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Q: Domain Masking / Cloaking? I don't know whats the correct term for it, but what I'd like is to forward users visiting domain1.com to domain2.com without changing the url in their address bar at all, ie. show contents from domain2 but without showing domain2.com in the address bar.
So for example:
User visits: http://domain1.com/path/to/internal/link/
Should be redirected to: http://domain2.com/path/to/internal/link/
Additionally, all links (<a> tags) on domain2.com should be shown as domain1.com in the statusbar and addressbar.
It is possible without using iframes or other dirty hacks that might hurt SEO?
Many thanks!
A: Apache mod_proxy combined with mod_rewrite can do the domain cloaking you're looking for. However, links on pages are another story. If you're serving static content, I don't know of a way to modify those. If you're serving dynamic content, the application itself would have to modify hrefs to domain1 if it sees the connection coming from the domain1 web-server (which it would if you were using mod_proxy).
For SEO impacts, I recommend asking on http://webmasters.stackexchange.com, as they're better versed in the marketing of websites than we are.
A very crude and probably incorrect method of accomplishing the domain-cloaking would be something like this in the <VirtualHost> section of the Apache config
RedirectRule $/(.*) http://other.example.com/$1 [P]
Make sure that LoadModule mod_proxy.c is in the General section. You will definitely want to bullet-proof that, I don't have time right now to tell you how to do that.
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} |
When solving a math problem, the acronym PEMDAS is used to refer to the order of operations in a given problem. It stands for parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction. The solver must proceed in that specific order to get the correct result.
At the beginning of a math problem, mathematicians must first look at it to determine which operations are present. If there is a parenthetical equation in the problem, solve the equation in the parentheses. Parenthetical equations often contain the other five operations. Within the parentheses, begin with exponents, and move to the right.
After all parenthetical equations are solved, the next step is to calculate any of the exponents. An exponent is the superscript number — the number in smaller font set to the right and above a normal number.
Next, move on to multiplication and division. Although multiplication comes first in the acronym, multiplication and division are on an equal level. When moving left to right through the equation, do whichever comes first. This means that if division comes before multiplication, the division should be calculated first and then the multiplication.
Finally, calculate the addition and subtraction of the problem. Like multiplication and division, addition and subtraction are on an equal level. Whichever comes first should be solved first. This should yield the answer to the problem.
What Websites Allow You to Type in an Algebra Problem and Get an Answer? | {
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Innova Classic 2.0 is another selection of Innova control user interface.
The look is altered but the functions are all similar to the previous version of the classic user interface.
The Innova control unit set is with a user interface, power controller, temperature sensor, and cable connector. Innova Classic 2.0 can support power until 15kW. A Contactor Unit is needed if the power exceeds 15kW. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
EP review: Snow Palms – Everything Ascending
More of a single than an EP, but with its two tracks spanning over 16 mins it's still worth shouting out this effort from Snow Palms.
Title track Everything Ascending is a 10-minute epic that blends dance and electronica with orchestral and choral elements through a series of intertwined 'movements' that blend together seamlessly. You're carried along on a musical journey, with even the tempo sometimes reflecting the regular rattle of a high-speed train.
It's the kind of piece that deserves repeat listening just to take it all in, you'll have a different experience with it every time.
The b-side is an orchestral reworking of Circling, a track from an older album. Its minimalist use of strings is highly emotive and highly impressive, reminiscent of Philip Glass's Koyaanisqatsi at times. Expect to hear it on a trailer for something soon.
Standout track: Everything Ascending
djalbumbaxter EP Review, Music Review, New Release 1 Comment February 25, 2019 1 Minute
EP review: Nils Frahm – Encores 2
This is the second EP release from the German electronic-neoclassical maestro recorded during the sessions that resulted in last year's masterpiece All Melody.
While the first EP Encores 1 was a further exploration of Frahm's delicate piano work, Encores 2 takes a more ambient approach and to my mind is the far stronger of the two works.. It still struggles to reach the dizzying heights of the album that preceded it, but then again not much does. This 26-minute four-track EP, however is a fantastic addendum to All Melody and has some wonderful moments in which you get truly lost in the sonic landscape Frahm creates.
There are no weak moments on this piece, but the 12-minute epic that is Spells truly stands out as a work of art.
If you have enjoyed his work in the past, this will not be a disappointment.
Standout track: Spells
djalbumbaxter EP Review, Music Review, New Release 5 Comments January 26, 2019 February 18, 2019 1 Minute | {
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There are several different kinds of bankruptcy in North America, and many people get confused about which option is best. As an individual, you can either file for Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy. It is important to understand each option before deciding which type to use. The following is a guide on how to file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy.
Decide whether bankruptcy is the best choice for you. If you are in trouble financially, there are a number of things you can do to get yourself back on track. Bankruptcy should be considered your last resort. In general, people file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy as a way to stop a home foreclosure. Again, this should be your last resort, so try working with your creditors to find a different solution before resorting to bankruptcy.
Before filing, also consider that filing for bankruptcy completely destroys your credit score. In some cases, your score may be reduced by several hundred points. In addition, it will stay on your credit report for 10 years, and will greatly reduce your ability to get new credit or loans during this time.
It is generally a good idea to file for bankruptcy if your creditors are garnishing your wages, suing you, or trying to repossess your assets.
Determine if Chapter 13 is the right bankruptcy option. Chapter 13 is an alternative to Chapter 7 and is designed for people with a regular income who want to pay off their debts but need a certain amount of time to do so. In Chapter 13, debtors repay their creditors either in full or in part over a period of up to three years. In some cases they are allowed to repay their creditors over five years. Anyone can apply for Chapter 13 bankruptcy if their unsecured debts are less than $383,175, and their secured debts are less than $1,149,525. However, corporations, partnerships, and those who have had a bankruptcy petition dismissed in the past 180 days cannot file under chapter 13.
Chapter 13 also allows you to keep your assets. In contrast, a Chapter 7 filing may force you to sell your possessions (such as non-essential vehicles, boats, and expensive electronics).
If you are a farmer or a fisherman, you should file for Chapter 12 bankruptcy instead.
Understand what happens to your assets. Secured debt (debt that, if unpaid, will result in the repossession of an asset like a car or home) is treated differently in Chapter 13 than in Chapter 7. Your mortgage payments and payments on a new car (purchased less than 2.5 years ago) cannot be discharged, but your car loan can be modified down to a set rate of 5.25 percent. An older car, however, can be "crammed down," to its true value, freeing you of paying any interest on the loan (but you still have to pay back the car's value).
Unsecured debts, like credit card debt and medical bills, is paid back according to your ability to pay it. Essentially, all of your income that doesn't go towards essentials will be paid to your creditors during the repayment period.
Attorney's fees incurred during the trial are paid off during the repayment plan as well.
Know which loans are not discharged or modified. In a Chapter 13 filing, your primary resident mortgage loan cannot be reduced or discharged. Instead, mortgage payments will be increased to cover any missed payments as part of your repayment plan. In addition, tax debts owed to the government and domestic payments (child support and alimony) cannot be discharged. However, some tax debts may be spread out or modified, depending on your situation. Finally, Chapter 13 bankruptcy does not allow you to discharge your student loan debts. Under your repayment plan, you may get a break from paying student loan payments but your debt will not go down.
If you are trying to discharge your student loans through bankruptcy, your only option is file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Even then, you may have a hard time getting the court to discharge this debt.
Decide whether or not to retain legal counsel. Chapter 13 is extremely complex. That's why it's advisable to hire an attorney. A bankruptcy plan can pay some creditors as little as ten cents on the dollar, up to 100% of the claim. Your attorney can help design a plan as favorable to you as possible, based on your unique position.
"Pro-se" filings (those done without legal help) are rarely successful. For example, less than 2% of Chapter 13's filed without a lawyer in the State of Colorado in 2012 were confirmed.
If your case is dismissed rather than confirmed, a foreclosure sale is likely to ensue, and you could find yourself homeless. In addition, you will not be able to file again for 180 days, giving debts more time to accrue.
Filing without a lawyer will require you to spend time researching the law and representing yourself, which may be impossible time-wise for someone with regular employment.
Keep in mind too that your legal fees are spread out over your repayment period along with your other debts, which reduces the immediate cost to you.
Attend Credit Counseling. Before you can file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you must complete credit counseling. This must be done with a court-approved agency. Work through the counseling to obtain your credit counseling certificate. You will attach this certificate to your bankruptcy petition.
File a petition. You must file a petition with the bankruptcy court in your home district. Along with the petition, you must also file schedules of assets and liabilities, current income and expenditures, executory contracts, and unexpired leases. A schedule of exempt assets is also filed. You can download the required forms online at http://www.uscourts.gov/forms/bankruptcy-forms. You should work with your attorney to fill out the forms.
Filing requirements will differ slightly by state. Either work with your lawyer or take time to research individual filing requirement by searching online for these requirements for your state.
Filing the petition is a long and complicated process in itself and involves a whole packet of forms. Make sure you to take the time to complete each one carefully and accurately.
Pay your fees. When filing for bankruptcy, there are a number of fees. You must pay a court filing fee of $310 and a miscellaneous administrative fee. Once the petition is filed, most legal actions are "stayed". This means that most creditors will not be able to continue lawsuits, garnish wages, or call you on the telephone to demand payment.
To make sure your creditors are aware of the stay on your assets, you will need to fully complete a creditor mailing list during your petition filing that includes contact information for all of your creditors.
File a plan of repayment. Your repayment plan is your plan to repay all or some of your outstanding debts back to creditors in a period not exceeding five years. This can be filed with the petition or up to 15 days later. When creating your plan, it is best to obtain legal assistance, as filing will vary between jurisdictions. Remember to factor in paying for secured debts like your house and car if you want to keep them. These payments may actually increase so that you can pay off overdue payments over the course of your plan.
If your income is over the median for your state, your repayment plan must be five years long. If it is less, your plan can be between three and five years.
Successful plans commit all disposable income (income not spent on living expenses and necessity debt payments like mortgage and vehicle payments) to paying off debt.
Attend a meeting of creditors. This is typically held 20 to 40 days after you file the petition. The meeting is an important part of the process, as it allows your creditors to ask you questions regarding your assets and financial situation. During this meeting you are under oath, so make sure you don't stretch the truth of your financial situation even a little bit. If you miss this meeting, your bankruptcy case will be thrown out.
Attend the confirmation hearing. This hearing will be held in court, and a bankruptcy judge will determine if your plan of repayment is feasible and meets all bankruptcy code standards. Creditors are informed of this hearing and are allowed to object to confirmation. This occurs most commonly when payments in the plan total less than what they would be in a Chapter 7 liquidation or when the debtor's plan does not commit all of his or her projected disposable income for the three-year period of the plan.
Begin making your payments. Within 30 days of filing the plan, you must start making your payments to the designated attorney, even if your payment plan has yet to be approved by the court. If your plan is not approved, you can modify it or consider changing over to a Chapter 7 liquidation. (Chapter 7 should be considered the very final option).
You may also be required to attend some sort of financial planning or debtor education course by the judge before your debts can be discharged. Make sure to take these courses seriously and complete them as soon as possible.
Discharge your debts. If you stay current on all of your payments during the repayment plan, including taxes, mortgage, domestic, and other required payments, your debts eligible for discharge will be discharged at the end of the repayment period. If your plan worked such that you paid less than 100 percent of your unsecured debts during the plan, the remainder will be discharged in full upon successful plan completion. This does not include those debts that are not able to discharged in Chapter 13, like student loan or income tax debt.
I owe medical and credit cards about $6,000. Can I file chapter 13 by myself?
Yes, you can certainly do that, but first re-read Part 2, Step 1 above.
How much debt do you have to be in to file bankruptcy?
There is no minimum amount of debt required to file for bankruptcy. The main criterion of whether or not you can file for bankruptcy is your inability to pay back your debts.
Yes, Chapter 13 bankruptcy will eliminate other debt so that you can continue to pay your mortgage payment. If you cannot continue to pay your mortgage payment, even with debt reduction, you are better off filing Chapter 7 bankruptcy.
How do I prepare the chapter 13 plan pro se?
If you file pro se (without an attorney), you are responsible for reading the law to determine the proper format and content of a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy plan. If you do not format the plan correctly or file it in time, your filing may be denied. Your court-appointed trustee will tell you if your plan is incorrect, but not how to correct it.
Can a creditor garnish my wages if I am a municipal employee?
How do they know how much you make?
You will be required to report your income as a part of the proceedings. This is done during the initial filing. You are legally obligated to correctly report your income.
If I'm filing for bankruptcy, how can I afford an attorney?
The same way you got in debt: borrow money from whoever will loan it to you. If possible, you can also get a cash advance on a card that you will be filing in the case. Lastly, bite the bullet, skip paying whatever bills you can to have the money to file, and find your attorney.
I'm married. Can I file for bankruptcy alone, or do I need to include my spouse?
You can file alone, but you have to show your spouse's income and expenses, which may increase the amount of payment to the court. However, you can deduct this later.
If I owe child support, will they consider that as my debt?
Yes. Anything you owe to others will be considered debt. That includes all credit cards, loans, payment plans, and also unpaid child support.
Do I get a stay from foreclosure on my primary home once I file Chapter 13?
You will be able to keep your home if you file Chapter 13. Keep in mind, though, that any missed payments will get added back into your mortgage, which will increase your monthly payment. Also, if your Chapter 13 is dismissed (denied), your house will most likely be foreclosed upon. This mostly happens if you try to file without an attorney.
I am on disability. Can I wave my filing fees and pay for it with repay mry plan?
What part of your unpaid taxes can you get help with?
Can more than one creditor garnish someone's wages at the same time?
Can local property tax debt be eliminated in a chapter 7 bankruptcy?
Do I get a stay from foreclosure after I file Chapter 13?
To file for chapter 13 bankruptcy, start by attending credit counseling with a court-approved agency and obtaining your credit counseling certificate. Next, file a petition with the bankruptcy court in your home district. For your petition, you'll need supporting documents such as schedules of assets and liabilities, current income and expenditures, executory contracts, and unexpired leases. Then, pay your fees, including a court filing fee of $310 and a miscellaneous administrative fee. You'll also have to file a plan of repayment to deal with some or all of your outstanding debts. To learn how to begin making your payments once you've filed for bankruptcy, keep reading!
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 147,826 times.
"Now I know the difference between chapter 7 and 13, and that it is a multiple step process. "
"Needed some direction in a financial mess. This helped clear up some of my questions." | {
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Matt Corby Returns With New Single 'If I Never Say A Word'
Photo: Matt Johnson
Following his J Award winning album Rainbow Valley in late 2018, Matt Corby has marked his return today with the release of new single 'If I Never Say A Word'.
The single was originally going to be released once Corby had his new album ready, and was co-produced by Matt himself and Matthew Neighbour (Avalanches, Missy Higgins).
"Work started on 'If I Never Say A Word' pre-lockdown, and I was originally going to put it into storage until a whole new record was ready, but with the extended period off the road I was able to dive in and bring it to light," Corby said.
The single is Corby's first since he co-produced THE RIOT's 'Dog In The Shade' and featured on Triple One's 'So Easy'.
"The past year I've been collaborating a lot and working in a production and engineering capacity with different acts…which has been really exciting and sort of fed into this new music," he said.
Listen to 'If I Never Say A Word', below.
Yungblud Has Given A Teaser Of His Forthcoming Collaboration With Denzel Curry
PREMIERE: Vacations Capture Magic On New Single 'Avalanche' | {
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Q: PHP application connect with external firebird database I have an Ubuntu server (LAMP)
Now I want to connect with an external firebird database. How can I do that?
Can I install a firebird driver? How can I install a firebird driver?
Do I have to modify my php.ini file?
A: I do not use PDO
#apt-get install php5-interbase
You do not need to install firebird on local machine
PHP sample code
$dbh = ibase_pconnect("remote_server_ip:db_file", "user_name", "user_password") or die('die message');
$q = ibase_query($dbh, "select * from some_table");
while ($r = ibase_fetch_object($q)) {
$some_value = $r->SOME_FIELD;
echo $some_value;
}
| {
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Very sound advise. My only addition is, if you wanted to change your exposure by, flash to subject distance, use the aperture settings as a guide. For example, If your flash is 8 feet from your subject and you want to double output by moving the flash closer, you would need to go to 5.6 feet. Double again would be 4 feet, then 2.8 feet. etc. A factor of 1.4 every time.
Some good refresher info. As an old film, flash bulb guy and digital since 2006 it is nice to review these things once in awhile. | {
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In this interview, Patrick Antrim, Founder of Multifamily Leadership, spoke with Catherine Swaback, Director of Marketing Strategy at Alliance Residential Company, one of the largest private U.S. multifamily companies with offices throughout the West, Southwest, South-Central, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic and Northeast.
Patrick: As one of the nation's largest developers and apartment operators, how important is the acquisition of new talent to the lease-up and operations of your multifamily portfolios?
Catherine: Recruiting top talent and retaining our best associates is not only important, our foundation is centered on this. As extensions of our brand and our front lines, we continually invest in our on-site talent and put a heavy focus on associate significance and performance. It's because of our people that we continue to be best-in-class, lead the industry through innovation and deliver unparalleled customer service at every touch point.
Patrick: What strategies do you employ to keep your teams focused on the vision of the company in an ever-growing and evolving industry?
Catherine: As the No. 1 national multifamily developer for three years running, it is imperative that we concentrate on maintaining a strong corporate structure in conjunction with our on-site teams to best support our communities and our associates. Marketing is a large part of this. Garnering the best marketing talent in the industry is a vital component of our philosophy – a successful lease-up strategy and scalable model are key to our continued success with an ever-growing construction pipeline. Our marketing team encompasses multifamily marketing experts and strong ad agency talent that marry essential industry insight with a fresh approach to advertising and strategy. New ideas and data-driven tactics allow us to stay ahead of the competition and in front of our renters. As we continue to grow, our work is constantly evolving and we are empowering our team to think progressively.
Patrick: That's really interesting and your strategy seems to be working. With more than 2,400 associates nationwide, have employer branding strategies played a part in your business success?
Catherine: Alliance has an expansive history and we stay true to this with our marketing. Our logo is the same logo the company started with, but we continue to evolve within our corporate and property brands, marketing campaigns and talent. We are a culture-focused company that values an entrepreneurial spirit and our associates truly take ownership in their work which, collectively, significantly impacts our success.
Patrick: With the long history and the consistency of the company culture, do you include every employee in the brand development process?
Catherine: This is more important than ever within our marketing efforts – our on-site teams are brought into the property brand development process and are a critical extension of our marketing team. We empower our teams to think strategically and execute marketing efforts that speak to the established brand and strategy to ensure consistency is maintained from the website to the leasing office – and from prospect to resident. If you've done any social listening on our property pages, you know that we retain our residents because of our associates and the personalized service they deliver. You are much more likely to see a Business Manager's name in a raving review than a new, must-have amenity.
Patrick: That really speaks to the effort you have put forth maintaining consistency with every aspect of the company, which is quite impressive with the size of Alliance Residential. With the demand for talent heating up in the multifamily industry, how has the marketing team worked together with the recruiting team to attract top talent?
Catherine: As a company we know that our people are our biggest differentiators, so our marketing efforts for new talent mirror just that. Our talent team develops innovative campaigns that promote 'real-life' success stories within our industry that are relatable and appealing to more than just industry talent. We let our associates tell their stories and why they chose to break into Multifamily and work for Alliance – even highlighting their inspiring workspaces that make our company so unique. Our marketing team is then strategic in reaching our target talent through messaging and innovative advertising channels.
Patrick: I often say that if you want to know if a certain organization is a great place to work, you need to ask the employees who currently work there. I'm a big believer in the power of personality and culture fit, what steps are you taking to tell stories about your brand and company culture?
Catherine: Our culture is evident in everything that we do. Social media and video content are the fundamental drivers of our on-site engagement efforts. As a result, we've been extremely successful at creating a socially engaged company and vast following. Culture-centric hashtags are common, such as #IHeartAlliance, and genuinely demonstrate the passion our associates have for their work.
Patrick: Your social media pages, Instagram for example, have a great variety of posts highlighting everything from specific property amenities and motivational quotes to videos of your teams doing the Running Man Challenge. The amount of work you have put into these social media pages is impressive.
Catherine: Yes, and our work shows – Alliance experienced a 302% increase in Facebook likes year-over-year and a 935% gain in Instagram followers. A recent awareness campaign achieved more than 18,000 Facebook views and earned three video awards at the 2016 Apartment Internet Marketing Conference.
Patrick: How wonderful! Those are some great accomplishments and I'm sure they play a big part in the attraction and retention of top talent.
Catherine: This culture is adopted early on by associates that become brand ambassadors and help us tell our story. They play a large part in recruiting and retaining top talent because it's organic; it isn't something that is taught or forced. We tell one, cohesive story – we create opportunities, empower leaders, invest in associates and own multifamily.
Patrick: Catherine, it is clear that Alliance Residential has discovered some key strategies regarding marketing, brand management, and how to attract and retain industry leaders. Thank you so much for taking the time to speak with me and we can't wait to see what Alliance comes up with next.
Catherine: It was my pleasure and I appreciate the opportunity to discuss what makes Alliance great. To learn more about us, visit http://www.allresco.com/ and http://liveatalliance.com. | {
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This is a placeholder page for Linda Coates, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Linda Coates.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Linda Coates. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Linda Coates. We created this page automatically in hopes Linda Coates would find it. If you are not Linda Coates, but are an alumni of Edgewater High School Orlando, FL, register on this site for free now. | {
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package org.sunger.net.model;
import org.sunger.net.app.ApiClient;
import org.sunger.net.app.ParamsMap;
import org.sunger.net.app.AppConstants;
import org.sunger.net.entity.MediaEntity;
import org.sunger.net.support.okhttp.callback.ResultCallback;
import org.sunger.net.support.okhttp.request.OkHttpRequest;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Created by sunger on 2015/12/2.
*/
public class RepostsModel {
public OkHttpRequest getReposts(int uid, int page, ResultCallback<List<MediaEntity>> callback) {
ParamsMap paramsMap = new ParamsMap();
paramsMap.put(AppConstants.ParamKey.UID_KEY, uid);
paramsMap.put(AppConstants.ParamKey.PAGE_KEY, page);
return ApiClient.create(AppConstants.RequestPath.USER_REPOSTS, paramsMap).get(callback);
}
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
Q: An Agreement, In/Under Which I have a question about the usage of the prepositions "in" and "under". Suppose the context is John giving $1000 to Jane as part of some agreement:
*
*They signed an agreement in which John gave Jane $1000.
*They signed an agreement under which John gave Jane $1000.
Both versions using "in" and "under" are likely standard English found in newspaper articles, and in general probably loosely mean the same thing to most people. But is there any minor differences in meaning between "in" and "under"?
A: You can be in or under an agreement, so both are valid. Under has an implication that it's a written or legal agreement (similar to something being "under contract").
A: If we are talking about something that has been signed we are talking about a legal document. The agreement will contain details of what John has promised to do. If we use precise terminology the agreement will have in it the details of the promise.
They signed an agreement in which John undertook to give Jane $1000.
The actual action of giving was under the terms of the agreement, the agreement determined John's behaviour
They signed an agreement under which John gave Jane $1000.
So if we talk about the actual content of the agreement then use in and if we talk about the resulting actions use "under".
If on the other hand we are simply talking about an agreement between two people, not signing anything
Their agreement was that John should give Jane $500.
They were in agreement that ...
| {
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} |
Scientists in Israel unveiled a 3D print of a heart with human tissue and vessels on Monday, calling it a first and a 'major medical breakthrough' that advances possibilities for transplants.
Researchers must now teach the printed hearts "to behave" like real ones.
Then they plan to transplant them into animal models, said Dvir. | {
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Born 1954, in Mansfield, OH; marriage ended); (second marriage) Renee. Ethnicity: "Caucasian." Education: University of Oregon, B.A.; University of Florida, M.A. Politics: Democrat.
Freelance photographer in Hawaii, 1984-88; Valencia Community College, Orlando, FL, adjunct professor, 1992-93; Beyond Essence (literary magazine), Eugene, OR, editor, 1993-94; Humphreys, Inc., office manager of Bill Adler Studio, 1994-99; freelance writer and copy editor, 1999—. Volunteer teacher of English as a second language and adult literacy classes. Also worked as an assistant librarian, secretary, and substitute teacher.
Native Son: The Story of Richard Wright, Morgan Reynolds (Greensboro, NC), 2003.
Pennsylvania ("It's My State" series;), Benchmark Books (New York, NY), 2004.
Two more entries, Oregon and Ohio, in the "It's My State" series for Benchmark Books (New York, NY), expected in 2005; a collection of short stories; a novel.
"My college education was interrupted when I decided to get married, so I ended up graduating at the same time as one of my sons. However, I knew exactly what I wanted to study, because I had been thinking about it for a long time. I love language and wanted to know as much as I could about it. I majored in literature, but what I most wanted to learn was how languages were formed and used, so I also studied linguistics, foreign languages, and creative writing.
"After a long career in a variety of jobs, from working in a school library to managing a fashion design studio and editing a literary magazine, I decided to start my own business as a freelance writer and copy editor. I wanted to devote all my time to writing. It was a major decision for me, but it has proved to be my most satisfying job, and I wish I had been confident enough to have made this change a long time ago.
"Now I work for several different publishing companies. Sometimes I write books for them. Other times, I write material for Web sites and databases. Other writers often ask me to help them with their writing, and that is when my copy editing skills come in handy. My study of languages has made me very good at editing.
"Everything that I have published so far has been written for students, from elementary school through college. All of my books have been nonfiction and include a biography, a couple of textbooks for teaching English as a second language, and several with social studies topics. I enjoy writing nonfiction, but one day I also want to write fiction. My favorite form of fiction is the short story. And my favorite setting for these stories is Hawaii."
Booklist, February 15, 2003, Hazel Rochman, review of Native Son: The Story of Richard Wright, p. 1079.
School Library Journal, April, 2003, Andrew Medlar, review of Native Son, p. 182. | {
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} |
Any Day Now Joan Baez
VMD 79741
For someone who wasn't sure about having a second guitar on her early folk recordings - because it might be considered too "commercial" - Joan Baez had certainly revised that philosophy by the late 1960s. In March 1968, Baez had married anti Vietnam War draft resistance leader David Harris. Harris's country music tastes reignited Baez own admiration for the genre and in December of that year she released ANY DAY NOW, a double album of Bob Dylan songs, replete with country music backings delivered with impeccable taste by the cream of Nashville session men, including Harold Bradley, Kenneth Buttrey, Fred Carter, Norbert Putnam, Jerry Reed, Hargus 'Pig' Robbins, plus rock contemporaries like David Briggs and Stephen Stills.
The choice of songs ranged across the whole of Dylan's career, including such early folk offerings as The Walls Of Redwing and Boots Of Spanish Leather and examples of his (then) latest work I Pity The Poor Immigrant and You Ain't Going Nowhere. Perhaps the most interesting choice is Sad-Eyed Lady Of The Lowlands, the song Dylan reportedly wrote for his new bride Sarah. Given the speculative history about the relationship Dylan had with both Joan and Sarah right through to the 70s movie Renaldo & Clara, and beyond, it's interesting to hear this song framed by the terrific, powerful a cappella version of Tears Of Rage and Love Is Just A Four-Letter Word.
With the assassinations earlier in '68 of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, the resultant unrest that summer, the continuing Vietnam war and the looming imprisonment of her husband David, it's likely that Joan's restatement of the Dylan canon was a deliberate attempt to return to basics. Whatever the reason, the album obviously touched many people in the same way and sales of it rapidly went gold. (For this reissue, two tracks have been added: Blowin' In The Wind and It Ain't Me Babe, both taken from a live concert in Japan recorded by King Records.)
BY JOHN CROSBY
01 Preview Love Minus Zero/No Limit
02 Preview North Country Blues
03 Preview You Ain't Goin' Nowhere
04 Preview Drifter's Escape
05 Preview I Pity The Poor Immigrant
06 Preview Tears Of Rage
07 Preview Sad-Eyed Lady Of The Lowlands
08 Preview Love Is Just A Four Letter Word
09 Preview I Dreamed I Saw St Augustine
10 Preview Walls Of The Redwing
11 Preview Dear Landlord
12 Preview One Too Many Mornings
13 Preview I Shall Be Released
14 Preview Boots Of Spanish Leather
15 Preview Walkin' Down The Line
16 Preview Restless Farewell
17 Preview Blowin' In The Wind
18 Preview It Ain't Me Babe
A fine album. ★★★★
Record Collector
The Joan Baez Country Music Album
Baptism: A Journey Through Our Time
Joan Baez Vol 2
New Jersey To Woodstock (MP3)
Kathy McCord
MP3 £15.98
Matchbox Days
Various Artists (Label Stories)
The New Possibility: Guitar Soli Christmas Album/Christmas With John Fahey
John Fahey
What's Left of Spider John (MP3)
Spider John Koerner
The Golden Age Of American Popular Music: The Folk Hits
Various Artists (Golden Age of American Popular Music)
Unspoken Intentions
Michael Gulezian
The Voice Of The Eagle
Robbie Basho
The Best Of The Vanguard Years
Young Man Blues: Live In Glasgow
Bert Jansch | {
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QtZigzag(const Point2D& p1, const Point2D& p2);
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const DrawStyle& getStyle() const;
Point2D getCenter() const;
Point2D getSize() const;
void setBounds(const Point2D& p1, const Point2D& p2);
void move(const Point2D& destination);
void resize(const Point2D& destination, short t);
void reflect();
bool belongs(const Point2D& point);
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void select(bool sel);
bool isSelected() const;
bool isTopLeft(Point2D pressedPoint, Point2D epsilon) const;
bool isBottomRight(Point2D pressedPoint, Point2D epsilon) const;
bool isTopRight(Point2D pressedPoint, Point2D epsilon) const;
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virtual QString svgElementCode() const;
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#endif // QTZIGZAG_H
| {
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Over eighty people submitted nearly 550 entries at Minehead Flower show which was held at the West Somerset Community College in Alcombe on Saturday 10th August. The event attracted entrants of all ages in a range of classes.
Derek Blay the Show Manager, thanked everyone who had worked so hard in preparing the hall and remarked how lucky they were to have so many flowers considering the dry hot summer. The President of Minehead and District Gardeners Association, Geoff Fuller, praised the many businesses in Minehead which had made the show possible through sponsorship. He introduced David Bryan his predecessor, who presented the cups, before the Mayor, Cllr Val Welch, presented the Minehead Town Cup for the exhibitor with the most points to Robert Forgan. | {
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Where we uncover tips and tricks to help you take your business to the next level.
My name is Darryl Comley-White from Market Magnet Consulting and I hope you enjoy the podcast and please share it with business owners that are dedicated to growing their businesses.
Contact me and I will take you through our free marketing and sales assessment to uncover your growth potential.
Download or stream the latest episode here. | {
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While we are all aware of the huge inequalities of income that exists in India, sometimes reading data around it gives us a real sense of the gravity of the problem. As per the latest Credit Suisse Wealth Report, top 1% of population controls 50% of the wealth. What is more shocking is that the median wealth of India is only Rs 85,000 i.e. half the population has wealth of less than Rs 85,000. If we consider an average household size of 4, we are talking about 50% households owning wealth of less than Rs 3,50,000.
As per a survey of 2011, 56% households had family income of less than Rs 12,000 per month (we are talking about family income).
At JobNukkad, we come across such people on a daily basis, who are struggling to make both ends meet. It is our endeavour to help such people to the fullest extent. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Camera IconThe WhatsApp thread appears to suggest that Bishop was a pawn in the fight between Dutton and Morrison.
Leaked messages between Federal Liberals suggest Julie Bishop was the victim of a dirty tricks campaign during last week's leadership spill.
A WhatsApp thread of messages among MPs, broadcast today on ABC's Insiders, appear to show politicians were encouraged not to vote for Ms Bishop in the first round ballot, as doing so would effectively hand Peter Dutton the Prime Ministership.
WhatsApp screenshots from the group calling itself "friends for stability" show MPs were told WA Senator Mathias Cormann was putting votes behind Ms Bishop in the ballot to knock Scott Morrison out of the race – ultimately setting up a contest between Ms Bishop and Peter Dutton, which Mr Dutton would be sure to win.
"Cormann rumoured to be putting some WA votes behind Julie Bishop in round 1", a message purporting to be from Infrastructure Minister Paul Fletcher told the group.
Camera IconThe messages allegedly sent by Federal MPs in the WhatsApp group.
"Be aware this is a ruse trying to get her ahead of Morrison so he drops out and his votes go to Dutton.
Ms Bishop secured just 11 votes in the first ballot. None of those who voted for her were from WA.
MPs regularly use WhatsApp to communicate securely outside of official command chains.
One West Australian MP told The West Australian they felt they had been tricked. They said they felt forced to vote against Julie to keep Mr Dutton out of the top job.
"We were forced to vote for Scott in round one," an MP said. | {
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Tyrone Huntley joins cast of The View Upstairs at Soho Theatre
Douglas Mayo 15th May 2019 LGBT, News, West End
Last Updated on 15th May 2019
Tyrone Huntley joins the cast of The View Upstairs which comes to Soho Theatre in July 2018.
Tyrone Huntley will star as Wes in the European premiere of new LGBTQ+ musical The View Upstairs, which runs from 18 July to 24 August at Soho Theatre.
He joins the previously announced Andy Mientus, Declan Bennett, Victoria Hamilton-Barritt, Cedric Neal and John Partridge who will play Patrick, Dale, Inez, Willie and Buddy respectively. Completing the cast are Carly Mercedes Dyer as Henri, Gary Lee as Freddy, Joseph Prouse as Richard and Derek Hagen as Cops/Realtor.
Tyrone Huntley was recently shortlisted for an Ian Charleson Award for his portrayal of Lysander in A Midsummer Night's Dream (Watermill, Newbury). He received the Evening Standard Emerging Talent Award and an Olivier Award nomination for the role of Judas in Jesus Christ Superstar (Regent's Park Open Air Theatre) and Broadway World Award nominations for Gator in Memphis (Shaftesbury Theatre) and Doctor in The Book of Mormon (Prince of Wales). Some of his more recent theatre work includes Obi in Leave to Remain (Lyric, Hammersmith), Justin Laboy in Lin-Manuel Miranda's 21 Chump Street (The Courtyard Theatre) and C.C. White in Dreamgirls (Savoy Theatre). This year Tyrone made his directorial debut with Ain't Misbehavin' which received rave reviews at both The Mercury Theatre, Colchester and Southwark Playhouse.
The musical opens in present day when Wes, a young fashion designer buys an abandoned space, not realising this had been the UpStairs Lounge, a vibrant '70s gay bar in the French Quarter of New Orleans, which, in 1973, was burned down in an arson attack, killing 32 people, and making it the worst attack on the LGBTQ+ community until the 2016 shooting at The Pulse nightclub in Orlando. The View Upstairs brings to life this forgotten community and takes the audience on an exhilarating journey of seduction and self-exploration, celebrating the lives of those forgotten, while featuring a soulful, rock and jazz score.
The musical is written by young up-and-coming artist Max Vernon and will be directed in London by Jonathan O'Boyle (Aspects of Love, Pippin, Hair), with choreography by Fabian Aloise (Evita at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in 2019, The Rink, Our House, Working). The show will have set and costume design by Lee Newby, lighting design by Nic Farman, sound design by Adam Fisher, with casting by Will Burton CDG.
BOOK TICKETS FOR THE VIEW UPSTAIRS
Tags Soho Theatre, The View Upstairs, Tyrone Huntley Post navigation
Douglas Mayo
Douglas Mayo has had a life long love affair with musical theatre. He has authored several books on publicity and marketing for amateur theatre groups.
He is in the process of developing a musical based on his original story concept. | {
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Chances are good that Armando Ibarra is practicing capoeira—an "Afro-Brazilian martial art that combines elements of dance, acrobatics, and music"—right now. Or perhaps he's teaching capoeira at the Army lofts in the Mission, or Lagree fitness, or TRX at Fit Local Fit or 17th Street Athletic Club. Frankly, no one knows when Ibarra actually finds time to eat or sleep because he's always teaching.
Despite the non-stop commuting between studios, Ibarra remains kind and calm. His clients love him and follow him from gym to gym. So how does Armando prepare to teach 40 hours a week (and train on his own)? Read on to find out.
Armando: I teach TRX, Lagree fitness, and Capoeira. I've been known to run an intense bootcamp, as well.
Rockyt: How do you prepare for the classes?
Armando: If I am familiar with the clients, I teach based on skill level and who is there. Otherwise I make sure that my classes have an easy flow and transition, and make sure I hit every muscle group.
Armando: I teach a lot of youth Capoeira classes, which require me to participate myself so that they learn the movements. A lot of time it is isometric holds so that they digest the movement, or nonstop movement and kicks which I consider my cardio. I like to mostly exercise at home, focusing on flexibility and some weight training.
Armando: Right now I like Core40, it forces me to mentally push my body past its limit, and to slow down and be aware of my movements. I am recovering from a spinal injury, and I always feel like I walk and move better after one of those classes.
Armando: I've grown up doing martial arts so I find that I am always training. There are many events that [I do] within days or weeks of each other. I train my mental endurance as much as my physical body to be fluid and to adapt to the intensity so that I can continue to grow everyday.
Armando: I find that my rest days can be as light or as intense as training. Some days I spend stretching and running errands, but other days I'm in bed napping. Most mornings I force myself to sit and be still to regain mental stamina. There is a difference between doing nothing and actively resting.
Rockyt: How long have you been teaching?
Armando: I have been teaching youth for the past 10 years. I started assisting as a teenager and slowly it began to expand in other areas of life. I was helping train some of the girls from my cheerleading team, creating workouts based on their position in the sport. From there, I found that I liked to create and to help people on their growth.
Rockyt: Do you have a desk job, too, or are you a full-time instructor?
Armando: I spend my days just teaching something, either Capoeira or fitness. For me, I feel that training always has the answers and teaching is training yourself out loud. I like the flow and groove I find myself in when I teach at a few locations. I had a day job and it made me crazy being in the same scenery for hours.
Rockyt: As an instructor, what are you known for?
Armando: I think I'm probably known for my anecdotes. I like to teach, but I also like to tell stories. I sometimes find that some instructors play the same popular music or talk in the same fashion when they teach, but we never have the same stories.
To schedule a class with Armando Ibarra, check the schedule at the Mission Cultural Center, Fit Local Fit, or 17th Street Athletic Club. | {
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White-necked Hawk
Leucopternis lacernulatus
Other Names: Band-tailed Mantled Hawk, Leucopternis lacernulata.
Distribution: Neotropical. Eastern BRAZIL (Alagoas and southern Bahia to S�o Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Santa Catarina). more....
Taxonomy: Using sequences from four mitochondrial genes, Amaral et al. (2006) found that the genus Leucopternis, as traditionally arranged, is not monophyletic and that it is a composite of three independent lineages. The predominantly black and white plumage shared by several species has evolved at least twice. This species was formerly regarded as being closely related to the L. melanops-kuhli complex, or even conspecific with it, but Amaral et al. (op cit.) did find a close relationship between these forms. Their data revealed the existence of a clade formed by this species and Leucopternis plumbeus, L. schistacea, L. lacernulatus, Buteogallus urubitinga, and Harpyhaliaetus coronatus. The White-necked Hawk actually appears to be most closely related to the Savanna Hawk, Buteogallus (Heterospizias) meridionalis, with which it forms a sister species. David and Gosselin (2002) pointed out that the generic name Leucopternis is masculine, hence the change from ""lacernulata" to lacernulatus.
Habitat and Habits: Occurs in primary forest in lowlands and at mid-level elevations or higher (up to 2,890). It has also been recorded in secondary habitats in Minas Gerais (Machado et al. (1998), where most records are from localities below 500 m (Canuto 2008). The latter author has recorded it on the periphery of cities, including Belo Horizonte. This species perches at forest edges, primarily in valleys, or soars in circles over the canopy (Sick 1993). It also apparently forages in the understory to some extent, as three were caught in mistnets in different locations on Marambaia Island, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil by da Silva Garske and Alves de Andrade (2004). Occurs singly.
Food and Feeding Behavior: Probably feeds mostly on invertebrate prey, including grasshoppers, stick insects, gastropods, beetles and spiders (Martuscelli 1996). Carvalho Filho et al. (2008) reported that ants and small mammals, reptiles, and birds are also taken, and this species also follows bands of primates to capture flushed insects. more....
Breeding: No information, except that Canuto (2008) recorded nuptial displays between the months of September to December in Minas Gerais.
Conservation: Poorly studied, like other members of this genus, but considered to be a rare species with a small range. Its principal threats are habitat destruction and direct persecution. Categorized as Vulnerable by BirdLife International. more....
Amaral, F.S., M.J. Miller, L.F. Silveira, E. Bermingham, and A. Wajntal.
Bierregaard, R.O. 1994. White-necked Hawk. P. 169 in del Hoyo, J., A.
Collar, N.J., L.P. Gonzaga, N. Krabbe, A. Madro�o Nieto, L.G. Naranjo,
T.A. Parker, III, and D.C. Wege. 1992. Threatened birds of the America: the
ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book. International Council for Bird Preservation,
Cambridge, UK.
Garske, C.E.S., and V. A. Andrade. 2004. Observa��es e capturas de
Leucopternis lacernulata (Accipitridae) na Ilha da Marambaia, litoral sul
do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Martuscelli, P. 1996. Hunting behavior of the Mantled Hawk Leucopternis
polionota and the White-necked Hawk L. lacernulata in southeastern
Brazil. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 116:114-116.
Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil: a natural history. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, NJ.
Current Research: Marcus Canuto is presently conducting a study of this species in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil.
Details on status and conservation needs.
Useful species account.
Azevedo, Marcos Ant�nio Guimar�es
Canuto, Marcus
Zorzin, Giancarlo
Recommended Citation: Global Raptor Information Network. 2019. Species account: White-necked Hawk Leucopternis lacernulatus. Downloaded from http://www.globalraptors.org on 18 Jul. 2019 | {
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If you prefer a civil wedding ceremony, you may be married at our office by a Deputy Commissioner of Civil Marriage. We do not make appointments, it's first come first serve.
Ceremonies are performed Monday through Friday between the hours of 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., excluding holidays.
You can also request a Deputy to go out to your marriage location to perform the ceremony after business hours. Call 530-265-1221 to request a Deputy.
View Marriage Ceremony Locations (PDF) on beautiful Nevada County Government Center grounds. | {
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Escape Plan; Carrie; The Fifth Estate; Big Ass Spider!
Sunday, Oct 20, 2013 by Sean "Keanu Grieves" Hanson (@keanugrieves) and Ian "Professor Clumsy" Maddison (@professorclumsy)
It's a week of perfectly acceptable movies that don't quite excel this week. I know you'll be thrilled to hear that, what with Gravity still playing. We start with Ian "Professor Clumsy" Maddison on the pleasantly surprising Escape Plan, follow that up with Sean "Keanu Grieves" Hanson on the unpleasantly unsurprising Carrie, then Ian is back with the rather muddled The Fifth Estate and finish with Joseph "Jay Dub" Wade who is suffering from a Big Ass Spider!
EXPECTATIONS: This is one of those films which has the kind of immediate, fun on a Saturday night appeal to millions of drunken men, ironic false nostalgists, genuine action movie fans and anyone with a sense of silliness. Since I fit into three of the four categories listed above, I have a pretty good chance of enjoying this new Sylvester Stallone vehicle, especially as this film also stars Arnold Schwarzenegger.
REALITY: Escape Plan is every bit the film you think it is. It is a film in which Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger break out of an "inescapable" prison while fighting off cartoonish antagonists and spouting silly one-liners. However, while Escape Plan isn't especially great, it has the element of surprise on its side that elevates it above its schlocky, formulaic template.
Everyone loves seeing old men in well lit prisons, right?
Ray Breslin (Stallone) is a private security contractor who tests the limits of federal prisons for a living by being locked inside and subsequently breaking out of them. When his business partner (Vincent D'Onofrio) sets Ray up with a CIA contract that will pay double his usual fee, Ray soon finds his human rights well and truly violated in a secret, privately run prison lorded over by the shady Warden Hobbes (Jim Caviezel, channeling Eric Roberts for some reason) and his head of security, Drake (Vinnie Jones). Teaming up with another inmate who shouldn't be there, Emil Rottmayer (Schwarzenegger), Ray begins planning his supposedly impossible escape.
Prison break films of any kind suffer from a fundamental issue automatically. Nobody who designs and runs prisons intends for them to be escapable by plucky tenacious movie stars. Screenwriters can put the word "inescapable" into the mouths of their characters only so many times before they go about disproving it with set pieces so specifically designed that they can only take place in the world's most escapable prison facility. While Ray Breslin is ever watchful of chinks in the armour of his jailors, the screenwriters have to create those chinks to slip him through.
Of course, the accepted way of getting around this issue is to simply make the protagonist some kind of genius savant who can concoct the most elaborate schemes at a moment's notice. Ray Breslin is most certainly that. His tracking of the guards' movements, his scouting out of the solitary confinement areas and his subtle disinformation to the upper brass all start to look more like he is manipulating an extremely flawed system rather than trying to find tiny flaws in a seemingly perfect one. Add to that his confiding in the conflicted prison doctor (Sam Neill) and a lot of Escape Plan starts to feel very familiar if you ever watched the first season of Prison Break.
