13 个从头开始构建的独立 Linux 发行版
Linux 发行版
![](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095522os6236zrzcgs79e9.jpg)


时至今日，世界上已经有成百上千种不同的 Linux 发行版。


它们中的大多数都可以被划归为三个大类 : Debian、Red Hat（Fedora）以及 Arch Linux。


使用基于 Debian/Ubuntu、Red Hat/SUSE 或者 Arch 的 Linux 发行版自然有它们的优势。它们很受大众欢迎，因此它们的包管理器能够提供大量的软件包。


然而，有一些用户更倾向于使用从头开始构建、独立于 DEB/RPM 这类包管理系统之外的发行版。


在这篇文章当中，我们将列出一些优秀的独立 Linux 发行版。



> 
> **注意 :** 显然，下面的列表显然不会包括一些广受欢迎，通常作为创建新发行版的基础的发行版，如 Debian、Ubuntu 和 Fedora 等。此外，列表顺序不分先后，没有特定的排名。
> 
> 
> 


### 1、NixOS


![Image Credits: Distrowatch](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095524duob1kvcnzz9ku46.png)


NixOS 最初发布于 2003 年，NixOS 建立在 Nix 包管理器之上。它每年发布两个版本，通常是在 5 月和 11 月。


NixOS 可能不是一个直接面向新用户或普通用户的发行版。然而，其独特的 [包管理](https://itsfoss.com/package-manager/) 方法吸引了各种用户。


此外，它仍然支持 32 位系统。


其他特性：


* 构建隔离的包
* 可靠的升级，并且具有回滚功能
* 可重现的系统配置



> 
> **[NixOS](https://nixos.org/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 2、Gentoo Linux


![Image Credits: Distrowatch](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095526ixkrk1ugju5rczbg.jpg)


Geetoo Linux 是一个主要针对操作系统专家的独立 Linux 发行版。它是为那些希望自由定制、微调和优化操作系统以满足其要求的用户而构建。


Gentoo 使用 [Portage 包管理器](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Portage) 来创建和安装软件包，通常还允许你针对你的硬件来优化它们。Chrome 的开源版本 **Chromium OS** 便是使用 Gentoo 作为其核心的。


不要忘记，Gentoo 是 [仍然支持 32 位架构的发行版](https://itsfoss.com/32-bit-linux-distributions/) 之一。


其他特性：


* 增量更新
* 基于源码的软件管理方法
* 支持 GURU（Gentoo 用户仓库）的<ruby> 层叠 <rt>  Overlay </rt></ruby>仓库的概念，允许用户添加 Gentoo 尚未提供的软件包



> 
> **[Gentoo Linux](https://www.gentoo.org/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 3、Void Linux


![Image Credits: Distrowatch](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095526y3nonllwwmll9lzu.jpg)


Void Linux 是一个 [滚动发布的发行版](https://itsfoss.com/rolling-release/)，使用 X 二进制软件包系统（XBPS）来安装和删除软件。它由前 NetBSD 开发者 Juan Romero Pardines 创建。


它使用 runit 而不是 systemd 作为其初始化系统。此外，它还让你可以选择使用多个 [桌面环境](https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/)。


其他特性：


* 最小化的系统要求
* 官方库也提供非自由软件包
* 支持树莓派
* 集成 OpenBSD 的 LibreSSL
* 支持 musl C 库
* 支持 32 位系统



> 
> **[Void Linux](https://voidlinux.org/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 4、Solus Linux


![solus budgie 2022](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095526da5o5tjsgpe276ps.jpg)


Solus 的前身是 EvolveOS，它从头开始构建并提供了一些令人兴奋的特性。Solus 的旗舰版本使用自己打造的 Budgie 作为桌面环境。


与本篇文章介绍的其他系统相比，Solus 对于新手较为友好。它设法成为 [最好的 Linux 发行版](https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-distributions/) 之一。


它使用 eopkg 作为其包管理系统，支持版滚动发布模型。按照开发人员的说法，开发 Solus 的目标是用于个人电脑。


其他特性：


* 支持 Budgie、Gnome、MATE 和 KDE Plasma
* 各种开箱即用的软件，从而减少设置工作



> 
> **[Solus Linux](https://getsol.us/home/)**
> 
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> 


### 5、Mageia


![Image Credits: Distrowatch](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095527n9dvvzhpjmlfcdhd.jpg)


