot Zoot, a character in the series The Tribe See also Zoot Suit (disambiguation)	Zoot. Zoot may refer to: Zoot Comics, a 1946–1948 Fox Features Syndicate comic book featuring Rulah, Jungle Goddess Zoot (band), an Australian pop group active 1965–1971 Zoot!, a 1956 album by saxophonist Zoot Sims Zoot suit, a style of clothing first popular in the 1930s and 1940s Zoot, a game on the MSX platform, released by Bug Byte software in 1986 Zoot (artist), an Persian rapper active since 2019– present People Zoot Sims (born John Haley Sims; 1925–1985), American jazz saxophonist Zoot Money (born George Bruno Money, 1942), British vocalist, keyboardist and actor Characters Zoot, a balding saxophone player character in the fictional Muppet band Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Zoot, a character in the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail Zoot, a synthetic suit in My Favorite Martian Zoot, a character in the webcomic Loxie & Zoot Zoot, a character in the series The Tribe See also Zoot Suit (disambiguation)	523738
wiki20220301en020_102354	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon (13 February 1707 – 12 April 1777), called "Crébillon fils" (to distinguish him from his father), was a French novelist. Born in Paris, he was the son of a famous tragedian, Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. He received a Jesuit education at the elite Lycée Louis-le-Grand. Early on he composed various light works, including plays for the Italian Theatre in Paris, and published a short tale called Le Sylphe in 1730. From 1729 to 1739 he participated in a series of dinners called "Le Caveau" (named after the cabaret where they were held) with other artists, including Alexis Piron, Charles Collé, and Charles Duclos.	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon (13 February 1707 – 12 April 1777), called "Crébillon fils" (to distinguish him from his father), was a French novelist. Born in Paris, he was the son of a famous tragedian, Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. He received a Jesuit education at the elite Lycée Louis-le-Grand. Early on he composed various light works, including plays for the Italian Theatre in Paris, and published a short tale called Le Sylphe in 1730. From 1729 to 1739 he participated in a series of dinners called "Le Caveau" (named after the cabaret where they were held) with other artists, including Alexis Piron, Charles Collé, and Charles Duclos.	523740
wiki20220301en020_102355	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon	The publication of Tanzaï et Néadarné, histoire japonaise (1734), which contained thinly veiled attacks on the Papal bull Unigenitus, the cardinal de Rohan and others, landed him briefly in the prison at Vincennes. His novel Les Égarements du cœur et de l'esprit was published between 1736 and 1738 and was, although he continued to edit it in 1738, never finished. Publication of Le Sopha, conte moral, an erotic political satire, in 1742 forced him into exile from Paris for several months.	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. The publication of Tanzaï et Néadarné, histoire japonaise (1734), which contained thinly veiled attacks on the Papal bull Unigenitus, the cardinal de Rohan and others, landed him briefly in the prison at Vincennes. His novel Les Égarements du cœur et de l'esprit was published between 1736 and 1738 and was, although he continued to edit it in 1738, never finished. Publication of Le Sopha, conte moral, an erotic political satire, in 1742 forced him into exile from Paris for several months.	523740
wiki20220301en020_102356	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon	Around 1744 he entered into a romantic liaison with Lady Henrietta Maria Stafford, daughter of a Jacobite chamberlain, and they were married in 1748. A son was born in 1746 and died in 1750. Despite financial hardship, they lived together until her death in 1755. Meanwhile, he published La Nuit et le moment (1745), Ah! quel conte! and Les Heureux Orphelins (1754). Inheriting nothing from Henriette, he was forced to sell his large library in 1757 and eventually found steady income as a royal censor (like his father) in 1759. In 1768 and 1772 he published his last two novels, Lettres de la duchesse de * au duc de * and Lettres athéniennes. Works	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. Around 1744 he entered into a romantic liaison with Lady Henrietta Maria Stafford, daughter of a Jacobite chamberlain, and they were married in 1748. A son was born in 1746 and died in 1750. Despite financial hardship, they lived together until her death in 1755. Meanwhile, he published La Nuit et le moment (1745), Ah! quel conte! and Les Heureux Orphelins (1754). Inheriting nothing from Henriette, he was forced to sell his large library in 1757 and eventually found steady income as a royal censor (like his father) in 1759. In 1768 and 1772 he published his last two novels, Lettres de la duchesse de * au duc de * and Lettres athéniennes. Works	523740
