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Somaliland: Students Victim of US Policy Banning Citizens from 7 Countries
Photo courtesy of SomalilandPress.
Young Somalilanders accepted into American colleges are falling victims to President Donald Trump banning citizens of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen from travelling to the United States. Although Somaliland is a self-declared republic that declared independence from Somalia in 1991, its citizens are also affected by the ban.
The following article was published by SomalilandPress:
President Trump's decision to ban the citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries has jeopardized the university dreams of hundreds of students from the self-declared republic of Somaliland.
The Abaarso boarding school in Somaliland has become an unlikely feeder school for elite universities in the United States, having sent dozens of its students to schools like Harvard, Yale and MIT since 2013.
Somaliland is an autonomous region that declared its independence from Somalia in 1991, but its residents are also included in Trump's travel ban. The risk of the ban being extended beyond 90 days has made students at the school question their future.
"I feel lucky that I've been accepted to an elite college in the U.S., but also sad that I might not be able to start my college education," said Shukri Ali, a 19-year-old Abaarso student who was accepted last month to study at Wellesley College in September.
She said she wants to study neuroscience in order to open a hospital in Somaliland after completing her education.
Despite the uncertainty, Ali was stoic, saying she accepts Trump's explanation that the travel ban was intended to keep the U.S. safe.
"I will not take this personally because I know I'm not a terrorist," she said.
The Abaarso school was founded in 2009 by Jonathan Starr, an American former hedge fund manager. It was designed to educate underprivileged kids in the local community.
Starr said he's now concerned about his students' ability to study and travel, and he argued that the ban was counterproductive.
"Our students are wonderful for America and its safety," he said. "They are only in the U.S. to get the education needed to develop their country."
Starr noted that the first five of his former students will be graduating from U.S. colleges this year and plan to come back home.
"They'll be educating their population and developing industry using American know-how. A developed Somaliland and Somalia is good for America and its safety," he said.
Starr's students have secured millions of dollars in scholarships to pursue higher education. Most Abaarso students need full scholarships to pursue their undergraduate studies, which can cost up to $50,000 per year.
Starr said it's important for them to study in the U.S., where scholarship financing is more readily available.
"Europe has few full scholarships for international students. Our students have no money so they must get full scholarships," he said.
Starr said he is worried about students in Somaliland, and those already studying in the U.S. As it stands now, anyone with a Somaliland passport who leaves the U.S. risks being barred from re-entry.
Starr has worked for years to build up the reputation of his school in Somaliland.
Getting colleges to notice Abaarso's bright students was a struggle in the beginning. Starr said he was aggressive about canvassing universities and promoting his school.
Starr also works with U.S. boarding schools to send his students on extended exchanges to ensure they are up-to-speed with their Western peers before attending college. This additional year -- or years -- of education helps students acclimatize to Western culture.
Fahima Ali, an Abaarso student who is finishing her final year of high school in upstate New York, said she's relieved that she can stay in the U.S. and begin her studies at Columbia University in the autumn. But Ali -- who is not related to Shukri Ali -- said she is upset that her classmates and younger siblings may not have these opportunities.
"Not letting people into the U.S. for their education is basically destroying their dreams," she said.
"We live in a world where there are people who are here to support us ... We should just stay as optimistic as we can and keep working hard," she said.
Abaarso currently has 225 students who are taught by American teachers on volunteer salaries. Starr said demand for places at his school has shot up, with 20 applicants for every spot. | {
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<iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N9MJ23" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe>
SMART Vaccines: Strategic Multi-Attribute Ranking Tool for Vaccines
SMART Vaccines Trailer
An overview video of the program in action
SMART Vaccines Software
Download, User
Instructions, and Screenshots
Reports: Ranking Vaccines
Read Online or
Get data tables
A decision-
support tool to assist in prioritizing vaccine development.
IOM Activity Page
SMART Vaccines—Strategic Multi-Attribute Ranking Tool for Vaccines—is a pioneering decision-support software tool from the Institute of Medicine being developed (in collaboration with the National Academy of Engineering) to help prioritize new vaccines for development. This software tool has been developed over three phases, discussed in three reports: Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework (2012), Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Software Tool (2013), and Ranking Vaccines: Applications of a Prioritization Software Tool (2014).
Copyright © 2015 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. To request permission to reprint or reuse this content in a publication or other media, contact [email protected].
SMART Vaccines Video Overview
SMART Vaccines
Emerging new infections and re-emerging diseases require new vaccines for prevention. It is difficult to decide which new vaccine to develop, especially when making investment decisions in vaccine development. Thus, decision-makers working under constrained resources need tools that can be suitable within their environment and serve as an aid in vaccine prioritization efforts.
An Introduction to SMART Vaccines
IOM President, Dr. Harvey Fineberg, introduces SMART Vaccines.
SMART Vaccines Software | File Download and Instructions | Screenshots
.exe file for Windows
Windows (XP or above)
SMART Vaccines Download Instructions:
Click the Download SMART Vaccines button on the left and save the smart_vaccines_1-1.exe (version 1.1) file to your computer. It may take several minutes to install the software depending on your computer configuration.
SMART Vaccines User Instructions:
The software is designed to self-guide the user through the prioritization process.
Navigation buttons at the top right of the screen orient the user to the place they are in the process.
SMART Vaccines Screenshots
Ranking Vaccines: Applications of a Prioritization Software Tool: Phase III: Use Case Studies and Data Framework
Ranking Vaccines: Applications of a Prioritization Software Tool (2014) demonstrates the practical applications of SMART Vaccines through case scenarios in collaboration with the Public Health Agency of Canada, New York State Department of Health, Serum Institute of India, and the Mexico Ministry of Health.
Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Software Tool: Phase II: Prototype of a Decision-Support System
Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Software Tool (2013) discusses the methods underlying the development, validation, and evaluation of the significantly redesigned SMART Vaccines 1.0. It describes how SMART Vaccines should--and, just as importantly, should not--be used. The report provides a guiding principle and a set of strategies for future enhancements for SMART Vaccines as well as for ideas for expanded uses and considerations and possibilities for the future.
Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework: Phase I: Demonstration of Concept and a Software Blueprint
Ranking Vaccines: A Prioritization Framework (2012) describes a multi-attribute utility model to help decision makers with new vaccine prioritization. It also discusses an associated software blueprint called SMART Vaccines Beta and offers ideas for how such a software tool could be employed as a decision support system.
PDF Summary | IOM Report Page
Download Health Burden Data (95 KB xlsx)
Download Costs data (32 KB xlsx)
Included with SMART Vaccines 1.0 are Microsoft Excel files that contain data for the test vaccine candidates. The tables document the calculations and sources used to derive the necessary information. These data table provide the users guidance in ways to gather and estimate data from various sources.
There are two datasets: 1) health burden, and 2) costs associated with the disease. The Phase II report includes a detailed explanation of the methodology used to collect and estimate parameters for the software. | {
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Q: DirectX VSIX Installer Installation Failed I am just beginning DirectX programming on Visual Studio Express 2013.
I searched online how to begin with it.
I found a resource here
I downloaded the zip and when I ran the VSIX file I got the following error:
This extension is not installable on any currently installed products.
And following is the Install log:
13-06-2015 14:04:12 - Microsoft VSIX Installer
13-06-2015 14:04:12 - -------------------------------------------
13-06-2015 14:04:13 - Initializing Install...
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Extension Details...
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Identifier : WDCGameTemplates..c3488525-c3e7-49c4-9619-e082f4a95772
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Name : WDC Game Templates
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Author : Microsoft Windows SDK
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Version : 1.0
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Description : Create realtime, graphics-intensive Windows Store games using DirectX and native code. Includes template code for graphics, sound effects, background music, and input.
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Locale : en-US
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - MoreInfoURL :
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - InstalledByMSI : False
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - SupportedFrameworkVersionRange : [0.0,2147483647.2147483647]
13-06-2015 14:04:14 -
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Supported Products :
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Microsoft.VisualStudio.Pro
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Version : [12.0,13.0)
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Microsoft.VisualStudio.Premium
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Version : [12.0,13.0)
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Microsoft.VisualStudio.Ultimate
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Version : [12.0,13.0)
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Microsoft.VisualStudio.IntegratedShell
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Version : [12.0,13.0)
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Microsoft.VisualStudio.VSWinExpress
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Version : [12.0,13.0)
13-06-2015 14:04:14 -
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - References :
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - -------------------------------------------------------
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Identifier : Microsoft.Windows.DevelopmentKit.WindowsStore
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Name : Windows Software Development Kit for Windows Store Apps
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Version : [8.1,9.0)
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - MoreInfoURL :
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Nested : No
13-06-2015 14:04:14 -
13-06-2015 14:04:14 -
13-06-2015 14:04:14 - Searching for applicable products...
13-06-2015 14:04:15 - Found installed product - Microsoft Visual Studio Express 2012 for Web
13-06-2015 14:04:15 - Found installed product - Microsoft Visual Studio Express 2013 for Windows Desktop
13-06-2015 14:04:15 - Found installed product - Global Location
13-06-2015 14:04:15 - VSIXInstaller.NoApplicableSKUsException: This extension is not installable on any currently installed products.
at VSIXInstaller.App.InitializeInstall()
at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.InnerInvoke()
at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.Execute()
I also refered to the this thread
and followed the instruction provided in each and every answer. Still I am getting the same error.
Please tell me what else I need to do to fix this.
I am totally new to DirectX.
A: Fixed it.
Downloaded Visual Studio Community 2013 with Update 4.
And it worked fine.
| {
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Vision: Working towards a Just, Responsible and Compassionate Society.
EFICOR is a National Christian Organisation engaged in Development, Advocacy, Disaster Response and Training serving the poor, socially excluded and the marginalized in situations of poverty, injustice and disaster irrespective of caste, creed or ethnicity.
EFICOR is registered under the Karnataka Societies Registration Act, 1960 (Karnataka Act No.17 of 1960) on 30th April, 1980. The registration number is 70/80-81.
EFICOR is also registered under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 1976 and the registration number is 231650411.
All donations sent to EFICOR are exempted under section 80 (G) of the IT Act of 1961. Regd No.DIT(E)/2010-11/DEL - EE21725-06062010/4 dated 6/4/2010 valid from 2010-11 onwards. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
11+ Past Papers
Greater London
Barnet:
Henrietta Barnett School, Hampstead Garden Suburb (girls) View
Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet (boys) View
St. Michael's Catholic Grammar School, North Finchley (girls) View
Bexley:
Beths Grammar School, Bexley (boys) View
Bexley Grammar School, Welling (mixed) View
Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School, Sidcup (mixed) View
Townley Grammar School, Bexleyheath (girls) View
Bromley:
St Olave's & St Saviour's Grammar School, Orpington (boys) View
Enfield:
The Latymer School, Edmonton (mixed). View
Redbridge:
Ilford County High School, Barkingside (boys) View
Woodford County High School, Woodford Green (girls) View
Sutton:
Nonsuch High School for Girls, Cheam (girls) View
Sutton Grammar School for Boys, Sutton (boys) View
Wallington County Grammar School, Wallington (boys) View
Wallington High School for Girls, Wallington (girls) View
Wilson's School, Wallington (boys) View
Essex:
Chelmsford County High School for Girls, Chelmsford (girls) View
Colchester County High School for Girls, Colchester (girls) View
Colchester Royal Grammar School, Colchester (boys) View
King Edward VI Grammar School, Chelmsford (boys) View
Southend-on-Sea:
Southend High School for Boys, Southend-on-Sea (boys) View
Southend High School for Girls, Southend-on-Sea (girls) View
Westcliff High School for Boys, Westcliff-on-Sea (boys) View
Westcliff High School for Girls, Westcliff-on-Sea (girls) View
Alleyn's School View
Bancroft's School View
Colfe's School View
Dulwich College View
Emanuel View
Girls' Day School Trust (Streatham and Clapham) View
Godolphin & Latymer View
Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' View
Hampton Court House View
Highgate School View
Independent Schools' Board View
Kent College View
King's College School View
Manchester Grammar School View
Merchant Taylor's School View
North London Collegiate School View
North London Independent Girls' Schools' Consortium View
Oundle School View
Perse Upper School Cambridge View
Reigate Grammar School View
St George's Weybridge View
St Paul's Girls School View
The King's School Chester View
The Queen's School Chester View | {
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The Embassy of Sri Lanka in Abu Dhabi, UAE, organized a blood donation drive and a medical campaign on the sidelines of celebrations of the 70th Anniversary of Independence, at the Embassy premises on February 2.
Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, Sulaiman Jiffry Mohideen registered the first blood donor.
Over 125 Sri Lankan expatriate members donated blood, while over 100 sought medical advice from a group of six medical staff, including three specialists, who conducted the medical campaign. The blood donation drive was handled by the Abu Dhabi Blood Bank, while the medical camp was conducted by Ahalia Hospital, a well-known and reputed hospital in Abu Dhabi. | {
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A complete decorative painting project for interior of the Catalyst Cocktails bar.
Faux finish on ceiling and walls, gold leafing and graphic blocks in lounge.
View more examples of our work here.
Interested in working with Resurrection? Send us your project details to get the ball rolling. | {
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Climate Action Accelerator > Solution Areas > Renewable energy
80% of the world's energy comes from fossil fuels, which are very large contributors of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Other energy sources exist which produce much less GHG: the decarbonised and the renewable energies. That is why they are an essential part of any climate action plan, and must be developed and used in priority.
What is the solution?
Points of attention
To ponder
Tools and good practices
To go further
Switching to solar photovoltaic energy, or other renewable energies such as solar thermal, wind or hydroelectricity, reduces the dependence on fossil fuels and generators. Auto-production of electricity (mainly photovoltaic) is now facilitated by companies offering both a technical support to install solar panels in your facility and a Power Purchase Agreement whereby they buy the surplus of electricity you produce. The other solution of to buy electricity from green electricity suppliers (when available). However, the transition towards renewable energy must include the promotion of energy sobriety. The greenest energy remains the energy we do not consume.
Whether it is for headquarters, field infrastructure or emergency operations, aid organisations consume energy mainly from fossil fuels. However, low-carbon energy alternatives exist in many cases.
To cover the needs in the field, organisations often use diesel generators, which are high emitters of CO2. Replacing those generators by renewable energy production, significantly reduces the carbon footprint.
© Andreas Gucklhorn/Unsplash.
The installation and operation of a renewable energy production initially requires a good knowledge of the current energy consumption and an accurate dimensioning of the whole system.
The equipment chosen should be robust and, as much as possible, repairable locally or regionally.
The equipment should be installed in such a way that operating, maintaining and servicing can be carried out easily and safely (ex. cleaning of solar panels on roofs).
An energy is said to be renewable when its source is renewed or replenished faster than it is consumed. Historically, it was the case of the first energies used by humanity (wind, sun, water, tides). Some renewable energies cannot produce electricity continuously; they are called intermittent (wind, solar). Others are said to be controllable because it is possible to adjust their production to consumption (hydroelectricity, biomass, wood if trees are re-planted).
Decarbonised energy is an energy that does not emit carbon dioxide (CO2) (or equivalent greenhouse gases) in the process of converting primary energy into final energy. This is the case of nuclear power since it does not produce CO2, although it depends on uranium, which is a non-renewable resource.
However, it is important to bear in mind that all kinds of energy production emit some greenhouse gases, especially if we take into account the energy needed to mine, produce, and transport materials, then build converters or power plants (wind turbines, solar panels, nuclear and other power plants).
No energy is clean, and every machine needs raw materials. To be rigorous, we should use the term "low-carbon" energy.
of the world's energy comes from fossil fuels (1)
of the world's electricity could come from solar photovoltaics by 2050 (2)
Greenhouse gas emissions per 1 kWh of electricity produced
Nuclear → 6 g CO2-eq / kWh
Hydropower → 12 g CO2-eq / kWH
Wind power → 15 g CO2-eq / kWh
Solar photovoltaic energy → 44 g CO2-eq / kWh
Natural gas → 418g CO2-eq / kWh
Fuel oil → 730g CO2-eq / kWh
Coal → 1058g CO2-eq / kWh (3)
The Global Platform for Action (GPA), is the global initiative to promote actions that enable sustainable energy access in displacement settings. The initiative consulted energy experts in the humanitarian sectors to estimate the number of diesel and petrol generators used to generate electricity in humanitarian operations, in order to propose a possible transition towards solar solutions. Based on responses from six UN organisations and the ICRC, it is estimated that there are currently 11,365 generators in use. This represents approximately $108 million spent by humanitarian agencies on fuel every year, and 194,000 tons of CO2 emitted. Furthermore, it is estimated that a total investment of $236 million would be needed to set up viable photovoltaic installations, saving $70 million in fuel and 126,000 tons of CO2 per year. (4)
#1 Diagnosis & monitoring
Carry out an energy diagnosis and regular monitoring of electrical installations in order to gain a better understanding of the electricity consumption, and propose more appropriate equipment. Connected electrical boxes, placed on the electricity meter, easy to install and inexpensive, provide all the necessary information for a good understanding of the real energy needs and a correct dimensioning of the equipment.
#2 Sobriety, the number one priority
Develop and implement internal policies and "best practices" to promote energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption. Reduce heating and cooling and set temperature standards for offices, homes, shops and warehouses. Inform all users and/or stakeholders and communicate the results.
#3 Solar photovoltaic energy
Photovoltaic (PV) energy is an electrical energy produced from solar radiation by means of photovoltaic panels or plants. The vast majority of photovoltaic panels are made from silicon, which has the property of transforming solar radiation into electricity.
#4 Direct solar thermal energy
Solar thermal energy is usually heat produced from solar radiation by means of solar thermal panels. It is used to directly heat premises or domestic water (greenhouses, bioclimatic architecture, solar heating panels, solar water heaters).
#5 Wind energy
Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the wind, transformed by a wind generator into electrical energy (wind turbine coupled to a generator) or mechanical energy (direct pumping wind turbine, water mill, sailboat, etc.).
#6 Hydroelectricity
Hydraulic energy is the kinetic energy produced by the movement of large amount of water: waterfalls, rivers, tides, waves, etc. This energy can be used directly (water mills) or transformed into electrical energy (hydroelectric power station or micropower station for domestic use).
#7 Geothermal
Simple surface geothermal systems, such as climatic wells (canadian or provencal wells), allow the passive use of the ground temperature to heat or cool premises. The air or liquid circulating in a buried pipe network captures the constant temperature of the ground which is then redistributed inside the building.
#8 Switch to a green electricity supplier
Switch from a fossil fuel electricity supplier to a low-carbon electricity supplier. An offer is only "green" if the electricity supplier injects the same amount of renewable energy into the grid as its customers consume.
#9 Power purchase agreement
In some countries, specialised companies propose their technical support to install an independent power production in a private, independent client's facility (e.g. photovoltaic panels to cover the roof of an hospital) and offer a power purchase agreement (PPA) to buy the surplus of electricity they produce, before re-injecting it in the network. They are able to cover all technical aspects of a PV installation, including dimensioning, construction, maintenance and operation.
#10 Passive measures
The switch to renewable energy should preferably be accompanied by an improvement in the energy performance of the buildings. Various passive measures to reduce energy consumption, mainly air conditioning or heating, can be applied: white reflective paint on roofs, insulation of the external envelope, installation of solar shading.
A solar-powered hospital in Haiti
The Mirebalais Hospital in Haiti is powered by solar energy, combining innovative design and healthcare. It is said to be the largest hospital in the world to be powered primarily by solar energy. In a region where power outages average 3 hours a day, the sun is a more reliable and cost-effective source of energy. The 1800 solar panels on the hospital's roof produce up to 140 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity on a clear day. This represents more than 100% of the hospital's daily energy needs, with the surplus being fed into Haiti's severely inadequate national power grid.
According to Jim Ansara, construction manager, "The challenge was in the design and engineering, and in integrating the solar power produced into the often unstable grids and backup generators. At every stage, we tried things that had never been done before…" (5)
Babilonia favela in Rio de Janeiro runs on solar energy
The favela has 104 photovoltaic panels, with four installations, one on the roof of a youth hostel, another on the roof of a neighbourhood association (60 panels to provide energy for 34 families). The production is connected to the local electricity network and the distributor takes into account this solar energy contribution to reduce the amount of the bills, with a variable tariff according to the production. The result is an electricity about 50% cheaper. (6)
Solvatten solar safe water heater in Kenya
Solvatten is a dual water treatment and solar water heating system. The device harnesses the power of the sun to treat and heat water, reducing the need to heat and boil water by burning firewood or charcoal. The units are capable of rendering highly contaminated water drinkable in a few hours, provided there is sufficient sunlight. A combination of UV rays and heat warms and eliminates all pathogenic material in 10 litres of water within 2-3 hours, allowing for multiple batches of water to be treated in a given day. The system is maintenance free and can be used more than seven years. 2592 Solvatten systems have been distributed and sold at a subsidized price in Kenya, benefitting 12900 people in Nairobi's urban slums. Almost 62 million litres of water have been treated since 2012. Solvatten is highly replicable as the project methodology and process are successful and sound and can be replicated to other cities in other countries. (7)
Cleaner and more economical cooking and lighting equipment with Entrepreneurs of the World
Entrepreneurs of the World facilitates access to cleaner and more economical cooking and lighting equipment to improve the living conditions of vulnerable populations and help them develop income-generating activities. These solutions are accessible through financial services and disseminated through local distribution networks offering good after-sales service. In Cambodia, Entrepreneurs du Monde created the social enterprise Pteah Baitong in 2015 to provide quality solar lighting kits to the most vulnerable families in rural areas. Since 2018, they have been running solar micro-grids that provide cheap and reliable green electricity with enough power to develop income-generating activities. (8)
Electricians Without Borders supports renewable energy
Electriciens Sans Frontières, an international solidarity NGO, fights against inequalities in access to electricity and water in the world. 97% of their development projects use renewable energies and are based on the following two aspects: mitigation and adaptation. (9)
Renewable energies: success stories
The European Environment Agency analyses success stories in the field of renewable energy
International Solar Alliance resource documents
On installations, contracts, agriculture, mobility, heating, networks, waste
Open solar model contracts
Open Solar Contracts streamlines project development and financing processes by providing simple, universally applicable legal agreements that make contracting much faster and less expensive
GOGLA, the global association of the off-grid solar energy industry
The Alliance for Rural Electrification
Information guide - Canadian & Provençal wells (in French)
A guide to domestic wind turbines
Solar Water Heating Training Manual for the Kenyan industry
Decarbonised energy course, Trajectories (in French)
Renewable energy resources: production, networks and storage, ADEME (in French)
Energy issues, fuels and technologies, IEA
The history of photovoltaics, Terre Solaire (in French)
Wind energy: functions, benefits, key figures, and issues (in French)
Our Energy Future: an online course offered by the University of California San Diego
(1) IEA, World Energy Balances. Read here.
(3) ADEME, Base carbone ®. Discover here.
Trajectoires, Les énergies décarbonées. Read here.
(4) UNITAR, Global Platform for Action (GPA) on Sustainable Energy in Deplacement Settings. Read here.
(5) PIH's Solar-Powered Mirebalais Hospital Opens in Haiti, Merging Innovative Design and Healthcare. Read here.
(6) Au Brésil, une favela de Rio tourne à l'énergie solaire. Read here.
(7) Solvatten Solar Safe Water Heater in Kenya, Read here.
(8) Entrepreneurs du Monde, Accès à l'énergie. Read here.
(9) Electriciens Sans Frontières, L'accès à l'électricité et à l'eau. Read here.
Cover photo © Nadeem Jafar/Pexels. | {
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It's a brand new Japanese control box, which looks blooming lovely me want.
Other COMBO AV EX ++ EX Purapura (ELF only) are also available.
This is a multi- connection possible control BOX you do not look at an example before .
Video , foundation of 24KHZ the recording of DVD is also available .
Of course , sound jack (3.5φ) also I am with .
※ video, s-video output screen is also vertical , you can adjust the horizontal size .
Screen of Bright , I can also adjust contrast .
Symptoms I can be adjusted .
◆ stainless steel robust , so strong , it is beautiful .
※ 2 lever game in a familiar size under stringent ? Is also BEST intervals.
◆ can easily open and close the top panel portion , maintenance increased , lever , button all repair Faston terminal , adjustment , replacement is easy .
Normal button specification if to off.
Harness to small voltage display meter (+ 5V voltage display of ) will be included.
◆ for the prototype , there is a point where there is a handmade , please understand .
◆ stabilization for video output , separate power supply equipment for noise measures .
※ JAMMA connector corresponding (PUSH4,5 also supported) , you can immediately play if board .
○○○ in1, ELF board I can also be used in several of rewiring .
The person who hopes I will put the switch (JAMMA⇔ELF).
※ Old games, etc. is also possible if making a conversion harness .
Photos Games board are not included .
◆ Soku If you connect the corresponding game board JAMMA, you can use .
Listings on photo 3 is part of the operation confirmed .
Internal control BOX ◆, please refer to the photos, and appearance .
The case of a mobile smart phone , there may be a photo can not be viewed.
Thank you certainly commodity page , the confirmation of the photos in your computer 's browser .
※ I think that it can understand in Photo Japanese instruction manual , but questions , after a successful bid , such as that it does not know will support by e-mail .
They covered the KIC's 91 in a previous issue. As usual, they are selling dreams and are totally clueless about how it works (I believed they thought of the superguns as Neo-Geo consoles, where the carts only contained data and all the hardware was into the supergun itself.
But, for the time, it was just incredible for us.
Anyway, on a brighter note, I did translate the COMBO AV EX+ Yahoo listing. Please remember that English is not my mother tongue, so feel free to correct me or ask about any meaning.
Please read the « Extasy » as an old man's gag.
A COMBO AV EX++ (ELF only) is also available.
This is a never seen before control box which not only support LCD monitor (VGA), but also video, S-video and professional 15KHz RGB monitors (HDMI output is optional).
Moreover, it does video and S-Video output with 24KHz boards and can be used as a source for 24KHz video and DVD recording.
Of course, a 3,5mm jack plug is present.
※ Video and S-video outputs' vertical and horizontal sizes can be adjusted.
You can also adjust the brightness and contrast of the screen.
If credits or highscore are not visible, you can fix it.
◆ Made with beautiful robust and durable stainless steel.
◆ The 2L-12B wide panel is carbon styled while the levers and buttons are made by Seimitsu.
◆ Panel is 50cm wide.
※ The interval between the 2 levers is optimized for the best Street Fighter II experience.
◆ The top panel portion can be easily opened and closed for an increased maintenance while the levers and buttons all use quick disconnect terminals, which allows for an easy adjustment and exchange.
Can be turned off to keep buttons to their normal usage.
Speed can be adjusted to six levels and each button can be activated or not.
A voltmeter (+5V displayed) will also be included.
◆ Please understand that as it is an handmade product, it has a prototype feeling on certains places.
◆ Separate power source for avoiding noise and ensuring a stable video output.
※ You can immediately play if you have a JAMMA board (buttons 4 and 5 are also supported).
XXXin1 and ELF boards can also be used after some rewiring.
If needed, a JAMMA⇔ELF switch can be installed.
※ It is also possible to use pre-JAMMA games if you create a conversion harness.
The game boards in the pictures are not included.
◆ You can immediately use it if you connect a JAMMA compatible game board.
(Gonbes' latest version of the GBS-8220 is compatible with most boards, including Sega Model 2B).
The third picture of the listing confirms that it works.
◆ Please refer to the picture for the internal and external appearance of the control box.
Some pictures may not be viewed correctly using a smartphone.
Please use a PC browser to read this page and easily check the pictures.
※ An HDMI converter with a 2-way cable included can be optionally purchased for ¥5.000.
※ If you still don't understand how to use it or have questions, I will ensure e-mail support after a successful biding.
Also, they made a new model.
Still named COMBO AV EX+ in order to avoid confusion.
And coming into different flavors so that avoided confusion is more confusing.
I'm almost done with the translation of the selling page of this new model and I will post it if people are interested. I also plan to translate the manual like I did with the Boardmaster, do a review and maybe give some leads and how to for customization (I have some ideas ), but that will have to wait.
I'd be very interested in reading your translation for the newest combo AV ex+ you don't happen to have a picture or a link do you?
To be honest I'd be interested in reading or seeing new pictures of anything control box/ supergun related.
trev1976 bet me to it and yes, the translation is coming nicely. I am proof reading it and trying to organize it since there are four flavors involved, I want things to be neat and clear. ^^ Just a matter of hours.
Included italic notes are my own notes, not what comes in the original text.
Also, I merged all four separate texts, so, sometimes, I will add a note telling when a part is not coming from the regular package, as I used it as a basis.
First of it's kind, equipped with HDMI and VGA high-quality output!
It is a control box that can play arcade games on consumer LCD TV (through HDMI) or on LCD PC monitor (through VGA)!
The HDMI picture is perfectly converted from VGA, so that the picture quality is the same!
Since the HDMI and VGA are output simultaneously, it is possible to record the game without the need of a splitter.
It can also be connected to a legacy RGB monitor.
◆ The body is made of durable and beautiful stainless steel.
The moderate weight of the stainless allows for a stable play.
◆ The panel is carbon styled and the 2 levers and 12 buttons are all Seimitsu made.
◆ The panel is 50cm wide (it is the same as the likes of Street II or Aero). That means Sega Aero City and Street Fighter II panels.
The levers and buttons all use quick disconnect terminals, which allows for an easy exchange.
※ Wiring differs from the JAMMA standard. The 27th pin, top and bottom, is used for the sixth kick button. Please refer to the wiring table for more information.
・HDMI and VGA can be connected by any consumer (commercially available) cable.
・Levers and buttons Note: that only concerns the standard and full packages; see after for the silent and clear color packages.
Caution! Please understand that as it is an handmade product, it has a prototype feeling on certains places.
・Sanwa 4/8 directions guide GT-8F Silent package only.
・Seimitsu] 2/4/8 directions switching guide Clear color package only.
・Video cable Note: full package only.
・S-video cable Note: full package only.
※ Customer must provide it's own HDMI cable.
For a fee of ¥1,620-, you can upgrade the provided harness by one with an integrated voltmeter.
★ The following manufacturer customizations are possible. Applies for regular, silent and clear packages only.
When ordering, please enter your desired options in the "remarks" column.
※ The appearance and specifications of the product are subject to change without prior notice.
Custom type using the silent levers and buttons from Sanwa!
※ The lever used is the Sanwa silent joystick JLF-TPRG-8AYT-SK-.
The button used are the Sanwa silent 30mm clip-in buttons OBSFS-30 and the 24mm clip-in button OBSF-24.
Because the guide used in the Sanwa silent lever does not allow four directions switching, please exchange it with the Sanwa GT-8F guide if the four directions setup is required.
※ Shipping will take 2 or 3 more business days than usual.
Please fill in the following color selection in the "remarks" column.
For the 24mm, please choose among 9 colors (14th image).
Custom type using Seimitsu's clear levers and buttons!
※ The lever used is the Seimitsu LS-58-01 joystick.
The buttons used are the Seimitsu PS-14-KN 30 mm screw clear buttons and the PS-14-DN-K 24mm screw clear buttons.
If a 2 or 4 directions setup is required, please attach the supplied sub guide.
※ The shipping of the item will take 2 or 3 more business days than usual.
Video conversion board and the power supply unit are eligible for the warranty.
Consumable parts, such as the joystick lever and the buttons, are not eligible.
However, in the case of an initial failure, all the parts will be eligible to repair or replacement.
The warranty starts from the date the customer asked for the item to be delivered. The consumer asked delivery date only works in Japan.
In addition, if the warranty period ends on a Sunday, during a public holiday or during the staff's holidays, the warranty will be extended to the end of the next business day.
In case of an initial failure and during the warranty period, all repairs will be free of charge.
Once the warranty period ended, you will be charged for repair. Since repair prices vary depending on the contents, please contact the staff for more information.
Enjoying the arcade game boards at home.
Since the structure and handling of those parts is different from home-use game machine, please read this site description prior the time of purchase. Note: they specifically refer to a page on their site explaining how arcade games work.
Some retro games requiring boards with special sensors and dedicated operation appliances, such as virtual game, can not be played.
Postage fee is not including in the item price and must be added to total price.
We will contact you with a shipping quote after we receive your order from the shopping cart.
The available payment method are prior bank transfer or cash on delivery. Note: of course, cash on delivery is only valid in Japan.
In the case of a cash on delivery, you will have to pay a cash on delivery fee.
Item will be shipped within 3 business days after payment confirmation.
In the case of a cash on delivery, it will be shipped within 3 business days after your final order confirmation.
If you could not receive our reply within our three business days from your order or enquiry, please contact us after checking your junk mail, reception restrictions, etc.
This is the harness for connecting from JAMMA to the COMBO AV EX+.
It has got a small voltmeter +5V and +12V display (with a switch).
It has got a small voltmeter +5V and +12V display (with a switch). Note: this is an error from the site, this harness doesn't include the voltmeter display.
It can be used by connecting it to CPS-1 kick connector on the COMBO AV EX+ harness.
This extension harness is compatible with the Capcom 6 buttons (kick buttons) fighting games.
It is an extension harness compatible with the 4 buttons games such as Tekken.
COMBO AV EX+/Boardmaster RGB 21 pin monitor connection cable. This is Japanese version, absolutely NOT compatible with Euroscart.
OK, did some editing, should be good enough. As always, English is still not my mother tongue, so if you see something wrong or you don't understand, just tell me and we will sort it out.
Wow - this is quite the extensive list. Very nice.
How on earth could somebody come up with such bad commercial visual designs? Anybody know the story behind that?
I thought about it and, indeed, I guess I have an answer for the designs.
We need to remember that all these superguns are made by very small companies. Japan is a country where it is quite easy to start a company and it has a a lot of these small companies. This is not professional work by our standards, it is more handmade products. Really think "otaku" here.
In fact, I would say that it is impressive that so few people produced so great items. And, of course, they don't have designers at hand.
When I see what the likes of Jansen do, well, we have nothing to be proud compared to what a Japanese do.
How on earth could somebody come up with such bad commercial visual designs?
And my beautiful supergun was shipped today.
I ordered the full package with each of all the accessories listed. Review is gonna be epic.
Never seen this colour on a Sigma before! Cool! | {
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Smart Building Solutions for Corporate Safety & Employee Experience
Ben Howden
IOT technology
According to Gartner, the "traditional, siloed management of the facilities life cycle is being challenged by bimodal business, the digital workplace, a mobile workforce and the Internet of Things (IoT)."
With the emergence of new workplace models and technologies, we are starting to see a shift away from traditional Integrated Workplace Management Systems (IWMS) to stand-alone software systems integrated through common APIs in order to achieve true best of breed capabilities across multiple service needs. In fact, one of the original founders of the IWMS concept, Michael Bell, has defined this shift as IWMS 2.0. According to Mr. Bell, IWMS 2.0 has the potential to achieve lower costs, faster implementation and valuable data-driven insights.
At Lighthouse.io we are strongly aligned with Michael Bell's IWMS 2.0 vision. We are focused on solving very specific challenges for facilities managers such as;
How to improve the visibility of facilities services delivered?
How to improve efficiency and quality of services delivered?
How to use data to optimize delivery of facilities services?
Watch Lighthouse.io in action:
For a facility manager, these challenges form only one part of their overall remit. Whilst it's tempting to build out a system that covers the entire facilities management function, we realize that by doing so we would be sacrificing the quality of our core product. Therefore, our preference is to integrate with complimentary products that are best of breed and solve a different set of challenges for facilities managers.
