如何使用 Bash history 命令
history 历史

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> Bash 的 history 命令在它提供的功能数量上超过了所有其他 Linux Shell 历史接口。
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![](/data/attachment/album/202006/24/101620c0uj0dgg0buo9nib.jpg)


Bash 有丰富的历史。也就是说，它是一个古老的的 shell，还有一个更古老的 Shell （Bourne shell）的前辈，但是它还有一个很棒的 `history` 命令，它提供的功能数量超过了所有其他 shell 的历史接口。 [Bash](https://opensource.com/resources/what-bash) 版本的 `history` 可进行反向搜索、快速调用、重写历史记录等。


`history` 命令与许多其他命令不同。你可能习惯于将命令作为可执行文件放在常见的系统级位置，例如 `/usr/bin`、`/usr/local/bin` 或者 `~/bin`。 内置的 `history` 命令不在你的 `PATH` 中并且没有物理位置：



```
$ which history

which: no history in [PATH]

```

相反，`history` 是 shell 本身的内置函数：



```
$ type history
history is a shell builtin
$ help history
history: history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or
history -anrw [filename] or
history -ps arg [arg...]

Display or manipulate the history list.
[...]

```

出于这个原因，每个 shell 中的历史功能都是独特的，因此你在 Bash 中使用的功能可能无法在 Tcsh 或 Fish 或 Dash 中使用，而在这些 shell 中使用的功能可能也无法在 Bash 中使用。在某些情况下，了解 Bash 可以做什么可能会激发其他 shell 的用户创建有趣的改造来复制 Bash 行为，并且可能会解锁你从未知道的 Bash 功能。


### 查看你的 Bash 历史


`history` 命令最基本、最频繁的用法是查看 shell 会话的历史记录：



```
$ echo "hello"
hello
$ echo "world"
world
$ history
  1  echo "hello"
  2  echo "world"
  3  history

```

### 事件指示器


<ruby> 事件指示器 <rt>  Event designator </rt></ruby>按事件搜索你的历史记录。在这里，“事件”是指记录在历史中的命令，以换行符划定。换句话说，一行一个事件，以索引号来标记。


事件指示器大多以感叹号开头，有时也称为 “bang”（`!`）。


要从你的历史记录中重新运行命令，请使用感叹号，之后紧跟（之间没有空格）所需命令的索引号。例如，假设第 1 行包含命令 `echo "hello"`，你想要想再次运行它：



```
$ !1
echo "hello"
hello

```

你可以使用相对定位，提供基于你历史中当前位置向后的负数行号。例如，返回到历史中倒数第三个条目：



```
$ echo "foo"
foo
$ echo "bar"
bar
$ echo "baz"
baz
$ !-3
echo "foo"
foo

```

如果只想回去一行，那么可以使用速记 `!!` 代替 `!-1`。这节省了按键时间！



```
$ echo "foo"
$ !!
echo "foo"
foo

```

### 字符串搜索


你也可以对条目搜索特定的字符串，反过来搜索要运行命令。要搜索以指定字符串*开始*的命令，请使用感叹号，之后紧跟（没有空格）要搜索的字符串：



```
$ echo "foo"
$ true
$ false
$ !echo
echo "foo"
foo

```

你还可以在任意位置（不仅是开头）搜索包含该字符串的命令。为此，请像之前一样使用 `!` 加上要搜索的字符串，但在字符串的两端都用问号（`?`）围绕起来。如果你知道该字符串后紧跟一个换行符，那么可以省略最后的问号（就是在按*回车*之前输入的最后字符）：



```
$ echo "foo"
$ true
$ false
$ !?foo?
echo "foo"
foo

```

### 字符串替换


类似于在行首搜索字符串，你可以搜索字符串并用新字符串替换它，以更改命令：



```
$ echo "hello"
hello
$ echo "world"
world
$ ^hello^foo
echo "foo"
foo

```

### 让 history 有用


在 Bash 中，`history` 命令的功能远远超过此处介绍的内容，但这是一个很好的开始, 可以让你习惯使用你的历史记录, 而不是仅仅把它当作一个参考。经常使用 `history` 命令，并试试无需输入命令即可执行的操作。你可能会感到惊讶！




---


via: <https://opensource.com/article/20/6/bash-history-commands>


作者：[Seth Kenlon](https://opensource.com/users/seth) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)


本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出


OK
Bash has a rich history. That is, it's an old shell with an even older ancestor (the Bourne shell), but it also has a great `history`

command that surpasses all other shell history interfaces based on its number of features. The [Bash](https://opensource.com/resources/what-bash) version of `history`

allows for reverse searches, quick recall, rewriting history, and more.

The `history`

command isn't like many other commands. You might be used to commands being executable files placed in common system-level locations like `/usr/bin`

, `/usr/local/bin`

, or `~/bin`

. The built-in `history`

command isn't in your `PATH`

and has no physical location:

```
$ which history
which: no history in [PATH]
```


Instead, `history`

is a built-in function of the shell itself:

```
$ type history
history is a shell builtin
$ help history
history: history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or
history -anrw [filename] or
history -ps arg [arg...]
Display or manipulate the history list.
[...]
```


For that reason, the history function in each shell is unique, so what you use in Bash may not work in Tcsh or Fish or Dash, and what you use in those may not work in Bash. In some cases, knowing what Bash can do may inspire users of other shells to create interesting hacks to clone Bash behavior, and it may unlock Bash features that you never knew existed.

## View your Bash history

The most basic and frequent use of the `history`

command is to view a history of your shell session:

```
$ echo "hello"
hello
$ echo "world"
world
$ history
1 echo "hello"
2 echo "world"
3 history
```


## Event designators


Event designators search through your history by event. An *event* in this context is a command logged in your history, delineated by a newline character. In other words, it's one line, marked by an index number for reference.

Event designators mostly start with an exclamation point, sometimes also called a *bang* (`!`

).

To rerun a command from your history, use the exclamation point followed immediately (no spaces) by the index number of the command you want. For instance, assume line 1 contains the command `echo "hello"`

, and you want to run it again:

```
$ !1
echo "hello"
hello
```


You can use relative positioning by providing a negative number of lines back from your current position in history. For example, to go back three entries in history:

```
$ echo "foo"
foo
$ echo "bar"
bar
$ echo "baz"
baz
$ !-3
echo "foo"
foo
```


If you're just going back one line, you can use the shorthand `!!`

instead of `!-1`

. That's a savings of one whole keystroke!

```
$ echo "foo"
$ !!
echo "foo"
foo
```


## String search

You can also search for a specific string through the entries, in reverse, for a command to run. To search for a command *starting* with a specific string, use an exclamation point followed immediately (no space) by the string you want to search for:

```
$ echo "foo"
$ true
$ false
$ !echo
echo "foo"
foo
```


You can also search for a command containing a string in any position (not just at the start). To do that, use `!`

plus the string you're searching for, as usual, but surround the string with question marks on either end. You may omit the trailing question mark if you know that the string is immediately followed by a newline character (meaning it's the last thing you typed before you pressed **Return**):

```
$ echo "foo"
$ true
$ false
$ !?foo?
echo "foo"
foo
```


## String substitution

Similar to searching for strings at the start of a line, you can search for a string and replace it with a new string, changing the command:

```
$ echo "hello"
hello
$ echo "world"
world
$ ^hello^foo
echo "foo"
foo
```


## Make history useful

In Bash, the history command is capable of much more than what's been covered here, but this is a good start for getting used to *using* your history instead of just treating it as a reference. Use the `history`

command often, and see how much you can do without having to type commands. You might surprise yourself!

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