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Rhino Calf Makes Hesitant Debut at Lincoln Park Zoo
The Eastern Black Rhinoceros calf at Lincoln Park Zoo had access to his outdoor habitat at Regenstein African Journey recently, making his zoo debut!
The calf appeared eager to explore the new sights, scents, and sounds, but was hesitant to explore his outdoor habitat. After a few steps, he ran back inside to be near his mother, Kapuki.
ZooBorns shared news of the new arrival in a previous feature: Black Rhino Boy Born at Lincoln Park Zoo. Since his birth on May 19, the calf and Kapuki (age 13) have been bonding behind the scenes at the zoo's Regenstein African Journey.
"The rhino calf has continually surpassed numerous milestones and is becoming inquisitive of his surroundings," said Curator of Mammals Mike Murray. "It's exciting to see that curiosity shine through as he begins to explore his outdoor habitat."
Photo Credits: Christopher Bijalba / Lincoln Park Zoo
Lincoln Park Zoo is dedicated to rhino conservation and is home to three adult rhinos: Maku, Kapuki, and Ricko, along with its newest arrival.
"The Eastern Black Rhinoceros Species Survival Plan® (SSP) among accredited zoos is vitally important to this remarkable species, as numbers continue to dwindle in the wild due to poaching," said Murray. "This calf not only represents hope for the species, but also serves as an ambassador for his wild counterparts."
While the calf made his recent debut, rhino access to the outdoor habitat is weather dependent. For the health and safety of Kapuki and the calf, they will have the choice to explore their outdoor habitat if the weather is above 60 degrees, and dry, until the calf grows in size and strength. While the rhinos may have outdoor access, they may also choose to spend their time behind-the-scenes as they continue to adjust to the new changes.
Gestation for Eastern Black Rhinos is about 14-16 months with offspring weighing around 75 pounds at birth. Typically, Black Rhinos are a solitary species that only come together to breed. When full grown, Eastern Black Rhinos can stand up to 12 feet long and 5 feet tall at the shoulder, and can weigh up to 3,000 pounds. They are a critically endangered species due to poaching for their horns, which are believed to have medicinal benefits despite being made of keratin – the same material that makes up human hair and nails.
For more rhino updates, follow Lincoln Park Zoo's Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter channels and #RhinoWatch, along with the zoo blog and ZooMail, a biweekly news digest.
For more information about the species and Lincoln Park Zoo's rhino conservation efforts, visit lpzoo.org. Those interested in helping care for mom and calf all year long may ADOPT a black rhino at lpzoo.org/adopt.
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Lincoln Park Zoo Welcomes Second New Gorilla
Lincoln Park Zoo's Western Lowland Gorilla troop welcomed another new face on June 12 at Regenstein Center for African Apes! Bana, 24, gave birth to a healthy infant, exactly one month after the arrival of a male infant that was born to mom, Rollie, on May 12.
The baby is staying tucked in close and clinging to mom, Bana, and has begun nursing. The infant is the second offspring for Bana, who gave birth to a female, named Patty, in 2012. Kwan, 30, the silverback of the family group, continues to closely watch Bana and the infant.
"As with any birth, we are cautiously optimistic about the latest arrival. Bana is an experienced mother who is displaying appropriate maternal skills and care," said Curator of Primates, Jill Moyse.
Photo Credits: Christopher Bijalba /Lincoln Park Zoo
The unsexed newborn joins a troop of eight individuals, including adult females, Bahati and Rollie, three juvenile females (Bella, Nayembi, and Patty), and the recent male infant. Both gorilla infants have yet to be named.
"Having two offspring born close together provides such an exciting time for guests and gorillas alike," said Moyse. "The infants will have the opportunity to grow, develop, and explore their surroundings together and learn from one another."
Animal Care staff will closely monitor Bana and the infant as they continue to surpass critical milestones. Kwan and Bana were recommended to breed as a part of the Western Lowland Gorilla Species Survival Plan® (SSP), a collaborative effort among zoos accredited by Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
Western Lowland Gorillas are classified by the IUCN as "Critically Endangered", in their native Central Africa, due to habitat loss and poaching. Scientists with Lincoln Park Zoo's Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes are dedicated to saving this species with ongoing work both at the zoo and in the Republic of the Congo. This work has facilitated new strategies to mitigate the impact of human and consumer behaviors such as unsustainable logging and urbanization.
For more information about Lincoln Park Zoo's ape conservation efforts and Western Lowland Gorillas, visit www.lpzoo.org . Those interested in helping care for mom and baby all year long may ADOPT a gorilla at www.lpzoo.org/adopt .
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Black Rhino Boy Born at Lincoln Park Zoo
After 15 months of gestation, Lincoln Park Zoo was excited to welcome a new arrival. On May 19, Kapuki, an Eastern Black Rhinoceros, gave birth to a healthy male calf at the zoo's Regenstein African Journey. Since the birth, the calf has surpassed critical milestones, including: standing, nursing, pooping, and following mom, Kapuki.
The first days of a calf's life are critical, and animal care staff are closely monitoring both Kapuki and the calf, around-the-clock, via remote camera system.
"As with any birth, we are cautiously optimistic about the latest arrival," said Curator of Mammals Mike Murray. "However, this calf stood successfully at only 53 minutes of age and was nursing by hour two. He is growing in size and strength each day."
Thirteen-year-old Kapuki was recommended to breed with Maku, age 33, as part of the Eastern Black Rhinoceros Survival Plan® (SSP), a collaborative population management effort among Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) institutions. Kapuki and Maku had previously been successful in producing offspring with the birth of King in 2013. As part of an SSP recommendation for the solitary species, King was transferred to Chicago Zoological Society/Brookfield Zoo in November 2016.
"Although the calf is adorable, its birth means so much more than that," said Murray. "Three rhinos are poached in Africa each day for their horns. At this alarming rate, this new calf gives us hope for the sustainability of the species."
Continue reading "Black Rhino Boy Born at Lincoln Park Zoo" »
Endangered Pack of Wolf Pups at Lincoln Park Zoo
The arrival of spring brought a litter of four critically endangered Red Wolf pups to Pritzker Family Children's Zoo at Lincoln Park Zoo.