Mageia 始于 2010 年，它是 Mandriva Linux 的一个分支。它的目标是成为稳定且安全的桌面和服务器操作系统。


Mageia 是一个社区驱动的项目，由非营利组织和贡献者支持。每年会发布一个大版本。


其他特性：


* 支持 32 位系统
* 支持 KDE Plasma、Gnome 和 XFCE
* 最低的系统要求



> 
> **[Mageia](https://www.mageia.org/en/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 6、Clear Linux


![Image Credits: Distrowatch](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095528jxztketkkskkef2k.png)


Clear Linux 是一个由英特尔发布的发行版，主要设计考虑是性能和云服务的使用。


有趣的是，Clear Linux 升级时是作为一个整体而非去升级单个的软件包。所以，即使你不小心弄乱了系统设置，它也可以正确的启动，执行恢复出厂设置，并让用户重新设置。


它不太适合个人用户使用。但可以作为一个独特的选择而尝试一下。


其他特性：


* 针对英特尔平台的高度调优
* 用户和系统文件之间严格分离
* 持续的漏洞扫描



> 
> **[Clear Linux OS](https://clearlinux.org/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 7、PCLinuxOS


![Image Credits: Distrowatch](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095530kgzac0gcu6z85m08.png)


PCLinuxOS 是一个 x86\_64 的 Linux 发行版，使用 APT/RPM 包管理。你可以使用 KDE Plasma、Mate 以及 XFCE 桌面，它同时还提供了更多特性的社区版本的桌面。


得益于 [Synaptic 包管理器](https://itsfoss.com/synaptic-package-manager/)，本地安装的 PCLinuxOS 采用了 APT 包管理系统。但你也可以从它的仓库中找到 RPM 包。


其他特性：


* mylivecd 脚本允许用户去生成一个当前已安装的硬件驱动的“快照”（所有的配置、应用、文档等）并且将它压缩为 ISO CD/DVD/USB 镜像
* 额外支持超过 85 种语言



> 
> **[PCLinuxOS](https://www.pclinuxos.com/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 8、4MLinux


![4m linux 2022](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095530m3llwswe3egpglit.jpg)


[4MLinux](https://itsfoss.com/4mlinux-review/) 是一个通用的 Linux 发行版，重点聚焦于下面四个 **“M”**


* <ruby> 维护 <rt>  Maintenance </rt></ruby>（系统救援 Live CD）
* <ruby> 多媒体 <rt>  Multimedia </rt></ruby>（支持大量的图形、音频和视频格式）
* <ruby> 微服务器 <rt>  Miniserver </rt></ruby>（支持 DNS、FTP、HTTP、MySQL、NFS、Proxy、SMTP、SSH 和 Telnet）
* <ruby> 神秘 <rt>  Mystery </rt></ruby>（包含了经典 Linux 游戏的集合）


它具有最低的系统要求，可作为桌面和服务器版本使用.


其他特性：


* 支持大量的图形、音频和视频格式
* 是小型并且通用的 Linux 发行版



> 
> **[4MLinux](http://4mlinux.com/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 9、Tiny Core Linux


![Image Credits: Distrowatch](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095531iiaaqhp3clhpg3cl.jpg)


Tiny Core Linux 专注于使用 BusyBox 和 FLTK 提供一个基础的系统。它不是一个完备的桌面，所以，并不能保证它可以运行于任何系统。


它只是一个启动到非常精简的 X 桌面所需的核心，通常带有有线互联网访问权限。


用户可以很好的控制一切，但对于新 Linux 用户来说，它并不是一个轻松的开箱即用的系统。


其他特性：


* 旨在从启动时创建的内存副本中运行
* 默认情况下，其操作就像像云端 / 互联网客户端一样
* 用户可以使用 appbrowser 来游览库以及下载应用



> 
> **[Tiny Core Linux](http://www.tinycorelinux.net/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 10、Linux From Scratch（LFS）


![Image Credit: Reddit](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095531wqxajmjn2j9ajnni.png)


Linux From Scratch（LFS）并不是一个系统，而是通过手动构建所有组件来安装 Linux 的一种方法。一旦完成，它提供了一个紧凑、灵活和安全的系统，并且可以很好的理解一个基于 Linux 的操作系统内部是如何工作的。


如果你希望去深入理解 Linux 是如何工作的并且探寻其具体细节，那么 Linux From Scratch（LFS） 是你一定要去尝试，不能错过的一个项目。


其他特性


* 完全从头开始，定制化的构建 Linux 系统
* 极度的灵活性
* 由于从源码开始编译，提供了额外的安全性



> 
> **[Linux From Scratch](https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 11、Slackware


