2018 年开源技术 10 大发展趋势
趋势 技术 开源

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> 你是否关注过开源技术的发展趋势？ 这里是 10 个预测。
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![2018 年开源技术的 10 大发展趋势](/data/attachment/album/201712/27/085930grj6p6jwpwwpewej.png "10 open source technology trends for 2018")


技术一直在变革，诸如 OpenStack、<ruby> 增强型网页应用 <rt>  Progressive Web App </rt></ruby>（PWA）、Rust、R、<ruby> 认知云 <rt>  the cognitive cloud </rt></ruby>、人工智能（AI），物联网等一些新技术正在颠覆我们对世界的固有认知。以下概述了 2018 年最可能成为主流的开源技术。


### 1、 OpenStack 认可度持续高涨


[OpenStack](https://www.openstack.org/) 本质上是一个云操作平台（系统），它为管理员提供直观友好的控制面板，以便对大量的计算、存储和网络资源进行配置和监管。


目前，很多企业运用 OpenStack 平台搭建和管理云计算系统。得益于其灵活的生态系统、透明度和运行速度，OpenStack 越来越流行。相比其他替代方案，OpenStack 只需更少的花费便能轻松支持任务关键型应用程序。 但是，其复杂的结构以及其对虚拟化、服务器和大量网络资源的严重依赖使得不少企业对使用 OpenStack 心存顾虑。另外，想要用好 OpenStack，好的硬件支持和高水平的员工二者缺一不可。


OpenStack 基金会一直在致力于完善他们的产品。一些功能创新，无论是已经发布的还是尚处于打造阶段，都将解决许多 OpenStack 潜在的问题。随着其结构复杂性降低，OpenStack 将获取更大认可。加之众多大型的软件开发及托管公司以及成千上万会员的支持， OpenStack 在云计算时代前途光明。


### 2、 PWA 或将大热


PWA，即 <ruby> <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/progressive-web-apps/">  增强型网页应用 </a> <rt>  Progressive Web App </rt></ruby>，是对技术、设计和<ruby> 网络应用程序接口 <rt>  Web API </rt></ruby>的整合，它能够在移动浏览器上提供类似应用的体验。


传统的网站有许多与生俱来的缺点。虽然应用（app）提供了比网站更加个性化、用户参与度更高的体验，但是却要占用大量的系统资源；并且要想使用应用，你还必须提前下载安装。PWA 则扬长避短，它可用浏览器访问、可被引擎搜索检索，并可响应式适应外在环境，为用户提供应用级体验。PWA 也能像应用一样自我更新，总是显示最新的实时信息，并且像网站一样，以极其安全的 HTTPS 模式递交信息。PWA 运行于标准容器中，无须安装，任何人只要输入 URL 即可访问。


现在的移动用户看重便利性和参与度，PWAs 的特性完美契合这一需求，所以 PWA 成为主流是必然趋势。


### 3、 Rust 成开发者新宠


大多数的编程语言都需在安全和控制二者之间折衷，但 [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) 是一个例外。Rust 使用广泛的编译时检查进行 100% 的控制而不影响程序安全性。上一次 [Pwn2Own](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwn2Own) 竞赛找出了 Firefox C++ 底层实现的许多严重漏洞。如果 Firefox 是用 Rust 编写的，这些漏洞在产品发布之前的编译阶段就会被发现并解决。


Rust 独特的内建单元测试方式使开发者们考虑将其作为首选的开源语言。它是 C 和 Python 等其他编程语言有效的替代方案，Rust 可以在不损失程序可读性的情况下写出安全的代码。总之，Rust 前途光明。


### 4、 R 用户群在壮大


[R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)) 编程语言，是一个与统计计算和图像呈现相关的 [GUN 项目](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project)。它提供了大量的统计和图形技术，并且可扩展增强。它是 [S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)) 语言的延续。S 语言早已成为统计方法学的首选工具，R 为数据操作、计算和图形显示提供了开源选择。R 语言的另一个优势是对细节的把控和对细微差别的关注。


和 Rust 一样，R 语言也处于上升期。


### 5、 广义的 XaaS


XaaS 是 “<ruby> 一切皆服务 <rt>  anything as a service </rt></ruby>” 的缩写，是通过网络提供的各种线上服务的总称。XaaS 的外延正在扩大，软件即服务（SaaS）、基础设施即服务（IaaS） 和平台即服务（PaaS）等观念已深入人心，新兴的基于云的服务如网络即服务（NaaS）、存储即服务（SaaS 或 StaaS）、监控即服务（MaaS）以及通信即服务（CaaS）等概念也正在普及。我们正在迈向一个万事万物 “皆为服务” 的世界。