Oh no, I've been imprisoned again!I know it's my job, but it gets to me every time.On top of this, Escape Plan has a completely worthless subplot about Ray's partner acting shifty to his employees (Amy Ryan and Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson) and of course it turns out he was in on it. Why? Makes for a more exciting ending than two old men parting ways on a beach, I guess. None of this needs to be in the film though. You could have kept the entire thing inside the prison with Breslin and Rottmayer playing off each other and finding new ways to surprise increasingly cynical film critics.
Surprise really is this film's primary weapon of choice, and I'm not talking about plot twists either. There are elements to Escape Plan that are genuinely unexpected and most of them come from Arnold Schwarzenegger. He's not as imposing as he once was, he cannot rely on his gigantic biceps to carry his screen presence and he was never an especially skilled actor, so all he has left are charisma and sincerity, both of which he has in spades. If you remember January's The Last Stand, you'll probably remember a scene in which Sheriff Schwarzenegger explains to one of his deputies that he is probably more afraid than her because he's seen enough blood and death and he knows what's coming. In that moment he brought his entire history of violent movies along with him and he does the same in Escape Plan a few times.
In this film, Schwarzenegger appears very much as a frail old man, which Hobbes sees as a weakness to manipulate, but of course we all know that he is Arnold Schwarzenegger and he's movie tough. Movie tough isn't the same as real tough. It's the the kind of toughness that allows a frail old politician to throw a punch that sounds like a nuclear explosion. A knowing look in his eyes tells us all we need to know about what he is going to do, which will probably involve huge guns.
In one scene, Rottmayer is called upon by Breslin to fake a breakdown as a distraction. When doing this, Schwarzenegger plays it to the hilt, screaming and crying in German. This is the most actual acting that Schwarzenegger has done in his entire career. The sincerity of it is almost heartbreaking as we see this old man beyond the limits of language. As much as "I'll be back" is Schwarzenegger's most remembered line, I can't help but think that his pained cry of "Ich reiße dir die Augen aus" is going to stick in my mind much more readily. This is Arnold Schwarzenegger trying his hand at character acting.
These moments, and a few others besides, do just enough to make Escape Plan a film well worth checking out. As a whole, it's not going to set the world on fire, but at its best it is very entertaining and memorable. I have seen this film compared to Papillon, the 1973 Steve McQueen-starring true story of a man who escapes from a supposedly inescapable prison island. I found it had more in common with Django Strikes Again, the 1987 Franco Nero vanity project about an Italian movie star who wanted to be Arnold Schwarzenegger. In that comparison, Escape Plan most certainly comes out looking like the better film.
Everyone Else
"Inescapable" Prisons
MINORITY REPORT: If he's a career escape artist, the tattoos on Ray Breslin's 90-year-old torso must be getting mighty confusing by now. - Sean "Keanu Grieves" Hanson
Captain Phillips; Machete Kills; Escape From Tomorrow
Gravity; Curse of Chucky; Battle of the Year
Runner Runner; Don Jon; Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs 2
Prisoners; Rush; Short Term 12
Insidious: Chapter 2; The Family; I Spit on Your Grave 2; The Grandmaster
Riddick; Getaway; Closed Circuit; I Declare War
Cold Light of Day; Resident Evil: Retribution; The Odd Life of Timothy Green; Arbitrage; Berberian Sound Sudio; Anna Karenina
Total Recall; Your Sister's Sister; Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days; Bernie
Bullet to the Head; Warm Bodies; The ABCs of Death; A Year in Short Films
The Dictator; What to Expect When You're Expecting; Hick
Puberty 2.0
2006 Goku-Lytton Awards for the Worst First Line in Erotic Fan Fiction
My Favorite Scenes From Batman & Ronin
Hurl!
Elfwood, Fantasy Art, Fantasy Art | {
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The World Through Ben Carson's Surgical Magnifying Glass
Refugees Risk Death Traveling Through European Winter
Newsweek Magazine
'Fallout 4' Is the Most Complex Entertainment of Our Day, but Does That Make It Art?
By Mo Mozuch On 11/02/15 at 11:30 AM EST
A screenshot from the game "Fallout 4." Bethesda Game Studios
Tech & Science Video games Video Game Review Fallout Gaming
The air-raid siren wails. Its shriek drowns out the screams on the street. You clutch your wife's hand and run to the shelter. This is not a drill. Your neighbors panic. The bombs are coming. The door to the shelter won't open. The bombs are coming, but the door won't open. This is not a drill.
A flash, so bright you see the bones of your hand, and a violent, invisible force that throws you to the ground. Darkness. A terrible heat follows. A hatch opens beside you. You fall in. You smell smoke and singed hair. Blind and burning, your last thoughts are of your wife: Did she hold our baby tight? Blackout.
Welcome to Fallout 4—one of the most highly anticipated video games of the past decade. This isn't Super Mario saving his princess or a massive Minecraft map or a cascading stack of crushable candy. It is a richly layered, deeply constructed open world full of dystopian science fiction. Set in a postapocalyptic wasteland outside Boston, Fallout 4 takes place 200 years after a nuclear holocaust. Players assume the role of survivors who return to the surface after getting frozen in a vault. They squint into the sun as the vault door creaks open, tasked to explore this bizarro world that's part Lost in Space and part Mad Max.
Related: APA Says Video Games Make You Violent, but Critics Cry Bias
The opening scene described above is just a taste of what Fallout 4's creator, Bethesda Game Studios, has spent seven years designing. Fallout 4 features 110,000 lines of spoken dialogue (the script of Apocalypse Now is about 7,500 lines). It's estimated that players will have 30 square miles to explore, including a faithful layout of what Boston, from Paul Revere Mall to Fenway Park, would look like if it survived a nuclear war. In the time it takes to fully explore Fallout 4, players could watch the Godfather trilogy straight through 40 times.
Fallout 4: Newest Video Game in Post-Apocalyptic Series Announced
APA Says Video Games Make You Violent, but Critics Cry Bias
The Case for Violent Video Games
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R.L. Stine, Master of '90s Kid Horror, Enjoys an Unexpected Renaissance
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Ugandan Children of Women Raped by LRA Fighters Face Threats
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Fallout 's aesthetic cheekily evokes '50s-era sci-fi and the naïveté of early Cold War–era pop culture. The soundtrack, which will be available on vinyl, runs the gamut from malt shop hits to classical music to burn-in-the-fires-of-nuclear-hell gospel. Robots look more Ed Wood than Michael Bay, and in-game tutorials mimic the tone of those "Duck and Cover" safety films.
It's one of the most visually striking and narratively immersive games ever made. But despite its many artistic elements, some critics are hesitant to consider a video game, any game, a work of art. In 2005, film critic Roger Ebert wrote that "no one in or out of the field has ever been able to cite a game worthy of comparison with the great dramatists, poets, filmmakers, novelists and composers." Ebert argued that games are played while art is not, and that games are created to make money, not emotions.
The rebuttal to Ebert's argument comes, surprisingly, from Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia. In 2011, he wrote the majority opinion for Brown v. EMA, a case about a California law that banned the sale of video games to minors. Video game fans latched onto the passage that read, "like the protected books, plays, and movies that preceded them, video games communicate ideas—and even social messages—through many familiar literary devices…. That suffices to confer First Amendment protection."
For Todd Howard, executive producer of Fallout 4 and the head of Bethesda Game Studios, there is only one reason some people wouldn't consider video games to be art. "They haven't played the right game yet," Howard tells Newsweek at the company's suburban Maryland studio. "What they probably don't know is that there are games for everybody."
Ebert eventually hedged a little. "It is quite possible a game could someday be great art," he wrote in 2010 in the self-effacing editorial "Okay, Kids, Play on My Lawn." Ebert's caveat was that no game had yet met the criteria for popular art.
Does Fallout 4 ? It is certainly popular. Poised to be one of the best-selling and most critically acclaimed video games of the decade, it's the biggest project to date for Bethesda. The game developer's 2011 fantasy epic The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim sold more than 18 million copies worldwide. Fallout 3 , released in 2008, has sold roughly 10 million. Both titles won game of the year at the Game Developers Choice Awards, an annual gathering of industry leaders, in addition to the dozens of awards the games received from industry press outlets such as IGN, PC Magazine and GameSpot.
Chris Melissinos, curator for the Smithsonian American Art Museum exhibit "The Art of Video Games," says video games must be art because they are made of art. "Inside a game like Fallout 4, you can observe landscapes and sculpture and orchestration and narrative arcs and principles of design," he says. "All of these things that, on their own, we put on a pedestal or hang on a wall or write into a book to be published."
A view of the game "Pac-Man," one of the 14 video games that are part of the "Applied Designs" exhibition at The Museum of Modern Art in New York on March 1, 2013. Jemal Countess/Getty
Howard explains how the team attempted to make Fallout 4 an immersive, artistic experience. "We look for elegance. Not simplicity," he says. "What we're trying to do is what we think is best about video games. We're going to put you in another world. Who would you be? What would you do?"
In Fallout 4, the players make ethical decisions and determine moral consequences—often within classic sci-fi scenarios. If a robot looks human, acts human and thinks it's human, should it be treated like a human? Do colonies of irradiated lepers deserve to live in isolation or does the threat of a pandemic justify genocide? These moments are full of what Scalia called "social messages" and are born of literary devices as old as Karel Capek's self-aware automatons in the play R.U.R., which premiered in 1921, or Mary Shelley's postapocalyptic plague survivor Lionel Verney from her 1826 novel The Last Man.
Related: The Future, as Told by 'Call of Duty: Black Ops 3'
"Fallout stands apart as an art form because not only is it narrative, not only is it artistically proficient, it is appropriating multiple areas of Americana and culture," Melissinos says. "It's directly based on your moral compass, how you view the world and how you want to see things unfold. And that's why it holds as art. And it holds as some of the most introspective and personal type of art that anybody can engage in."
Howard compares the experience of playing the game to watching a film. "In an open game like ours, the player becomes the director." And where critics like Ebert might argue that a scenario in which a creator gives up control of his or her work takes away its artistic merit, the concept of participants changing the outcome of an artistic work also encompasses elements of performance art and goes back to at least the 1960s, when Brazilian theater director Augusto Boal invited his audience to become "spect-actors." Boal's typical performances involved a scene in which a character was oppressed by an antagonist, and audience members were invited to pause the scene, replace the victim on stage and change the narrative in a way that resolved the conflict in the hero's favor. Sounds like a video game.
"Games can tap into that aspect that something live is happening," says Drew Davidson, the director of the Entertainment and Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon University. "You have these wonderfully evocative experiences where you feel like your choices matter." Davidson says the ETC was born out of a partnership with Carnegie Mellon's performing arts program and that its founders—a mix of technologists and theater buffs—saw video games as an extension of performance art, since both contain elements like setting, narrative and voice acting.
Howard says video games also have a unique emotional advantage over other media. "There is the range of emotions lots of entertainment can give you, from fear to excitement to sadness," he says. "Games can do that. But the one emotion that only games can [create] is pride. Pride in what you accomplish."
Though naysayers will continue to naysay, at least for now, Fallout 4's creators believe that games will prove their artistic merit. "There's no question what we do is art. And it's an evolving art, as all art over the ages has been," says Istvan Pely, the game's art director. "It takes time to gain acceptance, but I think this will become the main medium for people to be entertained and to explore the human condition. Which is what art is all about—making people feel things and experience things."
Melissinos, who included Bethesda's Fallout 3 in the Smithsonian exhibit, agrees. "It's a variety of all the different art forms," he says. He adds, somewhat loftily, that games represent "the apex" of everything humans know about art at this point in the culture. "Video games are not only an art form; they are one of the most important art forms that have ever been at the disposal of mankind."
Unlike other art forms, though, video games are not built to last—technology fades at a much faster rate than plaster and ink. So while critics nitpick the lost meaning of a colored slab of dead wood, let's take time to engage the greatest entertainment technology of our era—regardless of whether it deserves space in a museum.
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Cricket Discussion
Owais Shah must be selected from now on
Thread: Owais Shah must be selected from now on
Strauss has failed yet again in this series only averaging 19. Unless Strauss scores a century in his last innings in this test match, i think Shah must be automatically selected.
It all equity Owais should be the next to get a go, yes. He's been treated rather shabbily this winter; twice he's been the next cab off the rank & twice he's been leapfrogged by blokes who've played largely turd & failed to pass 50 in 11 innings between them.
andruid
FREE BOBI WINE!
Originally Posted by deira
The ECB will go and drop someone who should really deserves to stay in the teams to give Shah a go rather than someone who should have been discarded ages ago ans we will end up crying for the unfortunate bugger who ge's axed.
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tooextracool
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not far away from you
Originally Posted by andruid
Bar Pietersen, Im struggling to think of any other batter who can make a convincing case of deserving to be in this England side. Maybe thats just me, but almost all of them have been exceedingly poor for a while now.
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"This winter" is as far as I'd go myself.
TBH, I want Key to replace Strauss after this series, with Vaughan moving to three. Vaughan is useless at the top of the order, and much as Shah deserves a chance, you can't put a square peg in a round hole.
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I think what England do need are some more strokemakers. I havent watched much of Shah at the domestic level, but they need players that are capable of taking the game away from the opposition much like Pietersen because the majority of this side ends up batting themselves into a rut before getting themselves out. Back in the heydey of 2004/05, they had players like Trescothick, Flintoff and to an extent even Geraint who were able to score runs aggressively and i feel that that is something this current side is lacking. Ambrose is a breath of fresh air, although i somehow doubt that he has the technique to succeed at this level. Ramps would be ideal, but unfortunately, i doubt the selectors will pick him.
wpdavid
The weren't exactly convincing against India, either. KP, apart that is.
Agreed with Key for Strauss. But you could also make a good case for Shah replacing Bell, who is taking forever to grow up into a consistent test batsman.
Im struggling to think of what Bell and/or Collingwood accomplished against India last summer. Its all fine and good to tonk the Powells and Taylors around, but neither have shown particularly that they are capable of tonning up in recent times. I might be being a bit harsh on Collingwood who at least provides something in the way of being capable of adding some overs in with the ball, but Ian Bell as I mentioned earlier has scored 1 100 against a test bowling attack that merits mention in his entire career.
Surely when batters are supposed to have their names pinned down as England's players apparently are, they are supposed to not be consistently failing, yet in the case of England they are consistently performing poorly and yet the changes made in the side are to the bowlers rather than the batsmen.
I do not see Cook scoring runs against a pace attack worthy of any mention on a non-flat pitch either. Not with his current technique, which barring Strauss is easily the worst in this England side ATM.
Originally Posted by wpdavid
Vaughan did well enough for my money.
Originally Posted by tooextracool
Im struggling to think of what Bell and/or Collingwood accomplished against India last summer.
Bell scored twin half-centuries at The Oval. Yes, that was indeed (as per usual) an extremely flat pitch, and yes he obviously should have got even more than that, and yes he was highly disappointing in the other two Tests when there was more in it for the seamers. But it's a bit, and it is at least better than nothing.
As I said in the tour thread a little earlier, Bell is a highly frustrating player. There is indeed not a hell of a lot he's done of great note in his Test career, but there's also not a massive list of failures either. Many people, of course, would like to perport the "soft southerner" image on him, and though they have no real case to do so, it remains true that Bell has done best when ramming home rather than earning the advantage. Let's take a closer look:
Did well enough on Test debut against a weak attack
Had a horror Ashes, though I find this rather more forgiveable than some, as I only think he had large blame for 3 of his 10 dismissals.
Was going to be dropped for the winter but got back in, once more as a #3\4, and had several let-offs but also played 2 good innings (71 in the 1st and 92 in the 6th and last) in Pakistan. Then had a poor game and a good game in India, plus 1 where he was shoehorned in to open, which I don't care much for. So overall a fairly disappointing winter but one which had its moments. Dropped for the start of the summer.
Got back in following Flintoff's injury and did brilliantly at ramming home the advantage at six after big runs had already been made, but also played an important hand at Headingley to win the advantage, for the first time in his career. Rubbish bowling-attack for the most part, of course.
Then the most frustrating part of the career, The Ashes 2006\07. Did a damn sight better than most batsmen but was best described as "had two problems: making starts and going on with starts". Of his 10 innings, just 2 ended between 7 and 50, and he fell for single-figures 4 times and 50-87 4 times. So once more, a decent series but one where you thought "could've done better". Maybe would've done better if not promoted to three again?
Actually fairly poor series against West Indies, made a 109* and a 97, but his other 4 innings read 3, 5, 2, 11. Could've done better against such a weak attack.
2 poor Tests and 1 good-'un against India, as described above.
By-and-large poor winter once more, never worse than this most recent dismissal as of this post, where he slapped one of the most innocuous deliveries you'll see straight back to the bowler. Nonetheless, that was the first time in the winter that a bowler had dismissed him for a single-figure score. And YET AGAIN in Sri Lanka he was back at three.
One thing I wish above all is that he'd never been promoted to four; that he'd batted five or six every innings of his Test career. Heck, I wish he'd never been promoted to three in 2002, and had those wasted 2 seasons.
Collingwood's a different case; I've never considered him particularly good, at Tests or ODIs. He has only ever, to date, scored runs either when let-off (sometimes lots) or on the flattest of the flat pitches (Karachi and Nagpur 2005\06, Adelaide 2006\07).
1 100 on the flattest pitch of the series against the WI largely masked what was an ordinary series. Its one thing to look at end of series averages as you constantly seem to be doing when assessing player performance. The bottom line is that when you take off the checquered glasses you might realise that scoring 1 100 and little else in a series has been a hallmark of Vaughan's career for the last 6 years. His performance against India was good, but im struggling to think of the last time Vaughan played consistently well over the course of an entire series, because each time i do that i go all the way back to 2002/03.
Unfortunately doing a bit better than nothing or as i would like to call it doing better than Strauss is simply not good enough to cut it as an international player. Bell's performances may have otherwise been acceptable, but when you got players of the calibre of Mark Ramprakash or Owais Shah who cant get a game because of you, then you need to be scoring 100s to warrant a permanent place in the side.
As I said in the tour thread a little earlier, Bell is a highly frustrating player. There is indeed not a hell of a lot he's done of great note in his Test career, but there's also not a massive list of failures either. Many people, of course, would like to perport the "soft southerner" image on him, and though they have no real case to do so, it remains true that Bell has done best when ramming home rather than earning the advantage.
The soft image is rather annoying for it has even gotten to Bell who has started to import 'Pietersen' mannerisms into his game. This is not just restricted to his batting style, he constantly walks to the crease like Pietersen and has even started to walk across his stumps in a Pietersen like way when the ball is moving around. Nothing wrong with it of course, but just interesting to see how those comments have got to his head.
[*]Had a horror Ashes, though I find this rather more forgiveable than some, as I only think he had large blame for 3 of his 10 dismissals.
Arguably, he should not have been thrown into the cauldron in the first place. IMO if he was going to be picked as part of the middle order, he should have toured SA first as it is quite impossible to throw someone in the deepend in his first full series and expect him to perform. Pietersen AFAIC depite the acclaim he often gets for that series did not perform too well either, without those let offs he received at the Oval he would have ended up with an extremely ordinary series as well.
Collingwood is a very different player given that he has at least scored big runs on flat wickets and on slow turning wickets. Paul Collingwood until the India series this summer had a fairly good conversion rate. We have been through the topic of Nagpur, which IMO was just as flat as the Hamilton pitch. You seem to think that a turning pitch has to be a raging bunsen or a dustbowl in order for it to asssist the spinners which is rather ludicrous as those sorts of pitches are rarely produced anywhere in the subcontinent. There is not much doubt in my mind that Bell is the more talented player, but equally as frustrating as it has been, Collingwood has outperformed in during their respective careers and also as i mentioned earlier provides the option of being able to turn his arm over.
Last edited by tooextracool; 23-03-2008 at 02:20 PM.
Neil Pickup
Cricket Web Moderator
Many people, of course, would like to perport the "soft southerner" image on him,
He was born in Coventry. Being Southern has nothing to do with it.
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Originally Posted by Neil Pickup
Here was me thinking you'd be asking what perport, meant........
(I am large, I contain multitudes.
Originally Posted by grecian
I usually ignore the words Richard uses and replace them with ones that make sense. Like "foist".
Anyone remember the "de-men-err" episode?
If you really believe that, you're less perceptive than I thought.
Nah, like "for" really.
Only people who were at the meetup. And yeah, I still think it sounds far better pronounced like that than pronounced the customary way.
Caption This: Ishant Sharma and Shah Rukh Khan
By haroon510 in forum Cricket Chat
Shah or Strauss?
By deira in forum Cricket Chat
owais alam shah?
Guys I got selected
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Class Process</H2>
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<IMG SRC="../../resources/inherit.gif" ALT="extended by "><B>java.lang.Process</B>
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<DT><PRE>public abstract class <B>Process</B><DT>extends <A HREF="../../java/lang/Object.html" title="class in java.lang">Object</A></DL>
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<P>
The <A HREF="../../java/lang/ProcessBuilder.html#start()"><CODE>ProcessBuilder.start()</CODE></A> and
<A HREF="../../java/lang/Runtime.html#exec(java.lang.String[], java.lang.String[], java.io.File)"><CODE>Runtime.exec</CODE></A>
methods create a native process and
return an instance of a subclass of <code>Process</code> that can
be used to control the process and obtain information about it.
The class <code>Process</code> provides methods for performing
input from the process, performing output to the process, waiting
for the process to complete, checking the exit status of the process,
and destroying (killing) the process.
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The methods that create processes may not work well for special
processes on certain native platforms, such as native windowing
processes, daemon processes, Win16/DOS processes on Microsoft Windows, or shell
scripts. The created subprocess does not have its own terminal or
console. All its standard io (i.e. stdin, stdout, stderr) operations
will be redirected to the parent process through three streams
(<A HREF="../../java/lang/Process.html#getOutputStream()"><CODE>getOutputStream()</CODE></A>,
<A HREF="../../java/lang/Process.html#getInputStream()"><CODE>getInputStream()</CODE></A>,
<A HREF="../../java/lang/Process.html#getErrorStream()"><CODE>getErrorStream()</CODE></A>).
The parent process uses these streams to feed input to and get output
from the subprocess. Because some native platforms only provide
limited buffer size for standard input and output streams, failure
to promptly write the input stream or read the output stream of
the subprocess may cause the subprocess to block, and even deadlock.
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The subprocess is not killed when there are no more references to
the <code>Process</code> object, but rather the subprocess
continues executing asynchronously.
<p>
There is no requirement that a process represented by a <code>Process</code>
object execute asynchronously or concurrently with respect to the Java
process that owns the <code>Process</code> object.
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<DT><B>Since:</B></DT>
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<DT><B>See Also:</B><DD><A HREF="../../java/lang/ProcessBuilder.html" title="class in java.lang"><CODE>ProcessBuilder</CODE></A>,
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<CODE>abstract void</CODE></FONT></TD>
<TD><CODE><B><A HREF="../../java/lang/Process.html#destroy()">destroy</A></B>()</CODE>
<BR>
Kills the subprocess.</TD>
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<CODE>abstract int</CODE></FONT></TD>
<TD><CODE><B><A HREF="../../java/lang/Process.html#exitValue()">exitValue</A></B>()</CODE>
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Returns the exit value for the subprocess.</TD>
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<CODE>abstract <A HREF="../../java/io/InputStream.html" title="class in java.io">InputStream</A></CODE></FONT></TD>
<TD><CODE><B><A HREF="../../java/lang/Process.html#getErrorStream()">getErrorStream</A></B>()</CODE>
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Gets the error stream of the subprocess.</TD>
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<CODE>abstract <A HREF="../../java/io/InputStream.html" title="class in java.io">InputStream</A></CODE></FONT></TD>
<TD><CODE><B><A HREF="../../java/lang/Process.html#getInputStream()">getInputStream</A></B>()</CODE>
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Gets the input stream of the subprocess.</TD>
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<CODE>abstract <A HREF="../../java/io/OutputStream.html" title="class in java.io">OutputStream</A></CODE></FONT></TD>
<TD><CODE><B><A HREF="../../java/lang/Process.html#getOutputStream()">getOutputStream</A></B>()</CODE>
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Gets the output stream of the subprocess.</TD>
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<CODE>abstract int</CODE></FONT></TD>
<TD><CODE><B><A HREF="../../java/lang/Process.html#waitFor()">waitFor</A></B>()</CODE>
<BR>
causes the current thread to wait, if necessary, until the
process represented by this <code>Process</code> object has
terminated.</TD>
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<TH ALIGN="left"><B>Methods inherited from class java.lang.<A HREF="../../java/lang/Object.html" title="class in java.lang">Object</A></B></TH>
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Process</H3>
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getOutputStream</H3>
<PRE>
public abstract <A HREF="../../java/io/OutputStream.html" title="class in java.io">OutputStream</A> <B>getOutputStream</B>()</PRE>
<DL>
<DD>Gets the output stream of the subprocess.
Output to the stream is piped into the standard input stream of
the process represented by this <code>Process</code> object.
<p>
Implementation note: It is a good idea for the output stream to
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<DT><B>Returns:</B><DD>the output stream connected to the normal input of the
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getInputStream</H3>
<PRE>
public abstract <A HREF="../../java/io/InputStream.html" title="class in java.io">InputStream</A> <B>getInputStream</B>()</PRE>
<DL>
<DD>Gets the input stream of the subprocess.
The stream obtains data piped from the standard output stream
of the process represented by this <code>Process</code> object.
<p>
Implementation note: It is a good idea for the input stream to
be buffered.
<P>
<DD><DL>
<DT><B>Returns:</B><DD>the input stream connected to the normal output of the
subprocess.<DT><B>See Also:</B><DD><A HREF="../../java/lang/ProcessBuilder.html#redirectErrorStream()"><CODE>ProcessBuilder.redirectErrorStream()</CODE></A></DL>
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getErrorStream</H3>
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public abstract <A HREF="../../java/io/InputStream.html" title="class in java.io">InputStream</A> <B>getErrorStream</B>()</PRE>
<DL>
<DD>Gets the error stream of the subprocess.
The stream obtains data piped from the error output stream of the
process represented by this <code>Process</code> object.
<p>
Implementation note: It is a good idea for the input stream to be
buffered.
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<DD><DL>
<DT><B>Returns:</B><DD>the input stream connected to the error stream of the
subprocess.<DT><B>See Also:</B><DD><A HREF="../../java/lang/ProcessBuilder.html#redirectErrorStream()"><CODE>ProcessBuilder.redirectErrorStream()</CODE></A></DL>
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waitFor</H3>
<PRE>
public abstract int <B>waitFor</B>()
throws <A HREF="../../java/lang/InterruptedException.html" title="class in java.lang">InterruptedException</A></PRE>
<DL>
<DD>causes the current thread to wait, if necessary, until the
process represented by this <code>Process</code> object has
terminated. This method returns
immediately if the subprocess has already terminated. If the
subprocess has not yet terminated, the calling thread will be
blocked until the subprocess exits.
<P>
<DD><DL>
<DT><B>Returns:</B><DD>the exit value of the process. By convention,
<code>0</code> indicates normal termination.
<DT><B>Throws:</B>
<DD><CODE><A HREF="../../java/lang/InterruptedException.html" title="class in java.lang">InterruptedException</A></CODE> - if the current thread is
<A HREF="../../java/lang/Thread.html#interrupt()"><CODE>interrupted</CODE></A> by another thread
while it is waiting, then the wait is ended and an
<A HREF="../../java/lang/InterruptedException.html" title="class in java.lang"><CODE>InterruptedException</CODE></A> is thrown.</DL>
</DD>
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exitValue</H3>
<PRE>
public abstract int <B>exitValue</B>()</PRE>
<DL>
<DD>Returns the exit value for the subprocess.
<P>
<DD><DL>
<DT><B>Returns:</B><DD>the exit value of the subprocess represented by this
<code>Process</code> object. by convention, the value
<code>0</code> indicates normal termination.
<DT><B>Throws:</B>
<DD><CODE><A HREF="../../java/lang/IllegalThreadStateException.html" title="class in java.lang">IllegalThreadStateException</A></CODE> - if the subprocess represented
by this <code>Process</code> object has not yet terminated.</DL>
</DD>
</DL>
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<A NAME="destroy()"><!-- --></A><H3>
destroy</H3>
<PRE>
public abstract void <B>destroy</B>()</PRE>
<DL>
<DD>Kills the subprocess. The subprocess represented by this
<code>Process</code> object is forcibly terminated.
<P>
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</DL>
</DD>
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| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
Melbourne illustrator Marc Martin is a quiet achiever. He created this incredible collection of bold and beautiful A-Z illustrations for a very special self initiated project – a little book entitled 'The Curious Explorer's Illustrated Pocket Companion to Exotic Animals A-Z'. It is TRULY so exquisite – though the book itself is rather little(!) – so if you REALLY want to admire Marc's amazing animal illustrations, you should definitely pop over to the online shop and nab a limited edition A4 giclee print! Beautifully printed in vibrant colours, they're a steal (most are $50!) – and such perfect painterly pieces for any little person's bedroom!
Marc would also love to give you opportunity to WIN one limited edition print (of your choice!) and a copy of his sweet little book!
FIRST please share the love by visiting Marc's website and having a browse through the full collection of prints!
THEN pop back here, and leave a comment letting us know your FAVOURITE illustrated exotic animal.
A winner will be selected at random and notified by email tomorrow. How lovely! Thanks Marc!
What inspired you to create the 'Curious Explorers' book?
The idea behind the book was to do a bit of a world safari of animals. I like the 'old world' idea of bizarre, unknown creatures in far away lands, when people weren't very familiar with a lot of animals and the notion of the 'exotic' was still new. I drew a lot of inspiration from old books on flora and fauna – Ernst Haeckel's 'Art forms in Nature' is a big influence, as are my illustration heros Eric Carle, Charley Harper and Bruno Munari.
The idea for this project started over a year ago when my lovely partner Skye and I were traveling overseas. I did a lot of drawings whilst we travelled, and some of those drawings (especially the drawings of Borneo and Indonesia) somehow developed into this book. The feedback from the first book I did (A Forest) was really positive, so I knew that there was an opportunity to carry that momentum through to another book.
Which is your favourite print!?
Hmm, I think the Loris is probably my favourite – I love their big eyes. I actually spend way too much time on Youtube looking at videos of them!
What is next for Marc Martin?
I've got another, larger book coming out later this year through Erm Books, which is really exciting. It will probably be more of an artist book rather than a narrative or conceptual based work, so I'm looking forward to cutting loose and doing something really amazing. That should also coincide with a show in September at Lamington Drive, so it's going to be a busy few months leading up to that!
And for all the animal lovers, there's also an A-Z poster due for release in a couple of months, and more animals added to my webstore.
AND, most importantly, a friend and I are teaming up to form a new studio – LANZ+MARTIN. We've just finished an identity for Perimeter Books in Thornbury, and we're on the lookout for new creative clients to work with!
The Curious Explorer's Illustrated Pocket Companion to Exotic Animals is, as the name suggests, perfectly 'pocket-sized' and assembled by hand, with a soft cover. What would be AMAZING, I reckon… is for this beautiful project to be published properly, with a beautiful hard cover… and distributed to all the best book shops in the land! Now I KNOW there are some clever publishing people reading… if Marc's stunning work has struck a chord with you today, he would love to hear from you! That's all I'm SAYING. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Home / CE Articles / Featured / Insurance / ACA hasn't reduced health care costs
ACA hasn't reduced health care costs
By Dana Beezley-Smith, Ph.D.
November 18, 2018 - Last updated: November 17, 2018
"The only way we're going to stop our country from being a latter day Roman Empire – and falling under its own weight," MIT economist Jonathan Gruber told a 2010 audience, "is getting control of the growth rate of health care costs."
The 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA), which Gruber was integral in developing, was hoped to represent the nation's best attempt at reducing this expense. Three days before its passage, President Obama told House Democrats that "everybody who's looked at it says that every single good idea to bend the cost curve and start actually reducing health care costs are [sic] in this bill."
But in his Jan. 2012 address to the Jewish Community Center of San Francisco, Gruber admitted that he and the other ACA architects had no ideas for solving the nation's soaring health care expenses.
"Even if we KNEW how to control health care costs," he told attendees, "we couldn't do it politically. So what do you do?… Well, you do what I like to think of as sort of a 'spaghetti approach.' Throw a bunch of stuff against the wall and see what sticks."
In 2009, when Congressional deliberations began, national health spending totaled $2.5 trillion, representing $8,086 per person and 17.6 percent of the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
In 2016, U.S. health care spending reached $3.3 trillion or $10,348 per person, and consumed 17.9 percent of the GDP. Federal government and household costs accounted for the highest expenditures, at 28 percent each.
One cost-cutting tactic, promoted by three former Obama health advisors, has been widely adopted.
In a controversial op-ed published shortly after the ACA's passage, the authors advocated that providers "vertically integrate" into larger entities to improve efficiencies.
"Only hospitals or health plans can afford to make the necessary investments in information technology and management skills," they reasoned. "To realize the full benefits of the Affordable Care Act, physicians will need to embrace rather than resist change."
CBS News published its coverage on the editorial days later, proclaiming independent medical offices "doomed." The author argued that internal medicine and other specialists, "many of them in small practices," objected to the strategy because they're "raking in big bucks, and they don't want anything to change."
In 2012, 48.5 percent of physicians described themselves as "independent practice owners or partners." The Physicians Foundation's 2016 survey found that number had dropped to 33 percent.
The ACA's cost and regulatory pressures are motivating doctors to sell their practices to hospitals, writes Reason contributing editor J.D. Tuccille. "Is the independent doctor disappearing?" he asks. "The answer is yes – and to a significant extent, that's a result of deliberate policy."
According to The American Journal of Managed Care (AJMC), "The percentage of hospital-employed physicians increased by more than 63 percent" over the past four years. "Regions nationwide saw an increase in hospital-owned practices at every measured time period, ranging from 83 percent to 205 percent."
Moreover, the hospital systems that doctors are joining are merging at a steady pace. Leigh Page at Medscape reports that the majority of hospitals are now incorporated within ever-larger entities.
"The American Hospital Association reports that 60 percent of its member hospitals are part of a health system, with most of them in systems consisting of three to 10 hospitals."
PricewaterhouseCoopers' Health Research Institute projects health expenses will rise 6 percent next year, due in large part to "megamergers" among health service facilities. "In 2019, 93 percent of most metropolitan hospital markets will be considered highly concentrated."
Consolidation has long been demonstrated to increase costs without adding quality. Large systems can negotiate lucrative contracts with private insurers due to their market share and hospital-owned outpatient sites receive higher Medicare reimbursements than private practitioners. This, AJMC writes, "increases both costs to the Medicare program and financial responsibility for patients."
"I don't see a policy justification for why a physician's time is worth more as a hospital employee," Jeff Goldsmith, a Virginia health care consultant, told the Center for Public Integrity. Medicare, he maintained, is paying a subsidy that encourages hospitals "to buy up practices and dramatically increase the cost of services."
According to a 2014 study by the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), hospital-acquired practices receive $453 for performing an echocardiogram while the independent doctor is paid $189.
"Medicare pays twice as much for office visits at hospital-owned clinics as compared to private physician practices," claims physician Niran Al-Agba. "Patients with private insurance are responsible for as much as a 15 percent portion of the facility fee."
In 2012, MedPAC recommended a "site-neutral" payment policy, and in 2015, both Congress and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) leveled reimbursements across settings. However, locations acquired by hospitals before Nov. 2, 2015 were exempted from the payment cuts.
CMS is proposing payment parity for all clinic visits, the most common outpatient service, reducing reimbursement in hospital-affiliated locations from $116 to $46. The policy is expected to reduce federal spending by $610 million in 2019 and coinsurance by $150 million.
"We'll have to wait and see," writes Vox policy reporter Dylan Scott. "Litigation could also follow. But the Trump administration has shown a prior willingness, in the fight over the $340 billion drug pricing program, to confront hospitals."
The administration's $1.6 billion cut to the Medicare drug discount program is expected to save seniors roughly $320 million this year. The hospital industry has filed suit to reverse these cuts.
Dana Beezley-Smith, Ph.D., is in private practice serving children, adults and families in Green, Ohio. Her email is: [email protected].
Congress throws a wrench in Medicare telehealth rules
COVID-19 brings change to behavioral health for older adults
TPE audits target high volume providers
ACA survives cut in penalties but courts will have final say | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Whether you just bought a water stone, or you're about to buy one, you need to understand that you will need to take care of them to keep them flat. Flattening a water stone is a very simple process and I will show you how it can be done easily in less than 5 minutes.
400, 1000, 3000, 8000 Grit + Coarse Flattening Stone Yes: 1 Bamboo base + 2 Rubber stone holders We've designed this set to be a complete, all-in-one kit ideal for beginners. You'll be able to learn the basics and progress, without spending a fortune to get started.
Why Do I Need To Flatten My Water Stones?
The answer is simple. By sharpening your knives on a water stone, the stone will naturally deteriorate. Think about it: you are taking advantage of your stones' abrasive properties, and the stone "loses" some of its material in the process. It won't happen overnight, but by using your stone regularly you will start to notice how its shape changes and starts to be damaged right in the middle of the sharpening area. Exactly where you sharpen your knives.
We've mentioned flattening in several articles on KnifePlanet, and here's a collection of our best flattening tips & recommendations.
Flattening grid: horizontal and vertical lines drawn with a pencil.
Draw a flattening grid with a pencil.
2. Place flattening stone and dished water stone in water. Let them sink for around 3-4 minutes. You will see bubbles forming, this in normal. Water will activate the abrasive components of the KnifePlanet's Flattening Stone.
3. Place the water stone flat and rub the flattening stone on it. Your goal is to remove the lines you've drawn completely. Keep the stones wet during the process.
4. Once the lines are removed, the stone is perfectly flat. Get into the habit of doing this after 3-4 knives so you always have your water stones perfectly sharp. It takes no longer than 5 minutes.
The dark green stone is fixed and flat; it was very dished before flattening.
I've been collecting knives since I was a kid. The first knife my dad gave me was a finnish Pukko and I've been loving Scandinavian knives since then. I'm also a bowhunter and enjoy traveling. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
If you are looking for a quiet Thai getaway, Cha-Am is an excellent choice. This lovely beach resort was once a sleepy fishing village, and despite its popularity today as a sunny seaside holiday destination, it has still managed to retain its traditional character. Cha-Am is a great escape from the heat and hustle of Bangkok, and an ideal spot for those looking for some fresh air and relaxation.
Cha-Am attracts many visitors who come simply to relax on the long stretch of golden sand. Here you can sunbathe on a lounger by the sea, nap in the shade under the pine trees that back the beach, or swim in the calm blue waters. Active types can hire a jet ski to race along the waves or do some parasailing, water skiing or windsurfing. There are also several beach bars and restaurants set up along the sands where you can get cold drinks and snacks.
Besides the beach, there are plenty of ways to stay entertained in Cha-Am. Families will love the Black Mountain water park for its colourful slides, refreshing pools, and tranquil lazy rivers. The Cha-Am ATV park is also popular for its fun ATV rides and exciting paintball games. For those interested in Thai history and culture, Phrarachanivet Mrigadayavan is a summer palace that was built in the reign of King Rama VI. Visitors to the palace can explore the picturesque teak buildings on stilts that are connected by winding walkways.
For an authentic Thai dining experience, head to the fishing pier just north of Cha-Am. This is where fisherman from the area bring in their hauls, and the pier is lined with stands selling fresh seafood on ice. Pop into one of the restaurants here to feast on delectable dishes such as squid, red snapper, barracuda, prawns, and lobster. After the meal you can relax with a cold beer or ice tea and watch the fishing boats bob gently on the water.
At FlySearch we know that holiday planning can be time consuming. That is why we do all the hard work for you with our efficient online search function. With this tool you can find and book flights, hotels, and transportation for your holiday in Cha-Am, all in one convenient place. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Q: TypeScript generics create instace I'm trying to create a factory for instantiating my classes with generics. Checked out TypeScript docs and it all works perfectly. In short, this works just fine:
class Person {
firstName = 'John';
lastName = 'Doe';
}
class Factory {
create<T>(type: (new () => T)): T {
return new type();
}
}
let factory = new Factory();
let person = factory.create(Person);
console.log(JSON.stringify(person));
Now define class Person in directory:
export class Person extends BasePerson {
firstName = 'John';
lastName = 'Doe';
}
And when I import Person from other package:
import { Person } from "./directory"
class Factory {
create<T>(type: (new () => T)): T {
return new type();
}
}
let factory = new Factory();
let person = factory.create(Person);
I get error:
Argument of type 'typeof Person' is not assignable to parameter of type 'new () => Person'
How can I get a value of Person instead of typeof Person?
Using TypeScript 3.7.2 and Node v10.13.0.
A: Could you try this for me please?
import { Person } from "./directory"
class Factory {
create<T>(type: (new () => T)): T {
return new type();
}
}
let factory = new Factory();
let person = factory.create(new Person);
A: Actual problem here was a parent class of Person -> BasePerson. BasePerson expected an argument in its constructor, so when I tried to call factory.create(Person), Person actually was an typeof because it expected an argument for base class constructor. Problem was solved by deleting the constructor in base class and injecting a property via ioc container, in my case Inversify.
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} |
You may not inherit a cent, but this is your chance to rummage through Grandma's Attic and take your pick from a lifetime of treasures. Beneath layers of dust, you'll discover all kinds of fascinating finds that have been waiting there for decades to be reclaimed. But be forewarned, if you want to get to the good stuff you'll first have to overcome the creepy cobwebs, dust, mothballs, rats and even a skeleton. If you stumble across Granny's skeleton key you'll have access to some prized possessions locked away in her secret wardrobe. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
2 Athlete / J
by ethnic · January 28, 2008
Jeter in 2011, Kim Reinick / Shutterstock.com
Birth Name: Derek Sanderson Jeter
Place of Birth: Pequannock Township, New Jersey, U.S.
Date of Birth: June 26, 1974
*father – African-American, some English, remote Native American
*mother – Irish, some German and English
Derek Jeter is an American former professional baseball player. A shortstop, he played 20 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees.
Derek is the son of Dorothy (Connors) and Sanderson Charles Jeter. His father is African-American, and also has some English, and remote Native American, ancestry. Derek's mother has Irish, and smaller amounts of German and English, ancestry.
Derek is married to model Hannah Jeter (born Hannah Davis), with whom he has two children.
A DNA test whose results were displayed on the show Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (2014) stated that Derek's genetic ancestry is:
*59.4% European
——–*44.4% British & Irish
——–*12.2% Nonspecific Northern European
——–*1.6% French & German
——–*1.0% Nonspecific European
——–*0.2% Nonspecific Southern European
*39.4% Sub-Saharan African
——–*39.2% West African
——–*0.2% Central & South African
*0.5% Native American
*0.3% North African
0.4% No Match
The largest amount, 15%, of Derek's African DNA is from Nigeria.
Genetically, he was found to have a common ancestor with comedian and actor Jim Gaffigan.
Derek's paternal grandmother was Lugenia Jeter (the daughter of Bustee Jeter and Minnie Palmore). Lugenia was born in Alabama. Bustee was the son of Green W. Jeter and Jane. Green was a Christian minister. He was the son of a white slave owner, James Williamson Jeter, and of a black slave woman, Charity Jeter.
Derek's maternal grandfather was named William Francis Connors (the son of Mary). William was born in New Jersey.
Derek's maternal grandmother was Dorothy Tiedemann (the daughter of Thomas Augustine Tiedemann and Agnes Melvin). Dorothy was born in New Jersey. Thomas was the son of Michael Patrick Tiedemann and Frances Cecilia Pierce. Frances' father, William Charles Pierce, was English, from Manchester.
Sources: http://www.reuters.com
Genealogy of Derek Jeter (focusing on his father's side) – https://www.geni.com
Tom Maden
Tags: AfricanAfrican AmericanEnglishGermanIrishNative AmericanNigerian
Curious about ethnicity
fuzzybear44 says:
No offense, but if you people don't see certain stereotypical features on a person that says they're mixed, you guys are pretty oblivious to any of this stuff. They look white, well that's good enough for you
bearboy says:
ok… If everyone is dieing to hear my opinion again Jeter didn't really need to take a DNA test. COME ON EVERYONE I could easily tell you his ethnicity by looking the guy right in the eyeball. Sometimes nostril hairs help but we gotta understand Jeter is really Hebrew national… Don't think I'm telling the truth question mark look me up on http://www.bearboyknowsbest.highitsbearboy
slowdive says:
can you please change the picture?
http://www.prphotos.com/p/SGY-014560/derek-jeter-at-7th-annual-joe-torre-safe-at-home-foundation-gala–arrivals.html?&ps=35&x-start=7
English on mother's side as well, William Pierce.
He is also part Native American on his father's side
follers says:
From which ancestor?
It didn't say the name of the ancestor but a reliable DNA test that was on PBS Finding your roots said so. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/finding-your-roots/blog/breaking-autosomal-dna/ It had all his other ethnicities accurate so I believe this is accurate.