To illustrate the IWMS 2.0 model in practice, let's explore how Lighthouse.io could integrate with another best in breed software product – Serraview. Serraview is a leader in space planning and management. Lighthouse.io is a leader in commercial cleaning software and optimizing delivery of facilities services. Combined, these two products can provide facility managers with an end-to-end solution for managing employees, assets, and delivery of facilities services.
Faster work order resolution through crowdsourcing issues
Serraview empowers employees with a wayfinding mobile app that allows them to find co-workers, locate open conference rooms, find meeting rooms, and navigate buildings. With a small amount of effort, this app could be extended to allow office employees to report maintenance, safety and cleaning issues. The issue would be sent to Lighthouse.io, via an API, and the appropriate responder would be notified via the Lighthouse.io mobile app. The issue would be managed via Lighthouse.io automated workflows until resolved, at which time the original employee who reported the issue would be notified via the Serraview mobile app.
Faster identification of building issues through crowd-sourcing
Faster resolution of issue through API driven cross-platform workflows
More satisfied employees through faster issue resolution and cleaner and safer work spaces
Employee feedback on standard of facilities
The traditional model for assessing the quality of facility services, such as cleaning, is via manual auditing. In simple terms, walking around a facility and scoring cleanliness for different areas of the facility. However, when you think about it, the facility services are provided to satisfy the needs of the end users, being the employees. Therefore it makes sense to let employees rate the quality of service delivered, and for facilities managers to use this data to assess the performance of service providers.
Employees could use the Serraview mobile app to rate the standard of facilities. This data could be sent to Lighthouse.io, providing facilities managers and service providers with a real-time quality score of facility services and employee satisfaction. Scores could be bench-marked across different facilities and low scores could trigger intervention by the service provider.
More reliable measurements for state of facilities and service provider performance
Ability to respond quicker to quality issues through real-time data and alerts
Ability to benchmark employee satisfaction with service across multiple sites
Improved employee satisfaction through demand-based cleaning
Serraview uses IoT sensors to understand how space is being utilized. This real-time utilization data could facilitate new service models such as demand based-cleaning. For example, Serraview could detect increased levels of activity in shared spaces such as meeting rooms, bathrooms, kitchenettes and send this data to Lighthouse.io via an API. If the activity levels exceed a defined threshold, Lighthouse.io would automatically create a non-scheduled task for a nearby cleaner.
More efficient use of resources, only cleaning areas that need attention
We hope that the examples provided demonstrate some of the benefits of an IWMS 2.0 approach to facilities management using two best in breed software systems. Even without tight integration, at Lighthouse.io we are firm believers that choosing a set of best in breeds systems has the power to reduce costs and increase speed and quality of services provided.
4 Reasons Why SVLive Is a Go-To Technology for Office Space Utilization
Workforce Empowerment: What's in a Space?
Archibus
Archibus, the Most Trusted IWMS, Just Got More Powerful and Intuitive
Internet of Things, Space Planning
IoT and Space Planning: Which Integrations Provide the Most Value
Productivity, Space Planning
8 Workplace Space Planning Solutions Stats | {
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5842 Cancelli eller 1986 CV1 är en asteroid i huvudbältet som upptäcktes den 8 februari 1986 av den belgiske astronomen Henri Debehogne i Uccle. Den är uppkallad efter läkaren Ferdinando Cancelli.
Asteroiden har en diameter på ungefär 5 kilometer och den tillhör asteroidgruppen Maria.
Referenser
Huvudbältesasteroider
Maria-asteroider
Småplaneter namngivna efter personer
Astronomiska upptäckter av H Debehogne
Astronomiska upptäckter 1986 | {
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What is so amazing about Grace?: Are you small minded?
Well I suppose the title of the post got you reacting already in one of two ways.
Earlier this year we participated in a teaching campaign with 1000's of other churches around the world called One Prayer. It was a huge success for us. The other week we showed as part of our hope series a video message of Louie Giglio - The Anchor of Hope. It was an incredible message!!
What saddened me was that I was told that a few of our regular attenders chose to stay away because it was video teaching. Well if that is you and you are reading this I need to tell you, you missed out.
Yes I know its in America but I also have heard of incredible stories about people in the Indian bush, seeing the Jesus movie and whole villages following Jesus. Lets open our mind to what God can accomplish through the technology we have today.
This question was the center of a lot of debate a few years ago…and it has been answered very quickly…YES!!!
Yesterday we launched our new location in Florence, SC and had 189 people show up…which is WAY more than we were anticipating.
SO…after our 11:15 service in Anderson I called Michael Brown, our campus pastor, to see how the service went.
I about ran off the road!!! Seriously…I was so excited that I literally lost my awareness of how fast I was driving! THAT ABSOLUTELY PUMPED ME UP!!!
You must understand that we are launching Florence in a unique way. Sam, our worship pastor, led worship with just a microphone and an acoustic guitar…no band, no drums…just Sam.
All that taken into consideration…and a guy who hadn't been to church in 20 years met Christ!
Our vision for Florence is to one day see NewSpring Church in a permanent facility; however, the way that a vision is accomplished is one step at a time–and today the first step was taken in planting a church in that area of the state that has a passion to see people far from God come to know His Son and have their life changed forever.
Florence…he's the first of thousands in your community that are going to have their lives changed!!! Keep on praying, serving and inviting your friends…God has great things in store.
Does video teaching work? There's a guy in Florence, SC that is now going to spend eternity in heaven because a church refused to believe that church has to be done the way it's always been done! I am sure he would say he's thankful!!!
God is doing great things THROUGH technology…and I can't wait to see what happens next!!"
Billy - this speaks to me on 1000 levels today. Way to lead and thanks for the encouragement. God bless you guys for being willing to try new and uncommon things to expand the Kingdom. | {
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The M.Phil. in Classics is designed both for those who are already fully trained in the classical languages and for those who have completed non-language based degrees. The course provides students with an excellent grounding in postgraduate research skills in Classics. It also hones the sort of analytical, written, and verbal communication skills that are highly valued and effective in careers outside the university and education sectors. Since its establishment in 2008 the M.Phil. in Classics has attracted students from all over the world. Many have gone on to do doctoral studies in Trinity College and in other universities internationally.
The course has two compulsory elements. The weekly core module Research and Methods runs throughout the year and communicates core research skills and knowledge across the main strands of classical scholarship. All students also write a dissertation of 15,000 to 20,000 words on an agreed topic, individually supervised by a member of staff. The dissertation offers an opportunity to begin to specialise in a particular strand of scholarship, whether literary, philosophical, historical or archaeological. In addition, students choose four elective modules (or two if they take beginners' Greek or Latin), which likewise allow them to build specific skills and to follow their individual interests. Recently taught electives include Greek Language; Latin Language; Classics and European Identity; Textual Criticism; Gender and Genre in Augustan Poetry; Greeks and Barbarians; Ancient Drama, Adaptation and Performance; Curiosity and Crisis in the Late Fifth Century: Receptions of the Sophists; The Eternal City: The Archaeology of the City of Rome; Lost in the Labyrinth? 'Reading' Aegean Bronze Age Art; Rulers and Image-making in the Hellenistic World. For students with intermediate and advanced Greek and Latin a range of author- and topic-based modules are available.
Applicants should normally have at least an upper second class (2.1) honors Bachelor degree or equivalent (for example, GPA of 3.3) in a relevant area. Knowledge of Greek or Latin is not required, but students hoping later to pursue a research degree in fields where the written record provides our main sources will be strongly encouraged to acquire language skills in the course. Since places on the course are limited, applicants may be interviewed or asked to submit a writing sample for assessment. | {
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When you buy your Ride Bands online you will save at least 25% off in-park prices. All you need to do is buy your Ride Bands anytime before 11am on the day; for same day use!
And you can use them on any single day in 2019 that we are open.
Guests can purchase a red, green or blue annual pass to enjoy unrestricted access to Adventure Island's rides and attractions for a whole 12 months! For more information click here.
With every £14 Adventure Inside wristband that you purchase, you will receive a free child's meal with an ice cream for dessert as well as two free plays in the arcade!
With every £7 soft-play wristband you purchase, you will get a voucher for a free slice of cake and a drink from the Radio Cafe!
Please note that children under 1m will need to be accompanied in the soft-play.
Children over 12 years are not permitted to enter the soft play.
On peak days in 2019, Adventure Island will be open late with HALF PRICE RIDE BANDS from 6pm! See our openings calendar here. Half Price Ride Bands are not available to purchase online.
Meal Upgrades for £5.25 (standard adult meal) and £3.40 (child's). These offers will save you more than 15% when booking in advance. For more information, click here.
When you buy your Ride Band (either online or in the park) you will be given options to upgrade them to include Unlimited Dodgems for £5.00 (normally £4.00 per go).
You can also upgrade your wristband to visit Sealife Adventure Aquarium at a discounted rate of £6.50. You are entitled to two upgrades per wristband (upgrades have to be used on the same day of wristband redemption).
Please note that children under 90cm will visit free. | {
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Having recently moved house with myself and the other half, a certain little giraffe was slightly bemused to find not just one but two new inhabitants of his kitchen: the sister, which he's quite happy with, and something else ginger, which he's not quite so happy with. Yes, we are now owned by a big ginger tom cat called Charlie. George has been sulking for about two months now, which is why we haven't been able to post much on here.
Note: the first stage in this is to marinate, so you need to do this the night before or the morning on the day you're going to cook.
Firstly, break down the duck. It's pretty much like a chicken but the legs are a slightly different shape - you'll find the start of the leg a lot lower down the body of the duck. It's fairly easy to find - slip a knife through and twist to remove. Also remove the wings, then fillet the breasts off the crown.
Next make the dry marinade. Lightly toast 2 tablespoons each of cumin seeds and coriander seeds before pounding in a pestle and mortar with a big glug of olive oil, and a tablespoon each of white wine vinegar, black peppercorns, chili flakes and smoke paprika. Rub the mixture all over the duck pieces. Add a few sprigs of rosemary and put in the fridge overnight or for at least 6 hours.
For the confit, take the legs and wings out of the mixture and brush off any remaining marinade. In a dish, cover them with duck or goose fat (you'll need about two jars of goose fat in a small casserole dish) and put into the oven at 150 degrees for at least three hours. When you take them out of the fat the meat should be very tender and falling off the bone. Leave in a sieve or on a wire rack so that the fat drains off for 20 minutes or so. Pour the fat into a jar (or jars) and save. Remove the meat from the bones, and leave aside for using later.
Make a stock with the giblets and crown (that you've taken the breast fillets off). Put four onion quarters, some carrot, celery and rosemary into a pan with the giblets and crown, pour over water, and simmer for at least an hour. When done, sieve the stock out.
For the confit pies, mix the confit duck meat with some cannelini or white kidney beans, pour over the stock, and top with a couple of thinly slides potatoes before baking for 40 minutes at around 200 degrees.
For the gravy, make a roux before slowly stirring in the stock and leaving to simmer and thicken up for 15 mins.
For the smoked breast, lay a double layer of foil in a wok and pour over equal measures (about a handful) of black tea leaves, brown sugar and rice. Heat on high until the mixture is smoking. Put the duck either on a wire rack on top or in a bamboo steamer and cover again with foil. Smoke for 10-15 minutes depending on how smoky you want the flavour. Finish off by crisping up the skin in a pan before roasting in the oven for 5 minutes.
I served mine with roast potatoes (using some of the fat from the duck confit - save the rest for future roasties!) and steamed beans, peas and carrots. I reckon that's three ways... and luckily, the sister loved it.
I don't think I've ever seen a recipe before that says, firstly, break down the duck. | {
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We have been taking advantage of the free cooking classes offered at the nearby natural foods grocery store. But, the session called "The Wonderful World of Donuts" might be not has healthy as some of the others!! | {
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Republican Party seeking candidates for fall election
Ernest Rollins
812-331-4357 | [email protected]
A former candidate for Monroe County commissioner and a former employee in the county auditor's office are among the first to express interest in filling Republican vacancies on the ballot for the November general election.
Monroe County Republican Party Chairman William Ellis said the party plans to hold a caucus for the vacant ballot positions at 6 p.m. June 23 in the Nat U. Hill meeting room of the county courthouse. Those interested have until 72 hours before the caucus to file their intent to run with the party chairman and the clerk of the circuit court.
Ann Collins, party vice chairwoman, said that so far, two candidates have filed their intent and several others have expressed interest in running. "It is our goal to fill the ticket with high-quality candidates," Collins said.
Among those who have already filed is Hal Turner, seeking one of the three county council at-large seats. In May, Turner ran for the GOP nomination for county commissioner District 3, but lost to Paul White Sr. Republican challengers for the council seat will face Democratic incumbents Geoff McKim, Cheryl Munson and Lee Jones in November.
The other candidate who has filed is Ann Boehm, a self-employed accountant and financial consultant, who seeks to represent the GOP in the county auditor's race. Boehm is a former employee in the office, working as a financial claims representative.
On the Democratic side, Cathy Smith, who is currently county treasurer, won the nomination to run for auditor in November.
In addition to the three county council at-large seats and auditor position, Republicans hope to fill spots on the ballot for circuit court judges seats 1, 4, and 7; for state Senate District 40; and state House District 61. | {
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Q: Airflow 1.9.0 failing to queue tasks I'm having an issue where tasks will successfully finish, but the downstream task will not recognize that fact, and so will not be queued.
Exhibit A: Task is successful
Exhibit B: stage_photos is not being queued:
Is this a known issue? Anyone have any advice? This seems to have started with the upgrade from 1.8 to 1.9, and also only for certain kinds of tasks (sensors, python operators that return values).
A: I am guessing you have multiple runs of the DAG that have not succeeded which is why it isn't working with the depends_on_past set to True.
From the official docs: depends_on_past (boolean) that, when set to True, keeps a task from getting triggered if the previous schedule for the task hasn't succeeded.
If according to my guess, a previous run has not reached it's end state with the stage_photos having succeeded in that previous run, this will not work in the current run.
| {
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NBA legend, two-time Hall of Famer, entrepreneur, philanthropist, motivational speaker… these are but a few of the honors and distinctions Earvin "Magic" Johnson has racked up over the years. Today, the business mogul has successfully parlayed his skills on the basketball court into multimillion-dollar success in the business world, propelling his company to the status of #1 urban brand in America.
During his 12-year NBA career, Johnson led the Lakers to five NBA championships and nine appearances in the NBA finals. He was named the NBA's "Most Valuable Player" three times, earned All-NBA First Team honors nine times, participated in 11 All-Star Games, and concluded his career as the league's all-time assist leader. Johnson was also a member of the gold medal Olympic "Dream Team". In 1994, he began his first year as the Los Angeles Lakers' vice president.
Also an entrepreneur, Johnson is chairman and CEO of Magic Johnson Enterprises, which provides high-quality products and services primarily to ethnically diverse and underserved urban communities through strategic alliances, investments, consulting, and endorsements.
In 2012, Johnson joined a partnership that purchased the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team. He has also teamed up to build a new stadium and bring an NFL team back to Los Angeles, along with thousands of jobs.
He is also chairman and founder of the Magic Johnson Foundation, which promotes HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention programs, community empowerment centers, and the Taylor Michaels Scholarship Program.
Named by Ebony magazine as one of America's most influential black businessmen in 2009, Johnson has numerous business interests and was a part-owner of the Lakers for several years.In 2014 Johnson became part owner of Los Angeles Sparks and the Los Angeles Football Club. As of 2015, he is the majority controlling interest of EquiTrust Life Insurance Company. Most recently, Johnson serves as an advisor to controlling owner and president of the Lakers, Jeanie Buss.
Contact a speaker booking agent to check availability on Magic Johnson and other top speakers and celebrities.
NBA legend Earvin "Magic" Johnson is a Major League Baseball owner, two-time basketball Hall of Famer, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist, and the most powerful African-American businessman in the world. Magic will join us in San Diego to address two of the major themes of DMA2014: engaging with consumers and business as a force for good. As with all great business leaders, Earvin "Magic" Johnson recognized an opportunity and, with his with acute business acumen and unwavering commitment, has not only propelled his company to the status of #1 Brand in Urban America but also transformed Urban America. His unprecedented and innovative Starbucks partnership, alone, served as the catalyst for redevelopment in urban communities and is literally the blueprint for Corporate America's engagement and success with urban consumers.
Earvin "Magic" Johnson is leaving Square's board of directors to focus on his own business.
HOW TO BOOK Magic Johnson?
Our booking agents have successfully helped clients around the world secure talent like Magic Johnson for speaking engagements, personal appearances, product endorsements, or corporate entertainment for over 15 years. The team at All American Entertainment represents and listens to the needs of organizations and corporations seeking to hire keynote speakers, celebrities or entertainers. Fill out a booking request form for Magic Johnson, or call our office at 1.800.698.2536 to discuss your upcoming event. One of our experienced agents will be happy to help you get pricing information and check availability for Magic Johnson or any other celebrity of your choice.
HOW MUCH DOES IT COST TO BOOK Magic Johnson?
Booking fees for Magic Johnson, or any other speakers and celebrities, are determined based on a number of factors and may change without notice. Pricing often varies according to the circumstances, including the talent's schedule, market conditions, length of presentation, and the location of the event. Speaker fees listed on this website are intended to serve as a guideline only. In some cases, the actual quote may be above or below the stated range. For the most current fee to hire Magic Johnson, please fill out the booking request form or call our office at 1.800.698.2536 to speak with an experienced booking agent.
WHO IS THE AGENT FOR Magic Johnson?
All American Entertainment has successfully secured celebrity talent like Magic Johnson for clients worldwide for more than 15 years. As a full-service talent booking agency, we have access to virtually any speaker or celebrity in the world. Our agents are happy and able to submit an offer to the speaker or celebrity of your choice, letting you benefit from our reputation and long-standing relationships in the industry. Fill out the booking request form or call our office at 1.800.698.2536, and one of our agents will assist you to book Magic Johnson for your next private or corporate function.
All American Speakers is a "buyers agent" and exclusively represents talent buyers, meeting planners and event professionals, who are looking to secure celebrities and speakers for personal appearances, speaking engagements, corporate entertainment, public relations campaigns, commercials, or endorsements. We do not exclusively represent Magic Johnson or claim ourselves as the exclusive booking agency, business manager, publicist, speakers bureau or management for Magic Johnson or any other speaker or celebrity on this website. For more information on how we work and what makes us unique, please read the AAE Advantage.
Magic Johnson is a keynote speaker and industry expert who speaks on a wide range of topics . The estimated speaking fee range to book Magic Johnson for your event is $100,000 - $200,000. Magic Johnson generally travels from Los Angeles, CA, USA and can be booked for (private) corporate events, personal appearances, keynote speeches, or other performances. Similar motivational celebrity speakers are Daymond John, Peter Diamandis, Randi Zuckerberg, Ray Kurzweil and Barbara Corcoran. Contact All American Speakers for ratings, reviews, videos and information on scheduling Magic Johnson for an upcoming event. | {
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A Memorial Day Massacre
By Dick Meister on May 21, 2015
It's a dramatic, shocking and violent film. Some 200 uniformed policemen armed with billy clubs, revolvers and tear gas angrily charge an unarmed crowd of several hundred striking steelworkers and their wives and children who are desperately running away. The police club those they can reach, shoving them to the ground and ignoring their pleas as they batter them with further blows. They stand above the fallen to fire at the backs of those who've outraced them.
Police drag the injured along the ground and into patrol wagons, where they are jammed in with dozens of others who were also arrested. Four are already dead from police bullets, six others are to die shortly. Eighty are wounded, two dozen others so badly beaten that they, too, must be hospitalized.
The close-ups are particularly brutal. As one newspaper reviewer noted, "In several instances from two to four policemen are seen beating one man. One strikes him horizontally across the face, using his club as he would a baseball bat. Another crashes it down on top of his head and still another is whipping him across the back."
The film ends with a sweaty, fatigued policeman looking into the camera, grinning, and motioning as if dusting off his hands.
The film was made in 1937. It was not, however, one of those popular cops and robbers features of the thirties. It was not fictional. It was an on-the-scene report of what historians call "The Memorial Day Massacre," a newsreel segment filmed by Paramount Pictures as it was happening on the south side of Chicago on May 30, 1937.
We're accustomed these days to the use of videotaped evidence to show wrongdoing by abusive law enforcement officers. Video technology was unknown in 1937, of course, and though film was available, it had rarely - if ever - been used for that purpose.
The 1937 film, in fact, was initially kept from the general public by Paramount's executives. Fearful of "inciting riots," they refused to include it in any of their newsreels that were shown regularly in movie theaters nationwide.
But the film was shown to a closed session of a Senate investigating committee chaired by Robert LaFollette Jr. of Wisconsin. The committee, concerned primarily with civil liberties, was outraged — particularly since the Chicago police had acted in violation of the two-year-old federal law that guaranteed workers the right to strike and engage in other peaceful union activities.
The committee found that strikers and their families, while noisily demanding collective bargaining rights as they massed in front of the South Chicago plant operated by Republic Steel, had indeed been generally peaceful. But that was beside the point to the police in Chicago and other cities with plants operated by Republic and two other members of the "Little Steel" alliance that also were struck. For as the committee concluded, the police had been "loosed ... to shoot down citizens on the streets and highways" at the companies' behest. The companies even supplied them with weapons and ammunition from their own stockpiles.
The committee said the companies had spent more than $40,000 on machine guns, rifles, shotguns, revolvers, tear gas canisters and launchers and 10,000 rounds of ammunition to use against strikers. Republic alone had more supplies than any law enforcement agency in the entire country.
The companies were prepared to go to any extreme to remain non-union. Two closed their plants temporarily, anticipating that most of the 85,000 strikers would soon be forced to return to work because they had little - if any - savings. But though Republic Steel closed most of its plants, it continued to operate the Chicago plant and a few others.
Republic fired union members at the plants that remained open and, with police help, cleared out union sympathizers and brought in strikebreakers to replace them. The strikebreakers, guarded by police day and night, ate and slept in the plants to avoid confronting the pickets outside.
Municipal police, company police and National Guardsmen harassed and often arrested pickets for doing little more than lawfully picketing. Six strikers were killed outside Republic's Ohio plants in Cleveland, Youngstown, Canton and Massillon.
The killings and other violence, the steadily increasing financial pressures on strikers, unceasing anti-union propaganda - all that and more combined to end the strike in mid-July, two months after it had begun.
But the steelworkers didn't give up. Determined to not have made such great sacrifices in vain, they turned to the labor-friendly administration of President Franklin Roosevelt for help. They got it in 1941, when heavy pressures from the administration finally forced the steel companies to recognize their employees' legal right to unionization and the many benefits, financial and otherwise, that it brought them and the many other industrial union members who followed their lead.
NOTE: A videotape of the uncut newsreel segment, "Memorial Day Massacre of 1937," is available from the Illinois Labor History Society ([email protected]).
Copyright(c)2015 Dick Meister,a freelance columnist in San Francisco who has covered labor issues for more than a half-century as a newspaper and broadcast reporter, editor and commentator. ([email protected]) | {
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LOS ANGELES, Sept. 7 /PRNewswire/ -- Square Enix, Inc., the publisher of SQUARE ENIX® interactive entertainment products in North America, announced today that KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep is now available at North American retailers. Developed exclusively for the PSP® (PlayStation®Portable) system, this latest installment reveals the origins of the hugely popular franchise and is an essential experience for new players jumping into the series for the first time as well as returning players uncovering the secrets of the iconic franchise.
A unique gaming experience that unfolds through the perspectives of three different main characters, KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep allows players to explore the worlds of their favorite Disney stories. With settings new to the series, such as Sleeping Beauty's Enchanted Dominion, the Dwarf Woodlands from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Deep Space from Lilo & Stitch, this prequel takes players through a magical journey of courage and friendship, all with an enhanced, action-packed battle system.
Also available today is the limited edition KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep PSP system Entertainment Pack from Square Enix and Sony Computer Entertainment America, LLC, exclusively at GameStop stores nationwide. This bundle includes a "Mystic Silver" PSP-3000 system, KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep on UMD® (Universal Media Disc), a 50-song voucher for Sony MusicPass and a 4GB Memory Stick PRO Duo(TM).
With four all-new multiplayer modes that allow players to enjoy the action with their friends as well as brand-new features for the North American release, KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep is a robust portable gaming experience. Additionally, the game features the voice talents of an incredible cast of actors including Jason Dohring, Mark Hamill, Willa Holland, Jesse McCartney, Haley Joel Osment, Leonard Nimoy and James Woods.
Today, discover firsthand why KINGDOM HEARTS is a video game franchise loved the world over with more than 14 million copies shipped. KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep delivers an unforgettable story that will stay with players for years to come.
Long before Sora was chosen by his Keyblade, the worlds' safety lay in the hands of the true Keyblade Masters.
Three youths - Terra, Ventus and Aqua - have been training long and hard under Master Eraqus to prove that they, too, exhibit the Mark of Mastery.
But they will soon find themselves in the middle of a crisis affecting worlds far beyond their own - just as another Keyblade Master, Xehanort, goes mysteriously missing.
Three friends, three destinies. Everything will link back to the beginning.
An essential piece to the KINGDOM HEARTS series arrives on the PSP system: From world-renowned creator and character designer Tetsuya Nomura comes the latest installment in the beloved KINGDOM HEARTS series. The vibrant and colorful KINGDOM HEARTS world comes to life in 16:9 widescreen presentation, through stunning graphics made possible by the PSP system hardware.
Disney worlds and characters new to the KINGDOM HEARTS series: Disney worlds and characters never before seen in KINGDOM HEARTS, such as Enchanted Dominion (Sleeping Beauty) and Castle of Dreams (Cinderella) will make their first appearances in KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep.
Three distinct gaming experiences through the eyes of three protagonists: Unravel the mystery surrounding the origin of the KINGDOM HEARTS saga through the tales of three unique characters - Terra, Ventus and Aqua. The whole story is revealed only after playing through with all three characters.
An action-packed combat system with intuitive controls: The familiar action-packed experience that KINGDOM HEARTS fans have come to embrace returns with an enhanced battle system and all-new features such as Command Styles, Command Decks, Shotlocks and Dimension Links. KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep is the most advanced KINGDOM HEARTS title to date.
Four exciting multiplayer modes: Experience the excitement and fun with your friends with four brand-new multiplayer modes: Versus Mode, Arena Mode, Command Board and Rumble Racing.
New game features: The North American release will include a number of new features, including an extra boss, additional multiplayer options and Crown Stickers: a reward system where players earn prizes by collecting and placing stickers into an album.
An outstanding voice cast: KINGDOM HEARTS fans will surely be in for one unforgettable experience, thanks to an impressive voice cast featuring the talents of Mark Hamill, Willa Holland, Jesse McCartney, Leonard Nimoy and James Woods, among others.
KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep is rated E10+ (Everyone 10 and older). Please visit the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) website at www.esrb.org for more information about ratings. KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep is available for the PSP system at North American retailers nationwide for the suggested retail price of $39.99.
The official website can be found at http://na.square-enix.com/khbbs.
Square Enix, Inc. is a U.S. based wholly-owned subsidiary of Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd., a holding company leading Square Enix Group. Square Enix, Inc. publishes and distributes entertainment content under the Square Enix Group's internationally renowned brands such as Square Enix, Eidos and Taito in the Americas. The Square Enix Group includes a global network of leading development studios located in North America, Europe and Japan. The Group boasts a valuable portfolio of intellectual property including: FINAL FANTASY®, which has sold over 97 million units worldwide; DRAGON QUEST®, which has sold over 54 million units worldwide; TOMB RAIDER®, which has sold over 35 million units worldwide; and other well-established products and services.
More information on Square Enix, Inc. can be found at http://www.square-enix.com.
Disney Interactive Studios, part of Disney Interactive Media Group, is the interactive entertainment affiliate of The Walt Disney Company (NYSE: DIS). Disney Interactive Studios self publishes and distributes a broad portfolio of multi-platform video games, mobile games and interactive entertainment worldwide. The company also licenses properties and works directly with other interactive game publishers to bring products for all ages to market. Disney Interactive Studios is based in Glendale, California, and has internal development studios around the world. For more information, log on to http://www.disneyinteractivestudios.com.
DRAGON QUEST, FINAL FANTASY, SQUARE ENIX and the SQUARE ENIX logo are registered trademarks of Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. Eidos and Tomb Raider are registered trademarks of Square Enix, Ltd. "PlayStation" is a registered trademark of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. GameStop is a registered trademark of GameStop, Inc. | {
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Превраще́ния (; )
Превращения в ботанике и зоологии — метаморфоз.
Насекомые с полным превращением
Превращения в химии — химические реакции.
Превращения в сказках.
Превращения волшебные — волшебство, средства магии.
В литературе
«Превращения» (2-8 годы) — поэма древнеримского поэта Овидия в переводе Василия Алексеева (1885)
«Превращения» (II век) — сочинение Апулея.
«Собрание превращений» (; ; ок. 150 года) — 41 рассказ в прозе древнегреческого грамматика Антонина Либерала о мифических превращениях оскорблённого божества.
«Превращения» (1859) — стихотворение Афанасия Фета.
«Молниеносные превращения» — (фр. L'homme Protée; 1899) — немой короткометражный фильм Жоржа Мельеса.
Катастеризм — в древнегреческой мифологии превращения богов, людей, животных и предметов в объекты звёздного неба.
См. также
Примечания | {
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Mom and daughter baking business raises thousands for community organizations
Margherita and Julianna working hard when they first started Julianna Banana. Photo courtesy of Margherita Marcone.
By Charlie Senack
A mom and daughter baking duo from Westboro has raised over $10,000 for organizations in the community, after a personal goal turned into a business during the pandemic.
In March 2020, Margherita Marcone, a lawyer by trade, graduated with a diploma from the Le Cordon Bleu culinary school. The Westboro mom decided to put her apron on after finding it difficult to find nut free desserts for her sweet-loving daughter, Julianna.
"Julianna has a nut allergy and her favourite food is croissants and baked goods, and it's not easy to find that stuff in bakeries," she said. "I'd always wanted to up my game in recipes to make at home. I grew up in the kitchen and always enjoyed baking, so I took a class at Le Cordon Bleu, then another class, and another class, and next thing you know I got a diploma in pastry."
Marcone sits on the board of directors at Dovercourt, where she frequently brought the team homemade baked goodies. The executive director suggested Marcone start a business, but that didn't seem sustainable while raising a family and working full-time.
But as Marcone received her diploma, the world around her was changing: COVID-19 was declared a worldwide pandemic, shops were shutting their doors, schools switched to remote learning and people were asked to stay home.
"I found myself with this new skill set that I wanted to share," Marcone said. "When everything started to shut down, it presented the opportunity to start doing some classes with kids from the community. They would register through Dovercourt and we'd do classes together and raise money for the inclusion program because they do fabulous things for kids all over the city, and for children with special needs."
A few thousand dollars was raised, and Marcones's efforts, with her daughter Julianna by her side, didn't stop there. That's when their new cooking company "Julianna Banana" was formed. According to the business' website, they aim "to inspire kids and families to get baking, cooking, and creating in the kitchen all while learning about food, having fun, and gaining an appreciation for the importance of community and giving back."
A Julianna Banana Box. Photo courtesy of Margherita Marcone.
Julianna Banana now offers its own classes alongside partnering with other not-for-profit organizations, and has other chefs who came on board to teach classes—many of whom were Marcone's classmates.
In the past, Julianna Banana also worked closely with the Parkdale Food Centre, putting on cooking classes for the organization that feeds 1,045 households a month.
"They are so progressive and they are so much more than just a food bank," said Marcone. "The fact that they also do teaching is pretty neat. They are a part of the community, and they are an important part of our neighborhood."
The Parkdale Food Centre says it's community-driven initiatives like this which goes a long way for their organization. Higher food costs means they are spending $22,000 a month on groceries, so any donation goes a long way.
"Third-party events, like Julianna Banana's are special," said Meredith Kerr, communications and donor relations manager at the Parkdale Food Centre. "They promote a sense of community, advocate for our work while at the same time, they generate financial support — all things we need more of in these challenging times."
For 10-year-old Julianna, she appreciates giving back to the community where she lives.
"We helped a lot of people at the food bank and helped a lot of people get more food who needed it," she said. "In the past, for my birthday, my friends gave me food instead of presents, and we donated it to the Parkdale Food Centre."
With Christmas just around the corner, Julianna Banana is getting into the holiday spirit. They are hosting a class for making macarons on Dec. 12 and for baking yule logs on Dec. 22. Classes are available for those between the ages of five and 14. And that's just a few of the various classes they are offering over the next few months.
The local food-loving company also sells hand-crafted and personalized culinary boxes, which are becoming a hit this holiday season. They offer families the chance to create festive recipes at home. The boxes include fun kid-tested recipe cards and hands on activities for food science. Many of the products in the boxes are from local vendors, and each box helps fundraise for local charities in the community. This month, they have partnered with the Ottawa Network for Education.
What started as a way to learn a new skill has turned into a local business that gives back to the neighbourhood, all while teaching children how to bake their own goodies. Marcone says she's starting to reflect on goals for the new year and will keep community at the forefront of everything they do.
"The goal for the next year will be to get more kids in the kitchen and learn while giving back. We hope to add more classes in 2022 with my classmate Terri Lee and other chefs from around the city," she said. "[We] hope to do some in-person classes as well. For now, we are focused on holiday fundraising through sales of [boxes and classes] with schools and the Ottawa Network for Education school [and] breakfast program."
To find out more about Julianna Banana and the classes and boxes they offer, visit juliannabanana.ca
Posted in The latest scoopTagged Hintonburg, Kitchissippi, westboro
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MADE Kitchen & Cocktails is thrilled to be a part of downtown Alpharetta's vibrant restaurant scene! Hand crafted from century old cotton mill beams, steel and polished concrete, the industrial décor features re-claimed shutters from the Jim Beam Distillery, oiled steel hanging lamps, refined Carrara marble and an open kitchen designed around a hardwood-fueled, stainless steel grill. The covered patio is enclosed with riddling rack 'shutters' that spin to allow a glimpse of the city streets. Plush mattress banquet seating and large wood plank tables allow diners a comfortable al fresco experience all while affording an industrial chic, downtown vibe.
MADE's Spanish inspired menu is chef driven. Small plate tapas and high quality Spanish ingredients center around the hardwood parilla grill. Chef Erick Balderama leads the enthusiastic kitchen staff with his passion for all things cured, fresh and pickled and the dishes deliver the authentic tastes of Spain. Please check out our menu tab for more!
The beverage program at MADE centers around flawless cocktails that blend of old world ingredients and local resources. MADE's wine list combines Spain's most popular varietals with lesser known grapes to please the most adventurous wine enthusiast! Local breweries and those found on every corner in Barcelona are well represented.
Chris Sedgwick is the visionary behind MADE. With over four decades of restaurant experience, Sedgwick was trained as a chef and now owns and operates OTP hot spots including Vinny's on Windward, Theo's Brother's Bakery, Aspens Signature Steaks, PURE taqueria and The Union Restaurant.
Chef Eric Balderrama's menu starts with cheese and cured meats from Spain – cut in house, of course. Small plates follow and include a selection of seasonal vegetables, oysters grilled on hardwood coals, plump shrimp, tender croquettes and a few shockingly fresh salads.
A limited selection of entrees – most seeing time on the hardwood grill – include whole roasted fish and a classic seafood paella for two that leaves the dining room smelling of saffron and Spain.