"Scientists estimate there are less than 30 Red Wolves left in their native habitat of North Carolina, meaning species is on the very brink of extinction in the wild," said Curator Dan Boehm. "We could not be more ecstatic for the arrival of these pups to help save this species and bolster the population."
The pups, two male and two female, were born on April 13. The dam, Becca, and sire, Rhett, were recommended to breed as part of the Red Wolf Species Survival Plan® (SSP), a cooperative effort among Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) institutions to save species. This is the first litter for the Zoo since 2010.
Canine gestation is around 60 days, with litters ranging from 3-6 offspring. The cubs typically stay in the den for the first month as they surpass critical milestones such as nursing, opening their eyes, and gaining strength. The pups have yet to venture from the den but have received their first veterinary check-ups.
Since 2005, Lincoln Park Zoo has been involved in the Red Wolf Recovery Program to try and assist the wild population with cross fostering of zoo-born pups into wild family groups and other reintroduction efforts. Since that time, Lincoln Park Zoo scientists also conducted a Population Viability Analysis (PVA), a computer model that helped to evaluate different management scenarios for the zoo and wild populations and scientific advice to the Recovery Program. The future status of the North Carolina wild population is uncertain, but the Red Wolf SSP and Lincoln Park Zoo will continue to work toward long-term recovery efforts.
Zoo guests can support the pups and Lincoln Park Zoo in its care and conservation endeavors by purchasing an item from the zoo's Wish List. Just in time for Mother's Day, guests can also ADOPT a Red Wolf to support world-class care for Red Wolf, Becca, and her pups all year long.
Red Wolves (Canis lupus rufus) are named for their red-tinged fur and are typically smaller than their 'cousin' Grey Wolves, weighing in around 90lbs. Native to the eastern United States, Red Wolves were driven toward extinction due to hunting. The species was targeted as a perceived threat to livestock, but research has shown the wolves primarily pursue non-domestic prey such as rabbits, deer, and small mammals.
Learn more about Lincoln Park Zoo and the Red Wolf pups by visiting: www.lpzoo.org .
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Rare Baby Geckos' Tails Look Like Leaves
Five Henkel's Leaf-tailed Geckos (Uroplatus henkeli) have arrived at Lincoln Park Zoo – the first-ever successful hatch at the zoo for this rare Lizard species. The hatchlings will be on exhibit at Regenstein Small Mammal-Reptile House in the coming weeks.
Photo Credit: Lincoln Park Zoo
The zoo's Henkel's Leaf-tailed Geckos were given a breeding recommendation from the Leaf-tailed Gecko Species Survival Plan® (SSP), which manages the species' population throughout zoos accredited by the The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). The SSP recommendations – which determine the exact individuals that should breed with each other – are made using demographic and genetic analyses conducted by population biologists at the AZA Population Management Center, which is based at Lincoln Park Zoo.
Henkel's Leaf-tailed Geckos are named for their distinctive namesake tail. That remarkable appendage and their rough brown and green skin helps these Lizards camouflage themselves against tree bark with uncanny ease.
Tiny pads on the feet of Henkel's Leaf-tailed Geckos produce a strong adhesive effect, enabling them to climb and cling to a variety of surfaces. In the wild, these Lizards spend most of their time in the treetops, feeding on insects. They descend to the ground only when laying eggs in leaf litter on the forest floor.
Although adults can grow to 11 inches long, hatchlings are much tinier, as you can see in the photos. The newcomers are welcome arrivals for a species that is classified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
These Lizards are found only in Madagascar, where they face threats from logging operations and from deforestation as people burn the forest to make small farms. They are also collected illegally to supply the pet trade and are routinely taken from protected areas within Madagascar.
See more photos of the hatchlings below.
Continue reading "Rare Baby Geckos' Tails Look Like Leaves" »
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Lincoln Park Zoo's New Exhibit Welcomes First Chick
The first-ever endangered African Penguin chick has hatched at Lincoln Park Zoo's new Robert and Mayari Pritzker Penguin Cove. After a 38-day incubation period, the chick emerged on February 10.
At a recent wellness exam, veterinary staff deemed the chick healthy. During the exam, veterinary staff also drew blood, which will be sent for lab analysis to determine the chick's sex. Once that is revealed, keepers can decide on an appropriate name.
The chick is the offspring of mom, Robben, and dad, Preston. According to Hope B. McCormick Curator of Birds, Sunny Nelson, the first-time parents are proving to be naturals.
"Our keepers are constantly monitoring both the parents and the chick to ensure that the parents are meeting the chick's needs as it reaches developmental milestones," said Nelson. "Both Robben and Preston are performing parental duties as expected, sharing brooding and feeding responsibilities."
Photo Credits: Lincoln Park Zoo / Chris Bijalba (Image 1)
African Penguin chicks typically fledge around 70 to 80 days after hatching. The chick will retain its downy feathers until it molts into waterproof juvenile plumage. After one to two years, African Penguins molt into their iconic tuxedo-like adult plumage.
Animal Care staff plans to give the chick access to a behind-the-scenes pool to ensure that its feathers are waterproof before introducing the chick to the rest of the exhibit.
The chick's parents were paired as a part of the African Penguin Species Survival Plan® (SSP), a collaborative population management effort among institutions within the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).
Continue reading "Lincoln Park Zoo's New Exhibit Welcomes First Chick" »
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New Langur Is Lucky Number Seven for Parents
A bright orange, endangered Francois' Langur was born February 6 at Lincoln Park Zoo and is now on exhibit at Helen Brach Primate House.
The infant is the seventh successful offspring for Lincoln Park Zoo's breeding pair, Pumpkin (dam) and Cartman (sire), and a part of the Francois' Langur Species Survival Plan ® (SSP), which cooperatively manages the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) accredited-zoo population. Lead Keeper Bonnie Jacobs serves as Vice-Chair of the Francois' Langur SSP and has been managing the studbook for this population in the AZA for the past 15 years.
The sex and measurements of the infant are yet to be determined, as the newborn is still clinging tight to mom.
