编写你的第一段 JavaScript 代码
JavaScript

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> JavaScript 是为 Web 而生的，但它可以做的事远不止于此。本文将带领你了解它的基础知识，然后你可以下载我们的备忘清单，以便随时掌握详细信息。
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![](/data/attachment/album/202206/21/114718zzb8f6na6lgb28cn.jpg)


JavaScript 是一种充满惊喜的编程语言。许多人第一次遇到 JavaScript 时，它通常是作为一种 Web 语言出现的。所有主流浏览器都有一个 JavaScript 引擎；并且，还有一些流行的框架，如 JQuery、Cash 和 Bootstrap 等，它们可以帮助简化网页设计；甚至还有用 JavaScript 编写的编程环境。它似乎在互联网上无处不在，但事实证明，它对于 [Electron](https://www.electronjs.org/) 等项目来说也是一种有用的语言。Electron 是一个构建跨平台桌面应用程序的开源工具包，它使用的语言就是 JavaScript。


JavaScript 语言的用途多到令人惊讶，它拥有各种各样的库，而不仅仅是用于制作网站。它的基础知识十分容易掌握，因此，它可以作为一个起点，助你跨出构建你想象中的东西的第一步。


### 安装 JavaScript


随着你的 JavaScript 水平不断提高，你可能会发现自己需要高级的 JavaScript 库和运行时环境。不过，刚开始学习的时候，你是根本不需要安装 JavaScript 环境的。因为所有主流的 Web 浏览器都包含一个 JavaScript 引擎来运行代码。你可以使用自己喜欢的文本编辑器编写 JavaScript，将其加载到 Web 浏览器中，接着你就能看到代码的作用。


### 上手 JavaScript


要编写你的第一个 JavaScript 代码，请打开你喜欢的文本编辑器，例如 [Atom](https://opensource.com/article/20/12/atom) 或 [VSCode](https://opensource.com/article/20/6/open-source-alternatives-vs-code) 等。因为它是为 Web 开发的，所以 JavaScript 可以很好地与 HTML 配合使用。因此，我们先来尝试一些基本的 HTML：



```
<html>
  <head>
    <title>JS</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p id="example">Nothing here.</p>
  </body>
</html>

```

保存这个文件，然后在 Web 浏览器中打开它。


![浏览器中显示的 HTML](/data/attachment/album/202206/21/114742uiz803wp5j03kk0p.jpg)


要将 JavaScript 添加到这个简单的 HTML 页面，你可以创建一个 JavaScript 文件并在页面的 `<head>` 中引用它，或者只需使用 `<script>` 标记将 JavaScript 代码嵌入 HTML 中。在这个例子中，我嵌入了下面的代码：



```
<html>
  <head>
    <title>JS</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p id="example">Nothing here.</p>

    <script>
      let myvariable = "Hello world!";

      document.getElementById("example").innerHTML = myvariable;
    </script>

  </body>
</html>

```

在浏览器中重新加载页面。


![在浏览器中显示带有 JavaScript 的 HTML](/data/attachment/album/202206/21/114742ljiemtftehwmhmjh.jpg)


如你所见，`<p>` 标签仍然包含字符串 `"Nothing here"`，但是当它被渲染时，JavaScript 会改变它，使其包含 `"Hello world"`。是的，JavaScript 具有重建​​（或只是帮助构建）网页的能力。


这个简单脚本中的 JavaScript 做了两件事。首先，它创建一个名为 `myvariable` 的变量，并将字符串 `"Hello world!"` 放置其中。然后，它会在当前文档（浏览器呈现的网页）中搜索 ID 为 `example` 的所有 HTML 元素。当它找到 `example` 时，它使用了 `innerHTML` 属性将 HTML 元素的内容替换为 `myvariable` 的内容。


当然，我们也可以不用自定义变量。因为，使用动态创建的内容来填充 HTML 元素也是容易的。例如，你可以使用当前时间戳来填充它：



```
<html>
  <head>
    <title>JS</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p id="example">Date and time appears here.</p>

    <script>
      document.getElementById("example").innerHTML = Date();
    </script>
    
  </body>
</html>

