Debian 10（Buster）安装后要做的前 8 件事
Debian
Debian 10 的代号是 Buster，它是来自 Debian 家族的最新 LTS 发布版本，并包含大量的特色功能。因此，如果你已经在你的电脑上安装了 Debian 10，并在思考接下来该做什么，那么，请继续阅读这篇文章直到结尾，因为我们为你提供在安装 Debian 10 后要做的前 8 件事。对于还没有安装 Debian 10 的人们，请阅读这篇指南 [图解 Debian 10 (Buster) 安装步骤](/article-11083-1.html)。 让我们继续这篇文章。


![](/data/attachment/album/201908/02/140443ytv7rnq5nt5txvz7.jpg)


### 1) 安装和配置 sudo


在设置完成 Debian 10 后，你需要做的第一件事是安装 sudo 软件包，因为它能够使你获得管理员权限来安装你需要的软件包。为安装和配置 sudo，请使用下面的命令：


变成 root 用户，然后使用下面的命令安装 sudo 软件包，



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ su -
Password:
root@linuxtechi:~# apt install sudo -y
```

添加你的本地用户到 sudo 组，使用下面的 [usermod](https://www.linuxtechi.com/linux-commands-to-manage-local-accounts/) 命令，



```
root@linuxtechi:~# usermod -aG sudo pkumar
root@linuxtechi:~#
```

现在验证是否本地用户获得 sudo 权限：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ id
uid=1000(pkumar) gid=1000(pkumar) groups=1000(pkumar),27(sudo)
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo vi /etc/hosts
[sudo] password for pkumar:
root@linuxtechi:~$
```

### 2) 校正日期和时间


在你成功配置 sudo 软件包后，接下来，你需要根据你的位置来校正日期和时间。为了校正日期和时间，


转到系统 **设置** –> **详细说明** –> **日期和时间** ，然后更改为适合你的位置的时区。


![](/data/attachment/album/201908/02/140444yk1ee1e87947ess7.jpg)


一旦时区被更改，你可以看到时钟中的时间自动更改。


### 3) 应用所有更新


在 Debian 10 安装后，建议安装所有 Debian 10 软件包存储库中可用的更新，执行下面的 `apt` 命令：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt update
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt upgrade -y
```

**注意：** 如果你是 vi 编辑器的忠实粉丝，那么使用下面的 `apt` 命令安装 `vim`：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install vim -y
```

### 4) 安装 Flash 播放器插件


默认情况下，Debian 10（Buster）存储库不包含 Flash 插件，因此，用户需要遵循下面的介绍来在他们的系统中查找和安装 flash 播放器。


为 Flash 播放器配置存储库：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ echo "deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian buster main contrib" | sudo tee -a  /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian buster main contrib
root@linuxtechi:~
```

现在使用下面的命令更新软件包索引：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt update
```

使用下面的 `apt` 命令安装 Flash 插件：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install pepperflashplugin-nonfree -y
```

一旦软件包被成功安装，接下来，尝试播放 YouTube 中的视频：


![](/data/attachment/album/201908/02/140450wuo1114u4w4i18i3.jpg)


### 5) 安装软件，如 VLC、Skype、FileZilla 和截图工具


如此，现在我们已经启用 Flash 播放器，是时候在我们的 Debian 10 系统中安装所有其它的软件，如 VLC、Skype，Filezilla 和截图工具（flameshot）。


#### 安装 VLC 多媒体播放器


为在你的系统中安装 VLC 播放器，使用下面的 `apt` 命令：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install vlc -y
```

在成功安装 VLC 播放器后，尝试播放你喜欢的视频。


![](/data/attachment/album/201908/02/140451i4z4lddbtt4t4tnl.jpg)


#### 安装 Skype


首先，下载最新的 Skype 软件包：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ wget https://go.skype.com/skypeforlinux-64.deb
```

接下来，使用 `apt` 命令安装软件包：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install ./skypeforlinux-64.deb
```

在成功安装 Skype 后，尝试访问它，并输入你的用户名和密码。


![](/data/attachment/album/201908/02/140453wi7ohhsa7loxod77.jpg)


#### 安装 Filezilla


为在你的系统中安装 Filezilla，使用下面的 `apt` 命令，



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install filezilla -y
```

一旦 FileZilla 软件包被成功安装，尝试访问它。


![](/data/attachment/album/201908/02/140456wkx0fve4zv4q40kq.jpg)


#### 安装截图工具（flameshot）


使用下面的命令来安装截图工具：flameshot，



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install flameshot -y
```

**注意：** Shutter 工具在 Debian 10 中已被移除。


![](/data/attachment/album/201908/02/140456f78zb0pbp2b497ep.jpg)


### 6) 启用和启动防火墙


总是建议启动防火墙来使你的网络安全。如果你希望在 Debian 10 中启用防火墙， **UFW**（简单的防火墙）是最好的控制防火墙的工具。UFW 在 Debian 存储库中可用，它非常容易安装，如下：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install ufw
```

在你安装 UFW 后，接下来的步骤是设置防火墙。因此，设置防火墙，通过拒绝端口来禁用所有的传入流量，并且只允许需要的端口传出，像 ssh、http 和 https。



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw default deny incoming
Default incoming policy changed to 'deny'
(be sure to update your rules accordingly)
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw default allow outgoing
Default outgoing policy changed to 'allow'
(be sure to update your rules accordingly)
root@linuxtechi:~$
```