*THE CONSUMPTION OF RAW OR UNDER COOKED FOODS SUCH AS MEAT, POULTRY, FISH, SHELLFISH, AND EGGS WHICH CONTAIN HARMFUL BACTERIA, MAY CAUSE SERIOUS ILLNESS OR DEATH.
No question that this new Alpharetta restaurant is "Made" for sharing!
When restaurateur Chris Sedgwick launches a new project, diners in Atlanta's northern suburbs take note.
Chris Sedgwick is hooking Alpharetta up with modern Spanish tapas, including meats, cheeses, and duck, like you won't believe. Spanish wines, beers, and deliciously mixed drinks take care of your thirst. | {
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Apple has opened up casting for 'Planet of the Apps,' its first reality TV show – but it wants developers only, not actors.
The show will follow developers as they shop their apps around to Venture Capitalists (VC) for funding, distribute and market those apps and receive "hands-on guidance from some of the most influential experts in the tech community." It'll be a high-level look at apps with big aspirations.
It sounds simple enough, but anyone who has shopped an app or service can tell you the opposite is true. Expect the show to focus on the many fences a developer or team has to straddle. Between seeking VC funding, the gritty technology of making apps usable and having input from outside sources, it'll be an interesting look at how the app sausage is really made.
Apple will begin filming later this year
Apple is accepting applications for the show until August 26, and is asking for video submissions (you'll be on TV, after all). Submissions should note who you are (or your team is), what you're working on, how far along in the development process it is and how much cash you need to bring it to market.
Filming begins later this year in the Los Angeles area, and Apple plans to wrap things up in early 2017. The company also says that if you can't take time off of work for the show, you shouldn't apply — so be prepared to live in LA.
Similarly, don't apply if you don't have an iOS, tvOS, watchOS or macOS app. Though you don't need to be part of Apple's Developer Program, you can't show up with an Android app.
But if you're accepted to appear on the show, Planet of the Apps will pay the $99 fee so you can enroll in the program and distribute your app.
If you'd rather not send a video, Planet of the Apps (which may be a joint effort with ProductHunt) is in the process of scheduling events in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Austin and New York. While details on those events are light, it sounds like they'll be open in-person casting calls.
The language of Apple's new show is also interesting. It calls it the 'inaugural season,' suggesting they're in this for the long run. So even if you're not ready to seek VC funding or listen to some blowhard tell you all about yourself, get cracking' — you may have a shot next year.
No word on if the show will be 'shot on an iPhone.'
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I know why I'm obsessed with Jews, but why are you?
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10/08/2014 isrLeave a Comment on I know why I'm obsessed with Jews, but why are you?
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by David Palumbo-Liu*
Knowing how public I've been in support of the call for Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctionsagainst the state of Israel, a Jewish colleague came up to me on campus one day to talk. "I know why I'm obsessed with Jews," he said, "But why are you?" I could hear both puzzlement and pain in his voice.
It was clear at that moment that there were two kinds of "obsession" at work in his imagination. For him, a Jew should properly – perhaps obsessively – care about their fellow Jews. But my friend couldn't help but wonder why I, as a non-Jew, would also "obsess so much" about his people, especially from a critical perspective.
My reply was pretty automatic: "I'm not obsessed with Jews," I said, "I'm concerned about the Palestinians."
I know and like this person a lot. In essence I don't think his political position is much different to mine, except in terms of tactics. I think he trusts me too. But his statement revealed an important and discouraging assumption: one is naturally drawn to care about one's own people, and it is unexpected – even odd – that someone from outside one's group should care as much.
Taken in its most negative form, this attitude would conceive of an outsider's interest as intrusive if it is not entirely positive. And that's one of the main problems one faces when speaking of Israel and Palestine: not only does the line that's drawn between groups seem hard and fast in terms of communication and ideology, but empathy and caring also seem to be contained within those lines as well.
Under such conditions, what are the possibilities that the conflict could ever be transformed?
According to the philosopher Richard Rorty, the transformation of human thought and feeling is not only possible, but natural: "We have come to see that the only lesson of either history or anthropology is our extraordinary malleability." All people can change, Rorty is saying, especially when they open themselves up to new stories about others: stories that lead them to "tolerate, and even to cherish, powerless people – people whose appearance or habits or beliefs at first seemed an insult to our own moral identity, our sense of the limits of permissible human variation."
This is not a new idea. Literature has long been considered the best vehicle for moral instruction exactly because it can take people out of their narrow sense of self and their self-centered habits of the mind. But what kind of stories would be most effective in this way?
In one of the worst current violations of human rights and international law – Israel's bombing and land invasion of Gaza – the news is full of stories in the form of photographs, reports, and news clips of the tragedy. But it isn't enough just to put them out there for the world to see. Although there are clear signs of a shift in attitudes toward the conflict, we need to go further than simply registering immediate impressions of who is good and who is not.
I believe that one of the main reasons why many people remain unchanged in their sympathies is that they are still too deeply rooted in the belief that certain people are worthy of their care, while others that fall outside their group are not only notworthy of the same care, but they are not even worthy of full recognition as human beings like themselves. As a result, the stories of people most like oneself are listened to with more openness and empathy than others. But in both cases, these stories are caricatures, simplifications. The actual, complex, stories of real people are ignored.
In the case of the Palestinians and Israelis, the dominant narratives describe the other entirely as 'terrorists,' or as the only aggressors in the conflict who deserve the rocket fire that's raining down on them. To simply flip sides and say that now it is Israel or Hamas that is in the wrong, or in the right, doesn't help much in the long run. We have to see a larger picture. We have to look more clearly at the actual political contexts of what is happening, and with that knowledge transform the ways in which we see people as blind agents whose identities are immutable. We need to see the real workings of history, culture, and politics in shaping human action. In the process, all those involved can be humanized.
While to be ethically consistent one must urge that both sides accept this imperative to resist stereotyping and its attendant racism, there is no question that until very recently, one side of the conflict has had its story largely obscured or erased from the historical record, and that is the story of the Palestinians. Ironically, it is precisely because of the Israeli invasion of Gaza that more and more people around the world are coming to know that history, and world opinion is shifting as a consequence. That is not only a political transformation, it is also a humanistic one.
The hope is that humanizing Palestine will allow others to see Palestinians as full human beings, and that, in turn, will transform the ways in which they are both perceived and treated. But again, such efforts at transformation must fight against entrenched habits of the heart and mind that confine people's empathy to those who are most like themselves.
I admit that there's a natural propensity to care for those with whom we have the most intimate relationships. But it's all too easy to let that inclination confine our sense of responsibility within narrow limits. If we linger in that narrow circle, how is it that we would ever change? And if others remain locked in their own limited loyalties and commitments, how can they ever change themselves?
Change – especially in times of crisis – requires that we re-examine not only the stories we hear, but also why we care about them, and crucially, how we act as a result. This is not an abstract exercise. It's critical in determining how we treat others. Change requires openness, but it also means unlearning our habits of caring. We must leave ourselves open to transformation even if that means going against our political biases. Without the capacity to respond to the historical moment, we not only abrogate our freedom to think and to act, we also make democracy into a hollow concept, an empty routine.
It's terrible to think that only a massive human catastrophe and moral failing like Gaza could break through the habits of the mind and heart. But the ways in which the world has regarded the Palestinians – or rather has disdained and disregarded them – are finally, slowly, changing.
During the last mass bombing of Gaza in 2012, I argued the need for another narrative about the founding of the state of Israel. We have heard and deferred to the story of the Holocaust for so long that that the tragic story of the Jewish people has been allowed to blunt criticism of the means by which the Zionist state of Israel was created, and has been expanded illegally through the persistent growth of settlements in the Occupied Territories.
Today however, as the number of Palestinians killed in "Operation Protective Edge" rises above 1700, the vast majority of them innocent civilians (and mostly children), many people are responding to their plight in a different way. How was this allowed to happen, they are asking, and what roles have the United States and other powers played in bringing the catastrophe to pass?
A recent Gallup poll, for example, shows a slow but distinct generational change, at least in the USA, where more and more Americans, mostly younger, are willing to hear that other story. This is a point I make in a recent article in Salon: "there is now a widening band of light in between the heretofore seamless merger of the Holocaust and Founding narratives, resulting in a weakening of the former in its capacity to act as an alibi for the latter. This is especially important with regard to the US, which has been the world's most generous supporter of Israel. Growing up well past the postwar era, increasing numbers of young people in the US find the Holocaust narrative to be less absolutely and unquestionably adequate as a rationale for supporting the horrible killings in Gaza. And as they learn more, their support will wane further."
This is significant because only greater knowledge of our own responsibility for the catastrophe is likely to make us act in a different way – to end the killing and compel others to act with us. In this shift, the first thing to set aside is the habit of caring only for those who look, speak, act and think like us. Our "obsession" with those who are similar needs to be converted into a deep concern for those who are different, and who are easily ignored.
To do this means listening to their stories, and respecting them as rightful narrators of their own historical situation. While there are no guarantees, if we can expand our circle of care we can begin a process of transformation that will help us see a way out of the comfortable but narrow worlds in which we live.
* David Palumbo-Liu is the Louise Hewlett Nixon Professor at Stanford. His most recent book is The Deliverance of Others: Reading Literature in a Global Age. His blogs for Truthout, Salon, Huffington Post, Al Jazeera, Boston Review, and The Los Angeles Review of Books can be found at palumbo-liu.com. Follow him on Twitter @palumboliu.
Tagged AllHuman RightsLaw and SocietyMiddle East
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Charity begins at home!?
In my social media feed today there was a link to an article titled "Reclaiming Jesus: How Confessing Faith Can Respond to a Moral and Constitutional Crisis". It begins: "On Ash Wednesday, a group of church leaders, all old enough to be called "elders," met in a private retreat. We prayed. We experienced a deep sense of lament for the political and moral crisis we are in and for the ways it unfolded. We confessed on behalf of the churches and for our own complicity in the situation in which we now find ourselves. And we strongly sensed the need for repentance, realizing that word means much more than guilt and shame, but a "turning around" and moving in a new direction. We agreed to write a declaration together — something that would be much more than just another statement to sign and then file away. Rather, with a shared humble spirit, we felt called to act as elders for a time such as this and to commend our message to the churches for a process of prayer, study, reflection, and action."
What follows is the declaration, which broadly I agree with, even though those involved would identify more with Christians on the Left than the Right and I would expect to the person they be unsympathetic to President Trump and his "America First" ideas. Later I tuned into a Day of Prayer live broadcast led by David Hathaway ministries. The purpose was to intercede on behalf of the UK, calling upon God to work in the nation that has desperately gone astray and when only God can deliver. While I dipped in and out of the broadcast while doing other stuff, and while I suspect I am not entirely in the same theological stable as the organizers, I concurred with what went on and added my Amen to most prayers. They too made a declaration including the notion that the UK has been hitherto united in its adherence of its Judaeo-Christian heritage and calling for biblical standards to be reinstated in public life. It also recognized the ineptitude of the Church and is part reason why our society is in a malaise. While I don't wish to start comparing apples and oranges, I suspect the Christians in the two groups will be different in their theological outlooks as well as their priorities and pre-occupations, but one thing they had in common was their belief that Christians needed to repent.
Besides being challenged by both as to the need to personally repent I couldn't help noting the differences in preoccupations. The former struck me as treating the notion of national pride with antipathy whereas the latter manifested a patriotic fervour. So what is the right view and how does it relate to the notion of "charity begins at home" (or to relate the first story the America (or Britain) First ideal)? It seems to me that the first job of government is to protect its citizens and seek its welfare, which is why I broadly welcome Trump's latest Executive Order to impose tariffs on China who he rightly views as having screwed America and why I decidedly do not welcome the latest UK capitulation to the EU in its Brexit negotiations. Yet underlying all this is the command for us to Love our Neighbour, leaving no room for racism, xenophobia etc., and that neighbour includes anyone, anywhere, regardless of differences.
As I have argued in previous blogs, we have in recent years seen a move toward globalism but this has been challenged with the Brexit decision, the rise of Trump and the popularity of the Far Right in many European countries. Even Putin's Russia is a reaction in part against globalism. It also seems to me that Christians, particularly the more zealous and thoughtful types, have split in terms of whether to align more with globalism or nationalism. While I am suspicious of excessive national fervor and agree it is a perversion of biblical teaching, having come to that view reading the accounts of the Tower of Babel in Genesis and of the AntiChrist in Revelation, I have no doubt national identity is better than globalism, with the former lending itself more likely to accountability to the people and the latter to the tyranny of the elite and more ungodliness, and is why unlike a number of my Christian friends, I support Brexit and Trump. We do need to honor the interests of the people represented (UK and US) and things like national security, immigration control, curbing the rise of Islam and preserving cultural identity matter.
I have raised in previous blog posts that what we are seeing now among Christians is a polarization in their views and a lack of unity, which I see as harmful to the Church and its witness to the world. As both aforementioned groups recognize, we need to repent, which is a good place to begin, for the thing that matters more than anything else is that the name of the Lord is honoured and glorified. And as for charity, it does begin at home, but it does not end there.
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Set in the large area in the heart of the city, Hero Homes Gurgaon is designed in a way to suit your lavish lifestyle. The township provides huge, affluent homes, extremely unique facilities and mammoth of space for the mind to stroll amidst the luxuries and comforts of the houses.
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Former senior policy adviser to Hillary Clinton, Jake Sullivan said the U.S. must do 4 things to shape a more effective and sustainable foreign policy. These include: 1. Elevate foreign economic policy within U.S. foreign policy (@16.25) 2. Do a better job at sharing the burden of global problem solving (@18.46) 3. Deal more effectively with the question of how U.S. should use its military power (@21.47) 4. Put values back at the heart of U.S. foreign policy (@24.30) Sullivan joined Hillary Clinton during her 2008 Presidential Campaign and became her deputy chief of staff. He was also Director of Policy Planning at the U.S. Department of State. Following Clinton's unsuccessful 2008 campaign, he joined Vice President Joe Biden as his top national security adviser during the Barack Obama administration. He was chosen by Obama to be part of a delegation that met with Iranian diplomats in efforts to broker a historic nuclear deal that was eventually announced in 2013. Sullivan is currently Marin R. Flug Visiting Lecturer in Law at Yale Law School. | {
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AHRC– Arts & Humanities Research Council. This is the funding body who have funded the Rising from the Depths Network. You can read more about them here.
Capacity– Our call documents ask for applicants to demonstrate their capacity in several fields. By this we mean, applicants must show a level of understanding of the issues that we raise and can explain to us how they would deal with these. For example, this would include having an understanding of what financial mangement is, and can explain who how they will manage their money.
Co-Investigator– A Co-Investigator is a member of the research team on a project, but is someone who is not responsible for the overall management of the project.
DAC and DAC Countries– DAC stands for Development Assistance Committee. The DAC is part of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). They have devised a list of countries (the DAC list) that are eligible for receiving Official Development Assistance. Within the Rising from the Depths Network, these are the countries that must have a tangible benefit from the activities of Innovation Projects. The full list of DAC Countries can be found here.
ECR– Early Career Researcher. We follow the AHRC's definition for ECR's which is someone who is within eight years of the award of their PhD, or an individual who is within six years of their first academic appointment. More information on ECR eligibility can be found here.
GCRF– Global Challenges Research Fund. The GCRF is a £1.5 billion fund from provided by the UK Government to support research that address challenges faced by developing countries. The GCRF are one of the funders of the Rising from the Depths Network. You can read more about them here.
Host Institution– The Host Institution, for the purposes of our call, is an academic institution, or other organisation, through which the project will be managed. For example, this is where the money will be sent to, and who we will expect financial reports from. Please note, a host institution is not required for small grants, as these can be given to individuals.
International Co-Investigators– The Rising from the Depths Network considers any Co-Investigator who is not from or affiliated with an institution in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar or the UK to be an international co-investigator.
Network Plus Scheme– the Network Plus Scheme is the creation of five new interdisciplinary networks, funded by the GCRF. The Rising from the Depths Network forms one of the five Networks. You can read more about the creation of the networks here.
ODA– Official Development Assistance. These are grants or loans that are made to DAC Countries that promote the economic development and welfare of a developing country as their main objective. The OECD sets out a full definition here.
Where is the majority of the work of this organisation (and the individuals involved) actually taking place?
Do Co-Investigators have employment contracts with institutions based in non-DAC countries?
Is this a major NGO with considerable resources, or is this a small scale NGO with limited ability to operate beyond its normal parameters in the DAC list country/context in question?
Principal Investigator– A Principal Investigator is the person who will hold the money awarded with the grant and will be responsible for leading the research project. They can be a researcher in the broadest sense, as is set out in our call documents. For small grants, they can be an individual, but for medium and large grants, we would expect the Principal Investigator to be affiliated with an institution. | {
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TissueGene, the U.S.-based biopharmaceutical firm held mostly by Korea's Kolon Group, said it would tap the U.S. market in earnest by 2023 with its new cell gene therapy Invossa for osteoarthritis.
The statement came as the company plans to go public on the tech-heavy Kosdaq in November.
Lee Bum-sup, CEO and director of TissueGene, said Invossa has sufficient competitiveness to become successful in the U.S. market, at a news conference in Seoul Monday.
He added that about 70 percent of the company's stake is held by Kolon Group and its subsidiaries such as Kolon Life Science and Kolon Glotech.
"Clinical trials have shown that Invossa not only reduced pain and improved joint functions but also drastically delayed the progress of the osteoarthritis and the timing of the surgery without drug-related side effects," Lee told reporters.
Founded in 1999, TissueGene became the first company in the world to develop a cell gene therapy to treat osteoarthritis, according to the firm. Kolon Life Science holds the sales right of Invossa in 22 Asian countries. The drug received a license from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety on July 12.
Through two-year clinical trials in Korea and the U.S., Invossa proved its efficacy in pain reduction and joint function improvement, which are major elements of assessment. The company hopes to get a license in the U.S. by 2022.
In Korea, hospitals will start prescribing the drug next month, which will be manufactured from Kolon Life Science's factory in Chungju, North Chungcheong Province. Observers said Invossa would be priced at about 4-5 million won ($3,530-$4,413) per vial.
TissueGene aims to have Invossa recognized as Disease Modifying Osteoarthritis Drug (DMOAD), and no drug for osteoarthritis has become DMOAD yet worldwide.
The company's global advisory group members are also part of FNIH Osteoarthritis Biomarkers Consortium setting a new measure of osteoarthritis, which will help Invossa recognized as DMOAD, TissueGene said.
However, Invossa failed to prove efficacy on improving joint structures such as restoring damaged cartilage, which is an additional variable for assessment. The company attributed the failure to the small number of participating patients in the phase-3 clinical trial and the short time of 12 months. The firm said the efficacy on improving joint structures tends to show at least 12 months after the drug injection.
To overcome the issue, the company plans to recruit a larger number of patients in a phase-3 clinical trial in the U.S.
"In 70 sites in the U.S, we will conduct a two-year clinical test on 1,020 patients of Grades 2 or 3. Unlike in Korea, the U.S. recognizes both major and additional variables in assessment. So we anticipate that we could prove the drug's efficacy in improving cartilage structure in the U.S.," Lee said.
To make the U.S. clinical test successful, the company built partnerships with global contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) such as Lonza, WuXi AppTech, BioReliance and Fisher Bioservice.
TissueGene also is preparing to expand the indications of Invossa from knee joints to hands, hip joints, rheumatism, meniscus and intervertebral discs.
"As the world's first cell gene treatment for osteoarthritis, Invossa will become a blockbuster drug. In the global market, industry officials call it a 'game-change drug.' I'm sure we can prove its efficacy with enough data and standardized verification methods," Lee said. | {
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DeValls Bluff, in east-central Prairie County, is located on the White River and Highway 70. It is the county seat for the southern district of Prairie County. Excluding Helena (Phillips County), no other town in eastern Arkansas held such strategic importance to the Union army during the Civil War as did DeValls Bluff.
Jacob M. DeVall and his son, Chappel S., were apparently the first white settlers in the area. They first appear on Prairie County tax records in 1851. Post office department records indicate the town was named for Jacob. Chappel S. DeVall had a mercantile operation with a warehouse and home on the White River (now White River basin) in 1849. At the beginning of the Civil War, the settlement consisted of only a store, dwelling house, and boat landing.
The town was occupied by Union forces in January and August of 1863. Major General Frederick Steele occupied Little Rock (Pulaski County) on September 10. When water was low on the Arkansas River, many boats could not reach the capital city. But they could navigate up the White River to DeValls Bluff. Men and materiel could be transferred to the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad's trains to be transported to Little Rock. For that reason, DeValls Bluff's port area was heavily fortified for the remainder of the war and was home to many soldiers—black and white—and refugees. Although there was little interference from Confederates at DeValls Bluff, there were a few incidents of note. Union troops operated the fifty-mile section of the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad line from the port to the capital city, and there were several attempts by Rebels to disrupt service. In July 1863, a locomotive was derailed by an exploding mine, killing the crew; another train was fired upon, killing two soldiers; and on two occasions that month, small sections of track were torn out. In December of that year, a small skirmish took place outside the town.
In May 1864, Confederate forces captured three Union men and a large number of horses and mules. Rebel bushwhackers also sought to stop the movement of Union boats on the White River below town. On June 24, 1864, Confederate General Joseph Shelby sank the Queen City near Clarendon (Monroe County). In the latter part of the war, the former Confederate-turned-guerrilla, Howell A. "Doc" Rayburn, operated with his small band in Prairie and White counties, pestering Federal forces. Supposedly, on one occasion, the small-framed Rayburn, dressed as a woman, attended a dance given at army headquarters at DeValls Bluff. After dancing with some of the officers, he sneaked out, stole one of the men's horses, and made off to join his compatriots. The Action at DeValls Bluff in August was the last of summer action in the area, but another affair took place in December.
Federal troops took down the courthouse at Clarendon and shipped the brick upriver to DeValls bluff and there used the brick to erect fireplaces and chimneys. Also, during the war, buildings were taken down at Des Arc (Prairie County) and moved downriver to DeValls Bluff.
The many troops stationed at DeValls Bluff patronized stores and saloons that rapidly sprang up, many operated by Northern men such as Daniel P. Upham of New York, who came to town in the closing days of the war to open a saloon in partnership with a man named Whitty. R. H. White had a photography studio at DeValls Bluff for a time before moving to Little Rock, leaving an invaluable record of the port town during wartime.
Some of the Union soldiers and officers remained in the town following the war. William S. McCullough—a lawyer, farmer, and local Freedmen's Bureau agent—lived there until the 1880s when he moved to Brinkley (Monroe County) and established the Brinkley Hotel. Joel M. McClintock was an early Prairie County sheriff, lawyer, abstractor, and landowner. Logan Roots (for whom Fort Roots is named) had farming operations there for a time and later became one of the state's leading bankers. He gave the property for the town's first Methodist church. Not long after the war, the Baptists had a church there, and African Americans had their own meeting places. Catholics erected a building around the turn of the century, aided by Protestant friends; before then, they had been served by a priest who traveled a circuit and called on families individually. Dr. William W. Hipolite, surgeon for some of the African-American troops stationed there, settled in the town and operated a drug store for many years.
The economy and population of DeValls Bluff declined in the years following the war. The population dropped from between 1,500 and 2,000, during the war, to 250 by 1884. After the rail line between Little Rock and Memphis, Tennessee, was completed in 1871, the port began to receive fewer boats. The economy was invigorated by the opening of the Wells boat oar factory in the mid-1880s. Other wood-related industries making use of the vast stands of timber in the region followed. A shell button factory was started by Jim O'Hara of Memphis in 1896, and the industry continued well into the first half of the twentieth century.
In addition to the men previously mentioned, the Gates, Frolich, Sanders, Johnson, Robinson, Buck, Higgins, Hill, Richardson, and Thweatt families were some of the most influential in the town in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with their business interests there and large farm holdings nearby. All were DeValls Bluff merchant families, except for the Thweatts. Joseph Gustavus Thweatt opened a law office in town in 1888, and he and his son, John Dale, were influential lawyers in DeValls Bluff for over eighty years. By the middle of the twentieth century, Hester Buck Robinson was a dominating figure in the town. A financial genius, she accumulated vast amounts of farmland in Prairie, Monroe, St. Francis, and Woodruff counties, in addition to property in DeValls Bluff, including her mercantile store.
A courthouse for the southern district of Prairie County was built in DeValls Bluff in 1910 but razed in 1930. Using the same location and salvaged materials, workers with the Works Progress Administration (WPA) built a new courthouse in 1939. They also built a water tower in 1936.
The community failed to develop an industrial base after World War II. Some leaders in the town with large farming interests discouraged such development, fearing it would raise wages and take workers away from their fields. The 1940s and 1950s was a period which brought an increase in mechanized farming, requiring fewer laborers. Farm workers were leaving the state in search of better-paying jobs.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, an effort by Sam Weems of Hazen (Prairie County)—a local historian and, for a time, city projects administrator for DeValls Bluff—and several local and area citizens (including the mayor) to create a Civil War–themed state park around the Fort A, or Fort Lincoln, site became a divisive issue and did not succeed. In 2000, Arkansas State University attempted to buy forty acres of land, which included Fort Lincoln, to develop a historical/tourism site in memory of the black soldiers who served across the nation during the Civil War. This project also ended in failure.
Farming remains important to the region's economy, especially rice farming. The King and Saul families have large minnow farm operations in the area. Hunting and fishing and boating on the White River and nearby lakes are primary forms of recreation and contributors to the area's economy.
There was relative calm in local schools when integration commenced by stages in the mid-1960s. Over the years, the district's school population has dropped, and consolidation with Hazen occurred at the beginning of the 2006–07 school year, though elementary grades remain at DeValls Bluff.
Country singer Jim Minor was born in DeValls Bluff and is buried at Peppers Lake Cemetery south of town.
Sayger, Bill. A DeValls Bluff Remembrancer. N.p.: 1994.
———. An Eastern Arkansas Remembrancer. Parts 2, 4. N.p.: 2001, 2002.
———. A Grand Prairie Remembrancer. N.p.: 2000.
Sickel, Marilyn Hambrick. Prairie County, Arkansas: Pioneer Family Interviews by W.P.A.–Federal Writers' Project, 1936–37. DeValls Bluff, AR: Grand Prairie Research, 1989. | {
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Son és un municipi francès situat al departament de les Ardenes i a la regió del Gran Est. L'any 2007 tenia 96 habitants.
Demografia
Població
El 2007 la població de fet de Son era de 96 persones. Hi havia 36 famílies de les quals 12 eren unipersonals (8 homes vivint sols i 4 dones vivint soles), 16 parelles amb fills i 8 famílies monoparentals amb fills.
La població ha evolucionat segons el següent gràfic:
Habitants censats
Habitatges
El 2007 hi havia 49 habitatges, 39 eren l'habitatge principal de la família, 7 eren segones residències i 3 estaven desocupats. Tots els 48 habitatges eren cases. Dels 39 habitatges principals, 33 estaven ocupats pels seus propietaris i 6 estaven llogats i ocupats pels llogaters; 1 tenia una cambra, 1 en tenia dues, 5 en tenien tres, 4 en tenien quatre i 28 en tenien cinc o més. 30 habitatges disposaven pel capbaix d'una plaça de pàrquing. A 16 habitatges hi havia un automòbil i a 18 n'hi havia dos o més.
Piràmide de població
La piràmide de població per edats i sexe el 2009 era:
Economia
El 2007 la població en edat de treballar era de 59 persones, 34 eren actives i 25 eren inactives. De les 34 persones actives 29 estaven ocupades (22 homes i 7 dones) i 5 estaven aturades (2 homes i 3 dones). De les 25 persones inactives 5 estaven jubilades, 5 estaven estudiant i 15 estaven classificades com a «altres inactius».
Activitats econòmiques
L'any 2000 a Son hi havia 11 explotacions agrícoles que ocupaven un total de 735 hectàrees.
Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.
Referències
Résumé statistique Fitxa resum de dades estadístiques de Son a l'INSEE.
Évolution et structure de la population Fitxa amb el detall de dades de Son a l'INSEE
France par commune Dades detallades de tots els municipis de França accessibles a partir del mapa.
Municipis de les Ardenes | {
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Review: How do spontaneous and sensory-evoked activities interact?
Dynamics and bifurcations of the adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model.
Dynamic I-V curves are reliable predictors of naturalistic pyramidal-neuron voltage traces.
A mathematical analysis of the effects of Hebbian learning rules on the dynamics and structure of discrete-time random recurrent neural networks.
Bifurcation analysis of a general class of non-linear integrate and fire neurons.
Modélisation du problème direct de la magnéto et électroencéphalographie : méthodes numériques et calibration.
Structural analysis of fMRI data revisited: improving the sensitivity and reliability of fMRI group studies.
A future for systems and computational neuroscience in France?
Cortical mapping by Laplace-Cauchy transmission using a boundary element method.
Effects of Hebbian learning on the dynamics and structure of random networks with inhibitory and excitatory neurons.
Topography-Time-Frequency Atomic Decomposition for Event-Related M/EEG Signals.
Anisotropic Diffusion Partial Differential Equations in Multi-Channel Image Processing : Framework and Applications.
Formalization of the neuro-biological models for spike neurons.
Using an Hebbian learning rule for multi-class SVM classifiers.
Could early visual processes be sufficient to label motions? | {
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He's old, and everyone knows it: Dem Strategist sounds alarm on Joe Biden who faces calls to resign
ByJohn Smith June 27, 2022
President Biden faces mounting pressure from critics to resign and he also can't avoid questions about his age, a fact of life that has worried Democrats assessing whether he could realistically run for office in 2024, when he will turn 81. Conversations that were previously privately whispered are spreading to the public amid anxiety about a potential drubbing for the party in the midterm elections this fall.
Biden's approval ratings have not recovered from a late summer swoon. Inflation is now very high and there are growing concerns about a recession.
Some Democrats are wondering aloud if the party needs a different, younger leader in the upcoming presidential race.
Polls offer more supporting evidence of a fixation on age.
A Harvard-Harris Poll released this month found that 62 percent of respondents said Biden is "showing he's too old to be president."
Other surveys do not specifically focus on the president's age but offer the same bad news for the Biden team. A poll conducted by YouGov and Yahoo this week found that 64 percent of respondents said they did not want Biden to seek the highest office another time.
"He's f—— old and everyone knows it, but no one wants to talk about it for fear of offending him or anyone around him."
One Biden ally who spoke with White House aides often stated that Biden "looks old and seems old and that's not a great look for the White House."
Many Democrats do not see the age of Biden as a problem and speak during interviews of his wisdom and his experienced touch in government.
The president is receiving applause from most of his supporters for his handling of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the coronavirus pandemic.
"Joe Biden's only a couple of years older than when he won," declared the former Ohio Democratic Party Chairman David Pepper. "It's not as if this is breaking news that two years after he won he's two years older than he was."
Democrats have some younger alternatives if they wish to pursue a different direction. They include Vice President Harris, 57; Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg, 40; and Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-Minn.), 62.
Democratic strategist Brad Bannon stated that age should not matter in a discussion about Biden's presidency.
A prominent House lawmaker voiced a strong wish for Biden to run again, in hopes that there will be more accomplishments to tout to voters.
But other Democrats think it's fair to have an open conversation about Biden, who will soon enter his 80th year.
The GOP has made clear it will make the age of Biden a line of attack, despite the fact that its own leading candidate for the White House, Trump, recently turned 76.
Biden has consistently said he ran for the White House in 2020 to end the Trump presidency. It is somewhat challenging to watch him step down if he thinks Trump could be the GOP nominee again in 2024.
Publicly, Biden has stated that he would run if his health is in good shape.
John Smith is a professional writer, editor, researcher, journalist and novelist with over 20 years of writing experience. He is a native of New York City and a graduate of Queens College, where he majored in journalism. John got his start as a high school student reporting for The Leading Tribune. John first joined Byberry to help with as a copy editor. Before that, he worked as an independent journalist for various news blogs. As a staff writer, John Smith specializes is political news and opinion pieces. His areas of interest include politics, history, literature, entertainment and sports. John currently resides in Forest Hills, Queens, NYC.
DeSantis takes on NY Gov. Kathy Hochul after her really bad remarks about Republicans
Border agent who rushed into chaos at Uvalde school, saving dozens, speaks out humbly after heroics
Hillary Clinton casts vote for Joe Biden, but wants to "abolish the Electoral College"
Biden is like a "deer in the headlights" reading from a teleprompter: DeSantis
They just gave us the finger: Jim Jordan confronts Merrick Garland over October 4th memo
24,000+ allegedly sign petition demanding Nancy Pelosi to be prosecuted | {
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OWC on Thursday announced that it had acquired AKiTiO, creating one of the industry's largest suppliers of storage and other peripherals aimed at professionals and prosumers. One of the key reasons why OWC decided to take over AKiTiO is the latter's portfolio of products that complements its own lineup.
While both AKiTiO and OWC generally serve similar customers and markets, their families of products do not necessarily overlap all that greatly. Established in 1988 and initially providing memory upgrades for Apple computers, OWC has been gradually expanding its lineup, yet has traditionally focused primarily on solutions for Apple's Mac computers. Today, the company sells dozens of external peripherals, DRAM kits, SSDs, and other devices. By contrast, AKiTiO has offered products both for Apple Mac and Microsoft Windows systems (though it has never sold DRAMs or SSDs).
By taking over AKiTiO, OWC creates a very potent player on the market of various peripherals aimed at both platforms used by professionals and prosumers with a lot of expertise in the field of components.
One of the things that will bring immediate benefits to OWC is AKiTiO's existing family of Thunderbolt 3-enabled products as well as the company's experience with this technology. At present AKiTiO has 16 TB3-powered devices in its portfolio (not counting cables or special edition devices), whereas OWC's TB3 lineup looks a bit less complete.
Since the two companies are private, terms of the deal are not being disclosed. OWC said that its facility in Woodstock, Illinois, will serve as worldwide headquarters for both the OWC and AKiTiO brands. Meanwhile, AKiTiO's teams will continue to work in California and other locations. All warranties will be honored and all support will remain in place. | {
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Home > Wales > Dyfed > Historic Buildings > Fishguard Fort
Fishguard Fort
HERITAGE HIGHLIGHTS: Played a part in the Last Invasion of Britain in 1797
Fishguard Fort from the coastal path
Fishguard Fort is an 18th-century fortification on the rocky promontory of Castle Point, overlooking Fishguard Harbour to the south-east. In a roundabout way, the fort owes its existence to a pirate, and to the American War of Independence.
In 1779 an American privateer named the Black Prince captured a local ship and demanded a ransom of £1000 from the townsfolk of Fishguard. The Black Prince and its captain, Stephen Manhant, were commissioned by the US government to attack British targets, as part of their efforts to gain independence from Britain.
Manhunt was a native of Boston, but the Black Prince sailed under a French flag, in support of the American revolutionary efforts. The Black Prince was very successful as a privateer, destroying more than 30 British ships over the course of three months.
The townsfolk of Fishguard refused to buckle, however, and rejected Manhunt's demands for a ransom. The Black Prince responded by bombarding the town, damaging St Mary's Church and several houses. A local ship fired back, followed by cannon fire from the shore. Manhunt decided it wasn't worth the trouble, and the Black Prince sailed away.
The gun battery
To prevent similar attacks in the future, an artillery fort was built on Castle Point, at the eastern approach to the harbour. Fishguard Fort was completed in 1781, just two years after the attack.