"Pumpkin is an experienced and attentive mother and the entire troop is being supportive," said Curator of Primates, Maureen Leahy. "We recently updated the Langur exhibit to include more dynamic elements such as vines, sway poles and pulley feeders, so it will be exciting to see the newest addition of the troop grow more independent and explore the habitat."
Photo Credits: Julia Fuller / Lincoln Park Zoo
Francois' Langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) are classified as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List due to habitat degradation and hunting. They're native to the southern Guangxi province of China, northern Vietnam and west-central Laos.
Adults display black body coloration with a white marking from ear-to-ear and a black crest atop the head. Infants are born with a bright orange hue, which scientists believe encourages alloparenting, or 'aunting behavior,' among females in the group. Infants' fur turns black within the first three to six months of life.
With its parents, the Langur infant joins sisters Kieu and Orla, brothers Vinh and Pierre, and adult female Chi on exhibit at Helen Brach Primate House, open daily from 10 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. at Lincoln Park Zoo. For more information, visit www.lpzoo.org .
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Lincoln Park Zoo Celebrates 'White Christmas'
It was a "White Christmas" at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. A Black-and-white Colobus Monkey was born December 25, and the snowy-white infant is now on exhibit at the zoo's Helen Brach Primate House.
The Colobus baby not only joins its 12-year-old mother Kutaka (koo-tah-kah) and 23-year-old father Keanjaha (key-an-ja-ha), it also shares home with 15-month-old female infant Nairobi and two other adult females.
The sex and measurements of the newborn are yet to be determined, as the baby is clinging tight to mom and a health check isn't possible just yet.
The zoo's Colobus infant is a part of the Black-and-White Colobus Species Survival Plan ® (SSP), which cooperatively manages the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) accredited-zoo population.
The baby is the second successful offspring for this breeding pair. Lincoln Park Zoo's Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology carefully monitored the progesterone levels in Kutaka's urine samples to estimate a due date window and ensure that the mother and baby were healthy for the entire duration of the expected pregnancy.
"Kutaka is an extremely attentive mother," said Curator of Primates Maureen Leahy. "We're excited for the newest member of the multi-generational Colobus troop to interact with the entire family from juvenile to geriatric members. In fact, we've already observed the infant's aunt and older sister briefly carrying the new infant, a species-typical behavior called alloparenting or 'aunting behavior.'"
Photo Credits: Todd Rosenberg / Lincoln Park Zoo
One of five species of Colobus Monkeys, the Black-and-white Colobus is an arboreal species native to equatorial Africa.
Lincoln Park Zoo Animal Keeper, Jade Price, recently traveled to Diani Beach, Kenya with Colobus Conservation Limited to participate in conservation efforts focused on the nationally threatened Angolan Colobus Monkey.
At birth, Colobus Monkeys have white hair and pink skin in stark contrast to the black-and-white adults. Around 3-weeks-old, the face and ears start to darken until the infant is almost completely black-and-white at around 3 to 4 months old.
The Colobus infant and parents, Kutaka and Keanjaha, can all be seen on exhibit daily from 10 a.m. – 3 p.m., at Lincoln Park Zoo's Helen Brach Primate House.
For more information on Lincoln Park Zoo or new arrivals, visit www.lpzoo.org .
Black and White and Loved All Over
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Chicago's Other Cubs Gear-Up for 'Fall Fest'
The Chicago Cubs baseball team is currently on track for their first World Series appearance in 71 years, and fans of the team will definitely have a big win at Lincoln Park Zoo this weekend (October 21-23, 2016) for the zoo's Fall Fest. The event also offers a chance to catch a glimpse of Chicago's other famous cubs…the zoo's Red Panda cubs, Sheffield and Waveland (named after Wrigley Field's cross-streets).
Born June 24, the pair of Red Panda cubs, Waveland (female) and Sheffield (male) have spent the last few months behind the scenes in their nest box. The cubs have grown more independent and have ventured out on exhibit intermittently as they continue to acclimate to 'the friendly confines' of their ivy-covered habitat.
Photo Credits: Lincoln Park Zoo /Christopher Bijalba
Thanks to a breeding recommendation from the Red Panda Species Survival Plan (SSP), which cooperatively manages the endangered population, these cubs are the second set in two years for Lincoln Park Zoo's breeding pair: Leafa (dam) and Phoenix (sire). Last year, the zoo celebrated its first-ever Red Panda cub litter including, Clark (male) and Addison (female), now thriving at San Diego Zoo and Northeastern Wisconsin Zoo, respectively.
"In the last year, Red Pandas have gone from a threatened to endangered species due to human impacts including habitat loss," said Curator of Mammals Mark Kamhout. "These playful, curious, arboreal cubs here at the zoo serve as ambassadors to encourage learning and inspire visitors to help protect this species in the wild."
For more information on Lincoln Park Zoo's Fall Fest or the Red Panda cubs, check out their Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/lincolnparkzoo/
...and the Zoo's website: www.lpzoo.org
More pics below the fold!
Continue reading "Chicago's Other Cubs Gear-Up for 'Fall Fest'" »
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Father's Day Zebra Birth at Lincoln Park Zoo
Father's Day was celebrated the 'zoo way' at Lincoln Park Zoo, with the arrival of a female Grevy's Zebra foal. It is the first zebra birth at the zoo since 2012.
Animal care staff arrived at about 7 a.m. Saturday, June 18 to find mom and foal standing in the yard together. This is the first offspring for 5-year-old sire, Webster, and the third foal for 9-year-old dam, Adia. Her most recent offspring, Kito, resides in the yard next door.
"We're thrilled to welcome this new foal to Lincoln Park Zoo," said Curator Diane Mulkerin "Like all the animals in our care, zebras play an important role in educating our guests about wildlife."
The Grevy's Zebra is endangered in the wild due to hunting and habitat loss. Lincoln Park Zoo participates in the Grevy's Zebra Species Survival Plan®, a shared conservation effort by zoos throughout the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The Grevy's Zebra is native to eastern Africa, where it ranges from Ethiopia to Kenya.