Mamé Adjei
Tyler Christopher
Raphaël Varane
Lauren Lapkus
Moritz Bleibtreu | {
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Specialty Track Quantitative Imaging in the Era of Big Data and Precision Medicine Symposium
Robustness of Lung Segmentation On Ultra-Low-Dose Chest CT Using Convolutional Neural Network
X Wang*, C Chou , J Hoffman , N Emaminejad , M Wahi-Anwar , M McNitt-Gray , M Brown , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
X Wang
(Tuesday, 7/31/2018) 4:30 PM - 6:00 PM
Room: Davidson Ballroom B
Purpose: Low-dose CT has been extensively used in lung cancer screening. However, lowering radiation dose results in more noise and thus impedes subsequent diagnosis. The purpose of this work was to investigate the performance of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for lung segmentation, trained using CT scans acquired at diagnostic dose, when applied to low and ultra-low dose scans.
Methods: Clinical data and corresponding raw projection data of 40 different patients were acquired, comprised of a cohort of 30 from lung cancer screening (~2 mGy) and the other 10 from diffuse lung disease trials (~15 mGy). Further reduced dose scans at 50%, 25%, and 10% of the original dose were simulated by adding calibrated noise to the projection data and they were all reconstructed with 1mm slice thicknesses/spacing and medium kernel. A previous ResNet-101 based CNN lung segmentation model built only using diagnostic scans was applied to segment these reconstructed scans of different dose levels. The ground truth segmentation was derived from the clinically reconstructed image by a semi-automated lung segmentation method, followed by manual editing. Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and Average Surface Distance (ASD) were used as evaluation metrics.
Results: For the lung cancer screening cohort (30 patients), CNN achieved a mean DSC of 0.987, 0.985, 0.982 and 0.978 at 100%, 50%, 25% and 10% CT doses, respectively. The corresponding ASDs were 0.826 mm, 0.917 mm, 1.059 mm and 1.218 mm. For the diffuse lung disease cohort (10 patients), the CNN achieved 0.978, 0.973, 0.969 and 0.961 at 100%, 50%, 25% and 10% doses, respectively. The corresponding ASDs were 0.842 mm, 0.926 mm, 1.083 mm and 1.242 mm.
Conclusion: The CNN based lung segmentation model trained on diagnostic dose CT scans (~ 15 mGy) was able to achieve accurate segmentation on simulated low and ultra-low dose scans (~0.2 mGy).
Low-dose CT, CAD, Segmentation
IM/TH- image segmentation: CT | {
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I'm 25, straight Indonesian girl looking for a gay guy to marry.
If you're gay, in the closet, looking for a wife to 'keep up appearances' (please don't go and marry a girl without telling her in advance that you're gay, that's horrible), as well as a best friend who will listen to your problems, care for you, go to 'kondangan' or family events without having to explain why you're still single, go on trips with you, and accept you no matter what, then we might be suited. Of course, you'll have to do the same for me!
I'm not doing this to "cover-up" for anything. My family members aren't nagging me to get married soon. I just like the idea of having a best friend who I can confide in and listen to, who will do things with me, care for each other, without all the drama of a heterosexual relationship. We could be each other's rock, something constant in each other's lives, when all the other things aren't. You could go on dates with any guy, and so can I, and we can gossip about the guys the day after, haha. Sound fun? I already have a male, gay best friend (been friends for over 10 years) who doesn't mind the idea of marriage with me, but unfortunately, his current boyfriend (of 1 year) minds very much.
Hai.. tbh i am bisexual looking for girls. Well. I am capable to fulfill your life with hapiness and seems all requirement you ask, i can pass it easily. Can we be a friends, first? | {
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© 2021 puppiesdua | {
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Q: Extending PythonCE to Access gsm/camera/gps Easily from PythonCE As it seems there is no scripting language for Windows mobile devices that gives access to phone (sms, mms, make a call, take photo). I wonder how complex it would be to make a Python library that would enable that (write something in C, compile, and import in PythonCE).
Question: Where shall start to understand how to compile a PythonCE module that will give additional functionality to Python on Windows mobile. Also, what is the required toolkit. Is it at all possible on Mac (Leopard)?
A: As the first step, you should try to create executable programs that invoke the functions you want. For example, to send SMS, it appears you need to call MailSwitchToAccount, passing "SMS", and so on - familiarize yourself with the C API on the platform.
To create executables, you need Visual Studio, and the Windows Mobile SDK. Those run on Windows. For cross-compilation, there is CeGCC (http://cegcc.sourceforge.net/docs/using.html), but using it probably makes things more complicated than using the Microsoft tools.
When you have executables that perform the functions you desire, creating Python extension modules out of them should be easy. Just follow the extending-and-embedding tutorials.
A: MSDN has plenty of samples for C++ development on Windows Mobile, and the SDK comes with several sample application. Unfortunately VS Express editions (the free ones) do not come with compilers for Smart Devices. The only free option is the older eMbedded Visual C++ (eVC), which is now something like 8 years old and not supported (though it can still create apps for devices at least up through CE 5.0).
A: just tried establishing an environment to get pythonce modules compiled (http://pythonce.sourceforge.net/Wikka/SConsBuild) but seems that I can only use 2003 PPC SDK and it has no recent functions available. Even when I followed all the steps in tutorial, sample spammodule.c does not compile :(
*
*Is there any good tutorial I can utilize to startup C (C++) programming for Windows Mobile?
*Also is it possible using free version of VisualStudio (Express version)?
| {
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English Literature » Summary » Jane Eyre: Short Summary
Jane Eyre: Short Summary
Summary / Words: 455 / January 28, 2020 January 28, 2020
This is a short summary of Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, not chapter-wise.
Jane, the protagonist, is a little girl who has lost her both parents one after another and begins to live at her uncle's house after the loss of her family upon her mother's last will. Yet, her uncle has also passed away in a short time after her settling in her uncle's house. Her uncle has a wife and three children; two girls and a boy. All of them hate Jane and treat her unfairly. After her uncle's death Jane Eyre becomes in need of the mercy of her aunt and her cousins. The only person who loves Jane and watches her over even for a bit is the maid, Bessie. Yet, Bessie's love is pale in comparison with the hatred of her aunt and her cousins.
When Jane turns ten, her aunt decides to send her to a boarding school. The school that Jane is to attend is Lowood School where serves the children of poor families and is a foundation school. Yet, despite everything Jane is content that she will get rid of this house where she is mistreated.
Jane spends eight fine years in Lowood School in spite of the difficulties she encounters with. She teaches in the school in the last two years. After these eight years, she decides that she must leave the school and she puts an advert in the newspaper for the families who search for governesses. Her advert is replied by a lady named Mrs. Fairfax who lives in a place called Thornfield. She is supposed to govern a nine-year-old girl. She immediately accepts this offer and she takes the road to Thornfield.
As she arrives to Thornfield Hall, she meets Mrs. Fairfax, who is an elderly and amiable woman. Mrs. Fairfax is the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall. The owner of the house is a gentleman named Mr. Rochester, but, Jane cannot have the chance to meet Mr. Rochester for he travels a lot. The little girl whom she will govern is a petite, lovely girl named Adele. Although her English is poor due to the fact that she was born in France, Jane has been taught in French in Lowood; and she does not have any difficulty to communicate with Adele. They get on well with Adele and Jane teaches her a lot of things in a short period. She loves Mrs. Fairfax as well. Yet, Mr. Rochester; the owner of the house, has not stopped by the house for all this time that she spends in Thornfield. Afterwards, she has an opportunity to meet Mr. Rochester by coincidence; yet, she is unaware of how this coincidence would change the flow of her life.
Role of Chance in "Othello"
Jane Eyre: Chapter Summary
Use of humour in "Pride and Prejudice"
Dust of Snow: Summary
Petals of Blood: Critical Analysis | {
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Environmental Clean Technologies Limited (ASX: ESI) (ECT or Company) is pleased to announce that the upgrades to its Bacchus Marsh High Volume Test Facility (HVTF) have been successfully commissioned and completed. The Company will now start a detailed R&D test program at this facility.
Further to previous updates, the Company is pleased to advise it has completed the commissioning of upgrades to its HVTF and will commence a detailed R&D test program.
The Coldry HVTF has not only increased its capacity up to 15,000 tonnes per annum, which doubles its previous capacity, it has reduced the cost of running these tests to the extent that sales of any suitable product would be sold at a significant earnings margin, given current Victorian market pricing for solid fuel and natural gas.
The ensuing test program will focus on the assessment and validation of various new parameters enabled by the upgrade, including process temperature and residence times at various stages within the process. In addition, other highly technical parameters and their influence on resulting product specification changes will be thoroughly assessed.
A more detailed background to the upgrade project including a series of photos and diagrams will be released over the coming days. | {
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Can't even believe it's JUNE.
Summer time here in Cali and I'm heading off to Alaska next week for a cruisey cruise. Nothing says summer like ice glaciers But I'm soooo excited!
I have something cool for you today. I've been perfecting this little funnel with my clients over the past several months and it works really well, even if you're brand new in biz.
One of my clients just sold out her group coaching program last month using this process (sales funnel + launch strategy).
I've opened up my calendar for women who want me to set up their 6k+ funnel for them… These work like magic for online biz owners in any industry and will be the only time I offer this.
SECOND: Watch the video so you can create your own 6k funnel in the next week.
THIRD: If you want my help…go here to learn more about working together. I have 4 spots left for July.
Love this! It breaks it down to make funnels a lot more approachable…instead of being crazy overwhelming. Thanks Carla!! | {
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The question is simple and stark, but there will be a gradient of effects, and side-effects, and after-effects. As the oil economy collapses, the world will change. And it will change a great deal.
Let's start with some of the basics.
Oil company values — which are currently topping the charts — will collapse. That means that certain investors (many investors) will "lose money," or see their net worth drop. To put this into a little more perspective, we highlighted recently that Tesla [TSLA] has passed the US "Big 3" automakers in market cap, currently sitting at $60.15 billion (compared to GM at $51.73 billion and Ford at $44.76 billion). Meanwhile, Exxon's market cap sits at $354.59 billion, Chevron's market cap is $204.76 billion, and Saudi Aramco's expected to be valued at $1–10 trillion.
Some of our top commenters have made it clear — the oil bubble could collapse at any moment. What's holding it together is the prospect of growth, but large portions of the investment community should soon realize that cost-competitive, more convenient, and more enjoyable electric transport; city, state, and national actions to fight air pollution; and broader governmental and corporate action to stop global warming mean that oil is a dead industry walking. As more investors and money managers decide oil & gas is not a smart "investment" for the future, more and more money will pull out of the industry. People, institutions, and companies making early exits will be fine, but the ones who wait a bit too long to understand where things are headed will suffer from the popping oil bubble.
But that's just the beginning of things. At this scale, certain companies collapsing, a certain number of people losing their jobs and needing to find a new career, and certain investors falling in net worth is all fairly disruptive. However, it's not that simple.
Some countries, of course, have centered their economies around oil & gas. As the oil economy collapses, they are screwed. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Qatar will face a dramatic drop in GDP, which means a dramatic drop in cash for its citizens and for basic services. That leads to migration, internal unrest, and probably not too infrequently, civil war and war with neighbors. To be poor is enough of a challenge itself, but to fall from great wealth to poverty is a whole other animal. We're already facing about international challenges of migration, war, and terrorism, but things could get a lot dirtier … they will.
One more interesting thing to consider, however, is how much a collapse of the oil economy will affect global "superpowers" and global economic matters. Russia, as already noted, is in for a period of economic downfall and shock. How Russia responds as that reality hits is an open question. But Russia's "arch nemesis" is probably in for a similar shock. That arch nemesis would be the United States, of course.
The oil & gas industry does not dominate the US economy like it does in various "petro states," but the US is the world's largest producer of oil and gas, and there's a more complicated matter for the US.
I may not have the complete picture on this topic — well, I'm sure I don't — so I'm interested to read critiques and extra context, and I'll summarize it in the simplest and most concise terms I can find. It stems back to 1971 when President Richard Nixon dropped the US dollar's link to gold (because of what seemed like the beginnings of a kind of "run on the bank," which was providing both a steep and long-term threat to the US dollar and US economy). This turned the US dollar into a "floating currency," which did allow the US to print money without facing the limit of gold reserves. But it also threatened the stability of the dollar and the faith other countries placed in it, which could have led to lower demand for the US dollar and US debt securities (loans made to the US government). Within a couple of years, though, President Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had a solution — the petrodollar. They worked out a deal with Saudi Arabia that essentially went like this: Saudi Arabia got weapons and protection from the USA (most notably, protection from Israel), and it just had to price/sell oil in USD and invest surplus oil proceeds into US debt securities. Saudi Arabia led the way at the USA's invitation, and the world followed.
"By 1975, all of the oil-producing nations of OPEC had agreed to price their oil in dollars and to hold their surplus oil proceeds in US government debt securities in exchange for the generous offers by the US." Demand for US dollars would be strong for decades to come (providing justification for the US to print as much money as it deemed necessary), demand for US debt securities would be strong for decades to come (allowing the US to live on debt much more so than it would be able to otherwise), and the Middle East would be weaponized and militarized much more than it had been, with the US standing guard and offering mafia-like protection.
I don't want to go too far down this road right now, but if you are interested in diving into precisely how/why the US jumped into the Iraq War, check this out. Short summary: Saddam Hussein decided in 2000 that Iraq would stop selling oil in USD and switch to EUR instead, and it fully made the switch by 2002. Needless to say, certain US political heads saw this as an existential threat to the US economy and eventually found (invented) a justification for invading Iraq. After all, what would happen if, led by Iraq, other countries decided to sell oil in euros instead of dollars, demand for dollars then dropped, and demand for US debt securities then dropped?
Currencies around the world are all now "floating currencies," as I understand it, since they are tied to the global floating currency of the US dollar. The matters discussed above are important for understanding demand for the US dollar, the ability of the US to print money as it feels necessary, and extravagant/artificial demand for US debt; but faith in the US economy as a whole is also important for those things, and as I noted higher up, the US is not a petro state whose GDP will crash when demand for oil crashes … especially if that demand for oil is replaced by demand for Tesla electric cars and batteries.
However, there are other reasons for people and other countries to question the stability and economic security of the United States, to question how much they want their fate and their currency tied to the US dollar, and to question how much they want to own US debt securities. And I'm not even talking about Donald Trump — Trump is more like an extremely inflammatory, annoying, debilitating symptom than the root problem.
Standard & Poor's downgraded the US credit rating for the first time in history in 2011 due to Congressional Republicans' decision "to turn the debt ceiling into a political football and the Republicans intransigence on tax increases," as Think Progress summarized at the time. This political extremism hasn't disappeared, and Republican obsession with tax cuts for the super rich is as strong as ever. With a humongous military — larger (in terms of funding) than the next 7–8 militaries combined — the US has been heavily spending abroad, has fallen behind globally in terms of education and other core ingredients for a strong economy, and yet maintains relatively low taxes compared to other countries. The results include a great deal of debt, a shaky economy, a stagnant economy, and a stagnant or shrinking middle class.
Hmm, does that sound like a country to tie your fate to? Do you think the credit rating drop hurt foreign leaders' confidence in US debt securities? Do you think Donald Trump is giving the world faith that the US hasn't lost its mind?
After that long side story, let's get back to this question of what will happen when the oil economy collapses. The US may not be a petro state, but lack of demand for US dollars, reduced interest in US debt securities, and the collapse of one of the USA's larger industries will combine to send a mighty blow to the US economy. I don't see a way around that, but feel free to enlighten me if I'm missing part of the story. Combine that with the other concerns about the US economy, and you could see that "run on the bank" threat return, leading to a spike in US economic challenges.
Yes, investing in cleantech will boost the US economy, boost US manufacturing, and boost overall faith in the US a great deal. Being the home of Tesla, SunPower, First Solar, GE, and other cleantech leaders is the direction to head in. The Obama administration did a great job investing in cleantech sectors, investing in our future, and trying to further diversify the US economy and protect it against the disruption and instability that will come from an oil economy collapse. But there's much more to be done, and Republicans in Congress and the White House are trying to roll back progress.
For the US, I think we're left with a gradient of potential scenarios that run from: 1) crashing under the weight of all the issues mentioned above (and many more — inflated healthcare costs, incessant funneling of money to the 0.01%, companies' and countries' growing dependence on China, etc.), to 2) a bump in the road that is easily overcome by leadership in cleantech, robotics, AI, and other sectors. If the world switched to electric transport much quicker than most people are presuming, with Tesla leading the way, will the issues above still crush the US economy? Or will we benefit from a cleantech industrial renaissance? Or will the future be something completely different from either of these possibilities?
And how about the rest of the world? How about Europe? China? India? El Salvador? I'm not a global economist, but my understanding is that the world is very much a global, integrated economy now. I was surprised at how much the US Great Recession hurt Europe and other countries. If the US economy crashes — not to mention the US economy plus the economies of various petro states — even if China, Europe, and others look a bit better relatively speaking, they will still be hurt. I take Chinese leaders at their word when they emphasize that a trade war with the US would not be good for anyone, but a trade war might be a small issue compared to the collapse of the oil economy.
Clearly, I'm not advocating that we prop up the oil economy. We have to get off oil. But it seems that it'd be wise to get one's house in order as much as possible before big-time investors really start pulling their money out of oil & gas companies. Where to put your money instead is an issue we'll discuss at our coming Cleantech Revolution Tour conference. I hope you can join us! | {
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Anne Frank's stepsister and concentration camp survivor Eva Schloss will be Solihull School's principal guest of honour at a special film screening it is hosting later this month to commemorate Holocaust Memorial Day.
The leading independent school will co-host the European schools' premiere of No Asylum: The Untold Chapter of Anne Frank's Story in partnership with the Anne Frank Trust UK on Monday, January 21st.
Eva will be present on the day, along with two further Holocaust survivors – Tomi Reichental, whose two most recent films premiered at the school and Birmingham's only Holocaust survivor, Mindu Hornick, who was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in 1942. Nanette Blitz-Konig, a Bergen-Belsen survivor from Amsterdam now living in Brazil, has recorded a video message for the screening.
Also attending is John Wood, the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Berney and subject of the film. Berney was centrally involved in the liberation of Bergen-Belsen in 1945, and his company were the first British troops to witness the horrors of a Nazi concentration camp first-hand. He then became commandant of the vast rehabilitation camp for ex-prisoners and spent three months supervising the efforts to treat the sick and dying, after Belsen had to be burnt to the ground by the British forces to help prevent the spread of typhus.
Local dignitaries, charity representatives, members of the Solihull and Birmingham Hebrew congregations and many other faith groups from across the West Midlands will also lend their support at the screening.
"To be invited to host such an important Holocaust film premiere for the third time recognises the passion and commitment we at Solihull have to honour those who were silenced and provide platforms for all those who speak out against prejudice and discrimination," added Mr Lloyd. | {
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The Event :- KL French Duolingo Events is about gathering learners to interact with each other. Provide a fun and live experience towards learning language. We will host the event once a month. Note that for participant below 18yrs old is advised to accompany by an adult and furthermore the event location might serve alcohol. About Me :- Love traveling to experience different culture. As different culture guide you towards different ways of life. Language is just part of it. I live in KL and i speak English, Malay, Cantonese, Mandarin and a little bit of French. | {
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Book Review: Empress by Shan Sa
August 10, 2012 - Ambrosia
A ravishing historical novel of one of China's most controversial historical figures: its first and only female emperor, Empress Wu, who emerged in the Tang Dynasty and ushered in a golden age. In seventh-century China, during the great Tang dynasty, a young girl from the humble Wu clan entered the imperial gynaecium, which housed ten thousand concubines. Inside the Forbidden City, she witnessed seductions, plots, murders, and brazen acts of treason. Propelled by a shrewd intelligence, an extraordinary persistence, and a friendship with the imperial heir, she rose through the ranks to become the first Empress of China. On the one hand, she was a political mastermind who quelled insurrections, eased famine, and opened wide the routes of international trade. On the other, she was a passionate patron of the arts who brought Chinese civilization to unsurpassed heights of knowledge, beauty, and sophistication.
And yet, from the moment of her death to the present day, her name has been sullied, her story distorted, and her memoirs obliterated by men taking vengeance on a women who dared become Emperor. For the first time in thirteen centuries, Empress Wu flings open the gates of her Forbidden City and tells her own astonishing tale-revealing a fascinating, complex figure who in many ways remains modern to this day.
Empress has regal flowing prose and is beautifully written. Unfortunately, the content is anything but beautiful; and the main character, a woman known as Empress Wu, who became the first (and, I believe, only, female emperor in China), metamorphoses from a caterpillar that flaunts the strict female conventions of her time, to a twisted and malicious butterfly with a stinger of pure, lethal venom.
At first, I really liked this book a lot. But then, as Ms. Sa got into the court intrigues, I began to be repulsed. Debauchery runs amok. Torture is the penalty for disloyalty or even disfavor; the emperor keeps a harem full of conniving women who want to be the first to bear the son that will carry on the legacy; Empress Wu, also known as Heavenlight, consorts with several women including her sister (which leads to an extremely disturbing and incestuous subplot that very nearly turned me off the book completely); and it's basically just one big, royal mess. I couldn't finish it to the end. I tried, but by page 213 I no longer had any vestiges of respect or liking for the main character.
Now, I'm not sure how historically accurate this book is, but I suspect it could be very close to the truth because court intrigue tends to be one of those things that are stranger than fiction. In fact, reading about this particular group of Chinese royalty reminded me of the Tudor court and the viper's nest that it was — and who could forget the lovely Borgia family. Anyone? So people who don't like their histories packaged up prettily and tied with string that bears the subtle hint of nationalism might really like this book. I'm generally in that camp, but the incest and violence and sheer cold-blooded cunning made it a little too difficult to swallow.
If there is anything good to be gained from this book, it is that it really makes you appreciate how far China — and the world, in general — has come with regard to the rights of man, equality between the sexes, and simple human compassion. I certainly wouldn't have wanted to be a woman in 600 A.D. — not in China, nor anywhere else for that matter. It's certainly nice to know that I can go about my daily business without being considered chattel!
Posted in Historical, Review
← Book Review: The Van Alen Legacy by Melissa De La Cruz
Book Review: Exiles in America: A Novel by Christopher Bram → | {
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January 27, 2023 Times when Janhvi Kapoor made heads turn in bodycon dresses!
Fawad Khan birthday special
Fawad Khan birthday: What is 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil' actor doing after being banned from India? | People News
New Delhi: Ever since Pakistani actors and artists were banned from working in the Indian Film industry, many have wondered what the Pakistani heartthrob Fawad Khan is up to. As far as Indian cinema is concerned, Fawad Khan, who turned 41 on Tuesday, was last seen in Karan Johar`s `Ae Dil Hai Mushkil` which underwent […] | {
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World War I or the Great War started in Europe, involving the Central Powers composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. It broke out on July 28, 1914. The Allied Forces were made up of France, the British Empire (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India and other members of the Commonwealth), Russia and Italy. Romania, the United States, Greece joined the Allied Forces later, after the war had broken out. Other countries that supported the Allies included Japan, Belgium and Serbia. The armed conflict was devastating on all fronts, to say the least. On the last year of the war, in 1918, the Allied Forces, with their number of successful offensives and great support from the forces of the United States were able to drive the Germans from the Western Front. With the dissent created by revolutionaries in their own country, Germany was forced to agree to a cease-fire, giving victory to the Allies. It signaled the end of the war and the signing of the The Armistice. To the Germans it was a total defeat but it was not a surrender.
Then U.S. President Woodrow Wilson proposed policies and guidelines for post-war order when he addressed the joint session of Congress on January 1918, which was an ideal scenario for ensuring peace in Europe and the rest of the world. The actual terms of the armistice was penned by Ferdinand Foch, a French Marshal. It stated that German troops should completely withdraw to their own borders and that hostilities should cease completely. Infrastructure should be preserved, prisoners exchanged, the German submarines and warships are to be disposed and Germany must pay reparations. Also included in the terms of the armistice were the conditions for its termination or continuation.
Before it was called Veterans Day, the federal holiday was named Armistice Day, celebrated annually on November 11 as proclaimed by President Woodrow Wilson exactly one year after the end of the First World War.
On June 4, 1926 the U.S. Congress passed a resolution, requesting President Calvin Coolidge to have appropriate ceremonies for the observance of the holiday. It became a legal holiday on May 13, 1938. They were then honoring only the war veterans of First World War. In 1945, Raymond Weeks, a veteran of the Second World War proposed the idea of including all war veterans in the celebration to General Dwight Eisenhower, leading to the creation of the National Veterans Day. A bill was proposed through Congress to establish the holiday, which was signed into law on May 26, 1954 by President Dwight Eisenhower. The law was amended six days later, changing the name Armistice to Veterans.
The observance of Veterans Day begins with a solemn ceremony. A color guard composed of members from all the military branches of the United States Armed Forces gathers at the Tomb of the Unknowns located at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia on the 11th hour of November 11. A bugler plays the "Taps" as the President of the United States or a representative of the President places a wreath in front of the Tomb. Near the Tomb is the Memorial Amphitheater where the rest of the ceremony is held. One of the highlights is the Parade of Flags that is participated by the different organizations in the service of the veterans.
It is not only in the United States where the veterans of war are honored. While the holiday may be named differently, the commemoration is still the same – it is the special day to honor those people who sacrificed to serve their country and fellow citizens, to uphold peace among nations. In Australia, Great Britain and Canada, the day is called Remembrance Day. Canada and Australia observe the holiday on the same day, November 11, while Great Britain celebrates it on the Sunday nearest to the 11th of November. Canadians remember all of their veterans by wearing a red poppy. In the United States, the red poppy is worn on Memorial Day.
It became a tradition to wear a red poppy during the commemoration of Memorial Day or Veterans Day. Have you ever wondered why? It was because the poppy fields in Belgium and Luxembourg were the sites of the most of the battles during the invasion by Germany. Back then the poppy seeds were lying dormant. But the soils on the fields were churned by the battles fought on what was called the Western Front. It resulted in the red poppies blooming like never before, with millions of flowers sprouted, covering the area in flaming red. It provided the inspiration for Major John McCrae, a Canadian soldier to write a poem, "In Flanders' Fields" that inspired an American teacher, Miss Moira Bell Michael to also write a poem, "We Shall Keep the Faith." She started wearing a poppy flower, which eventually became a tradition. Artificial poppy flowers are now sold to raise funds for the veterans and their families.
So this November 11, buy and wear a red poppy, give a warm hug to the veterans you know, send letters of thanks to them and spend part of your holiday with them, to give them cheers and thanks for their sacrifice to keep the peace, not only in your life but around the world. | {
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Jim-Flannery.com
What the FisX
Voices for Choices
LEAVE SCHOOL
LiberLight
PeggingToys.com
Alpha Red Tea
Welcome to the inside of my brain!
Why I WriteRead My Blog
I started my blog as a means to develop my seemingly rapid and disconnected thoughts into a communicable, organized form. I also find writing is a useful exercise for building emotional resilience in sharing these thoughts with the public. I find it frightening to be so exposed, yet also exciting to see what kind of response I get from people. Plus, it's revealing to look backward to reflect on what topics I've written about over time as my story unfolds.
Ex-mental patient disrupts U.S. mental health laws with Presidential candidacy
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Ex-mental patient disrupts U.S. mental health laws with Presidential candidacy If elected, laws will currently require him to serve entire term in a mental hospital EASTHAMPTON, Mass., JANUARY X, 2023 – Jim Flannery announced today that he will indeed pursue the office of the President of the United States in the…
LEAVE SCHOOL – Chapter 8 – Pseudo-Success Stories
Since LEAVE SCHOOL: what teachers can't tell you was finally published to print (Amazon / Barnes and Noble), I thought it was worth publishing my favorite chapter from the book, which shares four stories of teen-initiated zero-tuition self-directed learning centers. If there is a brick in the wall that this book contributes to the working…
The Truth Injection
As may be evident since the release of Sorry It's Not Funny, I've been reposting a lot of lost work over the last couple weeks… most of it comedy-related. One project I've been working to re-release is The Truth Injection, a video series featuring famous artists speaking out about issues related to those in the…
Ex-Mental Patient Speaks Out in New Hip-Hop Album About Hartford's Institute of Living
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Ex-Mental Patient Speaks Out in New Hip-Hop Album About Hartford's Institute of Living Describes Experience as "Torture" and Says Hartford's Not the Only Place This Happens HARTFORD, Conn., October 14, 2022 – Connecticut native Jim Flannery surprised listeners with the release of his debut hip hop album, Sorry It's…
Comedy, Hip-Hop, and Activism: My Interview with Mad in America
In anticipation of the release of my hip-hop album, Sorry It's Not Funny, I was interviewed by Karin Jervert of Mad in America. You may listen to the interview in your browser below or on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify Podcasts and YouTube. The full transcript is available on the MadInAmerica.com website.
I Hear Voices Now
It's been a while since I published anything. My life has not been ordinary for the last couple years and finding the right words to describe my experience has been a challenge. I'll try to keep it short, otherwise, this article will never get completed. In mid-2020, I had experiences which I, at first, believed…
21 DAYS: After the War
21 DAYS After the War Sagnik Roy and I partnered to write and run an "alternate reality" game during November 2020 that blends self-directed education and physics into a unique adventure for adolescents. The aim was to create a "book camp" of sorts to help young people transition from conventional schooling to self-directed education. The…
My testimony for the Connecticut Valley Hospital Whiting Task Force
A PDF of my written testimony as well as the written testimony of others is available on the CVH Task Force web page under the October 20, 2020 tab: You can see a video of some of the other testimonies from the Hearing on the Connecticut Network website. Testimony for CVH Whiting Task…
Invitation to participate in MAD PRIDE WORLD 2020!
Thank you to Nehchal for creating this promo video! CALL TO ACTION In solidarity with MAD PRIDE SEOUL, I am reaching out to psychiatric survivors around the world to invite you to participate in a livestream event on October 10, 2020. (NOTE: Event moved to October 31!) I need you to submit a video…
My Connecticut
When I was 26, I took a photograph of the San Diego skyline at night. My purpose was just to capture an image that could be used for the homepage of the American Relight website. Through pure luck, I discovered I don't suck. That was enough encouragement for me to feel confident enough to submit…
State of the Startup: July 2019
Note to the reader: this article was written in July of 2019 and was intended to be published in July of 2020. Since I was too uncomfortable with some of the content even after a year, it's being published now on June 3, 2021, with a few redactions. One thing which appears to be potentially…
Making Self-Directed Education Accessible to ALL
Making Self-Directed Education Accessible to All Why? | Watch the Video | Browse Accessibility Solutions | Contribute "Accessibility" means very different things to different people. In June 2020, I presented at the Alternative Education Resources Organization annual conference on the topic of Making Self-Directed Education Accessible to ALL. Please enjoy the presentation and consider contribution to…
My new audiobook app, 'LEAVE SCHOOL: what teachers can't tell you', is finally available!
So excited to announce that my new audiobook app, 'LEAVE SCHOOL: what teachers can't tell you', is finally available! LEAVE SCHOOL helps teens who are frustrated by school to thrive without school by pursuing self-directed learning. Get it at LEAVE-SCHOOL.com There are so many people to thank for supporting me in creating this project. Though I…
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A bishop, a sex-ed trailblazer, and the Notorious RBG herself: It's Woman Crush Wednesday
This week, our roundup of badass women in the news also includes an Afrofuturist hip-hop duo and fearless South Korean seafood divers.
Grist/Amelia Bates
Madeleine Thomas
Climate + Culture
For those of you who have pretended not to notice the bountiful Cadbury offerings at Rite Aid for the past month, this Sunday is Easter. And if the thought of donning a pastel sweater set and getting quietly drunk on mimosas with your parents isn't enough to get you excited about your annual visit to church, here's something that might: A top (lady!) leader in the Episcopal Church has spoken out about humanity's obligation to fight climate change. If your holiday plans this weekend are a little more matzoh-oriented, we've also got something for you: You can now incorporate the timeless wisdom of the Notorious RBG herself into your Passover seder.
Without further ado, here's our Women Crush Wednesday roundup this week. Happy holidays!
Here's who we've been crushing on this week:
Katharine Jefferts Schori, presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church, who says denying climate change is akin to rejecting God's gift of knowledge. Can I get an "Amen?" (The Guardian)
Ohio state Rep. Teresa Fedor (D) and the other courageous female lawmakers like her who have publicly revealed deeply personal stories of sexual abuse or their own abortions to argue against the abortion bans and restrictions on reproductive health being proposed across the country. (Think Progress)
Catherine "Cat" Harris-White and Stasia "Stas" Irons, the duo behind soulful hip-hop group THEESatisfaction. Their newest album waxes poetic on GMOs, consumerism, and post-racial society. (Grist)
King Texas
Rachel Swaby, for her latest book, Headstrong: 52 Women Who Changed Science — and the World. (The Washington Post)
Julie Metzger, who is changing the way young girls and their parents talk about sex, periods, and the hormonal woes of adolescence. (The New York Times Magazine)
The haenyeo, or sea women, of South Korea who harvest seafood underwater without any breathing equipment, sometimes for up to two minutes. Many of the remaining haenyo — a tradition that has been practiced for centuries — are now in their 60s and still going strong. (The New Yorker)
Future recipients of the Science Ambassador Scholarship, backed by the popular politically incorrect card game, Cards Against Humanity. Sales from a new science-themed pack will fund full scholarships for women starting college in Fall 2016 to pursue degrees in science. (TIME)
And, at last, what you've all been waiting for: Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's feminist Seder supplement. RBG, the first Jewish woman appointed to the Supreme Court, has done it again, y'all. (Longreads)
Stay tuned for next week's roundup!
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwkhV-q0V20]
A pop music icon, a safe sex advocate, and a Navy veteran-turned-farmer: It's Woman Crush Wednesday
Madeleine Thomas Culture
Woman Crush Wednesday
After all our crushin', we're crushed out
Eve Andrews
When there's nothing left to burn, you have to chill
Ladies, sometimes it's OK to have your burger and eat it, too
It's halfway through 2015. Need some inspiration for those New Year's resolutions? | {
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Just a quick "reserve this date" thing. I'm on the calendar, awaiting final dates for a show this fall at Gallery 414, here in Fort Worth. I'll be showing there with a couple of old long-time photographer friends, Kipp Baker and Leo Wesson.
Still in the planning stages, but should be mostly new paintings, with a few older, larger pieces. Plus photos by Leo and Kipp! Once I have more information, I'll be posting updates. | {
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Oklahoma State Puts In Crisp Practice on Day Three of AT&T Cotton Bowl Week
Photo By: Photo by Ian Halperin/CBAA
EULESS, Texas – Arriving a day early to prepare for the 78th AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic has helped Oklahoma State regain its sharpness, Head Coach Mike Gundy said Sunday after the team completed its third practice since reporting Friday. The team worked two hours in full pads.
The 13th-ranked Cowboys (10-2, 7-2 Big 12) have improved with each practice after a short layoff to be with family over Christmas. The sessions at Trinity High School have been closed to the public and media, and concentration has returned quickly as the Pokes get ready for their opponent, eighth-ranked Missouri (11-2, 7-2 SEC).
"I think the players understand the importance of practice and focus," Gundy said. "We've been fortunate that we've won a number of games in the last few years and been in big bowl games, so they understand that there's 3½ hours a day where we have to focus on meetings and practice and then the rest of the time they can enjoy themselves. They enjoy the bowl experience."
OSU started Sunday's practice outside and finished inside on a cold, blustery afternoon.
"We had a good practice," Gundy said. "The players were enthusiastic outside and we moved inside some to work on some offensive schemes in a little bit of a controlled environment since we're playing indoors."
Part of the enthusiasm came from younger players, especially those who have redshirted this season and want to prove themselves with the additional work they're receiving.
"They get, we figure, anywhere from 15 to 20 minutes a day extra than what they would get in a normal week prior to a regular-season game," Gundy said.
The 78th AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic is Friday, Jan. 3 on FOX. Airtime is set for 6:30 p.m. CST with kickoff scheduled for 7:10 p.m. Making their fourth appearances as members of FOX's broadcast crew, Gus Johnson and Charles Davis will describe all the action and will be joined by Kristina Pink reporting from the sideline. FOX is broadcasting the Classic for the 16th consecutive year.
ESPN Radio returns as the Classic's national radio partner for a second-straight year. Brad Sham, the "Voice of the Dallas Cowboys," will partner with Ed Cunningham offering color commentary and Ian Fitzsimmons adding analysis from the sideline to provide the call of the 78th Classic to hundreds of affiliate stations around the country as well as subscribers of Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio in the United States and Canada. | {
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Majic Under The Stars 2018 was an unforgettable experience. From the Prairie View A&M Marching Storm leading everyone into Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion to Regina Belle setting the stage on fire to kick off the night, fans and more were hit with wave after wave of hits, good music and even greater times.
Watch the official recap and see more Majic Under The Stars 2018 coverage here! | {
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As you have informed us, most of the Shaolin kungfu you teach is the southern Shaolin system of Hoong Ka, or Hung family kungfu. Hoong Ka is a style of southern Shaolin, characterized by solid stances, powerful arms and elaborate hand techniques.
You have also informed us that most of the world-famous martial arts techniques are found in the repertoire of Shaolin kungfu. It has all the kicks of Siamese Boxing, and Taekwondo, all the throws of Judo, and all the holds of Aikido. Based on the information you provided, Hoong Ka is not a southern Shaolin system.
A = D (where D represents a kungfu style with all the kicks of Siamese Boxing and Taekwondo, all the throws of Judo, and all the holds of Aikido).
But C is not D.
Therefore A (which = B = C) is not A (which = D).
A can be neither B nor not B.
Just a simple example, you may call this world we live in heaven, or you may call it hell, or you may call it both heaven and hell, or you may call it neither heaven nor hell, and in all the four cases you are relatively correct.
Interestingly, the latest science, quantum physics, is saying the same thing. In his classic proposal, the great modern scientist, Schrodinger, seriously says that when a live cat is placed in a box with a vessel of deadly poison, before you open the box, the cat is at the same time alive, dead, either alive or death, neither alive nor dead. The relative reality of the cat depends on your state of mind at the very moment you observe it, which actually is a basic statement in Buddhist philosophy.
Do you actually teach all the kicks of Siamese Boxing, and Taekwondo, all the throws of Judo and all the holds of Aikido?
No, I do not do so, and I don't need to. Doing so is a good example of wasting my students' and my time. Although I can safely say that I know a lot of Shaolin Kungfu, actually I do not even know a small portion of Shaolin Kungfu — and this statement has nothing to do with modesty or the lack of it. And although I know only a little compared to the total amount of Shaolin Kungfu in existence, it is more than sufficient to enable me to enjoy all the benefits that I look for in my martial art training, namely combat efficiency, good health, vitality, mental freshness and spiritual joy.
My students are even luckier. If they are willing to devote the necessary time and effort to their training, they can enjoy the same benefits even if they have spent less time than me in training and know less than what I know. The onus of excellence in any art — be it in cooking or playing the paino — is not how much you know but how well you make use of what you know to achieve your purpose. If you know hundreds of recipes or hundreds of musical scores, but cannot prepare a decent dish or play a lovely tune, then you have wasted your time. You may know all the kicks, throws and holds — and perform them beautifully in solo demonstrations — but cannot even defend yourself against a simple attack, then you have missed the fundamental purpose of practising kungfu.
Could you briefly illustrate the concepts so that this misunderstanding can be overcomed with?
I know all these kicks, throws and holds (as the result of my knowing Shaolin Kungfu), yet I am not teaching all of them.
Misunderstanding occurs only when you enslave yourself to the words, instead of understanding what the words actually are supposed to say. Once you have overcome this problem, and also realize that words are often limited in saying what they intend to say, your misunderstanding will disappear. You will have a clearer perception if you translate your ideas into symbols, as I have done for you in Answer 1 above.
A better way than merely using logic, or understanding the concepts intellectually — which appears to be what you delight in — is to enjoy their practical benefits. When you actually practise southern Shaolin Kungfu, you will find that while there are numerous kicks, throws and holds (but kungfu dancers may not recognize them although they perform their external forms), your typical training involves solid stances, powerful arms and elaborate hand techniques. While you may come across many, many techniques (including kicks, throws and holds), your master asks you to concentrate only on a selected few so as to perfect them. In this way you will directly experience both the validity and the purpose of these concepts.
When you say Shaolin kungfu as the style you teach, do you mean that Shaolin is a style of kungfu, or a generic term covering all kungfu styles originating from Shaolin monastery?
Depending on the particular situation, I may mean one or the other, one and the other, and neither one nor the other. For example, when I say Shaolin Kungfu is the greatest martial art, I mean the genre. When I say I teach Shaolin Kungfu, I man my particular style. When I say Shaolin Kungfu gives you radiant health, I mean one and the other. When I say the performers gave a beautiful demonstration of Shaolin Kungfu at the birthday party, I mean neither one nor the other.
Such examples are plentiful not only in the Shaolin arts of kungfu, chi kung and Zen, but also in other disciplines, although many people may not be aware of them. Your question therefore may be a rewarding awakening for some people.
By the way, Sifu Wing Lam stated that there were two separate branches of Hoong Ka kungfu, mainly, Ha Say Fu (4 lower tigers) and Canton Hoong Ka, the primary branch most modern kungfu schools teach nowadays. It was also stated that Canton Hoong Ka was derived from Ha Say Fu Hoong Ka in his webpage. Would you please comment on the statements?
Application of Hoong Ka Kungfu. Chee Yong attacks Mogan with an elbow attack. But this attack is a feint move. As soon as Mogan brushes aside the attack, Chee Yong "leaks" his hand below and strikes Mogan's groin with a reversed tiger-claw.
From the sources I obtained, I believe that Hung Xi Guan escaped from Fujian Shaolin Monastery to Fa County of Guangdong, a large district north of its neighbour, the city of Guangzhou (Canton). My uncle, a Wing Chun expert, informed me that Hung was a native of Canton. Where is your point of view towards the above statements?
Chinese records state that Hoong Hei Khoon (Hung Xi Guan) was a native of Fujian. The original surname of his forefathers was not "Hoong" but "Choo", being decendents of the Ming imperial family and changing the surname to avoid the prosecution of the Manchurian government.
After the burning of the southern Shaolin Monastery at Fujian, Hoong Hei Khoon escaped first to Fa Yuan (Flower District), then settled down at Futt Shan (which means "Mountains of Buddhas"), where he established his kungfu school called Shaolin Hoong Khun, which means "Shaolin Kungfu of Hoong School"). Later generations referred to this style of Shaolin Kungfu as Hoong Ka Kungfu.
I have both your books "The Art of Chi Kung" and "Chi Kung for Health andVitality". But I don't know which exercises to follow, because I do have a lot of ailments, so I don't know if I have to do all of them. I have a lot of stress, sadness and guilt. I also have a chronic degenerative disease in the knees called condromalasia, my back hurts, and I have gained a lot of weight.
Practise only one or two exercises at one time daily for a few months before proceeding to another one or two.
As chi kung is an internal art, it is difficult for you to learn how to manage energy from reading a book. The exercises I describe in my book, "The Art of Chi Kung", are among the best I know. But if you do not perform them properly, you are likely to perform them as dance, which, though beautiful to watch, will not help you to overcome your health problems.
It will be better for you to seek a chi kung master, or at least a competent instructor, in your area. Make sure he teaches chi kung, and not just chi kung dance. If you wish to learn from me, please refer to my website.
I was pleased last term to train with a good instructor at the university. I have learnt more advanced sparring techniques and he encourges us to employ technique within sparring rather than just kicking and punching. I was the only student last term to complete the basic training of the the first form. However I would like to spend more time on this than continue with the higher level training. The basic training was in Hun Gar, which is wonderful.
Your instructor has given you good advice, i.e. emplying your kungfu techniques in your sparring rather than just kicking and punching. Congratulations for being the only student to complete the basic training.
You have made a wise choice, though most people would rush to "higher" level training. I use inverted commas because actually they would not proceed to a higher level; they merely learn more techniques, and as the extra learning would take up much of their training time they would probably drop to a lower level in skills. It is in practising over and over again what you have learnt, especially the basic training, that you really progress to a higher level.
Hung Gar is a wonderful style. In fact it is the Southern Shaolin Kungfu.
I'm now learning Southern Praying Mantis (Chow Family) and I've found that I prefer the internal essence of this to Chi Kung.
Chi kung is an umbrella term; it means energy management. The internal essence of Southern Praying Mantis, as it involves energy management, is chi kung. Whatever chi kung exercises you do (including the ones in Southern Praying Mantis, and the ones I teach), if you do them without managing energy, they become gymnastics or dance.
Yet I have a problem in that I've now learnt the basics of 6 styles of Kung Fu and I do not have the oppurtunity to get to a more advanced level in one style.
Here you are confused between progressing to a more advanced level and learning new things. As I have mentioned above, learning new things may actually result in your dropping to a lower level. The following simple example will make this point clear.