允许 SSH 端口：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw allow ssh
Rules updated
Rules updated (v6)
root@linuxtechi:~$
```

假使你在系统中已经安装 Web 服务器，那么使用下面的 `ufw` 命令来在防火墙中允许它们的端口：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw allow 80
Rules updated
Rules updated (v6)
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw allow 443
Rules updated
Rules updated (v6)
root@linuxtechi:~$
```

最后，你可以使用下面的命令启用 UFW：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw enable
Command may disrupt existing ssh connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y
Firewall is active and enabled on system startup
root@linuxtechi:~$
```

假使你想检查你的防火墙的状态，你可以使用下面的命令检查它：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw status
```

### 7) 安装虚拟化软件（VirtualBox）


安装 Virtualbox 的第一步是将 Oracle VirtualBox 存储库的公钥导入到你的 Debian 10 系统：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -
OK
root@linuxtechi:~$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -
OK
root@linuxtechi:~$
```

如果导入成功，你将看到一个 “OK” 显示信息。


接下来，你需要添加存储库到仓库列表：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian buster contrib"
root@linuxtechi:~$
```

最后，是时候在你的系统中安装 VirtualBox 6.0：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt update
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install virtualbox-6.0 -y
```

一旦 VirtualBox 软件包被成功安装，尝试访问它，并开始创建虚拟机。


![](/data/attachment/album/201908/02/140459qvujrewzr8r4eq1f.jpg)


### 8) 安装最新的 AMD 驱动程序


最后，你也可以安装需要的附加 AMD 显卡驱动程序（如 ATI 专有驱动）和 Nvidia 图形驱动程序。为安装最新的 AMD 驱动程序，首先，我们需要修改 `/etc/apt/sources.list` 文件，在包含 **main** 和 **contrib** 的行中添加 **non-free** 单词，示例如下显示：



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list
```


```
...
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main non-free contrib

deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free

deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ buster-updates main contrib non-free
...
```

现在，使用下面的 `apt` 命令来在 Debian 10 系统中安装最新的 AMD 驱动程序。



```
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt update
root@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install firmware-linux firmware-linux-nonfree libdrm-amdgpu1 xserver-xorg-video-amdgpu -y
```

这就是这篇文章的全部内容，我希望你了解在安装 Debian 10 后应该做什么。请在下面的评论区，分享你的反馈和评论。




---


via: <https://www.linuxtechi.com/things-to-do-after-installing-debian-10/>


作者：[Pradeep Kumar](https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/) 选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)


本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出


OK
Debian 10 code name Buster is the latest LTS release from the house of Debian and the latest release comes packed with a lot of features. So if you have already installed the Debian 10 in your system and thinking what next, then please continue reading the article till the end as we provide you with the top 8 things to do after installing Debian 10. For those who haven’t installed Debian 10, please read this guide [ Debian 10 (Buster) Installation Steps with Screenshots](https://www.linuxtechi.com/debian-10-buster-installation-guide/). So lets continue with the article:

#### 1) Install and Configure sudo

Once you complete setting up Debian 10 in your system, the first thing you need to do is install the sudo package as it enables you to get administrative privileges to install any package you need. In order to install and configure sudo, please use the following command:

Become the root user and then install sudo package using the beneath command,

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ su - Password: root@linuxtechi:~# apt install sudo -y

Add your local user to sudo group using the following [usermod](https://www.linuxtechi.com/linux-commands-to-manage-local-accounts/) command,

root@linuxtechi:~# usermod -aG sudo pkumar root@linuxtechi:~#

Now verify whether local user got the sudo rights or not,

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ id uid=1000(pkumar) gid=1000(pkumar) groups=1000(pkumar),27(sudo) pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo vi /etc/hosts [sudo] password for pkumar: pkumar@linuxtechi:~$

#### 2) Fix Date and time

Once you’ve successfully configured the sudo package, next thing you need to fix the date and time according to your location. In order to fix the date and time,

Go to System **Settings** –> **Details** –> **Date and Time** and then change your time zone that suits to your location.

Once the time zone is changed, you can see the time changed automatically in your clock

#### 3) Apply all updates

After Debian 10 installation, it is recommended to install all updates which are available via Debian 10 package repositories, execute the beneath apt command,

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt update pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt upgrade -y

**Note:** If you are a big fan of vi editor then install vim using the following command apt command,

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install vim -y

#### 4) Tweak Desktop Settings using Tweak tool

When we install Gnome Desktop then tweak tool gets installed, as the name suggests it helps us to change or tweak our desktop settings,

**Access Tweak tool :**

Click on “Tweaks” icon and change the settings that suits to your desktop

#### 5) Install Software like VLC, SKYPE, FileZilla and Screenshot tool

So now we’ve enabled flash player, it is time to install all other software like VLC, Skype, Filezilla and screenshot tool like flameshot in our Debian 10 system.