"Research tells us that fostering an emotional connection between humans and animals is key to creating a real commitment to wildlife conservation," said Lincoln Park Zoo Vice President of Education and Community Engagement Dana Murphy. "Species like zebras, with which we are relatively familiar—and become so at an early age—help us forge that connection and inspire our guests to care about their future."
Continue reading "Father's Day Zebra Birth at Lincoln Park Zoo" »
in Lincoln Park Zoo, Zebra | Permalink | Comments (1) | {
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--quiet Request for error messages, print nothing otherwise.
--verbose Accepted but has no effect at this time.
The --info command (capital i for the short hand: -I) is used to print out the information of a package: its control file and some statistics.
The Debian package version. This is always 2.0 since we only support that version at this point.
The size of the package in bytes, the size of the control.tar.gz file inside the package, and the size of the control.tar.gz file when decompressed.
Note that the files are printed in the order they appear in the control.tar.gz file. dpkg, on the other hand, prints the files in the order specified on the command line.
When this feature is used, the list of Files is not printed out.
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If no control file was found in the archive, then an error is printed out instead. This happens whether or not you display the control file as it is mandatory.
To print out just one or a few select fields, see the --field command line option.
If no md5sums file was found in the archive, then an error is printed out. This happens whether or not you display the md5sums file as it is mandatory.
When using the quiet mode (with --quiet) the function becomes a quick verification process which ensures that your archive includes a control file, an md5sums file, and that the Debian version is 2.0.
This verification is faster than the --verify process since it skips on verifying the md5sum of each file in the data.tar.gz archive.
The --info command line option can be used with the name of installed packages. However, it is preferable to use the --print-avail to be more compatible with dpkg. | {
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Home > Halls >
Epping Scout Group have two halls for hire located about 25km North West of Sydney, NSW. These are available for all sorts of occasions including kids parties, club gatherings, club meetings and so on. The halls are also hired on a regular basis for meditation groups, school use and playgroup. The proceeds from the hall hire help us pay for and maintain the Scouting facilities, boats, canoes, equipment etc which are available to the members of the Epping Scout Group.
The halls are available to groups, organisations and individuals whose activities the Scout Association feels are compatible with its principles and which benefit the community generally. The following are examples of the kind of groups which may be interested in using the halls:- Weight Watchers, Senior Citizens, ballet and dancing classes, music classes, Country Women's Association, youth groups, junior sporting clubs, Rotaract or similar organisations.
We do not hire the halls for teenage and upwards birthday parities, pop or rock groups or youth parties.
Public risk insurance does not have to be obtained by private hirers e.g. a child's birthday party but councils, businesses, clubs and community organisations must have at least $10,000,000 public liability insurance and must be able to supply a certificate of currency as evidence of their cover.
Details of Halls | {
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Britannia Community Primary School is in the heart of Lancashire's Rossendale Valley. It was opened in 1928 as an Infant and Junior School for the Britannia area of Bacup.
The school is set in approximately three acres of mainly grassed playing fields. The original post-Edwardian building has had several extensions and improvements over the years and now provides space for its 210 pupils to be taught in seven spacious, colourful and stimulating classrooms.
Each classroom has an interactive whiteboard and computers, and the ICT suite is used by all pupils. At the heart of the school is a bright Resource Area, which provides additional work areas and a central hub for teachers and children.
Britannia offers Primary Education to children in the age range 4 years to 11 years with single form entry. At the end of Year 6 (when children reach the age of 11), pupils transfer to secondary education. The area has access to many secondary schools, many of which provide the highest level of education standards.
Central to the school's outstanding success is a team of qualified and highly skilled staff who deliver a curriculum that is wide ranging and with real depth. | {
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Well now, as some of you may recall - I did get married to that there Beard way back in May. It has taken me a while to share some of the photos with you because, honestly, life took over a little and it is only now that I have the time to sit down and think.
Think back to when all the making and preparations were over in the blink of an eye.
It really did fly past and I am so pleased that the photography is something that we didn't skimp on. Most things may have been sourced from eBay, thrifted or hand-made, but the one thing we refused to cut corners on was the pics. I could not have wished for a better woman by my side than Rebecca Douglas, capturing everything exactly as I had seen it in my head. And making me laugh. A lot.
As many of you know - I crafted a whole heap throughout the year leading up to the wedding - including making the bouquets for myself and my 2 bridesmaids.
On my head I wore a collection of silk flowers that I had picked up at a local car boot sale for a budget-cracking 20p and some white beads that once belonged to my Great-Grandmother. Jewellery wise, I decided to stick with some antique Amber pieces that I already had and finding my necklace on eBay. There was a lot of symbolism throughout our day and the Amber - being made of tree resin - tied in nicely with my new surname.
Plus, it has always been one of my favourites.
Now then - the dress. I will confess - I actually had 3 dresses. There was the original Edwardian tea-dress that I was going to customise and cut off my hips to fit into. I even started the embroidery on it, some time ago in the vague past. Then there was the eBay one, the one that I needed to have on account of it being all the more "wedding-y" that made me look like an odd Disney princess and sweat like a mutha.
No no, it had to go.
Oh and then I came across the one. The one that made me feel comfortable, but look like a bride. The one that I could prance about it with ease, but was very much individual. The one that gave into my Titanic-era leanings, alongside my Alphonse Mucha appreciation.
The beautiful cake was made by a dear, dear friend of mine with insides made of lemon and poppy seed, chocolate and Victoria sponge. The chocolate layer was by far the bestest - although that said, the top of the cake is actually untouched, it now being nestled in the freezer ready for our anniversary.
Like most things to do with the wedding - we decorated the hall ourselves with all the home-made things I have been working on. It was a plain old church hall when we arrived on the Friday, but by the time The Beard, me and our amazing friends and family were done, it had been transformed. We, quite literally, could not have done any of the hall without them. They were, well, just The. Most. Awesome. People. Ever.
Our table decorations were collected or made over time, from the tins stuffed full of planted flowers from the local market to the appliqued table numbers using the bits I had in my stash.
All the old books were, mostly, from what we had at home (I knew collecting old tat would come in handy!) or ones that we picked up at jumble sales for pence.
We really wanted the reception to make guests feel as though they had stepped into a bigger version of our front room. A front room that is eclectically decorated, with crystals dotted about the place and smelling of Nag Champa incense. Oh, and with some wine to guzzle and popcorn to snaffle.