Let us say you have decided to devote six months, or 24 weeks, to learning how to defend against Taekwondo kicks. You spend two weeks in learning three or four relevant techniques, 10 weeks in practising these techiques on your own without learning anything new, another 10 weeks to practise these techniques with a friend who attacks you with Taekwondo kicks, and the remaining 2 weeks in actually trying your techniqes on Taekwondo opponents. In this way, you would have progressed in six months from a level where you would be quite helpless when a Taekwondo opponent attacks you, to a higher level where you would be able to defend yourself reasonably well.
But suppose that after the 2 weeks of learning the relevant techniques, you proceed to learn many other techniques and other things for the remaining 22 weeks. You may have learnt a hundred techniques, many of which you may have forgotten or can hardly perform well, yet when a Taekwondo opponent attacks you, you will be quite helpless.
Indeed, had you not learnt "kungfu", you would with your natural instincts defend yourself better, such as jumping away from his kicks as an untrained person would do, but when you attempt to use your "kungfu" techniques you would find yourself awkward and hesitant, and be kicked a few times before you realize what has happened. Today it is a norm that those who have learnt so-called kungfu techniques for many years and can perform them beautifully in solo demonstrations, are quite helpless if attacked by a Taekwondo brown or even blue belt who has trained for only a few months.
I know I am competent. But I practice forms and techniques from 6 styles and I feel that I have no blend, esspecially between the northern and southern.
If the point of reference for your competency is beautiful demonstration of forms, or theoretical knowledge of kungfu styles, I would not question the validity of your statement. But if the point of reference is combat efficiency, which is the most basic purpose of kungfu — any style of kungfu, including Taijiquan — anyone with some common sense for reflection, would question how could anyone find the time to be competent if he has six different kungfu styles.
For me, with my knowledge and experience of kungfu, without having to know your background I can safely say you are not competent in combat — even though you might have learnt "kungfu" for thirty years. The reason is simple: had you been combat competent, you would not have thought of blending the six styles, or between the northern and the southern styles. Actually, it was for the sake of better combat efficiency, besides some historical factors, that kungfu branched out into different styles.
Shaolin Kungfu is comprehensive. It has all the kicks of Siamese Boxing and Taekwondo, all the throws of Judo, and all the holds of Aikido. This Shaolin attack, "Jade Girl Kicks Shuttle", is like a Siamese Boxing knee jab.
I have considered developing forms and a style (just for my own personal training, not for anyone else) of what I prefer. But I know that this could make my art less effective. I have considered that it was sussessful with the development of Northern Praying Mantis. But I know I do not possess the skill of a Shaolin monk.
Should I continue to practice all the styles individually, concentrate on one style or blend them?
Not only you do not possess the skill and knowledge of the Shaolin master, Wang Lang, who synthesized 18 styles into Praying Mantis Kungfu, you do not even know enough of any one of the styles you have learnt to comprehend what you would be doing. So why do you want to waste your time and effort? This recalls a statement made by my senior European disciple, Douglas, who said that if you were given a treasure by a long tradition of great masters, why be so foolish as to ignore this treasure and waste time hoping to find another treasure somewhere else.
In the West, it is not uncommon that many people start to teach an internal art like Taijiquan and various forms of chi kung after having learnt it for only a few weeks. Such disfiguring of the great arts is bad enough, but some further insulted the masters by making modification to the arts to "improve" them!
Your best choice, if you want to derive real benefits from great arts, is to select one among the many you have learnt, and then concentrate on it. A great art is to be treasured for life — unlike a commercial package which you may change every now and then.
I have been taught a set of moving Chi Kung, basically of Tai Chi by my Chinese master. In the course of practicing each day, I feel like electric current moving in my palms which now are becoming warm. Though I slowly move my body while practicing, it seems my legs are trembling. When I stop practising and stand still in a Chi Kung posture, my body shakes vigorously.
I reported this to my master last year and he suggested I kept practicing for quite some time first and he would teach another step. I follow his advice and find it improper to ask further. However, as you are a true master of this long lasting internal arts, I hope you would be kind enough to clarify my case.
You have a good teacher. Treasure and respect him, and follow his advice. Don't try to learn anything new if he does not teach you; doing so — though you and other people may not comprehend the rationale behind — would hamper your progress.
Your feeling of electric current in your palms is an indication of your having developed internal chi flow. Your trembling in the legs and vigorous shaking of your body indicate that chi is breaking through some energy blockage. If you try to learn something new at this stage, you would deny yourself this wonderful working of chi for your benefit, which your practice is meant to produce.
My aim of practicing Chi Kung, apart from making my body healthy, is to channel chi for therapy or to cure illness of patients, especially those with low incomes as I am a Buddhist, side by side with teaching Buddhism.
Before you attempt to teach or heal people, you must make sure you yourself have acquired a high standard in your chosen art. This is the most basic requirement of a teacher or healer — a requirement which is very seldom observed in the West, where many people think of becoming a teacher or a healer even before they begin learning the art.
My question is : do we need to attain a Big Universe to be able to channel chi to relieve pains of others or just a Small Universe? Also, could you please elaborate on the practising steps of those who acquire such a skill?
Both the Big Universe and the Small Universe are not essential conditions for becoming an effective healer, but it would be very useful to have the Small Universe. Irrespective of the skill, after you have learnt it correctly the three essential steps to attaining a high standard are: 1. Practice. 2. Practice. 3. Practice. | {
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Delhi Corona App: Download COVID-19 Delhi Govt Android & IOS App Link
3rd June 2020 by Sahib Sahib
Today we will talk about the Delhi Corona app which has been launched by the concerned authorities of Delhi government. We will try to cover each and every aspect related to the Delhi Corona App such as we will launch a step-by-step guide through which you will be able to download the COVID-19 Delhi government Android and IOS app. We will also provide you proper link through which you will be able to directly download the app on your mobile phones. The app is a very great initiative by the government of Delhi.
COVID-19 Delhi Corona Android & IOS Mobile App
Details Of Delhi Corona App
Implementation Procedure
Temporary Ration Coupon
Numerical Data
Procedure To Download Delhi Corona App
Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal Tuesday propelled a versatile application for data on the accessibility of beds and ventilators in the city's Covid-19 assigned emergency clinics. According to the Chief Minister of Delhi that is Mr Arvind Kejriwal the Delhi Corona app will help all of the residences of the city to find proper Hospital facilities for their relatives or any other patients without getting to run from one hospital to another hospital to find proper bed and Hospital facilities. The cases of coronavirus in Delhi are increasing day by day so it is very essential for the citizens to know which hospitals are still taking patients and are available for operating.
Name Delhi Corona App
Launched by Concerned authorities of Delhi government
Beneficiaries Residents of Delhi
Objective Providing an online facility of checking Hospital beds and Accommodation facilities
The application gives the number of beds accessible for the treatment of the coronavirus illness (Covid-19) patients in government and private clinics. As per government authorities, the data is refreshed once per day. The application was kept going refreshed at 9 am on Monday. Also. with the data about the accessibility of beds, the application can be utilized to check all the regulation zones announced by the administration on Google Maps. Maps of all the COVID Testing Centers, COVID Care Centers, and COVID Health Centers are likewise accessible on the application. There is additionally a poll to assist individuals with computing their disease hazard. Aside from that, the application likewise has day by day reports on the number of cases recorded and the number of individuals tested.
On Monday morning, there were 6,670 beds for the treatment of Covid-19 patients in the city—2,116 in government medical clinics and the rest in private, as indicated by the application. Of these, 2,692 beds are right now involved. Aside from these, there is a sum of 302 beds with the ventilator office accessible in the city—of this, 229 are in government medical clinics and the rest in private emergency clinics. A sum of 38 ventilators is involved over the city, as per the application. By mid-June, the Delhi government intends to extend the number of beds up to 9,846. Of these 1,900 will be in three of its emergency clinics
1,500 beds in Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital in Dilshad Garden
200 beds in Deep Chand Bandhu medical clinic in Ashok Vihar
200 beds in Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra Hospital in Narela.
You can download the Delhi Corona app by following the simple procedure given below:-
Open Google Play Store on your mobile phone
Tap on the search button
Enter the text as Delhi Corona app
Delhi Corona app will be displayed on your screen
Click on install
On the off chance that a medical clinic will not give you bed in any event, when the CORONA application shows beds are accessible in that emergency clinic, at that point you can approach 1031. The Special Secretary will make a move quickly and contact the emergency clinic specialists to give you bed on the spot as said by the CM of Delhi. A connect to the administration's WhatsApp helpline is likewise given in the application.
Categories Delhi Govt Scheme
EMU Farming Information – एमु फार्मिंग – How to Start Guide in Hindi
Karnataka Migrant Registration: Apply at sevasindhu.karnataka.gov.in | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
\section{Introduction}
In order to motivate the problem dealt in this paper, we have considered the
results of an experiment carried out by Doll and Pygott (1952) to assess the
factors influencing the rate of healing of gastric ulcers. Two treatments
groups were compared. Patients in group 2 were treated in bed in hospital for
four weeks. For the first two weeks they were given a moderate strict orthodox
diet and for the last two weeks a more liberal one. They were then reexamined
radiographically, discharged, recommended to continue on a convalescent diet
and advised return to work as soon as they felt fit enough. Patients in group
1 were discharged immediately. They were treated from the outset in the way
that group 2 patients were treated after their month's stay in hospital. In
Table \ref{tttt1}, we present the results showed by Doll and Pygott (1952,
Table IV) for three months after starting the treatments. This article
proposes new families of test-statistics when we are interested in studying
the possibility that the ulcer treatment (Treatment $2$) is better than the
control (Treatment $1$).%
\begin{table}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
$%
\begin{tabular}
[c]{lcccc}\hline
& Larger & $<\frac{1}{3}$ Healed & $\geq\frac{2}{3}$ Healed & Healed\\\hline
Treatment $1$ & 11 & 8 & 8 & 5\\
Treatment $2$ & 6 & 4 & 10 & 12\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $\caption{Change in size of ulcer crater.\label{tttt1}}%
\end{table}%
Let $Y$ denote the ordinal response variable and $X$ denote an ordinal
explanatory variable with two categories. The variable $Y$ takes the values
$1$, $2$, $3$ and $4$, which represent different levels of healing, from less
to much capacity to heal the ulcer. The variable $X$ takes the values $1$ and
$2$ according as the treatment group, $1$ is control and $2$ is the treatment
group by itself. We shall initially focus on making statistical inference on
the theoretical probabilities displayed in Table \ref{ttt2}.%
\begin{table}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
$%
\begin{tabular}
[c]{lcccc}\hline
& Larger & $<\frac{1}{3}$ Healed & $\geq\frac{2}{3}$ Healed & Healed\\\hline
Treatment $1$ & $\Pr(Y=1|X=1)$ & $\Pr(Y=2|X=1)$ & $\Pr(Y=3|X=1)$ &
$\Pr(Y=4|X=1)$\\
Treatment $2$ & $\Pr(Y=1|X=2)$ & $\Pr(Y=2|X=2)$ & $\Pr(Y=3|X=2)$ &
$\Pr(Y=4|X=2)$\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $%
\caption{Theoretical conditional probabilities.\label{ttt2}}%
\end{table}%
There are several ways of formulating the statement \textquotedblleft the
treatment is better than the control\textquotedblright. Initially, we shall
consider that Treatment $2$ is at least as good as Treatment $1$ if the ratio
$\frac{\Pr(Y=j|X=2)}{\Pr(Y=j|X=1)}$ increases as the response category, $j$,
increases, i.e.%
\begin{equation}
\tfrac{\Pr(Y=j|X=2)}{\Pr(Y=j|X=1)}\leq\tfrac{\Pr(Y=j+1|X=2)}{\Pr
(Y=j+1|X=1)}\qquad\text{for every }j\text{,} \label{eq1}%
\end{equation}
and Treatment 2 is better than the Treatment 1 if (\ref{eq1}) holds with at
least one strict inequality.
If we assume that Treatment 2 is at least as good as Treatment 1, i.e.,
(\ref{eq1}) holds, is there any evidence to support the claim that treatment
$2$ is better? In such a case null and alternative hypotheses may be%
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
& H_{0}:\;\tfrac{\Pr(Y=j|X=2)}{\Pr(Y=j|X=1)}=\tfrac{\Pr(Y=j+1|X=2)}%
{\Pr(Y=j+1|X=1)}\quad\text{for every }j\text{,}\label{eq2}\\
& H_{1}:\;\tfrac{\Pr(Y=j|X=2)}{\Pr(Y=j|X=1)}\leq\tfrac{\Pr(Y=j+1|X=2)}%
{\Pr(Y=j+1|X=1)}\quad\text{for every }j\quad\text{and}\quad\tfrac
{\Pr(Y=j|X=2)}{\Pr(Y=j|X=1)}<\tfrac{\Pr(Y=j+1|X=2)}{\Pr(Y=j+1|X=1)}%
\quad\text{for at least one }j\text{.} \label{eq3}%
\end{align}
The null hypothesis means that both treatments are equally effective, while
the alternative hypothesis means that Treatment 2 is more effective than
Treatment 1. Note that if we multiply on the left and right hand side of
(\ref{eq2}) and (\ref{eq3}) by $\left( \tfrac{\Pr(Y=j|X=2)}{\Pr
(Y=j|X=1)}\right) ^{-1}$ we obtain
\end{subequations}
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
& H_{0}:\;\vartheta_{j}=1\quad\text{for every }j\in\{1,...,J-1\}\text{,}%
\label{eq2b}\\
& H_{1}:\;\vartheta_{j}\geq1\quad\text{for every }j\in\{1,...,J-1\}\quad
\text{and}\quad\vartheta_{j}>1\quad\text{for at least one }j\in
\{1,...,J-1\}\text{,} \label{eq3b}%
\end{align}
where $J$ is the number of ordered categories for response variable $Y$,%
\end{subequations}
\begin{equation}
\vartheta_{j}=\dfrac{\pi_{1j}\pi_{2,j+1}}{\pi_{2j}\pi_{1,j+1}},\quad\forall
j\in\{1,...,J-1\}, \label{2}%
\end{equation}
are \textquotedblleft local odds ratios\textquotedblright\ associated with
response category $j$, and%
\begin{equation}
\pi_{ij}=\Pr(Y=j|X=i). \label{eq5}%
\end{equation}
In case of considering the opposite inequalities given in (\ref{eq3}) or
(\ref{eq3b}), the easiest way to carry out the test is to exchange the
observation of the two rows in the contingency table (in the example,
Treatment $2$ in the first row and Treatment $1$ in the second row). In this
way, the mathematical background is not changed but the interpretation of the
aim is changed. In the example however, there is no sense in considering that
the control ($1$) is better than the treatment ($2$), if the experiment is
carried out with humans and it is assumed that the treatment will not harm
these patients.
The non-parametric statistical inference associated with the likelihood ratio
ordering for two multinomial samples was introduced for the first time in
Dykstra et al. (1995) using the likelihood ratio test-statistic. In the
literature related to different types of orderings, in general there is not
very clear what is the most appropriate ordering to compare two treatments
according to a categorized ordinal variable. In the case of having two
independent multinomial samples, the likelihood ratio ordering is the most
restricted ordering type; for example, if the likelihood ratio ordering holds,
then the simple stochastic ordering also holds. Dardanoni and Forcina (1998)
proposed a new method for making statistical inference associated with
different types of orderings. For unifying and comparing different types of
orderings, they reparametrize the initial model. Different ordering types can
be considered to be nested models and the likelihood ratio ordering is the
most parsimonious one. The advantage of nested models is that the most
restricted models tend to be more powerful for the alternatives that belong to
the most restricted alternatives. In this setting, our proposal in this paper
is to introduce new test-statistics that provide substantially better power
for testing (\ref{eq2}) against (\ref{eq3}).
The structure of the paper is as follows. In Section \ref{Sec:LM}, we have
considered the likelihood ratio order associated with a non-parametric model,
as in Dardanoni and Forcina (1998), but the specification of the model through
a saturated loglinear model is substantially different. Section \ref{Sec:PD}
presents the phi-divergence test-statistics as extension of the likelihood
ratio and chi-square test-statistics.\ The applied methodology in Section
\ref{sec:Main results} for proving the asymptotic distribution of the
phi-divergence test-statistics, based on loglinear modeling, has been
developed by following a completely new and meaningful method even for the
likelihood ratio test. A numerical example is given in Section
\ref{sec:Numerical example}. The aim of Section \ref{sec:Simulation Study} is
to study through simulation the behaviour of the phi-divergence
test-statistics for small and moderate simple sizes. Finally, we present an
Appendix in which we establish the part of the proofs of the results not shown
in Section \ref{sec:Main results}.
\section{Loglinear modeling\label{Sec:LM}}
We display the whole distribution of $\pi_{ij}$, given in (\ref{eq5}), in a
rectangular table having $2$ rows for the categories of $X$ and $J$ columns
for the categories of $Y$ (for the initial example, Table \ref{ttt2}) and we
denote the $2\times J$ matrix $\boldsymbol{\Pi}=(\boldsymbol{\pi}%
_{1},\boldsymbol{\pi}_{2})^{T}$, with two rows of probability vectors,
$\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i}=(\pi_{i1},...,\pi_{iJ})^{T}$, $i=1,2$. We consider two
independent random samples $\boldsymbol{N}_{i}=(N_{i1},...,N_{iJ})^{T}%
\sim\mathcal{M}(n_{i},\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i})$, $i=1,2$, where sizes $n_{i}$ are
prefixed and $\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i}>\boldsymbol{0}_{J}$, that is the
probability distribution of r.v. $\boldsymbol{N}=(\boldsymbol{N}_{1}%
^{T},\boldsymbol{N}_{2}^{T})^{T}$ is product-multinomial. Let%
\begin{equation}
p_{ij}=\Pr(X=i,Y=j), \label{eq5b}%
\end{equation}
be the joint probability distribution. Since $\Pr(X=i,Y=j)=\Pr(Y=j|X=i)\Pr
(X=i)$, i.e. $p_{ij}=\pi_{ij}\frac{n_{i}}{n}$, $i=1,2$, where $n=n_{1}+n_{2}$,
we can express (\ref{2}) also in terms of the joint probabilities%
\begin{equation}
\vartheta_{j}=\dfrac{p_{1j}p_{2,j+1}}{p_{2j}p_{1,j+1}},\quad\forall
j\in\{1,...,J-1\}. \label{2b}%
\end{equation}
Let $\boldsymbol{P}=(\mathbf{p}_{1},\mathbf{p}_{2})^{T}$, with $\mathbf{p}%
_{i}=(p_{i1},...,p_{iJ})^{T}$, $i=1,2$, be the $2\times J$ probability matrix
and
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{p}=\mathrm{vec}(\boldsymbol{P}^{T})=(\mathbf{p}_{1}^{T}%
,\mathbf{p}_{2}^{T})^{T} \label{0}%
\end{equation}
a probability vector obtained by stacking the columns of $\boldsymbol{P}^{T}%
$\ (i.e., the rows of matrix $\boldsymbol{P}$). Note that the components of
$\boldsymbol{P}$ are ordered in lexicographical order in $\boldsymbol{p}$. The
likelihood function of $\boldsymbol{N}$ is $\mathcal{L}(\boldsymbol{N}%
;\boldsymbol{p})=k%
{\textstyle\prod\nolimits_{j=1}^{J}}
p_{1j}^{N_{1j}}p_{2j}^{N_{2j}}$, where $k$ is a constant which does not depend
on $\boldsymbol{p}$ and the kernel of the loglikelihood function%
\begin{equation}
\ell(\boldsymbol{N};\boldsymbol{p})=%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
(N_{1j}\log p_{1j}+N_{2j}\log p_{2j}). \label{0b}%
\end{equation}
In matrix notation, we are interested in testing
\begin{equation}
H_{0}:\boldsymbol{\vartheta}=\boldsymbol{1}_{J-1}\text{ versus }%
H_{1}:\boldsymbol{\vartheta}\gneqq\boldsymbol{1}_{J-1}\text{,} \label{4}%
\end{equation}
where $\boldsymbol{1}_{a}$\ is the $a$-vector of $1$-s, $\boldsymbol{\vartheta
}=(\vartheta_{1},...,\vartheta_{J-1})^{T}$. Note that (\ref{4}) involves $J-1$
non-linear constraints on $\boldsymbol{p}$, defined by (\ref{0}). In this
article the hypothesis testing problem is formulated making a
reparametrization of $\boldsymbol{p}$ using the saturated loglinear model, so
that some linear restrictions are considered with respect to the new
parameters. This fact is important and interesting.
Focussed on $\boldsymbol{p}$, the saturated loglinear model with canonical
parametrization is defined by
\begin{equation}
\log p_{ij}=u+u_{1(i)}+\theta_{2(j)}+\theta_{12(ij)}, \label{3}%
\end{equation}
with the identifiabilty restrictions%
\begin{equation}
u_{1(2)}=0,\quad\theta_{2(J)}=0,\quad\theta_{12(1J)}=0,\quad\theta
_{12(2j)}=0,\quad j=1,...,J. \label{ident}%
\end{equation}
It is important to clarify that we have used the identifiability constraints
(\ref{ident}) in order to make easier the calculations and this model
formulation for making statistical inference with inequality restrictions with
local odds-ratios has been given in this paper for the first time. Similar
conditions have been used for instance in Lang (1996, examples of Section 7)
and Silvapulle and Sen (2005, exercise 6.25 in page 345). Let
$\boldsymbol{\theta}_{12}=(\theta_{12(11)},...,\theta_{12(1,J-1)})^{T}$,
$\boldsymbol{\theta}_{2}=(\theta_{2(1)},...,\theta_{2(J-1)})^{T}$ denote
subvectors of the unknown parameters $\boldsymbol{\theta}=(\boldsymbol{\theta
}_{2}^{T},\boldsymbol{\theta}_{12}^{T})^{T}$. The components of
$\boldsymbol{u}=(u,u_{1(1)})^{T}$ are redundant parameters since the term $u$
can be expressed in function of $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ using the fact that $%
{\textstyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{J}}
p_{2j}=\frac{n_{2}}{n}$, i.e.%
\begin{equation}
u=u(\boldsymbol{\theta})=\log n_{2}-\log n-\log\left( 1+%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J-1}}
\exp\{\theta_{2(j)}\}\right) , \label{u}%
\end{equation}
and $u_{1(1)}$ taking into account that $%
{\textstyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{J}}
p_{1j}=\frac{n_{1}}{n}$, i.e.%
\begin{equation}
u_{1(1)}=u_{1(1)}(\boldsymbol{\theta})=\log\frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}}+\log\frac{1+%
{\textstyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{J-1}}
\exp\{\theta_{2(j)}\}}{1+%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J-1}}
\exp\{\theta_{2(j)}+\theta_{12(1j)}\}}. \label{u1}%
\end{equation}
In matrix notation (\ref{3}) is given by%
\begin{equation}
\log\boldsymbol{p}(\boldsymbol{\theta})=\boldsymbol{W}_{0}\boldsymbol{u}%
+\boldsymbol{W\theta}, \label{loglin}%
\end{equation}
where $\boldsymbol{p}(\boldsymbol{\theta})$ is $\boldsymbol{p}$\ such that the
components are defined by (\ref{3}),
\[
\boldsymbol{W}_{0}=%
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1\\
1 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\otimes\boldsymbol{1}_{J}%
\]
is a $2J\times2$ matrix with $\boldsymbol{1}_{a}$\ being the $a$-vector of
ones, $\boldsymbol{0}_{a}$\ the $a$-vector of zeros, $\otimes$ the Kronecker
product; $\boldsymbol{W}$ the full rank design matrix of size $2J\times
2(J-1)$, such that%
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{W}=%
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1\\
1 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\otimes%
\begin{pmatrix}
\boldsymbol{I}_{J-1}\\
\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}^{T}%
\end{pmatrix}
, \label{W}%
\end{equation}
with $\boldsymbol{I}_{a}$\ being the identity matrix of order $a$,
$\boldsymbol{0}_{a\times b}$\ the matrix of size $a\times b$ with zeros. The
condition (\ref{eq1}) can be expressed by the linear constraint
\begin{equation}
\theta_{12(1j)}-\theta_{12(2j)}-\theta_{12(1,j+1)}+\theta_{12(2,j+1)}%
\geq0,\text{ }\forall j\in\{1,...,J-1\}, \label{6}%
\end{equation}
since%
\[
\log\vartheta_{j}=\log p_{1j}-\log p_{2j}-\log p_{1,j+1}+\log p_{2,j+1}%
=\theta_{12(1j)}-\theta_{12(2j)}-\theta_{12(1,j+1)}+\theta_{12(2,j+1)}.
\]
Condition (\ref{6}) in matrix notation is given by $\boldsymbol{R\theta}%
\geq\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}$, with $\boldsymbol{R}=\boldsymbol{e}_{2}^{T}%
\otimes\boldsymbol{G}_{J-1}=(\boldsymbol{0}_{(J-1)\times(J-1)},\boldsymbol{G}%
_{J-1})$, $\boldsymbol{e}_{a}$ is the $a$-th unit vector and $\boldsymbol{G}%
_{h}$ is a $h\times h$\ matrix with $1$-s in the main diagonal and $-1$-s in
the upper superdiagonal. Observe that the restrictions can be expressed also
as $\boldsymbol{G}_{J-1}\boldsymbol{\theta}_{12}\geq\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}$, and
$\theta_{1(1)}$\ are $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{2}$\ are nuisance parameters
because they do not take part actively in the restrictions.
The kernel of the likelihood function with the new parametrization is obtained
replacing $\boldsymbol{p}$\ by $\boldsymbol{p}(\boldsymbol{\theta})$ in
(\ref{0b}), i.e.
\[
\ell(\boldsymbol{N};\boldsymbol{\theta})=\boldsymbol{N}^{T}\log\boldsymbol{p}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta})=\boldsymbol{N}^{T}(\boldsymbol{W}_{0}\boldsymbol{u}%
+\boldsymbol{W\theta})=nu(\boldsymbol{\theta})+n_{1}u_{1(1)}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta})+\boldsymbol{N}^{T}\boldsymbol{W\theta}.
\]
Hypotheses (\ref{4}) can be now formulated as%
\begin{equation}
H_{0}:\boldsymbol{R\theta}=\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}\text{ versus }H_{1}%
:\boldsymbol{R\theta}\geq\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}\text{ and }\boldsymbol{R\theta
}\neq\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}\text{.} \label{4b}%
\end{equation}
Under $H_{0}$, the parameter space is $\Theta_{0}=\left\{ \boldsymbol{\theta
}\in%
\mathbb{R}
^{2(J-1)}:\boldsymbol{R\theta}=\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}\right\} $ and the maximum
likelihood estimator (MLE) of $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ in $\Theta_{0}$ is
$\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}=\arg\max_{\boldsymbol{\theta\in}\Theta_{0}}%
\ell(\boldsymbol{N};\boldsymbol{\theta})$. The overall parameter space is
$\Theta=\left\{ \boldsymbol{\theta}\in%
\mathbb{R}
^{^{2(J-1)}}:\boldsymbol{R\theta}\geq\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}\right\} $ and the
MLE of $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ in $\Theta$ is $\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}=\arg\max_{\boldsymbol{\theta\in}\Theta}\ell(\boldsymbol{N}%
;\boldsymbol{\theta})$. It is worthwhile to mention that the probability
vectors for both parametric spaces, $\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$ and $\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$\ can be obtained by following the
invariance property of the MLEs first estimating $\boldsymbol{\theta}$\ and
later plugging it into $\boldsymbol{p}(\boldsymbol{\theta})$, however
$\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$ has an explicit expression,%
\begin{equation}
p_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{n_{i}(N_{1j}+N_{2j})}{n^{2}},
\label{ind}%
\end{equation}
where $n_{i}=%
{\textstyle\sum_{j=1}^{J}}
N_{ij}$\ (see Christensen (1997), Section 2.3, for more details).
\section{Phi-divergence test-statistics\label{Sec:PD}}
The likelihood ratio statistic for testing (\ref{4}), equivalent to one given
by Dykstra et al. (1995) but adapted for loglinear modeling, is%
\begin{equation}
G^{2}=2(\ell(\boldsymbol{N};\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})-\ell
(\boldsymbol{N};\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))=2n%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
\overline{p}_{ij}\log\frac{p_{ij}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}%
{p_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}, \label{LRT}%
\end{equation}
where $\overline{p}_{ij}=N_{ij}/n$, $i=1,2$, $j=1,...,J$. Taking into account
the identifiability constraints (\ref{ident}) and\ $\widehat{u}%
=u(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$, $\widetilde{u}%
=u(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$, $\widehat{u}_{1(1)}=u_{1(1)}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$, $\widetilde{u}_{1(1)}=u_{1(1)}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$\ (see formulas (\ref{u})-(\ref{u1})),
(\ref{LRT}) can also be expressed as%
\[
G^{2}=2n(\widetilde{u}-\widehat{u})+2n_{1}(\widetilde{u}_{1(1)}-\widehat{u}%
_{1(1)})+2\boldsymbol{N}^{T}\boldsymbol{W}%
(\boldsymbol{\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}-}\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}).
\]
The chi-square statistic for testing (\ref{4}) is%
\begin{equation}
X^{2}=n%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
\frac{(p_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})-p_{ij}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))^{2}}{p_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}%
)}. \label{CS}%
\end{equation}
The Kullback-Leibler divergence measure between two $2J$-dimensional
probability vectors $\boldsymbol{p}$ and $\boldsymbol{q}$ is defined as%
\[
d_{Kull}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q})=%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
\sum_{j=1}^{J}p_{ij}\log\frac{p_{ij}}{q_{ij}}%
\]
and the Pearson divergence measure
\[
d_{Pearson}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q})=\frac{1}{2}%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
\sum_{j=1}^{J}\frac{\left( p_{ij}-q_{ij}\right) ^{2}}{q_{ij}}.
\]
It is not difficult to check that
\begin{equation}
G^{2}=2n(d_{Kull}(\overline{\boldsymbol{p}},\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))-d_{Kull}(\overline{\boldsymbol{p}%
},\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))) \label{N1}%
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
X^{2}=2nd_{Pearson}(\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})), \label{N2}%
\end{equation}
being $\overline{\boldsymbol{p}}=\boldsymbol{N}/n=(\overline{p}_{11}%
,...,\overline{p}_{1J},\overline{p}_{21},....,\overline{p}_{2J})^{T}$ the
vector of relative frequencies.
More general than the Kullback-Leibler divergence and Pearson divergence
measures are $\phi$-divergence measures, defined as
\[
d_{\phi}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q})=%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
\sum_{j=1}^{J}q_{ij}\phi\left( \frac{p_{ij}}{q_{ij}}\right) ,
\]
where $\phi:%
\mathbb{R}
_{+}\longrightarrow%
\mathbb{R}
$ is a convex function such that%
\[
\phi(1)=\phi^{\prime}(1)=0\text{, }\phi^{\prime\prime}(1)>0\text{, }%
0\phi(\tfrac{0}{0})=0\text{, }0\phi(\tfrac{p}{0})=p\lim_{u\rightarrow\infty
}\tfrac{\phi(u)}{u}\text{, for }p\neq0.
\]
From a statistical point of view, the first asymptotic statistical results
based on divergence measures in multinomial populations were obtained in
Zografos et al. (1990). For more details about $\phi$-divergence measures see
Pardo (2006) and Cressie and Pardo (2002).
Apart from the likelihood ratio statistic (\ref{LRT}) and the chi-square
(\ref{CS}) statistic, we shall consider two new families of test-statistics
based on $\phi$-divergence measures. The first new family is obtained by
replacing in (\ref{N1}) the Kullback divergence measure by a $\phi$-divergence
measure,%
\begin{equation}
T_{\phi}(\overline{\boldsymbol{p}},\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}))=\frac{2n}{\phi^{\prime\prime}(1)}(d_{\phi}(\overline{\boldsymbol{p}%
},\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))-d_{\phi}(\overline
{\boldsymbol{p}},\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))). \label{5a}%
\end{equation}
The second new family is obtained by replacing in (\ref{N2}) the Pearson
divergence measure by a $\phi$-divergence measure,%
\begin{equation}
S_{\phi}(\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))=\frac{2n}{\phi^{\prime\prime}(1)}d_{\phi
}(\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})). \label{5b}%
\end{equation}
If we consider $\phi(x)=x\log x-x+1$ in (\ref{5a}), we get $G^{2}$, and if we
consider $\phi(x)=\tfrac{1}{2}(x-1)^{2}$ in (\ref{5a}), we get $X^{2}$.
Test-statistics based on $\phi$-divergence measures have been used in the
framework of loglinear models for some authors, see Cressie and Pardo (2000,
2002, 2003), Mart\'{\i}n and Pardo (2006, 2008b, 2011).
\section{Asymptotic results\label{sec:Main results}}
As starting point, we shall establish the observed Fisher information matrix
associated with $\boldsymbol{\theta}$, $\mathcal{I}_{F}^{(n_{1},n_{2}%
)}(\boldsymbol{\theta})$, for a loglinear model with product-multinomial
sampling as%
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{I}_{F}^{(n_{1},n_{2})}(\boldsymbol{\theta})=\frac{1}{n}%
\boldsymbol{W}^{T}%
\begin{pmatrix}
n_{1}(\boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}_{1}(\boldsymbol{\theta})}%
-\boldsymbol{\pi}_{1}(\boldsymbol{\theta})\boldsymbol{\pi}_{1}^{T}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta})) & \boldsymbol{0}_{J\times J}\\
\boldsymbol{0}_{J\times J} & n_{2}(\boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}%
_{2}(\boldsymbol{\theta})}-\boldsymbol{\pi}_{2}(\boldsymbol{\theta
})\boldsymbol{\pi}_{2}^{T}(\boldsymbol{\theta}))
\end{pmatrix}
\boldsymbol{W}, \label{FIM1}%
\end{equation}
where $\boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{a}}$\ is the diagonal matrix of vector
$\boldsymbol{a}$. To proof (\ref{FIM1}), we take into account that the overall
observed Fisher information matrix for product multinomial sampling is the
weighted observed Fisher information matrix associated with each multinomial
sample, $\mathcal{I}_{F,i}^{(n_{1},n_{2})}(\boldsymbol{\theta})$, $i=1,2$,
i.e.%
\begin{align*}
\mathcal{I}_{F}^{(n_{1},n_{2})}(\boldsymbol{\theta}) & =\frac{n_{1}}%
{n}\mathcal{I}_{F,1}^{(n_{1},n_{2})}(\boldsymbol{\theta})+\frac{n_{2}}%
{n}\mathcal{I}_{F,2}^{(n_{1},n_{2})}(\boldsymbol{\theta}),\\
\mathcal{I}_{F,i}^{(n_{1},n_{2})}(\boldsymbol{\theta}) & =\boldsymbol{W}%
_{i}^{T}(\boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta}%
)}-\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta})\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i}%
^{T}(\boldsymbol{\theta}))\boldsymbol{W}_{i},\quad i=1,2,
\end{align*}
such that $\boldsymbol{W}^{T}=(\boldsymbol{W}_{1}^{T},\boldsymbol{W}_{2}^{T}%
)$, $\log\boldsymbol{p}_{1}(\boldsymbol{\theta})=u\boldsymbol{1}_{J}%
+u_{1(1)}\boldsymbol{1}_{J}+\boldsymbol{W}_{1}\boldsymbol{\theta}$ and
$\log\boldsymbol{p}_{2}(\boldsymbol{\theta})=u\boldsymbol{1}_{J}%
+\boldsymbol{W}_{2}\boldsymbol{\theta}$.
When $\boldsymbol{\theta}\in\Theta_{0}$, we shall denote $\boldsymbol{\theta
}_{0}$\ to be the true value of the unknown parameter under $H_{0}$, and in
such a case it holds $\boldsymbol{\pi}_{1}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}%
)=\boldsymbol{\pi}_{2}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=\boldsymbol{\pi}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=(\pi_{1}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}),...,\pi
_{J}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}))^{T}$, where $\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})$ is defined as the probability vector with the terms
given in (\ref{eq5}) and related to the loglinear model through
$\boldsymbol{p}_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=\frac{n_{i}}{n}\boldsymbol{\pi
}_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})$, $i=1,2$. Notice that $\boldsymbol{\pi}%
_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})$ is fixed as $n_{1},n_{2}\rightarrow\infty$ and
we shall assume that%
\[
\nu_{i}=\lim_{n_{i}\rightarrow\infty}\frac{n_{i}}{n},\quad i=1,2,
\]
is fixed but unknown, i.e. $\lim_{n_{i}\rightarrow\infty}\boldsymbol{p}%
_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta})=\nu_{i}\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta}%
_{0})$, $i=1,2$. We shall also denote%
\[
\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=(\pi_{1}(\boldsymbol{\theta
}_{0}),...,\pi_{J-1}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}))^{T},\quad i=1,2.
\]
the $(J-1)$-dimensional vector obtained removing from $\boldsymbol{\pi
}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})$\ the last element. Focussing on the parameter
structure $\boldsymbol{\theta}=(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{12}^{T}%
,\boldsymbol{\theta}_{2}^{T})^{T}$, with $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{12}%
=(\theta_{12(11)},...,\theta_{12(1,J-1)})^{T}$, $\boldsymbol{\theta}%
_{2}=(\theta_{2(1)},...,\theta_{2(J-1)})^{T}$ and the specific structure of
$\boldsymbol{W}$, see (\ref{W}), we shall establish asymptotically the
specific shape of (\ref{FIM1}), a fundamental result for the posterior theorems.
\begin{theorem}
The asymptotic Fisher information matrix of $\boldsymbol{\theta}$,
$\mathcal{I}_{F}(\boldsymbol{\theta})=\lim_{n_{1},n_{2}\rightarrow\infty
}\mathcal{I}_{F}^{(n_{1},n_{2})}(\boldsymbol{\theta})$ when
$\boldsymbol{\theta}\in\Theta_{0}$ is given by%
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{I}_{F}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=%
\begin{pmatrix}
\boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})}%
-\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast
T}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}) & \nu_{1}\left( \boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi
}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})}-\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta
}_{0})\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast T}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\right) \\
\nu_{1}\left( \boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}%
_{0})}-\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast
T}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\right) & \nu_{1}\left( \boldsymbol{D}%
_{\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})}-\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast
}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast T}(\boldsymbol{\theta}%
_{0})\right)
\end{pmatrix}
. \label{FIM2}%
\end{equation}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Replacing $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ by $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}$ and the explicit
expression of $\boldsymbol{W}$\ in the general expression of the finite sample
size Fisher information matrix for two independent multinomial samples,
(\ref{FIM1}), we obtain through the property of the Kronecker product given in
(1.22) of Harville (2008, page 341) that%
\begin{align*}
\mathcal{I}_{F}^{(n_{1},n_{2})}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}) & =\left(
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1\\
1 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\otimes%
\begin{pmatrix}
\boldsymbol{I}_{J-1}\\
\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}^{T}%
\end{pmatrix}
^{T}\right) \left( diag\{\tfrac{n_{i}}{n}\}_{i=1}^{2}\otimes(\boldsymbol{D}%
_{\boldsymbol{\pi}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})}-\boldsymbol{\pi}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{\pi}^{T}(\boldsymbol{\theta}%
_{0}))\right) \left(
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1\\
1 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\otimes%
\begin{pmatrix}
\boldsymbol{I}_{J-1}\\
\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}^{T}%
\end{pmatrix}
\right) \\
& =\left(
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1\\
1 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
diag\{\tfrac{n_{i}}{n}\}_{i=1}^{2}%
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 1\\
1 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\right) \otimes\left(
\begin{pmatrix}
\boldsymbol{I}_{J-1}\\
\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}^{T}%
\end{pmatrix}
^{T}(\boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})}%
-\boldsymbol{\pi}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{\pi}^{T}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}))%
\begin{pmatrix}
\boldsymbol{I}_{J-1}\\
\boldsymbol{0}_{J-1}^{T}%
\end{pmatrix}
\right) \\
& =%
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & \tfrac{n_{1}}{n}\\
\tfrac{n_{1}}{n} & \tfrac{n_{1}}{n}%
\end{pmatrix}
\otimes\left( \boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}%
_{0})}-\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast
T}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\right) ,
\end{align*}
and then%
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{I}_{F}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=%
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & \nu_{1}\\
\nu_{1} & \nu_{1}%
\end{pmatrix}
\otimes\left( \boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}%
_{0})}-\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast
T}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\right) . \label{iF}%
\end{equation}
\end{proof}
The following theorem establishes that the asymptotic distribution of the
families of test statistics (\ref{5a}) and (\ref{5b}) corresponds to a
$J$-dimensional chi-bar squared random variable, a mixture of $J$ chi-squared
distributions. Let $E=\{1,...,J-1\}$ be the whole set of all row-indices of
matrix $\boldsymbol{R}$, $\mathcal{F}(E)$ the family of all possible subsets
of $E$, and $\boldsymbol{R}(S\mathbf{)}$ is a submatrix of $\boldsymbol{R}%
$\ with row-\'{\i}ndices belonging to $S\in\mathcal{F}(E)$. We must not forget
that $\boldsymbol{R}=(\boldsymbol{0}_{(J-1)\times(J-1)},\boldsymbol{G}_{J-1})$
and therefore $\boldsymbol{R}(S)=(\boldsymbol{0}_{card(S)\times(J-1)}%
,\boldsymbol{G}_{J-1}(S))$.
We denote by $\boldsymbol{H}(\boldsymbol{\theta})$\ the following
$(J-1)\times(J-1)$ tridiagonal matrix%
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{H}(\boldsymbol{\theta})=\frac{1}{\nu_{1}\nu_{2}}%
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{\pi_{1}(\boldsymbol{\theta})+\pi_{2}(\boldsymbol{\theta})}{\pi
_{1}(\boldsymbol{\theta})\pi_{2}(\boldsymbol{\theta})} & -\frac{1}{\pi
_{2}(\boldsymbol{\theta})} & & & \\
-\frac{1}{\pi_{1}(\boldsymbol{\theta})} & \frac{\pi_{2}(\boldsymbol{\theta
})+\pi_{3}(\boldsymbol{\theta})}{\pi_{2}(\boldsymbol{\theta})\pi
_{3}(\boldsymbol{\theta})} & -\frac{1}{\pi_{3}(\boldsymbol{\theta})} & & \\
& -\frac{1}{\pi_{3}(\boldsymbol{\theta})} & \frac{\pi_{3}(\boldsymbol{\theta
})+\pi_{4}(\boldsymbol{\theta})}{\pi_{3}(\boldsymbol{\theta})\pi
_{4}(\boldsymbol{\theta})} & \ddots & \\
& & \ddots & \ddots & -\frac{1}{\pi_{J-1}(\boldsymbol{\theta})}\\
& & & -\frac{1}{\pi_{J-1}(\boldsymbol{\theta})} & \frac{\pi_{J-1}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta})+\pi_{J}(\boldsymbol{\theta})}{\pi_{J-1}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta})\pi_{J}(\boldsymbol{\theta})}%
\end{pmatrix}
, \label{H}%
\end{equation}
and by $\boldsymbol{H}(S_{1},S_{2},\boldsymbol{\theta})$ the submatrix of
$\boldsymbol{H}(\boldsymbol{\theta})$\ obtained by deleting from it the
row-indices contained in the set $S_{1}$ and column-indices contained in the
set $S_{2}$.
\begin{theorem}
\label{Th1}Under $H_{0}$, the asymptotic distribution of $S_{\phi
}(\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))$\ and $T_{\phi}(\overline{\boldsymbol{p}%
},\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))$\ is%
\[
\lim_{n_{1},n_{2}\rightarrow\infty}\Pr\left( S_{\phi}(\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}))\leq x\right) =\lim_{n_{1},n_{2}\rightarrow\infty}\Pr\left( T_{\phi
}(\overline{\boldsymbol{p}},\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))\leq x\right) =\sum
_{j=0}^{J-1}w_{j}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\Pr\left( \chi_{(J-1)-j}^{2}\leq
x\right)
\]
where $\chi_{0}^{2}=0$ a.s. and $\{w_{j}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}%
)\}_{j=0}^{J-1}$ is the set of weights such that $\sum_{j=0}^{J-1}%
w_{j}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=1$ and%
\begin{equation}
w_{j}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=\sum_{S\in\mathcal{F}(E),\mathrm{card}(S)=j}%
\Pr\left( \boldsymbol{Z}_{1}(S)\geq\boldsymbol{0}_{j}\right) \Pr\left(
\boldsymbol{Z}_{2}(S)\geq\boldsymbol{0}_{(J-1)-j}\right) , \label{eqw}%
\end{equation}
where%
\begin{align*}
\boldsymbol{Z}_{1}(S) & \sim\mathcal{N}\left( \boldsymbol{0}_{\mathrm{card}%
(S)},\boldsymbol{H}^{-1}(S,S,\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\right) ,\\
\boldsymbol{Z}_{2}(S) & \sim\mathcal{N}\left( \boldsymbol{0}%
_{(J-1)-\mathrm{card}(S)},\boldsymbol{H}(S^{C},S^{C},\boldsymbol{\theta}%
_{0})-\boldsymbol{H}(S^{C},S,\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{H}%
^{-1}(S,S,\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{H}^{T}(S^{C}%
,S,\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\right) ,
\end{align*}
$S^{C}=E-S$ and $\mathrm{card}(S)$ denotes the cardinal of the set $S$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
By following similar arguments of Mart\'{\i}n and Balakrishnan we obtain
$\boldsymbol{H}(S,S,\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=\boldsymbol{R}(S\mathbf{)}%
\mathcal{I}_{F}^{-1}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{R}^{T}(S\mathbf{)}$
(see Appendix \ref{ProofTh1ContrA}, for the details). In particular,
$\boldsymbol{H}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=\boldsymbol{H}(S,S,\boldsymbol{\theta
}_{0})$ with $S=E$, i.e.%
\begin{align*}
\boldsymbol{H}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}) & =\boldsymbol{R}(E\mathbf{)}%
\mathcal{I}_{F}^{-1}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{R}^{T}(E\mathbf{)}\\
& \mathbf{=}(\boldsymbol{0}_{(J-1)\times(J-1)},\boldsymbol{G}_{J-1}%
)\mathcal{I}_{F}^{-1}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})(\boldsymbol{0}_{(J-1)\times
(J-1)},\boldsymbol{G}_{J-1})^{T},
\end{align*}
where $\mathcal{I}_{F}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})$ is (\ref{iF}). By following
the properties of the inverse of the Kronecker product for calculating the
inverse of (\ref{iF}),%
\begin{align*}
\mathcal{I}_{F}^{-1}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}) & =%
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & \nu_{1}\\
\nu_{1} & \nu_{1}%
\end{pmatrix}
^{-1}\otimes\left( \boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta
}_{0})}-\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast
T}(\boldsymbol{\theta})\right) ^{-1}\\
& =%
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{1}{\nu_{2}} & -\frac{1}{\nu_{2}}\\
-\frac{1}{\nu_{2}} & \frac{1}{\nu_{1}\nu_{2}}%
\end{pmatrix}
\otimes\left( \boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}%
_{0})}^{-1}+\frac{1}{\pi_{J}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})}\boldsymbol{1}%
_{J-1}\boldsymbol{1}_{J-1}^{T}\right) ,
\end{align*}
and replacing it in the previous expression of $\boldsymbol{H}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})$,%
\begin{align*}
\boldsymbol{H}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}) & =\frac{1}{\nu_{1}\nu_{2}%
}\boldsymbol{G}_{J-1}\left( \boldsymbol{D}_{\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast
}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})}^{-1}+\frac{1}{\pi_{J}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}%
)}\boldsymbol{1}_{J-1}\boldsymbol{1}_{J-1}^{T}\right) \boldsymbol{G}%
_{J-1}^{T}\\
& =\frac{1}{\nu_{1}\nu_{2}}\left( \boldsymbol{G}_{J-1}\boldsymbol{D}%
_{\boldsymbol{\pi}^{\ast}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})}^{-1}\boldsymbol{G}%
_{J-1}^{T}+\frac{1}{\pi_{J}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})}\boldsymbol{e}%
_{J-1}\boldsymbol{e}_{J-1}^{T}\right) ,
\end{align*}
which is equal to (\ref{H}).\medskip
\end{proof}
Even though there is an equality in (\ref{4b}), $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ is not a
fixed vector under the null hypothesis since such an equality is effective
only for $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{12}$,\ and thus $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{2}$ is a
vector of nuisance parameters. This means that we have a composite null
hypothesis which requires estimation of $\boldsymbol{\theta}\in\Theta_{0}$,
through $\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}$ and we cannot use directly the results
based on Theorem \ref{Th1}. The tests performed replacing the parameter
$\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}$\ of the asymptotic distribution by
$\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}$ are called \textquotedblleft local
tests\textquotedblright\ (see Dardanoni and Forcina (1998)) and they are
usually considered to be good approximations of the theoretical tests.
