使用 FreeBSD 作为桌面操作系统
FuryBSD FreeBSD

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> FuryBSD 的实时桌面环境能让你在实际使用之前先尝试。
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![FuryBSD Post-Install XFCE Desktop](/data/attachment/album/202005/17/110252itt3prgiiesebr54.png "FuryBSD Post-Install XFCE Desktop")


[FreeBSD](https://www.freebsd.org) 是一个很棒的操作系统，但是从设计上讲，它并没有自带桌面环境。如果不从 FreeBSD 的 [ports 和软件包集](https://www.freebsd.org/ports/)安装其他软件，那么 FreeBSD 仅能体验命令行。下面的截图显示了在安装过程中选择了每个“可选系统组件”后，登录 FreeBSD 12.1 的样子。


![FreeBSD](/data/attachment/album/202005/17/110300jgqbbmmbbvlb733l.png "FreeBSD")


FreeBSD 可以用各种桌面环境中的任何一种来变成桌面操作系统，但是这需要时间、精力和[遵循大量书面说明](https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/freebsd/how-to-guides/installing-a-desktop-environment-on-freebsd/)。使用使用 desktop-installer 包（为用户提供基于文本的菜单并帮助自动执行大部分过程）仍然非常耗时。这两种方法的最大问题是，用户可能在花了很多时间进行设置之后，可能会发现他们的硬件系统与 FreeBSD 不完全兼容。


[FuryBSD](https://www.furybsd.org) 通过提供实时桌面镜像来解决此问题，用户可以在安装之前对其进行评估。目前，FuryBSD 提供 Xfce 镜像和 KDE 镜像。每个镜像都提供了一个已预安装桌面环境的 FreeBSD。如果用户试用该镜像并发现其硬件工作正常，那么他们可以安装 FuryBSD，并拥有一个由 FreeBSD 驱动的即用桌面操作系统。在本文中，我会使用 Xfce 镜像，但 KDE 镜像的工作原理完全一样。


对于安装过 Linux 发行版、BSD 或任何其他类 Unix 的开源操作系统的人，FuryBSD 的上手过程应该很熟悉。从 FuryBSD 网站下载 ISO，将它复制到闪存盘，然后从闪存盘启动计算机。如果从闪存盘引导失败，请确保“安全引导”已禁用。


![FuryBSD Live XFCE Desktop](/data/attachment/album/202005/17/110327kz9tc7q79itt76kn.png "FuryBSD Live XFCE Desktop")


从闪存盘启动后，桌面环境将自动加载。除了“家”、“文件系统”和“回收站”图标外，实时桌面还有用于配置 Xorg 的工具、入门指南、FuryBSD 安装程序和系统信息程序的图标。除了这些额外功能以及一些自定义的 Xfce 设置和壁纸外，桌面环境除了基本的 Xfce 应用和 Firefox 之外并没有其他功能。


![FuryBSD Xorg Tool](/data/attachment/album/202005/17/110342c7w8aeawwmez9cje.png "FuryBSD Xorg Tool")


此时仅加载基本的图形驱动，但足以检查 FuryBSD 是否支持系统的有线和无线网络接口。如果网络接口没有一个能自动工作，那么 `Getting Started.txt` 文件包含有关尝试配置网络接口和其他配置任务的说明。如果至少有一个网络接口有效，那么可以使用 Configure Xorg 应用安装 Intel、NVidia 或 VirtualBox 图形驱动。它将下载并安装驱动，并且需要重新启动 Xorg。如果系统未自动重新登录到实时镜像用户，那么密码为 `furybsd`（你可以使用它来登录）。配置后，图形驱动将转移到已安装的系统中。


![FuryBSD Installer - ZFS Configuration](/data/attachment/album/202005/17/110404i1szsya19a7a58au.png "FuryBSD Installer - ZFS Configuration")


如果一切都可以在实时环境中正常运行，那么 FuryBSD 安装程序可以将 FuryBSD 配置并安装到计算机上。该安装程序在终端中运行，但提供与大多数其他 BSD 和 Linux 安装程序相同的选项。系统将要求用户设置系统的主机名、配置 ZFS 存储、设置 root 密码，添加至少一个非 root 用户以及配置时间和日期。完成后，系统可以引导到预装有 Xfce （或 KDE）的 FreeBSD 中。FuryBSD 完成了所有困难的工作，甚至还花了很多精力使桌面看起来更漂亮。


如上所述，桌面环境没有大量预装软件，因此几乎肯定要安装额外的软件包。最快的方法是在终端中使用 `pkg` 命令。该命令的行为很像 `dnf` 和 `apt`，因此使用过其中之一的来自 Linux 发行版的用户在查找和安装软件包时应该感到很熟悉。FreeBSD 的软件包集合非常多，因此大多数知名的开源软件包都可用。


