给 Linux 初学者的 7 条建议
初学者

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> 我们咨询了我们社区作者们，分享了他们的初学经验。
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![](/data/attachment/album/202206/15/143733yhdrxhbnhojbxn2a.jpg)


对 Linux 的新用户有什么建议？我们请社区的作者们分享了他们初学时的最佳经验。


### 1、用好 Linux 资源


我哥们儿告诉我，Linux 就像一个“软件积木搭建套装”（这是一个过时的词汇，指的是上世纪五六十年代流行的建筑积木玩具），这个比喻比较恰当。在 2001、2002 年那时，我曾经利用 Windows 3.1 和 Windows NT，尝试搭建一个安全、有用的 K12 学区网站，当时网上可用的资料不多。其中被推荐的《ROOT 用户指南》是一本“大部头”专业教程，信息丰富，但是有一定上手难度。


于我而言，Mandrake Linux 的线上课程是最有用的资源。该课程对使用和管理 Linux 桌面或服务器进行了详细的解读。我学习了该课程，并同时利用红帽公司维护的一个邮件列表服务，有问题时就在社区提问寻求帮助。


—— [Don Watkins](https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins)


### 2、在 Linux 社区寻求帮助


我的建议是要多问，你可以从网上搜索信息开始，看看其他人类似的问题（甚至是更好的提问）。问什么和如何问，需要花一定时间熟悉。


一旦你对 Linux 更加熟悉了，查看你感兴趣的各种相关论坛，在提问前，先看看是否有人已经提过相同问题，并获得了答案。


加入邮件列表也很有用，最后你会发现自己也能专业地答复提问。正如他们说的，通过回答他人的问题也会学到更多知识。


同时，你会越来越熟悉这个操作系统内部运行机制，再也不是初学时的一无所知。


—— [Greg Pittman](https://opensource.com/users/greg-p)


我的建议是利用 `man`、`info` 等帮助命令获取信息。另外，尽可能花时间熟悉命令行界面，且真正理解 UNIX 的设计理念。事实上，我最喜欢的书之一就是一本 80 年代的 UNIX 书籍，对理解文件、目录、设备、基础命令等非常有帮助。


—— [Alan Formy-Duval](https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss)


我最好的建议是充分相信社区的答复、手册页的详细信息、介绍不同选项的 HOW-TO 文档。不管怎么说，我是在 2009 年左右开始学习的，当时有很多可用的工具和资源。有一个叫 “Linux from Scratch（LFS）”的项目 —— 从源码开始创建 Linux 系统，在这个项目我学会了很多内部原理知识，以及如何创建一个 LFS 镜像。


—— [Sumantro Mukherjee](https://opensource.com/users/sumantro)


我的建议是泛读。利用像 “Ask Fedora”、“Fedora Matrix chat” 等论坛，阅读他人的经验观点，并且尝试实践。我通过阅读他人的网上争论学习到很多东西，然后我会尝试找出问题的原因。


—— [Steve Morris](https://opensource.com/users/smorris12)


### 3、安装双操作系统


我在 90 年代末就开始安装双操作系统（Windows 和 Linux），虽然我真正想使用的是 Linux 操作系统，但我最终还是启动了 Windows 系统，以便在熟悉的桌面环境中工作。最好的建议之一是改变计算机系统启动顺序，所以每次我都反应不够快，自动进入了 Linux 系统。: )


—— [Heike Jurzik](https://opensource.com/users/hej)


我的团队里的一个人挑战我，要做一个知识交换。


他是我们的 Linux 系统管理员，利用 Joomla 搭建了一个网站（我们的 Web 团队擅长这个，他想学习更多知识），而我则安装了 Linux（以前一直是用 Windows）。我们一开始就用了双启动，因为我还有一堆依赖于操作系统的软件需要用于业务，但这让我对 Linux 的使用有了一个飞跃。


在我们各自学习新系统时，对方作为专家来互相帮助有助于共同成长，“一个都不能少！”，坚持不懈是一个很大的挑战。


我经历一个相当尴尬的低级错误后，在显示器上贴了一个大便签，上面写着“在使用任何 `rm` 操作前，首先要思考一下”。管理员给我写了一个命令行大全（网上有很多类似的），对于熟悉基础操作非常有用。我开始使用 Ubuntu 的 KDE 桌面环境时，发现对习惯于使用图形界面的初学者很有帮助。


从那以后我就开始长期使用 Linux（除了我的工作计算机），而那位管理员仍然在用 Joomla，看起来我俩都得到了成长。


—— [Ruth Cheesley](https://opensource.com/users/rcheesley)


### 4、为了安全请先备份


我的建议是使用一个带有简单且强大的备份软件的发行版。Linux 新用户会创建、编辑、破坏和恢复系统配置。当操作系统无法启动、丢失数据时，会让他们非常沮丧。


有了备份软件，他们的数据就有了保障。


我们都喜爱 Linux，因为它能让我们自由飞翔，但这是“双刃剑”，使用不当也有可能发生非常严重的错误。


—— [Giuseppe Cassibba](https://opensource.com/users/peppe8o)


