如何在 Linux 中使用 Pandoc 转换文件格式
Pandoc
在之前的一篇文章中，我介绍了使用 pandoc 将少量 Markdown 文件 [批量转换](https://itsfoss.com/convert-markdown-files/) 为 HTML 的过程。在那篇文章中，我创建了多个 HTML 文件，但 Pandoc 可以做的更多。它被称为文档转换的“瑞士军刀” —— 这是有充分理由的。很少有它做不到的事情。


[Pandoc](https://pandoc.org/) 可以将 .docx、.odt、.html、.epub、LaTeX、DocBook 等格式互相转换，或者转换为其他格式，例如 JATS、TEI Simple、AsciiDoc 等。


是的，这意味着 Pandoc 可以将 .docx 文件转换为 .pdf 和 .html 文件，但你可能会想：“Word 也可以将文件导出为 .pdf 和 .html。为什么我需要 Pandoc 呢？”


嗯，本来呢，你这个说法也没错，但考虑到 Pandoc 可以转换这么多格式，它很可能成为你所有转换任务的首选工具。例如，我们中的许多人都知道 [Markdown 编辑器](https://itsfoss.com/best-markdown-editors-linux/) 可以将其 Markdown 文件导出为 .html。而使用 Pandoc 文件也可以转换为许多其他格式。


我很少将 Markdown 导出为 HTML。我通常让 Pandoc 来做这件事。


### 使用 Pandoc 转换文件格式


![](/data/attachment/album/202207/02/144340g8mzus6w86mgu2mm.png)


本文中，我会将 Markdown 文件转换成几种不同的格式。我几乎所有的写作都使用 Markdown 语法，但我经常需要转换为另一种格式：学校作业通常需要的 .docx 格式；我创建的网页通常需要的 .html 格式；工作需要的 .epub 格式；传单和讲义需要的 .pdf 格式；甚至包括一个大学数字人文项目偶尔需要的 TEI Simple 格式。Pandoc 可以轻松处理所有这些格式，甚至更多。


首先，你需要 [安装 pandoc](https://pandoc.org/installing.html)。此外，要创建 .pdf 文件，还需要 LaTeX。我最喜欢的套件是 [TeX Live](https://www.tug.org/texlive/)。


**注意**：如果你想在安装前试用 pandoc，这里有一个在线试用页面：<http://pandoc.org/try/>。


#### 安装 pandoc 和 texlive


Ubuntu 和其他 Debian 发行版的用户可以在终端中输入以下命令：



```
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install pandoc texlive

```

请注意第二行，你将一次性安装 `pandoc` 和 `texlive`。[apt-get 命令](https://itsfoss.com/apt-get-linux-guide/) 支持你这样做。不过，我建议你先去喝杯咖啡，因为这可能需要几分钟的时间。


#### 开始转换


安装完成 `pandoc` 和 `texlive` 后，你就可以尝试用它们来完成一些工作了！


该项目的示例文档将是一篇文章，该文章于 1894 年 12 月首次发表在《北美评论》上，标题为“如何击退火车劫匪”。我将使用的 Markdown 文件是前一段时间创建的，该文章的一个恢复项目的一部分（LCTT 译注：这是篇一百多年前发表的文章，这是一个数字化“恢复”项目）。


我把这篇文章保存为 `how_to_repel_train_robbers.md`，它位于我的 `Documents` 目录下，名为 `samples` 的子目录中。它在 Ghostwriter 中看起来是这样的：


![在 Ghostwriter 中查看原始的 Markdown 文件](/data/attachment/album/202207/02/144341znyfso1u4y8z4mnn.png)


我想创建此文件的 .docx、.pdf 和 .html 版本。


#### 第一次转换


首先，我将制作一个 .pdf 副本，因为我在安装 LaTeX 包时遇到了些麻烦。


在 `~/Documents/samples/` 目录中，我输入以下，以创建一个 .pdf 文件：



```
pandoc -o htrtr.pdf how_to_repel_train_robbers.md