The fort was armed with eight 9-pounder cannons. It was manned by three invalided gunners from Woolwich, London. The fort later became the headquarters for the local militia, known as the 'Fishguard Fencibles'.
The Last Invasion of Britain
On 22 February 1797, a French invasion force appeared off the Welsh coast. The garrison of Fishguard Fort fired blanks to warn of the French approach, conserving their small supply of cannonballs.
The sound of the cannon fire convinced the French to avoid Fishguard harbour, and they sailed further south along the coast to Strumble Head before landing.
The peculiar story of what happened next is told in the Fishguard Last Invasion Tapestry in the Fishguard library. The traditional story is that the French ravaged the countryside for a few days, burning farms and pillaging where they could. The local militia gathered quickly and forced the French to surrender.
In one famous - and probably imaginary episode - a local woman named Jemima Nicholas captured a dozen French soldiers single-handedly, armed only with her pitchfork. The French soldiers may have mistaken local women wearing their traditional tall black hats and long red cloaks for Grenadier Guards, and surrendered before they realised their mistake.
The Last Invasion was the only action that the fort ever faced. The fort continued to be manned until the early 19th century, but was then allowed to decay.
The ammunition storehouse
The fort occupies a small, relatively flat area on the top of Castle Point. The site is roughly 30m from east to west and 25m north to south. It is composed of a single gun battery facing north and west along the coast. A simple curtain wall runs across the promontory neck, pierced by a single arched opening.
Within the fort is a rectangular vaulted ammunition storehouse set into the hillside. At the far end of the vaulted chamber is a small area where gunpowder was stored.
There are four restored cannons mounted on the gun battery, but what really makes Fishguard Fort worth visiting is the wonderful coastal scenery, with marvellous panoramic views over Fishguard Harbour and Goodwick on the far shore.
Inside the ammunition storehouse
The fort is located a short walk downhill from the free parking area on the A487 coastal road, at the eastern edge of Fishguard. The small (16 vehicles) parking area is at the top of the hill outside Old Fishguard (Lower Town). From the car park just follow the signposted trail that winds north and downhill and the fort will come into view below you after 100 yards.
The fort is directly on the Pembrokeshire Coast Path National Trail and Wales Coast Path.
The Last Invasion Tapestry at Fishguard Library
About Fishguard Fort
Address: A487, Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, Wales, SA65 9NB
Attraction Type: Historic Building - Fort
Location: At the top of the hill east of Old Fishguard, on the A487.
Website: Fishguard Fort
OS: SM962378
Penlan Uchaf Garden - 5.5 miles (Garden)
Newport (Pembrokeshire) Castle - 5.9 miles (Castle)
Carreg Coetan Arthur Burial Chamber - 6.3 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Carreg Samson Chambered Tomb - 7.5 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Nevern Castle - 7.6 miles (Castle)
Nevern, St Brynach Church & Cross - 7.6 miles (Historic Church)
Waun Mawn - 7.7 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Tafarn-y-bwlch Standing Stones - 7.8 miles (Prehistoric Site)
Nearest Accommodation to Fishguard Fort:
Llys-y-Gan, Fishguard - 0.5 miles
Fishguard, Dyfed
2 Tregroes Cottage, Fishguard - 0.6 miles
The Dairy, Dinas Cross - 2.4 miles
Dinas Cross, Dyfed
More self catering near Fishguard Fort
County Hotel - 13.9 miles
Haverfordwest, Dyfed
Cardigan Castle - 14.3 miles
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Jabajak Vineyard Restaurant with Rooms - 19.7 miles
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Cefn-y-Dre - 1.5 miles
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Castle Inn - 6.1 miles
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Dyfed Travel Guide
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2 Tregroes Cottage
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Sleeps 10, from £631.00
Cwm Bach | {
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OSI protocols have been used in several fields from the management network to the department of defense communication via Air traffic network. Here is some non exhaustive list of product that MARBEN Products has implemented and are still available in our portfolio.
TARP/X.500 registration proxy enables the existence of TARP only Network Elements with X.500 based Network Element by allowing auto-population of X.500 databases with TARP based Network Elements information.
For more information, please visit TARP/X.500 registration proxy .
MARBEN OSIAM Network Management provides a complete framework for developing network management applications. It consists of high-performance protocol modules and powerful development tools. They jointly enable system designers to rapidly develop CMIP-based agents or managers, in conformance with TMN standards.
MARBEN OSIAM Network Management includes operation of CMIS (Common Management Information Service) and CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol), as per standards ISO 9595 et 9596.
This offer also includes a Tool Kit for implementing Agent systems from the GDMO description.
Facing the large demand following the end of life of several commercially available OSI TP4 products, Marben Products has released an OSI transport stack binary product: the OSITP4 product is a modular implementation of the fourth layer of the OSI Reference Model and conforms to the relevant ISO Standards.
MARBEN OSITP4 is available on Windows using any Windows NDIS based LAN adapters (support of Windows XP, 200, 2003, 2007 in 32 and 64 bits) and LINUX ( 32 and 64 bits). The product can also be configured with Null Network Layer. In this case the Transport Layer accesses Data Link Layer directly, bypassing the CLNP / ES-IS protocol modules. | {
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THE organisers of the Henley Literary Festival have announced a special pop-up event next month featuring Gyles Brandreth.
A regular on Countdown, The One Show and Just a Minute, the author and broadcaster will be in town to discuss his latest book Have You Eaten Grandma? — a copy of which is included with the £16 ticket.
The venue for the event at 7.30pm on Monday, November 26, is Christ Church in Reading Road.
Festival programming director Tom Ryan said: "We are delighted to be bringing back to Henley one of the funniest and most popular speakers in the festival's history. | {
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* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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*/
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| {
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} |
Advancing Rehabilitation: Physiological, Psychological, and Neuroimaging Measures of Factors That Predispose, Promote, and Perpetuate Posttraumatic Dizziness
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CANCER CACHEXIA
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Petersen, R. C. | {
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Irish American Club East Side 45th Anniversary
Irish American Club East Side
Gerry Quinn Remarks
Gerry Quinn was the first president of the Irish American Club East Side. He gave these remarks on the 45th anniversary of the club.
As we conclude our 44th and begin our 45th year as the Irish American Club East Side it is only fitting we take a few minutes tonight and acknowledge our past success and explore our future aspirations and ambitions.
Forty-five years ago, on a cold snowy Superbowl Sunday, in a place called O'Brien's by the tracks, this organization drew its 1st breath in the presence of 17 individuals. Thankfully, a few of that original group are still here. It is important to remember that up until the founding of this club there was little Irish activity on the East side from the mid 50's till 1978.
Gerry Quinn speaking
The rapid growth we experienced was phenomenal and newsworthy. It captured the imagination of Clevelanders to such an extent that there was an ancestry research frenzy to find one's Irish heritage no matter how little it may have been. Hundreds sought to be a part of this exciting movement and within a few short years the membership soared to almost 4000 members.
Just a few years after our founding, Bill Homan was charged with finding us a place of our own. He found this old furniture store and here we are tonight 45 years later. Volunteerism flourished; every skill imaginable went to work to build this place into a modern club facility. I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the valued assistance we received from the WSIA. Many of their members helped with the construction on what you see here today. They are still supporting us as they are here tonight.
Do you know that this is the only club in America that has a former 3-time elected mayor and also a high school president on the board of directors. Yes, Bill Cervenik just accepted the position as treasurer. It is a critical and challenging position and we thank him for his service.
The world we live in today is very different from 45 years ago, even 10 years ago and that is precisely why the methods of yesteryear will not work today. Networking back then was Mary Therese Hurley, Dolly Luskin and Ann Carney calling everyone they knew, and there were hundreds, and asking them to fill a table for every event. Today, we try to keep up with advances in technology and our present-day techies have good success but it is increasingly difficult to fill those tables at events.
Gerry Quinn, Jack Murphy and Mickey Coyne
In order for the next generations of Irish Americans to celebrate another 45 years, some changes must be made. First, we must harness the talents of the many Irish Americans that are members and potential members. There are many technology experts that can lend their knowledge. We have to change the way we raise money, the type of events, the type of entertainment and the way we communicate with the community in general
We will always be a family organization that serves our Irish American community. I recall fondly the early days I spent in this very hall as our children learned to play music, to march and dance and they grew to be better citizens because of it. You and I should be eternally grateful to those who taught us that ethnic pride is a virtue we should pass on to our children and grandchildren. The varied progress of our predecessors and their contributions to the development of this club will not dim or diminish with time.
So, as we celebrate the achievements of the Irish American club east side, let us also recognize and acknowledge the country that gave us all a chance to succeed. America has always been the last great hope of mankind, and especially Irish immigrants. May it always be a beacon of inspiration and light to all who seek a better life for themselves and their families. All of us take great pride in our ancestral homeland but first and foremost we are proud Americans.
From my own perspective, I came to America as a young immigrant. I was so lucky to arrive in a city that welcomed me and gave me the opportunity to earn a living. I am forever grateful to Cleveland Ohio and the IACES for your kindness and support for so many years.
A toast to 45 years
One of my favorite poems is called Dawn on the Irish Coast or the Exiles Return. I'm sure many of you have heard at least one verse before.
Tanam an Dia! But there it is!
The dawn on the hills of Ireland
God's angels lifting the nights black veil
From the fair sweet face of my sire land
O' Ireland isn't it grand you look
Like a bride in her rich adorning
With all the pent-up love in my heart
I bid you the top of the morning.
Now Fuller and truer the shoreline shows
Was ever a scene so splendid
I feel the breath of the Munster breeze
Thank God my exiles ended
Old scenes old songs old friends again
The vale and the cot I was born in
O Ireland up from my heart of hearts
Thank you for listening and may we all meet here again this time next year.
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The JOE-DOWN
Movie reviews with a side of snark
Cast That Movie
Podcast Above A Convenience Store: Talking Twin Peaks
Bears Beets Bobbleheads: Talkin' Office
May 12, 2020 Paul Muad'dibLeave a Comment on Podcast Above a Convenience Store: Talking 'Twin Peaks' Season 2 Episode 5 & 6
Podcast Above a Convenience Store: Talking 'Twin Peaks' Season 2 Episode 5 & 6
Joe and Paul continue into the best parts of the second season, many of The Giant's clues have come to be. However, they aren't fooled by what's going to come later, and the cracks in the show are growing larger. It's only a matter of time before the snark rears it's head once again.
Published by Paul Muad'dib
View all posts by Paul Muad'dib
Categories Podcast Above A Convenience Store: Talking Twin PeaksTags Agent Cooper, BOB, david lynch, Episode 5, episode 6, mark frost, season 2, The Giant, twin peaks
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Deciduous shrub with pink flowers. It has a fast growth rate. Its leaves are green and it blooms from July until September with pink flowers. It usually grows up to 5m in height and 4m in width. Buddleja Pink Delight grows in full sun and in partial shade and can tolerate up to -15°C degrees.
Arrival of the plants Buddleja Pink Delight - Extract delicately the Buddleja Pink Delight plants from their packages, unhurriedly and with caution. Get them out of the tubular netting which envelops them by cutting the knot under the pot and by pulling it up. If necessary, water them. After some hours, even the plants which at the arrival might have looked crushed or ill will have again a healthy, luxuriant appearance.
Planting of Buddleja Pink Delight - Dig a hole about twice as big and deep as the size of the pot. Plant the Buddleja Pink Delight plants, without putting them too much deep. Fill the hole with a mixture of earth, universal garden soil of excellent quality and fertilizer. Cover the clod with about a couple of centimetres earth. Fill completely the hole with the needed mixture, applying a light pressure all around the plant, so as to compact the earth and not to leave hollows.
Watering of Buddleja Pink Delight - After having planted them, water generously the Buddleja Pink Delight, plants, especially during the warmer months, to compact the earth. Afterwards, keep on watering only when the soil starts to dry, so as to maintain the right humidity level at the roots and to avoid water stagnation problems.
Pruning of Buddleja Pink Delight - At the moment of planting the Buddleja Pink Delight there is no need for major pruning. To encourage a thicker growth, it is enough, if necessary, to go on with a light trimming. Afterwards, go on with a more substantial pruning to give shape and strength to the plants of Buddleja Pink Delight.
Fertilization of Buddleja Pink Delight - Execute two fertilizations in February-March and in September-October, to maintain a steady nutritional supply all year round. | {
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Our collaborator Manuel Mattheisen, Associate Professor at Århus University, is now officially affiliated to Karolinska Institutet and our group. He studied medicine at the University in Bonn and went on to be a research follow at Harvard Medical School before moving to Denmark. We are fortunate to enjoy his deep expertise in genetical methods. Check out his quite spectacular publication list here.
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} |
Click here to access the recording of this meeting.
A key challenge for our community is how we can build stronger mutual understanding among donors, implementers, and young leaders alike on inclusive youth engagement in development programming. Drawing from key learning takeaways from the Youth Engagement Community of Practice (CoP) 2018 focus on strategies for engaging at-risk and marginalized youth, the April CoP convening will facilitate a conversation with the aim to begin identifying concrete steps that donors and implementers can take to better coordinate and integrate inclusive youth engagement in development programs.
The Youth Engagement and Gender & PYD communities of practice are inviting a conversation between program implementers and funders to discuss how we can better support and more meaningfully engage young people in development projects.
We have four open-ended survey questions that will inform the content and outputs of this meeting. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
© Andrew Eichenholz/ATP Tour
Nicolas Mahut and Edouard Roger-Vasselin win their first ATP Tour title as a team this year in Tokyo.
Third Time Lucky For Mahut/Roger-Vasselin In Tokyo
Second seeds defeat Mektic/Skugor in Sunday final
Frenchmen Nicolas Mahut and Edouard Roger-Vasselin lost a heartbreaking five-setter in the Wimbledon final, and then they fell in a Match Tie-Break in the Metz championship match two weeks ago. But the second seeds refused to be denied in Tokyo.
Mahut and Roger-Vasselin defeated reigning Monte-Carlo champions Nikola Mektic and Franko Skugor 7-6(7), 6-4 after one hour and 42 minutes to clinch the Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships title, their seventh tour-level trophy as a pair and their first together since Antwerp last year.
"Amazing to have the trophy, an amazing week. From the first day we arrived we played really, really well," Roger-Vasselin said. "[It was] tough with the jet lag, of course, but on court, off court, we really had a nice, nice week. And of course to have the trophy, you cannot finish better than that."
Mahut and Roger-Vasselin first competed together in a Futures event held in Bagneres de Bigorre, France more than 17 years ago. This is their first ATP 500 triumph as a team.
"We are coming from the same area in France, so we grew up [together], we're almost the same age, so we know each other of course from a long time," Roger-Vasselin said. "It's definitely better to win with a friend and of course it helps on court to know each other from a long time."
Mahut owns 26 tour-level doubles titles, while Roger-Vasselin has 19. But lifting trophies together, as friends, makes it even more special.
"We enjoy playing togetherso much," Mahut said. "Seventeen years later, we're still here, having a bigger trophy of course in hand. I hope we have many more to come."
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Mektic and Skugor served for the first set, but they were unable to convert. And after the Frenchmen seized their sixth set point of the opener, they never looked back.
"It's unbelievable," Mahut said. "It was a fantastic week, maybe the best week to play, especially for doubles. The people, they love doubles, they love tennis and it was just fantastic… of course for us it's even better with the trophy, but it was absolutely fantastic."
Mahut and Roger-Vasselin, who earn 500 ATP Doubles Ranking points and a share of $123,000, will have little time to celebrate, though. The Frenchmen plan to depart Tokyo Sunday evening for Shanghai, where they will be the sixth seeds at the Rolex Shanghai Masters.
"We're going to try to fly tonight because the tournament's starting tomorrow," Mahut said. "I wish we could have stayed longer and have a great night here because we went to the fantastic restaurants and there are so many places to see here. The week was too short, we definitely have to come back."
Mektic and Skugor fell short of their second ATP Tour title as a team. They add 300 points to their tallies and will share $60,200. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Sweeney Bill To Keep Auto Storage Fees Reasonable For First 72 Hours
News & Releases Steve Sweeney
Daniel Mackay's Law Approved by Full Senate
TRENTON – Legislation sponsored by Senate Majority Leader Steve Sweeney to protect families who have suffered the loss of a loved one from being taken advantage of by auto towing and storage facilities received final legislative approval today when the Senate unanimously approved the measure.
"When a fatal accident occurs it is unlikely that the surviving family members immediately think about the location of the vehicle," said Senator Sweeney, D-Gloucester, Cumberland and Salem. "Currently, family members are then forced to try to track down which storage facility had the motor vehicle. Unfortunately, by the time family members are able to locate the vehicle, hundreds of dollars in fees have been racked up."
Senator Sweeney added that, "This measure is intended to ensure that accident victims and their families are not exploited, even inadvertently, during the vulnerable and confusing hours after a loved one's death or injury from an auto accident."
The bill, S-564, would require the law enforcement officer responsible for notifying the next of kin of an individual killed or incapacitated in a motor vehicle accident to provide written information for contacting the storage facility and obtaining a copy of the accident report.
Senator Sweeney noted that the bill would also cap vehicle storage fees in the hours after the accident. The bill would cap storage fees at $100 for the first 72 hours after the vehicle is placed on the premises.
According to Senator Sweeney, this measure will be named Daniel Mackay's Law, in honor of the 18-year-old Gloucester County man who was killed in a traffic accident on Interstate 295 in June of 2006.
"The tragic loss of their son Daniel, left the Mackay family with the burden of making difficult funeral arrangements," said Senator Sweeney. "Locating their son's vehicle was not on their minds until a few days after the accident. Daniel's family had a difficult time tracking down the location of where the car was being stored, and when they finally were able to locate it, they were hit with an almost $650 bill for towing and storage."
Senator Sweeney stated that this bill will go a long was easing the burden that the family will have after losing a loved one by providing a location to the vehicle and allowing fees to remain reasonable.
The bill now heads to the Governor's office for enactment.
Madden Bill Allowing Tax Deduction For Organ Donors Clears Committee
TRENTON – Legislation sponsored by Senator Fred H. Madden (D – Gloucester, Camden) that would allow New Jersey taxpayers to take a deduction against their gross income if they have donated an organ today cleared the Senate Health, Human Services and Senior Citizens Committee.
"Organ donation is the kind of thing we should be encouraging more of in New Jersey," said Madden. "Providing this kind of tax deduction is a simple, common-sense measure that will do just that. Not only are we providing a means to greater donation, but we are also helping to save people's lives."
Sweeney Bill– Daniel Mackay's Law –Clears Senate Panel
TRENTON – Legislation sponsored by Senate Majority Leader Steve Sweeney to protect families who have suffered the loss of a loved one from being taken advantage of by towing and storage facilities was approved by the Senate Law, Public Safety, and Veterans' Affairs Committee today.
Senator Sweeney said that the bill will be named Daniel Mackay's Law, in honor of the 18-year-old Gloucester County man who was killed in a traffic accident on Interstate 295 in June of 2006. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
require "spec_helper"
RSpec.describe Complicode::Generator do
describe "#call" do
subject { described_class.new.call(authorization_code: authorization_code, key: key, invoice: invoice) }
let(:authorization_code) { "29040011007" }
let(:key) { "9rCB7Sv4X29d)5k7N%3ab89p-3(5[A" }
let(:invoice) do
Complicode::Invoice.new(nit: 4189179011, number: 1503, issue_date: Date.new(2007, 7, 2), amount: 2500.0)
end
it { is_expected.to eq "6A-DC-53-05-14" }
TestCases.each do |row, index|
context "with sample data ##{index}" do
let(:authorization_code) { row[:authorization_code].to_s }
let(:key) { row[:key].to_s }
let(:invoice) { Complicode::Invoice.new(row.slice(:nit, :issue_date, :number, :amount)) }
it { is_expected.to eq row[:control_code] }
end
end
end
end
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
A contact lens having an integrated glucose sensor is provided. The contact lens includes an electrochemical sensor configured to measure the level of glucose in the tear fluid of the eye of the user wearing the contact lens. The electrochemical sensor is powered by radiation off-lens, through an RF antenna or a photovoltaic device mounted on the periphery of the contact lens. The power provided to the contact lens also enables transmission of data from the electrochemical sensor, for example by backscatter communications or optically by an LED mounted to the lens.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/444,257, filed Feb. 18, 2011, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/278,026, filed Oct. 20, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/394,977, filed Oct. 20, 2010, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/742,081, filed Sep. 15, 2010, which is the national stage of International Application No. PCT/US2008/082827, filed Nov. 7, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/986,197, filed Nov. 7, 2007, all of the disclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This invention was made with government support under grant number 25969810-50204-A, awarded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense, and grant number EFR0937710, awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention.
Self-assembly has emerged as a powerful fabrication technology for fabricating macroelectronic devices. Macrofabrication technologies typically integrate a large number of various functional components over areas exceeding the size of a typical semiconductor wafer and do so in a cost-effective and time-efficient fashion. A typical self-assembly macrofabrication technique includes functional devices that are batch microfabricated (for example, on a semiconductor substrate) and released to yield a collection of free-standing components. These components are then allowed to self-assemble onto a template, for example, on a plastic substrate, to yield a functional macroelectronic system. Because self-assembly is an inherently parallel construction method, it allows for cost-effective and time-efficient integration of a large number of functional components onto both conventional (e.g., semiconductor) and unconventional (e.g., plastic) substrates.
An additional benefit of self-assembled macrofabrication is that it allows for the integration of components made from incompatible microfabrication processes (e.g., light-emitting diodes made in compound semiconductor substrates and silicon transistors) onto nonplanar and/or flexible substrates.
The components of a self-assembly based macroelectronic fabrication system typically include (1) the development of fabrication processes that generate free-standing functional components; (2) the implementation of recognition/binding capabilities to guide the components to bind in the correct location; and (3) the determination of self-assembly procedures/conditions that result in a final assembled system with a high yield of components in correct locations. An exemplary fluidic self-assembly method is disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/072038, filed Jun. 25, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Additionally, fluidic self-assembly has been used to fabricate macro-scale electronics comprising an integrated optical analysis system in International Application No. PCT/US2008/050104, which is also hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Briefly, the above-referenced international patent applications describe a method for self-assembly that accomplishes the assembly process in one step, obviating or mitigating the need for post-processing of an assembled macro-electronic device. Microcomponents are fabricated having a particular shape, and a template with embedded interconnects is fabricated having recessed binding sites that are sized to receive particular microcomponent types. The binding sites include a low melting point alloy for electrically connecting received microcomponents to the interconnect network. The template is placed in a liquid, and the microcomponents are introduced to the liquid such that the microcomponents flow or slide along the template propelled by gravity and/or fluid-dynamic forces and some of them are received into the binding sites, and retained by capillary forces. The liquid is heated before or after introduction of the microcomponents to melt the alloy. The fluid and/or template are then cooled to harden the alloy, binding the microcomponents.
Prior macro-scale self-assembly techniques have produced macroelectronic devices having structures such as light-emitting diodes, photosensors, and transistors, to name a few. One aspect of previous macroelectronic self-assembled devices is the limitation of fabrication to patterning features on one side of a device. In a typical fabrication procedure for components for macro-scale self-assembly, micron-scale devices are patterned on a substrate and then released for self-assembly.
Given traditional microelectronic fabrication techniques, it is not surprising that only one side of the micron scale devices can be patterned, because only the top side of a substrate is typically processed in microfabrication. This remains true when fabricating micron-scale devices for macroelectronic self-assembly in that only the top side of a device is typically patterned and processed to create the device structure. The eventual bottom side of the device is buried within (or adjacent to) the carrier substrate during processing, and the bottom of the device is only revealed once the devices are released from the carrier substrate, at which point the devices are individually articulated and batch processing of a plurality of such devices would be nearly impossible.
A processing technique enabling the patterning of both the top and bottom sides of micron-scale devices for fluidic self-assembly of macroelectronics would enable more complex devices (both on the micro and macro-scale) and increase the number of currently available types of device structures. By allowing more complex features to be integrated onto macroelectronic devices, the functions of such devices will potentially be improved, expanded, and enhanced.
Contact lenses may be one product that would benefit from the integration of micron-scale devices into macroelectronic systems. Contact lenses could become complex systems with circuitry, sensors, memory, and telecommunications used to track key biomarkers in tears or to show information to the wearer. Concentrations of molecules such as glucose, lactate, or cholesterol on the surface of the eye could be measured, stored, and then communicated to a handheld reader or a mobile phone. Contact lens sensors have been used to measure eye movement, corneal temperature, blood oxygen, tear glucose concentration, and intraocular pressure. However, few have employed electronic sensing and wireless data readout, and previous work demonstrated limited operating distances. A functional contact lens system requires a source of power. All prior work in this area has used either a wired approach to transfer power to the contact lens or has taken advantage of Radio Frequency (RF) power harvesting from a nearby source. The wired approach is helpful for validation of system components but cannot yield a stand-alone contact lens. RF power transmission requires an RF source in the vicinity of the contact lens and suffers from the low efficiency of small antennas that can fit within the form factor of a contact lens.
A supplemental power source (on lens) can increase the RF read range, as well as allow sensor sampling when RF power is not present.
Relatedly, miniaturized solar cells have been developed. For example, solar cells on 50 μm device-layer thickness silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers with isolation trenches etched to the buried oxide have been fabricated. The cells were connected in arrays with an estimated 14.3% efficiency at AM2.0. Similarly, another report used SOI wafers, isolation trenches, and arrays, but with device thicknesses of 5 and 10 μm. In both cases the cells remained on the handle wafer for mechanical stability and, hence, were not freestanding.
Diabetes is widely recognized as a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world, and the number of people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus is expected to increase dramatically in the next few decades. Diabetes management mainly concentrates on maintaining normal blood sugar levels through frequent glucose monitoring and the correct dosage and timing of insulin injections. Continuous glucose monitoring can help early diagnosis and effective control of diabetes complications.
An enzyme-based finger-pricking method is the most commonly used diabetic assessment. However, the procedure is invasive and inconvenient, requires patient compliance, and may cause infection during the blood sampling processes. An alternative method uses near-infrared spectroscopy and provides a noninvasive way to monitor the glucose level in the body. This method analyzes the light reflection or transmission spectrum in the fingertip to infer metabolic concentration. Due to challenges of interference with other biochemicals, poor signal strength, and calibration issues, this method is not sufficiently accurate for clinical use. Therefore, ongoing research focuses on the development of noninvasive and continuous glucose sensing.
Tear fluid is directly accessible on the eye and can be used as a chemical interface between a sensor and the human body. Tear fluid contains many biomarkers that are found in blood, such as glucose, cholesterol, sodium, and potassium. The glucose level in tear film is reported to be in the range of 0.1-0.6 millimoles per liter (mM), which is about ten times lower than the levels in blood.
Conventional contact lenses are transparent polymers placed on the eye to correct faulty vision and can simultaneously serve as a platform to directly access tear fluid. Integrating biosensors on a contact lens would provide a noninvasive way for continuously sensing metabolites in tear fluid. Contact-lens-mounted biosensors have been developed to measure eyelid pressure, tear glucose, and intraocular pressure. These sensors use inconvenient wired readout interfaces. Contact-lens functionality could be greatly expanded by creating heterogeneous systems with embedded electronics and wireless telemetry. Through integrating biological sensors and telemetry, an active contact lens could provide health professionals with a new tool for research studies and for diagnosing diseases without the need for lab chemistry or needles.
(ii) process the biosensor signal to provide the data signal to the antenna.
(ii) process the biosensor signal to provide the data signal to the LED.
FIGS. 7F and 7G illustrate the fabrication of a representative contact lens having a one-sided solar cell (e.g., fabricated using the method of FIGS. 7A-7E) disposed thereon.
FIGS. 8A-8D: Solar cell fabrication and assembly results. FIG. 8A: Microscope image of micro solar cells on the carrier wafer after metallization and isolation and prior to their release. On each cell, a central p\contact is surrounded by four n contacts so that cells operate in any orientation after assembly on the contact lens. FIG. 8B: Released solar cells stored in deionized water. FIG. 8C: Microscope image of four cells assembled in parallel. FIG. 8D: Microscope image of four cells assembled in series.
FIG. 9: Measured power conversion efficiency as a function of voltage at AM1.5 and 100 mW/cm2.
FIG. 10: Measured current vs. bias voltage of arrays of assembled micro solar cells at AM1.5 and 100 mW/cm2.
FIG. 11: Setup to measure responsivity as a function of wavelength. White light passes through a chopper and into a monochromator. The narrowband output passes through an order-sorting filter and is focused onto a device-under-test (DUT). DUT short circuit current is measured using a lock-in amplifier that is triggered by the chopper. Measurements were taken from 400 nm to 1100 nm.
FIG. 12: Normalized measured micro solar cell responsivity. Peak responsivity occurs at approximately 725 nm; shorter wavelength light absorbs near the surface, far from the depletion region, and longer wavelength radiation passes through the cell.
FIG. 13: Image of a contact lens with a 2×12 solar cell array placed on live rabbit eye.
FIG. 14: Conceptual diagram of an active contact-lens system for wireless health monitoring.
FIG. 15: 15A Design and 15B fabrication of glucose sensor.
FIG. 16: Measurement setup of continuous flow test.
FIG. 17: Measured sensor response of continuous glucose flow.
FIG. 18: Measurement results of sensor output current versus glucose concentration.
FIG. 19: System architecture of the readout IC.
FIG. 20: Simulated results of received power in the air and on the eye model (transmit power=1 W at a 15-cm distance).
FIG. 21: Schematic of on-chip regulator.
FIG. 24: Schematic of I-F converter.
FIG. 25: Measured output frequency versus 25A injected current, 25B supply voltage, and 25C temperature.
FIG. 26: Pulse generator for a backscatter modulator (26A) and a LED driver (26B).
FIG. 27: Micrograph of readout IC.
FIG. 28: Allan deviation plot of readout circuits after divider (center frequency=850 Hz).
FIG. 29: Measured output response of readout IC (continuous glucose flow test).
FIG. 30: Measured output frequency versus glucose concentration.
FIG. 31: Measured of LED driver outputs versus glucose levels.
FIG. 32: Photograph of the assembled lens.
FIGS. 33A and 33B: Measured wireless transmission results (RF backscattering) of an assembled lens.
The present invention provides devices having features deposited on two sides of a device substrate, and methods for making the same. The devices are useful, for example, as the components in a macroelectronic system. The devices are also useful in microelectronic systems. In a preferred embodiment, the devices are photosensors having a plurality of electrodes patterned on a first side of the device and an electromagnetic interference filter patterned on a second side of the device. The method facilitates the fabrication of two-sided micro components through the use of an immobilizing layer deposited on top of devices patterned on a first side of a device substrate; flipping the device substrate; processing the second side of the device substrate to produce patterned features on the second side of the device substrate; and releasing the devices having patterned elements on two sides of each device.
In one aspect, a fabrication method is provided for processing features on two sides of a device substrate. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of processing a first side of a device substrate such that at least one device area is formed; coating the first side of the device substrate with an immobilizing material to provide an immobilizing layer; inverting the device substrate to provide processing access to a second side of the device substrate; removing material from the second side of the device substrate until the device substrate supporting the at least one device area is a desired thickness, wherein the second side of the device substrate is opposite the first side of the device substrate; processing the second side of the device substrate, including the at least one device area; and removing the immobilizing layer to provide at least one device having processed features on both a first side of the device and a second side of the device, wherein the first side of the device is opposite the second side of the device.
The method will be better understood with reference to FIG. 1, a flow chart describing the steps of the method 100. The method 100 begins with patterning a plurality of one-sided devices on a first side of a substrate 105. The substrate can be any material known to those of skill in the art as being processable by semiconductor processing techniques, including but not limited to crystalline and polycrystalline semiconductors, glass, polymer, and ceramics. Representative semiconductor processing techniques include lithography (e.g., photolithography and soft lithography), thin film deposition techniques (e.g., spin coating, vapor deposition, sputtering, and electron beam deposition), and etching (e.g., reactive ion etching and solvent etching). Typical substrates include semiconductor substrates, such as silicon, doped silicon, silicon-on-insulator (SOI), III-V semiconductors (e.g., gallium arsenide); polymer substrates; glasses and other inorganic substrates; and composite substrates that include two or more materials. Substrates having buried layers (e.g., the oxide layer of an SOI wafer) comprised of a different material than the bulk of the substrate are useful because the buried layer can act as an etch stop during processing, as described in more detail below.
A plurality of one-sided devices are typically patterned on the substrate, each device being the same or one of a plurality of different devices. Devices can be any electronic, optical, optoelectronic, or any other device known to those of skill in the art. Because the final product of the method 100 is a two-sided device, typical devices include those devices that require, or are enhanced by having, features patterned on a second side of the device (other than that exposed and patterned at the beginning of the method 100). A representative example of a two-sided device is a photosensor having electrodes patterned on a first side and an electromagnetic filter patterned on the second side, as will be described in more detail below.
The first side of the substrate is then coated with an immobilizing material 110 that is typically also a planarizing material. The material is typically deposited in a liquid or vapor form. Any immobilizing material can be used as long as it suitably immobilizes the patterned devices and allows the substrate to be processed as further described in the method 100. Typical immobilizing materials include polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS).
Because further steps of the method (115, 120, and 125) require the substrate to be "flipped" or otherwise reoriented for processing on a second side, the immobilizing layer is typically augmented by attaching an immobilizing substrate, or "handle" wafer to the immobilizing layer. The immobilizing substrate tightly binds to the immobilizing layer, thus allowing the device substrate and immobilizing layer to be reoriented, e.g., flipped such that a second side of the device substrate is accessible for processing.
The method 100 continues in block 115, where the flipping of the substrate and subsequent processing proceeds. Using similar semiconductor processing techniques as those described above, the substrate is processed such that material is removed from the device substrate in those areas desired by the user (typically through the use of lithographic patterning and etching techniques) until the device substrate has a desired thickness.
In a current embodiment, the desired thickness of the device substrate is on the order of nanometers or micrometers. In a representative embodiment, the desired thickness of the device substrate is less than 50 microns. In a representative embodiment, the substrate is an SOI wafer having a top device layer of silicon, a middle layer of silicon dioxide, and a bottom carrier layer of silicon. The substrate is flipped such that the bottom carrier layer is accessible, e.g., oriented as the top surface and the carrier silicon is patterned using photolithography and etched using reactive ion etching. Because silicon and silicon dioxide are etched at different rates by typical reactive ion etching processes, the etching process essentially ceases when the carrier silicon is completely etched and the middle silicon dioxide layer is exposed. The silicon dioxide layer is then solvent etched (for example, with hydrofluoric acid), finally revealing the underside of the device layer of the SOI substrate. Thus, in this representative example, the depth to which the device substrate is thinned in the step of block 115 directly correlates to the thickness of the device layer of the SOI wafer.
The second side of the thinned device substrate is then processed 120. Further processing of the exposed second side of the device proceeds using processing techniques known to those of skill in the art as described above. The product of the processing in block 120 is a plurality of die, each having at least one device having features patterned on both a top side and bottom side of the device substrate. In representative examples discussed herein, such as photosensors, the device features on both sides combine to enhance or enable the device properties. For the exemplary photosensors, the electrodes patterned on the first side of the photosensor help to attach the photosensor to a substrate for macroelectronic devices (e.g., through self-assembly) and also to drive the photosensing function of the device. In this representative example, a filter is patterned on the second side of the photosensor, which enables the selection of the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that impinges on the photosensor, thus acting as a wavelength filter for the device.
