什么是雾计算？
雾计算

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> 了解由我们生活中的所有连接设备组成的网络。
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![](/data/attachment/album/202207/01/120728yne9qv0e2vc5ucm3.jpg "Man at laptop on a mountain")


在早期，计算机既笨重又昂贵，计算机用户很少，他们必须在计算机上的预留时间内亲自来处理他们的<ruby> 打孔卡 <rt>  punchcard </rt></ruby>。被称为 <ruby> <a href="https://opensource.com/article/19/9/linux-mainframes-part-1">  大型机 </a> <rt>  Mainframe </rt></ruby> 的系统进行了许多创新，并在<ruby> 终端机 <rt>  terminal </rt></ruby>（没有自己的 CPU 的桌面计算机）上实现了<ruby> 分时 <rt>  time-shared </rt></ruby>任务。


时至今日，强大的计算设备能做到 [价格低至 35 美元，且大小不超过一张信用卡](https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi)。这甚至还没有涵盖现代生活中负责收集和处理数据的所有小设备。从高层次的角度来看这些计算机的集合，你可以想象得到，所有这些设备多得像云中的水滴一样。


碰巧“<ruby> 云计算 <rt>  cloud computing </rt></ruby>”一词已经被占用，因此需要为由物联网（IoT）和其他具有战略意义的服务器组成的网络提供一个独特的名称。此外，如果已经有一个代表数据中心节点的云，那么在云之外与我们交融的这些节点肯定有其独特之处。


### 欢迎来到雾计算


云通过互联网提供计算服务。构成云的数据中心很大，但与潜在客户的数量相比相对较少。这表明当数据在云及其众多用户之间来回传送时存在潜在的瓶颈。


相比之下，<ruby> 雾计算 <rt>  Fog Computing </rt></ruby>可以在数量上超过其潜在客户，而不会出现瓶颈，因为设备执行大部分数据的收集或计算。它是云的外部“边缘”，是云落地的部分。


### 雾和边缘计算


雾计算和 <ruby> <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/edge-computing/what-is-edge-computing">  边缘计算 </a> <rt>  edge computing </rt></ruby> 本质上是同义词。两者都与云和物联网密切相关，并做出相同的架构假设：


* 你离 CPU 越近，数据传输就越快。
* 像 [Linux](https://opensource.com/resources/linux) 一样，小型专用计算机，可以“做一件事并把它做好”，这是一个强大的优势（当然，我们的设备实际上不仅仅做一件事，但从高层次上看，你购买的用于监测健康的智能手表本质上是在做“一”件事）。
* 离线是不可避免的，但好的设备可以在此期间同样有效地运行，然后在重新连接时同步。
* 本地设备能比大型数据中心更简单、更便宜。


### 边缘网络


将雾计算视为与云完全分离的实体很诱人，但它们毕竟是组成一个整体的两个部分。云需要数字企业的基础设施，包括公共云提供商、电信公司，甚至是运行自己服务的专业公司。本地化服务也很重要，可以在云核心与其数以百万计的客户之间提供<ruby> 中转站 <rt>  waystations </rt></ruby>。


雾计算位于云的边缘，无论客户身在何处，都与他们紧密联系在一起。有时这是一个消费环境，例如你自己的家或汽车，而另一些时候这是一种商业利益，例如零售店中的价格监控设备或工厂车间的重要的安全传感器。


### 雾计算就在你身边


雾计算由我们生活中的所有连接设备组成：<ruby> 无人机 <rt>  drone </rt></ruby>、电话、手表、健身监视器、安全监视器、家庭自动化、便携式游戏设备、园艺自动化、天气传感器、空气质量监视器等等。理想情况下，它提供的数据有助于建立一个更好、更明智的未来。有许多伟大的开源项目正朝着改善健康的方向而努力 —— 甚至只是让生活变得更有趣一点儿 —— 这一切都得益于雾和云计算。无论如何，*我们的* 工作是确保它 [保持开放](https://opensource.com/article/20/10/keep-cloud-open)。




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via: <https://opensource.com/article/21/5/fog-computing>


作者：[Seth Kenlon](https://opensource.com/users/seth) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[hanszhao80](https://github.com/hanszhao80) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)


本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出


OK
In the early days, computers were big and expensive. There were few users in the world, and they had to reserve time on a computer (and show up in person) to have their punchcards processed. Systems called [mainframes](https://opensource.com/article/19/9/linux-mainframes-part-1) made many innovations and enabled time-shared tasks on terminals (like desktop computers, but without their own CPU).

Skip forward to today, when powerful computation is [as cheap as US$35 and no larger than a credit card](https://opensource.com/resources/raspberry-pi). That doesn't even begin to cover all the little devices in modern life that gather and process data. Take a high-level view of this collection of computers, and you can imagine all of these devices outnumbering grains of sands or particles in a cloud.

It so happens that the term "cloud computing" is already occupied, so there needs to be a unique name for the network comprised of the Internet of Things (IoT) and other strategically situated servers. And besides, if there's already a cloud representing nodes of a data center, then there's surely something unique about the nodes intermingling with us folk outside that cloud.

## Welcome to fog computing


The cloud delivers computing services over the internet. But the data centers that make up the cloud are big and relatively few compared to their number of potential clients. This suggests potential bottlenecks when data is sent back and forth between the cloud and its many users.

Fog computing, by contrast, can outnumber its potential clients without risking a bottleneck because the devices perform much of the data collection or computation. It's the outer "edge" of the cloud, the part of a cloud that touches down to the ground.

## Fog and edge computing

Fog computing and [edge computing](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/edge-computing/what-is-edge-computing) are essentially synonymous. Both have strong associations with both the cloud and IoT and make the same architectural assumptions:

- The closer you are to the CPU doing the work, the faster the data transfer.
- Like
[Linux](https://opensource.com/resources/linux), there's a strong advantage to having small, purpose-built computers that can "do one thing and do it well." (Of course, our devices actually do more than just one thing, but from a high-level view, a smartwatch you bought to monitor your health is essentially doing "one" thing.) - Going offline is inevitable, but a good device can function just as effectively in the interim and then sync up when reconnected.
- Local devices can be simpler and cheaper than large data centers.

## Networking on the edge

It's tempting to view fog computing as a completely separate entity from the cloud, but they're just two parts of the whole. The cloud needs the infrastructure of the digital enterprise, including public cloud providers, telecommunication companies, and even specialized corporations running their own services. Localized services are also important to provide waystations between the cloud core and its millions and millions of clients.

**[Read next: An Architect's guide to edge computing essentials]**

Fog computing, located at the edge of the cloud, intermingles with clients wherever they are located. Sometimes, this is a consumer setting, such as your own home or car, while other times, it's a business interest, such as price-monitoring devices in a retail store or vital safety sensors on a factory floor.

## Fog computing is all around you

Fog computing is built up of all the connected devices in our lives: drones, phones, watches, fitness monitors, security monitors, home automation, portable gaming devices, gardening automation, weather sensors, air-quality monitors, and much, much more. Ideally, the data it provides helps to build a better and more informed future. There are lots of great open source projects out there that are working toward improving health and wellness—or even just making life a little more entertaining—and it's all happening thanks to fog and cloud computing. *Our* job, however, is to make sure it [stays open](https://opensource.com/article/20/10/keep-cloud-open).

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