![Image Credits: Distrowatch](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095532rech3hyll45hzhc9.jpg)


Slackware 是现今还在维护的最古老的发行版。最初创建于 1993 年，以 Softlanding Linux 系统为基础，随后，许多的 Linux 发行版都是基于 Slackware。


Slackware 目标是称为最类似于 UNIX 的 Linux 发行版，同时保持简单和稳定。


其他特性：


* 支持 32 位和 64 位系统
* 大量的在线文档
* 从奔腾处理器到最新的机器，它都可以运行



> 
> **[Slackware](http://www.slackware.com/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 12、Alpine Linux


![alpine linux xfce 2022](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095533blh999x4vv4zhf0r.png)


Alpine Linux 是一个社区开发的操作系统，专为路由器、防火墙、VPN、VoIP 盒子和服务器而设计。它是 LEAF 项目的一个分支。


Alpine Linux 使用 apk-tools 包管理器，最初由 shell 脚本编写，而后使用 c 语言重构。它是最小的 Linux 发行版之一，仍然支持 32 位系统，并且是一个可以完全从电脑内存运行的操作系统。


其他特性：


* 提供大小仅为 5MB 的最小容器镜像
* 对于主库，提供 2 年的支持；对于社区库，在下一个稳定版本发布前提供支持
* 使用 musl libc 制作，Busybox 使用资源效率高的容器



> 
> **[Alpine Linux](https://www.alpinelinux.org/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 13、KaOS


![Image Credits: Distrowatch](/data/attachment/album/202211/14/095533d369e3v1h3u8h888.png)


KaOS 是一个受到 Arch 启发，从头开始构建的 Linux 发行版。它使用 [pacman 包管理器](https://itsfoss.com/pacman-command/)。它是按照"*一个桌面环境（KDE Plasma），一个工具包（Qt），一个架构（X86\_64）*"的理念构建的。


它的软件库比较有限，但依然为普通用户提供了许多工具。


其他特性：


* 最新的 Plasma 桌面
* 紧密集成的滚动和透明的现代桌面发行版



> 
> **[KaOS](https://kaosx.us/)**
> 
> 
> 


### 总结


如果你需要一些独特的体验，那么这些独立 Linux 发行版应该能很好的满足你。


然而，如果你想要用其来替换如 Ubuntu 这样主流的 Linux 发行版作为你的桌面系统……你也许需要三思而后行，上面大多数的发行版（并不代表所有）都不是一个日常使用的桌面系统的理想的选项。


但是话又说回来，如果你对 Linux 发行版充满了经验，那么毫无疑问，你会享受这项冒险的任务的。


*如果你想尝试这些独立发行版的其中一种，哪一个会是你的优先选择呢 ? 请在评论中与我们分享。*




---


via: <https://itsfoss.com/independent-linux-distros/>


作者：[sreenath](https://itsfoss.com/author/sreenath/) 选题：[lkxed](https://github.com/lkxed) 译者：[MuggleWei](https://github.com/MuggleWei) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)


本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux 中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出


OK
![Warp Terminal](/assets/images/warp-terminal.webp)


![Warp Terminal](/assets/images/warp-terminal.webp)

There are hundreds of Linux distributions available.

But most of them fall into these three categories: Debian, Red Hat (Fedora) and Arch Linux.

Using a distribution based on Debian/Ubuntu, Red Hat/SUSE or Arch Linux has its advantages. They are popular and hence their package manager offers a huge range of software.

However, some users prefer to use Linux distributions built from scratch and be independent of DEB/RPM packaging system.

In this article, we will list some of the best Linux distributions developed independently.

**Note:** Obviously, this list excludes popular options like Debian, Ubuntu, and Fedora, which are used as bases for creating new distros. Moreover, the distributions are in no particular order of ranking.

## 1. NixOS

![nixos 2022](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/10/nixos-2022.png)

Initially released in 2003, Nix OS is built on top of the Nix Package Manager. It provides two releases every year, usually scheduled in May and November.

NixOS may not be a distribution directly geared to new and average users. However, its unique approach to [package management](https://itsfoss.com/package-manager/) attracts various kinds of users.

Additionally, 32-bit support systems are also supported.