In other exemplary embodiments of two-sided devices, the devices can be in communication (e.g., electronic or optical) between the first side and the second side of the device. Or, the sides can be separate, with each side having a function independent of the other. Vias can be passed through the substrate of the device, electrically connecting the first side and the second side of the device, or semiconducting and/or insulating regions can be created in the device substrate.
In the final step of the method 100 at block 125, the immobilizing layer is removed to produce free-standing die. By removing the immobilizing layer, the individual die having two-sided devices are released from their processing carriers (i.e., the immobilizing layer and any attached substrate) such that the individual devices are no longer physically attached to other devices. Removing the immobilizing layer typically includes a solvent bath that dissolves the immobilizing layer. In a representative example, when the immobilizing layer is PMMA, an organic solvent (such as acetone) can be used to dissolve the immobilizing layer and release the die.
After the two-sided devices have been fabricated using the method 100, such devices may be useful, for example, in fluidic self-assembly systems, such as those described above with regards to International Patent Application Nos. PCT/US2007/072038 and PCT/US2008/050104.
The method described with regard to FIG. 1 will now be more specifically applied to a representative device fabrication of a photosensor having electrodes disposed on one side of the device and an electromagnetic filter disposed on the second side of the device. Referring now to FIG. 2A, a device substrate 200 includes an SOI wafer 205 from which a representative one-sided device 215 is fabricated, the one-sided device 215 having a first side 216 facing upwards. The SOI wafer 205 has a carrier layer 207, a buried oxide layer 209, and a device layer 211 in which the one-sided device 215 is formed. The one-sided device 215, in this exemplary embodiment, is a photosensor having a doped annular silicon region 217, an annular electrode 219, and a center electrode 218. In this representative example, the device layer 211 of the SOI wafer 205 is a p-type semiconductor substrate (such as boron-doped silicon), and the doped regions 217 include an n-type dopant (such as phosphorus). An edge portion of a neighboring device 212 is also shown.
As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the patterned device substrate 200 includes one one-sided photosensor device 215, which remains attached to the SOI substrate 205 at the oxide layer 209.
Referring now to FIG. 2B, an immobilizing layer 220 is deposited on top of the device substrate 200, including the attached one-sided photosensor device 215. As shown in FIG. 2B, an optional handle wafer 222 is attached to the immobilization layer 220 to aid in further processing steps. While only one photosensor device 215 is illustrated, it will be appreciated that the FIGS. 2A-2H show only a portion of the device substrate 205, which typically contains multiple devices (e.g., neighboring device 212), and can include multiple types of multiple devices. Although a single complete device is shown in FIGS. 2A-2H, the method is not limited to such.
Referring now to FIG. 2C, the entire device substrate 200, immobilization layer 220, and handle 222 have been flipped or otherwise reoriented such that the handle 222 is the "bottom" layer of the device substrate 200. In FIG. 2C, the carrier layer 207 has been patterned (for example, by photolithography) and etched (for example, by reactive ion etching) such that a second side 225 of the photosensor device 215 has had the carrier layer 207 above it etched until only the oxide layer 209 remains above the device 215. Portions of the carrier layer 207 may remain on the oxide layer 209, although the no carrier layer 207 remains in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2C.
Referring now to FIG. 2D, the oxide layer 209 is etched, typically by a solvent-based process, such as hydrofluoric-acid etching. With the removal of the oxide layer 209, any the remaining portions of the carrier layer 207 (not illustrated) on the device substrate 200 are removed and the second side 225 of the photosensor device 215 is exposed for further processing.
Referring now to FIG. 2E, a lithographic mask 240 is shown having patterned areas covering portions of the device substrate 200 but leaving the area above the photosensor device 215 exposed for further processing.
Referring now to FIG. 2F, thin film deposition is used to deposit multiple layers of materials 245 and 250 having different dielectric constants. The thin film layers 245 and 250 are useful as an electromagnetic filter (such as an interference filter), and typically such a filter requires a plurality of alternating thin film layers of materials having distinct dielectric constants. While only one bilayer (245 and 250) is illustrated in FIGS. 2F-2H, for simplicity, a typical interference filter would have several more alternating layers of layer 245 and layer 250. The layers 245 and 250 are deposited on the second side 225 of the device 215 and also on top of the patterned photomask 240.
Referring now to FIG. 2G, the photomask 240 illustrated in FIG. 2F has been used as a lift off mask, and the bilayer 245 and 250 covering the photomask 240 is removed from the device substrate 200 when the photomask is exposed to an appropriate solvent to dissolve the photomask material. The remaining structure, illustrated in FIG. 2G, is a filtered photosensor device 260 having an articulated bilayer 245 and 250 covering the second side 225 of the filtered photosensor device 260.
Finally, as illustrated in FIG. 2H, the completed device 260 is released by etching (or dissolving) the immobilization layer 220 to an extent that allows for the release of the immobilized devices 260 as individual die.
The released photosensor devices 260 are fully functioning photosensor devices having features patterned on two sides (215 and 225) of the device, wherein the two sides are opposite of each other. On the first side 215 of the device, electrodes 218, 219 are patterned, and on the second side 225 of the device, an electromagnetic filter 265 is comprised of a bilayer of two thin films 245 and 250 having distinct dielectric constants. A p-n junction 270 is created in the device 260 through the use of a p-doped substrate 211 and n-doped regions 217. Light impinging on the device from the side of the filter 265 will be selectively filtered, based on wavelength, in a manner known to those of skill in the art. The thicknesses and compositions of the layers 245 and 250 of the filter 265 determine the filter 265 properties. A plurality of free-standing photosensor devices 260 can further be self-assembled onto a macroelectronic substrate to form a portion of a macroelectronic device.
Referring now to FIG. 3, a micrograph is shown of a representative substrate fabricated by a partial method as described herein. In the micrograph, the electromagnetic filters 265 as described with regard to FIGS. 2G and 2H can be seen. Because this micrograph is an image captured during a portion of fabrication of photosensor devices, as described in conjunction with FIGS. 2A-2H, it will be appreciated that FIG. 3 is an image corresponding substantially to the diagrammatic depiction of FIG. 2G. Looking at the device substrate 200 in plan view, the micrograph in FIG. 3 shows the electromagnetic filter 265 and the immobilization layer 222 in between the articulated devices.
Referring now to FIG. 4, released two-sided photosensor component die (e.g., devices 260 as illustrated in FIG. 2H) are shown in the micrograph. The target-like structure corresponds to electrodes on the photosensor (e.g., 219), and the homogenous colored sides of the devices are electromagnetic filter elements (e.g., 265).
Referring now to FIG. 5, a transmittance versus wavelength chart for a representative photosensor is illustrated. The filter allows only wavelengths greater than about 700 nanometers to pass through the filter. The filter analyzed in FIG. 5 was fabricated using the method described herein with regard to FIG. 1 and FIGS. 2A-H. The filter was fabricated by depositing about twelve bilayers comprising alternating layers of silicon dioxide and tantalum pentoxide, wherein each bilayer includes about 80 nanometers of tantalum pentoxide and about 108 nanometers of silicon dioxide. In this representative example, both oxide layers were fabricated using a low-temperature deposition process where the temperature did not exceed 100 degrees Celsius, so as to not damage the immobilization layer (e.g., PDMS).
The immobilization layer has been previously described and can include polymers such as PMMA and PDMS. It will be appreciated that PDMS is a preferred immobilization layer for many applications because of its resistance to many of the chemicals used in semiconductor manufacturing processes. For example, acetone is an organic solvent commonly used to remove photoresist, and if PMMA is used in the method as an immobilization layer, then removal of the photoresist (with acetone or a similar solvent) will also remove the immobilization layer. For some fabrication processes, such a simultaneous dual removal (of photoresist and the immobilization layer) may be acceptable, or even desirable in terms of both time and material efficiency. However, if the photoresist and immobilization layer would preferably be removed separately, an immobilization layer such as PDMS may be preferable. PDMS is typically removed using the solvent tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF).
The solvent used to dissolve the immobilizing layer is typically also used to store the released free-standing two-sided devices. In the exemplary system described above where PDMS is the immobilizing layer, TBAF is used to dissolve the PDMS layer and release the components. The components are then captured (for example, by filtration) and then stored (for example, in a vial) in water. As described above, the free-standing devices can then be used in an assembly method, such as fluidic self-assembly, for assembling more complex structures, including macroelectronic devices.
In one embodiment, a device fabricated by the method of invention is provided. The device is fabricated on a substrate having a first device side and a second device side, wherein the first device side is opposite the second device side, and wherein the device has features disposed on both the first device side and the second device side. In a further embodiment, the device is a photosensor having a plurality of electrodes patterned on the first device side and an interference filter deposited on the second side of the device.
In another aspect, a semiconductor device is provided that is fabricated from a silicon-on-insulator substrate including a device layer, a buried oxide layer, and a carrier layer, wherein the device is fabricated in the device layer, the device having device features disposed on both a top side of the device and a bottom side of the device, and wherein the features on the bottom side of the device are formed after removal of the buried oxide layer and the carrier layer.
In another aspect, a device is provided that is fabricated on a substrate having a first device side and a second device side, wherein the first device side is opposite the second device side, wherein the device has features disposed on both the first device side and the second device side, wherein the substrate has a thickness dimension of less than about 50 microns.
Devices have features patterned on two opposite sides of a device substrate. The method described above enables the patterning of features on a first and second side of the device substrate. Traditional semiconductor processing techniques cannot produce devices such as those described herein. By "flipping" the substrate, as aided by the immobilization layer technique described above, two sides of a device substrate can be processed by microfabrication techniques. The materials used to form the substrate of the device are not typically important and include semiconductors, insulators, conductors, and compounds of one or more of the previous material types.
A "processed feature," as used herein, refers to a feature on a surface of a substrate that has been formed using two or more microfabrication techniques. Microfabrication techniques have been described above and are known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary process features include an interference-based electromagnetic filter deposited by lift off mask photolithography and alternating thin film deposition methods. An additional exemplary process feature is an electrode structure deposited using metal deposition, photolithography, and metal etching.
Because the components are typically useful in fluidic self-assembly of macroelectronic components, the components provided herein are typically nanometers or micrometers thick, and micrometers in length and width. In one embodiment, the components are less than 500 microns thick. In a preferred embodiment, the components are less than 50 microns thick. In a further preferred embodiment, the components are less than 10 microns thick. Such thin substrates result in unusually small free-standing components and consume an economic amount of substrate in production when compared to traditional components of the same type.
The types of devices that can be fabricated on each of the two sides of the components include such electrical, optical, and electro-optical devices as transistors, diodes, resistors, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and photosensors. Some device structures, such as those illustrated as the free-standing component 260 illustrated in FIG. 2H, can be useful as multiple types of components. The component in FIG. 2H, 260, includes processed features on both a first side and second side, including an interference filter 265 and electrodes 219. The p-n junction 270 created by the different doping types of the substrate 211 and doped regions 217 results in a component that can be used as both a photosensor and a light emitting diode, depending on the biasing of the electrodes 219. If the component 260 is used as a photosensor, the filter 265 will limit the light impinging on the photosensor to a particular spectrum, whereas if the component 260 is used as a light emitting diode, the filter 265 will act to filter out a portion of the spectrum emitted by the device 260.
A free-standing die can include one or more devices. A single device structure 260 on a die is illustrated in FIG. 2H. The single device structure 260 includes features patterned on both sides of the device which operate in tandem to produce a single effect (e.g., photosensing). It will be appreciated that each side may have its own independently functioning component or device, and each side may have multiple features patterned on a side that form one or more devices, some of which may act in conjunction with features formed on the opposite side of the device.
In another aspect, a free-standing photosensor is provided, comprising a first side having an outer electrode surrounding an inner electrode and a second side having an electromagnetic filter, wherein the photosensor is adapted for self-assembly onto a substrate through a self-assembly means.
Photosensor devices are provided having features patterned on both sides of a device substrate. As described in the method above, electrodes are patterned on a first side of a device substrate, and an electromagnetic filter is patterned on the second side of the device substrate. The device substrate itself is a semiconductor material having either n- or p-doping, and at least one region beneath an electrode in the substrate has the opposite doping as that of a substrate. The resulting junction between p- and n-type semiconductors yields a photosensor device structure. The photosensor is driven by the electrodes, which are interfaced with the proper equipment for detecting a photosignal (e.g., a multimeter). The filter can be customized to select the spectrum of light allowed to pass through the filter and impinge on the device sensing structure. A typical photosensor is illustrated in FIG. 2H, with the photosensor 260 having electrodes 219, a filter 265, a substrate 211, and doped regions 217.
The photosensor can be fabricated from any material that can produce a photo current. Typically, crystalline, semicrystalline, or long crystalline semiconducting materials are used to fabricate photosensors. Typical photosensing materials include silicon, gallium arsenide (GaAs), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), indium phosphide (InP), and silicon germanium (SiGe). The type of material, as well as type of filter used for a photosensor, are known to those of skill in the art. For example, different materials, as described above, have greater or lesser sensitivities in spectral regions such as visible, infrared, and ultraviolet. Additionally, materials may be selected for the speed at which they react to impinging light.
In another aspect, solar cells attached to a contact lens are provided. In one embodiment, the solar cells are made using a "two sided" process as disclosed above (e.g., in FIGS. 1-2H). By using the two-sided process, solar cells of only a few microns in thickness can be fabricated. Such relatively thin solar cells can be incorporated into a contact lens without discomfort to the wearer. Particularly, the thin solar cells are thinner than the thickness of the contact lens and so can be embedded or otherwise attached to the contact lens such that the solar cell does not alter the thickness profile of the contact lens in such a way that the wearer of the contact lens is affected.
In one embodiment, a powered contact lens is provided that includes a transparent substrate having a plurality of recesses shaped to be worn directly over a user's eye, a photovoltaic component disposed in one of the plurality of recesses, and an electronic component disposed in another of the plurality of recesses, wherein the photovoltaic component is in electronic communication with the electronic component, and wherein the photovoltaic component has a p contact and an n contact on only a first side of the photovoltaic component.
The contact lens is shaped to be worn by a user, and, therefore, the transparent substrate, which defines the shape of the contact lens, is shaped to be worn directly over a user's eye. As such, the transparent substrate has an inner surface, shaped to abut a user's eye, and an outer surface, shaped to generally mimic the curvature of the user's eye, so as to not irritate the user's eyelid when it closes. Because both the eye and the eyelid must be affected as little as possible by the contact lens, the recesses in the contact lens allow the photovoltaic component and the electronic component to be embedded in the transparent substrate such that all parts of the components are contained below the surface (both inner and outer). That is, no parts of the components project beyond the surfaces of the contact lens, which reduces irritation of the eye and eyelid.
The electronic component can be any electronic device known to those of skill in the art that requires power that can be supplied, at least partially, by the photovoltaic component. The contact lens is a "powered" contact lens because it contains photovoltaic components to supply power. The supplied power is used for one or more electronic components. Exemplary electronic components include radio-frequency communication devices, processors, memory for storing data, and analytical devices for testing the composition of substances (e.g., tears) which come into contact with the contact lens.
The photovoltaic component need not provide all of the power to the electronic component(s), as batteries, RF receivers, or other supplemental power sources can be used. However, in one embodiment, one or more photovoltaic components provide all of the power used by the electronic component(s) on the contact lens.
The photovoltaic component can be any photovoltaic component having a p/n junction, known to those of skill in the art. It will be appreciated that while the described embodiments generally relate to traditional, inorganic photovoltaic materials (e.g., silicon p/n junction photovoltaics), any component capable of generating electricity through conversion of electromagnetic radiation is contemplated. Particularly, organic photovoltaic materials may not have a p/n junction, but such materials can be incorporated into the devices described herein.
The p contact and n contact of the photovoltaic component can be the p-type and n-type materials themselves (e.g., p- and n-doped silicon), or the contacts can be conductors deposited in electrical contact with the p-type and n-type materials on the device. For example, in Example 1, the p/n junction of the photovoltaic device is created by using a p-type silicon wafer and creating n-type regions through targeted diffusion into areas of the silicon wafer. Metal contacts (either the same metal for each type of contact, or different), are then used to facilitate ohmic contact to the silicon, as well as bonding to the transparent substrate of the contact lens.
The p and n contacts are disposed on the same side of the photovoltaic component, so as to provide a "one-sided" device. The contacts are on one side of the device to facilitate attachment of the photovoltaic device to the transparent substrate (e.g., using the method described below. In certain embodiments, the transparent substrate comprises an interconnect network that electronically links at least one photovoltaic component to at least one electronic component. The interconnect network can be embedded within the transparent substrate, such that it is shielded from the environment outside of the contact lens. The one-sided electrodes of the photovoltaic component interface with the interconnect network in a "flip-chip" manner, but attaching both the p and n contacts on the same surface of the photovoltaic component, instead of having one contact on one surface of the device and the other contact on the other surface, which greatly would complicate attachment of such a small component into the transparent substrate.
In one embodiment, the p contact and the n contact are coplanar. As used herein, the term "coplanar" means that the contacts are in the same plane. That is, the same lateral height off of a common surface of the component.
In one embodiment, the photovoltaic component has a thickness of 50 microns or less. In another embodiment, the photovoltaic component has a thickness of 10 microns or less. The photovoltaic components are relatively small, so as to fit one or more into a contact lens, which is a section of a sphere having a radius of about 1-2 cm. The components are typically less than 1 mm at the largest dimension, and are preferably less than 0.5 mm at the largest dimension.
In one embodiment, the contact lens includes a plurality of photovoltaic components, wherein each of the plurality of photovoltaic components are disposed in a corresponding one of the plurality of recesses. An interconnect network can also be disposed on the transparent substrate that electronically connects the plurality of photovoltaic components and the electronic component. In one embodiment, at least two of the plurality of photovoltaic components are electronically connected in series. In another embodiment, at least two of the plurality of photovoltaic components are electronically connected in parallel.
In one embodiment, the transparent substrate is a polymer substrate. The transparent substrate is a material that is compatible with making a contact lens, in shape, transparency, durability, and biocompatibility. If the transparent substrate does not satisfy one or more of the requirements for a contact lens (e.g., biocompatibility), then a coating ("encapsulation") can be used to coat the entire transparent substrate, wherein the coating remedies the deficiencies of the transparent substrate (e.g., the coating is biocompatible).
The photovoltaic component is embedded in the transparent substrate and may also be enclosed within the substrate. In certain embodiments, an encapsulation layer overlying the substrate and abutting a second side of the photovoltaic component is provided. The encapsulation layer can be a conformal layer that covers the entire contact lens, or can be formed so as to only encapsulate the photovoltaic components in the recesses. Encapsulation materials are compatible with the various fluids produced and encountered by the human eye (e.g., tears, water, blood). Representative encapsulation materials include polymers such as parylene.
removing the immobilizing layer to provide at least one released photovoltaic component having the p contact and the n contact on only the first side of the device substrate.
The method can be used to fabricate a photovoltaic component that is sized (microns thick) and configured (n and p contacts on one side of the component) to be integrated into a contact lens to provide on-lens power.
In one embodiment, the method further includes a step of processing the second side of the device substrate, as described above in previous aspects.
In one embodiment, the device substrate is an SOI wafer having a carrier layer of silicon, a buried sacrificial layer comprised of a silicon oxide, and a device layer of silicon, wherein the first side of the device substrate is the device layer of silicon and the second side of the device substrate is the carrier layer of silicon, and wherein removing material from the second side includes etching the carrier layer of silicon until at least a portion of the sacrificial layer is exposed and then etching the sacrificial layer until it is substantially removed.
The thickness of the released photovoltaic component is less than about 50 microns, and, preferably, less than 10 microns.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises forming a powered contact lens by attaching the photovoltaic component to a transparent substrate shaped to be worn directly over a user's eye, wherein the p contact and the n contact of the photovoltaic component are in electrical communication with an interconnect network on the transparent substrate.
The photovoltaic devices, powered contact lenses, and the methods for making both will now be discussed in detail with reference to FIGS. 6-13.
The method will be better understood with reference to FIG. 6, a flow chart describing the steps of the method 600. The method 600 begins with a step of patterning a plurality of one-sided solar cells on a first side of a substrate 605. The substrate can be any material known to those of skill in the art as being processable by semiconductor processing techniques, including but not limited to crystalline and polycrystalline semiconductors, glass, polymer, and ceramics. Representative semiconductor processing techniques include lithography (e.g., photolithography and soft lithography), thin film deposition techniques (e.g., spin coating, vapor deposition, sputtering, and electron beam deposition), and etching (e.g., reactive ion etching and solvent etching). Typical substrates include semiconductor substrates, such as silicon, doped silicon, silicon-on-insulator (SOI), III-V semiconductors (e.g., gallium arsenide); polymer substrates; glasses and other inorganic substrates; and composite substrates that include two or more materials. Substrates having buried layers (e.g., the oxide layer of an SOI wafer) comprised of a different material than the bulk of the substrate are useful because the buried layer can act as an etch stop during processing, as described in more detail below.
A plurality of one-sided solar cells are patterned on the substrate, each solar cell being the same or one of a plurality of different devices. The solar cells have at least one positive contact and one negative contact, so as to extract electricity from the solar cell when illuminated with electromagnetic radiation. The contacts are coplanar (i.e., substantially in the same plane) and disposed on the same major face ("first side") of the substrate.
The first side of the substrate is then coated with an immobilizing material 610 that is typically also a planarizing material. The material is typically deposited in a liquid or vapor form. Any immobilizing material can be used as long as it suitably immobilizes the patterned devices, and allows the substrate to be processed as further described in the method 600. Typical immobilizing materials include polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS).
Because further steps of the method (615 and 620) require the substrate to be "flipped" or otherwise reoriented for processing on a second side, the immobilizing layer is typically augmented by attaching an immobilizing substrate, or "handle" wafer to the immobilizing layer. The immobilizing substrate tightly binds to the immobilizing layer, thus allowing the device substrate and immobilizing layer to be reoriented, e.g., flipped such that a second side of the device substrate is accessible for processing.
The method 600 continues in block 615, where the flipping of the substrate and subsequent processing proceeds. Using similar semiconductor processing techniques as those described above, the substrate is processed such that material is removed from the device substrate in those areas desired by the user (typically through the use of lithographic patterning and etching techniques) until the device substrate has a desired thickness.
In a current embodiment, the desired thickness of the device substrate is on the order of nanometers or micrometers. In a representative embodiment, the desired thickness of the device substrate is less than 50 microns. In a representative embodiment, the substrate is an SOI wafer having a top device layer of silicon, a middle layer of silicon dioxide, and a bottom carrier layer of silicon. The substrate is flipped such that the bottom carrier layer is accessible, e.g., oriented as the top surface and the carrier silicon is patterned using photolithography and etched using reactive ion etching. Because silicon and silicon dioxide are etched at different rates by typical reactive ion etching processes, the etching process essentially ceases when the carrier silicon is completely etched and the middle silicon dioxide layer is exposed. The silicon dioxide layer is then solvent etched (for example, with hydrofluoric acid), finally revealing the underside of the device layer of the SOI substrate. Thus, in this representative example, the depth to which the device substrate is thinned in the step of block 615 directly correlates to the thickness of the device layer of the SOI wafer.
In the final step of the method 600 at block 620, the immobilizing layer is removed to produce free-standing solar cell die. By removing the immobilizing layer, the individual die having solar cells with coplanar electrodes are released from their processing carriers (i.e., the immobilizing layer and any attached substrate) such that the individual devices are no longer physically attached to other devices. Removing the immobilizing layer typically includes a solvent bath that dissolves the immobilizing layer. In a representative example, when the immobilizing layer is PMMA, an organic solvent (such as acetone) can be used to dissolve the immobilizing layer and release the die.
After the solar cells have been fabricated using the method 600, such devices may be useful, for example, in fluidic self-assembly systems, such as those described in International Patent Application Nos. PCT/US2007/072038 and PCT/US2008/050104, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,934, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The method described with regard to FIG. 6 will now be more specifically applied to a representative device fabrication of a one-sided solar cell, as illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7E. Referring now to FIG. 7A, a device substrate 700 includes an SOI wafer 705 from which a representative one-sided device 715 is fabricated, the one-sided device 715 having a first side 716 facing upwards. The SOI wafer 705 has a carrier layer 707, a buried oxide layer 709, and a device layer 711, in which the one-sided device 715 is formed. The one-sided device 715, in this exemplary embodiment, is a solar cell (photovoltaic) having an n-doped silicon region 717, an n-electrode 719, and a p-electrode 718 connected to the device layer 711 of the SOI wafer 705, which is a p-type semiconductor substrate (such as boron-doped silicon). The n-doped regions 717 include an n-type dopant (such as phosphorus). An edge portion of a neighboring device 712 is also shown.
As illustrated in FIG. 7A, the patterned device substrate 700 includes one one-sided device 715, which remains attached to the SOI substrate 705 at the oxide layer 709.
Referring now to FIG. 7B, an immobilizing layer 720 is deposited on top of the device substrate 700, including the attached one-sided device 715. As shown in FIG. 7B, an optional handle wafer 722 is attached to the immobilization layer 720 to aid in further processing steps. While only one device 715 is illustrated, it will be appreciated that the FIGS. 7A-7E show only a portion of the device substrate 705, which typically contains multiple devices (e.g., neighboring device 712), and can include multiple types of multiple devices. Although a single complete device is shown in FIGS. 7A-7E, the method is not limited to such.
Referring now to FIG. 7C, the entire device substrate 700, immobilization layer 720, and handle 722 have been flipped or otherwise reoriented such that the handle 722 is the "bottom" layer of the device substrate 700. In FIG. 7C, the carrier layer 707 has been patterned (for example, by photolithography) and etched (for example, by reactive ion etching) such that a second side 725 of the device 715 has had the carrier layer 707 above it etched until only the oxide layer 709 remains above the device 715. Portions of the carrier layer 707 may remain on the oxide layer 709, although the no carrier layer 707 remains in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7C.
Referring now to FIG. 7D, the oxide layer 709 is etched, typically by a solvent-based process, such as hydrofluoric-acid etching. With the removal of the oxide layer 709, any the remaining portions of the carrier layer 707 (not illustrated) on the device substrate 700 are removed and the second side 725 of the device 715 is exposed.
Finally, as illustrated in FIG. 7E, the completed device 760 is released by etching (or dissolving) the immobilization layer 720 to an extent that allows for the release of the immobilized devices 760 as individual die.
The released devices 760 are fully functioning solar cell devices. On the first side 715 of the device, electrodes 718, 719 are patterned to be coplanar. A p-n junction 770 is created in the device 760 through the use of a p-doped substrate 711 and n-doped regions 717. A plurality of free-standing one-sided photovoltaic devices 760 can further be assembled onto a macroelectronic substrate to form a portion of a macroelectronic device, such as a contact lens having the solar cells attached thereto.
The one-sided solar cell devices 760 can be integrated into a contact lens by any number of methods: embedding, adhesion, etc. One representative method for attaching the devices 760 to a contact lens are illustrated in FIGS. 7F and 7G, which continue the fabrication process illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7E.
FIGS. 7F and 7G schematically show the fabrication of a representative contact lens having a solar cell disposed thereon of the invention. A contact lens 816 is provided that comprises a substrate 802, which can be any material that can be used as a contact lens. Representative substrate materials include any of a number of materials including, but not limited to polymers and glasses. The contact lens 816 includes an electrical network that is patterned on the surface of the substrate 802, including an inner electrode 804, an outer electrode 806, and an interconnect network 811. The electrodes 804, 806 and the interconnect network 811 can all be deposited and/or patterned in the same lithographic step. The electrodes 804, 806 are electrically connected to, or integrated with, the interconnect network 811. The interconnect network 811 is illustrated as embedded below a passive (e.g., non-conducting) layer 807. In FIGS. 7F and 7G, the interconnect network 811 is illustrated as making electrical connection with electrode 806, although it will be appreciated that the interconnect network 811 may connect with either, or both of, electrodes 804 and 806. The interconnect network 811 may connect multiple devices 760 together and/or may connect the solar-cell device 760 to another electronic device on the contact lens 816 (not pictured) in need of electricity generated by the solar-cell device 760. For example, a radio-frequency transmitter. By including both a solar cell and an electronic device that can be powered by the solar cell on a contact lens, a powered contact lens is formed that needs no battery or other external power supply. The benefits of such a contact lens are numerous and include eliminating the need to change a battery on the contact lens, reducing waste (i.e., no batteries to dispose of), and reducing non-renewable energy consumption.
A means for attaching and electrically connecting components to the interconnect network 811 is applied to the electrodes 804, 806. In this representative embodiment, the attachment means is a solder. Solder 812 is deposited onto the metallic surfaces through wetting, as illustrated in FIG. 7F. Preferably, the solder has a melting temperature of between about 40° C. and about 150° C.
The contact lens 816 is then placed in a fluid, heated to a temperature greater than the solder melting temperature, and solar cells 760 are introduced, as illustrated in FIG. 7F. Agitation may be used to facilitate the deposition into a recessed binding sites 814 on the contact lens 816. The recessed binding sites 814 can be formed, in one embodiment, by a passive material 808 (e.g., a photoresist) that defines the side-walls of the binding sites 814.
The shape of the solar cell 760 matches the shape of the recessed binding site 814 so as to facilitate the reception of the solar cell 760 into the recessed binding site 814.
Through agitation, capillary forces, gravitational forces, or mechanical forces, the solar cell 760 is received into the recessed binding sites 814 facilitated by the wetting effect and surface effects of the molten solder 812 interface with the electrodes 718 and 719. Non-electrode areas in the binding site 714 can be covered with a passivating layer 810, which confines the solder wetting to those metal surface where bonding is desired. The contact lens 816 is then cooled and the solder 812 solidifies, forming a mechanical and electrical contact between the electrodes 718, 719 of the solar cell 760 and the electrodes 804, 806 of the recessed binding site 814. The completed assembly 830 is illustrated in FIG. 7G.
An optional encapsulation layer 313 can be deposited (e.g., using spin-coating or other liquid-based techniques) over the assembly 830 to provide mechanical and/or chemical protection of the solar cell 760.
Fabrication, testing, and in vivo use of exemplary solar cells, including incorporation of the solar cells into contact lenses, are described below in Example 1 and FIGS. 8A-13.
It is noted in the above description of self-powered active contact lenses that one application of such a contact lens is monitoring glucose levels of the wearer. Such contact lenses are disclosed in the aspects and embodiments herein. Additionally, Example 2 is directed to such contact lenses.
In certain embodiments, the contact lens is powered by an antenna. In certain embodiments the antenna is an RF antenna formed from metal around the periphery of the substrate. An exemplary antenna is described further in Example 2 and comprises a 5 mm radius loop antenna made of gold line traces on the substrate. The antenna is configured to receive RF energy to power the contact lens (i.e., to power the glucose sensor and transmission hardware). The antenna is configured to receive RF signals in the 1-3 GHz range. The power received is about 5 μw or less, meaning that the sensor and transmission hardware must function within this power range.
In other embodiments, the contact lens is powered by a photovoltaic, as disclosed in previous aspects.
The contact lens includes a biosensor module. The biosensor module is configured to measure a biological characteristic of the user when the contact lens is worn on the user's eye. As disclosed herein, a representative biosensor is a glucose sensor. The tear fluid of the user is indicative of the glucose level of the user. Accordingly, measuring the glucose level of the tear fluid provides a measure of the glucose level of the user, without having to draw the user's blood, as in the predominantly used methods.
The glucose sensor is an electrochemical sensor. The electrochemical sensor comprises three electrodes: A working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode, as illustrated in FIG. 15A.
While any electrochemical sensor can be used on the contact lens, in one embodiment, the working electrode comprises a plurality of concentric rings in electronic communication. In certain embodiments the counter electrode is annular in shape. In certain embodiments, the working electrode comprises a plurality of concentric rings in electronic communication, and the counter electrode is a concentric ring surrounding the working electrode.
The electrodes can be made of any materials known to those of skill in the art. Representative materials include one or more metals. In certain embodiments, a thin (e.g., less than 10 nm) adhesion layer of metal is applied to the substrate prior to depositing a thick (e.g. 50-500 nm) layer of a second metal. The three electrodes can have the same or different composition. In certain embodiments, at least one of the working electrode, the counter electrode, and the reference electrode comprises a metal stack of palladium intermediate titanium and platinum, wherein the stack is configured such that platinum is facing the user's eye.
To facilitate the basic electrochemical reaction for sensing glucose, a layer of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD) is combined with a titania sol-gel to form a membrane over exposed portions of the electrodes.
The biosensor module also comprises a biosensor circuit configured to measure and/or control the voltage of the working electrode, the counter electrode, and/or the reference electrode, and to transmit a biosensor signal. In one embodiment, the biosensor circuit regulates the voltages of the three electrodes and measures the current between the working and counter electrodes in view of the steady reference potential of the reference electrode.
The analog output of the biosensor circuit is transmitted to the communication module. It will be appreciated that the biosensor module and the biosensor module can be a single integrated circuit, or two separate integrated circuits connected by an interconnect (e.g., a metal interconnect).
The communication module operates both to process (e.g., transfer) power from the antenna to provide operational power for the biosensor and to perform the opposite operation: process the biosensor signal (e.g., analog output) to provide a data signal to the antenna for transmission.
In certain embodiments, the antenna used for powering the contact lens is used to transmit the data signal (e.g., by backscatter modulation). In other embodiments, a light-emitting diode (LED) is used to transmit the data signal, which can then be detected optically off-lens.
Both backscatter modulation communication techniques, as well as LED-based techniques for data transmission are described further in Example 2.
The following examples are intended to illustrate, and not limit, the embodiments disclosed herein.
In this Example, we report the design, construction, characterization and in vivo testing of contact lenses incorporating solar cells. A fabrication process is outlined yielding free-standing 500×500×10 μm3 single crystal silicon solar cells which are subsequently integrated into a contact lens. Collections of micron-scale solar cells are interconnected on the contact lens in order to maintain flexibility, cover the proper area, and take advantage of crystalline materials. The solar cells show maximum efficiency at wavelength 725 nm with conversion efficiency of 1.24% at 310 mV. The contact lenses were tested on live rabbits and no adverse effects were detected. Contact lenses equipped with solar cells can harvest usable power from the environment and pave the way for the deployment of stand-alone contact lens systems that can be used for information display or health-status monitoring.
We propose that the ambient light provides such a power source for a contact lens system. Even indoors, on-lens solar cells could generate several microwatts to provide power for sensors, control circuitry, or solid-state memory, assuming ˜0.5 cm2 available area (i.e. contact lens area minus that of the pupil), ambient light of hundreds of μW/cm2, and power conversion efficiency of a few percent.
Key steps in developing a contact lens with integrated photovoltaics are to fabricate miniature solar cells and to assemble them onto flexible polymer substrate forming contact lenses. We pursued this goal with two design constraints. The solar cells had to be: a) less than 1.0 mm2 in area and less than 20 μm thick to fit within the contact lens envelope, and b) compatible with our assembly processes that require coplanar electrical contacts.
The following sections report how we fabricated free-standing micro solar cells and integrated them onto contact lenses. We report the full characterization results of the devices and their in vivo test results.