In relation to the weights, $\{w_{j}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})\}_{j=1,...,J}$,
there are explicit expressions when $J\in\{2,3,4\}$ based on the matrix given
in (\ref{H}) and formulas (3.24), (3.25) and (3.26) in Silvapulle and Sen
(2005, page 80). When $J=2$, $w_{0}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=w_{1}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0})=\frac{1}{2}$. When $J=3$, the estimators of the
weights are%
\begin{equation}
\left\{
\begin{array}
[c]{l}%
w_{0}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\tfrac{1}{2}-w_{2}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\\
w_{1}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{1}{2},\\
w_{2}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\tfrac{1}{2\pi}\arccos\widehat{\rho}%
_{12},
\end{array}
\right. \label{weightsJ=3}%
\end{equation}
where%
\begin{equation}
\widehat{\rho}_{ij}=\tfrac{\widehat{\sigma}_{ij}}{\sqrt{\widehat{\sigma}%
_{ii}\widehat{\sigma}_{jj}}}=-\sqrt{\frac{(N_{1i}+N_{2i})(N_{1,j+1}%
+N_{2,j+1})}{(N_{1i}+N_{2i}+N_{1j}+N_{2j})(N_{1j}+N_{2j}+N_{1,j+1}+N_{2j+1})}%
}, \label{cor}%
\end{equation}
is the correlation associated with the $i$-th and $j$-th variable of a central
random variable with variance-covariance matrix
\[
\boldsymbol{H}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{1}{\widehat{\nu}%
_{1}\widehat{\nu}_{2}}%
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{\pi_{1}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})+\pi_{2}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}{\pi_{1}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\pi
_{2}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})} & -\frac{1}{\pi_{2}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}\\
-\frac{1}{\pi_{2}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})} & \frac{\pi_{2}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})+\pi_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}%
{\pi_{2}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\pi_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}%
\end{pmatrix}
,
\]
where $\pi_{j}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{N_{1j}+N_{2j}}{n}$. When
$J=4$,%
\begin{equation}
\left\{
\begin{array}
[c]{l}%
w_{0}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\tfrac{1}{4\pi}\left( 2\pi
-\arccos\widehat{\rho}_{12}-\arccos\widehat{\rho}_{13}-\arccos\widehat{\rho
}_{23}\right) ,\\
w_{1}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\tfrac{1}{4\pi}\left( 3\pi
-\arccos\widehat{\rho}_{12\cdot3}-\arccos\widehat{\rho}_{13\cdot2}%
-\arccos\widehat{\rho}_{23\cdot1}\right) ,\\
w_{2}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\tfrac{1}{2}-w_{0}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\\
w_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\tfrac{1}{2}-w_{1}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),
\end{array}
\right. \label{weightsJ=4}%
\end{equation}
which depend on the estimation of the marginal (\ref{cor}) and conditional
correlations%
\[
\widehat{\rho}_{ij\cdot k}=\tfrac{\widehat{\rho}_{ij}-\widehat{\rho}%
_{ik}\widehat{\rho}_{kj}}{\sqrt{(1-\widehat{\rho}_{ik}^{2})(1-\widehat{\rho
}_{kj}^{2})}},
\]
associated with the $i$-th and $j$-th variable, given a value of the $k$-th
variable, of a central random variable with variance-covariance matrix%
\[
\boldsymbol{H}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{1}{\widehat{\nu}%
_{1}\widehat{\nu}_{2}}%
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{\pi_{1}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})+\pi_{2}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}{\pi_{1}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\pi
_{2}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})} & -\frac{1}{\pi_{2}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})} & 0\\
-\frac{1}{\pi_{2}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})} & \frac{\pi_{2}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})+\pi_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}%
{\pi_{2}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\pi_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}
& -\frac{1}{\pi_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}\\
0 & -\frac{1}{\pi_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})} & \frac{\pi
_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})+\pi_{4}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}%
)}{\pi_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\pi_{4}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
})}%
\end{pmatrix}
.
\]
It is interesting to point out that the factor related to the sample size in
each multinomial sample, $\frac{1}{\widehat{\nu}_{1}\widehat{\nu}_{2}}$, have
no effect in the expression of estimator for the weights of the chi-bar
squared distribution These formulas will be considered in the forthcoming
sections. It is worthwhile to mention that the normal orthant probabilities
for the weights given in (\ref{eqw}), can also be computed for any value of
$J$ using the \texttt{mvtnorm} R package (see
\hyperref{http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mvtnorm}{}{}%
{http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mvtnorm}%
, for details).
\section{Numerical example\label{sec:Numerical example}}
In this section the data set of the introduction (Table \ref{tttt1}), where
$J=4$, is analyzed. The sample, a realization of $\boldsymbol{N}$, is
summarized in the following vector%
\[
\boldsymbol{n}=(n_{11},n_{12},n_{13},n_{14},n_{21},n_{22},n_{23},n_{24}%
)^{T}=(11,8,8,5,6,4,10,12)^{T}.
\]
The order restricted MLE under likelihood ratio order, obtained through the
\texttt{E04UCF} subroutine of\ \texttt{NAG} Fortran library (%
\hyperref{http://www.nag.co.uk/numeric/fl/FLdescription.asp}{}{}%
{http://www.nag.co.uk/numeric/fl/FLdescription.asp}%
), is%
\[
\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}%
=(-0.7164,-1.0647,-0.1823,1.5173,1.5173,0.6523)^{T}.
\]
The estimation of the probability vectors of interest is%
\begin{align*}
\overline{\boldsymbol{p}} &
=(0.1719,0.1250,0.1250,0.0781,0.0938,0.0625,0.1563,0.1875)^{T},\\
\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}) &
=(0.1740,0.1228,0.1250,0.0781,0.0916,0.0647,0.1563,0.1875)^{T},\\
\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}) &
=(0.1328,0.0938,0.1406,0.1328,0.1328,0.0938,0.1406,0.1328)^{T},
\end{align*}
and the estimation of the weights, based on (\ref{weightsJ=4}), are%
\[
w_{0}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=0.0381,\quad w_{1}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=0.2420,\quad w_{2}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta
}})=0.461\,8,\quad w_{3}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=0.2580.
\]
In order to solve analytically the example we shall consider a particular
function $\phi$ in (\ref{5a}) and (\ref{5b}). Taking%
\[
\phi_{\lambda}(x)=\frac{x^{\lambda+1}-x-\lambda(x-1)}{\lambda(\lambda+1)},
\]
we get the \textquotedblleft the power divergence family\textquotedblright%
\[
d_{\phi_{\lambda}}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q})=\frac{1}{\lambda(\lambda
+1)}\left(
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
\tfrac{p_{ij}^{\lambda+1}}{q_{ij}^{\lambda}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}%
)}-1\right)
\]
in such a way that for each $\lambda\in%
\mathbb{R}
-\{-1,0\}$\ a different divergence measure is obtained, and thus%
\begin{align}
T_{\lambda} & =T_{\phi_{\lambda}}(\overline{\boldsymbol{p}},\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}))=\frac{2n}{\lambda(\lambda+1)}\left(
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
\frac{\overline{p}_{ij}^{\lambda+1}}{p_{ij}^{\lambda}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}-%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
\frac{\overline{p}_{ij}^{\lambda+1}}{p_{ij}^{\lambda}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}\right) ,\label{PD1}\\
S_{\lambda} & =S_{\phi_{\lambda}}(\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}))=\frac{2n}{\lambda(\lambda+1)}\left(
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
\frac{p_{ij}^{\lambda+1}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}{p_{ij}^{\lambda
}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}-1\right) . \label{PD2}%
\end{align}
It is also possible to cover the real line for $\lambda$, by defining
\[
d_{\phi_{\lambda}}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q})=\lim_{\ell\rightarrow
\lambda}d_{\phi_{\ell}}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q}),\quad\lambda
\in\{-1,0\},
\]
and by considering $T_{\lambda}=\lim_{\lambda\rightarrow\ell}T_{\ell}$,
$S_{\lambda}=\lim_{\lambda\rightarrow\ell}S_{\ell}$, for $\lambda\in\{0,-1\}$,
i.e.
\begin{align}
T_{0} & =T_{\phi_{0}}(\overline{\boldsymbol{p}},\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}))=G^{2}=2n%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
\overline{p}_{ij}\log\frac{p_{ij}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}%
{p_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})},\label{PD3}\\
T_{-1} & =T_{\phi_{-1}}(\overline{\boldsymbol{p}},\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}))=2n\left(
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
p_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\log\frac{p_{ij}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}{\overline{p}_{ij}}-%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
p_{ij}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\log\frac{p_{ij}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}{\overline{p}_{ij}}\right) \label{PD4}%
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
S_{0} & =S_{\phi_{0}}(\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))=2nd_{Kull}(\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}))=2n%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
p_{ij}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\log\frac{p_{ij}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}{p_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}%
)},\label{PD5}\\
S_{-1} & =S_{\phi_{-1}}(\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))=2nd_{Kull}(\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}))=2n%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
p_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\log\frac{p_{ij}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}{p_{ij}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}.
\label{PD6}%
\end{align}
It is well known that $d_{\phi_{0}}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q}%
)=d_{Kull}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q})$ and $d_{\phi_{1}}(\boldsymbol{p}%
,\boldsymbol{q})=d_{Pearson}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q})$, which is very
interesting since $G^{2}$ and $X^{2}$ are members of the power divergence
based test-statistics. It is also worthwhile to mention that $d_{\phi_{-1}%
}(\boldsymbol{p},\boldsymbol{q})=d_{Kull}(\boldsymbol{q},\boldsymbol{p})$.
In Table \ref{t1}, the power divergence based test-statistics for some values
of $\lambda$ in $\Lambda=\{-1.5,-1,-\frac{1}{2},0,\frac{2}{3},1,1.5,2,3\}$,
and their corresponding asymptotic $p$-values are shown. In all of them it is
concluded, with a significance level equal to $0.05$, that an equal effect of
both treatments is rejected and hence the treatment is more effective than the
control to heal the ulcer.
\begin{table}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
$%
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cccccccccc}\hline\hline
test-statistic & $\lambda=-1.5$ & $\lambda=-1$ & $\lambda=-\frac{1}{2}$ &
$\lambda=0$ & $\lambda=\frac{2}{3}$ & $\lambda=1$ & $\lambda=1.5$ &
$\lambda=2$ & $\lambda=3$\\\hline
\multicolumn{1}{l}{$\overset{}{T_{\lambda}}$} & 6.5323 & 6.3215 & 6.1562 &
\textbf{6.0323} & 5.9261 & 5.8965 & 5.8803 & 5.8965 & 6.0244\\
$p$\textrm{-}$\mathrm{value}(T_{\lambda})$ & 0.0175 & 0.0194 & 0.0211 &
\textbf{0.0225} & 0.0238 & 0.0241 & 0.0243 & 0.0241 & 0.0226\\
\multicolumn{1}{l}{$S_{\lambda}$} & 6.5277 & 6.3189 & 6.1551 & 6.0323 &
5.9270 & \textbf{5.8977} & 5.8815 & 5.8977 & 6.0244\\
$p$\textrm{-}$\mathrm{value}(S_{\lambda})$ & 0.0175 & 0.0195 & 0.0212 &
0.0225 & 0.0238 & \textbf{0.0241} & 0.0243 & 0.0241 & 0.0226\\\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $%
\caption{Power divergence based test-statistics and asymptotic p-values for the data given Table \ref{tttt1}.\label{t1}}%
\end{table}%
\bigskip
The $p$-values given in Table \ref{t1} were obtained by the following
algorithm:\newline Let $T\in\{{T_{\lambda},S_{\lambda}}\}_{\lambda\in\Lambda}$
be the test-statistic associated with (\ref{4}). In the following steps the
corresponding asymptotic $p$-value, based on the asymptotic distribution of
Theorem \ref{Th1}, is calculated once it is suppose we have $\{w_{j}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\}_{j=0}^{J-1}$:
\noindent\texttt{STEP 1: Using }$\boldsymbol{n}$\texttt{\ calculate
}$\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$\texttt{\ taking into account
(\ref{ind}).}\newline\texttt{STEP 2: Using }$\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$\texttt{\ calculate value }$t$\texttt{ of
test-statistic }$T$\texttt{ using the corresponding expression in
(\ref{PD1})-(\ref{PD6}).}\newline\texttt{STEP 3: If }$T\leq0$ \texttt{then
compute }$p$\textrm{-}$\mathrm{value}(T):=1$ \texttt{and STOP, otherwise
compute }$p$\textrm{-}$\mathrm{value}(T):=0$.\newline\texttt{STEP 4: }For
$j=0,...,J-2$\texttt{, do }$p$\textrm{-}$\mathrm{value}(T):=p$\textrm{-}%
$\mathrm{value}(T)+w_{j}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\Pr\left(
\chi_{(J-1)-j}^{2}>t\right) $.\texttt{\newline\hspace*{1.6cm}E.g., the NAG
Fortran library subroutine G01ECF can be useful.}
Recently, Shan and Ma (2014) have studied a similar problem as (2a)-(2b), but
considering different alternative hypotheses, since they consider odds ratios
based on cumulative probabilities. Focussed on probabilities rather than
cumulative probabilities, we are going to include the asymptotic version of
their test-statistic in our numerical study as well as later, in the
simulation study: the two sample Wilcoxon test-statistic for discrete data
(ties), also known as Wilcoxon mid-rank test-statistic. Metha et al. (1984)
proposed such a test-statistic for solving exactly the same alternative
hypothesis studied in this paper either as a permutation or as asymptotic
test. Our null and alternative hypotheses are a particular case of their
hypotheses, taking in their Section 4 $\phi^{\ast}=1$. The expression of the
Wilcoxon mid-rank test-statistic is%
\begin{equation}
W=%
{\textstyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
r_{j}n_{1j}, \label{wilc}%
\end{equation}
where $r_{1}=(n_{\bullet1}+2)/2$ and $r_{j}=%
{\textstyle\sum\nolimits_{\ell=1}^{j-1}}
n_{\bullet\ell}+\left. \left( n_{\bullet j}+1\right) \right/ 2$,
$j=2,...,J$, $n_{\bullet j}=n_{1j}+n_{2j}$, and the corresponding asymptotic
distribution is normal with mean $\mu_{W}=\left. n_{1}\left( n+1\right)
\right/ 2$ and variance
\[
\sigma_{W}^{2}=n_{1}n_{2}\frac{n+1-\frac{1}{n(n-1)}%
{\textstyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{J}}
(n_{\bullet j}^{3}-n_{\bullet j})}{12}.
\]
The Wilcoxon mid-rank test-statistic for the data of Table \ref{tttt1} is
$W=875$\ and with the corresponding $p$-value, $0.01094$, the same conclusion
is obtained, i.e. rejecting the hypothesis of equal effect of both treatments
with $5\%$ significance level.
\section{Simulation study\label{sec:Simulation Study}}
\subsection{2x2 table: one sided in comparison with the two sided test}
In this section we illustrate in what sense the likelihood ratio test given in
(\ref{LRT}),%
\begin{equation}
G^{2}=2n%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
\overline{p}_{ij}\log\frac{p_{ij}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}%
{p_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}=2%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
n_{ij}\log\frac{\pi_{ij}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}{\pi_{ij}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}, \label{G 1}%
\end{equation}
is different from the one for the non order restricted alternative hypothesis
(two sided test, in $2\times2$ tables)%
\begin{equation}
\bar{G}^{2}=2n%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
\overline{p}_{ij}\log\frac{\overline{p}_{ij}}{p_{ij}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}=2%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
n_{ij}\log\frac{n_{ij}/n_{i}}{\pi_{ij}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}=2%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
n_{ij}\log\frac{n_{ij}/n_{i}}{n_{\bullet j}/n}. \label{G bar}%
\end{equation}
For simplicity the case of $J=2$ is taken into account, where the (simple
null) one sided test%
\begin{equation}
H_{0}:\;\vartheta_{1}=1\text{,\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}:\;\vartheta
_{1}>1\text{,} \label{tt1}%
\end{equation}
with $\vartheta_{1}=\pi_{11}\pi_{22}/\pi_{21}\pi_{12}=\pi_{11}(1-\pi_{21}%
)/\pi_{21}(1-\pi_{11})$, or
\begin{subequations}
\[
H_{0}:\;\pi_{11}=\pi_{21}\text{,\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}:\;\pi_{11}>\pi
_{21}\text{,}%
\]
is tested with (\ref{G 1}), and on the other hand the two sided test
\end{subequations}
\begin{equation}
H_{0}:\;\vartheta_{1}=1\text{,\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}:\;\vartheta_{1}%
\neq1\text{,} \label{tt2b}%
\end{equation}
or
\begin{subequations}
\[
H_{0}:\;\pi_{11}=\pi_{21}\text{,\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}:\;\pi_{11}\neq\pi
_{21}\text{,}%
\]
is carried out with (\ref{G bar}). The same procedure would be possible to
perform for any $\phi$-divergence based test considered in this paper. We also
consider the mid-rank Wilcoxon test for both version of the alternative
hypothesis. To clarify the parameter space in both tests, we shall rewrite
(\ref{tt1}) and (\ref{tt2b}) as follows
\end{subequations}
\begin{subequations}
\[
H_{0}:\;\vartheta_{1}\in\Psi_{0}\text{,\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}:\;\vartheta
_{1}\in\Psi_{1}\text{,}%
\]
where $\Psi_{0}=\{1\}$, $\Psi_{1}=(1,+\infty)$,
\end{subequations}
\begin{subequations}
\[
H_{0}:\;\vartheta_{1}\in\Psi_{0}\text{,\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}^{\prime
}:\;\vartheta_{1}\in\Psi_{1}^{\prime}\text{,}%
\]
where $\Psi_{1}^{\prime}=(-\infty,1)\cup(1,+\infty)$. The parameter spaces for
(\ref{tt1}) and (\ref{tt2b})\ are $\Psi=\Psi_{0}\cup\Psi_{1}=[1,+\infty)$ and
$\Psi^{\prime}=\Psi_{0}\cup\Psi_{1}^{\prime}=%
\mathbb{R}
$, respectively. The same hypotheses in term of probabilities are given by
\end{subequations}
\begin{subequations}
\[
H_{0}:\;(\pi_{11},\pi_{21})\in\Lambda_{0}\text{,\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}%
:\;(\pi_{11},\pi_{21})\in\Lambda_{1}\text{,}%
\]
where $\Lambda_{0}=\left\{ (\pi_{11},\pi_{21})\in(0,1)\times(0,1):\pi
_{11}=\pi_{21}\right\} $, $\Lambda_{1}=\left\{ (\pi_{11},\pi_{21}%
)\in(0,1)\times(0,1):\pi_{11}>\pi_{21}\right\} $,
\end{subequations}
\begin{subequations}
\[
H_{0}:\;(\pi_{11},\pi_{21})\in\Lambda_{0}\text{,\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}%
:\;(\pi_{11},\pi_{21})\in\Lambda_{1}^{\prime}\text{,}%
\]
where $\Lambda_{1}^{\prime}=\left\{ (\pi_{11},\pi_{21})\in(0,1)\times
(0,1):\pi_{11}\neq\pi_{21}\right\} $. The corresponding parameter spaces in
term of probabilities are given by
\end{subequations}
\begin{align*}
\Lambda & =\Lambda_{0}\cup\Lambda_{1}=\left\{ (\pi_{11},\pi_{21}%
)\in(0,1)\times(0,1):\pi_{11}\geq\pi_{21}\right\} ,\\
\Lambda^{\prime} & =\Lambda_{0}\cup\Lambda_{1}^{\prime}=(0,1)\times(0,1).
\end{align*}
The likelihood ratio test-statistics for (\ref{tt1}) and (\ref{tt2b}) are
different since in the numerator of (\ref{G 1}), $\pi_{ij}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$, is obtained maximizing the likelihood
function in $\Lambda$, while the numerator of (\ref{G bar}), $n_{ij}/n$, is
maximized in $\Lambda^{\prime}$.\ Even though both estimators are different,
in practice they require a similar computation:\newline$\bullet$ If $\bar{\pi
}_{11}=\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}>\bar{\pi}_{21}=\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}}$, then
$\pi_{11}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}>\pi
_{21}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}}$ and $G^{2}%
=\bar{G}^{2}=2%
{\textstyle\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\textstyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{2}}
n_{ij}\log\frac{n_{ij}/n_{i}}{n_{\bullet j}/n}$;\newline$\bullet$ If $\bar
{\pi}_{11}=\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}\leq\bar{\pi}_{21}=\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}}$, then
$\pi_{11}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\pi_{11}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{n_{\bullet1}}{n}\leq\pi_{21}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\pi_{21}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
})=\frac{n_{\bullet1}}{n}$ and $G^{2}=0$.\newline Hence, taking into account
the asymptotic distributions, i.e. $\frac{1}{2}\chi_{0}^{2}+\frac{1}{2}%
\chi_{1}^{2}$ for (\ref{tt1}) and $\chi_{1}^{2}$\ for (\ref{tt2b}), we obtain%
\[
p\mathrm{-}value(G^{2})=\left\{
\begin{array}
[c]{ll}%
\frac{1}{2}\Pr\left( \chi_{1}^{2}>2%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
n_{ij}\log\frac{n_{ij}/n_{i}}{n_{\bullet j}/n}\right) , & \text{if }%
\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}>\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}},\\
1, & \text{if }\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}\leq\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}},
\end{array}
\right.
\]
and
\[
p\mathrm{-}value(\bar{G}^{2})=\Pr\left( \chi_{1}^{2}>2%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
n_{ij}\log\frac{n_{ij}}{n_{\bullet j}}\right) .
\]
A third test is the composite null one sided test%
\begin{align}
H_{0} & :\;\vartheta_{1}\leq1\text{,\quad(}\vartheta_{1}\in\Psi_{0}^{\prime
}\text{)\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}:\;\vartheta_{1}>1\text{,}\quad\text{(}%
\vartheta_{1}\in\Psi_{1}\text{)}\label{tt3}\\
H_{0} & :\;\pi_{11}\leq\pi_{21}\text{,}\quad\text{(}(\pi_{11},\pi_{21}%
)\in\Lambda_{0}^{\prime}\text{)\qquad vs.}\qquad H_{1}:\;\pi_{11}>\pi
_{21}\text{,}\quad\text{(}(\pi_{11},\pi_{21})\in\Lambda_{1}\text{),}\nonumber
\end{align}
with $\Psi_{0}^{\prime}=(-\infty,1]$ and $\Lambda_{0}^{\prime}=\left\{
(\pi_{11},\pi_{21})\in(0,1)\times(0,1):\pi_{11}\leq\pi_{21}\right\} $. For
the corresponding test-statistic,%
\begin{equation}
\widetilde{G}^{2}=2n%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
\overline{p}_{ij}\log\frac{\overline{p}_{ij}}{p_{ij}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}=2%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
n_{ij}\log\frac{n_{ij}/n_{i}}{\pi_{ij}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})}:
\label{G tilde}%
\end{equation}
$\bullet$ If $\bar{\pi}_{11}=\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}\geq\bar{\pi}_{21}%
=\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}}$, then $\pi_{11}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}%
)=\frac{n_{\bullet1}}{n}\geq\pi_{12}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}%
)=\frac{n_{\bullet1}}{n}$ and $\widetilde{G}^{2}=2%
{\textstyle\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\textstyle\sum\nolimits_{j=1}^{2}}
n_{ij}\log\frac{n_{ij}/n_{i}}{n_{\bullet j}/n}$;\newline$\bullet$ If $\bar
{\pi}_{11}=\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}<\bar{\pi}_{21}=\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}}$, then
$\pi_{11}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}<\pi
_{21}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})=\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}}$ and
$\widetilde{G}^{2}=0$.\newline Hence, both one sided test-statistics, the
composite null one, $\widetilde{G}^{2}$, and the simple null one, $G^{2}$, are
almost equal and
\[
p\mathrm{-}value(\widetilde{G}^{2})=\left\{
\begin{array}
[c]{ll}%
\frac{1}{2}\Pr\left( \chi_{1}^{2}>2%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{2}}
n_{ij}\log\frac{n_{ij}/n_{i}}{n_{\bullet j}/n}\right) , & \text{if }%
\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}\geq\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}},\\
1, & \text{if }\frac{n_{11}}{n_{1}}<\frac{n_{21}}{n_{2}}.
\end{array}
\right.
\]
The mid-rank $W$ test-statistic for (\ref{tt1}) and (\ref{tt2b}) is the same,
(\ref{wilc}), as well as the distribution under the null, but%
\[
p\mathrm{-}value(W)=\Pr\left( \mathcal{N}(0,1)<-\frac{\left( r_{1}%
n_{11}+r_{2}n_{12}\right) -\left. n_{1}\left( n+1\right) \right/ 2}%
{\sqrt{n_{1}n_{2}\frac{n+1-\frac{1}{n(n-1)}\left[ \left( (n_{\bullet1}%
^{3}-n_{\bullet1})\right) +\left( (n_{\bullet2}^{3}-n_{\bullet2})\right)
\right] }{12}}}\right)
\]
for (\ref{tt1}) and
\[
p\mathrm{-}value(W)=2\Pr\left( \mathcal{N}(0,1)>\frac{\left\vert \left(
r_{1}n_{11}+r_{2}n_{12}\right) -\left. n_{1}\left( n+1\right) \right/
2\right\vert }{\sqrt{n_{1}n_{2}\frac{n+1-\frac{1}{n(n-1)}\left[ \left(
(n_{\bullet1}^{3}-n_{\bullet1})\right) +\left( (n_{\bullet2}^{3}%
-n_{\bullet2})\right) \right] }{12}}}\right)
\]
\ for (\ref{tt2b}).%
\begin{figure}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{c}%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.8764in,
width=5.6273in
]%
{T1.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.8764in,
width=5.6273in
]%
{T2.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.8764in,
width=5.6273in
]%
{W.pdf}%
}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Histograms of $G^{2}$, $\bar{G}^{2}$ and $W$ with $n_1=40$, $n_2=20$ and $\pi _{i1}=0.35$, $i=1,2$. \label{figHH}}%
\end{figure}%
The following short simulation study considers $R=100,000$\ realizations,
$n_{i1}^{(h)}$, $i=1,2$, $h=1,...,R$, of%
\[
N_{i1}\overset{ind}{\sim}\mathcal{B}in(n_{i},\pi_{i1}),\qquad i=1,2,
\]
with $\pi_{11}=\pi_{21}=0.35$ and $n_{1}=40$ and $n_{2}=20$. In Figure
\ref{figHH} a histogram of $G^{2}$, $\bar{G}^{2}$ and $W$\ is shown where the
shape of the density function of each can be recognized. In Table \ref{ttHH},
the simulated significance levels ($\widehat{\alpha}$) and powers
($\widehat{\beta}$) are calculated as the proportion of statistics with
$p$-values smaller than the nominal level $\alpha=0.05$. The test-statistic
based on the Hellinger distance $S_{-1/2}$, given in (\ref{hel}), is also
included. From this simulation study it is concluded that the $G^{2}$
likelihood ratio test-statistic and the $W$\ Wilcoxon mid-rank test for
$2\times2$ contingency tables, are specific procedures for the one sided test
(\ref{tt1}) since the parameter spaces are different, but are strongly related
with the two sided test (\ref{tt2b}) in the way of calculating the value of
the test-statistic and the corresponding $p$-value. It is remarkable that the
simulated significance level for the one-sided $W$\ Wilcoxon mid-rank test for
$2\times2$ contingency tables exhibits a slightly better approximation of the
nominal level\ in comparison with the likelihood ratio test $G^{2}$ for the
one sided test (\ref{tt1}), and the likelihood ratio test $G^{2}$ slightly
better than the test-statistic based on the Hellinger distance $S_{-1/2}$. The
powers of the test-statistics are calculated for $\pi_{11}=0.45>\pi_{21}%
=0.35$. The test-statistic based on the Hellinger distance $S_{-1/2}$ has the
greatest power and the $W$\ Wilcoxon mid-rank test the smallest power for the
one sided test (\ref{tt1}). In Section \ref{Sim} a more extensive simulation
study is considered with a criterion to select the best test-statistic within
a broader class of power divergence based test-statistics. Finally, the two
sided test-statistics, $\bar{G}^{2}$ and $W$, exhibit a worse power than the
one sided test-statistics. This behaviour was obviously expected, since being
$\Psi\subset\Psi^{\prime}$ or equivalently $\Lambda\subset\Lambda^{\prime}$,
the one sided tests have always a better power than the two sided tests.%
\begin{table}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cccccccccccc}\hline
& & $S_{-1/2}$ (one sided) & & $G^{2}$ (one sided) & & $\bar{G}^{2}$ (two
sided) & & one sided $W$ & & two sided $W$ & \\\hline
$\widehat{\alpha}$ & & $0.0567$ & & $0.0559$ & & $0.0533$ & & $0.0495$ &
& $0.0489$ & \\
$\widehat{\beta}$ & & $0.2027$ & & $0.2025$ & & $0.1186$ & & $0.1865$ & &
$0.1149$ & \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Simulated significance levels ($\pi _{11}=\pi _{21}=0.35$), $\widehat{\alpha
}$, and powers ($\pi _{11}=0.45$, $\pi _{21}=0.35$), $\widehat{\beta }$, for
$S_{-1/2}$, $G^{2}$, $\bar{G}^{2}$ and $W$ test-statistics with $n_{1}=40>n_{2}=20$.\label{ttHH}}%
\end{table}%
\subsection{Power divergence test-statistics: simulated size and
powers\label{Sim}}
In this Section the performance of the power divergence test statistics
(\ref{PD1})-(\ref{PD6}) is studied in terms of the simulated exact size and
simulated power of the test, based on small and moderate sample sizes. A
simulation experiment with seven scenarios is designed in Table \ref{tt},
taking into account the sample sizes of the two independent samples. The pairs
of scenarios (A,G), (B,F) and (C,E) should have very similar exact
significance levels, since the sample sizes of the two samples are symmetrical
(the ratio of one sample is the inverse of the other one). With respect to the
choice of $\lambda$, the parameters for the power divergence test statistics,
the interest is focused on the interval $[-1.5,3]$. Note that the
test-statistics applied in the numerical example are covered as particular cases.%
\begin{table}[htbp] \centering
$%
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cccccccc}\hline
scenarios & sc. A & sc. B & sc. C & sc. D & sc. E & sc. F & sc. G\\\hline
$n_{1}$ & $20$ & $20$ & $20$ & $20$ & $16$ & $10$ & $4$\\
$n_{2}$ & $4$ & $10$ & $16$ & $20$ & $20$ & $20$ & $20$\\\hline
ratio & $5$ & $2$ & $1.25$ & $1$ & $0.8$ & $0.5$ & $0.2$\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $%
\caption{Scenarios, based on sample sizes, for the simulation stydy in a contingency table $2\times 3$.\label{tt}}
\end{table}%
\bigskip
The algorithm described in Section \ref{sec:Numerical example} is taken into
account to calculate the $p$-value of each test-statistic ${T\in\{T_{\lambda
},S_{\lambda}\}}_{\lambda\in\lbrack-1.5,3]}$, with a sample $\boldsymbol{N}$,
and this is repeated independently $R=25\,000$ times. The simulated exact
power was computed as%
\[
{\widehat{\beta}}_{T}={\widehat{\beta}}_{T}(\delta)=\frac{\text{number of
replications of }T\,\text{for which the }p\text{-value is less than }\alpha
}{R},
\]
for the probability vectors%
\begin{align*}
\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta)) & =(\pi_{i1}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta)),\pi_{i2}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta)),\pi
_{i3}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta)))^{T}\\
\pi_{ij}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta)) & =\frac{1}{3}\frac{1+i(j-1)\delta
}{1+i\delta},\quad i=1,2,\quad j=1,2,3,
\end{align*}
for $\delta\in\Xi=\{0.1,0.5,1.0,1.5\}$. The simulated exact size was computed
as%
\[
{\widehat{\alpha}}_{T}=\frac{\text{number of replications of }T\,\text{for
which the }p\text{-value is less than }\alpha}{R},
\]
for the probability vectors
\begin{align*}
\boldsymbol{\pi}_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}) & =(\pi_{i1}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}),\pi_{i2}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}),\pi_{i3}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}))^{T}\\
\pi_{ij}(\boldsymbol{\theta}_{0}) & =\frac{1}{3},\quad i=1,2,\quad j=1,2,3,
\end{align*}
which corresponds to the case of $\delta=0$ for $\boldsymbol{\pi}%
_{i}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))$.
In Table \ref{tt2} the local odds ratios,%
\[
\vartheta_{j}=\vartheta_{j}(\delta)=\frac{1+(j-1)\delta}{1+2(j-1)\delta}%
\frac{1+2j\delta}{1+j\delta},
\]
$j=1,2$, are shown for $\delta\in\{0\}\cup\Xi$. Notice that in
$\boldsymbol{\vartheta}=\boldsymbol{\vartheta}(\delta)=(\vartheta_{1}%
(\delta),\vartheta_{2}(\delta))^{T}$\ some of the components are further from
$\boldsymbol{\vartheta}(0)=\boldsymbol{1}_{2}$ (null hypothesis), as the value
of $\delta>0$ is further from $0$. This means that a greater value of the
estimation of the power function might be obtained, as $\delta>0$ is greater.
This claim is supported by the fact that some values of the components of
$\boldsymbol{\vartheta}=\boldsymbol{\vartheta}(\delta)$ decrease as $\delta>0$
increases but more slowly than the others increase. In addition, for a fixed
value of $\delta>0$, it is expected a greater value of $\widehat{\beta}%
_{T}(\delta)$, as $n$ is greater (the worst powers in Scenario A and the best
powers in Scenario D). We have also added in Table \ref{tt2}\ the last three
rows for two reasons, first, to show that for any fixed value of $\delta$,
$\pi_{2j}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))/\pi_{1j}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))$
is non-decreasing as $j$, the ordinal category, increases and second, to
clarify the meaning of the two asterisks contained in the table. It is clear
that for a big value of $\delta$, $\pi_{i1}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))>0$
goes to zero on the right for $i=1,2$, but in the practice, due to the empty
cells in the contingency table, the estimator of the ratio $\pi_{21}%
(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))/\pi_{11}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))$ becomes
$1$ rather than $\frac{1}{2}$ (and $\vartheta_{1}(\delta)$ becomes $1$). This
was our experience when we used values of $\delta$ bigger than $1.5$, i.e. the
power becomes quite little in the practice.%
\begin{table}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{ccccccccccccc}\hline
& & $\delta=0$ & & $\delta=0.1$ & & $\delta=0.5$ & & $\delta=1$ & &
$\delta=1.5$ & & $\delta=\infty$\\\hline
$\vartheta_{1}=\vartheta_{1}(\delta)$ & & $1.000$ & & $1.091$ & & $1.333$ &
& $1.500$ & & $1.600$ & & $2.00^{\ast}$\\
$\vartheta_{2}=\vartheta_{2}(\delta)$ & & $1.000$ & & $1.069$ & & $1.125$ &
& $1.111$ & & $1.094$ & & $1.00$\\\hline
$\pi_{21}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))/\pi_{11}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))$
& & $0.33/0.33$ & & $0.28/0.30$ & & $0.17/0.22$ & & $0.11/0.17$ & &
$0.08/0.13$ & & $0.50^{\ast}$\\
$\pi_{22}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))/\pi_{12}(\boldsymbol{\theta}(\delta))$
& & $0.33/0.33$ & & $0.33/0.33$ & & $0.33/0.33$ & & $0.33/0.33$ & &
$0.33/0.33$ & & $1.00$\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Theoretical local odd ratios for the Monte Carlo study.\label{tt2}}%
\end{table}%
Once a nominal size $\alpha=0.05$ is established, Table \ref{alfas} summarizes
the simulated exact sizes in all the scenarios for the test-statistic
${T\in\{T_{\lambda},S_{\lambda},W\}}_{\lambda\in\Lambda}$, with $\Lambda
=\{-1.5,-1,-\frac{1}{2},0,\frac{2}{3},1,1.5,2,3\}$. We have plotted $3\times2$
graphs in Figures \ref{fig2}-\ref{fig7} and we refer them as plots in three
rows. In the first row of Figures \ref{fig1}-\ref{fig7} we can see on the left
the exact power in all the scenarios for the test-statistic $\{{T_{\lambda
},W\}}_{\lambda\in\lbrack-1.5,3]}$ and on the right for the test-statistic
$\{{S_{\lambda},W\}}_{\lambda\in\lbrack-1.5,3]}$. In order to make a
comparison of exact powers, we cannot directly proceed without considering the
exact sizes. For this reason we are going to give a procedure based on two
steps, for scenarios B-G.
\noindent\textit{Step 1}: We are going to check for all the power divergence
based test-statistics the criterion given by Dale (1986), i.e.,
\begin{equation}
|\,\text{logit}(1-{\widehat{\alpha}}_{T})-\text{logit}(1-\alpha)\,|\leq e
\label{con1}%
\end{equation}
with $\mathrm{logit}\left( p\right) =\log\left( \frac{p}{1-p}\right) $. We
only consider the values of $\lambda$\ such that ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T}%
$\ satisfies (\ref{con1}) with $e=0.35$, then we shall only consider the
test-statistics such that ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T}\in\left[
0.0357,0.0695\right] $, in all the scenarios. This criterion has been
considered for some authors, see for instance Cressie et al. (2003) and
Mart\'{\i}n and Pardo (2012). The cases satisfying the criterion are marked in
bold in Table \ref{alfas}, and comprise those values in the abscissa of the
plot between the dashed band (the dashed line in the middle represents the
nominal size), and we can conclude that we must not consider in our study
${T\in\{T_{\lambda},S_{\lambda},W\}}_{\lambda\in\lbrack-1.5,-0.4)}$.
\noindent\textit{Step 2}: We compare all the test statistics obtained in Step
1 with the classical likelihood ratio test ($G^{2}=T_{0}$) as well as the
classical Pearson test statistic ($X^{2}=S_{1}$). To do so, we have calculated
the relative local efficiencies%
\[
\widehat{\rho}_{T}=\widehat{\rho}_{T}(\delta)=\frac{({\widehat{\beta}}%
_{T}(\delta)-{\widehat{\alpha}}_{T})-({\widehat{\beta}}_{T_{0}}(\delta
)-{\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{0}})}{{\widehat{\beta}}_{T_{0}}(\delta
)-{\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{0}}},\qquad\widehat{\rho}_{T}^{\ast}=\widehat{\rho
}_{T}^{\ast}(\delta)=\frac{({\widehat{\beta}}_{T}(\delta)-{\widehat{\alpha}%
}_{T})-({\widehat{\beta}}_{S_{1}}(\delta)-{\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{1}}%
)}{{\widehat{\beta}}_{S_{1}}(\delta)-{\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{1}}}.