### 5、分享你的 Linux 经验


我的建议是分享你的 Linux 使用经验。我曾经认为有一些发行版更适合新用户，所以当他们咨询使用 Linux 时，我总是推荐这些为“新用户准备的”发行版。但是当我坐在他们的计算机前，看起来却像是我从未用过 Linux 一样，因为一些新功能我也不熟悉。现在当有人咨询时，我会推荐自己使用的发行版，虽说这不一定是初学者的“最佳”版本，但毕竟我熟悉，他们遇到的问题我能够快速解决（当然我自己也会在分享中学到新东西）。


—— [Seth Kenlon](https://opensource.com/users/seth)


以前有句俗话叫“不要随便使用杂志封面上宣传的发行版，使用你朋友都在用的，当你遇到问题时才能更好地需求帮助”。将关键词“杂志封面”替换为“互联网”，这句话依然有效 : -) 。我从未听从过这个建议，因为我是方圆五十公里内唯一使用 Linux 的人，周围的人都在用 FreeBSD、IRIX、Solaris 和 Windows 3.11 等操作系统，最后，我就是那个被人们寻求 Linux 帮助的人。


—— [Peter Czanik](https://opensource.com/users/czanik)


### 6、坚持学习 Linux


在到 Red Hat 工作前，我是一名分销商合作伙伴，我有几个提供旅行护士的家庭健康代理机构客户，他们使用了一个叫“Carefacts”的软件包，最初用于 DOS，在旅行笔记本电脑和中心数据库同步中总是出错。


早期我听到的最好建议是认真研究一下开源运动。开源在 2022 年是主流思想，但在一代人以前，从 Red Hat 的零售商购买 Linux 安装光盘是带有革命性的创新行为。开源打破了常规，我认为要客观看待开源，但确实惊叹到了相当一部分人。


我的公司在 20 世纪 90 年代中期搭建了第一个客户防火墙，那是基于 Windows NT 和 Altavista 的一个产品，但是经常发生错误崩溃。我们自己又搭建了一个基于 Linux 的防火墙，再也没有出问题了。因此，我们用 Linux 替换了客户的那套 Altavista 系统，稳定地运行了多年。我们在 1999 年底搭建了另一个客户防火墙，当时我花三周读完了一本关书，介绍了数据包过滤和 ipchains 的正确使用，当我完成时感觉超赞，它解决了所有问题。在接下来的 15 年，我搭建安装了数百个防火墙系统，主要采用 iptables 技术，有些利用桥接或 ARP 代理以及 QOS 保障视频会议传输，有些利用 IPSEC 和 OpenVPN 隧道。我靠管理个人防火墙和一些双机热备系统赚取生活费，非常不错，而以前都是用的 Windows 系统。我甚至还建了一些虚拟防火墙。


但是技术在高速发展，2022 年，iptables 已过时，我以前的防火墙技术也成了美好的回忆。


目前的经验之谈？永远不要停止探索。


—— [Greg Scott](https://opensource.com/users/greg-scott)


### 7、享受过程


耐心点，Linux 和之前你熟悉的操作系统不太相同，准备拥抱一个充满无限可能的新世界，尽情享受吧。


—— [Alex Callejas](https://opensource.com/users/darkaxl)




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via: <https://opensource.com/article/22/5/linux-advice-beginners>


作者：[Opensource.com](https://opensource.com/users/admin) 选题：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed) 译者：[lightchaserhy](https://github.com/lightchaserhy) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)


本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出


OK
What advice would you give a new Linux user? We asked our community of writers to share their favorite Linux advice.

## 1. Use Linux resources

My brother told me that Linux was like a "software erector set" (that's a dated reference to the old Erector sets that could be purchased in the 1950s and 1960s) which was a helpful metaphor. I was using Windows 3.1 and Windows NT at the time and was trying to build a useful and safe K-12 school district website. This was in 2001 and 2002 and there were very few texts or resources on the web that were helpful. One of the resources recommended was the "Root Users Guide," a very large book that had lots of printed information in it but was tough to decipher and know just how to proceed.

One of the most useful resources for me was an online course that Mandrake Linux maintained. It was a step-by-step explanation of the nuances of using and administering a Linux computer or server. I used that along with a listserv that Red Hat maintained in those days, where you could pose questions and get answers.


## 2. Ask the Linux community for help

My advice is to ask questions, in all of their settings. You can start out with an Internet search, looking for others who have had the same or similar questions (maybe even better questions.) It takes a while to know what to ask and how to ask it.

Once you become more familiar with Linux, check through the various forums out there, to find one or more that you like, and again, before you ask something yourself, look to see if someone else has already had the question and had it answered.

Getting involved in a mail list is also helpful, and eventually, you may find yourself knowledgeable enough to answer some questions yourself. As they say, you learn the most about something by becoming able to answer someone else's questions about it.

Meanwhile, you also become more familiar with using a system that's not a black box that you never understand how something is done except by paying for it.

My advice is to get familiar with help utilities such as man and info. Also, spend as much time as possible at the command line interface and really get used to the fundamental UNIX design. As a matter of fact, one of my favorite books is a UNIX book from the 80s because it really helps in understanding files, directories, devices, basic commands, and more.