We fabricated solar cells using highly doped p-type SOI wafers to ensure ohmic metal contacts (Ultrasil Corporation, 0.01-0.02 Ohm-cm p-type, 10 μm device thickness). First, we cleaned the wafers in 3:1 H2SO4:H2O2, 49% HF, and then 5:1:1 H2O:HCl:H2O2O, with dump rinses in between. Then, 350 nm of wet thermal silicon dioxide was grown and patterned using a photoresist mask (MicroChemicals GmbH, AZ4620) and reactive-ion etching. The patterned silicon dioxide acted as a diffusion barrier for a spin-on-dopant phosphorus source (Filmtronics, Inc., P509), which created n-type emitters. We stripped the oxide and spin-on-dopant in 49% HF, and then created Cr/Ni/Au (15/50/200 nm, respectively) p and n electrical contacts using photolithography, electron beam metal evaporation, and a lift-off process. Cell widths and lengths (500 μm×500 μm with chamfered corners) were defined using patterned photoresist (AZ4620) as a mask, and deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) was used to isolate individual cells by etching device layer silicon down to the buried silicon dioxide (FIG. 7A). After stripping the photoresist with oxygen plasma in a barrel etcher, we spin coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Dow Corning Corporation, Sylgard 184 Silicon Elastomer Kit) on the processed SOI wafer and onto a bare silicon wafer. In order to minimize thickness variation caused by edge beads and etched trenches, we set the wafers on a flat surface and allowed the PDMS to planarize for several hours before curing overnight in a vacuum oven at 85° C. Next, both wafers were placed under low-power oxygen plasma for 30 seconds to prepare the surfaces for bonding. The wafers were immediately pressed together after the plasma treatment to bond the unprocessed and processed wafers (FIG. 7B). Using DRIE, we etched the entire back silicon thickness in the SOI handle wafer (FIG. 7C) and then etched the buried silicon dioxide using buffered oxide etchant (FIG. 7D). Lastly, we etched the PDMS in 3:1 n-methylpyrrolidone:tetrabutylammonium fluoride (Sigma-Aldrich Co LLC) and rinsed thoroughly in deionized water, resulting in a collection of freestanding micro solar cells (FIG. 7E).
Micro Solar Cell Assembly on Contact Lens.
Contact lenses and polymer test templates with metal interconnects and pads for solar cells were fabricated on optically transparent wafers of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cut from 24.5 cm×24.5 cm sheets using a CO2 laser. We used photolithography, metal evaporation, and a lift-off process to create Cr/Ni/Au (15/80/200 nm) electrical pads and interconnects and then deposited and patterned a thin, transparent polymer layer (SU-8 2) for electrical insulation and to restrict solder wetting (SU-8 2, MicroChem. Corp.). A thicker (˜25 μm) transparent photoresist (SU-8 25, MicroChem. Corp.) was patterned to create micro wells into which solar cells could be roughly aligned. In order to ensure overlap of template and solar cell solder pads during assembly, wells were designed to be one solder pad width wider than a solar cell in each direction (in this case 80 μm). Lastly, we cut contact lens-sized discs from the wafer, again using a CO2 laser.
Prior to assembly, the exposed template pads were coated with low melting temperature solder alloy (Indalloy 19, Indium Corp.). The solder was placed in a beaker and covered with ethylene glycol (EG) and then heated on a hotplate in a bath of boiling water to maintain a constant temperature of approximately 95° C. Once the solder melted, 65 μL of HCl was added to the EG to remove surface oxidation and contamination. Subsequently, the clean solder was dripped onto the template using a pipette, wetting all exposed metal.
Two assembly methods were used without observable differences in performance. In the first method, the freshly coated templates were submersed in a solution of 25 mL of EG and 10 μL of HCl in a petri dish and the solar cells were placed in the SU-8 25 wells using a pipette under a microscope. After the solar cells were positioned, the solution was heated, facilitating solder reflow that provided fine alignment in addition to mechanical and electrical connection between the cells and template. Cells "snapping" into alignment provided visual indication of successful assembly. In the second method, the templates were cleaned with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and dried with nitrogen immediately prior to assembly, and micro solar cells were roughly placed using a flip chip placement machine (Finetech Corp, Fineplacer Pico). After placement, the templates with cells were carefully submerged in the EG/HCl solution and allowed to reflow in the manner described above.
After assembling and cleaning in IPA, we tested individual cells and four-cell arrays. Additionally, we assembled larger arrays on planar discs laser cut from PET wafers. Polymer discs with assembled cells were molded into contact lenses at 200° C. on an aluminum mold with appropriate curvature for rabbit corneas (7.1 mm). Then we conformally deposited ˜10 μm of parylene-C (PDS 2010 Labcoater® 2, Specialty Coating Systems) on the molded lenses to protect solar cells, provide biocompatibility, and increase durability. Prior to rabbit testing, the molded lenses were cleaned in oxygen plasma and sterilized in ethanol.
We fabricated and assembled 500×500×10 μm3 solar cells from p-type SOI wafers, as shown in FIGS. 8A-8D. Detailed fabrication and assembly procedures are described above.
Solar cell performance was determined using an Oriel solar simulator comprising a xenon lamp coupled to an AM1.5 filter, calibrated to 100 mW/cm2 using a Hamamatsu S1787-12 photodiode. Maximum power conversion efficiency of 1.24% was measured at 310 mV (FIG. 9), with a fill factor of 0.67. The mean short circuit current was 11.5 μA with 1.8 μA standard deviation. We also tested series and parallel configurations of assembled solar cell arrays using the same illumination, the result of which can be seen in FIG. 10. Using series and parallel configurations allows us to create application dependent voltages and currents.
Solar cell responsivity was measured using the setup depicted in FIG. 11. White light from an Oriel 77501 source passes through a chopper (Stanford Research Systems, Inc., Model SRS40) operating at 100 Hz and then into a Czerny-Turner-type monochromator (Action Research Corporation, SpectraPro-275). The narrowband output is focused onto a photovoltaic device under test (DUT). The DUT is connected to a lock-in amplifier (Stanford Research Systems, Inc., Model SR810 DSP Lock-In Amp) that is triggered at the chopper frequency. To ensure that we eliminated overlapping orders from the monochromator diffraction grating, we used an order-sorting filter with a cutoff wavelength of 530 nm when measuring 525 nm and above. Thus, two scans were performed each device under test: one ranging from 400 nm to 600 nm without an order-sorting filter, and a second filtered from 525 nm to 1100 nm.
First, we measured the short circuit current (Isc, [A]) of a known photodetector (Newport Corporation, 818-SL) at wavelengths from 400 nm to 1100 nm at 25 nm intervals and divided by the corresponding calibrated responsivity [A/W] to determine light source power [W]. Next, Isc was determined for several assembled solar cells using the same experimental setup. Due to their small size, each cell was mounted on a three axis micro positioner and translated until Isc maximum was reached. Finally, solar cell responsivity was calculated by dividing measured Isc [A] by the previously determined optical power [W] and then normalized (FIG. 12).
In preparation for further testing of complete contact lens systems with embedded sensors and circuitry, we molded and parylene coated a 2×12 array (2 cells in a radially aligned pair, and 12 radially aligned pairs spaced around the circumference of the lens) of solar cells to build a contact lens for in vivo fitting in a rabbit. Experiments were conducted under general anesthesia in the University of Washington vivarium, under the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health for use of laboratory animals, with the approval of the Institute of Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Washington (Protocol #UW4139-01). Female New Zealand White Rabbits (mean wt. 2.5 kg) underwent general anesthesia with 5% induction of isoflurane and oxygen, which were maintained at 2% during the in vivo studies. Artificial tears were applied frequently to ensure corneal hydration. The prototype contact lens was well-fitted on the rabbit ocular surface (FIG. 13). We evaluated the effects of the contact lens on the rabbit cornea using portable slit lamp biomicroscopy and corneal pachymetry. Topical fluorescein was applied to the corneal surface, and the rabbit was evaluated for potential corneal abrasion or corneal edema as a result of the in vivo testing. No adverse effects were observed as a result of the contact lens wear.
In back-junction solar cells, there is often a tradeoff between maximum light absorption and diffusion of free carriers to the depletion region. If cell thickness is large compared to absorption depth, free carriers created near the surface will not diffuse to the depletion region or contribute to power generation. Conversely, if the cell is too thin, light can pass directly through the cell without being absorbed. This tradeoff is observed in our cells, with optimal responsivity occurring near 725 nm. This corresponds to an absorption depth of about 5 μm, which is close to the depletion region depth. Although responsivity can be dependent on incident optical power, which was not constant over the light source spectra, our results correlate well with other crystalline silicon cells of similar thickness.
Although the efficiency of our cells is lower than that reported for some of the other crystalline silicon cells of small size, we reached our goal of mass producing micron scale cells and successfully integrating them into a biocompatible contact lens. We aimed to simplify processes as much as possible in order to enable cost-effective mass production of these devices. The cell design described herein is based on a single diffusion and one metallization and did not include surface passivation, back surface reflectors, surface texturing, or anti-reflection coatings. Additionally, cell geometry was determined with emphasis on size constraints and mechanical stability required for use in contact lenses rather than on energy conversion efficiency optimization.
A contact lens that can mainly operate based on the optical power harvested from the environment, can collect biomarker information from the surface of the eye, and can wirelessly report the results will fundamentally change healthcare by enabling a non-invasive and disposable system that can continuously interface with the human body.
Disclosed herein is a fully integrated active contact lens system for wirelessly and continuously monitoring glucose levels. The on-lens electrochemical sensor provides real-time continuous glucose monitoring and high sensitivity compared with conventional glucose monitoring. The sensor directly accesses the tear fluid and thus can improve the sensitivity and reduce the sampling processes and potential of infection during operation. FIG. 14 shows the conceptual diagram of wireless health monitoring using an active contact lens. The active contact lens system includes a glucose sensor, an antenna, a communication interface, and readout circuitry, all on a polymer lens substrate. The on-lens glucose sensor system detects the tear glucose level and then wirelessly transmits the information to an external reader. This system is useful, for example, as a point-of-care device in tandem with the near-field communication feature of mobile phones.
There are many challenges in the implementation of the on-lens sensor system. First, the system is extremely constrained by power and area. A standard contact lens has an area of about 1 cm2 and a total thickness of about 200 μm. Component size in the design is severely restricted, roughly 0.6×0.6 mm2, which is determined by the curvature of the eye and our assembly process. Clearly, standard surface-mount components are too large for integration onto a contact lens. In addition, volume limitations eliminate the possibility of large energy storage devices. Therefore, a biosensor on a contact lens must be powered wirelessly through external sources (e.g., RF power, inductive power, or optical power). Third, the active contact lens system requires the heterogeneous biocompatible integration of different devices/materials on a plastic substrate. Finally, possible issues of using the sensors on the eye may include RF-power-caused eye temperature increase, vision-blocking, and damage from on-lens device. The regulation of RF-power-caused temperature rises is still under study for human eyes. We have adhered to the IEEE C95 standard to minimize risk in this area. To reduce the intrusion and damage of devices, on-lens devices can be embedded into the lens. The devices on the contact lens are out of the focus of human eyes and are placed in the outer of a lens to further avoid vision blurring.
The basic electrochemical reaction for sensing glucose starts from catalyzing glucose to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOD). H2O2 is further oxidized at the electrode to release electrons, generating a current signal proportional to the glucose concentration.
To make a stable electrochemical sensor, three electrodes are typically used: a working electrode (WE) where the target analytes are involved in an oxidation or reduction process, a counter electrode (CE) (also known as an auxiliary electrode) operating as a current drain to make an electron loop, and a reference electrode (RE) that provides a stable voltage potential for the whole system. In the disclosed sensor [FIG. 15A], the working and counter electrodes are designed as concentric rings with widths of 50 and 75 μm, respectively), which have a 50-μm pitch to decrease the resistance and thus enhance the sensor sensitivity. The reference electrode is designed as a rectangular bar 1.6 mm×0.25 mm) close to the sensing area. FIG. 15B shows the fabrication process of glucose sensor. The fabrication starts from a transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer film (100-μm thickness). Three metal layers, Ti, Pd, and Pt, are evaporated in sequence to achieve thicknesses of 10, 20, and 100 nm, respectively, to create electrodes. Then, the exposed Ti/Pd/Pt sensor surface is pretreated with a GOD/titania sol-gel membrane. The detailed fabrication and pretreatment process is reported in H. Yao et al., "A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose level," Biosensors Bioelectron., 26(7):3290-3296, 2011.
We designed and fabricated a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) eye model mimicking a human eye to test the sensor in a continuous microfluidic system, as shown in FIG. 16. A FI-Alab-3000 fluidic analyzer (6 multi-position valves) is applied to continuously deliver different solutions into the tear duct, and another syringe pump aspirates at the same flow rate from the tear drain. The sensor was tested using the PDMS eye model, which more closely resembles an on-eye scenario than beaker testing. FIG. 17 shows measured results of continuous glucose flow tests. The average response time to reach the maximum value in the continuous flow setup is about 35 s, including 15 s for the pump to deliver the test solution to the eye model and sensor response time of 20 s.
The linearity curve (FIG. 18) is generated by collecting the current peak response from five independent sensors. Normal glucose levels in human tear film are roughly 0.1-0.6 mM. The usable glucose concentration range of the proposed sensor is 0.05-2 mM, which safely covers the relevant human range. The electrochemical current generated is around 1-20 nA in the glucose levels relevant for human tear sensing. The sensitivity of our glucose sensor is 0.18 μA·mm−2·mM−1. In this sensor design, a layer of Nafion used previously to improve the sensitivity and the interference rejection was removed since Nafion promotes random protein absorption due to eventual foreign body encapsulation. The measurement discrepancies among these five sensors mainly result from the different surface circumstance and enzyme immobilization of the sensors, which are caused by the manual microfabrication processes.
The goal of the on-lens sensor readout system was to implement a low-power (<5 μW), low-current-noise (<1 nA rms) design in a severely constrained area (0.36 mm2). FIG. 19 shows a representative sensor readout architecture. The IC consists of a power management block, readout circuitry, wireless communication interface, LED driver, and energy storage capacitors in a 0.36 mm2 CMOS chip with no external components (e.g., quartz crystals, inductors, capacitors, or batteries). The system is wirelessly powered using RF power sent from an interrogator. The challenges in making an integrated RF power-harvesting system include designing an efficient rectifier, low-power voltage reference/regulator, and a sufficiently large on-chip storage/filtering capacitor. These challenges are greatly exacerbated by the fact that large value high-Q surface-mount passives and an efficient antenna cannot be used.
In addition, accurate detection of the low sensor current requires stable supply voltage, reference voltages, and low-noise electronics. To reduce the supply fluctuation caused by varying strength of incident RF power and digital switching noise, we designed an ultralow-power linear regulator, bandgap reference, and bias current generation, which provide stable bias and supply for the chip. The low-noise readout electronics include a potentiostat to enforce a stable potential between WE and CE to start the oxidation reaction. The CE2 node can be connected to a reference sensor for biochemical interference rejection. The sensor current is amplified and then injected into an oscillator-based current-to-frequency (I-F) converter that directly encodes the sensor current as a modulated tone. Finally, the 0.36 mm2 system wirelessly communicates with the interrogator through RF backscatter (by either absorbing or reflecting the carrier signal sent by the interrogator).
The design of the antenna is severely constrained by the required contact lens size, flexibility, and transparency. A 5-mm-radius loop antenna is used to receive RF energy without obstructing wearer vision. For an on-lens system, surface mount parts are prohibitively large, so the chip and antenna must be directly connected without an external matching network. The impedance matching between chip and antenna is absorbed into the antenna design. The loop antenna was designed and fabricated using gold traces on a PET substrate. To determine power received by the on-lens antenna, we simulated the gain for a loop antenna with a 5-mm radius, 0.5-mm trace width, and 5-μm thickness. The received power is calculated using the Friis transmission equation, assuming perfect antenna-chip matching and minimum transmit antenna gain (1.76 dBi for a dipole antenna). FIG. 20 shows the results of received power in the air and on an eye model (tear film, cornea, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor) at a distance of 15 cm from an isotropic transmitter (1-W output power). At low frequency, the received power is limited by the efficiency of the antenna; at high frequency, the path loss dominates the received power. An optimal frequency exists between 1.5-2.5 GHz for our size-constrained antenna design in free-space communication. The simulated antenna gain on the eye model in the direction of the transmitter (perpendicular to the plane of the loop antenna) is 17 dB lower than the antenna gain in air in the 1.8 GHz ISM band, giving about 20 μW received power. Therefore, the maximum power consumption of readout electronics should be less than 5 μW (assuming 25% power transfer) to provide a reasonable communication distance.
The on-chip power management circuits comprise a full-wave rectifier to convert RF power to a dc voltage and a low power regulator to provide a stable 1.2-V voltage supply, which is subsequently filtered by a 500-pF on-chip capacitance. The rectifier is built using a five-stage Dickson full-wave architecture. Low-Vth pMOS transistors with the body terminal tied to the source are employed to eliminate the body effect and enhance sensitivity by reducing the turn-on voltage of transistors. The simulated peak power efficiency of the rectifier is about 20%.
Two major problems of an RF-powered wireless sensor system are the supply fluctuation due to the varying incident RF power and supply noise due to the fast switching of digital circuits. First, to reduce supply variations, a low-power regulator with bandgap reference was employed, providing a clean and temperature-stable 1.2-V supply to the entire system. A large filtering capacitor is desired to reduce high-frequency supply noise and large voltage drops. To reduce area, the on-chip capacitor is stacked vertically with dual metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors and metal finger capacitors using the middle four metal layers and MOS capacitors. An on-chip capacitance of 500 pF is implemented in an area of ˜0.2 mm2. Second, a separate digital and analog supply regulation technique is employed to reduce noise coupling into the sensing element (sensor and readout circuitry) from the oscillator as well as logic switching noise. The schematic of the regulator is shown in FIG. 21. To provide isolation between digital and analog supplies without adding an extra regulator, the regulator pass transistors are separated. This topology achieves 30-dB isolation between digital and analog supply while consuming 500 nW. The low-power bias circuit and amplifier design is described in more detail in D. Yeager, et al., "A 9 mu a, Addressable Gen2 Sensor Tag for Biosignal Acquisition," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 45(10):pp. 2198-2209, October 2010. FIG. 22 shows the measured output unregulated/regulated voltage versus swept input RF power.
For electrical current measurement, a transimpedance amplifier is a popular approach that measures low current levels by using high measurement resistance. However, the transimpedance amplifier configuration usually has an inductive input impedance, which may cause instability in the potential control loop due to the large and varying capacitive components of an in-eye electrochemical cell. To accommodate high uncertainty in the sensor capacitance, a current mirror-based topology was used to copy and measure the sensor current.
FIG. 23 shows the schematic of proposed readout circuitry. The voltage control loop, consisting of a bandgap reference, amplifier (A1) and a pass transistor (M1), provides a stable potential of 400 mV between the working and counter electrodes. The choice of a 400-mV potential achieves the optimal signal-to-noise ratio (output current/background noise) as given by previous measured results of our glucose sensor. A frequency-compensation capacitor is added at the output of feedback amplifier to stabilize the potential control loop. The sensor current is mirrored with a cascode topology that improves the precision of current replication.
where Id is the current of each stage, N is the number of stages, Vdd is the supply voltage, and Ctot is capacitance at the output of each stage. The oscillator frequency shifts proportionally to the injected sensor current. FIG. 25A shows the measured output frequency (after dividing by 512) versus sweep injected current. The I-F converter achieves a gain of 9.9 Hz/nA.
The process, voltage, and temperature variations of the ring oscillator are reduced by using large devices and careful layout, a regulated voltage supply, and differential measurement using a reference oscillator and the sensing oscillator. FIGS. 25B and 25C shows the measured output frequency (divided by 512) of the I-F converter versus supply voltage and temperature, respectively. The temperature coefficient of the I-F converter is 20 Hz/° C. from 30° C. to 60° C. and can be effectively reduced to 2.6 Hz/° C. by subtracting the result of the reference oscillator from the result of sensor oscillator.
To wirelessly read out sensor data, backscatter communication is adopted in our system. Backscatter modulation is attractive for active contact lens applications because it allows for a nearly zero power lens-to-reader communication. Since the body glucose level changes slowly, it is not necessary to store/transmit data frequently. However, there is a tradeoff between power delivery and backscatter signal strength. A strong backscatter signal may cause large supply voltage drops, which can be problematic in our system due to small energy storage capacitance on the chip and the low tolerable supply ripple. Therefore, a pulse generator is integrated to allow a low duty cycle (10%) modulation signal to achieve a reasonable compromise between supply voltage droop and backscatter strength.
FIG. 26A shows the schematic of pulse modulators. The divided signals from the fifth and ninth bits of a 16-bit divider chain are used to create the pulses. The pulsewidth equals the period of the reference oscillator and the pulse period is twice the period of sensor oscillator. Using this technique, frequency information from both the sensor and reference oscillator are simultaneously transmitted to the interrogator and can be decoded in the reader. A single transistor switch is used to modulate the reflection coefficient. A 3.3-V-thick oxide device and a diode-connected voltage limiter are used to prevent breakdown when the system is placed near the reader.
An alternative method of wireless communication is to slowly modulate an on-lens μLED for immediate visual feedback to the contact lens wearer. The μLED design and fabrication is shown in our previous work. Since lighting a customized μLED consumes much more power (˜70 μW at 2.5 V for visible light) than the sensor, we duty-cycled the LED to save power. FIG. 26B shows the pulse generators used for optical detection. The frequency of the reference signal is divided down to 4 Hz with the 16-b counter. The LED is lit in the first half period to transmit data and turned off in the second half period to conserve energy. A pulse generator that drives the LED creates a narrow pulsewidth (˜3 μs to reduce LED on-time and effectively lower the LED power consumption. The number of pulses in an on-cycle represents the frequency difference between reference oscillators and sensor oscillator, which corresponds to the glucose concentration.
Here, we describe the on-lens integration of the sensor, IC, and antenna. First, we cut 100-mm wafers from PET films and cleaned them with acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and deionizer (DI) water. Then, a 6-μm layer of positive photo resist (AZ4620) was spin-coated, soft baked, and patterned. Cr, Ni, and Au (20, 80, 350 nm) were evaporated and lifted off in acetone to create contacts for solder coating, an adhesion layer for the electroplated antenna, and low resistance connections from the chip to the sensor. After lift-off, SU-8 was deposited to restrict solder wetting. Next, a 40-nm seed layer of Au was deposited over the wafer, AZ4620 was used to pattern the antenna, and 5 μm of Au was plated to reduce the antenna ohmic loss (improve the antenna efficiency). The seed layer was etched using Gold Etch TFA (Transene) mixed with DI water in a ratio of 5:1 (vol/vol). Then, a 25-μm layer of SU-8 was used to mask the metal features and create an opening for the sensor. The wafer was dried with nitrogen gas, and then individual contact lenses with 1 cm in diameter were cut out using a CO2 laser cutter.
The aluminum IC pads were nickel/gold plated using an electroless technique (CVinc.). Then, the chip and exposed solder pads on the contact lens were coated with a low melting temperature solder. To accomplish this, indium-based solder (Indium Corporation, Indalloy 19, 60° C.) was heated in a beaker while covered by 10-mL ethylene glycol (EG) and 60-μL HCl. After the solder had melted completely, a pipette was used to solder coat all exposed pads on the IC and contact lens. The chip was then roughly aligned over the contact lens using tweezers in a petri dish of 25 mL of EG and 10-μL HCl. The petri dish was heated on a hotplate until the solder reflowed, and the chip was aligned by solder capillary forces. The lens can be molded with heat and pressure to the curvature of the eye and then Parylene can be deposited (except the sensing area) for biocompatible encapsulation.
The chip was implemented in a 0.13-μm CMOS process. FIG. 27 shows a micrograph of the readout IC. The chip area is 0.6×0.6 mm2. A ground shield made of the 4-μm-thick top aluminum metal covers the sensitive regulator and readout circuitry to reduce the impact of EMI and light sensitivity.
The chip and sensor are first assembled on a PCB to characterize functionality and performance. The measured Allan deviation (over 6 h) of the readout circuitry is shown in FIG. 28. A minimum standard deviation of 0.31 Hz (center frequency of 850 Hz) is achieved while data are sampled at a period of 5 seconds. The measured results of a continuous glucose flow test (FIG. 16) are shown in FIG. 29. A buffer solution was added after each concentration to flush out the remaining ions of previous solutions. The output was sampled every 5 s to achieve a low noise floor, corresponding to the minimal Allan deviation. FIG. 17 shows the measured modulation frequency versus glucose concentration. The measured gain of the glucose sensor is 400 Hz/mM with a linear correlation (R-square) of 0.98 in 20 measurements from two different sensor assemblies. The resulting noise floor of readout circuitry is 0.775 μM (0.31 Hz/400 Hz/mM). FIG. 31 shows the measured outputs of LED driver with a buffer solution and glucose concentration of 2 mM. Each pulse above the baseline (3) for buffer solution represents a glucose level increase of ˜0.15 mM.
We assembled a loop antenna, a readout IC, and glucose sensor on a PET substrate, shown in FIG. 32. The chip is first gold-plated and flip-chipped on the substrate to reduce the contact resistance and bond wire inductance. The glucose sensor system consumes 3 μW, which gives a power link budget in the design and can be powered over 15 cm from an effective isotropic ally radiated power (EIRP) of 40 dBm at 1.8 GHz. This power level complies with the IEEE C95 standard, which regulates a maximum power density of 6 mW/cm2 at 1.8 GHz for human exposure to an RF electromagnetic field, requiring a safety distance of at least 11 cm from an EIRP of 40-dBm power source. The transmitted RF power can be reduced by improving impedance matching, reducing antenna loss, and exploiting different rectifier designs.
FIG. 32 shows the measured backscattered signal from the assembled lens. The glucose concentration of 1 mM results in a 400-Hz frequency deviation of the backscattering carrier. Table 1 is the performance summary of our CMOS glucose sensor.
This work G. Jullien M. R. Haider, et al.
M. Ahmadi and G. Jullien, "A wireless-implantable microsystem for continuous blood glucose monitoring," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 3(3): 169-180, June 2009.
2. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein the counter electrode is annular in shape.
3. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein the working electrode comprises a plurality of concentric rings in electronic communication.
4. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein the working electrode comprises a plurality of concentric rings in electronic communication, and wherein the counter electrode is a concentric ring surrounding the working electrode.
5. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein at least one of the working electrode, the counter electrode, and the reference electrode comprises a metal stack of palladium intermediate titanium and platinum, wherein the stack is configured such that platinum is facing the user's eye.
6. The contact lens of claim 1, wherein the communication module and the antenna are configured to transmit the data signal using backscatter modulation.
9. The powered contact lens of claim 1, wherein the characteristic of the user's eye is a glucose level.
10. The powered contact lens of claim 7, wherein the characteristic of the user's eye is a glucose level.
11. The powered contact lens of claim 8, wherein the characteristic of the user's eye is a glucose level.
Ahmadi, M.M., and G.A. Jullien, "A Wireless-Implantable Microsystem for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 3(3):169-180, Jun. 2009.
Ahmadi, M.M., and G.A. Jullien, "Current-Mirror-Based Potentiostats for Three-Electrode Amperometric Electrochemical Sensors," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I: Regular Papers 56(7):1339-1348, Jul. 2009.
Ahmadi, M.M., and G.A. Jullien, "Current-Mirror-Based Potentiostats for Three-Electrode Amperometric Electrochemical Sensors," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—I: Regular Papers 56(7):1339-1348, Jul. 2009.
Chu, M.X., et al., "Soft Contact Lens Biosensor for In Situ Monitoring of Tear Glucose as Non-Invasive Blood Sugar Assessment," Talanta 83(3):960-965, Jan. 2011.
Haider, M.R., et al., "Low-Power Low-Voltage Current Readout Circuit for Inductively Powered Implant System," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 4(4):205-213, Aug. 2010.
Pandey, J., et al., "A Fully Integrated RF-Powered Contact Lens With a Single Element Display," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 4(6):454-461, Dec. 2010.
Yao, H., et al., "A Dual Microscale Glucose Sensor on a Contact Lens, Tested in Conditions Mimicking the Eye," IEEE 24th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Cancun, Mexico, Jan. 23-27, 2011, pp. 25-28.
Yeager, D., et al., "A 9 muA, Addressable Gen2 Sensor Tag for Biosignal Acquisition," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 45(10):2198-2209, Oct. 2010.
Yeager, D., et al., "A 9 μA, Addressable Gen2 Sensor Tag for Biosignal Acquisition," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 45(10):2198-2209, Oct. 2010. | {
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Used from Broadway to Britain's West End, QLab software is the tool of choice for many of the world's most prominent sound, projection, and integrated media designers. QLab 4: Projects in Video, Audio, and Lighting Control is a project-based book on QLab software covering sound, video, lighting, and show control. With information on audio, video, and lighting system basics and the more advanced functions of QLab such as show control, network capabilities, projection mapping, video effects, and cue cart integration, each chapter's specific projects will allow you to learn the software's capabilities at your own pace. In addition to the text, a companion website hosts project files, instructional videos, and more.
What Kind of Connector(s) are Needed?
22.2 What is MIDI Show Control?
Jeromy Hopgood is a Professor of Entertainment Design & Technology at Eastern Michigan University. In addition to his teaching, Jeromy has designed more than 150 plays, musicals, dance and opera productions over the last decade. His work in scenery, lighting, projections and sound has been showcased at professional theatres across the Southeast and Midwest United States. He worked at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in its Tony-Award-Winning season and is an artistic associate at the Michigan Shakespeare Festival, where he is the resident scenic designer and technical director. Professor Hopgood is a long-standing member of the United States Institute of Theatre Technology. In addition to presenting panels on projection design, media, and educational theatre at numerous USITT annual conferences, he is also a regular presenter at Live Design International. | {
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The documents, seen by a news agency, listed Cambridge Analytica LLC's estimated assets in the range of $ 100,001 and $ 500,000, with estimated liabilities between $ 1 million and $ 10 million.
The firm became embroiled in scandal in March when former analyst, 28-year-old Canadian Christopher Wylie, revealed it had used a Facebook personality prediction app to hijack up to 87 million Facebook users' data — claims it denies.
"Despite Cambridge Analytica's unwavering confidence that its employees have acted ethically and lawfully… the siege of media coverage has driven away virtually all of the company's customers and suppliers," the company said in a statement upon announcing its closure.
Meanwhile, another whistleblower said Britons' personal data may have been misused by a pro-Brexit campaign ahead of the 2016 referendum in which Britain voted to leave the European Union.
This week, the New York Times reported the US Justice Department and the FBI are investigating CA — although it was unclear if the probe was linked to Special Counsel Robert Mueller's into Trump campaign collusion with Russia. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Локатор служб () — это шаблон проектирования, используемый в разработке программного обеспечения для инкапсуляции процессов, связанных с получением какого-либо сервиса с сильным уровнем абстракции. Этот шаблон использует центральный реестр, известный как «локатор сервисов», который по запросу возвращает информацию (как правило это объекты), необходимую для выполнения определенной задачи. Стоит заметить, что в некотором случае локатор служб фактически является анти-шаблоном.
Преимущества
«Локатор служб» может действовать как простой компоновщик времени выполнения. Это позволяет управлять кодом программы во время выполнения без повторной компиляции приложения, а в некоторых случаях без необходимости его перезапуска.
Приложения могут оптимизировать себя во время выполнения путем выборочного добавления и удаления элементов из локатора служб. Например, приложение может обнаружить, что у него есть лучшая библиотека для чтения доступных изображений JPG, чем стандартная, и соответствующим образом изменить реестр.
Компоненты приложения или библиотеки, используемые в приложении, могут быть полностью разделены. Единственная связь между ними записывается в реестр.
Недостатки
Отношения между компонентами приложения, помещенные в реестр, скрывают зависимости частей программы (делают их неочевидными) и увеличивают сложность системы. Это затрудняет поиск ошибок в приложении и может сделать систему в целом менее надежной.
Реестр должен быть уникальным, что может стать узким местом для одновременного запуска нескольких копий приложения.
Реестр может быть серьезной уязвимостью безопасности, поскольку он позволяет посторонним (в том числе злоумышленникам) вводить код в приложение.
Реестр скрывает зависимости класса, вызывая , а не ошибки времени компиляции, когда при отсутствии необходимых зависимостей компилятор информирует об ошибке.
Реестр делает код более сложным для поддержания (против использования инъекции зависимостей), потому что становится неясным, когда вы вносите ошибочную запись в реестр или пропускаете необходимую запись.
Реестр делает код более сложным для тестирования, поскольку все тесты должны взаимодействовать с одним и тем же глобальным классом локатора служб для установки поддельных зависимостей тестируемого класса. Однако это легко преодолеть, введя классы приложений с помощью одного интерфейса локатора служб.
См. также
Принцип инверсии зависимостей
Java Naming and Directory Interface
Примечания
Ссылки
DI Паттерны. Service Locator (с примерами на C#)
Локатор Служб (Service Locator) (с примерами на PHP)¶
The Service Locator Pattern
Core J2EE Patterns — Service Locator (с примерами на Java)
In Defense of Service Locator
Game Programming Patterns: Service Locator (с примерами на C++)
Dependencies In Disguise (с примерами на PHP) | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
} |
import os
PATH = os.path.dirname(__file__)
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
describe('[Regression](GH-1999)', function () {
it("Shouldn't raise an error if an iframe has html in src", function () {
return runTests('testcafe-fixtures/index.js', null, { only: 'chrome' });
});
});
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
En el marco de la mitología hinduista, Vaisampaiana fue el narrador del Majábharata, una de las dos grandes epopeyas en sánscrito de la India antigua (siendo la otra el Ramaiana).
Este antiguo sabio indio fue el maestro original del Iáyur-veda negro y del Taitiría-samjita.
vaiśampāyana, en el sistema AITS (alfabeto internacional para la transliteración del sánscrito).
वैशंपायन, en escritura devanagari del sánscrito.
Pronunciación: /vaishám paiána/.
Etimología: patronímico de Viśampa.
'causando beber' o 'dar de beber', según el Rig-veda 1.116.9 y el Kaus3.
'el que bebe veneno', nombre del dios Sivá (que es llamado Nila Kantha porque tiene el cuello azul por haber bebido veneno para salvar a los devas).
También se lo menciona en el Astadhiai del gramático indio Panini (siglo IV a. C.).
En el Majábharata (siglo III a. C.) se lo menciona como discípulo del sabio Viasa.
De él aprendió el Yaia, un poema de 8800 versos que sería el original del Majábharata. Él ampliaría este Yaia hasta hacerlo alcanzar los 24 000 versos y lo rebautizó Bharata.
Según el Taitiría-araniaka, cuando el rey pándava YanamEyaia estaba realizando un sacrificio de fuego para auspiciar la matanza de todos los nagas (debido a que se había enterado de que un naga había matado a su padre Pariksit), Vaisampaiana lo persuadió del genocidio y le narró el Majábharata, que era la historia de su familia, y de la guerra en que se vio envuelta (la batalla de Kuruksetra).
También se dice que Vaisampaiana recitó en esa ocasión el Jari-vamsa (una sección agregada al Majábharata).
El Majábharata completo (de 100 000 versos) tal como se lo conoce en la actualidad, se completaría varios siglos después.
El Grijia-sutra de Asualaiana lo menciona con el nombre de Majábharata Acharia.
Referencias
Dowson: Classical dictionary of hindu mythology''.