We made the most of things that were available to us in the hall. Case in point, this big old Joanna. We took off the cover and made it into a feature, whilst an industrial sized tea pot found in the kitchen cupboard was stuffed full of supermarket bought carnations and plopped on top. Oooh, how I loved working with what I had to hand.
There were little parts of the day that shall forever make me smile. Like this, pretty last minute, sign made by a good friend guest the week of the nuptials.
And seeing the 100 or so yellow roses I had crocheted for those attending. The fact that I had over made by 10 or so and the anger I felt at myself was forgotten when I looked out over a sea of people all wearing them. We chose yellow roses for their meaning of friendship, happiness, joy and new beginnings. They also doubled up as part of the wedding favours.
It is only looking back over a handful of the photographs that little stories of the day come back to me in a wave. Like the super thrifting of The Beard when he spotted this white Morris Minor in the car park at Costco a couple of months before the big day, got chatting to the owner and had suddenly asked him if he was free and would he mind driving me and my Dad to the church. All for a minimal fee.
Home making so many pieces of our day meant that we could be as creative as we wanted to and not break the bank in doing so. We made our own biodegradable confetti from dried flowers of lavender, heather and marigold.
I have to say, out of all of the fabulous things that happened on the day, one of my fondest memories will always be the confetti line. It seemed to be the slowest part of the day. It just went on and on and made me laugh so much - especially when a whole packet went down my dress.
It was wonderful to see all the little bits and pieces that we had crafted sitting in their places, adding to our day. Like the 40 or so old mayo jars that The Beard had faithfully covered in twine. Not only did they serve as decoration on the walkway from the church to the hall, but larger ones stuffed with my favourite filler gypsophila, were also there to greet me as I walked down the aisle.
The stunning birds were hand made by polymer clay artist Mel Chouniard of The Silver Branch. She and me have been penpals for.... oooh... errrr.... 10+ years. She could not make the wedding, being all the way over in the leafyness of New Hampshire, but she was there in the spirit of these epic birds, a tribute to our Save the Date cards. I actually cried when I opened up the box. They are so good, they look machine made - but she crafted them all on her ownsome with her talented hands.
There were plenty of opportunities to sneak off and have some photos taken. Like, when the food was being rolled out. Did I mention that we also self catered? Some may have thought that I was mad - but I could not justify paying someone else so much for something that I could do myself. It just did not make sense in my thrifty brain. It meant that we could serve what we wanted to serve. And the simplicity of a buffet and a refrigerated trailer made all the difference. Remember those awesome people from before? Well - they and some more friends stepped in to help and then some. I need not have worried about a thing.
The. Most. Awesome. People. Ever.
Asking friends to help and them agreeing was a key part of our day. For instance, these wedding favours for our guests which were made by my most excellent friend Bex and her business Bex By Design.
Once they were all lit they formed such a pretty part of our evening. Covered in oak leaves and with the wedding details on the bottom, once people found out they could keep them, there was a bit of a rush. I totally would have done the same.
And how has married life been thus far? Pretty darn good.
I have only included a handful of images here, but if you would like to see some more, then please shufty on over to Rebecca's Blog and Rock n Roll Bride for some more.
I have noticed a funny thing of late in and around the area in which I live. There have, from the lamp-posts, sprouted forth plastic poppies. Large and unmissable, they to lead to one of the local War memorials.
Now like, hopefully all of, you - I am fully aware that in a couple of short weeks, the first of many Great War Centenary events will start in the UK and around the world.
The first national event that we can all take part in is the Lights Out campaign launched by the Royal British Legion.
There are communal events taking place right around the UK to mark the declaration of war Centenary August 4th 2014. Many shall be held in churches or at war memorials.
Between 10pm-11pm, simply turn out all the lights, leaving just one as a mark of respect and reflection. It could be a lamp, it could be a candle, it could be the solar light in your back garden. Personally, I will be going with the candle option.
Perhaps spend that hour thinking about and remembering those that answered the call of the King's Shilling, those that fought and won, those who never came back. Maybe they were part of your family, or a name on a memorial that you feel drawn to.
I shall be thinking about my Gramps and how he felt on August 4th one hundred years ago. And of his wife and children who he left behind when he was killed in action 3 years later. | {
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Q: Cron job running but not establishing tunnel I have a script which establishes a reverse tunnel on an endpoint HostB. It looks like this:
cat tun.sh
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Test code
/usr/bin/ssh -V 1> /home/userA/bin/tun.stdout 2> /home/userA/bin/tun.stderr
# Establish tunnel
createTunnel() {
/usr/bin/ssh -R *:19999:localhost:22 userB@hostB
}
# Do nothing if tunnel is already established
/usr/bin/ssh -p 19999 userA@hostB true
if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
createTunnel
fi
when I run it manually like ./tun.sh it works, and I can see on HostB, that userA is logged in.
If I run it again on HostA but from another console, it works as expected - it does not launch a second tunnel.
Everything so far is good.
I now edit my crontab to look like this:
crontab -l
# m h dom mon dow command
*/1 * * * * /home/userA/bin/tun.sh
It runs the script every minut. This should be fine, since the script terminates if the tunnel is already established.
However, now userA does not get logged in as when I run it manually from the console.
The test code in the top of the script confirms that the script is being called, and that it has permission to execute /usr/bin/ssh:
~/bin$ ls
tun.sh tun.stderr tun.stdout
~/bin$ cat tun.stderr
OpenSSH_5.3p1 Debian-3ubuntu7, OpenSSL 0.9.8k 25 Mar 2009
~/bin$ cat tun.stdout
[empty]
For some reason -V writes to stderr and not stdout, but that is a detail. The main point is here that the script is being executed every minute.
My question is: why is the SSH tunnel not established?