\]
In Figures \ref{fig2}-\ref{fig7} the powers and the relative local
efficiencies are summarized. The second rows of the figures represent
$\widehat{\rho}_{T}$, while in the third row is plotted $\widehat{\rho}%
_{T}^{\ast}$, on the left it is considered ${T\in}\{{T_{\lambda},W\}}%
_{\lambda\in\lbrack-1.5,3]}$ and ${T\in}\{{S_{\lambda},W\}}_{\lambda\in
\lbrack-1.5,3]}$ on the right. In Figure \ref{fig1} we show only one row since
it represents the atypical case in which the exact powers are less that the
exact significance level for the values of $\lambda$ satisfying the Dale's
criterion and so, it does not make sense to compare the powers.%
\begin{table}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{l}%
$%
\begin{tabular}
[c]{ccccccccccc}\hline\hline
sc & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{-1.5}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{-1}}$ &
${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{-1/2}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{0}}$ &
${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{2/3}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{1}}$ &
${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{1.5}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{2}}$ &
${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T_{3}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{W}$\\\hline
$A$ & 0.0013 & 0.0359 & 0.1725 & 0.0745 & \textbf{0.0468} & \textbf{0.0460} &
\textbf{0.0517} & \textbf{0.0586} & 0.0949 & \textbf{0.0509}\\
$B$ & \textbf{0.0670} & \textbf{0.0612} & \textbf{0.0664} & \textbf{0.0597} &
\textbf{0.0541} & \textbf{0.0503} & \textbf{0.0511} & \textbf{0.0536} &
\textbf{0.0619} & \textbf{0.0509}\\
$C$ & 0.0747 & \textbf{0.0686} & \textbf{0.0608} & \textbf{0.0537} &
\textbf{0.0494} & \textbf{0.0485} & \textbf{0.0478} & \textbf{0.0492} &
\textbf{0.0573} & \textbf{0.0485}\\
$D$ & \textbf{0.0688} & \textbf{0.0653} & \textbf{0.0631} & \textbf{0.0577} &
\textbf{0.0538} & \textbf{0.0528} & \textbf{0.0522} & \textbf{0.0530} &
\textbf{0.0572} & \textbf{0.0495}\\
$E$ & 0.0751 & \textbf{0.0691} & \textbf{0.0610} & \textbf{0.0548} &
\textbf{0.0511} & \textbf{0.0502} & \textbf{0.0494} & \textbf{0.0509} &
\textbf{0.0591} & \textbf{0.0512}\\
$F$ & \textbf{0.0665} & \textbf{0.0614} & \textbf{0.0681} & \textbf{0.0616} &
\textbf{0.0554} & \textbf{0.0518} & \textbf{0.0517} & \textbf{0.0539} &
\textbf{0.0615} & \textbf{0.0506}\\
$G$ & 0.0013 & 0.0363 & 0.1802 & 0.0775 & \textbf{0.0477} & \textbf{0.0466} &
\textbf{0.0526} & \textbf{0.0602} & 0.0965 & \textbf{0.0541}\\\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\ \ $\\
$%
\begin{tabular}
[c]{ccccccccccc}\hline\hline
sc & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{-1.5}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{-1}}$ &
${\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{-1/2}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{0}}$ &
${\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{2/3}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{1}}$ &
${\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{1.5}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{2}}$ &
${\widehat{\alpha}}_{S_{3}}$ & ${\widehat{\alpha}}_{W}$\\\hline
$A$ & 0.2106 & 0.2055 & 0.1572 & 0.0745 & \textbf{0.0429} & \textbf{0.0430} &
\textbf{0.0499} & \textbf{0.0507} & 0.0752 & \textbf{0.0509}\\
$B$ & 0.0799 & 0.0762 & \textbf{0.0638} & \textbf{0.0596} & \textbf{0.0543} &
\textbf{0.0497} & \textbf{0.0509} & \textbf{0.0524} & \textbf{0.0584} &
\textbf{0.0509}\\
$C$ & 0.0729 & \textbf{0.0676} & \textbf{0.0581} & \textbf{0.0537} &
\textbf{0.0505} & \textbf{0.0492} & \textbf{0.0491} & \textbf{0.0501} &
\textbf{0.0583} & \textbf{0.0485}\\
$D$ & \textbf{0.0675} & \textbf{0.0656} & \textbf{0.0620} & \textbf{0.0577} &
\textbf{0.0552} & \textbf{0.0543} & \textbf{0.0541} & \textbf{0.0543} &
\textbf{0.0577} & \textbf{0.0495}\\
$E$ & 0.0745 & \textbf{0.0683} & \textbf{0.0584} & \textbf{0.0547} &
\textbf{0.0518} & \textbf{0.0507} & \textbf{0.0504} & \textbf{0.0515} &
\textbf{0.0598} & \textbf{0.0512}\\
$F$ & 0.0814 & 0.0780 & \textbf{0.0656} & \textbf{0.0616} & \textbf{0.0551} &
\textbf{0.0509} & \textbf{0.0516} & \textbf{0.0528} & \textbf{0.0572} &
\textbf{0.0506}\\
$G$ & 0.2170 & 0.2123 & 0.1653 & 0.0775 & \textbf{0.0446} & \textbf{0.0450} &
\textbf{0.0510} & \textbf{0.0516} & 0.0782 & \textbf{0.0541}\\\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\ \ \ $%
\end{tabular}
\caption{${\widehat{\alpha}}_{T}$, for ${T\in\{T_{\lambda},S_{\lambda},W\}}_{\lambda\in\Lambda}$ in scenarios of Table \ref{tt}. \label{alfas}}%
\end{table}%
\begin{figure}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cc}%
${T_{\lambda}}$ & ${S_{\lambda}}$\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscA_Potencia_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscA_Potencia_S.pdf}%
}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Powers for $T_{\lambda}$, $S_{\lambda}$ and $W$ in scenario A. \label{fig1}}%
\end{figure}%
\begin{figure}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cc}%
${T_{\lambda}}$ & ${S_{\lambda}}$\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.1202in
]%
{EscB_Potencia_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.1202in
]%
{EscB_Potencia_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscB_Eficiencias_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscB_Eficiencias_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscB_Eficiencias_asterisco_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscB_Eficiencias_asterisco_S.pdf}%
}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Power and relative local efficiencies for $T_{\lambda}$, $S_{\lambda}$ and $W$ in scenario B. \label{fig2}}%
\end{figure}%
\begin{figure}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cc}%
${T_{\lambda}}$ & ${S_{\lambda}}$\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.1202in
]%
{EscC_Potencia_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.1202in
]%
{EscC_Potencia_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscC_Eficiencias_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscC_Eficiencias_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscC_Eficiencias_asterisco_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscC_Eficiencias_asterisco_S.pdf}%
}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Power and relative local efficiencies for $T_{\lambda}$, $S_{\lambda}$ and $W$ in scenario C. \label{fig3}}%
\end{figure}%
\begin{figure}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cc}%
${T_{\lambda}}$ & ${S_{\lambda}}$\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.1202in
]%
{EscD_Potencia_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.1202in
]%
{EscD_Potencia_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscD_Eficiencias_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscD_Eficiencias_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscD_Eficiencias_asterisco_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscD_Eficiencias_asterisco_S.pdf}%
}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Power and relative local efficiencies for $T_{\lambda}$, $S_{\lambda}$ and $W$ in scenario D. \label{fig4}}%
\end{figure}%
\begin{figure}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cc}%
${T_{\lambda}}$ & ${S_{\lambda}}$\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscE_Potencia_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscE_Potencia_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscE_Eficiencias_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscE_Eficiencias_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscE_Eficiencias_asterisco_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscE_Eficiencias_asterisco_S.pdf}%
}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Power and relative local efficiencies for $T_{\lambda}$, $S_{\lambda}$ and $W$ in scenario E. \label{fig5}}%
\end{figure}%
\begin{figure}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cc}%
${T_{\lambda}}$ & ${S_{\lambda}}$\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscF_Potencia_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscF_Potencia_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscF_Eficiencias_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscF_Eficiencias_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscF_Eficiencias_asterisco_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.463in,
width=3.3667in
]%
{EscF_Eficiencias_asterisco_S.pdf}%
}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Power and relative local efficiencies for $T_{\lambda}$, $S_{\lambda}$ and $W$ in scenario F. \label{fig6}}%
\end{figure}%
\begin{figure}[htbp] \tabcolsep2.8pt \centering
\begin{tabular}
[c]{cc}%
${T_{\lambda}}$ & ${S_{\lambda}}$\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.1202in
]%
{EscG_Potencia_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4552in,
width=3.1211in
]%
{EscG_Potencia_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscG_Eficiencias_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscG_Eficiencias_S.pdf}%
}
\\%
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4552in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscG_Eficiencias_asterisco_T.pdf}%
}
&
{\includegraphics[
height=2.4561in,
width=3.0701in
]%
{EscG_Eficiencias_asterisco_S.pdf}%
}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Power and relative local efficiencies for $T_{\lambda}$, $S_{\lambda}$ and $W$ in scenario G. \label{fig7}}%
\end{figure}%
\pagebreak
The plots are interpreted as follows:\medskip\newline\textbf{a)} In all the
scenarios a similar pattern is observed when plotting the exact power,
${\widehat{\beta}}_{T}$, for $\lambda\in\lbrack-1,3]$ since a U shaped curve
is obtained. This means that the exact power is higher in the corners of the
interval in comparison with the classical likelihood ratio test ($G^{2}=T_{0}%
$) as well as the classical Pearson test statistic ($X^{2}=S_{1}$), contained
in the middle.\medskip\newline\textbf{b)} If we pay attention on the local
efficiencies with respect to $G^{2}$ and $X^{2}$, $\widehat{\rho}_{T}$ and
$\widehat{\rho}_{T}^{\ast}$, to find positive values of them we need to
consider $\lambda\in\lbrack-1,0)$ or $\lambda\in(1,3]$ and thus it confirms
what was said in a). On the other hand, comparing the left hand
($T={T_{\lambda}}$) side of $\widehat{\rho}_{T}$ with the right side
($T={S_{\lambda}}$) and doing the same for $\widehat{\rho}_{T}^{\ast}$, a
slightly higher values of the local efficiencies of ${S_{\lambda}}$ are seen
in comparison with ${T_{\lambda}}$. For this reason we consider that
${\{S_{\lambda}\}}_{\lambda\in\lbrack-1,0)}$ have a better performance than
the classical test-statistics, $G^{2}$ and $X^{2}$ in scenarios B-E and
${\{S_{\lambda}\}}_{\lambda\in(1,3]}$ have a better performance than the
classical test-statistics, $G^{2}$ and $X^{2}$ in scenarios F-G. The Wilcoxon
test-statistic has in all the scenarios worse performance with respect to the
best classical asymptotic statistic, $G^{2}$ for scenarios B-E and $X^{2}$ for
scenarios F-G.\medskip\newline\textbf{c)} What is not so common in comparison
with usual models of categorical data is to find small size sample sizes with
so good performance in exact size as it happens in the case of the likelihood
ratio order. Moreover, the best test-statistic are not very common to be
selected as those with better performance than the classical ones.\newpage
\section{Concluding remark}
The likelihood ratio ordering is a useful technique for comparing treatments
in clinical trials, for this reason it is vitally important to provide
test-statistics to improve the classical ones. Having considered an asymptotic
distribution for two order restricted treatments, the weights needed to manage
the associated asymptotic chi-bar distribution are calculated in a simple way
and the useful matrix for that, $\boldsymbol{H}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
})$, has an easy interpretation in terms of log-linear modeling. The
simulation study highlights the good performance of the all the proposed tests
in relation to the exact size and the comparison is made in terms of the
power. For small and moderate sample sizes there are better choices than the
likelihood ratio test and the Wilcoxon test-statistics inside the family of
$\phi$-divergences. We think that this is a specific characteristic of the
likelihood ordering, and this is the reason of having obtained as the best
test-statistics a set of values of $\lambda\in\lbrack-1,0)\cup(1,3]$ not very
common in the literature of phi-divergence test-statistics. As exception,
notice that%
\begin{align}
S_{-1/2} & =S_{d_{\phi_{-1/2}}}(\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta
}}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))=8n\left( 1-%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
p_{ij}^{\frac{1}{2}}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})p_{ij}^{\frac{1}{2}%
}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\right) \label{hel}\\
& =4n%
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
\left( p_{ij}^{\frac{1}{2}}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})-p_{ij}^{\frac
{1}{2}}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\right) ^{2}\nonumber\\
& =4n\mathrm{Hel}^{2}(\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}%
}),\boldsymbol{p}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})),\nonumber
\end{align}
where%
\[
\mathrm{Hel}(\boldsymbol{p}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}}),\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}))=\left(
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}}
{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J}}
\left( p_{ij}^{\frac{1}{2}}(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})-p_{ij}^{\frac
{1}{2}}(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})\right) ^{2}\right) ^{\frac{1}{2}},
\]
is the Hellinger distance between the probability vectors $\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widetilde{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$\ and $\boldsymbol{p}%
(\widehat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})$. Therefore, one of the test-statistic we are
proposing in this paper is a function of the well-known Hellinger distance,
which has been used in many different statistical problems. We think that the
reason why this happens is related to the robust properties of such a
test-statistic, since when dealing with the likelihood ratio ordering, under
the alternative hypothesis, on the left side of the contingency table empty
cells tend to appear. In particular, the theoretical probability in the first
cell for the second treatment, $\pi_{21}$, is the smallest one and this
circumstance does influence in the results obtained for skew sample sample
sizes in both treatments.
\begin{acknowledgement}
The authors acknowledge the referee. We modified and improved the manuscript
according to comments and questions pointed by the referee.
\end{acknowledgement}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
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South Africa: National Development Agency on Launch of Masiphunge Women's Empowerment Program
Policy to promote women's empowerment
EU commits billions to support women's empowerment through education
Forbes India – Empowering Women: What we need to do to truly empower and empower women
India Post is committed to gender equality and women's empowerment
Ensuring women's leadership to fight climate change highlighted
Provide leadership for women to fight against climate change highlighted
OIC Women's Development Organization holds training course
Rewiring Mindsets, Inclusive Approaches Needed for Sustainable Women Empowerment
Hyderabad Police launches new female safety initiative
Bangladeshi Women's Leadership in Water Governance
Initiative Focuses on Women's Safety, Empowerment a 'Success', Delhi Cops Say | Latest Delhi News
Take part in a female leadership mentorship program in Nepal
UK government allows girls from Afghan Women's Development Team to move to UK
Co-Impact Fund for the Promotion of Gender Equality and Women's Leadership
Co-Impact Fund to Advance Gender Equality and Women's Leadership
London murder reignites fears about women's safety – world peace organization
Police officer prepares to educate students on women's safety | Nagpur News
Sarah Everard's murder sparked a wave of concern for women's safety
Women's leadership in Western Michigan companies, organizations recognized at the 2021 ATHENA Awards
US and Egypt Celebrate Success of $8 Million Women's Empowerment Project
NCRB data: In Delhi, a long way to go for women's safety | Latest Delhi News
FIFA Women's Development Program helps grow football
GN to Host Women's Leadership Forum in August
Sindh stagnates on women's development
Sindh slumbers on women's development
UN Women Executive Director visits Mozambique, calls for women's leadership in ongoing peacebuilding and humanitarian efforts, and bold commitments for Generation Equality Forum – Mozambique
Safe in the city? Focus on CCTV and Women's Safety – Monash Lens
If UK is concerned about women's safety, it shouldn't cut GCRF
The Sustainable Development Goals have played a key role in the development of women
Invest in women's development on International Women's Day – FE News
Various programs organized in BIMTS as part of the "Campaign for the Safety and Empowerment of Women"
Navaratra UP Government Shakti Mission for Women's Safety | Lucknow News
How the new India went from women's development to women-led development under Prime Minister Modi
Webinar on "women's safety and security" organized | MorungExpress
Women's safety means earth safety
Local women know best when it comes to keeping women safe in disasters
Growing signs of women's safety in the country
16 actions for the safety of girls and women in emergencies
Anu and Naveen Jain announce the winner of the Women's Safety XPrize
Punjab to unveil women's development policy – Pakistan
The International Agency for Women's Development (IWDA) pursues its vision of an equal world with NetSuite OneWorld | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
The festival of Thanksgiving is predominantly celebrated in the United States and Canada. It is a kind of harvest festival whose impact is felt throughout the world. Thus this festival is celebrated worldwide. So enlighten yourself about the traditions and customs which are associated with celebration of this particular festival. Get to know more about how this harvest festival which is celebrated around the world, for this page will furnish you with every minute detail. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
The hotel is perfectly located in the historical centre of Grodno. The Old Town, the Neman river embankment and the 'Skidelsky' market and shopping centre are just few minutes' walk from the hotel.
A lift provides guests with easy access to the upper floors. Services and facilities at the hotel include internet access, wireless internet access, a restaurant, a bar and a conference room. Guests travelling in their own vehicles can make use of the available parking spaces.
A safe and a minibar also feature. The accommodation units offer a range of amenities, including a fridge. Internet access, a telephone, a TV and wireless internet access are provided as standard. The bathroom features a hairdryer.
Sport and leisure options are offered by the hotel and third-party operators. There is an indoor pool for guests' use. The establishment offers guests leisure options, including a sauna. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Lot 6 is 2910m2 with a building site and effluent management area identified.
It is a square shape with the bulding site identified in the top left corner.
Dear Judy, I am interested in 6/47 Goulburn St, Tarago, NSW 2580, Listing Number 2741200 which I found on http://taragorealestate.com.au. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
- withdrawal WebMoney to payment system.
To withdraw funds, you must have WebMoney passport (not lower than formal) with verified personal data.
Typically, all operations for the withdrawal of funds are transferred immediately except withdrawal to bank account (24-72 hours) and other payment systems (24 hours).
Key tags: webmoney, withdraw webmoney, webmoney withdrawal, webmoney to card, wmz to visa, webmoney to bank, wm to mastercard. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
North Korea agrees to nuclear moratorium
North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un visits a unit under the command of the Korean People's Army 4th Corps stationed in the southwestern sector of North Korea. REUTERS/KCNA
North Korea has agreed to stop nuclear tests, uranium enrichment and long-range missile launches, and to allow checks by nuclear inspectors, in an apparent policy shift that paves the way for resuming long-stalled disarmament talks.
The surprise breakthrough, announced simultaneously by the US State Department and North Korea's official news agency, makes possible the resumption of six-nation nuclear negotiations with Pyongyang. It followed talks between US and North Korean diplomats in Beijing last week.
While analysts cautioned that Pyongyang has backtracked repeatedly on past deals, the moves by North Korea mark a sharp change in course, at least outwardly, by North Korea's reclusive leadership following the death in December of veteran leader Kim Jong-il.
The State Department said that in return, the United States was ready to go ahead with a proposed 240,000 metric-tonne food aid package requested by North Korea and that more aid could be agreed to based on continued need.
Along with halting weapons activities, North Korea said it would allow nuclear inspectors from the U.N.'s International Atomic Energy Agency to visit its Yongbyon nuclear complex to verify the moratorium on uranium enrichment has been enforced.
"The DPRK, upon request by the US and with a view to maintaining positive atmosphere for the DPRK-US high-level talks, agreed to a moratorium on nuclear tests, long-range missile launches, and uranium enrichment activity at Yongbyon and allow the IAEA to monitor the moratorium on uranium enrichment while productive dialogues continue," North Korea's official KCNA news agency said.
North Korea is known formally as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK).
"Today's announcement represents a modest first step in the right direction," Secretary of State Hillary Clinton told a Congressional panel, noting that Washington continued to have profound concerns over a range of North Korean activities.
The IAEA, which withdrew its inspectors from North Korea in 2009, said it was ready to return, calling the moratorium deal "an important step forward."
South Korea and Japan both welcomed the announcement, with the Foreign Ministry in Seoul saying it could form the basis for a broader agreement on North Korea's nuclear program.
"It is our assessment that the basis has been set for moving forward on our efforts to resolve the North Korean nuclear issue in a comprehensive and fundamental manner," Foreign Ministry spokesman Cho Buyung-jae said in a statement. .
As part of the deal, Washington reaffirmed that it did not have hostile intentions toward North Korea and was prepared to take steps to improve bilateral ties and increase people-to-people exchanges.
The US decision to resume food aid was a gesture toward Pyongyang, which has sought international help to cope with chronic food shortages.
The United States halted food aid to North Korea in 2009 amid a dispute over transparency and monitoring, compounding problems that have followed a crippling famine in the 1990s that killed an estimated one million people
The surprise announcement was a step forward for Washington's campaign to rein in renegade nuclear programs around the world and comes as the Obama administration steps up pressure on Iran over its nuclear ambitions, which western governments fear are aimed at producing nuclear weapons.
Analysts called the deal an important preliminary step and said the return of IAEA inspectors would give the international community an important window into North Korea's nuclear work.
"This puts an element of control back on the North Koreans' nuclear development program as well as their existing capabilities that we have not had for almost four years," said Jack Pritchard, a former US negotiator with North Korea who heads the Korea Economic Institute.
But Pritchard said he believed it was unlikely that Pyongyang's young and untested new leader Kim Jong-un was ready to comply with demands that he scrap the entire nuclear program.
"How does a 28-year-old give up the only legitimate piece of leverage that he has in dealing with the superpowers to preserve the survivability of his regime? He's not going to do that," Pritchard said.
The announcement followed talks between the United States and with North Korea last week in Beijing, the first such meeting since Kim Jong-un succeeded his father as leader of the communist state two months ago.
Bruce Klingner, a Korea analyst at the Heritage Foundation, said the move did not necessarily represent any fundamental changes in Pyongyang, noting that the deal tracked a draft agreement that US diplomats were nearing at the time of Kim Jong-il's death.
"This is the first step in a very long road," he said, saying it may simply provide the framework for additional meetings between the United States and North Korea to haggle over an agenda for any broader nuclear talks.
North Korea agreed to curtail its nuclear activities under a an aid-for-denuclearization agreement reached in September 2005 by six-party talks bringing together North and South Korea, China, Japan, Russia and the United States.
Under the agreement, the North agreed to abandon its nuclear programs in exchange for economic and diplomatic incentives to be provided by the other parties involved in the negotiations.
But the embryonic deal was never fully implemented.
Instead, the North held two nuclear test blasts -- in 2006 and 2009 -- and later disclosed a uranium enrichment program, giving it a second path to obtaining fissile material for bombs, in addition to its long-standing program of producing plutonium.
The United States, South Korea and their allies had been sceptical of North Korea's assertions that it stands ready to return to the six-party talks, and said they would insist on demonstrable evidence of Pyongyang's willingness to denuclearize before any such talks could resume.
Victor Cha, a Korea expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said it could be some time before the IAEA inspectors are back in the ground in North Korea.
"I think it is going to be a tortuous process of synchronizing the shipment of the food aid with the arrival of the IAEA inspectors," Cha said.
"That's the way the North Koreans like to do things, and it could get drawn out for a very long time."
Trump offers to meet Kim in demilitarised-zone
N Korea carrying out purge after summit collapse
N Korea fires short-range missiles
US court orders N Korea to pay $501m for student death
Koreas hold high-stakes summit, nuclear talks in jeopardy
Korean families' tearful reunion after 65 years
N Korea accuses US of 'gangster-like' behaviour
N Korea still secretly building nukes
Trump, Kim set to arrive in Singapore for summit
Trump scraps North Korea summit
N Korea to suspend nuke tests for Trump talks
N Korean VIPs targeted on way to Games close | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
*Up to 50% Off Everything: This offer is only valid with coupon code SPRING19. Enjoy 50% off orders over $149 or 40% off everything else. Order must total $149 or more before discount, shipping and tax is applied to qualify for 50% off discount. This offer cannot be combined with other coupons, vouchers, Groupons, or applied after an order has been placed. Discount applies only to completed projects. No adjustments on previous purchases. Taxes will apply. Offer expires 3/25/2019 (11:59 pm PT). | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Interested in field biology research?
Need money to support the research?
Want to work at Green Oaks this summer?
The biology department would like to invite students to apply for the David "Burney" Dunn Student Field Research Scholarship. The Burney Dunn Scholarship will provide a stipend of $2500 to support a student engaged in field biological or ecological research during the summer of 2013. Preference will be given to students conducting their research at Green Oaks. Interested students should discuss possible research plans with a mentor and then submit an application to Linda Dybas, Biology Department Chair, by Monday April 29 at the latest. The proposal should be no more than two pages long. The proposal should describe the project, provide a basic outline of methods, and a timeline for the project.
Alpha Phi Omega is hosting our annual Run-a-thon fundraiser on April 26th and 27th and invite you to join. This year, 100% of proceeds will go to the Knox County Humane Society.
Run-a-thon is our annual walking fundraiser that takes place on Turner Track. During the 24 hour event (which starts at 3 pm on the 26th), we invite you to come walk/run on the track and participating in various fun activities that APO has lined up.
free large bag of Eukanuba cat or dog food. Additional raffle tickets for each raffle can be purchased at the event.
Additionally, there will be all natural homemade dog cookies for sale for $5 a bag available all throughout the event.
Please use the follow link to register and we hope to see you there!
The Lorraine Smith prize in English is awarded annually to the second year student writing the best essay in an English course. Prize given in books. Entries for the Lorraine Smith prize in English should be submitted as an e-mail attachment to Rob Smith ([email protected]) by Friday, May 3. Judging is by the English faculty.
Prizewinner will be announced at Professor Audrey Petty's Caxton reading in May.
The Howard A. Wilson Prize is awarded annually to students writing the best essays in literary criticism during an academic year. There are cash prizes for first, second and third place. This year's finalists will be judged by Audrey Petty, Professor of English at the University of Illinois. Entries for the Howard Wilson Prize in English should be submitted as an e-mail attachment to Rob Smith ([email protected]) by Friday, May 3.
Prizewinners will be announced at Professor's Petty Caxton reading in May. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Anny Rüegg-Hardmeier (Chur, 1912 - Zürich, 1 mei 2011) was een Zwitserse alpineskiester. In 1934 werd zij wereldkampioene in de afdaling en in 1935 in de slalom.
Biografie
Anny Rüegg-Hardmeier was een tante van de Zwitserse olympische skikampioene Yvonne Rüegg.
Belangrijkste resultaten
Wereldkampioenschappen
Zwitsers alpineskiër | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
} |
"We are sickened by the reported racial discrimination doing the rounds at schools in Gauteng," provincial leader Bonginkosi Dhlamini said in a statement.
The Star reported on Thursday that several parents of pupils at the Parkdene Primary School in Boksburg claimed the children suffered racial abuse and discrimination.
This was apparently because they wore red strings around their wrists as part of the Hindu faith.
A Grade 3 pupil was reportedly discriminated against by his music teacher, who is the principal's wife, for wearing red strings on his wrists.
His parents claimed he was called a "coolie" several times in front of his classmates and told to take the string off.
After complaining, the parents were told the pupil had to wear a red jersey to hide the string.
The principal refused to comment, saying the department was dealing with the matter.
Dhlamini said the teacher's alleged behaviour "demonstrates the dwindling humanistic culture in our society". | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
# Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.
# For APIs, you may want to use :null_session instead.
protect_from_forgery with: :exception
helper_method def logged_in?
!!current_user
end
helper_method def current_user
@current_user ||= User.find(session[:user_id]) if session[:user_id]
end
end
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
From Philly blog The Deli - "Their debut EP "Make Me" is a rugged blend of agitated aggression. The songs have a tendency to immediately pounce on one's ears. Itarya Leo's vocals occupy a space were pensive rage and sadness compact themselves. The unfiltered byproduct joins up with steady, slightly dark instrumental tones, which are forceful yet frayed. Leo's voice etches a path through the noise-punk, thumping music like a fireball amid organized chaos." Not sure what some of that means, but we say: DAMN this noisy lil' grunge-pop EP seriously kicks your teeth in with sugar-coated steel toe boots! Members of The Starting Line, Wives, Ladder Devils and The Minor Times. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Jazz Meets the Symphony is an album by Argentine-American composer, pianist and conductor Lalo Schifrin with bassist Ray Brown, drummer Grady Tate and the London Philharmonic Orchestra recorded in 1992 and released on the Atlantic label in 1993.
Schifrin's musical arrangement for the track, "Dizzy Gillespie Fireworks" was nominated for the 1994 Grammy Award for Best Arrangement on an Instrumental.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated, "...Most intriguing among Schifrin's arrangements are Echoes of Duke Ellington and Dizzy Gillespie Fireworks, which are really medleys of Duke's and Dizzy's songs. Not all of the shorter pieces... are too essential, and, on the whole, Schifrin's follow-up project (More Jazz Meets the Symphony) would result in a stronger record. However, this generally interesting set is still worth exploring; it was good to hear Lalo Schifrin in a jazz setting again". He gave the album a four star rating, which is generally reserved for releases of high merit.
Track listing
Source =
"Battle Hymn of the Republic" (Traditional, arranged by Schifrin) - 6:28
"Echoes of Duke Ellington" (Duke Ellington, arranged by Schifrin) - 12:48
"Bach to the Blues" (Lalo Schifrin) - 5:25
"Brush Strokes" (Lalo Schifrin) - 3:03
"I Can't Get Started" (Vernon Duke, Ira Gershwin, arranged by Schifrin) - 3:31
"Brazilian Impressions" (Luiz Bonfá, Antonio Carlos Jobim, arranged by Schifrin) - 5:35
"Blues in the Bassment" (Ray Brown, arranged by Schifrin) - 4:16
"The Fox" (Lalo Schifrin) - 4:50
"As Time Goes By" (Herman Hupfeld, arranged by Schifrin) - 5:22
"Dizzy Gillespie Fireworks" (Dizzy Gillespie, arranged by Schifrin)- 13:34
Personnel
Source =
Lalo Schifrin - piano, arranger, conductor
Ray Brown - bass
Grady Tate - drums
London Philharmonic Orchestra
References
Atlantic Records albums
Lalo Schifrin albums
1992 albums
Albums arranged by Lalo Schifrin
Albums conducted by Lalo Schifrin | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
} |
Q: Xuggler/Java Thumbnail from Video I'm building an app in Grails, but I am well versed in Java also. I need to display thumbnails of video files, and then when the user clicks on a thumbnail, open that video in a player. (Like Youtube).
What I am thinking is, when the user posts the video, I'll use xuggler to grab a thumbnail, and save that along with the video file itself.
Question 1: Is that a good design?
I am not familiar with xuggler.
Question 2: Is there some way to grab a thumbnail from input stream as the user is uploading? Otherwise, I am going to write the file, and then grab the thumbnail from that as described here.
A: Xuggler seems like the way to go.
I'm doing something similar at the moment. I'm opting to download the entire file payload before attempting to assume I was given a video.
I've built a similar system in PHP and users submitting Windows Movie Maker project files was a real issue.
application/octet-stream was a very common content-type from machines that didn't know file type associations
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} |
Shri Ramsharnam
श्री रामशरणम्
Sadhna Satsangs
Importance of Jaap
दर्शन
Gyaan
Upasana or Sadhana
दीर्घा
Shri Ramsharnam, a Prayer and Meditation Center, Toronto, Canada.
This facility was formally established in 1983 about 30 years ago to propagate the divine Ram Naam in North America, and it is diligently carrying out the arduous task it had undertaken ever since. We hold the service every Sunday for the devotees of Ram Naam irrespective of the fact about their initiation of holy Naam from any other facility or location of Shri Ram Sharnam .
At Shri Ramsharnam (Toronto), we are extremely fortunate to have devotees attending the facility, who are or had been associated with Shri Ramsharnam facilities at Lajpat Nagar (New Delhi), Panipat, Gohana, Amritsar, Bombay and various other points; they had coalesced to set up Shri Ramsharnam, A Prayer and Meditation Center, Toronto, Canada, and devoted themselves to the cause of Divine Ram Naam. As an organization our sole loyalty is towards the Divine Ram Naam, and dedication to Swami Satyanandji Maharaj's teachings.
Locavit liberioris possedit
Diremit mundi mare undae
Spectent tonitrua mutastis
For any society to stay alive and be vibrant in this world, it is imperative that not only it upholds its spiritual and moral values, it also upgrades them continuously and passes them on to its fledgling generations. In that context, the religious places occupy a special place in society and their role in serving and bettering the community cannot be emphasized enough. Also, since the beginning of time, we as individuals, have been endeavouring to achieve the primary objective of our mortal existence, i.e., peace and inner purity leading to liberation and union with the Eternal. The houses of worship provide us with the facility, ambience and the other necessary tools to harness our limited existence towards that end. We, the devotees of Ram Naam are eternally indebted to Rishivar Satyanand Ji Maharaj, the founder of Shri Ramsharnam, who had descended upon this earth with the sole objective of spiritually uplifting the debased human souls through Ram Naam. Rishivar was the phenomenon that catalyzed the Hindu society in India and the rest of the world, especially Canada and the US for very many decades.
The major influx of Hindus into Canada and the US took place in the late sixties and early seventies. Since their arrival in North America, in the absence of the places of worship of their own, they improvised by using various other facilities, such as, the community centers, libraries and the homes of devotees to conduct their religious activities. The devotees of Ram Naam got together primarily on the weekends and sang Swami Satyanand Ji's Amrit-Vani and glories to the Lord. Nevertheless, the necessity of having a temple where they could gather and render services to the Lord in accordance with their beliefs and rituals, constantly weighed heavily on their minds. As the numbers grew, so did the intensity of their desire to have a prayer hall of their own. By mid-seventies some committed localized groups of devotees emerged in various cities of Canada and the US and started to explore avenues that could help them set up some sort of a common prayer halls away from their living quarters. However, little did they know that in the divine scheme of things, events were unfolding somewhere else as well.
The houses of worship provide us with the facility, ambience and the other necessary tools to harness our limited existence towards that end. We, the devotees of Ram Naam are eternally indebted to Rishivar Satyanand Ji Maharaj, the founder of Shri Ramsharnam, who had descended upon this earth with the sole objective of spiritually uplifting the debased human souls through Ram Naam. Rishivar was the phenomenon that catalyzed the Hindu society in India and the rest of the world, especially Canada and the US for very many decades.
The major influx of Hindus into Canada and the US took place in the late sixties and early seventies. Since their arrival in North America, in the absence of the places of worship of their own, they improvised by using various other facilities, such as, the community centers, libraries and the homes of devotees to conduct their religious activities. The devotees of Ram Naam got together primarily on the weekends and sang Swami Satyanand Ji's Amrit-Vani and glories to the Lord.
The major influx of Hindus into Canada and the US took place in the late sixties and early seventies. Since their arrival in North America, in the absence of the places of worship of their own, they improvised by using various other facilities, such as, the community centers, libraries and the homes of devotees to conduct their religious activities. The devotees of Ram Naam got together primarily on the weekends and sang Swami Satyanand Ji's Amrit-Vani and glories to the Lord. Nevertheless, the necessity of having a temple where they could gather and render services to the Lord in accordance with their beliefs and rituals, constantly weighed heavily on their minds. As the numbers grew, so did the intensity of their desire to have a prayer hall of their own. By mid-seventies some committed localized groups of devotees emerged in various cities of Canada and the US and started to explore avenues that could help them set up some sort of a common prayer halls away from their living quarters. However, little did they know that in the divine scheme of things, events were unfolding
ekant solutions | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
I need a Viewport3D for the sole purpose of doing geometric calculations using Petzold.Media3D.ViewportInfo. I do now want to place it in a Window.
Any idea how I can get WPF to assign the ActualWidth and ActualHeight based on my Width and Height settings?
I tried setting the HorizontalAlignment and VerticalAlignment to Left and Top, respectively, and I also messed with the MinWidth and MinHeight, but none of these properties had any effect on the ActualWidth or ActualHeight. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
LPA Jumpsuit & Playsuit - 100% linen. Hand wash cold. Criss-cross halter neckline with hook and eye closure. Ruched waist and back. Side seam pockets. Hidden back zipper closure. Body measures approx 30" in length16" at the knee breaks to 15" at the leg opening. Imported. LPAR-WC9. LPR26 U18. Meet the quintessential cool girl with a raw, unapologetic attitude to sum it all up. LPA is the cool-girl label that epitomizes 70's California meets skater girl. Cut from satins and silks to cashmere and wool blends, the eponymous ready-to-wear label by Lara Pia Arrobio oozes Italian romance, Studio 54, and chill skater vibes. It's a brand made with love for bad chicks. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
NICOLET, QUEBEC - Thermoform of America Inc. was granted financial assistance from its local government to purchase a 3-D laminating line and flat lamination line, for a new production line that officially launched January 31.
Funding totaled $752,400 in loans granted by the Canada Economic Development's Business and Regional Growth program.
Founded in 1994, Nicolet, Quebec-based Thermoform specializes in the manufacture of thermoplastified components for cabinetry. The company's fully-automated manufacturing process, said to be the only one of its kind in North America, gives it a competitive advantage on the North American market, Thermoform says. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
My wife's sister and niece came up to Seattle for a visit.. we were so sad when she left that we had to console ourselves with Mexican food.
...and what goes with Mexican food kids???
Negra Modelo (with a shot of Patron).
Is she holding a glass of melted butter? | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
I was fortunate enough to be invited to hold a book signing session at Fortnum and Mason in their stunning Christmas department. The store utterly exudes class and beauty at every turn, no detail is overlooked and as for their Christmas decorations, they are incredibly elegant and magical.
I was fortunate enough to have a very successful event, selling out of books before the day was done. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Q: Understanding histogram OK I found this code of a histogram, I'm trying to understand how it works to be honest, an if there's an easier way to write out the code to do the same thing as its doing here but in a shorter way.
def histogram(array, start, stop, chart)
(array.count {|array| array >= start and array <= stop}).to_s.rjust((chart))
end
array, stop, range, found, chart, start = [], 10, 1, 3, 2, 1
200.times do
array.push(rand(1..100)).sort!
end
puts " Range #Found Chart" "\n" " ------- ------ ------------------------------"
puts
print " 1 - 10 |#{histogram(array, start, stop, chart)}| "
array.each do |counts|
if counts > stop
print "\n"
start += 10
stop += 10
print "#{start.to_s.center(range)} "
print "- #{stop.to_s.rjust(found)} "
print "|#{histogram(array, start, stop, chart)}| *"
else
print "*"
end
end
A: Try this. I took the given code and re-wrote it with functions and what I consider to be more descriptive variable names; this has made it actually longer in terms of LoC, but should help you get your head around the structure. There's a lot more that could be done to improve it, but I've tried to preserve the functionality exactly.
def count_entries_in_bin(array, bin_min, bin_max, chart)
(array.count {|entry| entry >= bin_min and entry <= bin_max}).to_s.rjust((chart))
end
def generate_random_ordered_data
array = []
200.times do
array.push(rand(1..100)).sort!
end
array
end
def print_histogram_header
puts " Range #Found Chart"
puts " ------- ------ ------------------------------"
puts
end
def start_new_row(array, bin_min, bin_max)
print "\n"
print "#{bin_min.to_s.center(RANGE_FIELD_MIN_WIDTH)} "
print "- #{bin_max.to_s.rjust(FOUND_FIELD_MIN_WIDTH)} "
print "|#{count_entries_in_bin(array, bin_min, bin_max, CHART_FIELD_MIN_WIDTH)}| *"
end
RANGE_FIELD_MIN_WIDTH = 1
FOUND_FIELD_MIN_WIDTH = 3
CHART_FIELD_MIN_WIDTH = 2
bin_min = 1
bin_max = 10
array = generate_random_ordered_data
print_histogram_header
print " 1 - 10 |#{count_entries_in_bin(array, bin_min, bin_max, CHART_FIELD_MIN_WIDTH)}| "
array.each do |entry|
if entry > bin_max
bin_min += 10
bin_max += 10
start_new_row(array, bin_min, bin_max)
else
print "*"
end
end
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} |
SEPTA to close Bridgeport Viaduct, bus passengers during construction
Bridgeport Viaduct, Photo courtesy of SEPTA (SEPTA)
Wear, deterioration and this summer's high temperatures will force SEPTA to close the Bridgeport Viaduct – a vital Norristown High Speed Line (NHSL) bridge over the Schuylkill River. While the structure is being worked on, SEPTA will shuttle passengers by bus between Norristown Transportation Center and Bridgeport Station.
On July 8, SEPTA will close the viaduct for an estimated four months to allow for necessary timber replacement. During the closure, six shuttle buses will run during peak hours and three shuttle buses will run during off-peak hours. These buses will shuttle the 2,500 passengers who cross the bridge daily around the viaduct via area roads.
As PlanPhilly reported in January, SEPTA's infrastructure network will shrink without increased capital funding. Though this closure is temporary, at least for now, this is one of the first instances of system shrinkage.
"It's really one of the first situations where our problems with capital funding are catching up with us," said Jeff Knueppel, SEPTA's deputy general manager.
Critical timber replacement
The 3,000-foot-long Bridgeport Viaduct was built in 1911 and needs timber replacement, structural steel repairs and painting.
The timbers that hold the viaduct's rails are attached directly to the steel beams, or girders. Because the timber conditions are so poor, SEPTA is concerned that when higher temperatures cause the rails and ties to expand, the wood will not be able to withstand that change.
Until recently, the viaduct was on SEPTA's list of "critical deferred projects" because the authority could not afford to replace the timbers. To ensure safety and buy a little more time, SEPTA put a speed restriction and one-train-at-a-time limit on the structure about three months ago. Without additional funding, SEPTA reported then, the viaduct would have to be closed this summer, perhaps indefinitely.
Since then, thanks to a slight increase in federal MAP-21 funding, SEPTA has been able to secure just enough money to replace the timbers. This timber replacement project will buy SEPTA a couple years before the viaduct will have to be closed again for the steel work and painting. An estimated $30 million will be needed for that additional work, and once again SEPTA will shuttle passengers around the bridge.
Shuttling passengers, "is not an attractive proposal, and [it's] something I would not want our customers to go through twice unless they had to, but given our funding constraints, we were fortunate to find the additional money to move ahead with the timber replacement," said Rich Burnfield, SEPTA chief financial officer.
"It's like putting a sign on your business, 'Sorry, closed for repairs,' and given that we have record ridership, that's not any way for a business to operate," Burnfield said.
State of good repair backlog
Despite moving this project forward, SEPTA's state of good repair projects are still backlogged at about $4.7 billion.
At its current capital funding level, SEPTA spends about $200 million on state of good repair work annually. To get rid of that $4.7 billion backlog in 20 years, SEPTA would have to spend an average of just more than $650 million annually, Knueppel explained.
"The future of our organization really relies upon our ability to replace our assets going forward or we're in a lot of trouble," Knueppel said.
As SEPTA waits to hear more about future transportation funding at the state level, Burnfield is keeping a close eye on neighboring states like Maryland, Virginia and Ohio. Each of these states have either passed a transportation funding bill or their governor has signed it and the bill is far along in the process of being adopted, Burnfield said.
"I think all the states are looking to do something to address transportation, and Pennsylvania can't fall behind," Burnfield said.
About Christine Fisher | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Boophis andohahela es una especie de anfibios de la familia Mantellidae.
Es endémica de Madagascar.
Su hábitat natural incluye bosques bajos y secos, montanos tropicales o subtropicales secos y ríos.
Está amenazada de extinción por la pérdida de su hábitat natural.
Referencias
Nussbaum, R. & Andreone, F. 2004. Boophis andohahela. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Consultado el 23 de julio de 2007.