Notas
Religiosos de India
Poetas de India
Escritores de la Antigua India
Escritores en sánscrito
Personajes del Mahábharata
Sabios del hinduismo | {
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} |
Knight's Gambit (1964, Walter Grauman)
Leave a Comment / 1964, Film, Recommended, Television / Chester Morris, Eleanor Parker, John Williams, Knight's Gambit, Murray Matheson, NBC, Roger Smith, Ted de Corsia, Vito Scotti / 19 September 2013 19 September 2013
Knight's Gambit plays a little like a serious, American James Bond variation. Roger Smith is a former CIA agent–he inherited hundreds of millions and quit–out to seduce Eleanor Parker for information. Parker is a disgraced politician's secretary; they're living in Spain, in exile.
The spy stuff is terrible. Smith's boss–Murray Matheson–wears around long shorts and wears an eye patch. Smith is atrocious in the scenes with Matheson. The big villain is a mobster too. The script never explains that angle enough.
Parker's outstanding as a woman trapped and Smith does show his conflict once he takes to her. Ted de Corsia's fine as the bad guy and Chester Morris's good as Parker's boss.
Lorenzo Semple Jr. and Halsted Welles write Parker some excellent dialogue.
Good John Williams music too.
Grauman's direction is weak, but nothing could fix the bad spy action finish.
Still, Parker sells it.
Directed by Walter Grauman; teleplay by Lorenzo Semple Jr. and Halsted Welles, based on a story by Robert Blees; "Kraft Suspense Theatre" sponsored by Kraft Foods; director of photography, Walter Strenge; edited by Carl Pingitore; music by John Williams; produced by Blees; aired by the National Broadcasting System.
Starring Eleanor Parker (Dorian Smith), Roger Smith (Anthony Griswold Knight), Chester Morris (Blaine Davis), Murray Matheson (Douglas Henderson), H.M. Wynant (Escobar), Erika Peters (Bijou), Vito Scotti (Tout), Louis Mercier (Mr. Salonnis) and Ted de Corsia (Mike Serra).
THIS FILM IS ALSO DISCUSSED IN SUM UP | ELEANOR PARKER, PART 3: BARONESS. | {
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Abstract. As it appears in recent articles by Helffer or Sj\"ostrand and Naddaf-Spencer, the analysis, in the context of the statistical mechanics, of measures of the type $\exp - \Phi (x) \; dx$ is connected with the analysis of suitable Witten Laplacians on $1$-forms. For illustrating this point of view, we present here remarks about the Brascamp-Lieb inequalities and its extensions and prove the decay of the correlation in some cases when $\Phi$ is weakly non convex. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Work experience in show-business:from 2005.
Playing Flute in show programs and solo concerts.
More than 4 hours of different popular music.
-12.2012-10.2014 cruise ships of St.Peterline "Princess Maria" and "Princess Anastasia", the tourist company "Vodochody" ship "Vissarion Belinsky". | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
A National Crime Records Bureau report shows a total of 8,934 students committed suicide in 2015, up from 8,068 the year before.
As per NCRB, 2,543 students — 1,360 below the age of 18 years (school students) and 1,183 in the 18-30 age bracket (pursuing higher education) — committed suicide in 2015 due to mounting pressure to do well in examinations.
Exam failure, however, saw among the lowest figures for cause of suicide — 2 per cent, the same as unemployment. It was significantly lower than other factors such as family problems (27 per cent), or poverty, physical abuse and professional issues (26 per cent) (source).
What do you think can be done to fix this issue? Clearly, the issue is not just of failure in examination, but the potential shaming / family abuse that comes after that. Time to teach parenting to parents as well? | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
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The gender role socialization of boys to men
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Collection: Business 2014 | {
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} |
SOUNDBRIDGE - the innovative accessory for demanding and professional cajon players! Put your accents with 4 sounds in one!
SOUNDBRIDGE Single Splash offers the passionate cajon player a splash cymbal that is always ready to handle for a perfectly accentuated game! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Environmental Policy and Law - Volume 49, issue 6
ISSN 0378-777X (P)
Environmental Policy and Law (EPL) is a global journal that seeks to publish cutting-edge scholarly works that have global significance. It provides a platform to facilitate an ideational understanding of international environmental policy, law, and institutional issues.
EPL aims to cater to the quest of the scholars and the decision-makers to address the environmental "world problematique." It will, where possible, also aims to accommodate high-quality research works on regional and national (policy, law, and institutional) issues of significance that have global value as well as replicable in other parts of the world. EPL's ideational vision and the content will be guided by this primary remit to pursue a pathway for a better common environmental future. By bridging both academic and professional domains in the environmental field, EPL seeks to serve the needs of professionals, practitioners, researchers, students, and policymakers. The journal invites contributions with legal analyses to remain at the forefront of the concerted scholarly discourse and provide practical solutions for global environmental challenges in the 21st century and beyond.
Recommend this journal Editorial board Subscribe Submissions Visit journal website Sign up for news
Protection of Objects of Historical and Cultural Heritage: Legal Problems and the Application of Information Technologies
Authors: Auganbai, A. | Kalymbek, B. | Shulanbekova, G.K. | Urisbaeva, A.A. | Yerezhepkyzy, R.
DOI: 10.3233/EPL-190191
Citation: Environmental Policy and Law, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 379-388, 2019
Implementation of International Norms in National Environmental Legislation
Authors: Rzabay, Aktoty | Yerkinbayeva, Lazzat | Baimyrzayev, Kuat | Ozenbayeva, Aigerim | Borodina, Alina | Zhomartkyzy, Maryia
Authors: Kobetska, Nadiia | Danyliuk, Lesia | Yaremak, Zoryana
Title Index of Volume 49
Article Type: Other
Authors of Articles in Vol. 49 | {
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} |
Custom 1964 Cleveland Browns NFL Supe...
Custom 1964 Cleveland Browns NFL Super Bowl Championship Ring
The 1964 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 19th season, and 15th season with the National Football League. The Browns won the NFL Championship, despite having not made the playoffs in six seasons.
Leading into the game, the Browns were huge underdogs. Most experts had them losing by double digits. Baltimore was so heavily favored that after the Browns won the game, Sports Illustrated had to scramble to find a picture of a Browns player to put on its cover. Baltimore had the league's best offense and had a league best record of 12–2. | {
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} |
Q: dataclasses from multi-row/column csv I am trying to import a csv file, and assign the values to different dataclasses. After this, I have to conduct various analysis of the dataclasses, such as mean, mode, median, etc.
The issue I am having is importing them in such a way that I can use them later. I have the following code written:
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import List
import csv
from csv import DictReader
@dataclass
class Grades:
class_course: str
class_grades: int
@dataclass
class Student:
name: str
grades: List[Grades] = field(default_factory=list)
def create_student_db():
s = Student([],[])
courses = []
with open("Sample Data/Sample2.csv") as read_obj: # pass the file object to DictReader() to get the DictReader object
csv_dict_reader = DictReader(read_obj)
csv_reader = csv.reader(read_obj, delimiter = ",") # get column names from a csv file
column_names = csv_dict_reader.fieldnames
for col in column_names:
if col == "Student Name":
continue
else:
courses.append(col) # Create list of column names
for row in csv_reader: # For each row in the csv file
n = row[0] # The first value is the name
s.name.append(n) # Append the name to the name of the student class
i = 0 # For iteration through the values on the row
while i < len(row)-1: # While i is less than the length of the row
g = Grades(courses[i], row[i + 1]) # Set values in the Grades class to the Course name, and the row value + 1
s.grades.append(g) # Append the values for the Grades to the Grades in Student
i += 1
return s
a = create_student_db()
print(a)
The input file looks like this (csv format):
Student Name,Course_1,Course_2,Course_3,Course_4
Johnny Rotten,10,20,20,40
Sid Vicious,90,50,30,10
Lars Larsson,90,10,30,60
John Jameson,90,90,90,90
And the output looks like this:
Student(name=['Johnny Rotten', 'Sid Vicious', 'Lars Larsson', 'John
Jameson'], grades=[Grades(class_course='Course_1', class_grades='10'),
Grades(class_course='Course_2', class_grades='20'),
Grades(class_course='Course_3', class_grades='20'),
Grades(class_course='Course_4', class_grades='40'),
Grades(class_course='Course_1', class_grades='90'),
Grades(class_course='Course_2', class_grades='50'),
Grades(class_course='Course_3', class_grades='30'),
Grades(class_course='Course_4', class_grades='10'),
Grades(class_course='Course_1', class_grades='90'),
Grades(class_course='Course_2', class_grades='10'),
Grades(class_course='Course_3', class_grades='30'),
Grades(class_course='Course_4', class_grades='60'),
Grades(class_course='Course_1', class_grades='90'),
Grades(class_course='Course_2', class_grades='90'),
Grades(class_course='Course_3', class_grades='90'),
Grades(class_course='Course_4', class_grades='90')])
Obviously, this is for an academic exercise, but I am having problems following the lectures.
Can anyone suggest how I can get the dataclasses done so that it is meaningfull, and I can pull out values like individual student means, modes, etc?
A: You are almost there. What is confusing you is that you are placing the name of the students and the grades inside one student object which doesn't make sense.
*
*Have a list of Student, in which each Student will have a name and a list of
grades.
*I would suggest changing the class name from Grade to Course with
attributes name and grade. The attribute name from grades to
courses in Student. It's easier to understand that way. A student is registered in courses which they will have been given
grades.
*Also, remember to convert the grades to int. That way
you can make calculations later.
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import List
import csv
from csv import DictReader
@dataclass
class Course:
name: str
grade: int
@dataclass
class Student:
name: str
courses: List[Course] = field(default_factory=list)
def create_student_db():
students = []
courses = []
with open("Sample Data/Sample2.csv") as read_obj: # pass the file object to DictReader() to get the DictReader object
csv_dict_reader = DictReader(read_obj)
csv_reader = csv.reader(read_obj, delimiter = ",") # get column names from a csv file
column_names = csv_dict_reader.fieldnames
for col in column_names:
if col == "Student Name":
continue
else:
courses.append(col) # Create list of column names
for row in csv_reader: # For each row in the csv file
n = row[0] # The first value is the name
s = Student(name=n) # Append the name to the name of the student class
students.append(s)
i = 0 # For iteration through the values on the row
while i < len(row)-1: # While i is less than the length of the row
g = Course(courses[i], int(row[i + 1])) # Set values in the Grades class to the Course name, and the row value + 1
s.courses.append(g) # Append the values for the Grades to the Grades in Student
i += 1
return students
students = create_student_db()
print(students)
Output:
[Student(name='Johnny Rotten', courses=[Course(name='Course_1', grade=10), Course(name='Course_2', grade=20), Course(name='Course_3', grade=20), Course(name='Course_4', grade=40)]),
Student(name='Sid Vicious', courses=[Course(name='Course_1', grade=90), Course(name='Course_2', grade=50), Course(name='Course_3', grade=30), Course(name='Course_4', grade=10)]),
Student(name='Lars Larsson', courses=[Course(name='Course_1', grade=90), Course(name='Course_2', grade=10), Course(name='Course_3', grade=30), Course(name='Course_4', grade=60)]),
Student(name='John Jameson', courses=[Course(name='Course_1', grade=90), Course(name='Course_2', grade=90), Course(name='Course_3', grade=90), Course(name='Course_4', grade=90)])]
As @martineau suggested also, you can use the functions from the statitiscs module.
Example:
If you want to know the mean of a student's grades considering all of his/her courses.
import statistics as st
st.mean(map(lambda c: c.grade, students[0].courses))
output:
22.5
A: It was unclear to me what the format of your student database was supposed to be, so I just made it a list of Student instances — which I think would be very easy to use in conjunction with the statistics module in completing the rest of the exercise.
Another alternative would be a dictionary of students mapping to a sub-dictionaries of course names and associated grades.
import csv
from csv import DictReader
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from pprint import pprint, pp
from typing import List
INPUT_FILEPATH = "Sample2.csv"
@dataclass
class Grade:
class_course: str
class_grade: int
@dataclass
class Student:
name: str
grades: List[Grade] = field(default_factory=list)
def create_studentDB():
students = []
with open(INPUT_FILEPATH, newline='') as read_obj:
csv_reader = csv.reader(read_obj, delimiter=',')
fieldnames = next(csv_reader) # Header row.
courses = fieldnames[1:]
for row in csv_reader:
name = row[0]
grades = [Grade(course, int(grade)) for course, grade in zip(courses, row[1:])]
students.append(Student(name, grades))
return students
studentDB = create_studentDB()
pprint(studentDB)
Results:
[Student(name='Johnny Rotten', grades=[Grade(class_course='Course_1', class_grade=10), Grade(class_course='Course_2', class_grade=20), Grade(class_course='Course_3', class_grade=20), Grade(class_course='Course_4', class_grade=40)]),
Student(name='Sid Vicious', grades=[Grade(class_course='Course_1', class_grade=90), Grade(class_course='Course_2', class_grade=50), Grade(class_course='Course_3', class_grade=30), Grade(class_course='Course_4', class_grade=10)]),
Student(name='Lars Larsson', grades=[Grade(class_course='Course_1', class_grade=90), Grade(class_course='Course_2', class_grade=10), Grade(class_course='Course_3', class_grade=30), Grade(class_course='Course_4', class_grade=60)]),
Student(name='John Jameson', grades=[Grade(class_course='Course_1', class_grade=90), Grade(class_course='Course_2', class_grade=90), Grade(class_course='Course_3', class_grade=90), Grade(class_course='Course_4', class_grade=90)])]
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} |
// Copyright Pablo Lagioia.
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
// following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
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// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
/***************************************************************************
* Boostjs *
***************************************************************************/
(function () {
function extend(ctor, superCtor) {
ctor.super_ = superCtor;
ctor.prototype = Object.create(superCtor.prototype, {
constructor: {
value: ctor,
enumerable: false,
writable: true,
configurable: true
}
});
};
function boost(proto, fun, name) {
if (!proto.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
Object.defineProperty(proto, name, {
writable: true,
enumerable: false,
configurable: false,
value: fun
})
}
}
/*Boost Function*/
boost(Function.prototype,
function (superCtor) {
extend(this, superCtor);
},
"inherits");
/*Boost Object*/
boost(Object.prototype,
function () {
return JSON.stringify(this);
},
"toJson");
boost(Object.prototype,
function () {
return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(this));
},
"clone");
/*Boost Strings*/
boost(String.prototype,
function (anotherString) {
return this.indexOf(anotherString) != -1;
},
"contains");
boost(String.prototype,
function (lookFor, replaceWith) {
var r = new RegExp(lookFor, "g");
return this.replace(r, replaceWith);
},
"replaceAll");
/*Boost Arrays*/
boost(Array.prototype,
function (value) {
return this.indexOf(value) != -1;
},
"contains");
boost(Array.prototype,
function (value) {
var index = this.indexOf(value);
if (index > -1) {
return this.splice(index, 1);
}
},
"remove");
boost(Array.prototype,
function () {
return this.slice();
},
"clone");
})(); | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
* Grams are rounded to the nearest 5 grams.
* Kilograms are rounded to the nearest 50 grams and grams to the nearest 5 grams.
* Weights can vary considerably depending on the method used to measure flour. The values above are calculated according to the scoop-and-sweep method to measure flour by volume: use a spoon to fluff up the flour in the bin, dip the measuring cup into the flour and scoop it up, then sweep across the top of the cup with the back of a knife to level it.
* Weights can vary considerably depending on the method used to measure cocoa powder. The values above are calculated according to the spoon-and-level method, where the cocoa powder is spooned into a measuring cup or spoon, then swept across the top with the back of a knife to level it.
* Weights can vary considerably depending on the method used to measure cornstarch. The values above are calculated according to the spoon-and-level method, where the cornstarch is spooned into a measuring cup or spoon, then swept across the top with the back of a knife to level it.
* Weights can vary considerably depending on the method used to measure confectioners' sugar. The values above are calculated according to the spoon-and-level method, where the confectioners' sugar is spooned into a measuring cup or spoon, then swept across the top with the back of a knife to level it.
* Ounces are rounded to the nearest 0.1 ounce and grams to the nearest 5 grams. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Hiring a new helper can be tough. The whole lengthy process of choosing your helper, doing all the interviews, the applications on the agency's side, and even the wait for the arrival of your new helper can take from anywhere between a month or so, and sometimes you just need that helper urgently. Fortunately, there is a way to get your help fast, sometimes even within a week!
The answer to your prayers are the transfer maids in Singapore. These are maids that are already in Singapore and are already under an employer, but for various reasons are looking for another employer to transfer over to, hence the term 'transfer maid'. Because these maids are already in Singapore and are just looking to transfer over to a new employer, they sometimes can be hired within a week or so, a far cry from hiring a new maid from her home country, whose application process can be pretty long and tedious.
Thankfully, a lot of these downsides to hiring a new maid can be circumvented by going the route of hiring a transfer maid. Because these maids are in Singapore, it is possible to have a face to face interview with them, and to get to know the potential helper in the flesh. You'll get to know their quirks, their size, and also get the chance to ask more in-depth questions to the candidates to better enable your choice in the end.
Another great factor in favour of going the transfer maid route is the culling of potential disruptions that might happen when someone is in another country, be it flight delays, or even immigration issues!
So if a transfer maid is what you are looking for, you have come to the right place! Here at Best Housekeeper, we strive to bring you the very best that we can, and to get you your new help in as little time as possible, all while providing you with potentially the best service you can find in Singapore!
So how exactly do you hire a transfer maid in Singapore? We've come up with a short step-by-step guide on the process of hiring a transfer maid.
We provide attractive rates, and with our wide selection of helpers, you can be sure you will find the right helper for you!
Once you are here, interview the maids. It is crucial when hiring any potential help, especially when that help will be living under the same roof as you. You will want to make sure that you can get along with the new helper, as well as making sure that the helper has the right requirements for you.
Check out this page if you want more information on the different types of domestic helpers in Singapore, and also check out our FAQ if you have any other questions!
Once you have shortlisted your transfer maid, all you need to do is to sign some documents, and to pay a deposit. Let us handle the rest of the tedious application process, while you just need to sit back, relax, and wait for your new helper to start.
After all is well and done, we'll give you a call to let you know that your application was successful. From there, just come down to collect your helper, pay the balance payment and placement fee, and sign some documents.
You have successfully employed a transfer maid in Singapore!
Do take note, if you are a new employer, do visit this page to know more about all the ins and outs of becoming an employer to a domestic helper.
If you feel that a transfer maid is not for you, check out this page for more information on new hires from their respective countries! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Pick the Credential type you would like to request.
If you are a registered contractor requesting a Credential, you should first sign in to your contractor account to ensure your Credential is associated with your account at the agency. If you are not sure if you have a registered contractor account, click here to look up contractors at this agency. If you have not yet created a login account, click here to do so now. You will need your account information that was supplied from the agency when you were registered.
General Contractor License This is an annual registration issued to General Contractors that hold an active insurance.
Property Owner This is an application for a property owner.
Property Tenant This is an application for a property tenant.
Irrigation License This is an annual registration issued to Irrigation's License that hold a valid, active state Irrigation's License.
Master Electrical License This is an annual registration issued to Master Electrical Contractors that hold a valid, active state Master Electrical License.
Mechanical License This is an annual registration issued to Mechanical Contractors that hold a valid, active state Mechanical License.
Plumbing License This is an annual registration issued to Master Plumber that hold a valid, active state Master Plumber License. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
2014 Lookout Pass2 from Peak Travels on Vimeo.
Santa Is Coming! from Christopher Cash Barrett on Vimeo.
2013 Lookout Pass from Peak Travels on Vimeo.
1st ever USASA Rail Jam in the Pacific Northwest from Christopher Cash Barrett on Vimeo.
LKTPRK Snow Show 6: Hesh from Chuck Schmidt on Vimeo.
LKTPRK Snow Show 5: Merked from Chuck Schmidt on Vimeo.
LKTPRK SNOW SHOW 4: Blood from Chuck Schmidt on Vimeo.
LKTPRK SNOW SHOW: Chrimbus Special from Chuck Schmidt on Vimeo.
LKTPRK SNOW SHOW 3: Spazz from Chuck Schmidt on Vimeo.
LKTPRK SNOW SHOW 2: GHOSTBUSTERS from Chuck Schmidt on Vimeo.
LKTPRK SNOW SHOW 1: THE BEGINNING from Chuck Schmidt on Vimeo.
CA$H INK VID 1 from Christopher Cash Barrett on Vimeo. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
James Plath is R. Forrest Colwell Chair and Professor of English at Illinois Wesleyan University, where he teaches film, journalism, creative writing, and American literature since 1850. A former book reviewer, he became a film critic in 2000, writing for Reel.com (a subsidiary of Hollywood Videos) and DVD Town/Movie Metropolis before both sites shut down. He is the editor of one scholarly volume on film—Critical Insights Film: Casablanca—and the editor-author of two books on John Updike, two on Ernest Hemingway, and one on Raymond Carver. He was one of the first entertainment journalists invited to tour and report on Pixar Canada and also part of the first wave of movie reviewers to go to Hollywood to watch demonstrations of what was then a brand-new format: Blu-ray discs. He is a member of the Online Film Critics Society and a former Tomatometer Critic at Rotten Tomatoes.
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On Nabokov's Experiments with Fragmented Dream Time
Nabokov's work is a fascinating read for all the questions it raises—some of which the world's best minds have been tackling for centuries.
Outrageousness Takes a Holiday in 'Archer S8: Dreamland'
This may be a clever homage to classic hard-boiled detective fiction from the '40s, but Archer in Dreamland is not the wild man we've come to love/hate.
The 'Night of the Living Dead' Zombies Will Still Get to You
George A. Romero's definitive zombie movie finally gets a definitive release on Criterion -- and it goes straight for your gut.
Lois Weber's Legacy Rises in These Troubled Times, As It Should
Silent films The Dumb Girl of Portici and Shoes reveal two sides of the early Hollywood director: the filmmaker who wanted to tell epic stories on a grand scale, and the social activist who wanted her films to spark discussion and prompt change.
This Little House Biography Is Wilder than Most
In Prairie Fires: The American Dreams of Laura Ingalls Wilder, Caroline Fraser sets the record straight about pioneer life, family feuds, and questions of authorship.
Andrei Konchalovsky's Holocaust Film 'Paradise' Draws Illusions in the Ruins
Using documentary-style interviewing techniques and three narrators, Konchalovsky's work brings to mind well-known literary naturalists like Jack London and Stephen Crane.
Nietzsche's Children Are in Full Survival Mode in 'Game of Thrones: S7'
Awful things—unimaginable to all but George R. R. Martin and the series writers—have happened to these characters, but those that haven't been killed are living proof of Nietzsche's maxim.
For a Comedy of Manners, 'The Philadelphia Story' Is Awfully Screwball
Often screwball comedies feature sharp contrasts between social classes, with not-so-subtle commentaries on the idle rich, and that's here in triplicate.
Surveying the British Thriller Landscape with 'Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang'
Mike Ripley's "reader's history" may only occasionally leave you shaken or stirred, but it does provide a lot of titles to consider for your reading queue.
'Band Aid' Serves as a Plaster for What Ails the Jaded Movie Lover
This winning indie comedy-drama splits those two genres as neatly as an atom but gets the most energy out of the comedy side.
Bond on Valium? This Game of 'Hopscotch' Is a Low-key but Entertaining Affair
A slow first act can't keep Walter Matthau from soaring as an opera-loving agent with no more license to kill.
'Supergirl': Season Two Offers a True Multigenerational Viewing Experience
Supergirl is super charismatic in super campy action; Warner Brothers brings the DC character to life for a new generation.
A Nice Guy in Noirland Reaches 'The Breaking Point'
This 1950 adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's To Have and Have Not features John Garfield and director Michael Curtiz at their best.
Can We Chat? Teen Problems Percolate in 'Face 2 Face'
This 2016 indie film logs in for the long haul with mixed results.
'Groundhog Day' Meets T.S. Eliot in 'Life of Significant Soil'
This indie film charts the last gasp of a relationship between two New Yorkers who need each other, but aren't sure why.
Award-winning Cinematography Enriches François Ozon's 'Frantz'
Impressive camerawork draws viewers close to characters whose lives have been turned upside down by World War I. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
We strive to provide more than the typical pharmacy with the best compounded medications produced in our state-of-the-art laboratory.
Know all the possible side-effects before taking any hormones, read about Sharzad's first hand experience.
If you are experiencing hot flashes and night sweats (also called vasomotor symptoms), you know how bothersome they may be. In some women vasomotor symptoms begin in the months leading to menopause. About 35-50% of perimenopausal women experience these symptoms.
We are the Valley's problem solving compounding pharmacy. We provide our patients with the highest quality compounded medications at an affordable price.
FDA Inspected and ACHC/PCAB Accredited Pharmacy. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
To over-value something may lead to covetous behaviour. Often we yearn for something that is not ours. We become Gollum. The yearning to possess overtakes and overwhelms.
Next Next post: Jy wil wat?
Don't Gollum! A lava pit awaits. Oeg, hoe lekker ril ek nou. This was a lovely read, My Precious.
Thank you my precious writing friend.
Ou Gollum was so verknog aan die precious ring. Hulle albei is 'n lawa put hulle einde in.Les: Moenie goed so koester dat dit jou baas word nie.
Gollum is a popular little dude today. I went with him too.
"Don't Gollum" is my new favorite phrase! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Google's latest monthly self-driving report details the first crash it caused
By Chris Ziegler Mar 1, 2016, 1:22pm EST
Source Google
Share All sharing options for: Google's latest monthly self-driving report details the first crash it caused
As first reported by The Verge yesterday, Google's monthly self-driving car report for February — published today — offers details of the very first collision involving one of its cars that it's responsible for. Fortunately, it was a relatively minor crash, caused when one of Google's Lexus RX SUVs sideswiped a bus at low speed while attempting to merge into traffic. "Our car had detected the approaching bus, but predicted that it would yield to us because we were ahead of it," the report reads.
The entire report is devoted to this one incident, likely because of its significance: Google had long held up its lack of caused collisions as a rallying point, but realistically, it was only a matter of time before something went wrong. As the company mentions in the report, a large part of the car's job is managing relationships with the human drivers around it — and in this case, the management of that relationship failed. It notes that has "made refinements" to the software after reviewing the crash and says that it hopes "to handle situations like this more gracefully in the future," but realistically, there will always be some degree of uncertainty — at least as long as human drivers are on the road.
The report also has updated statistics for miles driven: Google cars have covered 1.45 million miles in autonomous mode since 2009 and another million in manual mode. There's now one Lexus RX operating in Kirkland, Washington — Google's latest self-driving test city — but no Google-built prototype vehicles yet. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
What is listining difference between new 2012H and 2122H.
Is it difficult to find 2122H to build 4345 ?
The 2012H is the more advanced design and is an improvement over previous designs.
The 2122H is better in a 4344 or 4345. It is not difficult to build 2122H's. In fact I just built eight of them in the past two weeks.
If you locate clean E110, 2122, or 2123 cores you can have an authorized JBL recone shop put new 2122 kits in them and be good to go.
But did you compare them by listening ?
I've used both the 2122 and 2012 in my 4344 clones. Giskard is absolutley right about the 2012 being an advancement. Using the 2012 with equalization it sounded quite good in the 4344, but following the original design the 2122 does a better job gelling the system together. GT has hinted that the 2123 might voice even better, but I am sure it would take a modification on the original crossover design.
2012H's too if there is an interest in them.
Here is my take on the system as a whole. The LF and the UHF shouldn't be messed with. The 2123 and 2012 can possibly be nice alternatives to the 2122 with network tweaks. The fog horn/c.d. combo has a few options as well again with network tweaks. Let me know what you guys want to do.
I would like to use 2012H for home theater front loudspeakers.
The sensivity is good 100db.
So, where can we found 2122 ? On ebay for exemple ?? | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Foshan Guanyu Group is one of the आधुनिक ग्लास मोजाइक leading brands in China. It is the factory & supplier specializing in manufacturing आधुनिक ग्लास मोजाइक. Offer high quality आधुनिक ग्लास मोजाइक at a cheap wholesale price. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
using System;
using System.Linq;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
using Skybrud.Umbraco.GridData.Extensions.Json;
using Skybrud.Umbraco.GridData.Json;
namespace Skybrud.Umbraco.GridData {
/// <summary>
/// Class representing an area in an Umbraco Grid.
/// </summary>
public class GridArea : GridJsonObject {
#region Properties
/// <summary>
/// Gets a reference to the parent <code>GridRow</code>.
/// </summary>
[JsonIgnore]
public GridRow Row { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets the column width of the area.
/// </summary>
public int Grid { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets wether all editors are allowed for this area.
/// </summary>
public bool AllowAll { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets an array of all editors allowed for this area. If <code>AllowAll</code> is <code>TRUE</code>, this
/// array may be empty.
/// </summary>
public string[] Allowed { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets an array of all controls added to this area.
/// </summary>
public GridControl[] Controls { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets a dictionary representing the styles of the area.
/// </summary>
public GridDictionary Styles { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets a dictionary representing the configuration (called Settings in the backoffice) of the area.
/// </summary>
public GridDictionary Config { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets a reference to the previous area.
/// </summary>
public GridArea PreviousArea { get; internal set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets a reference to the next area.
/// </summary>
public GridArea NextArea { get; internal set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets whether the area has any controls.
/// </summary>
public bool HasControls {
get { return Controls.Length > 0; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the first control of the area. If the area doesn't contain
/// any controls, this property will return <code>NULL</code>.
/// </summary>
public GridControl FirstControl {
get { return Controls.FirstOrDefault(); }
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the last control of the area. If the area doesn't contain
/// any controls, this property will return <code>NULL</code>.
/// </summary>
public GridControl LastControl {
get { return Controls.LastOrDefault(); }
}
#endregion
#region Constructors
protected GridArea(JObject obj) : base(obj) { }
#endregion
#region Static methods
/// <summary>
/// Parses an area from the specified <code>obj</code>.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="row">The parent row of the area.</param>
/// <param name="obj">The instance of <code>JObject</code> to be parsed.</param>
public static GridArea Parse(GridRow row, JObject obj) {
// Some input validation
if (obj == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("obj");
// Parse the array of allow blocks
JArray allowed = obj.GetArray("allowed");
// Parse basic properties
GridArea area = new GridArea(obj) {
Row = row,
Grid = obj.GetInt32("grid"),
AllowAll = obj.GetBoolean("allowAll"),
Allowed = allowed == null ? new string[0] : allowed.Select(x => (string)x).ToArray(),
Styles = obj.GetObject("styles", GridDictionary.Parse),
Config = obj.GetObject("config", GridDictionary.Parse)
};
// Parse the controls
area.Controls = obj.GetArray("controls", x => GridControl.Parse(area, x)) ?? new GridControl[0];
// Update "PreviousArea" and "NextArea" properties
for (int i = 1; i < area.Controls.Length; i++) {
area.Controls[i - 1].NextControl = area.Controls[i];
area.Controls[i].PreviousControl = area.Controls[i - 1];
}
// Return the row
return area;
}
#endregion
}
} | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
Prague – Barbora Strycova will launch the Czech Republic's Fed Cup victory bid on Saturday when she faces American Sofia Kenin in the opening match on Saturday.
Strycova, the 33rd-ranked Czech No 2, will hope to put the first point on the board when she faces 19-year-old Kenin, who is still in search of her maiden WTA singles title, on the hardcourt of Prague's O2 Arena at 13:00 GMT on Saturday.
Katerina Siniakova, the world No 31, will then face 63rd-ranked Alison Riske in Saturday's second rubber.
Siniakova has replaced seventh-ranked Kvitova as the Czech No 1 after the two-time Wimbledon champion pulled out of Saturday's singles with a bad cold.
The United States beat Belarus in Minsk in last year's final after seeing off the Czechs in the semi-final. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Located in scenic St. Catherine`s on Salmonier Line is this stunning single family home. Sitting on a 100x200 lot and just a stones throw walk to one of the Avalon`s best Salmon River is this 1080 square foot bungalow. This is an outdoors mans delight with access to the salmon river, ski-doo trails, golfing and hunting! This home is located on a school bus route and within an hour of St. John`s and 45 minutes to Placentia. This property comes fully furnished including all appliances. It also boasts a mini-split which allows for A/C as well in the summer and also has a water purifier. Spacious open concept living area and kitchen make for a great entertainment area or head out to the private rear yard and enjoy an evening on your extra large deck or just sit around the fire and relax. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
MX Data Exchange
Data Services/MX Data Exchange
Secure Data Exchange for Engineers
At Majenta, we understand that secure data exchange is integral for all engineers, whether it's internal file sharing or whether you're sending and receiving data to and from suppliers and OEMs. Take ownership of your data exchange with Host company branding, giving a professional look-and-feel for all users.
MX Data Exchange: Secure by Design
MX enables collaboration with messaging and bi-directional exchange of big data between your organisation, your suppliers, and your colleagues which allows users to send and receive unlimited data between each other. Start managing your users within organisations and groups that suit your business logic.
Create distribution networks for easy file sharing
Send files faster
Unlimited data exchange
Review, collaborate and make decisions
Integrate mulitple users as well as multiple businesses
Send any file or folder
Our MX solution is trusted by numerous OEMs and Suppliers, read about how MX has helped Lotus, Prodrive and more in our success stories.
Prodrive choose MX as their trusted data exchange partner
Prodrive is a world leading motorsport and technology business. Best known for motorsport, today it is just one part of an organisation, which has diversifed to become a technology business working in a range of sectors with operations in Banbury and Milton Keynes in the UK and employing more than 500 staff.
"Prodrive had good prior experience of MX via Aston Martin but also high expectations if they were to take it on for their own use. By working closely over the period of their detailed benchmark, we were able to quickly and efficiently show that MX was able to address any concerns raised by their existing toolset, as well as demonstrating other key user benefits of MX for secure data exchange, automatic notification and one-click reporting."
"We found the team be unfailingly helpful. They provided direct and timely advice, a consistently excellent service and we know that we can rely on them completely."
Ian Blundell
Eaton FCD
"We found MX and MX+ to be extremely reliable and cost-effective, the applications both suited our business well. We've had very positive feedback from all of our users."
Engineering & Programme Director
"The Data Services team have extensive contacts and deep technical knowledge. We would never have been able to match their level of expertise." | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
HOUR OF PENANCE: NEW ALBUM OUT ON AGONIA RECORDS
HOUR OF PENANCE just revealed the details of their new album: "MISOTHEISM", out on AGONIA RECORDS on October the 25th 2019!
The band's official statement:
We're pleased to announce the details surrounding our eighth studio album titled "Misotheism". It's release date is set for October 25th via Agonia Records with pre-orders available at:
http://agoniarecords.com/hourofpenance
"Misotheism" is a pitch-black and delightfully brutal death metal soundtrack to a collapsing universe. It pushed Hour of Penance to a new level of creativity and we're confident that you will enjoy the new album as much as we do.
Like we did with our past records, we've started working on this one with the same passion and focus as we were about to record our very first album. We've never took anything for granted, not only by keeping in mind the standards our fans are expecting, but also pushing ourselves to try perfecting our sound.
The album was worked on in three different locations and handled by three different sound engineers: Bloom Recording Studios (drums), Kick Recording Studio (guitars, bass and vocals) and finally Hertz Studio (Behemoth, Vader, Decapitated), where it was mixed and mastered. Working with the Wiesławscy brothers was like putting the icing on the cake and thanks to their mastery we managed to achieve the perfect sound without making any compromises.