A: Thanks to @Andrew for pointing to ssh-agent. As far as I can see, if one wants to be able to establish the tunnel without having to enter a password each time, the password must be stored or removed. I chose to remove it. For the record, here are some clean-ups based on the comments I got:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Establish tunnel
createTunnel() {
/usr/bin/ssh -i /home/laptopuser/.ssh/id_rsa_tunnel -R 2200:localhost:22 [email protected]
}
# Do nothing if tunnel is already established
/usr/bin/ssh -i /home/user/laptopuser/.ssh/id_rsa_tunnel -p 2200 [email protected] true
if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
createTunnel
fi
crontab:
# m h dom mon dow command
*/1 * * * * /home/laptopuser/bin/establishTunnel.sh
copy your tunnel id to the vps:
ssh-copy-id -i /home/user/laptopuser/.ssh/id_rsa_tunnel vps.com
wait until tunnel is running (see sudo watch grep CRON /var/log/syslog) and copy your normal id if you have not already got in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
ssh-copy-id vps.com -p 2200
Ideally the tunnel would run as dedicated user both on the vps and the laptop.
A: I had a similar problem - ssh tunnel works if executed from script but not from crontab. ssh looks for keys and known_hosts in $HOME/.ssh.
If you're running the script from bash under user tom, $HOME will be /home/tom. If the script is run from crontab the user will be root and $HOME will be /home/root (or undefined).
Solution: Define HOME in your script for the user that has the keys.
HOME=/home/tom
| {
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Home » Blend She - Women's Clothing Brand official Bournemouth stockists.
New Danish brand of feminine fabrics and casual style for women. Discover floral prints with sporty cuffs, mix slogan tees with 70's inspired skirts and dungarees. | {
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Q: BackAndroid is deprecated and has been removed from this package. Use BackHandler instead I updated the version of React, Expo and React-Native
Now I have a red screen on my device saying that BackAndroid is deprecated and has been removed from this package. Use BackHandler instead But I don't where is BackAndroid, I can't know it is used in which package.
That's my package.json
"@expo/vector-icons": "^9.0.0",
"babel-plugin-module-resolver": "^3.1.3",
"babel-plugin-transform-react-jsx-source": "^6.22.0",
"babel-preset-expo": "^5.0.0",
"expo": "^33.0.0",
"lato-font": "^3.0.0",
"lodash": "^4.17.14",
"react": "16.8.3",
"react-native": "https://github.com/expo/react-native/archive/sdk-33.0.0.tar.gz",
"react-native-app-intro-slider": "0.2.4",
"react-native-bottomsheet": "^1.9.3",
"react-native-customisable-switch": "^0.1.0",
"react-native-dialog-input": "^1.0.7",
"react-native-gesture-handler": "^1.0.0-alpha.43",
"react-native-image-base64": "^0.1.3",
"react-native-js-bottom-sheet": "^1.1.0",
"react-native-keyboard-aware-scroll-view": "^0.8.0",
"react-native-loading-spinner-overlay": "^1.0.1",
"react-native-modal": "5.4.0",
"react-native-modalbox": "^1.7.1",
"react-native-prompt": "^1.0.0",
"react-native-prompt-android": "^0.3.5",
"react-native-swipeable": "^0.6.0",
"react-native-tab-view": "^0.0.77",
"react-native-vector-icons": "^6.2.0",
"react-navigation": "^2.18.0",
"react-waterfall": "3.0.7",
"sentry-expo": "^1.7.0",
"tcomb-form-native": "0.6.11",
"timeago.js": "^3.0.2"
the error
| {
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47 Unique Voiture Occasion Renault Talisman is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at April 5, 2018 upload by Justin Stone in voiture.
47 Unique Voiture Occasion Renault Talisman is high definition wallpaper and size this wallpaper is 800x600. You can make 47 Unique Voiture Occasion Renault Talisman For your Desktop Background, Tablet, Android or iPhone and another Smartphone device for free. To download and obtain the 47 Unique Voiture Occasion Renault Talisman images by click the download button below to get multiple high-resversions. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Q: Uncaught TypeError: addEventListener Experiencing Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'addEventListener' of null error
document.getElementById('add').addEventListener('click', function() {
var value = document.getElementById('item').value;
if (value) {
addItem(value);
}
});
A: You can check null variables as follows too
if ( some_variable == null ){
// some_variable is either null or undefined
}
In your case try
if (value !== null) {
addItem(value);
}
Edit
I checked the code segment you provided furthermore.
It seems to be right.
can you please refer to this code segment.
document.getElementById('btn').addEventListener('click', function() {
var value = document.getElementById('item').value;
if (value) {
alert(value);
}else{
alert('null');
}
});
<input type="text" id="item" name="number" value=""/><br/>
<input type="button" value="Button" id="btn"/>
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} |
Sustainability requires good stewardship of all that we're entrusted with. At the Port of Virginia, we recognize that environmental stewardship means holding ourselves to high standards and creating a robust program to ensure compliance to all federal, state, and local requirements. The port's environmental management system is certified to the international ISO 14001 standard. We have maintained this standard since we first attained it in 2008. The scope of our environmental management system includes our terminals and actions are already in place to move to the ISO 14001: 2015 standard.
The port understands that strong processes contribute to sustainable operations and provides the basis for operational excellence and fiscal responsibility. Currently, the port's support functions are certified to the ISO 9001 quality management system standard. This program also began in 2008 and the port has maintained its certification since then. The port is certified to the most recent version of the standard, ISO 9001:2015. | {
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For one of our clients in Leuven we are looking for a Clinical Project Manager. In this role you will be responsible for managing an International Pediatric Oncology in early development. Your responsibilities includes budgeting and Vendor Management.
- Fluent in English (oral and written) and preferably Dutch.