The best advice I got was to trust the community with answers and manual pages for detailed information and "how-to" use different options. However, I started off around 2009-ish, there were a lot of tools and resources available, including a project called [Linux from Scratch (LFS)](https://linuxfromscratch.org/). This project really taught me a lot about the internals and how to actually build an LFS image.

My advice is to read. Using places like [Ask Fedora](https://ask.fedoraproject.org) or the Fedora Matrix chat or other forum type areas. Just read what others are saying, and trying to fix. I learned a lot from just reading what others were struggling with, and then I would try to figure out how the issue was caused.

## 3. Try dual booting

I started with a dual-boot system in the late 90s (Windows and Linux), and while I wanted to really use Linux, I ended up booting Windows to work in my familiar desktop environment. One of the best pieces of advice was to change the boot order, so every time I wasn't quick enough, I ended up using Linux. ;)

I was challenged by one of my team to do a knowledge swap.

He (our Linux sysadmin) built his website in **Joomla!** (which our web team specialized in, and he wanted to know more about) and I adopted Linux (having been Windows only to that point.) We dual booted to start with, as I still had a bunch of OS-dependent software I needed to use for the business, but it jump-started my adoption of Linux.

It was really helpful to have each other as an expert to call on while we were each learning our way into the new systems, and quite a challenge to keep going and not give up because he hadn't!

I did have a big sticky note on my monitor saying "anything with `rm`

in the command, ask first" after a rather embarrassing blunder early on. He wrote a command-line cheat sheet (there are dozens [online now](https://opensource.com/downloads/linux-common-commands-cheat-sheet)) for me, which really helped me get familiar with the basics. I also started with the [KDE version](https://opensource.com/article/22/2/why-i-love-linux-kde) of Ubuntu, which I found really helpful as a novice used to working with a GUI.

I've used Linux ever since (aside from my work computer) and he's still on Joomla, so it seemed to work for both of us!

## 4. Back it up for safety

My advice is to use a distro with an easy and powerful backup app. A new Linux user will touch, edit, destroy and restore configurations. They probably will reach a time when their OS will not boot and losing data is frustrating.

With a backup app, they're always sure that their data is safe.

We all love Linux because it allows us to edit everything, but the dark side of this is that making fatal errors is always an option.

## 5. Share the Linux you know and use

My advice is to share the Linux you use. I used to believe the hype that there were distributions that were "better" for new users, so when someone asked me to help them with Linux, I'd show them the distro "for new users." Invariably, this resulted in me sitting in front of their computer looking like I had never seen Linux before myself, because something would be just unfamiliar enough to confuse me. Now when someone asks about Linux, I show them how to use what I use. It may not be branded as the "best" Linux for beginners, but it's the distro I know best, so when their problems become mine, I'm able to help solve them (and sometimes I learn something new, myself.)

There was a saying back in the old days, "Do not just use a random Linux distro from a magazine cover. Use the distro your friend is using, so you can ask for help when you need it." Just replace "from a magazine cover" with "off the Internet" and it's still valid :-) I never followed this advice, as I was the only Linux user in a 50km radius. Everyone else was using FreeBSD, IRIX, Solaris, and Windows 3.11 around me. Later I was the one people were asking for Linux help.

## 6. Keep learning Linux

I was a reseller partner prior to working at Red Hat, and I had a few home health agencies with traveling nurses. They used a quirky package named Carefacts, originally built for DOS, that always got itself out of sync between the traveling laptops and the central database.

The best early advice I heard was to take a hard look at the open source movement. Open source is mainstream in 2022, but it was revolutionary a generation ago when nonconformists bought Red Hat Linux CDs from retailers. Open source turned conventional wisdom on its ear. I learned it was not communism and not cancer, but it scared powerful people.

My company built its first customer firewall in the mid-1990s, based on Windows NT and a product from Altavista. That thing regularly crashed and often corrupted itself. We built a Linux-based firewall for ourselves and it never gave us a problem. And so, we replaced that customer Altavista system with a Linux-based system, and it ran trouble-free for years. I built another customer firewall in late 1999. It took me three weeks to go through a book on packet filtering and get the `ipchains`

commands right. But it was beautiful when I finally finished, and it did everything it was supposed to do. Over the next 15+ years, I built and installed hundreds more, now with `iptables`

; some with bridges or proxy ARP and QOS to support video conferencing, some with [IPSEC](https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/run-your-own-vpn-libreswan) and [OpenVPN tunnels](https://opensource.com/article/21/8/openvpn-server-linux). I got pretty good at it and earned a living managing individual firewalls and a few active/standby pairs, all with Windows systems behind them. I even built a few virtual firewalls.

But progress never stops. By 2022, [iptables is obsolete](https://opensource.com/article/19/7/make-linux-stronger-firewalls) and my firewall days are a fond memory.

The ongoing lesson? Never stop exploring.

## 7. Enjoy the process

Be patient. Linux is a different system than what you are used to, be prepared for a new world of endless possibilities. Enjoy it.

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