wiki20220301en020_102357	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon	Le Sylphe ou Songe de Madame de R*. Écrit par elle-même à Madame de S* (1730) (full text in French on Gallica) (The Sylph, in English translation by Sunny Lou Publishing: , 2021) Lettres de la marquise de M* au comte de R* (1732) Tanzaï et Néadarné (incorrectly known as L'Écumoire, histoire japonaise) (1734) (full text in French on Gallica) Les Égarements du cœur et de l'esprit ou Mémoires de M. de Meilcour (1736–1738) Le Sopha, conte moral (1742) (full text in French on Gallica) Le dialogue des morts (1745) Les amours de Zéokinisul, roi des Kofirans (1746) (authorship disputed) Ah quel conte ! Conte politique et astronomique (1754) (full text in French on Gallica) Les Heureux Orphelins, histoire imitée de l'anglais (1754) La Nuit et le moment ou les matines de Cythère : dialogue (1755) (full text in French on Gallica) Le Hasard du coin du feu. Dialogue moral (1763) (full text in French on Gallica)	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. Le Sylphe ou Songe de Madame de R*. Écrit par elle-même à Madame de S* (1730) (full text in French on Gallica) (The Sylph, in English translation by Sunny Lou Publishing: , 2021) Lettres de la marquise de M* au comte de R* (1732) Tanzaï et Néadarné (incorrectly known as L'Écumoire, histoire japonaise) (1734) (full text in French on Gallica) Les Égarements du cœur et de l'esprit ou Mémoires de M. de Meilcour (1736–1738) Le Sopha, conte moral (1742) (full text in French on Gallica) Le dialogue des morts (1745) Les amours de Zéokinisul, roi des Kofirans (1746) (authorship disputed) Ah quel conte ! Conte politique et astronomique (1754) (full text in French on Gallica) Les Heureux Orphelins, histoire imitée de l'anglais (1754) La Nuit et le moment ou les matines de Cythère : dialogue (1755) (full text in French on Gallica) Le Hasard du coin du feu. Dialogue moral (1763) (full text in French on Gallica)	523740
wiki20220301en020_102358	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon	La Nuit et le moment ou les matines de Cythère : dialogue (1755) (full text in French on Gallica) Le Hasard du coin du feu. Dialogue moral (1763) (full text in French on Gallica) Lettres de la Duchesse de * au duc de * (1768) (full text in French on Gallica) Lettres athéniennes. Extraites du porte-feuille d'Alcibiade (1771) (full text in French on Gallica)	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. La Nuit et le moment ou les matines de Cythère : dialogue (1755) (full text in French on Gallica) Le Hasard du coin du feu. Dialogue moral (1763) (full text in French on Gallica) Lettres de la Duchesse de * au duc de * (1768) (full text in French on Gallica) Lettres athéniennes. Extraites du porte-feuille d'Alcibiade (1771) (full text in French on Gallica)	523740
wiki20220301en020_102359	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon	Recent editions Standard edition is Œuvres complètes, éd. Jean Sgard, 4 vols., Paris: Classiques Garnier, 1999-2002. Lettres de la marquise de M* au comte de R*, Paris, Desjonquères, 1990. Les Égarements du cœur et de l'esprit, Paris: GF-Flammarion, 1985. Le Sopha, Paris, Desjonquères, 1984. La Nuit et le moment et Le Hasard du coin du feu, Paris, Desjonquères, 1983. La Nuit et le moment, Livre de Poche Classique, 2003. Les Heureux Orphelins, Paris, Desjonquères, 1995. References Jean Sgard, Crébillon fils, le libertin moraliste, Paris: Desjonquères, 2002. External links Nuit et Moment 1707 births 1777 deaths Writers from Paris 18th-century French writers 18th-century French male writers 18th-century French novelists French male novelists Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni	Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. Recent editions Standard edition is Œuvres