现在，XaaS 的概念已经延伸到实体企业。著名的例子有 Uber 、Lyft 和 Airbnb，前二者利用新科技提供交通服务，后者提供住宿服务。


高速网络和服务器虚拟化使得强大的计算能力成为可能，这加速了 XaaS 的发展，2018 年可能是 “XaaS 年”。XaaS 无与伦比的灵活性、可扩展性将推动 XaaS 进一步发展。


### 6、 容器技术越来越受欢迎


[容器技术](https://www.techopedia.com/2/31967/trends/open-source/container-technology-the-next-big-thing)，是用标准化方法打包代码的技术，它使得代码能够在任意环境中快速地 “接入并运行”。容器技术让企业可以削减经费、降低实施周期。尽管容器技术在 IT 基础结构改革方面的已经初显潜力，但事实上，运用好容器技术仍然比较复杂。


容器技术仍在发展中，技术复杂性随着各方面的进步在下降。最新的技术让容器使用起来像使用智能手机一样简单、直观，更不用说现在的企业需求：速度和灵活性往往能决定业务成败。


### 7、 机器学习和人工智能的更广泛应用


[机器学习和人工智能](https://opensource.com/tags/artificial-intelligence) 指在没有程序员给出明确的编码指令的情况下，机器具备自主学习并且积累经验自我改进的能力。


随着一些开源技术利用机器学习和人工智能实现尖端服务和应用，这两项技术已经深入人心。


[Gartner](https://sdtimes.com/gartners-top-10-technology-trends-2018/) 预测，2018 年机器学习和人工智能的应用会更广。其他一些领域诸如数据准备、集成、算法选择、学习方法选择、模块制造等随着机器学习的加入将会取得很大进步。


全新的智能开源解决方案将改变人们和系统交互的方式，转变由来已久的工作观念。


* 机器交互，像[聊天机器人](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot)这样的对话平台，提供“问与答”的体验——用户提出问题，对话平台作出回应，成为人机之间默认的交互界面。
* 无人驾驶和无人机现在已经家喻户晓了，2018 年将会更司空见惯。
* 沉浸式体验的应用不再仅仅局限于视频游戏，在真实的生活场景比如设计、培训和可视化过程中都能看到沉浸式体验的身影。


### 8、 区块链将成为主流


自比特币应用区块链技术以来，其已经取得了重大进展，并且已广泛应用在金融系统、保密选举、学历验证等领域中。未来几年，区块链会在医疗、制造业、供应链物流、政府服务等领域中大展拳脚。


区块链分布式存储数据信息，这些数据信息依赖于数百万个共享数据库的节点。区块链不被任意单一所有者控制，并且单个损坏的节点不影响其正常运行，区块链的这两个特性让它异常健壮、透明、不可破坏。同时也规避了有人从中篡改数据的风险。区块链强大的先天优势足够支撑其成为将来主流技术。


### 9、 认知云粉墨登场


认识技术，比如前面所述的机器学习和人工智能，用于为多行业提供简单化和个性化服务。一个典型例子是金融行业的游戏化应用，其为投资者提供了严谨的投资建议，降低投资模块的复杂程度。数字信托平台使得金融机构的身份认证过程较以前精简 80%，提升了合规性，降低了诈骗比率。


认知云技术现在正向云端迁移，借助云，它将更加强大。[IBM Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer)) 是认知云应用最知名的例子。IBM 的 UIMA 架构是开源的，由 Apache 基金会负责维护。DARPA（美国国防高级研究计划局）的 DeepDive 项目借鉴了 Watson 的机器学习能力，通过不断学习人类行为来增强决策能力。另一个开源平台 [OpenCog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCog) ，为开发者和数据科学家开发人工智能应用程序提供支撑。


考虑到实现先进的、个性化的用户体验风险较高，这些认知云平台来年时机成熟时才会粉墨登场。


### 10、 物联网智联万物


物联网（IoT）的核心在于建立小到嵌入式传感器、大至计算机设备的相互连接，让其（“物”）相互之间可以收发数据。毫无疑问，物联网将会是科技界的下一个 “搅局者”，但物联网本身处于一个不断变化的状态。


物联网最广为人知的产品就是 IBM 和三星合力打造的去中心化 P2P 自动遥测系统（[ADEPT](https://insights.samsung.com/2016/03/17/block-chain-mobile-and-the-internet-of-things/)）。它运用和区块链类似的技术来构建一个去中心化的物联网。没有中央控制设备，“物” 之间通过自主交流来进行升级软件、处理 bug、管理电源等等一系列操作。