#### Other Features:

- Builds packages isolated
- Reliable upgrade with rollback feature
- Reproducible system configuration

[6 Advanced Distributions for Expert Linux UsersSo, you think you are a Linux guru? Why not test your Linux expertise by using these advanced Linux distributions that are not everyone’s cup of tea?](https://itsfoss.com/advanced-linux-distros/)![](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/07/advanced-linux-distros.png)


![](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2021/07/advanced-linux-distros.png)

## 2. Gentoo Linux

![gentoo linux plasma](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/08/gentoo-linux-plasma.jpg)

Gentoo Linux is an independently developed distribution aimed mainly at system experts. It is built for users who want the freedom to customize, fine-tune and optimize the operating system to suit their requirements.

Gentoo uses [Portage package management](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Portage?ref=itsfoss.com) that lets you create and install packages, often allowing you to optimize them for your hardware. **Chromium OS**, the open-source version of Chrome OS, uses Gentoo at its core.

Not to forget, Gentoo is one of those [distributions that still support 32-bit architectures](https://itsfoss.com/32-bit-linux-distributions/).

#### Other Features:

- Incremental Updates
- Source-based approach to software management
- Concept of overlay repositories like GURU (Gentoo’s user repository), where users can add packages not yet provided by Gentoo

## 3. Void Linux

![void linux](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/08/void-linux.jpg)

Void Linux is a [rolling release distribution](https://itsfoss.com/rolling-release/) with its own X Binary Package System (XBPS) for installing and removing software. It was created by **Juan Romero Pardines**, a former NetBSD developer.

It avoids systemd and instead uses runit as its init system. Furthermore, it gives you the option to use several [desktop environments](https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/).

#### Other Features:

- Minimal system requirements
- Offers an official repository for non-free packages
- Support for Raspberry Pi
- Integration of OpenBSD’s LibreSSL software
- Support for musl C library
- 32-bit support

[Not a Systemd Fan? Here are 14 Systemd-Free Linux Distributionssystemd is a popular init system adopted by most of the major Linux distributions backed by dozens of developers and companies. In case you’re curious, the init system is the first process after the Linux Kernel comes into action in the boot process to initialize various device management, logg…](https://itsfoss.com/systemd-free-distros/)![](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/03/systemd-free-distros.png)


![](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/03/systemd-free-distros.png)

## 4. Solus Linux

![solus budgie 2022](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/10/solus-budgie-2022.jpg)

Formerly EvolveOS, Solus Linux offers some exciting features while built from scratch. Solus features its own homegrown budgie desktop environment as its flagship version.

Compared to other options, Solus Linux is one of the few independent distributions that new Linux users can use. It manages to be one of the [best Linux distributions](https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-distributions/) available.

It uses eopkg package management with a semi-rolling release model. As per the developers, Solus is exclusively developed for personal computing purposes.

#### Other Features:

- Available in Budgie, Gnome, MATE, and KDE Plasma editions
- Variety of software out of the box, which reduces setup efforts

## 5. Mageia

![mageia](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/08/mageia-1.jpg)

Mageia started as a fork of Mandriva Linux back in 2010. It aims to be a stable and secure operating system for desktop and server usage.

Mageia is a community-driven project supported by a non-profit organization and elected contributors. You will notice a major release every year.

#### Other Features

- Supports 32-bit system
- KDE Plasma, Gnome, and XFCE editions are available from the website
- Minimal system requirements

[Top 15 Linux Distros That Still Support 32 Bit SystemsIf you have vintage hardware with 32-bit processor and you would like to keep on using it, here are the best choices of Linux distros with 32-bit support.](https://itsfoss.com/32-bit-linux-distributions/)![](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2020/11/32-bit-linux.png)


![](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2020/11/32-bit-linux.png)

## 6. Clear Linux

![clear linux desktop](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/08/clear-linux-desktop.png)

Clear Linux is a distribution by Intel, primarily designed with performance and cloud use cases in mind.

One interesting thing about Clear Linux is the operating system upgrades as a whole rather than individual packages. So, even if you mess up with the system accidentally, it should boot correctly, performing a factory reset to let you set it up again.

It is not geared toward personal use. But it can be a unique choice to try.

#### Other Features:

- Highly tuned for Intel platforms
- A strict separation between User and System files
- Constant vulnerability scanning

## 7. PCLinuxOS

![pclinuxos](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/08/pclinuxos.png)

PCLinuxOS is an x86_64 Linux distribution that uses APT-RPM packages. You can get KDE Plasma, Mate, and XFCE desktops, while it also offers several community editions featuring more desktops.