The contract will initially be a contract with The Clinical Company, you will be outsourced to our client. Within The Clinical Company you will be part of a Benelux team of about 70 enthousiastic clinical professionals under the support of 3 dedicated Clinical Team Managers. The Clinical Company is focused on training, coaching and career development of our clinical professionals. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
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Coronavirus and the LSAT: An Interview with the LSAC
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An Interview with the Dean – Dean Dr. Hassan HassabElnaby, Northern Kentucky University's Haile/US Bank College of Business
An Interview with the Dean – Dean Dr. Jeffrey Stinson, Central Washington University's College of Business
An Interview with the Dean – Interim Dean Dr. Kevin Mason, Arkansas Tech University's College of Business
An Interview with the Dean – Dean Dr. Munir Quddus, Prairie View A&M University's College of Business
An Interview with the Dean – Dean Dr. Xinjian (Arthur) Lu, SUNY Polytechnic Institute's College of Business Management
An Interview with the Dean – Dean Dr. David Meinert, Missouri State University's College of Business
An Interview with the Dean – Dean Dr. Lawrence Rose, California State University, San Bernardino's Jack H. Brown College of Business and Public Administration
An Interview with the Dean – Dean Dr. Cathy Carey, University of Southern Indiana's Romain College of Business
An Interview With The Dean – Dean Dr. Robin Sronce, Southern Arkansas University's Rankin College of Business
An Interview with the Dean – Dean Dr. J. Bret Becton, University of Southern Mississippi's College of Business & Economic Development
Best Online Colleges in Idaho 2019
Top Consensus Ranked Schools for Distance Learning
CollegeConsensus.com is an advertising-supported site. Featured or trusted partner programs and all school search, finder, or match results are for schools that compensate us. This compensation does not influence our school rankings, resource guides, or other editorially-independent information published on this site.
1Northwest Nazarene University
2University of Idaho
3Boise State University
Online schools in Idaho give busy working adults the chance to set their own schedules and take classes at the pace that best fits their lives. Students can work full-time and complete their coursework during the evenings and weekends. Online colleges in Idaho offer the flexibility for single parents and other nontraditional students to fit lectures around work and child care and still find time for homework assignments. Idaho online schools are a good choice for executives and career-changing professionals as well. Even students who work long hours at their day jobs can usually find some time before or after work to log in and complete their lessons at Idaho online colleges.
For students in rural Idaho, online schools provide a great alternative to moving or commuting to the city to earn a college degree. If you prefer the more relaxed pace of country life to the hustle and bustle of the city, Idaho online colleges often allow you to take the same classes and earn the same degree as students who attend the school's in-person, on-campus classes. The only difference is the method of delivery. As long as students have access to a computer and a reliable Internet connection, there are several quality online schools in Idaho they can choose from.
Ranking the Best Online Colleges in Idaho
For the College Consensus ranking of the best online colleges in Idaho, editors began by researching which Consensus-ranked institutions in Idaho offer online undergraduate degrees. The Consensus Score is based on published rankings and student reviews for an aggregate score. To qualify as a best online college, schools must have at least 3 online undergraduate programs.
Schools are presented in Consensus order.
Northwest Nazarene University
AVG: 0 AVG: 0
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Last Accessed: August, 2019
At Northwest Nazarene University, online students in Idaho and surrounding states have the option to choose from nine various online programs to give them the flexible education that they seek. From Business to Nursing and other programs in between, these programs cover some of the most in-demand careers for students in this area, even those living in remote areas where traveling a significant distance for school is not an option. This is why Northwest Nazarene University is one of the best online colleges in Idaho.
At Northwest Nazarene University, students who attend on-campus or online through this institution is met with the same mission to achieve academic excellence while striving in their mission from God. This institution has been awarded recently one of the highest honors for online education by U.S. News and World Report and one of the top ten Masters-level universities in the West.
Number of Online Programs
At the University of Idaho, online students enrolled have the option to pursue one of fifteen undergraduate programs available to them in a variety of disciplines. These programs give students a specific insight to several scientific disciplines and family sciences. Because of these unique options that are available, students consider the University of Idaho to be one of the best online colleges in Idaho.
The Mission of the University of Idaho has been to transform their students into leaders in their profession and give them the academic success they needed in order to equate to career success. This institution has been a recipient of over 20 distinguished awards due to their academic excellence. Some of these awards are the Freeman-Asia Award, the Fulbright UK Summer Institute, and Rangel Program. This institution is also accredited regionally by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities.
For students who want to take on some of the highest accredited and recognized programs in the Idaho state, they choose one of the nine online programs offered at Boise State University. These programs have the same instructors as the students who are on-campus, giving them access to the same quality education while they maintain their full-time work schedule and responsibilities. Because of this flexibility and quality education, many students are rating Boise State University as one of the best online colleges in Idaho.
At Boise State University, students' education is accredited through the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities, including the online programs available to students throughout the state, and even some out of state. They also offer the GI Bill benefit, which has made them one of the most friendly military institutions for both active and veteran military members in the Northwest according to the U.S. News and World Report.
What Kinds of Degrees Can I Earn Online in Idaho?
In Idaho, online degrees are available for common subject areas such as nursing and business administration, as well as more obscure topics such as family history research. Whether you want to study psychology or learn about the latest technologies in agriculture, Idaho online degrees provide exactly what you're looking for.
Online schools in Idaho offer programs at every level, from associate to doctorate. While a 4-year bachelor's degree is the baseline for most employers who require a college degree, students can benefit from earning an associate degree online as well. Most employers pay more to employees who have a degree, even if it is just an associate degree.
There are online colleges in Idaho that offer graduate degrees as well. If you are working full-time and want to open up new career opportunities by earning your master's or doctoral degree online, an online degree will make it easier to fit your classes into your schedule. This is especially true since 10-20% of Idahoans live more than an hour away from the nearest college campus.
No matter where you live in Idaho, online degrees make higher education affordable and accessible.
How Can I Save Money on an Online Degree in Idaho?
Although many schools charge less for online courses, some actually charge more. For example, at the University of Idaho, online tuition is subject to an additional $35 per credit. This makes sense if you think about it. Most schools were brick and mortar first. In order to offer online courses, these schools have to add support for online services in addition to continuing the traditional courses they were already offering.
No matter which school you decide to attend, the first step to saving money on the cost of tuition is always to apply for financial aid. In addition to filling out a financial aid form to apply for government grants, check with each school to see if there are any scholarships you might qualify for.
Pay attention to tuition rates when deciding which college to attend. In most cases, you'll be better off financially if you go to a cheaper school. However, don't rule out a more expensive college or university without first checking for scholarship opportunities. If you are able to land a scholarship, you may find that the more expensive school is actually cheaper for you.