### 开源推动技术创新


[数字化颠覆](https://cio-wiki.org/home/loc/home?page=digital-disruption)是当今以科技为中心的时代的常态。在技术领域，开放源代码正在逐渐普及，其在 2018 将年成为大多数技术创新的驱动力。


此榜单对开源技术趋势的预测有遗漏？在评论区告诉我们吧！


（题图：[Mitch Bennett](https://www.flickr.com/photos/mitchell3417/9206373620). [Opensource.com](https://opensource.com/) 修改）


### 关于作者


[**Sreejith Omanakuttan**](https://opensource.com/users/sreejith) - 自 2000 年开始编程，2007年开始从事专业工作。目前在 [Fingent](https://www.fingent.com/) 领导开源团队，工作内容涵盖不同的技术层面，从“无聊的工作”（？）到前沿科技。有一套 “构建—修复—推倒重来” 工作哲学。在领英上关注我： <https://www.linkedin.com/in/futuregeek/>




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via: <https://opensource.com/article/17/11/10-open-source-technology-trends-2018>


作者：[Sreejith Omanakuttan](https://opensource.com/users/sreejith) 译者：[wangy325](https://github.com/wangy25) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)


本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出


OK
Technology is always evolving. New developments, such as OpenStack, Progressive Web Apps, Rust, R, the cognitive cloud, artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things, and more are putting our usual paradigms on the back burner. Here is a rundown of the top open source trends expected to soar in popularity in 2018.

## 1. OpenStack gains increasing acceptance

[OpenStack](https://www.openstack.org/) is essentially a cloud operating system that offers admins the ability to provision and control huge compute, storage, and networking resources through an intuitive and user-friendly dashboard.


Many enterprises are using the OpenStack platform to build and manage cloud computing systems. Its popularity rests on its flexible ecosystem, transparency, and speed. It supports mission-critical applications with ease and lower costs compared to alternatives. But, OpenStack's complex structure and its dependency on virtualization, servers, and extensive networking resources has inhibited its adoption by a wider range of enterprises. Using OpenStack also requires a well-oiled machinery of skilled staff and resources.

The OpenStack Foundation is working overtime to fill the voids. Several innovations, either released or on the anvil, would resolve many of its underlying challenges. As complexities decrease, OpenStack will surge in acceptance. The fact that OpenStack is already backed by many big software development and hosting companies, in addition to thousands of individual members, makes it the future of cloud computing.

## 2. Progressive Web Apps become popular

[Progressive Web Apps](https://developers.google.com/web/progressive-web-apps/) (PWA), an aggregation of technologies, design concepts, and web APIs, offer an app-like experience in the mobile browser.

Traditional websites suffer from many inherent shortcomings. Apps, although offering a more personal and focused engagement than websites, place a huge demand on resources, including needing to be downloaded upfront. PWA delivers the best of both worlds. It delivers an app-like experience to users while being accessible on browsers, indexable on search engines, and responsive to fit any form factor. Like an app, a PWA updates itself to always display the latest real-time information, and, like a website, it is delivered in an ultra-safe HTTPS model. It runs in a standard container and is accessible to anyone who types in the URL, without having to install anything.

PWAs perfectly suit the needs of today's mobile users, who value convenience and personal engagement over everything else. That this technology is set to soar in popularity is a no-brainer.

## 3. Rust to rule the roost

Most programming languages come with safety vs. control tradeoffs. [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) is an exception. The language co-opts extensive compile-time checking to offer 100% control without compromising safety. The last [Pwn2Own](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwn2Own) competition threw up many serious vulnerabilities in Firefox on account of its underlying C++ language. If Firefox had been written in Rust, many of those errors would have manifested as compile-time bugs and resolved before the product rollout stage.

Rust's unique approach of built-in unit testing has led developers to consider it a viable first-choice open source language. It offers an effective alternative to languages such as C and Python to write secure code without sacrificing expressiveness. Rust has bright days ahead in 2018.

## 4. R user community grows

The [R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)) programming language, a GNU project, is associated with statistical computing and graphics. It offers a wide array of statistical and graphical techniques and is extensible to boot. It starts where [S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)) ends. With the S language already the vehicle of choice for research in statistical methodology, R offers a viable open source route for data manipulation, calculation, and graphical display. An added benefit is R's attention to detail and care for the finer nuances.

Like Rust, R's fortunes are on the rise.

## 5. XaaS expands in scope

XaaS, an acronym for "anything as a service," stands for the increasing number of services delivered over the internet, rather than on premises. Although software as a service (SaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS), and platform as a service (PaaS) are well-entrenched, new cloud-based models, such as network as a service (NaaS), storage as a service (SaaS or StaaS), monitoring as a service (MaaS), and communications as a service (CaaS), are soaring in popularity. A world where anything and everything is available "as a service" is not far away.