如果用户在没有太多 FreeBSD 经验的情况下尝试 FuryBSD，应查阅 [FreeBSD 手册](https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/)，以了解有关如何以 FreeBSD 的方式操作。有任何 Linux 发行版或其他 BSD 使用经验的用户应该能弄清很多事情，但是手册可以帮助你弄清一些差异。进一步了解 FreeBSD 的一个很好的资源是 Michael W. Lucas 的 《[Absolute FreeBSD，第三版](https://nostarch.com/absfreebsd3)》。




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via: <https://opensource.com/article/20/5/furybsd-linux>


作者：[Joshua Allen Holm](https://opensource.com/users/holmja) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)


本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出


OK
[FreeBSD](https://www.freebsd.org) is a great operating system, but, by design, it does not come with a desktop environment. Without installing additional software from FreeBSD's [ports and packages collection](https://www.freebsd.org/ports/), FreeBSD is a command-line only experience. The screenshot below shows what logging into FreeBSD 12.1 looks like when every one of the "optional system components" is selected during installation.

![FreeBSD FreeBSD](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/freebsd.png)


FreeBSD can be turned into a desktop operating system with any of a wide selection of desktop environments, but it takes time, effort, and [following a lot of written instructions](https://www.freebsdfoundation.org/freebsd/how-to-guides/installing-a-desktop-environment-on-freebsd/). Using the **desktop-installer** package, which provides the user with options in a text-based menu and helps automate much of the process, is still time-consuming. The biggest problem with either of these methods is that users might find out that their system is not fully compatible with FreeBSD after they have taken all the time to set things up.

[FuryBSD](https://www.furybsd.org) solves that problem by providing a live desktop image that users can evaluate before installing. Currently, FuryBSD provides an Xfce image and a KDE image. Each of these images provides an installation of FreeBSD that has a desktop environment pre-installed. If users try out the image and find that their hardware works, they can install FuryBSD and have a ready-to-go desktop operating system powered by FreeBSD. For the purposes of this article, I will be using the Xfce image, but the KDE image works the exact same way.

Getting started with FuryBSD should be a familiar process to anyone who has installed a Linux distribution, any of the BSDs, or any other Unix-like open source operating system. Download the ISO from the FuryBSD website, copy it to a flash drive, and boot a computer from the flash drive. If booting from the flash drive fails, make sure Secure Boot is disabled.

![FuryBSD Live XFCE Desktop FuryBSD Live XFCE Desktop](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/furybsd_live_xfce_desktop.png)

After booting from the flash drive, the desktop environment loads automatically. In addition to the Home, File System, and Trash icons, the live desktop has icons for a tool to configure Xorg, getting started instructions, the FuryBSD installer, and a system information utility. Other than these extras and some custom Xfce settings and wallpaper, the desktop environment does not come with much beyond the basic Xfce applications and Firefox.

![FuryBSD Xorg Tool FuryBSD Xorg Tool](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/furybsd_xorg_tool.png)

Only basic graphics drivers are loaded at this point, but it is enough to check to see if the system's wired and wireless network interfaces are supported by FuryBSD. If none of the network interfaces is working automatically, the **Getting Started.txt** file contains instructions for attempting to configure network interfaces and other configuration tasks. If at least one of the network interfaces works, the **Configure Xorg** application can be used to install Intel, NVidia, or VirtualBox graphics drivers. The drivers will be downloaded and installed, and Xorg will need to be restarted. If the system does not automatically re-login to the live image user, the password is **furybsd**. Once they are configured, the graphics drivers will carry over to an installed system.

![FuryBSD Installer - ZFS Configuration FuryBSD Installer - ZFS Configuration](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/furybsd_installer_-_zfs_configuration.png)

If everything works well in the live environment, the FuryBSD installer can configure and install FuryBSD onto the computer. This installer runs in a terminal, but it provides the same options found in most other BSD and Linux installers. The user will be asked to set the system's hostname, configure ZFS storage, set the root password, add at least one non-root user, and configure the time and date settings. Once the process is complete, the system can be rebooted into a pre-configured FreeBSD with an Xfce (or KDE) desktop. FuryBSD did all the hard work and even took the extra effort to make the desktop look nice.

![FuryBSD Post-Install XFCE Desktop FuryBSD Post-Install XFCE Desktop](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/furybsd_post-install_xfce_desktop.png)

As noted above, the desktop environment does not come with a lot of pre-installed software, so installing additional packages is almost certainly necessary. The quickest way to do this is by using the **pkg** command in the terminal. This command behaves much like **dnf** and **apt**, so users coming from a Linux distribution that uses one of those should feel right at home when it comes to finding and installing packages. FreeBSD's package collection is large, so most of the big-name open source software packages are available.

Users trying out FuryBSD without having much FreeBSD experience should consult the [FreeBSD Handbook](https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/) to learn more about how to do things the FreeBSD way. Users with experience using any Linux distribution or one of the other BSDs should be able to figure out a lot of things, but there are differences that the handbook can help clarify. Another great resource for learning more about the FreeBSD way of doing things is * Absolute FreeBSD, 3rd Edition,* by Michael W. Lucas.

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