complètes, éd. Jean Sgard, 4 vols., Paris: Classiques Garnier, 1999-2002. Lettres de la marquise de M* au comte de R*, Paris, Desjonquères, 1990. Les Égarements du cœur et de l'esprit, Paris: GF-Flammarion, 1985. Le Sopha, Paris, Desjonquères, 1984. La Nuit et le moment et Le Hasard du coin du feu, Paris, Desjonquères, 1983. La Nuit et le moment, Livre de Poche Classique, 2003. Les Heureux Orphelins, Paris, Desjonquères, 1995. References Jean Sgard, Crébillon fils, le libertin moraliste, Paris: Desjonquères, 2002. External links Nuit et Moment 1707 births 1777 deaths Writers from Paris 18th-century French writers 18th-century French male writers 18th-century French novelists French male novelists Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni	523740
wiki20220301en020_102360	Charles Bianconi	Charles Bianconi (24 September 1786 – 22 September 1875) was an Italo-Irish entrepreneur. Sometimes described as the "man who put Ireland on wheels", he developed a network of horse-drawn coaches that became Ireland's "first regular public transport" system. He eventually became known for his innovations in transport and was twice mayor of Clonmel, in County Tipperary. Early life Born Carlo Bianconi, Costa Masnaga, Italy on 24 September 1786, he moved from an area poised to fall to Napoleon and travelled to Ireland in 1802, via England, just four years after the 1798 rebellion. At the time, British fear of continental invasion resulted in an acute sense of insecurity and additional restrictions on the admission of foreigners. He was christened Carlo but anglicised his name to Charles when he arrived in Ireland in 1802. Career	Charles Bianconi. Charles Bianconi (24 September 1786 – 22 September 1875) was an Italo-Irish entrepreneur. Sometimes described as the "man who put Ireland on wheels", he developed a network of horse-drawn coaches that became Ireland's "first regular public transport" system. He eventually became known for his innovations in transport and was twice mayor of Clonmel, in County Tipperary. Early life Born Carlo Bianconi, Costa Masnaga, Italy on 24 September 1786, he moved from an area poised to fall to Napoleon and travelled to Ireland in 1802, via England, just four years after the 1798 rebellion. At the time, British fear of continental invasion resulted in an acute sense of insecurity and additional restrictions on the admission of foreigners. He was christened Carlo but anglicised his name to Charles when he arrived in Ireland in 1802. Career	523751
wiki20220301en020_102361	Charles Bianconi	Career He worked as an engraver and printseller in Dublin, near Essex Street, under his sponsor, Andrea Faroni, when he was 16. In 1806 he set up an engraving, gilding and print shop in Carrick-on-Suir, moving to Clonmel in 1815. Although widely regarded as the founder of public transportation in Ireland, he built on the system of mail coaches and roads that were built around Ireland before 1790 by the Scottish entrepreneur, John Anderson of Fermoy. After the collapse of Anderson's mail coach and banking empire in 1815, Bianconi established regular horse-drawn carriage services on various routes from about 1815 onwards. He acknowledged two advantages that led to his success: The first service, Clonmel to Cahir, took five to eight hours by boat but only two hours by Bianconi’s carriage. Travel on a ‘Bian’ cost one penny farthing a mile. His open 'Bianconi coaches' colloquially shortened to 'Bians', were a popular form of public transport for over a century.	Charles Bianconi. Career He worked as an engraver and printseller in Dublin, near Essex Street, under his sponsor, Andrea Faroni, when he was 16. In 1806 he set up an engraving, gilding and print shop in Carrick-on-Suir, moving to Clonmel in 1815. Although widely regarded as the founder of public transportation in Ireland, he built on the system of mail coaches and roads that were built around Ireland before 1790 by the Scottish entrepreneur, John Anderson of Fermoy. After the collapse of Anderson's mail coach and banking empire in 1815, Bianconi established regular horse-drawn carriage services on various routes from about 1815 onwards. He acknowledged two advantages that led to his success: The first service, Clonmel to Cahir, took five to eight hours by boat but only two hours by Bianconi’s carriage. Travel on a ‘Bian’ cost one penny farthing a mile. His open 'Bianconi coaches' colloquially shortened to 'Bians', were a popular form of public transport for over a century.	523751