```

重新加载页面，你就可以看到在呈现页面时生成的时间戳。再重新加载几次，你可以观察到秒数会不断增加。


### JavaScript 语法


在编程中，<ruby> 语法 <rt>  syntax </rt></ruby> 指的是如何编写句子（或“行”）的规则。在 JavaScript 中，每行代码必须以分号（`;`）结尾，以便运行代码的 JavaScript 引擎知道何时停止阅读。（LCTT 译注：从实用角度看，此处的“必须”其实是不正确的，大多数 JS 引擎都支持不加分号。Vue.js 的作者尤雨溪认为“没有应该不应该，只有你自己喜欢不喜欢”，他同时表示，“Vue.js 的代码全部不带分号”。详情可以查看他在知乎上对于此问题的 [回答](https://www.zhihu.com/question/20298345/answer/49551142)。）


单词（或 <ruby> 字符串 <rt>  strings </rt></ruby>）必须用引号（`"`）括起来，而数字（或 <ruby> 整数 <rt>  integers </rt></ruby>）则不用。


几乎所有其他东西都是 JavaScript 语言的约定，例如变量、数组、条件语句、对象、函数等等。


### 在 JavaScript 中创建变量


变量是数据的容器。你可以将变量视为一个盒子，你在其中放置数据，以便与程序的其他部分共享它。要在 JavaScript 中创建变量，你可以选用关键字 `let` 和 `var` 中的一个，请根据你打算如何使用变量来选择：`var` 关键字用于创建一个供整个程序使用的变量，而 `let` 只为特定目的创建变量，通常在函数或循环的内部使用。（LCTT 译注：还有 `const` 关键字，它用于创建一个常量。）


JavaScript 内置的 `typeof` 函数可以帮助你识别变量包含的数据的类型。使用第一个示例，你可以修改显示文本，来显示 `myvariable` 包含的数据的类型：



```
<string>
let myvariable = "Hello world!";
document.getElementById("example").innerHTML = typeof(myvariable);
</string>

```

接着，你就会发现 Web 浏览器中显示出 “string” 字样，因为该变量包含的数据是 `"Hello world!"`。在 `myvariable` 中存储不同类型的数据（例如整数），浏览器就会把不同的数据类型打印到示例网页上。尝试将 `myvariable` 的内容更改为你喜欢的数字，然后重新加载页面。


### 在 JavaScript 中创建函数


编程中的函数是独立的数据处理器。正是它们使编程得以 *模块化*。因为函数的存在，程序员可以编写通用库，例如​​，调整图像大小或统计时间花费的库，以供其他和你一样的程序员在他们的代码中使用。


要创建一个函数，你可以为函数提供一个自定义名称，后面跟着用大括号括起来的、任意数量的代码。


下面是一个简单的网页，其中包含了一个剪裁过的图像，还有一个分析图像并返回真实图像尺寸的按钮。在这个示例代码中，`<button>` 这个 HTML 元素使用了 JavaScript 的内置函数 `onclick` 来检测用户交互，它会触发一个名为 `get_size` 的自定义函数。具体代码如下：



```
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Imager</title>
  </head>
  <body>

    <div>
      <button onclick="get_size(document.getElementById('myimg'))">
        Get image size
    </button>
    </div>
    
    <div>
      <img style="width: 15%" id="myimg" src="penguin.png" />
    </div>
   
    <script>
      function get_size(i) {
        let w = i.naturalWidth;
        let h = i.naturalHeight;
        alert(w + " by " + h);
      }
    </script>
    
  </body>
</html>

```

保存这个文件，并将其加载到 Web 浏览器中以尝试这段代码。


![自定义的 get_size 函数返回了图像尺寸](/data/attachment/album/202206/21/114743lren070e7icmn21v.jpg)