Enlaces externos
andohahela
Anfibios de Madagascar | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
} |
using System;
using UnityEditor;
using UnityEngine;
using InternalRealtimeCSG;
using System.Linq;
namespace RealtimeCSG
{
[Serializable]
internal enum ShapeMode
{
FreeDraw,
Box,
Sphere,
Cylinder
}
internal sealed class GenerateBrushTool : ScriptableObject, IBrushTool
{
public bool UsesUnitySelection { get { return false; } }
public bool IgnoreUnityRect { get { return true; } }
public static event Action ShapeCommitted = null;
public static event Action ShapeCancelled = null;
public ShapeMode BuilderMode
{
get
{
return builderMode;
}
set
{
if (builderMode == value)
return;
builderMode = value;
RealtimeCSG.CSGSettings.ShapeBuildMode = builderMode;
RealtimeCSG.CSGSettings.Save();
ResetTool();
}
}
IBrushGenerator InternalCurrentGenerator
{
get
{
switch (builderMode)
{
default:
case ShapeMode.FreeDraw:
{
return freedrawGenerator;
}
case ShapeMode.Cylinder:
{
return cylinderGenerator;
}
case ShapeMode.Box:
{
return boxGenerator;
}
case ShapeMode.Sphere:
{
return sphereGenerator;
}
}
}
}
public IBrushGenerator CurrentGenerator
{
get
{
var generator = InternalCurrentGenerator;
var obj = generator as ScriptableObject;
if (obj != null && obj)
return generator;
ResetTool();
return generator;
}
}
[SerializeField] CSGBrush[] brushes = new CSGBrush[0];
[SerializeField] ShapeMode builderMode = ShapeMode.FreeDraw;
[SerializeField] FreeDrawGenerator freedrawGenerator;
[SerializeField] CylinderGenerator cylinderGenerator;
[SerializeField] SphereGenerator sphereGenerator;
[SerializeField] BoxGenerator boxGenerator;
[NonSerialized] bool isEnabled = false;
[NonSerialized] bool hideTool = false;
public void SetTargets(FilteredSelection filteredSelection)
{
hideTool = filteredSelection.NodeTargets.Length > 0;
brushes = filteredSelection.GetAllContainedBrushes().ToArray();
lastLineMeshGeneration--;
if (isEnabled)
Tools.hidden = hideTool;
}
void OnEnable()
{
RealtimeCSG.CSGSettings.Reload();
builderMode = RealtimeCSG.CSGSettings.ShapeBuildMode;
}
public void OnEnableTool()
{
isEnabled = true;
Tools.hidden = hideTool;
ResetTool();
}
public void OnDisableTool()
{
isEnabled = false;
Tools.hidden = false;
ResetTool();
}
void ResetTool()
{
Grid.ForceGrid = false;
if (!freedrawGenerator)
{
freedrawGenerator = ScriptableObject.CreateInstance<FreeDrawGenerator>();
freedrawGenerator.snapFunction = CSGBrushEditorManager.SnapPointToGrid;
freedrawGenerator.raySnapFunction = CSGBrushEditorManager.SnapPointToRay;
freedrawGenerator.shapeCancelled = OnShapeCancelledEvent;
freedrawGenerator.shapeCommitted = OnShapeCommittedEvent;
}
if (!cylinderGenerator)
{
cylinderGenerator = ScriptableObject.CreateInstance<CylinderGenerator>();
cylinderGenerator.snapFunction = CSGBrushEditorManager.SnapPointToGrid;
cylinderGenerator.raySnapFunction = CSGBrushEditorManager.SnapPointToRay;
cylinderGenerator.shapeCancelled = OnShapeCancelledEvent;
cylinderGenerator.shapeCommitted = OnShapeCommittedEvent;
}
if (!boxGenerator)
{
boxGenerator = ScriptableObject.CreateInstance<BoxGenerator>();
boxGenerator.snapFunction = CSGBrushEditorManager.SnapPointToGrid;
boxGenerator.raySnapFunction = CSGBrushEditorManager.SnapPointToRay;
boxGenerator.shapeCancelled = OnShapeCancelledEvent;
boxGenerator.shapeCommitted = OnShapeCommittedEvent;
}
if (!sphereGenerator)
{
sphereGenerator = ScriptableObject.CreateInstance<SphereGenerator>();
sphereGenerator.snapFunction = CSGBrushEditorManager.SnapPointToGrid;
sphereGenerator.raySnapFunction = CSGBrushEditorManager.SnapPointToRay;
sphereGenerator.shapeCancelled = OnShapeCancelledEvent;
sphereGenerator.shapeCommitted = OnShapeCommittedEvent;
}
var generator = InternalCurrentGenerator;
if (generator != null)
{
var obj = generator as ScriptableObject;
if (obj)
generator.Init();
}
}
public bool HotKeyReleased()
{
if (CurrentGenerator == null)
return false;
return CurrentGenerator.HotKeyReleased();
}
void OnShapeCancelledEvent()
{
CurrentGenerator.Init();
ShapeCancelled.Invoke();
}
void OnShapeCommittedEvent()
{
ShapeCommitted.Invoke();
}
public bool UndoRedoPerformed()
{
return CurrentGenerator.UndoRedoPerformed();
}
public bool DeselectAll()
{
CurrentGenerator.PerformDeselectAll();
return true;
}
void SetOperationType(CSGOperationType operationType)
{
CurrentGenerator.CurrentCSGOperationType = operationType;
}
void OnDestroy()
{
zTestLineMeshManager.Destroy();
noZTestLineMeshManager.Destroy();
}
LineMeshManager zTestLineMeshManager = new LineMeshManager();
LineMeshManager noZTestLineMeshManager = new LineMeshManager();
int lastLineMeshGeneration = -1;
public void HandleEvents(Rect sceneRect)
{
if (CurrentGenerator == null)
return;
CurrentGenerator.HandleEvents(sceneRect);
switch (Event.current.type)
{
case EventType.ValidateCommand:
{
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.MakeSelectedAdditiveKey .IsKeyPressed()) { Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.MakeSelectedSubtractiveKey .IsKeyPressed()) { Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.MakeSelectedIntersectingKey.IsKeyPressed()) { Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.CancelActionKey .IsKeyPressed()) { Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (Keys.HandleSceneValidate(CSGBrushEditorManager.CurrentTool, false)) { Event.current.Use(); HandleUtility.Repaint(); break; }
break;
}
case EventType.KeyDown:
{
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.MakeSelectedAdditiveKey .IsKeyPressed()) { Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.MakeSelectedSubtractiveKey .IsKeyPressed()) { Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.MakeSelectedIntersectingKey.IsKeyPressed()) { Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.CancelActionKey .IsKeyPressed()) { Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (Keys.HandleSceneKeyDown(CSGBrushEditorManager.CurrentTool, false)) { Event.current.Use(); HandleUtility.Repaint(); break; }
break;
}
case EventType.KeyUp:
{
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.MakeSelectedAdditiveKey .IsKeyPressed()) { SetOperationType(CSGOperationType.Additive); Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.MakeSelectedSubtractiveKey .IsKeyPressed()) { SetOperationType(CSGOperationType.Subtractive); Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.MakeSelectedIntersectingKey.IsKeyPressed()) { SetOperationType(CSGOperationType.Intersecting); Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (!EditorGUIUtility.editingTextField && Keys.CancelActionKey.IsKeyPressed()) { CurrentGenerator.PerformDeselectAll(); Event.current.Use(); break; }
if (Keys.HandleSceneKeyUp(CSGBrushEditorManager.CurrentTool, false)) { Event.current.Use(); HandleUtility.Repaint(); break; }
break;
}
case EventType.Repaint:
{
if (lastLineMeshGeneration != InternalCSGModelManager.MeshGeneration)
{
lastLineMeshGeneration = InternalCSGModelManager.MeshGeneration;
var brush_translations = new Vector3[brushes.Length];
var brush_ids = new Int32[brushes.Length];
for (int i = brushes.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
var brush = brushes[i];
var brush_cache = InternalCSGModelManager.GetBrushCache(brush);
if (brush.brushID == -1 || // could be a prefab
brush_cache == null ||
brush_cache.compareTransformation == null ||
brush_cache.childData == null ||
brush_cache.childData.ModelTransform == null ||
!brush_cache.childData.ModelTransform)
{
ArrayUtility.RemoveAt(ref brush_translations, i);
ArrayUtility.RemoveAt(ref brush_ids, i);
continue;
}
brush_translations[i] = brush_cache.compareTransformation.modelLocalPosition + brush_cache.childData.ModelTransform.position;
brush_ids[i] = brush.brushID;
}
CSGRenderer.DrawSelectedBrushes(zTestLineMeshManager, noZTestLineMeshManager, brush_ids, brush_translations,
ColorSettings.SelectedOutlines, ToolConstants.lineScale);
}
MaterialUtility.LineDashMultiplier = 2.0f;
MaterialUtility.LineThicknessMultiplier = 2.0f;
noZTestLineMeshManager.Render(MaterialUtility.NoZTestGenericLine);
MaterialUtility.LineThicknessMultiplier = 1.0f;
zTestLineMeshManager.Render(MaterialUtility.ZTestGenericLine);
break;
}
}
}
public void OnInspectorGUI(EditorWindow window)
{
GenerateBrushToolGUI.OnInspectorGUI(this, window);
}
public Rect GetLastSceneGUIRect()
{
return GenerateBrushToolGUI.GetLastSceneGUIRect(this);
}
public bool OnSceneGUI()
{
return GenerateBrushToolGUI.OnSceneGUI(this);
}
public void GenerateFromPolygon(CSGBrush brush, CSGPlane plane, Vector3 direction, Vector3[] meshVertices, int[] indices, uint[] smoothingGroups, bool drag)
{
BuilderMode = ShapeMode.FreeDraw;
freedrawGenerator.GenerateFromPolygon(brush, plane, direction, meshVertices, indices, smoothingGroups, drag);
}
}
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
Your bride will truly blush with this ravishing diamond wedding set. Fashioned in 14 karat gleaming white gold the engagement ring features a beautiful 1/5 ct round cut center stone diamond accented by 34 sparkling prong and pave set round cut diamonds that flow down the shank in a brilliant row. The wedding band shivers in brilliance with 7 radiant pave set round cut diamonds. Total diamond weight for the set is 1/2 ctw. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
We are pleased to accept all dental insurance plans for dental treatments. Electronic claims processing is also available and our helpful office administrators will be happy to file your claim. At our dental office, we are also pleased to assist you in better understanding and managing your insurance coverage, however due to privacy regulations and limitations, it is the patients responsibility to provide our office with up to date insurance coverage breakdowns. Claim history will be required if you have received treatment outside our practice.
We accept Interac (Debit), Mastercard, Visa, and American Express at our dental practice. Short-term 0% financing plans are available O.A.C., as well as long-term 3rd party financing options through Health Smart. If you have any questions regarding any of our insurance and financial policies, or wish to discuss financing options, please don't hesitate to ask our Office to learn more. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Home>Music> Camila Cabello's Inviting 15 Lucky Fans To Her VMA After Party
Camila Cabello's Inviting 15 Lucky Fans To Her VMA After Party
Emma McIntyre/Getty Images
Camila's showing love to her loyal, New York fan base.
The VMA's are soon approaching and 21-year-old Camila Cabello is nominated for five awards - Artist of the Year, top song, video, best choreography and best pop track for her Young Thug-assisted beat, "Havana." Instead of hitting up one of the many after party's that will take place after the award show on August 20th, Camila's throwing her own party for fans.
"Even if we lose all of [the nominatons] I wanted to do something special that night to celebrate the past year and a half of nerves, adventure, stress, and absolute magic," she wrote to fans on Twitter.
"I wanna thank you guys for your amazing loyalty and support and dedication this year and the years before -- this isn't about the award or the VMAs, it's about what it represents -- all the memories and euphoric experiences we've made since my first songs have come out. Thank you for loving the music, the shows, and most of all for caring about me so much as a person and asking me if I'm drinking enough water or sleeping enough (the answer is probably gonna be no till I retire)."
Camila will be picking 15 lucky, New York-based fans who use the hashtag #milasafterparty. Good luck Camila lovers!
https://twitter.com/_/status/1030509064097357824
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MUSIC Camila Cabello's Inviting 15 Lucky Fans To Her VMA After Party | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Earthquake threat
Greg Thursday, March 22, 2012
The Giant, Underestimated Earthquake Threat To North America
Just over one year ago, a magnitude-9 earthquake hit the Tohoku region of northeastern Japan, triggering one of the most destructive tsunamis in a thousand years. The Japanese—the most earthquake-prepared, seismically savvy people on the planet—were caught off-guard by the Tohoku quake's savage power.
Over 15,000 people died.
Now scientists are calling attention to a dangerous area on the opposite side of the Ring of Fire, the Cascadia Subduction Zone, a fault that runs parallel to the Pacific coast of North America, from northern California to Vancouver Island.
This tectonic time bomb is alarmingly similar to Tohoku, capable of generating a megathrust earthquake at or above magnitude 9, and about as close to Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver as the Tohoku fault is to Japan's coast.
Decades of geological sleuthing recently established that although it appears quiet, this fault has ripped open again and again, sending vast earthquakes throughout the Pacific Northwest and tsunamis that reach across the Pacific.
What happened in Japan will probably happen in North America. The big question is when.
People in the United States and Canada, if they think at all about earthquake disasters, probably conjure up the San Andreas fault in the worst-case scenario.
In California, as they wait for "the Big One," people wonder which city the San Andreas will wreck next—San Francisco or Los Angeles?
But if by the Big One they mean the earthquake that will wreak havoc over the widest geographic area, that could destroy the most critical infrastructure, that could send a train of tsunamis across the Pacific causing economic mayhem that would probably last a decade or more—then the seismic demon to blame could not possibly be the San Andreas.
It would have to be Cascadia's fault.
One year after Japan's devastating Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, scientists are still trying to figure out how the world's most organized and earthquake-ready nation could have been taken so much by surprise.
They were hit by an earthquake roughly 25 times more powerful than experts thought possible in that part of the country.
How could the forecast have been so wrong?
The short answer is they didn't look far enough back in geologic time to see that quakes and tsunamis just this big had indeed occurred there before.
If they had prepared themselves for a much larger quake and wave, the outcome might have been entirely different.
Exactly the same is true of the Cascadia subduction zone—an almost identical geologic threat off the west coast of North America.
When it was first discovered, many scientists thought Cascadia's fault was incapable of generating giant earthquakes.
Now they know they were wrong. They just hadn't looked far enough into the past.
The Cascadia subduction zone is a crack in the Earth's crust, roughly 60 miles offshore and running 800 miles from northern Vancouver Island to Northern California.
This fault is part of the infamous Pacific Ring of Fire, the impact zone where several massive tectonic plates collide.
Here, a slab of the Pacific Ocean floor called the Juan de Fuca plate slides eastward and downward, "subducting" underneath the continental plate of North America.
When any two plates grind against each and get stuck, enormous stress builds up until the rocks fracture and the fault rips apart in a giant earthquake.
Two other segments of the Ring of Fire ruptured this way—Chile in 1960 at magnitude 9.5, the largest quake ever recorded on Earth, and Alaska's horrible Good Friday earthquake of 1964, at 9.2 the strongest jolt ever to hit the continent of North America.
Cascadia, however, is classified as the quietest subduction zone in the world.
Along the Cascadia segment, geologists could find no evidence of major quakes in "all of recorded history"—the 140 years since white settlers arrived in the Pacific Northwest and began keeping records.
For reasons unknown, it appeared to be a special case. The system was thought to be aseismic—essentially quake free and harmless.
By the 1970s several competing theories emerged to explain Cascadia's silence. One possibility was that the Juan de Fuca plate had shifted direction, spun slightly by movement of the two larger plates on either side of it.
This would reduce the rate of eastward motion underneath North America and thus reduce the buildup of earthquake stress.
Another possibility was that the angle of the down-going eastbound plate was too shallow to build up the kind of friction needed to cause major quakes.
But the third possibility was downright scary.
In this interpretation, the silence along the fault was merely an ominous pause.
It could be that these two great slabs of the Earth's crust were jammed against each other and had been for a very long time—locked together by friction for hundreds of years, far longer than "all of recorded history."
If that were true, they would be building up the kind of stress and strain that only a monster earthquake could relieve.
In the early 1980s, two Caltech geophysicists, Tom Heaton and Hiroo Kanamori, compared Cascadia to active quake-prone subduction zones along the coasts of Chile and Alaska and to the Nankai Trough off the coast of Japan.
They found more similarities than differences.
In fact, they found that the biggest megathrust events in these other zones were directly related to young, buoyant plates' being strongly coupled to the overlying landmass at shallow angles—which fit the description of Cascadia perfectly.
Bottom line: If giant ruptures could happen there—in Chile, Alaska, or Japan—the same would probably happen here, in the Pacific Northwest.
The problem, as Heaton explained it to me, was that there was no direct physical sign of earthquakes.
All the comparison studies in the world could not prove unequivocally that Cascadia's fault had ruptured in the past. What everyone needed and wanted was forensic evidence.
In the breach, significant doubt and strong disagreement had separated the scientists into opposing camps.
"There was plenty of skepticism out there among geophysicists that the zone really was capable of doing this stuff," confirms paleogeologist Brian Atwater of the U.S. Geological Survey at the University of Washington in Seattle.
The only thing that could put an end to the back-and-forth debate would be tangible signs of past ruptures along the entire subduction zone.
If the two plates were sliding past each other smoothly, at a constant rate, and without getting stuck together, then there should be a slow, continuous, and irreversible rise in land levels along the outer coast.
On the other hand, if the two plates were stuck together by friction, strain would build up in the rocks and the upper plate would bend down along the outer edge and thicken inland, humping upward until the rocks along the fault failed.
In the violent, shuddering release of strain during an earthquake, the upper plate would snap to the west, toward its original shape.
The clear signal—the geodetic fingerprint—of a large subduction earthquake would be the abrupt lowering of land behind the beaches when the upper plate got stretched like taffy, snapped to the west, and then sank below the tide line.
That was something Atwater figured he could probably measure and verify—or disprove.
"When they said the Pacific Coast was rising three millimeters a year relative to Puget Sound, I said, 'Aha! Three meters per thousand!' " He would go out to the coast and find out whether a 3,000-year-old shoreline was now 30 feet above sea level, simple as that.
In March 1986 Atwater drove west from Seattle toward Neah Bay and Cape Flattery, on the northwestern tip of Washington State, and started searching the beaches, tide marshes, and river estuaries for clues about whether the outer coast had risen or dropped.
Neah Bay was as good a place as any to start because the land all around it is so close to sea level it was highly likely he would be able to spot even slight changes in shoreline elevation.
Atwater spent a few rainy days on the marshy floor of this valley.
At first he poked holes with a core barrel and came up with nothing unusual, just signs that sand and silt had built the marsh by filling a former bay.
But late one afternoon, with the tide down, he tried his luck digging into the muddy bank of a stream that emptied into the marsh.
Several swipes of his army shovel exposed something odd a few feet below the top of the bank, beneath a layer of sand from the bay.
It was a marsh soil, marked by the remains of a plant he recognized: seaside arrowgrass.
Pretty quickly he recognized what he was looking at—evidence that land formerly high enough above the highest tides for plants to be living on it had suddenly dropped down far enough for the plants to be killed by saltwater.
This subsidence of the landscape had apparently happened very quickly.
That uppermost layer of sand, above the peaty soil, had been dumped on top quickly enough to seal off the arrowgrass from the air and keep it from rotting. These plants were hundreds of years old, but they were still recognizable.
Was it physical proof that the ground here had slumped during an earthquake, that the plants of a marsh or forest meadow had been drowned quite suddenly by incoming tides and perhaps buried under the sands of a huge tsunami?
Could this finally be a real smoking gun?
The deeper Atwater dug, the more he found.
During that summer he and two coworkers uncovered evidence of at least six different events—presumably six different earthquakes—that had each caused about three feet or so of down-drop.
He returned to the coast in 1987 with David Yamaguchi, who had a Ph.D. in forestry from the University of Washington and was working on a project for the USGS to use tree-ring dating to figure out when Mount St. Helens had erupted prior to 1980.
Together they found groves of weather-beaten, moss-draped dead western red cedar tree trunks standing knee-deep in saltwater, what became known as ghost forests.
Western red cedar doesn't grow in saltwater; these trees had presumably been killed when forest meadows subsided following an earthquake and were swamped with saltwater.
Yamaguchi's first effort to use spruce stumps to establish a time of inundation and death had failed because, with all the rot, there were not enough rings left to count.
Western red cedar, however, was more durable than spruce.
Using live trees for comparison, Yamaguchi was able to establish that the cedars had rings up until the early 1690s.
The earthquake that killed these cedars must have happened some time soon after then, and later samples from the roots of these trees confirmed that they were killed in the winter of 1700.
What Brian Atwater had discovered in estuaries along the Washington shore, Alan Nelson of the USGS and a team of international colleagues found as well in Oregon and British Columbia in 1995.
He and 11 other scientists invested considerable time and effort—including 85 new radiocarbon-dated samples—to obtain the most accurate time line possible.
They found that all the ghost forests and marsh plants along the Pacific Northwest coast had been killed at the same moment in time as the land dropped down and was covered by tsunami sand, roughly three centuries ago.
If the coastline had slumped in river mouths and bays that were many miles apart, the quakes must have been very big.
Atwater was pretty sure they were bigger than anything that had happened during Washington's written history.
But across the Pacific, written history extends further into the past. Kenji Satake of the Geological Survey of Japan and colleagues soon discovered another piece of the puzzle.
They found records from the year 1700 of a 16-foot-high tsunami that struck the eastern seaboard of Japan—apparently out of nowhere, since there was no mention of a local earthquake.
Taken together, the evidence strongly suggested that Cascadia's fault was the source of the giant wave.
Together, Atwater, Yamaguchi, Satake, and their colleagues had sleuthed out precisely when Cascadia had last yawned open.
Atwater's tsunami sands gave a carbon date some time between 1690 and 1720. Rings from the cedar trees narrowed the date to the winter of 1699–1700.
Finally, Satake's written records of a tsunami hitting villages all along eastern Japan nailed the date: Cascadia's last monster quake happened on January 26, 1700, at 9 p.m.
They had cracked the case—except in this detective story, the culprit would almost certainly strike again.
The evidence amassed since then suggests that in fact, Cascadia has generated powerful earthquakes not just once or twice, but over and over again throughout geologic time.
A research team led by Chris Goldfinger at Oregon State University (OSU) used core samples from the ocean floor along the fault to establish that there have been at least 41 Cascadia events in the last ten thousand years.
Nineteen of those events ripped the fault from end to end, a "full margin rupture."
It turns out that Cascadia is virtually identical to the offshore faults that devastated Sumatra in 2004 and Japan in 2011—almost the same length, the same width, and with the same tectonic forces at work.
Cascadia's fault can and will generate the same kind of earthquake we saw last year: magnitude 9 or higher.
It will send a train of deadly tsunami waves across the Pacific and crippling shock waves across a far wider geographic area than all the California quakes you've ever heard about.
Based on historical averages, the southern end of the fault—from Cape Mendocino, California, to Newport, Oregon—has a large earthquake every 240 years.
For the northern end—from mid-Oregon to mid-
Vancouver Island—the average "recurrence interval" is 480 years, according to a recent Canadian study.
And while the north may have only half as many jolts, they tend to be full-size disasters in which the entire fault breaks from end to end.
With a time line of 41 events the science team at OSU has now calculated that the California–Oregon end of Cascadia's fault has a 37 percent chance of producing a major earthquake in the next 50 years.
The odds are 10 percent that an even larger quake will strike the upper end, in a full-margin rupture, within 50 years.
Given that the last big quake was 312 years ago, one might argue that a very bad day on the Cascadia Subduction Zone is ominously overdue.
It appears that three centuries of silence along the fault has been entirely misleading. The monster is only sleeping.
-- Interesting.
-- The point - be ready and let your faith not be shaken...
Hebrews 10:35-39 (NASB)
35 Therefore, do not throw away your confidence, which has a great reward. 36 For you have need of endurance, so that when you have done the will of God, you may receive what was promised.
37 FOR YET IN A VERY LITTLE WHILE,
HE WHO IS COMING WILL COME, AND WILL NOT DELAY.
38 BUT MY RIGHTEOUS ONE SHALL LIVE BY FAITH;
AND IF HE SHRINKS BACK, MY SOUL HAS NO PLEASURE IN HIM.
39 But we are not of those who shrink back to destruction, but of those who have faith to the preserving of the soul.
Ephesians 6:10-17 (NASB)
10 Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the strength of His might. 11 Put on the full armor of God, so that you will be able to stand firm against the schemes of the devil. 12 For our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the powers, against the world forces of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of wickedness in the heavenly places. 13 Therefore, take up the full armor of God, so that you will be able to resist in the evil day, and having done everything, to stand firm. 14 Stand firm therefore, HAVING GIRDED YOUR LOINS WITH TRUTH, and HAVING PUT ON THE BREASTPLATE OF RIGHTEOUSNESS, 15 and having shod YOUR FEET WITH THE PREPARATION OF THE GOSPEL OF PEACE; 16 in addition to all, taking up the shield of faith with which you will be able to extinguish all the flaming arrows of the evil one. 17 And take THE HELMET OF SALVATION, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God.
13 But the one who endures to the end, he will be saved. | {
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A simple day, a usual place. I am sitting at a quite familiar desk (my desk at office) again. My headphones are murmuring some soft Hindi melodies in my ear. I have the chance to catch some glimpse of the sky from the corner of the window. Although I can see just a limited part of it from this angle, I can complete its vastness using my imagination as usual.
I was just about to go deep into my daydreams when I was interrupted by a mail in my inbox (business mail). At some points reluctance arises although I am quite passionate about my job in general.
After replying the mail, I am back to the sky. Now it is shaded by gray cloud masses flowing slowly in their track. Just a small tree branch is trying to block my view but it is too tiny yet. May be next year I will be watching this tree instead of the clouds.
Female voice is getting stronger in my ear, as if singing the song for me feeling all the agony running in my veins.
Soon I will be concentrating on the project to be completed this week. But before that I just feel disturbed as if something is incomplete. Can it be the feeling of nothingness prevailing after you? | {
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A manufacturer of CNC machine tools, collets, chucks and other workholding devices.
The Hazleton® SHW R is a heavy duty all chrome wet end coupled with a submersible motor. Get a full product overview and support information here.
Chinese manufacturer and exporter of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and pesticide intermediates. | {
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A Swindon man was arrested in Chiseldon last night following concerns from members of the public that drug dealing had been taking place.
Wiltshire Police received a report from the public shortly before 7pm on April 16, reporting a strong smell of cannabis coming from a vehicle near Swindon. There were concerns reported that the occupant of the vehicle was involved in drug dealing.
Officers located the vehicle and followed it to the Esso service station in Chiseldon and detained a 24-year-old man. The man fought with officers, pushing one against a vehicle causing damage to the bumper. He then ran from the scene, but officers pursued him and arrested him a short time later.
He was arrested on suspicion of possession of a Class A drug, concerned in the supply of class A drugs, criminal damage and obstructing police in the execution of their duty.
Approximately £500 cash was seized from the vehicle as well as a packet containing white powder.
Superintendent Adrian Burt said: "This case highlights the importance of community intelligence. We rely on members of the public to act as our eyes and ears and inform us of any suspicious behaviour or vehicles, so that we can take appropriate action.
The man remains in custody at Gablecross today for further questioning.
To report suspected drug activity in your area, call 101. | {
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10 Night Packages
Silver Irish Castles and Manors
Enjoy the superb quality of some of Ireland's most well-known Castles and Manor Houses, while enjoying the magnificent scenery and Irish hospitality.
Irish Castles and Manors
This 11 day vacation features your stay in some of the finest Irish Manors and castles that Ireland has to offer as well as an included ferry trip to Inismore, the largest of the Aran Islands and home to the spectacular pre-Christian Dun Aengus Fort. While this tour includes many of Ireland's most iconic locations, it will also afford you the opportunity to experience something extra. Due to the fact all of our travel consultants live in Ireland, they also have an intimate knowledge of Ireland's hidden gems; sights and locations they will be more than happy to direct you to. We design all of our tours in-house with precision and a dedication to quality that is unmatched in the industry. To compliment your tour you will have your own dedicated travel consultant as well as the comprehensive daily sightseeing guide that will be provided for you.
One of the highlights of yours stay here in Ireland will undoubtedly be the complimentary guided tour of the 15th century Castle ruins beside Ballinalacken House by its owner. A head for heights is most definitely a requirement for this experience as you gaze out from the battlement ruins at the top of the castle over the mesmerizing west coast of county Clare and the Burren region, a karst landscape almost lunar in appearance! Keep in mind that all elements of this vacation package can be customized to suit your needs.
Overnight Locations for this 10 night tour:
Bailey's Hotel, in Cashel, Tipperary for 2 nights
Ballyseede Castle in Kerry for 2 nights
Ballinalacken House in West Clare for 2 nights
Ballynahinch Castle in Connemara west of Ireland for 2 nights
Dublin City for your final 2 night
Your Tour Includes;
Car rental (manual) for 9 days - including our special comfort pack complete with GPS, additional driver and super cover for peace of mind driving.
10 nights luxury accommodation with private bath and full Irish Breakfast daily
Complimentary Tour of a private 15th Century Castle ruins by its owner
Irish House Part dinner and traditional entertainment
Ferry tickets to the Aran Islands.
Dublin Hop on Hop off tour tickets
Irish Heritage and Visitor Attractions advance booking service (Guaranteed entry and time-saving)
Heritage Island" booklet with entrance discounts to many of Ireland's top visitor attractions
Our renowned customized sightseeing guide
Services of experienced Irish based travel planner
24/7 support while on tour
Day 1 – Dublin to Cashel, County Tipperary
Upon arriving in Dublin Airport and after collecting your Hertz rental car it is time to take the short journey to Cashel in County Tipperary. Your first stop is The Irish National Stud and Japanese Gardens in Kildare Town. The National Stud comprises three separate attractions. The 1,000 acre Farm at Tully has been in use as a Stud Farm since 1900 when it was owned by Col. William Hall-Walker. It is home to some of Ireland's finest thoroughbreds. There's a Horse Museum tracing the history of the horse in Ireland using artifacts as well as the Japanese Gardens which are located on the grounds of the Stud Farm and were created between 1906 and 1910.
The last leg of today's journey brings you to the Rock of Cashel in the County of Tipperary and it has been in use since the fourth century. Because of its height and the fact that the surrounding land of Tipperary can be seen for miles, this made it an ideal fortress to defend against its enemies and was the perfect seat for the greatest of Ireland's High Kings, Brian Boru. This site is also strongly associated with St. Patrick in the 5th century. In the evening time, stroll the streets of this quaint small town and interact with the friendly locals while you enjoy the local pubs.
Day 2 – While in Cashel, County Tipperary
There are a number of day trips to be experienced from Cashel and all within easy reach. These include a trip to the small City of Kilkenny. Long renowned as Ireland's Medieval Capital, the city's origins date back more than 1,500 years. Characterized by beautifully restored old buildings, Kilkenny City is small and compact enough to explore on foot, yet full of fascinating, historical buildings. Kilkenny Castle is a 12th century castle remodelled in Victorian times and set in extensive parklands.
Also in Kilkenny is Saint Canice's Cathedral, the second longest of Ireland's medieval cathedrals. Built on the site of an earlier church, the major portion of the work that produced the beautiful Gothic structure was carried out in the middle of the 13th Century. We highly recommend you visit the 300 year old Smithwick's Brewery which stands on the site of the old St. Francis Abbey. You can then travel onwards to Waterford where you will see the Waterford Crystal factory.
Day 3 – Cashel to Ballyseede, County Kerry
This morning time, you will be travelling from Cashel to the Kingdom of Kerry in Irelands spectacular South West. First stop is Cahir Castle, once an important stronghold of the powerful Butler family, which retains its impressive keep, tower and much of its original defensive structure. It is one of Ireland's largest and best-preserved castles. For those who wish to have an early start and take a slightly longer route to Killarney, Blarney Castle and the 'Gift of Eloquence' awaits.
Onwards to Killarney. With its three famous lakes and majestic mountain ranges, Killarney has been the inspiration of poets and painters over many centuries. The Killarney National Park is internationally renowned both for its scenic beauty and scientific interest. There are many walks and trails around Killarney including a 2-hour tourist trail around the town itself. You will also have a chance to visit Ross Castle, the Gap of Dunloe with the Black Valley. From here, travel north to Ballyseede Castle just outside the town of Tralee where you will be spending the next 2 nights.
Day 4 – Ring of Kerry/Dingle Peninsula
Today choose to simply relax in Ballyseede Castle and the nearby town of Tralee or take on a days touring of either the Ring of Kerry or Dingle Peninsula to the west. While the Dingle Peninsula is the shorter drive and is graced with more interesting antiquities, historic sites and varied mountain scenery than any other part of Ireland, the Ring of Kerry includes the stunning views over the lakes of Killarney from Moll's Gap as well as numerous colourful villages on this route. Not for the faint-hearted, you will remember this mountain pass drive forever.
The Dingle route includes visits to the lovely fishing town of Dingle and beyond to Dunbeag Promontory Fort, an archaeological site on the from the late Bronze Age, 800 BC. Continue on to Slea Head and here you will see Dun An Oir (Fort of Gold). Nearby is the Gallarus Oratory, one of the best preserved early Christian church buildings in Ireland. Back to Tralee town where you can relax in the luxurious surrounds of Ballyseede Castle.
Day 5 – To Adare, Bunratty and the Cliffs of Moher
One of the most dramatic days of your tour brings you to the west coast of County Clare. First stop will be the Village of Adare in County Limerick. Adare is regarded by many a seasoned traveller as Ireland's prettiest village with its charming thatched cottages, manicured public park and ancient church. From Adare village continue towards Limerick City of 'Angela's Ashes' fame and home to King Johns Castle. Shortly after this, you arrive at Bunratty Castle.
Built in 1425, this majestic castle was restored in 1954 to its former medieval splendour. Within the grounds of the Castle is Bunratty Folk Park where 19th century Irish life is vividly recreated. Continuing on to the magnificent 'Cliffs of Moher'. The majestic Cliffs of Moher are without doubt one of Ireland's most spectacular sights and overlook the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of West Clare.
You then arrive at the village of Doolin. Doolin is world-famous for its wealth of Irish folk music and in recent years has been attracting crowds to spontaneous sessions in any one of its excellent pubs. Just north of the Cliffs you then have the lunar like Burren region and the ancient Poulnabrone Dolmen Tombs. Make sure to take the guided tour led by the hotels owner of the 15th century Castle ruins that sits next to Ballinalacken House and don't forget to bring your camera.
Day 6 – Ferry trip to Aran Islands
Drive the short distance to Doolin pier and take the ferry to the Inishmore, the largest of the Aran Islands. Aran will take you back to an Ireland of Celts and Early Christians. Take a pony and trap, or a guided tour from the pier up the island to the stone fort of Dun Aonghus. The fort is located on top of a 300 foot high sea cliff and is one of the finest prehistoric monuments in Western Europe.
For whatever reason, should you prefer not to take the ferry to the islands, then perhaps take a stunning cliff walk high above the Atlantic with stunning views of the Burren and Aran Islands.
Travel to the lunar like Burren Region and the ancient Poulnabrone Dolmen Tombs. Also on route, you will have a chance to visit Dunguaire which was built in 1520 by the O'Hynes clan on the picturesque shores of Galway Bay. This evening, travel the short distance to Doolin or Lisdoonvarna to enjoy the best of traditional Irish music in one of the many excellent pubs.
Day 7 – To Ballynahinch Castle in Connemara, County Galway.
Today we travel to the University City of Galway and on to the Connemara region west of Galway. You will also have the chance to stop in Galway city, the 'City of the Tribes' is also known as Ireland's Cultural and festival capital. With its street entertainers and traditional pubs with great music, Galway and in particular, the Quays area of the city centre will enthrall you particularly in the evening time. Other sites in Galway include Ireland's largest medieval parish church, the Collegiate Church of St Nicholas of Myra dating back to 1320. Christopher Columbus reputedly worshipped in this church in 1477. Also nearby are Galway Cathedral, the Spanish Arch and Eyre Square. Continue west of Galway to the hauntingly beautiful Connemara Region. Situated on the most western seaboard of Europe, this unspoilt region boasts breathtaking scenery. The characteristic features of Connemara include its rugged, unpolluted coastline, dramatic mountains, numerous lakes and rivers and woodlands and the renowned Connemara National Park. Visit Kylemore Abbey and the Lough Inagh Valley as well as the spectacular Sky Road near the town of Clifden. You can also visit the fishing village of Roundstone and see how a 'Bodhran' (traditional Irish Drum) is made.
Day 8 – While in Ballynahinch Castle in Connemara, County Galway.
You may wish to simply relax at the castle today and perhaps take in one of the lovely walks near the castle. Depending on the season, you can decide to take advantage of the services of the expert ghillies that the Castle can arrange for beginners to experts as this castle is a member of the 'Great Fishing Houses of Ireland'.
Alternatively, you can continue to explore the region. Visit the National Park to the west and the provincial town of Clifden. If horse-riding is your preferred activity, make sure to ask your advisor and they will arrange this for you.
Day 9 – To Dublin via Historic Meath
Todays journey brings you east to our capital city of Dublin. A slight detour will also allow you a visit to the megalithic tombs of Newgrange. One of the great wonders of the ancient world, Newgrange is older than Stonehenge, Mycenae or even the Pyramids of Egypt and is foremost among the passage-tombs of Europe. Also in this area are the Hill of Tara (seat of Ireland's ancient High Kings) and Trim castle.
Depending on whether you took any detours earlier, you may have time to shop or sightsee in Dublin City. Close to your hotel are many of the city's most historic attractions including The Guinness Storehouse, Trinity College, Dublin Castle and the National History Museum.
Day 10 – In Dublin
Using the Hop-on Hop-off Bus ticket we provide, you will be able to visit many of Dublin's most renowned and historical locations. Amongst other sites, you will see the Guinness Storehouse, the National Museum of Art and the historic Kilmainham Gaol where all of the leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising were executed. For a more light hearted experience, maybe a visit to the Irish Leprechaun Museum would be worth taking in. In the evening, there are many great Irish plays on in Dublin if that is to your taste. Of course, the authentic Dublin pub is an experience in itself and Dublin pub or literary tours are also freely available.
In the evening you will attend the Irish House Party. The Irish House Party is completely unique in Dublin. Unlike any other traditional Irish music night in the city, it is organised and hosted by All-Ireland Champion traditional Irish musicians and dancers in an intimate and homely setting.
Day 11 – Homeward Bound
Regrettably, this morning it is time to leave for the airport unless of course you are one of the lucky ones who has planned post night stays in Dublin or Belfast City.
Low Season (Jan-Mar and Nov/Dec)
Mid Season (Apr and Oct)
High Season (May-Sep)
Please note prices are per person based on 2 persons in each room with full Irish breakfast and taxes included. | {
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Plant cell size
Typical cell diameter - Plants - BNID 10868
Typical cell diameter. Range. 10 to 100 μm. Organism. Plants. Reference. Kaare H. Jensen & Maciej A. Zwieniecki, Physical Limits to Leaf Size in Tall Trees, Physical review letters, PRL 110, 018104 (2013) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.018104 p.4 left column 2nd paragraph PubMed ID 23383844. Comments.typical plant cell sizes in the range of. ble and uniform cell sizes, counteracting the individual variability introduced, for example, by imprecise divisions. The molecular basis for these feedbacks remains uncertain ( 2, 3). Most proteins and cellular components ac-cumulate in proportion to cell size and there-fore cannot be used as internal standards to measure growth (4-6) Structure and Characteristics of a Plant Cell. A model of a typical plant cell is found to be rectangular in shape, ranging in size from 10 to 100 µm. Under the microscope, it shows many different parts. Each part, known as an organelle, works together to keep the cell functional Plant Cell Diagram. The plant cell is rectangular and comparatively larger than the animal cell. Even though plant and animal cells are eukaryotic and share a few cell organelles, plant cells are quite distinct when compared to animal cells as they perform different functions. Some of these differences can be clearly understood when the cells are examined under an electron microscope
Plant Cells. Plant cells are comparable to animal cells in terms of size, ranging between 10 to 100 microns; more plant cells are at the higher end of this range, however. While both animal and.. There is a cell wall surrounding them. The cell wall is an additional covering over the cell membrane in the plant cells. It offers rigidity and shape to the cells. Cell Size. The cell size is variable. In the living organisms, the cell size may be as small as a millionth of a metre or may be as large as a few centimetres
Like other multicellular organisms, plants grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division. Cell growth increases cell size, while cell division (mitosis) increases the number of cells. As plant cells grow, they also become specialized into different cell types through cellular differentiation Plant cells are eukaryotic cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or centrioles, except in the gametes, and a unique method of cell division involving the formation of a cell plate or phragmopl Structure of Plant cell. Generally, plant cells are a lot bigger than the animal cells, coming in more similar sizes and they are typically cubed or rectangular in shape. Plant cells also have structural organelles that are not found in the animals' cells including the cell wall, vacuoles, plastids e. g Chloroplast Animal cells range from 10 to 30 micrometers in length, while plant cells range from 10 and 100 micrometers in length. Shape Animal cells come in various sizes and tend to have round or irregular shapes As in budding yeast and mammals (6, 14), meristem cell size is coordinated with the G 1 /S transition (15), although G 2 length also responds to meristem cell size (13)
The plant cell can also be larger than the animal cell. The normal range of the animal cell varies from about 10 - 30 micrometres and that of plant cell range between 10 - 100 micrometres. Also Read: Cellulose in Digestion Difference between the plant cell and animal cell is an important topic for Class 8 students and higher Cell size regulators and their functional mechanism in multicellular plant tissues are yet to be well elucidated. Cell size constantly changes in consonance with development and morphogenesis through extracellular signals that coordinate with mechanisms operating at the tissue level (Jones et al. 2017) We show cell size at division and cell cycle length is effectively predicted using a two-stage cell cycle model linking cell growth and two sequential cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) activities, and experimental results concur in showing that progression through both G1/S and G2/M is size dependent. This work shows that cell-autonomous co-ordination of cell growth and cell division previously observed in unicellular organisms also exists in intact plant tissues, and that cell size may be an. A basic tenet is that for such cells to exist the ratio of their surface area to cytoplasmic volume has to be quite high. Therefore, to maximize this ratio, most bacteria produce cells in the 0.2 to 10 μm size range and some organisms extrude long, exceedingly thin appendages to harvest nutrients present in low concentrations [ 8 ] Plant cells are generally larger than animal cells and are also less mobile. Plant cells are very rigid because of their cell wall, a component that does not exist within animal cells.The plant cell wall was inherited from our prokaryotic ancestor and became a highly specialized part of the cell
Therefore, plant stem cells regress to their mean target size over several generations, with fluctuations decaying to one-fourth of their initial value over one cell cycle on average: Subtracting the mean cell size at division (2 μ b) from either side of Eq Here we (1) argue that a primary constraint on the maximum rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area is the size and packing density of cells and (2) show that variation in genome size is a strong predictor of cell sizes, packing densities, and the maximum rate of photosynthesis across terrestrial vascular plants seedlings, pots, pot size, cell size, root restriction, transplant flats, greenhouse production, seedling trays SUMMARY. Transplants for both vegetable and f loral crops are produced in a number of various sized containers or cells. Varying container size alters the rooting volume of the plants, which can greatly affect plant growth
Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants. All living things are made up of cells. Most cells are so small that you can only see them with a microscope We review what is known about the biological mechanisms regulating virus exclusion from—or invasion of—plant host meristems and progeny, including possible consequences and implications of these phenomena Plant cells. This basic structure of a plant cell is shown below - the same plant cell, as viewed with the light microscope, and with the transmission electron microscope cell size' and division rates for enhancement machinery, primarily depend on culture conditions and nutrient availability. The cell size control mechanisms in Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem is analogous to yeast notably, fission yeast. If protoplasts isolated from plants are subjected to cell size studies an
Plant Cell - Structure, Parts, Functions, Types, and Diagra
Plant vs. Animal Cell Size Plant cells are often larger than animal cells. Whereas the size normal range for an animal cell is between 10 and 30 micrometers (µm), plant cells can measure anywhere between 10 and 100 µm.. Plant vs. Animal Cell Shap
Animal cells are generally small in size when compared to the plant cell, on average they are 10 -20 μm (micrometres) in diameter. Plant cells are large. The average size of a plant cell is 10 -100 μm in diameter. The bacterial cell is very small. It is about 0.5 -5.0 μm in diameter almost about one-tenth the size of a eukaryotic cell
ed the function of the Arabidopsis regulatory gene AINTEGUMENATA.
Plant Cell - Definition, Structure, Function, Diagram & Type
ant of the number of chloroplasts within it (Lamppa et al., 1980; Ellis and Leech, 1985; Pyke and Leech, 1992). In addition, the increase in chloroplast number during mesophyll cell expansion appears to be strictly regulated such that the relationship between chloroplast number and cell size is constant as the cell enlarges
Size‐dependent changes in selected physiological, morphological and allometric parameters on the organ and the plant level in Dimerandra emarginata.Trends for leaf area‐based photosynthetic capacity (PC, μmol O 2 m −2 s −1, open circles, dry mass trend is also signficant) and leaf‐N (% DM, closed squares) are from Zotz (Zotz, 1997), the ratio of transpiring plant surface (=total.
al differentiation paths, such as guard cells and pavement cells. Growth and size are evidently regulated in coordination with the cell cycle
g of action, of this system remains to be clarified but is likely to involve local cell-cell signalling.
Plant cells have a unique set of organelles that distinguishes them from the cells of animals and fungi. The presence of organelles called chloroplasts, vacuoles and a cell wall are three key features of the cells of plants. Plant cells are relatively large and can differ considerably within a plant. There is a large diversity of different. Plant cell ribosome definition. This is the organelle responsible for protein synthesis of the cell. Its found in the cell cytoplasm in large numbers and a few of them called functional ribosomes can be found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and the cell chloroplast. Its made up of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and cell proteins 50. A larger starter plug for plant with bigger root systems or broad leaves. This horticultural liner size is sold in trays of 50 plugs per flat. Specifications: Cell depth: 2.37. Cell width: 1.90. Cell volume: 6.77 in 3 Cell Size1. Cell Size. 1. POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology2. Are the cells shown in Model 1 plant or animal cells? Explain your answer. ANIMAL - NO CELL WALL, CHLOROPLAST, LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE. Label Cell B in Model 1 with the following structures. cell membranecytoplasmnucleus Stomatal Guard Cells. Stomatal guard cells are part of the epidermal tissue that serves several functions in plants. Depending on the type of plant, the spatial arrangement of these cells is not only dependent on size, but also the shape of air-space below them
does not apply to prokaryotic cells b. constrain cell size c. is part of cell theory d. b and c; The size range of most plant and animal cells is: a. 1-10 nm b. 1-5 mum c. 10-50 mum d. 0.1-0.5 mm. The cell plasma membrane in these mammalian cells tends to be a small fraction of less than 10%. In terms of volume, the ER can comprise >10% of the cellular volume as shown in Table 2. Table 2: The volume fraction occupied by different intracellular compartments in a liver hepatocyte cell. Adapted from MBOC, 5th ed. p. 697.Table 12-2 Plant cells are eukaryotic cells or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus. Unlike prokaryotic cells, the DNA in a plant cell is housed within a nucleus that is enveloped by a membrane. In addition to having a nucleus, plant cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles (tiny cellular structures) that carry out specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation
Size Comparisons of Bacteria, Amoeba, Animal & Plant Cells
GAP 1 •Plant cells that are alive and functioning, but not dividing are in the Gap 1 (G1) phase that cells spend most of their time in. •Period prior to the synthesis of DNA. •In this phase, the cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division. •Cells that are going to divide must pass a test, called a checkpoint, before they can exit G1 and enter the next phas
The size of vacuoles is smaller than that of the plant cells, but are plenty in number. (8) The size of the vacuole is too big that it can occupy up to 90% of the cell's total volume
A typical plant cell is made up of cytoplasm and organelles. In fact, all the organelles (except nucleus) and subcellular structures are present in the cytoplasm, which is enclosed by protective layers (the cell wall and cell membrane). Scientific studies have been done regarding the cell organelles and their functions
A plant cell is the smallest biological unit of life found in plants. A plant cell is classified as a eukaryotic cell. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and organelles surround by a membrane. Plant cells are very small and can only be viewed using a microscope. A plant cell can be between 0.01 and 0.1 millimeters in size
Flower size and trichome branching for Arabidopsis plants with two to eight sets of chromosomes. Reproduced from Figure 3AB from Robinson et al., 2018., Plant Cell
The size of plant cells usually ranges from 10-100 µm, which is a range that is bigger than animal cells. The primary function of these cells in plants is to carry out the process of photosynthesis via chloroplast which gives them their color. The cells themselves maintain their structure thanks to cellulose that make the walls of the cells
In plant cells, there are chloroplasts which are helpful in photosynthesis. In the plant cells, there is a larger vacuole (it's like a fluid sack) in comparison to the animal cells. The animal cells are 'blobby.' On the other hand, the cells in the plants are more structured because of the presence of a cell wall
Cell Size, Number and Shape: Introduction, Facts, Examples
Terminally differentiated cells have a wide range of sizes, spanning from tiny red blood cells (∼5 μm in diameter) to motor neurons, which can grow to hundreds of micrometers in length. 1 For a typical dividing cell, water accounts for about 70% of the weight of a cell, and macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides. Figure 4.1 D. 1: Surface Area to Volume Ratios: Notice that as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases. When there is insufficient surface area to support a cell's increasing volume, a cell will either divide or die. The cell on the left has a volume of 1 mm3 and a surface area of 6 mm2, with a surface area-to. Plant cells are on average some of the largest cells, probably because in many plant cells the inside is mostly a water filled vacuole. So, you ask, what are the relative sizes of biological molecules and cells? The following are all approximations: 0.1 nm (nanometer) diameter of a hydrogen atom 0.8 nm Amino Acid 2 nm Diameter of a DNA Alpha.