```

上述命令将基于 `how_to_repel_train_robbers.md` 文件，创建一个名为 `htrtr.pdf` 的文件。我使用 `htrtr` 作为名称的原因是：嗯，它比 `how_to_repel_train_robbers` 短。`htrtr` 其实是长标题中的单词首字母排列。


这是 .pdf 文件制作完成后的一个截图：


![在 Ocular 中查看的转换后的 PDF 文件](/data/attachment/album/202207/02/144342pzijaijxrxfyi3yw.png)


#### 第二次转换


接下来，我想创建一个 .docx 文件。该命令与我用来创建 .pdf 的命令几乎相同，它是：



```
pandoc -o htrtr.docx how_to_repel_train_robbers.md

```

很快，一个 .docx 文件就创建好了。这是它在 Libre Writer 中的样子：


![在 Libre Writer 中查看转换后的 DOCX 文件](/data/attachment/album/202207/02/144343jddav5kqk3vq55oo.png)


#### 第三次转换


我可能会想在网上发布这个，所以再多一个支持网页的格式也不错。我将使用以下命令创建一个 .html 文件：



```
pandoc -o htrtr.html how_to_repel_train_robbers.md

```

同样，创建它的命令与前两次转换非常相似。这是该 .html 文件在浏览器中的样子：


![在 Firefox 中查看的转换后的 HTML 文件](/data/attachment/album/202207/02/144344pa8a3f2a4sdaed2p.png)


#### 注意到什么了吗？


让我们再看看之前的命令。它们是：



```
pandoc -o htrtr.pdf how_to_repel_train_robbers.md
pandoc -o htrtr.docx how_to_repel_train_robbers.md
pandoc -o htrtr.html how_to_repel_train_robbers.md

```

这三个命令唯一不同的是 `htrtr` 后的扩展名。这提示你 pandoc 会依赖于你提供的输出文件扩展名（来决定目标转换格式）。


### 总结


Pandoc 可以做的远不止这里完成的三个小转换。如果你选择使用一个首选格式编写文件，但时不时又需要将文件转换为另一种格式，pandoc 很大概率都能为你完成。


现在，既然你已经学会了，你会用它做什么呢？你会把它自动化吗？如果你有一个网站，想供读者下载文章怎么办？你可以修改这些小命令，把它们编写成一个脚本，你的读者可以决定他们想要哪种格式。你可以提供 .docx、.pdf、.odt、.epub 或更多格式。你的读者只需要选择一种格式，然后对应的转换脚本就会执行，最后，你的读者下载他们想要的文件。这是完全可以做到的。




---


via: <https://itsfoss.com/pandoc-convert-file/>


作者：[Bill Dyer](https://itsfoss.com/author/bill/) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)


本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出


OK
In an earlier article, I covered the [procedure to batch convert a handful of Markdown files to HTML](https://itsfoss.com/convert-markdown-files/) using pandoc. In that article, multiple HTML files were created, but pandoc can do much more. It has been called “the Swiss army knife” of document conversion – and with good reason. There isn’t a lot that it can’t do.

[Pandoc](https://pandoc.org/) can covert .docx, .odt, .html, .epub, LaTeX, DocBook, etc. to these and other formats, such as JATS, TEI Simple, AsciiDoc, and more.

Yes, this means that pandoc can convert .docx files to .pdf and .html, but you may be thinking: “Word can export files to .pdf and .html too. Why would I need pandoc?”

You would have a good point there, but since pandoc can convert so many formats, it could well become your go-to tool for all of your conversion tasks. For example, many of us know that [Markdown editors](https://itsfoss.com/best-markdown-editors-linux/) can export its Markdown files to .html. With pandoc, Markdown files can be converted to numerous other formats as well.

I rarely have Markdown export to HTML; I normally let pandoc do it.