"Misotheism" cover was handled once again by Hjules Illustration and Design, who perfectly captured the overall feel of the album.
New single is coming soon!
Mass Crucifixion Of Kings
Blight And Conquer
Fallen From Ivory Towers
The Second Babel
Lamb Of The Seven Sins
Flames Of Merciless Gods
Sovereign Nation
Iudex
Occult Den Of Snakes
Limited edition bonus tracks:
Slavery In A Deaf Decay
Hierarchy Of The Fools
https://district-19.com/2018/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/hop.jpg 225 300 laura https://district-19.com/2018/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/District-19-logo-1.png laura2019-07-30 13:30:062019-07-30 13:30:06HOUR OF PENANCE: NEW ALBUM OUT ON AGONIA RECORDS
WHISKEY RITUAL signs with District 19! VOID DANCERS MMXIX: complete routing and latest news | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Sweet Dirt Farm is a small family farm, tucked away in the foothills of the Southern Cascades. We grow a wide variety of mixed vegetables on half of an acre in the rich Cowlitz River valley, in the town of Packwood, WA. We sell at the Packwood Farmers Market, located at 105 Main St. E, Saturdays 9am-1pm, mid-June to early-October.
"Finding Enterprise for Equity and being involved in their Agripreneur Program last winter was essential to surviving my first year as a commercial grower, and has set me up for many more years of success. I am incredibly grateful to have had the opportunity to learn from such professionals and to have been welcomed into such a wonderful community of farmers and entrepreneurs. Thank you!" – Gretchen Fritsch, founder of Sweet Dirt Farm and graduate of E4E. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Video: Southern California Teacher Arrested After Punching Student In Class
Filed Under:Child Abuse, Los Angeles
MAYWOOD (CBSLA) — A Maywood teacher charged with child abuse following a fight with a student Friday was released early this morning.
The L.A. County Sheriff's Dept. says it's investigating 64-year old music teacher Marston Riley following a brawl at Maywood Academy High School that was caught on camera.
Video taken inside the classroom shows a teacher decking a student before the two exchange blows.
Students and an adult can be seen trying to separate the teacher and the kid — but the teacher was relentless.
Witnesses say the fight began when the teacher told the student he was not wearing the proper school uniform. The student came back with a tirade of racist profanity recorded on video but not suitable for air.
CBS2/KCAL9 obtained another video from a parent depicting an altercation a little over a year ago appearing to show the same teacher involved in a fist fight with a different student.
L.A. Unified School District issued the following statement regarding Friday's incident: "We are extremely disturbed by the reports of the events that occurred at Maywood Academy High School. We take this matter very seriously and do not condone violence or intolerance of any kind. Los Angeles Unified is cooperating with law enforcement in investigating this incident. Crisis counselors and additional school police patrols will be at the school on Monday to support our students and staff."
Riley was arrested and booked for child abuse Friday. Today, the sheriff's dept. said he was released from jail after posting bail.
The 14-year old student was taken to a hospital and treated for moderate injuries and before he was released. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Time takes a holiday in a faux fur jacket of Abutilon beauty. Yesterday, today and tomorrow merge into Always as she promenades through the Garden of the Exquisite. More than fashion conscious, she is a model of conscious fashion as she moves with care and grace and style — always the look and feel of timeless love.
Wear it with or without a belt, style it with a pair of jeans or glamorise it with evening wear. Free your imagination with this timeless piece. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
I am still keeping very busy working on getting the new website ready. We have hit a few snags with some modules we installed that have bad code or something. It's rather frustrating waiting for the devs to get them fixed and hopefully it will be worth the wait. In the mean time I am putting some other finishing touches together.
I have the copy mostly squared away and the structure in place for information pages and product and categories. I am currently working on adding the new products and layout. Then we are starting to work on the rather large task of re-taking all new pictures.
For years I have been using rather primitive methods to get good product pictures with indirect ambient lighting and a neutral background. It is actually my front porch, LOL! While that does work okay, it is tricky and has many limitations. For one thing the weather obviously plays a limiting factor. For another the time of day effects the lighting so that you can only work for about 4-5 hours in the late morning to early afternoon. Taking pictures in the winter is even worse.
So, I decided we were long overdue for some better equipment. I bought a light box, a small tripod, and some photography lights. We can set these up in the dining room and work for as long as we need to in a climate controlled environment. Yay! I feel confident that this is going to make a worthwhile difference in both the quality of the pictures and the comfort and convenience of he photographers (meaning Meredith and myself).
The title of this post mentions designing and part of that is my website, but that is not the only design work going on. If you remember a couple posts back I mentioned a project I had in mind which I even did a swatch for. Remember this?
Well for get that one. It is history. LOL! I ran into a snag with it and abandoned it completely. But the good news is that I think what I replaced it with is even better.
This is the beginning of an infinity scarf/cowl.
I am much happier with this design and will see where it takes me. I am thinking I will do a hat to go with it.
Okay I need to get back to work for now. Bye for now! | {
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The second annual SXSW Eco conference was a success as the conference saw an influx of attendees gather in Austin, Texas this year to listen experts on a variety of sustainability topics ranging from renewable energy, water conservation and corporate sustainability initiatives. The US Department of Energy even organized a "Hackathon" which challenged developers to create a technical app to help users make smarter energy decisions in their everyday life. Green Mountain was right at home knowing a common theme at SXSW Eco was about changing the way we think about energy and the environment.
As a proud sponsor for the second straight year, we also worked with SXSW Eco to make the event carbon-neutral by providing carbon offsets for attendees' travel and retiring renewable energy certificates (RECs) to offset electricity used to power the event's AT&T Conference Center.
To further "energize" the conference, our "Win Wind" Scavenger Hunt gave attendees the chance to green their footprint even further. Wind turbines hidden around conference areas were redeemed for green prizes including badges to next year's SXSW Eco conference, wind energy for the home, carbon offsets for car travel and the opportunity to plant 10 trees for reforestation projects through our good friends at Treecycler.
We want to thank all attendees that shared the #WinWind hashtag and participated in the scavenger hunt! We hope you had as much fun finding the miniature wind turbines as we did hiding them. Congratulations to the lucky #WinWind winners and to all who made the conference a great eco-fabulous success! | {
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The Main Street United Methodist Church mobile app is now available on Google Play.
Simplify your access the weekly announcements, order of worship, calendar of events for Main Street United Methodist Church in Nashua, NH. Use our app to make your weekly offering or access our online news blog. | {
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Sisrietta Jones (1869-1933)
"The flowers absorb the sunshine because it is their nature. I give out melody because God filled my soul with it."
– Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones.
Sisieretta Jones, one of the most influential black vocalists of the 1800s, toured through Germany and Europe achieving great fame and challenging racial stereotypes with her "angelic" singing voice. Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones was born on January 5, 1869 in Portsmouth, Virginia, where her father was a minister, and her mother a singer in the church choir.
Jones began singing at an early age at her father's Pond Street Baptist Church. Despite her early marriage at age 14, she began formal music training at the Providence Academy of Music and, at age 18, she began attending the New England Conservatory in Boston, where she studied with Flora Batson, the lead singer of the Bergen Star Company. Throughout her education, Jones performed locally, and over the following decade, her fame brought her to various locations across the world. She held three performances at the White House for three different presidents and toured across South America and Europe, gaining recognition from global leaders for the uniqueness in her voice. A famous image of her shows her wearing the large collection of medals from these international admirers that she often wore during her performances.
Jones's European career included a nine-month tour across the continent and featured special performances for such royalty as the Prince of Wales and the Emperor of Germany, Wilhelm II, who presented her with a diamond cross in appreciation for her voice.
Jones was the first black performer to appear at Carnegie Concert Hall, one of her most famous performances and important legacies. While she was one of the best paid black performers in her day, her success was clouded by the racial discrimination she faced throughout her musical career, as when she was denied lead roles due to her skin color.
In 1896, frustrated with being the constant target of racial discrimination, Jones brought some 40 black singers, comedians, acrobats, and performers together to create the Black Patti Troubadours. This famous group often performed blackface minstrel and "coon" songs at the beginning of their shows, followed by Jones and her renowned genre of opera singing. The group toured around the world for almost twenty years before disbanding in 1914.
– Danielle Barnette (University of Missouri) | {
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Welcome to the BSily Socks website. My name is Lily, and my partner, Sam, (Get it? Sam+Lily = Sily) and I wanted to create a space for all of you who live by the cliché phrase, "Life is too short to wear matching socks". We believe we have developed creative yet, stylish odd sock designs that you can incorporate in your everyday life. Whether you are in a funky, bold mood, or your are feeling a more classical look, BSily provides you with a variety of styles that allow you to be your true, authentic, self.
Our mission is exactly that, to allow people to express themselves in their own silly kind of way.
So, join the #SillyPeople community by following our social media platforms and share your love and happiness for BSily socks with us. | {
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Early intervention to ensure brokers are compliant with ASIC guidelines is integral, no matter the size of the brokerage. This week on Broker TV, we catch up with Daryl Hill from La Trobe Finance who maintains one thing is for certain – regulation is here to stay!
Stephanie Zillman: Early intervention to ensure brokers are compliant with ASIC guidelines is integral, no matter the size of the brokerage. Darryl Hill from La Trobe Financial says one thing is for certain, regulation is here to stay.
Darryl Hill: From La Trobe Financial's perspective I think look, really brokers need to embrace a greater degree of compliance and regulation. It's not going to go away, the earlier that that can be embraced and say, look let's work with it for the betterment of the industry and also the consumer. That's really one of the key components.
Stephanie Zillman: Hill adds that brokers can't afford not to invest in compliance education, both for themselves and other key stakeholders.
Darryl Hill: Remember that brokers might be a single operation, it might be a small company or it might be a larger company, but at the end of the day they are working with the consumer, putting them into a better product or their first mortgage product. They need to have a complete understanding, they need to have that compliance that regulatory regime in place because it won't go away, it will only become more compliant, have an understanding of that, everyone benefits from the broker, the consumer and also the lender that's writing the loan at the end of the day.
Stephanie Zillman: So what's the return on investment for brokers looking to make their compliance processes totally transparent? Hill asserts that doing so instils confidence in clients and that sense of trust is priceless.
Darryl Hill: Look it's a good question and I think it's simply comes down to, it simply comes down to confidence, it gives the customer, the consumer confidence that everything is fully disclosed to the consumer and everything is in or should be in their best interest to move forward. And we say look, look over the years we have seen although banks have tended to turn this around with branches that were previously closing, perhaps having a more greater presence on the street and look that's terrific. But the mortgage broker channel as an alternative will be increasingly relevant within the industry today and maintaining that consumer confidence will really be a key factor in growth in the mortgage industry.
Stephanie Zillman: This is Stephane Zillman reporting for Australian Broker TV. | {
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HomeMobile Network OperatorsCelcom Axiata
SafeMate by Celcom comes with GPS Tracking & Emergency Response Sidekick
Celcom Axiata Berhad introduces SafeMate, a personal security device that enables users to request emergency assistance anywhere and anytime.
Claims to be the first of its kind in Malaysia, SafeMate users can get emergency aid with just one click on their smart devices and alert first responders to their location for immediate assistance, even when their phone is locked. Paired with 'React Mobile Safety App', users can install the app on their mobile phones (iOS and Android) and remain connected to SafeMate at all times via Bluetooth (up too 100ft).
When activated, the device will trigger a distress signal to a 24/7 emergency call centre, followed with a user verification regarding the emergency situation. Should there be no user response, the 24/7 emergency call centre will then notify the user's registered emergency contacts. Local authorities, such as the police, will be contacted if there is no response after contacting the emergency contacts.
SafeMate by Celcom is also equipped with a real-time GPS tracking feature that enables selected family members or friends to locate users and allows them to receive immediate notifications at any time of emergency.
For a limited time only, all Celcom postpaid consumers can register for SafeMate by Celcom with an upfront payment of RM240 and enjoy an early bird offer of RM9.80/month for 12 months (contract), including a one-year warranty on the device.
Azwan Khan Osman Khan, Deputy Chief Executive Officer, Business Operations of Celcom Axiata Berhad, said SafeMate is another digital innovation and service by Celcom which will enhance the lives of our consumers in terms of their personal safety and wellbeing.
"We are excited to offer an affordable security solution for people from all walks of life, and emphasise on the fast response for individuals in distress, such as the elderly, women and children who have special needs or medical risks. Faster response from first responders would increase the chances of saving lives during emergency situations and strengthen preventive measures against crimes," he said.
SafeMate by Celcom is now available at all Celcom BlueCube stores nationwide.
For more information on SafeMate by Celcom, please visit the Celcom website.
Grab launches GrabPay mobile cashless wallet in Malaysia
edotco Malaysia enters into 7-year mobile infra deal with Sunway Digital Wave | {
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This Study Guide consists of approximately 26 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of The Story of Edgar Sawtelle.
Henry decides that he will take Edgar to Starchild Colony. When they arrive at Lake Superior, a bad storm hits, which forces Edgar and Henry to take cover before continuing on. Edgar decides instead to return home, and he gives Tinder to Henry to care for. Baboo decides to stay, but Essay continues on with Edgar.
Nearing Canada -and as if to cement the idea that Edgar has gone as far as fate is allowing him to go- a waterspout and storm appear like a physical reminder that there is a storm behind him. Edgar decides then to return home to confront Claude because injustice is still heavy in the air.
More summaries and resources for teaching or studying The Story of Edgar Sawtelle: A Novel.
The Story of Edgar Sawtelle: A Novel from BookRags. (c)2019 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved. | {
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United States Meteorite Impact Craters
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Facebook Group:
Crater Identification
Avak, Alaska
Barringer, Arizona
Beaverhead, Montana
Chesapeake Bay, Virginia
Cloud Creek, Wyoming
Crooked Creek, Missouri
Decaturville, Missouri
Decorah, Iowa
Flynn Creek, Tennessee
Glasford, Illinois
Glover Bluff, Wisconsin
Haviland, Kansas
Kentland, Indiana
Manson, Iowa
Marquez, Texas
Middlesboro, Kentucky
Newporte, North Dakota
Red Wing, North Dakota
Rock Elm, Wisconsin
Serpent Mound, Ohio
Sierra Madera, Texas
Upheaval Dome, Utah
Weaubleau, Missouri
Wells Creek, Tennessee
Wetumpka, Alabama
Possible Impacts
User-submitted Possibles
impact crater science in the United States - introduction
This steadily expanding website presents a list of known and possible impact crater location within the United States, as well as a few pages that are intended to provide a basic introduction to impact crater science and to the methods and techniques behind the identification of terrestrial impact craters. The website is written and curated as a research resource by Robert Beauford, Ph.D., with the much appreciated assistance of reviews and comments from users. (send comments to: [email protected]).
What has been included and why
The craters listed here largely conform to those listed for the USA in the Planetary and Space Science Centre Earth Impact Database (PASSC database), maintained and hosted by the University of New Brunswick, Canada. A link to the PASSC database can be found at the bottom of this page.
Decisions regarding which craters to include and exclude among confirmed impacts listed on this website are based on published literature, which I have tried to consistently and specifically cite. In each case, I have looked for clearly and appropriately published examples of the most widely recognized and least ambiguous categories of evidence for impact origin, meaning (1) shatter cones, (2) grain scale evidence of shock pressures associated with impact, such planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz or related features in zircon, (3) high pressure mineral polymorphs that are nearly unique to impact craters, such as the dense quartz polymorphs, coesite and stishovite, or the high pressure polymorphs of zircon or rutile, reidite and TiO2 II, respectively, or (4) the unambiguous presence of meteorite fragments or of impactor components in associated glass or target rock. Out of these various forms of evidence, shatter cones, PDFs, and traces of the impacting meteorite account for the evidence that has confirmed the vast majority of currently recognized impact craters in the USA.
At last check (edit: Nov., 2018), the overall list of impact structures and craters included here deviates from the PASSC Earth Impact Database in only 3 ways, as follows: Alamo and Weaubleau are listed in this website as confirmed craters (see individual pages for published impact evidence upon which I based the decisions and for additional references), and Calvin, Michigan, is listed here as an unconfirmed impact crater, as I have been unable to locate any published or unpublished description of any generally recognized evidence indicating an impact origin. Decorah has also been recently added here based on the 2018 publication of impact evidence (see the associated website page for article). The Alamo and Weaubleau sites clearly show impact evidence, but like Beaverhead or Santa Fe, lack unanimously recognized crater boundaries. The strength of evidence varies, and these choices of inclusion and exclusion simply represent a current 'best effort' on my part, and should be considered critically, based on the evidence presented in the relevant scientific literature. I invite and welcome qualified comments and criticisms.
Why Studying Impact Craters Matters
According to the PASSC database, there are currently (2018) only 190 known and confirmed meteorite impact craters on the planet earth. Only 30 well evidentiated meteorite imact craters are located in the United States of America. These 30 locations, and the remainder of their terrestrial counterparts, offer a unique opportunity to understand both how our own planet was formed and the environments we hope to someday explore and inhabit on other planetary and asteroidal surfaces.
So, what specifically motivates impact crater science?
the potential for impacts to serve as analogs for other planetary surfaces
understanding the nature and scale of impact risk, and mitigating such risk
understanding the formation process of our planet and solar system - which is, fundamentally, a long series of accumulating impacts at varying scales
quantifying past and present energy flux in planetary environments
the importance of impact craters and cratering processes in forming or controlling the location of recoverable resources, both on earth and off-planet
Each of these points is explained in somewhat greater detail below.
Analogs for understanding other planetary surfaces
Impact craters tell us about the surfaces of other planetary bodies in the solar system as well as about the history of our own planet.
Impact cratering is, debatably, the single most widespread and important geological process in our solar system. Every large mass in the solar system accumulated by impacts. Today, impactites may define the lithology and petrology of more exposed solid surfaces in the solar system than any other single process, possibly including volcanism. More importantly, impact crater morphology and impactite lithologies make up the materials on the surface of virtually every planetary and sub-planetary body in the solar system upon which we are likely to ever walk.
Planets with atmospheres are buffered from impacts, but present their own challenges. Venus is a boiling hell of hot, acidic gas, and Titan presents a reactive and frigid, thermally conductive environment that makes earth's moon look like a paradise beach. We will never walk the 'surface' of the gas giants, for reasons beyond enumeration. The hard, cold, airless, and accessible surfaces within this solar system - the surfaces upon which we will some day search for resources or perhaps even build colonies - are overwhelmingly characterized, petrologically, lithologically, and morphologically, by impact cratering. Excepting some relatively intact volcanic surfaces on Mars, this is true for essentially every rocky or icy body, from the smallest asteroids to the earth and moon's planetary neighbors. The gas and fluid processes on these bodies and within their surfaces are taking place in the context of rocks that are fractured, metamorphosed, and emplaced largely by impacts.
In short, there are currently only 190 locations on earth's surface that offer, in any meaningful sense, an analog to the primary geological context of our future off-planet exploration, resource extraction, and colonization. This means more than just the shape of the surface of the land. Impact craters are 3-dimensional objects. On surfaces that preserve the impacts of the Late Heavy Bomdardment, meaning Mars, the moon, Vesta and other large to mid-sized asteroids, most of the solar systems large rocky moons, Mercury, and so on (essentially everywhere we can actually go), the upper crustal surface is composed of a megaregolith. This is a shattered zone of rock extending many kilometers below the surface (about 10-11 km on Mars or the moon).
Impact induced faulting and brecciation defines the shape of this zone. The scale of prior impacts, combined with the body's gravity, define its depth, its porosity and, along with impact heating, governs the possible distribution of fluids, mineralized zones, or ices within it. Above this is a zone of finer megabreccia composed of large blocks of shattered rock mixed with impact melt and the churned remnants of the impacted upper surface. This is overlain by a surficial regolith, the rough equivalent of our soil (though sterile), composed of the proximal and distal ejecta (shattered material flung from impacts) of more recent impact events. These are not unique layers. Each blends into the next. Planetary weathering and lava flows, even very large ones, are often merely thin veneers built upon this sequence.
Earth is not like this. Our surface is young, and is constantly recycled due to active plate tectonic processes that are nearly unique in the solar system, though some of the icy bodies undergo analogous resurfacing processes. As a result, our granitic and granodioritic continents, our deep sediment filled basins, our alluvial valleys and erosional surfaces, and our intensely biological soils can tell us very little about what we will find both on and below the surface of other bodies in the solar system. For that, we must look at our relatiely few intact craters.
Understanding and mitigating ongoing asteroid impact risk
The solar sytem is not a neat and clean place. There are literally billions (French, 1998) of large objects whirling around the sun. Some of these share common or similar orbits with earth or the other inner planets. Many others lie in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. A vastly larger number form the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud at the outer edges of the solar system. To say that the earth has been heavily impacted in its history is a profound understatement. The planet is, in fact, an accumulation of 6 trillion-trillion kilos of material, all of which accreted through impacts at one scale or another.
What this implies for the future can be a bit scary. Small impacts are constant. Impacts large enough to create small (<100 meter) craters seem to occur at least once a century, and possibly more frequently. Impacts capable of destroying a large city are about as common as extreme (but not the most extreme!) volcanic events. Regionally destructive impacts, capable of permanently altering the destiny of any small nation in which they occur, appear to happen at an interval between less than 50,000 and a million years, meaning that several have occured in the time since humanity began its climb from incoherent australopithecines, just a few million years ago, to become the sublime creators of daytime. And the 'big ones' - planet killing, civilization ending impacts approaching or exceeding the scale of the KT (or K-Pg) boundary impactor that killed off the dinosaurs - occur about once every hundred million years, while their smaller, but still globally significant, companions traipse in at intervals measured in the tens of millions of years or less. In other words, impacts capable of utterly and irrevocably ending 'life as we know it,' permanently altering the future course of humanity, or altering the destinies of nations, have occured 1000s of times since life appeared, well over 3 billion years ago. Understanding the nature and scope of this threat is an effort worth making, expecially considering that the exploration that is involved offers its own shorter-term rewards.
[understanding the formation process of our planet and solar system - section]
[quantifying past and present energy flux in planetary environments - section]
Resource recovery on Earth and in space
The world's impact structures have played repeated and important roles in geophysical exploration for oil, gas, coal, rare earth elements, copper, nickel, barium, zinc, iron, silver, gold, platinum, and water. Resource producing impacts include the Sudbury structure, which is one of the planet's leading current sources of nickel and copper!
The materials from which planets and asteroids are composed start out thoroughly mixed. Ores and 'resource' mineral deposits are natural concentrations of useful atoms. Even on earth, finding these natural concentrations is hard. Because they produce prolonged localized heating and provide both conduits and energy to drive long-term hydrothermal systems, Earth's impact craters have produced some of the planet's most productive ore bodies and other resource concentrations. To exist in space, on any significant scale, humanity is going to find it necessary to find, recover and refine resources on other planets and among the solar system's smaller bodies. Impact melting and impact heat driven aqueous fluid systems are the solar system's most likely concentrators of off-planet useable resources.
Impacts have been a fundamental geological process throughout the planet's history. As such, they teach us a significant amount about the interior and history of our planet.
Modern geophysical exploration does not stop at the surface of the planet earth. Without the corollary field of meteoritics and impact science, we would have nothing against which to normalize data, no conception of the deep interior of the planet, no understanding of the planets ancient or modern internal heat budget, and no real conception of geochemical differentiation at a planetary scale.
The largest-scale and most broadly applied refining and concentration process in the solar system is (or was) the process of planetary differentiation. Every large object in the solar system, including very large asteroids, moons, and planets, has undergone a process of melting and sorting at a large scale that is termed planetary differentiation. Oversimplified and stated in brief, differentiation is the process during which large objects in the early solar system melted and seperated into dense, iron rich cores, heavy silicate mantles, and more-or-less light silicate crusts. This happened because the early solar system was rich in short lived radioactive isotopes of aluminum and iron. These are essentially all gone now. The decay of these radionuclides produced heat. Large bodies do not shed heat as effectively as small bodies, so they heated up to the temperatures necessary to melt. When they melted, the iron, along with various atoms that associate with iron, largely sank to the center. Heavy iron and magnesium rich silicates floated on top of this iron, and light feldspars, aluminum, calcium, and sodium rich silicates, floated at the planetary surface.
This is why the earth has a dense iron core and is composed of progressively lighter materials as one works outward. In materials from space, we see the results of differentiation in the form of iron-nickel meteorites, the cores of shattered, differentiated planetesimals from the early solar system. Obviously, planetary differentiation concentrates some materials, such as iron, to a useful extent, but it fails to concentrate many other elements to a level we would think of as recoverable ore. For that, we need impacts, water, prolonged regional volcanism, or plate tectonics. (I'll again apologize for the oversimplification, but encourage the reader to search the subject further if interested. There are lifetimes worth of fascinating work to be done in understanding the mechanisms, physical means, and subtle results of planetary scale differentiation.)
Sorting within the solar nebula and accretionary disk, the earliest stages in the formation of our solar system, is in some ways similar to planetary differentiation, and I'll explain it in greater detail at some point. For now - It is, more or less, the process by which heavy materials wound up near the center of the solar system and light ones wound up far from the sun, around and beyond the outer planets. Though a great deal of mixing has occured since then, we still see dense, metal rich meteorites such as enstatite chondrites differing greatly from the carbon-rich or icy concentrations found in material that accumulated farther from the sun.
These two large scale and pervasive solar system processes, differentiation and sorting within the nebula, are great at concentrating some things, such as ice and iron, but very inefficient at sorting at a more subtle level. It requires tremendous energy and through-put of ore to recover poorly concentrated materials from raw materials.
On Earth, there are two geological processes that are lacking in space, and that produce the majority of our recoverable mineral resources. These are tectonic activity, with its associated volcanism and repeated recycling and refinement of crustal rock, and the action of water, which concentrates metals and other ions by several means, including leaching and precipitation, or dissolution and recrystallization, weathering, or errosional sorting. Without these largely water-related processes, we would not have the majority of earth's utilizeable metal resources, and virtually none of its lighter element resources available in recoverable abundances.
The preceeding is a lot of background to understand a few simple facts about the role of impact craters in the otherwise innert, fossil surfaces of nearly every large inner solar system body other than earth. Large impacts provide energy for sorting resources. Large impact craters (1) form slow-cooling sheet melts within crustal rocks, (2) excavate and uplift deep rocks that contain potentially useful resources not readily available on planetary outer surfaces, and most importantly, (3) leave tremendously long lived hydrothermal systems opperating along their perimeters and around their central uplifts. Recoverable resources, ranging from sulfides and carbonates to salt and metals, in the inner solar system, are likely to be found at impact associated faults or where excavated large impact craters.
Recommended Initial Reading:
Anyone wishing to develop an in depth undertanding of the scientific study of meteorite impact craters would do well to begin by reading Bevan French's book, 'Traces of Catastrophe,' and Osinski and Pierazzo's (editors) recent volume 'Impact Cratering Processes and Products'. Each of these provides an excellent overview of the subject of impact crater science, and just as important, each contains a substantial bibliography of more in-depth literature. They provide a solid, modern introduction to the scientific discipline.
Bevan French's book is available online for free and is inexpensive in print. It can be found as a downloadable PDF at: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/CB-954/CB-954.pdf Impact Cratering Processes and Products is worth the investment. It can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781118447307 or through Amazon, at http://www.amazon.com/Impact-Cratering-Processes-Products-Osinski/dp/140519829X
[page development notes below this line:
abbreviate the above, and move it to chapter 1 of impact crater identification; make this a dscription of the state of the science and move summary graphics of the US crater population to this page
US craters have provided several historical firsts: first description of shatter cones (at Kentland), first recognized simple craters, first recognition of complex impact structures and recognition for the mechanism of their formation, Boone and Albritton (along with Ries, in Germany), first recognition of coesite in nature at a simple crater, and at complex craters.
US crater research benefited from a surge of research on older impact scars on earth associated with an effort ot both prepare for and understand lunar surface exploration.
Describing the timing of the 'discovery' of impact craters is a difficult and imprecise process, as most impact craters have been recognized as geological disturbances long before their impact origin was recognized, and the recognition of some sites took decades of analysis and research, sometimes even awaited discoveries in other areas of science! Kentland, for instance was first described in (1883?), first proposed as an impact crater in 1936('37?), played a role in the recognition of the significance of coesite, shatter cones, petrographic grain-scale indicators of impact origin, and of complex craters as a class of geological structures, between the 1930s and 1960s, and was still doubted by some researchers in the 1980s! Nevertheless, we a can build a timeline of sorts. Catalogs of Boon and Albritton 1937, Dietz at various years.
mention north American tektite strewn field and KT and other impactite horizons
The impactcraters.us website is continually changing and growing for several reasons. This resource is intended as a research tool and up to date compendium of information on impact craters located within the United States. The aim of this project is to provide a current catalog of known impact craters for the United States region that is as accurate as possible, based on diagnostic evidence of hypervelocity impact published in scientific literature. It is hoped that this may support global projects in the same vein, such as the (PASSC database and Meteoritical Bulletin database). The intended scope of the project is large - to provide and accurate catalog with basic metrics, a literature review, and a complete annotated bibliography for each site, with a visitor's guide and field-trip introduction to each of the ones that is exposed (not buried). This means that the project includes ovber 150 years of research on nearly 30 sites, with extensive travel and the necessity of reading and reviewing many thousands of pages of text. Though the effort remains incomplete and imperfect, it is hoped that it will have utility to researchers and educators, and that it may be engaging for students and the general public. Because of both the scope of the project and the fact that it is intended to provide ongoing and expanding utility, rather than a momentary snapshot of the field, that it will remain a 'work in progress' for an indefinite time.
This website resource is divided into TWO parts: A Guidebook to the Meteorite Impact Craters and Structures of the United States, an ongoing review and guide to the geological literature surrounding those reasonably well supported impact craters that are best supported by evidence within the U.S., and a second book Introduction to Impact Craters and Their Identification, intended to provide an introduction to the history and current research behind the recognition of impact craters as geological structures.
The guidebook chapters for each impact craters may be accessed using the links on the left-hand side of the website pages.
Tangential to the project is a list of possible impact structures that have been described in the literature or reported by site visitors. These can be found [here - possibles] and [here - user submissions].
end page development notes]
This site will remain, for the foreseeable future, perpetually under construction. impactcraters.us is a project that I work on for the simple enjoyment of it and to facilitate others work. I hope that the site is both useful and engaging for the reader. Except where referenced from peer-reviewed work in the formal literature, the content of the site has not been subjected to peer review and may contain substantial inaccuracies. If you observe any, point them out! The site should be expected to change (and hopefully improve) from week to week.
Links to some good general reading and resources:
PASSC EARTH IMPACT DATABASE
DAVID RAJMON'S IMPACT DATABASE
TRACES OF CATASTROPHE
IMPACT FIELD STUDIES GROUP
NASA NEAR EARTH OBJECT PROGRAM
MELOSH AND BEYER - CRATER COMPUTER
MARCUS, MELOSH, COLLINS - DESTRUCTION COMPUTER
KRING - GEOLOGY OF BARRINGER CRATER
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 United States Meteorite Impact Craters. All rights reserved. | {
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This set of seven books combines the contents of biography, collected works, experiences of...... As a young boy in quest of self-realisation Ramana Maharshi arrived in Tiruvannamalai (Tamil Nadu) and lived on or near the sacred hill – Arunachala, for a contiunous period of 54 years, till he left the body.
5/12/2016 · Home » Books » Spirituality » The Collected Works of Sri Ramana Maharshi Self-enquiry is the first work the Maharshi ever wrote. It was written about 1901, that is, when he was a young man of about twenty-two. daily conversation sentences in english pdf The Collected Works of Ramana Maharshi Edited by Arthur Osborne Part One: Original Works. 5. The Essence of Instruction (Upadesa Saram) There is a legend that a group of rishis once lived in the Daruka forest together, practising rites by which they acquired supernatural powers.
The Collected Works of Ramana Maharshi Edited by Arthur Osborne. A collection of English translations of all Sri Ramana Maharshi's Tamil works, including both his original compositions and others which he translated from different languages. | {
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PaxLair is a Statehood of several cities: PaxLair City, Dragons Watch, and PaxOku. PaxLair started as one of the first player towns on Felucca, Chesapeake created by the guild The Band (TB). PaxLair is no longer a single town and the original town was renamed to "PaxLair City". PaxLair is open to all where many citizen-guilds and citizens have a variety of interests to include PvP combat, commercial ventures, adventure PvM, events, housing, government service, community development and interaction, diplomacy, news reporting, and quests. | {
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Capital Manchester
Clarity Zedd Feat. Foxes Download 'Clarity' on iTunes
Two Stabbed In Swinton
Two people suffered stab wounds at a party in Swinton at the weekend.
It happened at a flat above the Mobilezone shop on Chorley Road in Swinton, just after midnight on Saturday 7 January.
Police were called following reports of a disturbance after a party, and discovered a 16-year-old boy and a 20-year-old man had suffered stab wounds.
The 16-year-old boys had wounds to his chest and cuts to his neck, back and chin and the 20-year-old man was treated in hospital for three stab wounds to his chest.
Detective Constable Neil Higginson, of Salford CID, said: "At this stage, it is unclear exactly what happened but what we do know is that this party ended in violence and two people suffered stab wounds.
"The injuries are not believed to be life-threatening but anytime a knife is used to attack someone it has the potential to seriously injure or even kill so we need to establish exactly what happened that night and bring the offenders to justice.
"I want to appeal to anyone who might have been at that party and witnessed what happened to call us." | {
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Christmas Trees For Sale Published by admin at March 2, 2018 at 8:34 am.There is 21 images on the post of Christmas Trees For Sale. To find Beautiful Christmas Tree Decoration Ideas on Christmas Tree category. See more Marvelous Decoration christmas trees for sale Christmas Trees For Sale Stock Photos Christmas Trees For Sale on Christmas Tree Topics.
Here we have 21 beautiful design ideas of Christmas Trees For Sale. We hope you enjoyed it and if you would like to see the high images resolution, simply click on the pictures and you will be redirected to extra large page Christmas Trees For Sale. Then you still have a great day for new fresh inspiration today. don't forget to tell / spread design ideas from our website to your friends, relatives or families near you so they also feel the same with you. | {
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My name is Mihai Tufă, I'm 26 years old, I was born in Vaslui, Romania and I lived in Harrogate, UK. On the 16th of February 2012 I started walking on The World Photo Tour. All the journey, a little under 60.000 miles (which is a little under 100.000 km) will probably take me seven to eight years to complete, but I'm not in a hurry.
In doing so I want to contribute with a little something back to this world, fundraising for three organizations: an international one – WaterAid, a Romanian one – Princess Margareta of Romania Trust and a British one – British Heart Foundation. If you would like to donate and contribute towards reaching my 100.000 pounds goal, you can do so by clicking the corresponding widget on the right sidebar. Your kind donation will reach the charity directly.
My route for The World Photo Tour started in Harrogate. At large, the road will take me South to London and then Dover, from where I will get on the continent in France and continue my route through Europe towards Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark. Back to Germany then, heading South-East towards Austria. The Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary will follow, after which I will enter Romania, my home country.
Hey man, you are so bravo and this is a magnificent idea, be strong and make it back to the UK in one piece.
I will drop some ££ in your account soon.
goog luck with your journey mate!
Projects: "People I didn't know" images are being uploaded regularly, stay tuned!
unrealistic planning, you'll never do it. | {
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