### 使用 JavaScript 的跨平台应用程序


你可以从代码示例中看到，JavaScript 和 HTML 紧密协作，从而创建了有凝聚力的用户体验。这是 JavaScript 的一大优势。当你使用 JavaScript 编写代码时，你继承了现代计算中最常见的用户界面之一，而它与平台无关，那就是 Web 浏览器。你的代码本质上是跨平台的，因此你的应用程序，无论是简单的图像大小分析器还是复杂的图像编辑器、视频游戏，或者你梦想的任何其他东西，都可以被所有人使用，无论是通过 Web 浏览器，还是桌面（如果你同时提供了一个 Electron 应用）。


学习 JavaScript 既简单又有趣。网络上有很多网站提供了相关教程，还有超过一百万个 JavaScript 库可帮助你与设备、外围设备、物联网、服务器、文件系统等进行交互。在你学习的过程中，请将我们的 [JavaScript 备忘单](https://opensource.com/downloads/javascript-cheat-sheet) 放在身边，以便记住语法和结构的细节。



> 
> **[JavaScript 备忘单](https://opensource.com/downloads/javascript-cheat-sheet)**
> 
> 
> 




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via: <https://opensource.com/article/21/7/javascript-cheat-sheet>


作者：[Seth Kenlon](https://opensource.com/users/seth) 选题：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed) 译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)


本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出


OK
JavaScript is a programming language full of pleasant surprises. Many people first encounter JavaScript as a language for the web. There's a JavaScript engine in all the major browsers, there are popular frameworks such as JQuery, Cash, and Bootstrap to help make web design easier, and there are even programming environments written in JavaScript. It seems to be everywhere on the internet, but it turns out that it's also a useful language for projects like [Electron](https://www.electronjs.org/), an open source toolkit for building cross-platform desktop apps with JavaScript.

JavaScript is a surprisingly multipurpose language with a wide assortment of libraries for much more than just making websites. Learning the basics of the language is easy, and it's a gateway to building whatever you imagine.

## Install JavaScript


As you progress with JavaScript, you may find yourself wanting advanced JavaScript libraries and runtimes. When you're just starting, though, you don't have to install JavaScript at all. All major web browsers include a JavaScript engine to run the code. You can write JavaScript using your favorite text editor, load it into your web browser, and see what your code does.

## Get started with JavaScript

To write your first JavaScript code, open your favorite text editor, such as [Notepad++](https://opensource.com/article/16/12/notepad-text-editor), [Atom](https://opensource.com/article/20/12/atom), or [VSCode](https://opensource.com/article/20/6/open-source-alternatives-vs-code). Because it was developed for the web, JavaScript works well with HTML, so first, just try some basic HTML:

```
<html>
<head>
<title>JS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p id="example">Nothing here.</p>
</body>
</html>
```


Save the file, and then open it in a web browser.

![HTML displayed in browser HTML displayed in browser](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/pictures/plain-html.jpg)

(Seth Kenlon, CC BY-SA 4.0)

To add JavaScript to this simple HTML page, you can either create a JavaScript file and refer to it in the page's `head`

or just embed your JavaScript code in the HTML using the `<script>`

tag. In this example, I embed the code:

```
<html>
<head>
<title>JS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p id="example">Nothing here.</p>
<script>
let myvariable = "Hello world!";
document.getElementById("example").innerHTML = myvariable;
</script>
</body>
</html>
```


Reload the page in your browser.

![HTML with JavaScript displayed in browser HTML with JavaScript displayed in browser](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/html-javascript.jpg)

(Seth Kenlon, CC BY-SA 4.0)

As you can see, the `<p>`

tag as written still contains the string "Nothing here," but when it's rendered, JavaScript alters it so that it contains "Hello world" instead. Yes, JavaScript has the power to rebuild (or just help build) a webpage.