wiki20220301en020_102362	Charles Bianconi	There were also a series of inns, the Bianconi Inns, some of which still exist; in Piltown, County Kilkenny and Killorglin, County Kerry. These services continued into the 1850s and later, by which time there were a number of railway services in the country. The Bianconi coaches continued to be well-patronised, by offering connections from various termini, one of the first and few examples of an integrated transport system in Ireland. By 1865 Bianconi’s annual income was about £35,000. Later life and death Bianconi died on 22 September 1875 at Longfield House, Boherlahan, County Tipperary. Having donated land to the parish of Boherlahan for the construction of a parish church, Bianconi wished to be buried on the church grounds. He, and his family, are buried in a side chapel, separate from the parish church in Boherlahan, approximately 5 miles from Cashel, County Tipperary.	Charles Bianconi. There were also a series of inns, the Bianconi Inns, some of which still exist; in Piltown, County Kilkenny and Killorglin, County Kerry. These services continued into the 1850s and later, by which time there were a number of railway services in the country. The Bianconi coaches continued to be well-patronised, by offering connections from various termini, one of the first and few examples of an integrated transport system in Ireland. By 1865 Bianconi’s annual income was about £35,000. Later life and death Bianconi died on 22 September 1875 at Longfield House, Boherlahan, County Tipperary. Having donated land to the parish of Boherlahan for the construction of a parish church, Bianconi wished to be buried on the church grounds. He, and his family, are buried in a side chapel, separate from the parish church in Boherlahan, approximately 5 miles from Cashel, County Tipperary.	523751
wiki20220301en020_102363	Charles Bianconi	Family In 1832 Bianconi married Eliza Hayes, the daughter of a wealthy Dublin stockbroker. They had three children - Charles Thomas Bianconi, Catherine Henrietta Bianconi and Mary Anne Bianconi the wife of Morgan John O'Connell and mother of John O'Connell Bianconi. Mary Anne published a biography of her father in 1878 which featurd contributions by the artist Michael Angelo Haynes and the writer Anthony Trollope, who both knew him. References Notes Sources External links Bianconi bio and photos of his native town Timetable 'Bianconi's Royal Mail Day Cars' from Leigh's New Pocket Road-book of Ireland, 1835. 1786 births 1875 deaths Italian emigrants to Ireland 19th-century Irish businesspeople Transport in County Tipperary People from Clonmel Mayors of places in the Republic of Ireland People of Lombard descent	Charles Bianconi. Family In 1832 Bianconi married Eliza Hayes, the daughter of a wealthy Dublin stockbroker. They had three children - Charles Thomas Bianconi, Catherine Henrietta Bianconi and Mary Anne Bianconi the wife of Morgan John O'Connell and mother of John O'Connell Bianconi. Mary Anne published a biography of her father in 1878 which featurd contributions by the artist Michael Angelo Haynes and the writer Anthony Trollope, who both knew him. References Notes Sources External links Bianconi bio and photos of his native town Timetable 'Bianconi's Royal Mail Day Cars' from Leigh's New Pocket Road-book of Ireland, 1835. 1786 births 1875 deaths Italian emigrants to Ireland 19th-century Irish businesspeople Transport in County Tipperary People from Clonmel Mayors of places in the Republic of Ireland People of Lombard descent	523751
wiki20220301en020_102364	Hongcun	Hongcun () is a village in Hongcun Town, Yi County, Huangshan City in the historical Huizhou region of southern Anhui Province, China, near the southwest slope of Mount Huangshan. Together with Xidi, the village became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, because of its exceptional preservation of the architecture and city plan of a rural village in feudal China. Scenes from the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon were filmed on location in Hongcun. History and City Plan Hongcun was established in 1131 by Wang Wen, a general during the Han Dynasty. Like the neighboring Hu family in Xidi, the Wang family became prosperous merchants and the city grew in size from 1400 to about 1900. The architecture and carvings of the approximately 150 residences dating back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties are said to be among the best of their kind in China. One of the biggest of the residences open to visitors, Chenzhi Hall, also contains a small museum.	