**Install VLC Media Player**

To install VLC player in your system using apt command,

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install vlc -y

After the successful installation of VLC player, try to play your favorite videos

**Install Skype:**

First download the latest Skype package as shown below:

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ wget https://go.skype.com/skypeforlinux-64.deb

Next install the package using the apt command as shown below:

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install ./skypeforlinux-64.deb

After successful installation of Skype, try to access it and enter your Credentials,

**Install Filezilla**

To install Filezilla in your system use the following apt command,

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install filezilla -y

Once FileZilla package is installed successfully, try to access it,

**Install Screenshot tool (flameshot)**

Use the following command to install screenshoot tool flameshot,

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install flameshot -y

**Note:** Shutter Tool in Debian 10 has been removed

#### 6) Enable and Start Firewall

It is always recommended to start firewall to make your secure over the network. If you are looking to enable firewall in Debian 10, **UFW** (Uncomplicated Firewall) is the best tool handle firewall. Since UFW is available in the Debian repositories, it is quite easy to install as shown below:

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install ufw

Once you have installed UFW, the next step is to set up the firewall. So, to setup the firewall, disable all incoming traffic by denying the ports and allow only the required ports like ssh, http and https.

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw default deny incoming Default incoming policy changed to 'deny' (be sure to update your rules accordingly) pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw default allow outgoing Default outgoing policy changed to 'allow' (be sure to update your rules accordingly) pkumar@linuxtechi:~$

Allow SSH port

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw allow ssh Rules updated Rules updated (v6) pkumar@linuxtechi:~$

In case you have installed Web Server in your system then allow their ports too in the firewall using the following ufw command,

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw allow 80 Rules updated Rules updated (v6) pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw allow 443 Rules updated Rules updated (v6) pkumar@linuxtechi:~$

Finally, you can enable UFW using the following command

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw enable Command may disrupt existing ssh connections. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y Firewall is active and enabled on system startup pkumar@linuxtechi:~$

In case if you want to check the status of your firewall, you can check it using the following command

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo ufw status

#### 7) Install Virtualization Software (VirtualBox)

First step in installing Virtualbox is by importing the public keys of the Oracle VirtualBox repository to your Debian 10 system

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - OK pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add - OK pkumar@linuxtechi:~$

If the import is successful, you will see a “OK” message displayed.

Next you need to add the repository to the source list

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian buster contrib" pkumar@linuxtechi:~$

Finally, it is time to install VirtualBox 6.0 in your system

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt update pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install virtualbox-6.0 -y

Once VirtualBox packages are installed successfully, try access it and start creating virtual machines,

#### 8) Install latest AMD Drivers

Finally, you can also install additional AMD drivers needed like the graphics card, ATI Proprietary and Nvidia Graphics drivers. To Install the latest AMD Drivers, first we must modify** /etc/apt/sources.list** file, add **non-free** word in lines which contains **main** and **contrib**, example is shown below

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list ………………… deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main non-free contrib deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main non-free contrib deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ buster-updates main contrib non-free ……………………

Now use the following apt commands to install latest AMD drivers in Debian 10 system

pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt update pkumar@linuxtechi:~$ sudo apt install firmware-linux firmware-linux-nonfree libdrm-amdgpu1 xserver-xorg-video-amdgpu -y

That’s all from this article, I hope you got an idea what one should after installing Debian 10. Please do share your feedback and comments in comments section below.

braciszekosdHi, why there is – y after install software?

Pradeep KumarIf we don’t pass -y option in apt command then we have manually type y(or yes) to install packages

Cronoit will just auto do Yes for you. So instead of it asking do you want to continue yes or no, it will just select yes for you. I wouldnt recommend it if you are still new, mistakes happen lol. wait till you get more comfortable and do commands with the -y at the end. Im new and thats what im doing.

sebt3apt-get install -y virt-manager qemu-kvm seems a way better choice than virtualbox

KingneutronFlash is dead. You should only need HTML5 to play videos these days.

DebtumbsYou don’t need install Flash Player to play YouTube videos.

Alex BrightBoss, FLASH was cremated long ago…!! Now its HTML 5

warningdangthe flash is not used to play YouTube Videos , but it is used to play some games …

BeyI hate flash, but flash is needed in a lot of old unsupported firmware admin web pages.

IlyaComplain to your vendor(s) then and let’s kill this security bloatware off for good.

Stuart Stevensonmaybe one if the FIRST things to do would be to tell people how to add a user to usermod BEFORE telling them to use the command ‘usermod’?

DaveFirezilla will only backup drives that are unmounted. I have installed this on ubuntu 18.04. And it has errors when trying to backup.

I been using clonezilla live usb had no issues with for images. I have restored once with no issues.

MarjFirstly thank you time and effort.

I was looking for how to update firefox as this computer couldn’t play ABC iview, so I updated and upgraded everything.

Then I installed Skype and am about to install ‘flameshot’ to give it a try.

Your instructions and explanations make the processes crystal clear.

Marj