Locally installed versions of PCLinuxOS utilize the APT package management system thanks to [Synaptic package manager](https://itsfoss.com/synaptic-package-manager/). You can also find rpm packages from its repositories.

#### Other Features:

- mylivecd script allows the user to take a ‘snapshot’ of their current hard drive installation (all settings, applications, documents, etc.) and compress it into an ISO CD/DVD/USB image.
- Additional support for over 85 languages.

## 8. 4MLinux

![4m linux 2022](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/10/4m-linux-2022.jpg)

[4MLinux](https://itsfoss.com/4mlinux-review/) is a general-purpose Linux distribution with a strong focus on the following four **“M”** of computing:

**M**aintenance (system rescue Live CD)**M**ultimedia (full support for a huge number of image, audio and video formats)**M**iniserver (DNS, FTP, HTTP, MySQL, NFS, Proxy, SMTP, SSH, and Telnet)**M**ystery (meaning a collection of classic Linux games)

It has a minimal system requirement and is available as a desktop and server version.

#### Other Features

- Support for large number of image, audio/video formats
- Small and general-purpose Linux distribution

## 9. Tiny Core Linux

![tinycore](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/03/tinycore.jpg)

Tiny Core Linux focuses on providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK. It is not a complete desktop. So, you do not expect it to run on every system.

It represents only the core needed to boot into a very minimal X desktop, typically with wired internet access.

The user gets great control over everything, but it may not be an easy out-of-the-box experience for new Linux users.

#### Other Features

- Designed to run from a RAM copy created at boot time
- By default, operates like a cloud/internet client
- Users can run appbrowser to browse repositories and download applications

## 10. Linux From Scratch

![enable aur](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/10/linux-from-scratch.webp)


![enable aur](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/10/linux-from-scratch.webp)

Linux From Scratch is a way to install a working Linux system by building all its components manually. Once completed, it provides a compact, flexible and secure system and a greater understanding of the internal workings of the Linux-based operating systems.

If you need to dive deep into how a Linux system works and explore its nuts and bolts, Linux From Scratch is the project you need to try.

#### Other Features

- Customised Linux system, entirely from scratch
- Extremely flexible
- Offers added security because of self compile from source

## 11. Slackware

![slackware](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/10/slackware-scaled.jpg)

Slackware is the oldest distribution that is still being maintained. Originally created in 1993, with Softlanding Linux System as base, Slackware later became the base for many Linux distributions.

Slackware aims at producing the most UNIX-like Linux distribution while keeping simplicity and stability.

#### Other Features

- Available for 32-bit and 64-bit systems
- Extensive online documentation
- Can run on Pentium system to latest machines

## 12. Alpine Linux

![alpine linux xfce 2022](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/10/alpine-linux-xfce-2022.png)

Alpine Linux is a community-developed operating system designed for routers, firewalls, VPNs, VoIP boxes, and servers. It began as a fork of the LEAF Project.

Alpine Linux uses apk-tools package management, initially written as a shell script and later written in C programming language. This is a minimal Linux distribution, which still supports 32-bit systems and can be installed as a run-from-RAM operating system.

#### Other Features:

- Provides a minimal container image of just 5 MB in size
- 2-year support for the main repository and support until the next stable release for the community repository
- Made around musl libc and Busybox with resource-efficient containers

## 13. KaOS

![kaos desktop](https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/08/kaos-desktop.png)

KaOS is a Linux distribution built from scratch and inspired by Arch Linux. It uses [pacman for package management](https://itsfoss.com/pacman-command/). It is built with the philosophy “* One Desktop Environment (KDE Plasma), One Toolkit (Qt), One Architecture (x86_64)*“.

It has limited repositories, but still, it offers plenty of tools for a regular user.

#### Other Features:

- Most up-to-date Plasma desktop
- Tightly integrated rolling and transparent distribution for the modern desktop

### Wrapping Up

If you need a unique experience, these independent Linux distributions should serve the purpose.

However, if you want to replace it with a mainstream distribution like Ubuntu for your desktop…

You might want to think twice, considering most of the options (if not all) above are not ideal options for day-to-day desktop usage.

But then again, if you have a fair share of experience with Linux distributions, you can undoubtedly take up the task for an adventure!

*If you were to try one of these indie distros, which one would it be? Share with us in the comments.*