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a political philosophy and movement |
sceptical of authority and rejects all involuntary , coercive forms of hierarchy . |
for the abolition of the state , |
to be unnecessary , undesirable , and harmful . |
As a historically left - wing movement , placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum |
alongside communalism and libertarian Marxism as the libertarian wing ( libertarian socialism ) of the socialist movement , and has a strong historical association with anti - capitalism and socialism . |
in societies without formal hierarchies long before the establishment of formal states , realms , or empires . |
With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies |
throughout history |
from the Enlightenment . |
During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century |
in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers ' struggles for emancipation . |
during this period . |
part in several revolutions , most notably in the Paris Commune , the Russian Civil War and the Spanish Civil War , |
the end of the classical era of anarchism . |
In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century |
resurgent once more .
|
a diversity of tactics in order to meet its ideal ends |
into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics ; there is significant overlap between the two , |
merely descriptive . |
to bring down authority and state , having taken a violent turn in the past , |
to prefigure what |
like . |
a part in diverse areas of human society . |
internally inconsistent , violent , or utopian . |
Etymology , terminology , and definition
|
from the Ancient Greek anarkhia , meaning " without a ruler " , composed of the prefix an- ( " without " ) and the word arkhos ( " leader " or " ruler " ) . |
the ideological current |
anarchy . |
in English from 1642 as anarchisme and anarchy from 1539 |
a sense of disorder . |
their opponents as anarchists , |
many views with later anarchists . |
to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation but did not use anarchist or anarchism in describing themselves or their beliefs . |
Pierre - Joseph Proudhon ( 1809–1865 ) , marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-19th century . |
Since the 1890s and beginning in France |
as a synonym for anarchism and |
still common outside the United States . |
to individualistic free - market philosophy only , and free - |
libertarian anarchism .
|
largely synonymous with anarchism |
with wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups , including both the New Left and libertarian Marxists , |
themselves with authoritarian socialists or a vanguard party , and extreme cultural liberals , |
primarily concerned with civil liberties . |
libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism 's negative connotations and emphasise its connections with socialism . |
to describe the anti - authoritarian wing of the socialist movement . |
to socialist forms |
state - oriented or from above . |
anarchism 's socialist credentials and criticise attempts at creating dichotomies between the two . |
anarchism as having many influences from liberalism , and being both liberals and socialists but more so , |
anarcho - capitalism as a misunderstanding of anarchist principles .
|
central to anarchist thought |
an easy task for scholars , as there is a lot of discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter , and |
anarchism slightly differently . |
the will for a non - coercive society , the rejection of the state apparatus , the belief |
in or progress toward such a non - coercive society , and a suggestion on how to act to pursue the ideal of anarchy . |
History
Pre - modern era
Before the establishment of towns and cities |
after the creation of institutions of authority |
as a reaction . |
in China and Greece . |
In China |
by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi . |
Alongside Stoicism |
to have had " significant anticipations " of anarchism . |
by tragedians and philosophers in Greece . |
the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between rules set by the state and personal autonomy . |
Athenian authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual freedom of conscience . |
human law ( nomos ) and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature ( physis ) . |
supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state . |
In medieval Europe , there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements . |
birth to religious anarchism . |
In the Sasanian Empire |
for an egalitarian society and the abolition of monarchy , only to be soon executed by Emperor Kavad I.
In Basra |
against the state . |
In Europe |
anti - state and libertarian tendencies . |
elements of anti - authoritarian secularism , particularly in France . |
the ideological development of |
the era of classical anarchism . |
Modern era
During the French Revolution |
a turning point in the fermentation of anti - state and federalist sentiments . |
throughout the 18th century |
philosophical anarchism in England , morally delegitimising the state , Max |
the way to individualism and Pierre - Joseph |
fertile soil in France . |
By the late 1870s |
well - defined and |
from 1880 to 1914 . |
until the end of the Spanish Civil War and is considered the golden age of anarchism . |
Drawing from mutualism |
collectivist anarchism and entered the International Workingmen 's Association , a class worker union later known as the First International |
in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents . |
a significant political force , with |
a leading figure and a member of its General Council . |
state socialism , advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings . |
After bitter disputes |
from the International by the Marxists at the 1872 Hague Congress . |
similarly in the Second International , being ultimately expelled in 1896 . |
power by Marx 's terms |
up the new tyrants of workers . |
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