The JavaScript in this simple script does two things. First, it creates a variable called `myvariable`

and places the string "Hello world!" into it. Finally, it searches the current document (the web page as the browser is rendering it) for any HTML element with the ID `example`

. When it locates `example`

, it uses the `innerHTML`

function to replace the contents of the HTML element with the contents of `myvariable`

.

Of course, using a custom variable isn't necessary. It's just as easy to populate the HTML element with something being dynamically created. For instance, you could populate it with a timestamp:

```
<html>
<head>
<title>JS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p id="example">Date and time appears here.</p>
<script>
document.getElementById("example").innerHTML = Date();
</script>
</body>
</html>
```


Reload the page to see a timestamp generated at the moment the page is rendered. Reload a few times to watch the seconds increment.

## JavaScript syntax

In programming, **syntax** refers to the rules of how sentences (or "lines") are written. In JavaScript, each line of code must end in a semicolon (`;`

) so that the JavaScript engine running your code understands when to stop reading.

Words (or "strings") must be enclosed in quotation marks (`"`

), while numbers (or "integers") go without.

Almost everything else is a convention of the JavaScript language, such as variables, arrays, conditional statements, objects, functions, and so on.

## Creating variables in JavaScript

Variables are containers for data. You can think of a variable as a box where you can put data to share with your program. Creating a variable in JavaScript is done with two keywords you choose based on how you intend to use the variable: `let`

and `var`

. The `var`

keyword denotes a variable intended for your entire program to use, while `let`

creates variables for specific purposes, usually inside functions or loops.

JavaScript's built-in `typeof`

function can help you identify what kind of data a variable contains. Using the first example, you can find out what kind of data `myvariable`

contains by modifying the displayed text to:

```
<string>
let myvariable = "Hello world!";
document.getElementById("example").innerHTML = typeof(myvariable);
</string>
```


This renders "string" in your web browser because the variable contains "Hello world!" Storing different kinds of data (such as an integer) in `myvariable`

would cause a different data type to be printed to your sample web page. Try changing the contents of `myvariable`

to your favorite number and then reloading the page.

## Creating functions in JavaScript

Functions in programming are self-contained data processors. They're what makes programming *modular*. It's because functions exist that programmers can write generic libraries that, for instance, resize images or keep track of the passage of time for other programmers (like you) to use in their own code.

You create a function by providing a custom name for your function followed by any amount of code enclosed within braces.

Here's a simple web page featuring a resized image and a button that analyzes the image and returns the true image dimensions. In this example code, the `<button>`

HTML element uses the built-in JavaScript function `onclick`

to detect user interaction, which triggers a custom function called `get_size`

:

```
<html>
<head>
<title>Imager</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<button onclick="get_size(document.getElementById('myimg'))">
Get image size
</button>
</div>
<div>
<img style="width: 15%" id="myimg" src="https://opensource.com/penguin.png" />
</div>
<script>
function get_size(i) {
let w = i.naturalWidth;
let h = i.naturalHeight;
alert(w + " by " + h);
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
```


Save the file and load it into your web browser to try the code.

![Custom get_size function returns image dimensions Custom get_size function returns image dimensions](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/get-size.jpg)

(Seth Kenlon, CC BY-SA 4.0)

## Cross-platform apps with JavaScript

You can see from the code sample how JavaScript and HTML work closely together to create a cohesive user experience. This is one of the great strengths of JavaScript. When you write code in JavaScript, you inherit one of the most common user interfaces of modern computing regardless of platform: the web browser. Your code is cross-platform by nature, so your application, whether it's just a humble image size analyzer or a complex image editor, video game, or whatever else you dream up, can be used by everyone with a web browser (or a desktop, if you deliver an Electron app).

Learning JavaScript is easy and fun. There are lots of websites with tutorials available. There are also over a million JavaScript libraries to help you interface with devices, peripherals, the Internet of Things, servers, file systems, and lots more. And as you're learning, keep our [ JavaScript cheat sheet](https://opensource.com/downloads/javascript-cheat-sheet) close by so you remember the fine details of syntax and structure.

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