Plant Size. Deciding what you'll plant in your container garden is essential before choosing the garden's pots. Match the containers to the plants, but don't look at the plants' initial sizes Size of Cells Cells vary in size. Most cells are very small (microscopic), some may be very large (macroscopic). The unit used to measure size of a cell is micrometer. • Smallest cell • Mycoplasma • Size: 0.1 µm • Largest cell • Ostrich egg • Size: 18 cm 1 µm = 1/1000 millimeter 11 Nevertheless, given that GS-cell size relationships are positive over the range of GS encountered across plants, GS will impact trade-offs between WUE and CO 2 assimilation. Because smaller GS and hence cell size enable faster stomatal responses, a smaller genome may be advantageous for rapid growth in dry or variable moisture environments to.
Plant Growth Biology for Majors I
Cell size is highly variable among organisms, with some algae such as Caulerpa taxifolia being a single cell several meters in length. Plant cells are much larger than animal cells, and protists such as Paramecium can be 330 μm long, while a typical human cell might be 10 μm. How these cells decide how big they should be before dividing is. Learn about cell diversity, how shape and function are related and why cells need to be so darn small
Multicellular cells belonging to the kingdom: animalia are referred to as animal cells. Approximately 210 distinct cell types can be found in adult human body. They have various functions like production of enzymes, hormones and production of energy. Animal cells are smaller in size compared to plant cells 1. INTRODUCTION. The plant cell has 18 different types of organelles ¹ with specialized functions.. Below you can find a list will all of them (plant cell organelles and their functions) with and image/diagram to help you visualize where they are and how they look within the cell.. 2. ORGANELLES OF THE PLANT CELL AND THEIR FUNCTION. Plasma membrane: Separates the cell from its environment.
Plant Cell Nucleus. A plant cell nucleus is a specialized structure, which stores the genetic information and monitors the cellular activities. Plants are the monokaryotic cells, which possess an individual nucleus. A well-developed nucleus is only found in the advanced or multicellular organisms, those having division of labour Cell biology and plant life have never been this exciting, memorable and engaging! This fun colorful representation of the plant cell highlights these 11 organelles within the cytoplasm: cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole, nucleus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula, Golgi apparatus, ribosome, lysosome and mitochondria. Includes a beautifully illustrated diagram and educational. A plant cell has a cell wall as well as a plasma membrane. The cell wall guards and maintains the cell shape and provides rigidity to the cell. It is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose. Animal cells do not have cell walls. The plasma membrane serves as the outer boundary to the animal cell Generalized Cell is used for structure of Animal Cell and Plant Cell to present the common parts, appearing in various parts of the bodies of animals and plants. There are various parts of the cell are known as Organelles - Subunits of the cell that performs its own sub functions to help the cell to do its job well
Plant cell - Wikipedi
Size of Bacterial Cell. The average diameter of spherical bacteria is 0.5-2.0 µm. For rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria, length is 1-10 µm and diameter is 0.25-1 .0 µm. E. coli , a bacillus of about average size is 1.1 to 1.5 µm wide by 2.0 to 6.0 µm long. Spirochaetes occasionally reach 500 µm in length and the cyanobacterium An animal cell is comparatively smaller in size. 2. Plant Cell. It is enclosed by a rigid cellulose cell wall in addition to plasma membrane. Animal Cell. It is enclosed by a thin, flexible plasma membrane only. 3. It cannot change its shape. An animal cell can often change its shape
D27, along with polar auxin transport and the biosynthesis of strigolactones, controls plant height by regulating cell number and size (Lin et al., 2009). Gn1a/OsCKX2 is an enzyme that degrades cytokinin, and its reduced expression causes an accumulation of cytokinin, which enhances cell division in the meristem, resulting in a significantly. The cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The cells are composed of many or one cells that perform their individual functions. Some of the cell organelles are present in both the plant and animal cell which help them to do the basic cellular activities. But few organelles are unique to the plant cell as well as the animal cell Main Difference - Plant vs Animal Cell Division. Plant and animal cell division occur as a part of their life cycle. Cell division, both in plants and animal cells, can be divided into two types: vegetative cell division and reproductive cell division.The vegetative cell division, which produces genetically identical two daughter cells, is called mitosis Size comparison: Plant cells are typically larger than animal cells: Vacuole: Animal cells a lot of small vacuoles vs. plant cells have a large and central vacuole: Chloroplast. Like animal cells, plant cells have mitochondria. In animal cells, the mitochondria are where energy compounds are produced and distributed across the cell to ensure.
Plant cell- definition, labeled diagram, structure, parts
The cell as the basic unit of lifeCells are the basic units of organismsAll cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Unicellular organisms are made of one cell onlyThe cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functionse.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorptionThere are many different kinds of cells, doing many. The Plant Cell publishes novel research of special significance in plant biology, especially in the areas of cellular biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, development, and evolution. The primary criteria for publication are that the article provides new insight that is of broad interest to plant biologists, not only to. The size of a red blood cell is 0.000007 m and that of a plant, cell is 0.00001275 m. Compare these two. asked Dec 14, 2020 in Rational Numbers by Ishti ( 46.3k points Plant cells size ranges from 10 to 300 micrometer whereas the size of animal cells range from 10 to 30 micrometer. Pant cell shape is cubic or rectangular whereas animal cell shape is round or irregular. The cell wall is present in plant cells whereas it is absent in animal cells. Centrioles are present in plant cells whereas these organelles. Studies using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have shown that a high ploidy level caused by endoreduplication is reflected by enhanced cell expansion (Breuer et al., 2010).For example, differentiation and morphogenesis of large, single-celled trichomes (Hülskamp et al., 1999), extensive elongation of hypocotyls under dark conditions (Jakoby and Schnittger, 2004) and the differentiation.
The Plant Cell. doi: 10.1105/tpc.19.00468. Liu Z, Li N, Zhang Y, Li Y * . (2020) Transcriptional repression of GIF1 by the KIX-PPD-MYC repressor complex controls seed size in Arabidopsis Cell Press, an imprint of Elsevier Inc., on behalf of CSPB and CEMPS, CAS. Molecular Plant 14, 1-15, July 5 2021 ª The Author 2021. 1 Molecular Plant Research Article ll Please cite this article in press as: Hao et al., The GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 pathway controls grain size and weight in rice, Molecular Plant (2021), https:/ Understanding the relationship of the size and shape of an organism to the size, shape, and number of its constituent cells is a basic problem in biology; however, numerous studies indicate that the relationship is complex and often nonintuitive. To investigate this problem, we used a system for the inducible expression of genes involved in the G1/S transition of the plant cell cycle and.
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The weather was super nice, and I had the best time relaxing and walking around the beach to collect unique stones with my boyfriend. It's his recent hobby I guess you can call it to collect stones from different beaches and put it in a glass jar.
Last weekend, I went on a short camping trip with 15 other people. The camping itself was not designed for fun only, but it was a trip with a purpose. We wanted to share with some of these college students about servanthood and discipleship, and how those apply in our everyday life as Christians. I took part in preparing the game with two other friends. The preparation of the trip itself was short a and rushing. Everything was kinda last minute, but thank God we managed to get the best out of it. The recurring theme was "One Body" as in "One body in Christ" because we played this game called Pen Gurita aka Octopus Pen where we had to write together, all sixteen of us, using one pen and 16 strings to navigate the writing.
I just feel so blessed that I got to come. I was hesitant at first because I thought this is so under-prepared with many were not even final the week of the trip. I was wrong. God's love was totally with use throughout the trip. We took off at 6 am on Saturday and drove for about 4-5 hours. Those hours have taken into consideration that we needed to pick up people and made a breakfast stop at McDonald's.
LOTD on a weekday is unusual for me. My boyfriend got us a reservation at Chez TJ, a French-Michelin-star restaurant in Mountain View. It was a very warm day as high as 93F! I decided to wear a skirt and plain tee because I just couldn't handle putting on a pair of jeans and dressy top when I was sweating balls! Okay, I am exaggerating just a little bit, but it was darn hot that day.
Anyway, I was unexpectedly excited for our date night. I didn't even think of it that away until hours before. It's been a while since we went out on a proper dinner date. I guess every day is a date for us, and I'm not really a fancy-dinner kinda gal, but once in a while it's nice to experience something different. | {
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Eslabondexx salon concept is not a salon, but pure experience engaging every guest. Unusual creative details and style define the space giving it a strong timeless personality. The aesthetic aspect is not the only value of the salon: every element, from windows and reception to retail and services area, has been designed to complete an ideal route for the consumer as well as being profitable for the salon. The most modern communication and sales techniques and visual merchandising are coordinated with a cutting-edge service in terms of products, treatments and customer care to make every moment special and memorable.
Showcases must allow a wide view of the salon. They must not intimidate but invite, so we recommend an open structure that shows the whole retail area, combined with an adjacent semi-enclosed showcase. This solution allows to see some areas of the salon, perceiving the modern and creative aspect, and at the same time create a certain intimacy.The perforated metal structure of the displays allows the creation of a central scene that enhances the product and at the same time acts as a not invasive barrier.The main entrance has a strong, precise color that gives the salon a strong personality and identity, recalling the color that will be one of the main subjects of the visual experience in the salon.
The retail area's style is clean and rigorous but welcoming at the same time , and original thanks to the contrast of bright colors and shiny materials. The floor is opaque and materic like concrete or stone. The display units keep lightness and originality, thanks to the metal sheet, and enhance the product, not suffocating it with heavy structures that are not suitable for effective visual merchandising. At the center of the area there will be a round table that dilutes the rigorous lines of the salon and gives an almost homely and welcoming look. Its main function will be as corner for promotions or new products launches. This will be the first point of contact with the customer who can consult IPAD information on services and products.
Over the columns and in other salon areas, there will be fashion collections, hair and models images with writings explaining the brand and salon philosophy. All images will be included in frames of various sizes and workmanship to give a warm image, almost like a living room to relax.
The walls are simple but with a strong character. Geometric patterns coherent with the brand image give a timeless modernity and originality. A large writing on the wall is an original detail underlining the brand and salon positioning like a place where individuality prevails over conservatism. The wood and octane color central table becomes the architectural narration, hero and focal point of the salon where the main experience takes place. Round mirrors on both table and wall soften the salon's rigid and graphic lines. | {
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How to copyright music
Jun 01, 2019 by kloudninemusic - 0 Comments
Whether you are a manager, artist, producer, agent or label executive, receiving the proper compensation for the effort and resources invested in your product is of utmost priority. This is what separates the hobbyist from the professional. Read below on how to copyright music!
Beginning the copyright registration process: The website for submitting your song for copyright in the United States is http://www.copyright.gov/. On this website, you'll be able to print forms for mailing in the music you want to copyright, or you can submit your music for copyright online, which makes submitting even easier and cheaper.
When it comes time to copyrighting your music, there are two forms you can use as a songwriter. They are Form SR and Form PA. Technically, there are three forms, if you consider the fact that there's also a short-form version of the PA form. But that offers the same protection as the PA form. SR stands for Sound Recording, while PA stands for Performing Arts.
Choosing the Appropriate Registration
Copyright registration for a sound recording alone is neither the same as, nor a substitute for, registration for the musical, dramatic, or literary work recorded. The underlying work may be registered in its own right apart from any recording of the performance, or in certain cases, the underlying work may be registered together with the sound recording.
When to Use Form SR (Sound Recordings)
Use Form SR for registration of published or unpublished sound recordings, that is, for registration of the particular sounds or recorded performance.
Form SR must also be used if you wish to make one registration for both the sound recording and the underlying work (the musical composition, dramatic, or literary work). You may make a single registration only if the copyright claimant is the same for both the sound recording and the underlying work. In this case, the authorship statement in Space 2 should specify that the claim covers both works.
Form SR is also the appropriate form for registration of a multimedia kit that combines two or more kinds of authorship including a sound recording (such as a kit containing a book and an audiocassette).
When to Use Form PA (Performing Arts)
For registration purposes, musical compositions and dramatic works that are recorded on disks or cassettes are works of the performing arts and should be registered on Form PA or Short Form PA. Therefore, if you wish to register only the underlying work that is a musical composition or dramatic work, use Form PA even though you may send a disk or cassette.
NOTE: Sounds accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work should not be registered on Form SR. The copyright law does not define these sounds as "sound recordings" but as an integral part of the motion picture or audiovisual work in which they are incorporated. These sounds are classified as works of the performing arts and should be registered on Form PA.
Examples of the Proper Use of Forms PA and SR
Jane Smith composes words and music, which she entitles "Blowing in the Breeze." Even though she records it, she is not interested in registering the particular recording but only in registering the composition itself. If she decides to submit "Blowing in the Breeze" for copyright registration, she should use Form PA.
Emily Tree performs and records Jane Smith's "Blowing in the Breeze" after complying with permissions and license procedures. If Emily decides to submit her recording for copyright registration, she should use Form SR.
Copyright registration costs. There is a cost associated with each application, whether it's a Form PA or From SR. Check the Copyright Office's website for the most up-to-date fees. The good news is, if you're copyrighting your own music, you can submit multiple songs under one application for one application fee. So if you're copyrighting an album of ten songs, as opposed to copyrighting them one by one, you'll save a few hundred bucks when protecting your work. Plus it saves you the paperwork of copyrighting all of your songs separately.
The eCO Online System
The U.S. Copyright Office encourages you to register your music via an online registration process called the eCO Online System. Once you go there, create an account for yourself, then log in and you're ready to start. Registering a copyright via this process is not all that difficult, but the technical language can be confusing. The online process does walk you step-by-step through filling out the document, but even so, take your time. Carefully read the help links (the underlined text) provided each step of the way. If you do that, it will help you understand what information goes where.
You'll find a copyright tutorial for the eCO system at http://www.copyright.gov/eco/eco-tutorial.pdf . I recommend you take a look at that before you undertake this process to see what you're in for.
The filing fee for online song registration is $35.
A few tips regarding the eCO process that I think might help you:
You'll want to register your music as a "sound recording" as this kind of registration includes not only the performance, but the underlying music itself.
Under "Title of Work" add the name of your CD first and set the "Type" as "Title of work being registered." Then list your song titles and set the "Type" for those as "Contents Title." So the album name is the "Title," the individual songs are the "Contents."
If you have cover songs on your album, you'll exclude those under the "Limitation of Claim" section. For example, if track 7 on your CD is a cover tune, under "Material Excluded" check the boxes for "Music" and "Lyrics" (if you have lyrics) and then in the space for "Other" indicate "Track 7." Then under "New Material Included" check all the boxes and under "Other" list the track numbers for your original songs. So here you specify what tracks to exclude for copyright registration (because they belong to someone else) and which tracks to register under your own name. If all the songs on your album are original, you can skip this section entirely.
Once you have filled out the form and verified all your information, add it to your cart, pay for it, and then you'll receive an email with instructions on how to print out your registration and mail it in with copies of your CD. You can also upload the files digitally, if you prefer.
If you don't wish to go through the online process, you can type all of your information in Form CO, print it out and mail it in. And you'll find instructions for Form CO at http://www.copyright.gov/forms/formco2d-ins.pdf . Fill out the PDF file following the instructions and then print TWO copies. One copy for yourself, and one copy to mail to the Library of Congress to the address provided.
The cost to submit the form by mail is $50.00.
Either way you go, whether online or via mail, it will take six months to a year for the Library of Congress to process your registration. However, once you've submitted your work, you're officially protected. If you use FedEx to send your copyright forms (which I suggest you do), keep your tracking number handy and you can present this as legal proof of your effective date of copyright registration should you ever need it.
What Does Copyright Registration Do for Me?
Well, if someone does steal your work, not only can you prove the work is yours by your registration, but you can also sue for damages (you can't legally sue for damages if your song isn't registered with the copyright office). If the copyright infringement is determined to be deliberate, your attorney can initiate a formal criminal investigation.
Registering your songs' copyright grants you these exclusive rights:
Make copies and duplicate your CD
Distribute your music
Prepare derivative works (alternate versions, new arrangements)
Perform the songs publicly
Display the product publicly
Perform publicly via digital audio transmission
Once you've registered your sound recording (your CD) with the U.S. copyright office, these rights belong exclusively to you and you alone (provided, of course, that you are the actual copyright owner). No one can take those rights from you.
What About International Copyright?
If you are not a citizen of the United States, obviously the comments above do not apply to you as every country handles the copyright process a bit differently. However, chances are that your homeland is a member of the World Intellection Property Organization (WIPO). If so, you can start researching your copyright options athttp://www.wipo.int/members/en/ . Select your country name from the WIPO list, follow the "contact information" link, and that will take you to a page that lists the web site address of the copyright office for your country.
Some notable and related links from this article on how to copyright music:
The U.S. Copyright Office: http://www.copyright.gov
Copyright and Fair Use: http://fairuse.stanford.edu
Copyright Your Web Site: http://www.gocopyright.com
Copyright Form SR: http://www.copyright.gov/register/sound.html
Copyright Your Digital Creation: http://www.myfreecopyright.com
World Intellection Property Org: http://www.wipo.int/members/en/
The Harry Fox Agency: http://www.harryfox.com/index.jsp
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LIGNA 2019 Trendspots - No. 6
The innovation is plane to see!
REX Maschinenfabrik is at LIGNA 2019 to unveil its new SPEEDMASTER planing calibration machine series focused on the "potential for saving raw materials".
The Schwarzenbeck family develops, manufactures and distributes wood processing machinery under the brand name REX. Besides a great many tools and grinders, the company predominantly specializes in planing machines. REX's high-performance planing machines are used in the production of glue laminated timber, solid structural timber and cross laminated timber, as well as in sawmills and planing mills, and even in the construction of timber houses. Organizing its machines into the TIMBERMASTER, BIGMASTER, SUPERMASTER and SPEEDMASTER ranges, the company caters to mid-size workshops right through to large enterprises in all sectors of the industry. Given this impressive scope, it's only logical that REX is taking part in LIGNA in Hannover, the world's leading trade fair for woodworking and timber processing. This year, REX is training the spotlight on its new SPEEDMASTER series of planing calibration machines.
Drawing on a comprehensive analysis of requirements in the timber industry conducted by REX's design department, this machine series centers on the "potential for saving raw materials". The machine on show has been equipped with the "REX Equalizer" system, the predecessor of which was unveiled at the last LIGNA and has since been delivered and brought into operation for numerous customers across the globe. An added special feature in the 2019 model is the feed system, which can be used to convey material through the machine without planing it. The goods to be transported can be raw or pre-planed. By exhibiting this new efficient addition to the SPEEDMASTER machine series - which features state-of-the-art machine control technology and is designed to meet the latest safety regulations and guidelines - REX aims to show the international visitors to LIGNA 2019 its ever-growing experience in optimizing wood resources.
Georg Schwarzbeck GmbH & Co. KG – REX Maschinenfabrik (25421 Pinneberg, Germany), Hall 27, Stand C40
Contact: Joachim Schwarzbeck
High energy costs? What high energy costs?!
The "Smart Heaterpump" project from NESS Wärmetechnik GmbH is being premiered at LIGNA 2019 in Hannover. From this June, this pioneering technology is set to help significantly reduce energy consumption when operating thermal oil heaters.
NESS Wärmetechnik GmbH is one of the leading German plant engineering companies in the industrial process heat sector. NESS systems are used in a whole host of industrial areas, ranging from the manufacture of wood-based materials, plastics production and processing, and paper manufacturing to aircraft construction, the chemicals sector, energy generation from biomass and environmental technology.
Wood is enjoying a resurgence as a source of energy, which is why NESS is once again at LIGNA this year from 27 to 31 May to show an international audience what lies ahead for the wood working and processing industry. As a partner for professional process heat solutions, NESS is using the trade fair to showcase innovations that help make thermal oil systems run even more reliably, sustainably and efficiently. One such exhibit is the R&D project for the "Smart Heaterpump", which is about to be launched onto the market.
Using the technology that has been available until now, thermal oil heaters have always had to be run at their full volumetric flow rate, even when their full heating output is not required. However, as the amount of electricity consumed by pumps is proportional to the cube of the volumetric flow rate, this leads to vast quantities of energy being completely wasted. "Smart Heaterpump" from NESS is thus designed to monitor the heater's load point and adjust the volumetric flow so that over-consumption is a thing of the past. Even at a medium capacity utilization of 80 percent, running costs for electricity are expected to fall by around a half. What's more, "Smart Heaterpump" has been developed with a firm focus on maximum functional safety. Thanks to its redundant design, the pump meets Safety Integrity Level 2 (SIL 2) and is certified to DIN 4754-2 as a flow limiter.
NESS Wärmetechnik GmbH (73630 Remshalden, Germany), Hall 26, Stand F78
Contact: Dietmar Ness
Tel.: +49 7181 9675-21
These software arrangements become part of the furniture!
DPS Software GmbH is inviting cabinetmakers, shopfitters and furniture manufacturers at LIGNA 2019 to explore the software arrangements it compiles, develops and installs with its customers' projects in mind.
Founded over 20 years ago, DPS Software GmbH currently has 40 locations in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland and the Czech Republic, employing some 600 staff. The company is now the largest independent SOLIDWORKS reseller in Europe and the largest Sage reseller in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. DPS is the sole distributor of the ERP software RPS in the German-speaking world, and its portfolio also features CAM products from SolidCAM in addition to the SOLIDWORKS range. What's more, DPS has also developed a number of its own in-house modules and solutions to offer its customers. It distributes the SOLIDWORKS-based software solution SWOOD for the furniture industry throughout Central Europe. This comprehensive portfolio currently supports over 11,000 customers across the entire process chain - from designing, calculating and manufacturing to data management and mapping the associated commercial processes. To round off its customer-centric approach, DPS also provides software and interface developments along with training and consulting services.
DPS Software GmbH is at LIGNA 2019 to showcase its sector-specific solutions, which are designed to cover the entire process chain and drive forward wide-reaching digitization in the furniture industry. It is offering one-on-one consulting sessions and holding talks every day of the fair at 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. in German and at 11.30 a.m. in English. A key focus of these specialist presentations, in collaboration with DPS Software customers, regards the transition into secure furniture production - all thanks to a software that focuses on secure, error-free production right from the design stage to ensure users don't encounter any nasty surprises while working at the machine. Another question high on the agenda is how furniture can be manufactured more quickly and without errors. To answer this, DPS Software is showcasing the entire digital furniture production process at LIGNA, illustrating the steps users can already take at the design stage to ensure their machines create flawless furniture. Of course, SOLIDWORKS itself takes center stage in a number of talks to demonstrate how this software, which six million users already benefit from, and SWOOD, the tool specially designed for furniture production, can be used to optimize the manufacturing process and ensure reliability - even with a batch size of just one.
DPS Software GmbH (70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany), Hall 15, Stand F70
Contact: Nicole Rubbe
Tel.: +49 711 797310-72
There's always room for integration!
halstrup-walcher is the first drive technology manufacturer to supply integrated direct drives with IO-Link interfaces. This comes as part of the company's endeavor to develop networked machines with integrated drives - an important step in the journey toward Industry 4.0.
halstrup-walcher supplies complex mechanical, electronic and software solutions to customers all over the world. These include positioning systems for automatic format changeovers in machines and pressure measurement technology for air-conditioning and OEM applications and clean rooms. To round off its wide-ranging portfolio, the company also offers development services for mechatronic drives and calibrations. halstrup-walcher is now at LIGNA 2019 to showcase the latest addition to its range of positioning systems - the very first direct drives for format changeovers to also include the option of using an IO-Link interface for control purposes.
Not only do the direct drives in the PSD series feature a stepper motor, they also come with all the relevant subsystems - e.g. controls, bus interfaces and an incremental or absolute measurement system - already integrated. This means guide rails, tools and even inspection cameras can be moved into the right position automatically when reconfiguring a machine for a new format, thus significantly reducing the changeover time. These drives also boast an exceptionally compact design (Nema 17 and 23). Their ability to achieve speeds of up to 1,500 RPM makes them the perfect choice wherever machine axes need frequent adjustment to handle small batches. Thanks to the groundbreaking introduction of an IO-Link control interface, these drives now offer a whole host of new advantages. Not only can they be controlled through run commands, the interface also makes it possible to read out large quantities of feedback data from the drives (condition monitoring) and use this information for predictive machine maintenance - along with data from other IO-Link sensors. What's more, the connection concept is both economical and flexible. The drives are connected using a single unshielded 3-core cable with IO-Link master and can then be implemented on any customer-specific fieldbuses.
halstrup-walcher GmbH (79199 Kirchzarten, Germany), Hall 16, Stand E22
Contact: Regina Körner
No surface is safe from this sanding all-rounder
Karl Heesemann Maschinenfabrik is at LIGNA 2019 to premiere its MFA 10 all-round sanding machine for multishift operation on surface finishing lines.
Karl Heesemann Maschinenfabrik has been manufacturing sanding machines for use in industry and skilled trades for more than 80 years. Over the course of its long history, it has pioneered various groundbreaking innovations that have stood the test of time and have shaped the world of sanding technology. The company has always been passionate about its role as an innovation driver and global market leader in wood sanding machines and is determined to do everything it can to maintain this position. LIGNA 2019 is the perfect setting for Heesemann to demonstrate the strength of its commitment, with the company's exhibits including the MFA 10, a true all-rounder for every sanding task, which is celebrating its trade fair debut.
The MFA 10 is available in sanding widths of 1,350 millimeters and 1,600 millimeters and can be flexibly equipped for all conceivable applications with up to six calibrating, sanding and brush units to suit customer requirements. It can be optimally configured for any task, whether for sanding a high-gloss surface or calibrating solid wood panels. As a top- and bottom-sanding machine, coupled with its extremely robust and durable design, the MFA 10 is also set to come into its own in multishift operation on surface finishing lines. What's more, it is fitted as standard with an EnergyManagement system that is designed to help reduce costs.
Karl Heesemann Maschinenfabrik GmbH & Co. KG (32547 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany), Hall 17, Stand B46
Contact: Dennis Bierbaum
An insightful dry run
Grenzebach is pulling out all the stops at LIGNA 2019. Besides unveiling its new integrated moisture and thickness detection system for wood veneers, the company is using virtual reality to show how to plan and optimize a dryer to suit specific requirements.
This is a world premiere at LIGNA 2019 that deserves celebrating with a glass of extra dry champagne. Under the slogan "Grenzebach - we do drying better", the company is unveiling its moisture and thickness detection system for veneers, which is destined to significantly improve quality and energy management in wood processing companies. According to Dr. Christoph Habighorst, Vice President Sales Building Materials Technology at Grenzebach, this system is designed to measure the moisture content and thickness of wood veneers separately or simultaneously. "The new system is best deployed upstream and downstream from the dryer to ensure optimum control of energy input. Users can track trends over a period of time and map moisture and thickness across different veneer species," he explains.
Besides gaining in-depth insights into the company's latest drying and handling technology, visitors to Grenzebach's stand at LIGNA 2019 can look forward to exploring state-of-the-art production processes in a virtual setting. "We are eager to demonstrate at LIGNA what digitization has already made possible in day-to-day operations and what opportunities are emerging for the future. Discussing these topics and exchanging views about them is really important to us, too," Habighorst continues. The company's showcase in Hannover includes a wide range of applications made possible by digitization - from VR-assisted planning and design of production lines right through to the simulation of complex process chains. Visitors to LIGNA 2019 are of course warmly invited to head to the Grenzebach stand to try out its VR goggles and immerse themselves in the new world of veneer mills.
Grenzebach BSH GmbH (36251 Bad Hersfeld, Germany), Hall 26, Stand F57
Contact: Lisa Reitschuster
Scratching the surface of a flawless finish!
Baumer Inspection is at LIGNA 2019 in Hannover to unveil its innovative inspection system ColourBrain Furniture 4.0, designed to reliably and accurately detect a variety of defects on furniture surfaces, such as bubbles, dents, fine scratches and shiny spots.
Headquartered in Konstanz, Baumer Inspection GmbH is part of the Swiss Baumer Group, a family-run business that supplies high-quality factory automation sensors and systems all over the world. For more than 35 years, the company has specialized in quality assurance for surfaces that satisfies the highest standards in precision. During this time, it has installed over 750 systems, making it one of the leading suppliers of automatic optical inspection systems for process monitoring and error detection. Scanners from Baumer Inspection are used all around the globe to check furniture panels, decorative paper, films, floorboards and the surfaces and edges of furniture parts. The company is at LIGNA 2019 to unveil its innovative inspection system - ColourBrain Furniture 4.0.
According to Baumer Inspection, ColourBrain Furniture 4.0 is a technological trailblazer when it comes to the double-sided inspection of film-coated, melamine-coated and lacquered furniture panels. It can accurately detect the smallest of surface defects - such as bubbles, dents, fine scratches and shiny spots - whether diagonal to or across the feed direction. A drilled hole monitoring option can also be used to make sure holes have been drilled properly and check for profile deviations in pre-milled grooves. ColourBrain Furniture 4.0 is easy to maintain and boasts compact dimensions that minimize the amount of space needed in the feed direction. What's more, its modular design means it can be easily adapted to suit a variety of customer needs. For instance, this system can be used for error detection and process optimization both in series production and for batch sizes of just one.
Baumer Inspection GmbH (78467 Konstanz, Germany), Hall 15, Stand D15
Contact: Jessica Rominger
Another one extracts the dust!
The product developers at AL-KO Therm GmbH are at LIGNA 2019 to showcase their innovative AL-KO ALC 21 level sensor and ingenious AL-KO CLEAN STAUBSCHOTT dust-proof bulkhead.
Every year, thousands of customers put their trust in high-quality products from AL-KO - and not just in Europe, but all around the world. The company sees this as proof that products sporting the "Made in Germany" label still have a bright future ahead of them, provided they are geared toward innovation and outstanding quality. The AL-KO ALC 21 level sensor, which AL-KO is exhibiting at LIGNA 2019, is a prime example of this. Approved for ATEX zone 21, the AL-KO ALC 21 is designed to ensure fill levels can be reliably monitored at all times, regardless of whether the operator is dealing with dry dust, chips or powdered materials. This easily retrofitted sensor can be integrated into a control center monitoring system within the context of automation processes.
Meanwhile, the AL-KO CLEAN STAUBSCHOTT takes care of the chip container. This ingenious dust-proof bulkhead makes it easy to replace full containers without generating dust and features an innovative container locking system that ensures safe handling. Both the AL-KO ALC 21 level sensor and the AL-KO CLEAN STAUBSCHOTT are innovative features for the mobile pure air dust extractors in the AL-KO POWER UNIT range, which are being showcased at LIGNA 2019 in three designs - AL-KO POWER UNIT 120, AL-KO POWER UNIT 160 and AL-KO POWER UNIT 350. Thanks to their tried-and-tested AL-KO OPTI JET technology, all these models boast excellent suction, keep energy consumption to a minimum and ensure exceptional air purification. According to the manufacturer, the premium model in this series - the AL-KO POWER UNIT 350 - is a genuine alternative to stationary extraction and filtering systems. It is also available in four variants - one with a chip container, one with an ATEX-approved rotary lock valve, one with a round discharge and one with a briquetting press.
AL-KO Therm GmbH (89343 Jettingen-Scheppach, Germany), Hall 12, Stand D15
Contact: Katharina Stenzel
Tel.: +49 8225 39-2103
For photos and video clips, visit: Trendspots / Produktneuheiten
English Press Release
(DOCX, 94 kB)
LIGNA 2019 creates fertile climate for future investment
The five-day LIGNA 2019 closed on an impressive note. The world's leading trade fair for woodworking and wood processing plant, machinery...
Visionary combustion control. Sugimat specializes in developing energy generation plants that run on biomass and unconventional fuels. Its...
Leave it to the laser! Epilog Laser is at LIGNA 2019 to showcase its new Fusion Pro laser machine, which can achieve exceptionally high...
Renewed faith in sustainability! The Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut is bringing three exhibits from the mobility sector to LIGNA 2019 to...
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Contrarian Value or Off My Trolley?
Today I thought I would briefly cover what may be a contrarian value opportunity or may be I'm off my trolley and it is a value trap? Any way I'll present a few bull and bear bullet points and let you decide for yourself.
Cheapish looking rating of around 10 to 11x with a 4 to 5% yield based on current forecast & 2 times dividend cover policy.
Priced at around 0.7x book value which includes lots of freehold property.
Cutting costs by £500m over three years and have reduced capital expenditure.
Bid for Argos cleared and have increased synergy target to £160m per annum over three years, could be upgrades once this completes.
Brings more household goods exposure and adds to their financial services business plus furthers on line / click & collect ambitions.
Qatar Holdings still hold 25% having bid for it in the past.
On going price war and with and threat from discounters expansion.
Changing shopping habits and potential for Amazon to disrupt the market further in the medium term.
Argos bid may be a distraction or not deliver the expected returns.
Debt quite high and there is also a sizeable Pension deficit.
There have been and may be more dividend cuts given the 2x cover policy.
Food price inflation may stay negative despite higher costs from weaker sterling leading to a further margin squeeze.
Any way as ever you pay your money and take your choice. As I have had no Food retail exposure to speak of since selling out of JS and Tesco before all the recent turmoil I have decided to take a small stake in this one as it seems to offer value and has managed the decline quite well. I'm sure I may live to regret that as it is going against my own Scoring system although I note it does Score 93 on the Stockopedia Stock Ranks.
The final prompt for me to get involved again was that this should be a relatively defensive sector if we are heading for a recession, although they have just gone more heavily into general retail with the Argos acquisition. Plus I like the look of the long term chart and possible support in the low 200's (see chart at the end).
So there you go, as ever time will tell and you pay your money and take your choice or not as the case may be. | {
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An aortic dissection happens when tears appear in the inner lining of the aorta, which is the main artery leaving the heart. Blood surges into the tears, causing the aorta lining to split, or dissect.
Aortic dissection is a medical emergency. The condition can quickly become fatal if the blood breaks through the aorta's outer lining.
Aortic dissection is not common. It affects between 5 and 30 people out of every 1 million each year, and it is most likely to affect older men.
In this article, we describe the two types of aortic dissection, their symptoms and treatment options, and the outlook for people with this condition.
Severe pain in the abdomen is a potential symptom of aortic dissection.
Due to its symptoms, aortic dissection can resemble other high-risk conditions that are more common, so it can be challenging to diagnose.
People with risk factors for aortic dissection, such as high blood pressure or a family history of aortic dissection, should have regular heart checkups with their doctor.
Type A is the most common and dangerous form of aortic dissection. It occurs when the upper aorta, called the ascending aorta, tears. The tear may spread to the abdomen.
Type B refers to a tear in the lower aorta, called the descending aorta. This tear may also extend to the abdomen.
Aortic dissection affects the walls of the aortic valve.
Aortic dissection occurs when a weak section of the aorta wall rips or tears.
Most cases occur in men between the ages of 50 and 65 years, but both men and women of any age can develop the condition.
Approximately two-thirds of people who experience aortic dissection are male. However, females tend to have worse outcomes.
Long-term hypertension places greater pressure on the artery walls, making them more likely to tear.
A syphilis infection or inflammation of the arteries, which can occur as a result of giant cell arteritis or Takayasu's arteritis, can increase the risk of aortic dissection.
Less commonly, a severe chest injury may contribute to a tear in the aorta.
Aortic dissections can occur during pregnancy in rare cases.
Cocaine raises blood pressure, which increases a person's risk of aortic dissection.
Intense resistance training increases blood pressure, which may result in an aortic tear.
In this article, Timo Söderlund describes his experience of aortic dissection and his mission to raise awareness of the condition.
People who develop any of the symptoms of aortic dissection or experience another cardiac event should call 911 immediately. Aortic dissection can have severe consequences, including organ failure or death, especially if a person does not receive urgent treatment.
Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can reveal a widening of the aorta. However, the images may appear normal in an estimated 10 to 20 percent of people with aortic dissection so additional tests may be necessary.
Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). A TEE involves placing a probe down the food pipe, close to the aorta. Sound waves produce an image of the heart, which the doctor can check for irregularities.
Aortic angiogram. During this procedure, the doctor will inject a contrast liquid into the arteries. They will then take X-rays which may show up any abnormalities in the aorta.
Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA). This test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to examine the blood vessels.
Additional tests, such as blood tests, may help the doctor rule out the possibility of other conditions and events with similar symptoms, including heart attack.
Immediate medical treatment is necessary for aortic dissection to prevent complications or death. This treatment typically involves medications, surgery, or both.
A doctor may prescribe medication to treat aortic dissection.
A doctor may give people with a type B aortic dissection beta-blockers and nitroprusside to lower their heart rate and blood pressure and to prevent the tear from getting worse.
People with a type A aortic dissection might also take these medications to help stabilize their condition, but they typically require surgery as well to correct the tear.
Most people who have an aortic dissection will need to take medications to reduce blood pressure for the rest of their lives.
People with a type A aortic dissection will usually undergo surgery to remove the damaged section of the aorta and replace it with a tube. This procedure prevents blood from flowing into the aortic wall.
The surgeon will also replace the aortic valve if it is leaking.
People with type B aortic dissection may undergo a similar procedure, but their surgery may also include the use of stents, which are small mesh tubes, to repair the aorta.
In addition to taking hypertension medications for life, people may need to have regular imaging scans to allow the doctor to monitor their condition.
Aortic dissection has a high rate of mortality. According to some sources, approximately 40 percent of people die after getting to the emergency department, and 20 to 30 percent of people die after surgery.
The highest mortality rates occur within the first 10 days of aortic dissection.
The likelihood of fatality increases by 1 percent for every hour a person goes without treatment.
For the best chance of recovery, individuals should call 911 or go directly to the emergency department if they experience any of the symptoms of an aortic dissection. Early treatment can be life-saving.
Leonard, Jayne. "What to know about aortic dissection." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 24 Oct. 2018. Web. | {
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Vicon's 3 MP Cell Camera Provides New High-Resolution Option
for the Corrections Market
Hauppauge, NY | April 11, 2018: Vicon Industries, Inc. (VII: NYSE-MKT) ("Vicon"), designer and manufacturer of video surveillance and access control software, hardware and components, has introduced a new 3MP version of its heavy-duty Roughneck V-CELL-HD-B camera, specially designed for use in custodial suites and prison cells.
This ONVIF compliant camera features stainless steel assembly, security screws and polycarbonate windows that protect the camera and IR illuminators. Its unique triangular shape accommodates mounting at the juncture of two walls and the ceiling and, once installed, the camera should be permanently sealed to the wall to create a ligature-proof and water-resistant housing. The camera's 3MP performance and 36 IR LED illuminators, combined with a 2.3 mm lens, provide complete room coverage with no blind spots in all lighting conditions. Additional features particularly applicable for in-cell use include built-in speaker and microphone for two way communication and privacy-masking capabilities.
"Vicon has long been a preferred solutions provider within the corrections sector. Our new 3MP cell camera expands the options available to detention facilities seeking purpose-built end-to-end surveillance systems that meet the demanding requirements of their unique environment," said Bret McGowan, Senior V.P. of Sales and Marketing.
See Vicon's newest cameras on display at ISC West, booth 10077. Learn more now on Vicon's website: https://www.vicon-security.com/products/network-cameras/. Models are in stock and ready to ship.
About Vicon Industries, Inc.: Since 1967, Vicon has been a leading provider of mission-critical security surveillance systems. Today we are focused on providing solutions that have been engineered not just for performance and features, but for simplicity in deployment, operation and maintenance. Our goal is to serve as a valued security technology partner to our customers by reducing security solution complexity, ensuring a superior experience and future proofing our solutions. Vicon and its leading-edge systems are trusted by a customer base that spans the globe, representing every type of industry.
For more information about Vicon, please visit: www.vicon-security.com. Vicon…Simple Solutions for a Complex World.
Vicon's New SN673V-C Cruiser PTZ Dome with 23X Optical Zoom Provides Incredible Detail from Far, Far Away
Vicon's New SN673V-C Cruiser PTZ Dome with 23X Optical Zoom Provides Incredible Detail from Far, Far Away Hauppauge, NY | March 26, 2018: Vicon...
Vicon Expands the U.S. Sales Team, Appointing Kirk Schatzle as a Regional Sales Manager
Vicon Expands the U.S. Sales Team, Appointing Kirk Schatzle as a Regional Sales Manager Hauppauge, NY | March 12, 2018: Vicon Industries, Inc...
Vicon Introduces Smartphone Credentialing for Its VAX Access Control System
Vicon Introduces Smartphone Credentialing for Its VAX Access Control System New Bluetooth Solution Eliminates Need for Physical Cards Hauppauge...
Vicon Introduces a New Line-Up of PTZ Dome Cameras
Vicon Introduces a New Line-Up of PTZ Dome Cameras Hauppauge, NY | December 18, 2018: Vicon Industries, Inc., (OTCQB: VCON) ("Vicon"), designer... | {
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A new of way of travelling together and helping in saving the environment as well as lining your pockets is now in the market, the Ubermoto Clone or the Ubermoto clone for motorbike Sharing. The Ubermoto clone is the latest product hitting the shelves and entrepreneurs are queuing up in hordes to start capitalizing on this unique concept that only involves an Ubermoto clone for motorbike sharing and an Uber-Moto 2 wheeler.
Approved by Google Play Store and Apple stores, the clone of Ubermoto is a 100% responsive site that will show up on all handheld gadgets, ranging from smartphones to tablets. To enable the site manager to manage the system completely, the package has the following subsystems and apps.
Admin Web Panel to manage the overall working of the app i.e. Payments, Rates, Passengers, Drivers, etc.
Don't spend a dime where it doesn't belong! Take an on road trial of the whole application so that you can experience the magic first hand. Buy only if you like! Now, where else do you get that offer?
How Does The On Demand Moto Work?
Transportation is an absolutely necessary aspect of our lives today. Everyone needs to move from point A to Point B. But is transportation cheap? Not really! Here's where your app is going to play a central role. This is an on demand MOTO app that makes bikes and scooters right there for you as a taxi!
It is an only one of its kind concept and can be the cause for the augmentation in a whole lot of money for everyone involved!
In order to use this app to book a ride on a bike, the user will be required to first download this app and register into it. The registration process is so simple! People can log in using their pre- existing social media ID's like Facebook or Twitter. They will also have the option of choosing to create a new account by putting in all their necessary information like name, email id, phone number etc.
After the registration process the drivers can accept rides and the riders can book rides.
Now, when the rider wants to book a ride, they will simply put in their pick up and drop locations and the driver can accept or decline the request.
If he accepts the request, they will get the map route to the pickup point. The driver reaches the pickup point and picks up the Rider.
In case the Driver rejects the request, the request is automatically sent to the next driver.
When the driver drops the rider at the desired location, the rider and the driver can rate each other!
The payment is made automatically through their credit cards or their in app wallet. In case the rider chooses to make the payment through cash, he or she is free to do that as well.
We understand that the basis of every successful company is their customer base. But in this app, we've done you one better! We have not only made the app absolutely easy to use and seamless for your Users but also 100 percent convenient for your service providers. This app makes it possible for you to offer cheap rides to your customers and giving anyone with a bike an opportunity to make money by helping people get places.
The app has been created bearing in mind that it is for the masses. So, regardless of whether your rider uses Android or iOS, he or she will be able to book rides. Even Drivers with either of the technologies, Android and iOS can offer and accept rides easily. Your app been carefully created so that it is accessible by EVERYONE! It has a 100% responsive design and a stunning interface which makes sure that it works impeccably over handsets, tablets PCs, laptops or any other digital assistant!
The Uber-Moto Motorbike is a classy ride for someone who likes the feel of the wind in their hair, and for whom the roaring of the engine is music to the ears. By sharing a ride on one of these beauties, you help reduce congestion on the road and help in reducing pollution.
For every Uber-Moto motorbike ride booked from your site, you get a fixed commission.
Cash and credit payment modes available. Credit card payment is done automatically once the ride is complete, whilst the cash payment is made directly to the driver. | {
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Popular Nigerian artist, Waje recently revealed that she was seriously considering quitting music, as it is not working for her anymore, and Nigerians have since been all over her case on Twitter.
In the now-trending video uploaded on her YouTube page titled 'Music is not for me', the artiste, whose real name is Aijuaje Iruobe, expressed her frustrations concerning returns on investments in her last album, which she thinks is one of the best that has come out of Nigeria.
The viral video sparked a flurry of reactions from fans and critics on the Nigerian Twitter space. While a segment of users visited the social media platform to offer words of advice, sympathy, encouragement, others registered derision to the singer's plight.
"This is a cry for help; Waje, a single mother is putting a daughter through university all by herself. She is talented," said one Twitter user.
"Waje is broken maybe even depressed. | {
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