## Converting File Formats with Pandoc

![pandoc quick guide](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/06/pandoc-quick-guide.png)

Here, I will convert Markdown files into a few different formats. I do almost all of my writing using Markdown syntax, but I often have to convert to another format: .docx files are usually required for school work, .html for web pages that I create – and for .epub work, .pdf for flyers and handouts, and even an occasional TEI Simple file for a university digital humanities project. Pandoc can handle all of these, and more, easily.

First, you need to [install pandoc](https://pandoc.org/installing.html). Also, to create .pdf files, LaTeX will be needed as well. The package I prefer is [TeX Live](http://www.tug.org/texlive/).

**Note**: If you would like to try out pandoc before installing it, there is an online try-out page at: [http://pandoc.org/try/](http://pandoc.org/try/)

### Installing pandoc and texlive

Users of Ubuntu and other Debian distros can type the following commands in the terminal:

```
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install pandoc texlive
```


Notice on the second line, you are installing pandoc and texlive in one shot. [apt-get command](https://itsfoss.com/apt-get-linux-guide/) will have no problem with this, but go get some coffee; this may take a few minutes.

### Getting to Conversion

Once pandoc and texlive are installed, you can burn through some work!

The sample document for this project will be an article that was first published in the *North American Review* in December of 1894, and is titled: “How To Repel Train Robbers”. The Markdown file that I will be using was created some time ago as part of a restoration project.

The file: `how_to_repel_train_robbers.md`

is located in my Documents directory, in a sub-directory named samples. Here is what it looks like in Ghostwriter.

![convert with pandoc ghostwriter](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/06/convert_with_pandoc_ghostwriter.png)

I want to create .docx, .pdf, and .html versions of this file.

### The First Conversion

I’ll start with making a .pdf copy first, since I went through the trouble of installing a LaTeX package.

While in the ~/Documents/samples/ directory, I type the following to create a .pdf file:

`pandoc -o htrtr.pdf how_to_repel_train_robbers.md`


The above command will create a file called htrtr.pdf from the how_to_repel_train_robbers.md file. The reason I used htrtr as a name was that it is shorter than how_to_repel_train_robbers – htrtr is the first letter of each word in the long title.

Here is a snapshot of the .pdf file once it is made:

![convert with pandoc ocular](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/06/convert_with_pandoc_ocular.png)

### The Second Conversion

Next, I want to create a .docx file. The command is almost identical to the one I used to create the .pdf and it is:

`pandoc -o htrtr.docx how_to_repel_train_robbers.md`


In no time, a .docx file is created. Here is what it looks like in Libre Writer:

![convert with pandoc libre writer](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/06/convert_with_pandoc_libre_writer.png)

### The Third Conversion

I may want to post this on the web, so a web page would be nice. I will create a .html file with this command:

`pandoc -o htrtr.html how_to_repel_train_robbers.md`


Again, the command to create it is very much like the last two conversions. Here is what the .html file looks like in a browser:

![convert with pandoc firefox](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/06/convert_with_pandoc_firefox.png)

### Noticed Anything Yet?

Let’s look at the past commands again. They were:

```
pandoc -o htrtr.pdf how_to_repel_train_robbers.md
pandoc -o htrtr.docx how_to_repel_train_robbers.md
pandoc -o htrtr.html how_to_repel_train_robbers.md
```


The only thing different about these three commands is the extension next to htrtr. This gives you a hint that pandoc relies on the extension of the output filename you provide.

## Conclusion

Pandoc can do far more than the three little conversions done here. If you write with a preferred format, but need to convert the file to another format, chances are great that pandoc will be able to do it for you.

What would you do with this? Would you automate this? What if you had a web site that had articles for your readers to download? You could modify these little commands to work as a script and your readers could decide which format they would like. You could offer .docx, .pdf, .odt, .epub, or more. Your readers choose, the proper conversion script runs, and your readers download their file. It can be done.