Hongcun. Hongcun () is a village in Hongcun Town, Yi County, Huangshan City in the historical Huizhou region of southern Anhui Province, China, near the southwest slope of Mount Huangshan. Together with Xidi, the village became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, because of its exceptional preservation of the architecture and city plan of a rural village in feudal China. Scenes from the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon were filmed on location in Hongcun. History and City Plan Hongcun was established in 1131 by Wang Wen, a general during the Han Dynasty. Like the neighboring Hu family in Xidi, the Wang family became prosperous merchants and the city grew in size from 1400 to about 1900. The architecture and carvings of the approximately 150 residences dating back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties are said to be among the best of their kind in China. One of the biggest of the residences open to visitors, Chenzhi Hall, also contains a small museum.	523756
wiki20220301en020_102365	Hongcun	The village is arranged in the shape of an ox with the nearby hill (Leigang Hill) interpreted as the head, and two trees standing on it as the horns. Four bridges across the Jiyin stream can be seen as the legs whilst the houses of the village form the body. Inside the “body”, the Jiyin stream represents the intestines and various lakes such as the “South Lake” (Nanhu) form the other internal organs. A 400-year-old waterway connects each residential household to the two water sources in the town, with most of the streets built alongside them. These streets are paved with original Yi County granite. The usual residences of the town contain a central courtyard surrounded by symmetrical bays of rooms, although there are much larger and more private houses for the weather citizens. Transportation Buses are available from Huangshan Bus Station. There are also buses from Tangkou Bus Station to Hongcun. Tangkou Bus Station is at the foot of Huangshan Scenic Area. References	Hongcun. The village is arranged in the shape of an ox with the nearby hill (Leigang Hill) interpreted as the head, and two trees standing on it as the horns. Four bridges across the Jiyin stream can be seen as the legs whilst the houses of the village form the body. Inside the “body”, the Jiyin stream represents the intestines and various lakes such as the “South Lake” (Nanhu) form the other internal organs. A 400-year-old waterway connects each residential household to the two water sources in the town, with most of the streets built alongside them. These streets are paved with original Yi County granite. The usual residences of the town contain a central courtyard surrounded by symmetrical bays of rooms, although there are much larger and more private houses for the weather citizens. Transportation Buses are available from Huangshan Bus Station. There are also buses from Tangkou Bus Station to Hongcun. Tangkou Bus Station is at the foot of Huangshan Scenic Area. References	523756
wiki20220301en020_102366	Hongcun	Transportation Buses are available from Huangshan Bus Station. There are also buses from Tangkou Bus Station to Hongcun. Tangkou Bus Station is at the foot of Huangshan Scenic Area. References Notable people Wang Daxie External links Hongcun village official website UNESCO site about Xidi and Hongcun article on Xidi and Hongcun at china.com information and pictures of Hongcun World Heritage Sites in China Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Anhui Huangshan City Ming dynasty architecture Qing dynasty architecture Villages in China	Hongcun. Transportation Buses are available from Huangshan Bus Station. There are also buses from Tangkou Bus Station to Hongcun. Tangkou Bus Station is at the foot of Huangshan Scenic Area. References Notable people Wang Daxie External links Hongcun village official website UNESCO site about Xidi and Hongcun article on Xidi and Hongcun at china.com information and pictures of Hongcun World Heritage Sites in China Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Anhui Huangshan City Ming dynasty architecture Qing dynasty architecture Villages in China	523756