The scope of XaaS now extends to bricks-and-mortar businesses, as well. Good examples are companies such as Uber and Lyft leveraging digital technology to offer transportation as a service and Airbnb offering accommodations as a service.

High-speed networks and server virtualization that make powerful computing affordable have accelerated the popularity of XaaS, to the point that 2018 may become the "year of XaaS." The unmatched flexibility, agility, and scalability will propel the popularity of XaaS even further.

## 6. Containers gain even more acceptance

Container technology is the approach of packaging pieces of code in a standardized way so they can be "plugged and run" quickly in any environment. Container technology allows enterprises to cut costs and implementation times. While the potential of containers to revolutionize IT infrastructure has been evident for a while, actual container use has remained complex.Container technology is still evolving, and the complexities associated with the technology decrease with every advancement. The latest developments make containers quite intuitive and as easy as using a smartphone, not to mention tuned for today's needs, where speed and agility can make or break a business.

## 7. Machine learning and artificial intelligence expand in scope

[Machine learning and AI](https://opensource.com/tags/artificial-intelligence) give machines the ability to learn and improve from experience without a programmer explicitly coding the instruction.

These technologies are already well entrenched, with several open source technologies leveraging them for cutting-edge services and applications.

[Gartner predicts](https://sdtimes.com/gartners-top-10-technology-trends-2018/) the scope of machine learning and artificial intelligence will expand in 2018. Several greenfield areas, such as data preparation, integration, algorithm selection, training methodology selection, and model creation are all set for big-time enhancements through the infusion of machine learning.

New open source intelligent solutions are set to change the way people interact with systems and transform the very nature of work.

- Conversational platforms, such as chatbots, make the question-and-command experience, where a user asks a question and the platform responds, the default medium of interacting with machines.
- Autonomous vehicles and drones, fancy fads today, are expected to become commonplace by 2018.
- The scope of immersive experience will expand beyond video games and apply to real-life scenarios such as design, training, and visualization processes.

## 8. Blockchain becomes mainstream

Blockchain has come a long way from Bitcoin. The technology is already in widespread use in finance, secure voting, authenticating academic credentials, and more. In the coming year, healthcare, manufacturing, supply chain logistics, and government services are among the sectors most likely to embrace blockchain technology.

Blockchain distributes digital information. The information resides on millions of nodes, in shared and reconciled databases. The fact that it's not controlled by any single authority and has no single point of failure makes it very robust, transparent, and incorruptible. It also solves the threat of a middleman manipulating the data. Such inherent strengths account for blockchain's soaring popularity and explain why it is likely to emerge as a mainstream technology in the immediate future.

## 9. Cognitive cloud moves to center stage

Cognitive technologies, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, are increasingly used to reduce complexity and personalize experiences across multiple sectors. One case in point is gamification apps in the financial sector, which offer investors critical investment insights and reduce the complexities of investment models. Digital trust platforms reduce the identity-verification process for financial institutions by about 80%, improving compliance and reducing chances of fraud.

Such cognitive cloud technologies are now moving to the cloud, making it even more potent and powerful. IBM Watson is the most well-known example of the cognitive cloud in action. IBM's UIMA architecture was made open source and is maintained by the Apache Foundation. DARPA's DeepDive project mirrors Watson's machine learning abilities to enhance decision-making capabilities over time by learning from human interactions. OpenCog, another open source platform, allows developers and data scientists to develop artificial intelligence apps and programs.

Considering the high stakes of delivering powerful and customized experiences, these cognitive cloud platforms are set to take center stage over the coming year.

## 10. The Internet of Things connects more things

At its core, the Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of devices through embedded sensors or other computing devices that enable the devices (the "things") to send and receive data. IoT is already predicted to be the next big major disruptor of the tech space, but IoT itself is in a continuous state of flux.

One innovation likely to gain widespread acceptance within the IoT space is Autonomous Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Telemetry ([ADEPT](https://insights.samsung.com/2016/03/17/block-chain-mobile-and-the-internet-of-things/)), which is propelled by IBM and Samsung. It uses a blockchain-type technology to deliver a decentralized network of IoT devices. Freedom from a central control system facilitates autonomous communications between "things" in order to manage software updates, resolve bugs, manage energy, and more.

## Open source drives innovation

Digital disruption is the norm in today's tech-centric era. Within the technology space, open source is now pervasive, and in 2018, it will be the driving force behind most of the technology innovations.

Which open source trends and technologies would you add to this list? Let us know in the comments.

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