At the University of Idaho, online tuition can be offset by scholarships such as the "Go Idaho!" scholarship, which rewards high school students with high GPAs with guaranteed scholarships of up to $4000 per year. Scholarships like this make school much more affordable—whether you're attending online or on-campus.
Another way to make college more affordable is through employee benefits such as tuition reimbursement or employer partnerships with specific schools. Check with your company's human resources department to find out if your employer offers any benefits to help with educational expenses.
Are There Online Public Universities in Idaho?
If you want to attend a public university, both the University of Idaho and Boise State University offer online programs.
At the University of Idaho, online degrees are available through the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences and the College of Letters, Arts, and Social Sciences. There are six bachelor's degrees available: agricultural science, communication, and leadership; history; organizational sciences; psychology; general studies; and sociology with a criminology emphasis. The University of Idaho online degrees allow you to obtain a quality, accredited education at your convenience from the comfort of your own home.
At Boise State University, online degrees help make your dreams a reality. The school has more than 40 online programs, including bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and certificate programs. Boise State University online degrees include nine bachelor's programs: applied science, business administration—management, multidisciplinary studies, imaging sciences, public health, public relations, respiratory care, nursing (RN to BS), and an online degree pathway.
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Q: PHP restricted to document root, not file system root I'm trying to change a text file located inside the /etc/nginx directory via php. I'm using fopen() to do this, however, I cannot access any directory outside my websites root folder.
For example, I have my website stored in the absolute path: /webroot/mywebsite/ and if I attempt to read anything outside that folder, like /etc/nginx, fopen() dies.
*
*I have tried just using ../../etc/nginx but it cannot find it
*I have tried running PHP as root
*I have tried adding the user 'http' to the root group
*I have tried setting the open_basedir variable in php.ini
*I have tried symlinking the /etc folder to the /webroot folder, but it cannot find it
*I have checked my Nginx config and all php configs are not overriding open_basedir
*I have confirmed the php.ini I am editing does in fact change in phpinfo();
*I have NOT tried chmodding the root directory of my Arch install. I fear this will break something
When I echo out realpath("index.php") it returns "/webroot/mywebsite/index.php"
This is how I've been confirming if I have access to my root directory, but it has not changed. I have no idea what else I can try. My old Debian install let me just use the absolute path. This is my new Arch install and this is the first time I've experienced this. I suspect it may be a permission issue, but I do not want to mas modify my entire OS root. Any other suggestions? Thanks
A: Well. I'm very surprised I was not able to find this answer after literally 4 hours of googling but here it is. Hopefully I save someone the trouble.
The problem was located here: /lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service
Find the line "ProtectSystem=full" and set it to "false". Ta-da, I now have access everywhere.
| {
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HomeCar News2019 Maruti Ciaz 1.5 diesel launch next month - Booking open
2019 Maruti Ciaz 1.5 diesel launch next month – Booking open
Sagar Patel
Maruti's all new 1.5 liter diesel engine will be launched in February, on board the 2019 Ciaz. It will be a BS IV compliant, 4 cylinder diesel engine that will be capable of 95 bhp peak power at 4,000 pm and 225 Nm peak torque at 1,500-2,500 rpm.
This engine will make its debut in the Ciaz, followed by the new Ertiga. After which, it will be launched with other Maruti diesel cars, including Brezza, S-Cross.
The new engine will send power to the front wheels via a 6 speed manual gearbox. This Maruti 1.5L engine is also lighter, has dual mass flywheel and will offer fuel efficiency to the tune of 26 kmpl. The 1.5 liter diesel, is BS VI ready. It will be upgraded to BS VI compliance by Jan 2020. It will come without mild hybrid (SHVS) technology, initially.
The new 1.5 liter diesel engine, developed by Maruti Suzuki is the second unit developed in-house following the 800cc, two cylinder engine which was seen powering the now discontinued Celerio diesel variant. The model is now discontinued due to low demand. But the engine continues to be on offer with the Maruti commercial vehicle – Super Carry.
This engine will only power the larger cars from the company lineup, such as the Ciaz, Ertiga, S-Cross and Brezza. The company is also seeking other options such as strong hybrids and CNG for its other diesel cars, such as the Swift, DZire and Baleno.
2019 Maruti Ciaz will also continue to be powered by the 1.3 liter DDiS diesel engine with the 1.5 liter diesel engine making its way to the top spec model as an option. The inclusion of the new diesel engine will see a significant increase in prices of the Ciaz sedan.
BS VI compliant diesel engines, which require added hardware, will be notably more expensive as compared to the BS IV versions. Prices are expected to be increased by Rs 1.5 lakhs. The current Ciaz diesel carries a price tag from Rs.9.19 lakhs while the model which will soon come in with the 1.5 liter diesel engine could be priced from around Rs.12 lakhs. | {
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Journal of Biosocial Science (1)
Contraception - Half title page
Edited by Paula Briggs, Gabor Kovacs, Monash University, Victoria
Edited in consultation with John Guillebaud, University College London
Book: Contraception
Print publication: 11 July 2013, pp i-ii
Print publication: 11 July 2013, pp iv-iv
Contraception - Title page
By Paula Briggs, Gabor Kovacs, John Guillebaud
Print publication: 11 July 2013, pp iii-iii
A Casebook from Menarche to Menopause
Edited by Paula Briggs, Gabor Kovacs
Edited in consultation with John Guillebaud
Planned parenthood - and its associated reproductive and sexual healthcare issues - has massive socioeconomic and demographic consequences worldwide. Modern contraception played a major role in the emancipation of women and has huge potential for a sustainable future world population. Yet it is a medical topic which always raises controversy, with serious ethical, religious and cultural overtones. This is an authoritative guide for all those working in reproductive healthcare. Highly practical, evidence-based, with enough detail to inform effective clinical practice, the book is structured on a lifestage approach, mirroring everyday experience of practitioners. All forms of contraceptives are covered in detail, with guidance on prescribing, the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques, and possible complications. The wider field of reproductive healthcare including subfertility and sexual assault are also covered. An ideal guide to contraception for trainees in obstetrics and gynaecology, primary care physicians and nurse-practitioners.
Print publication: 11 July 2013, pp xi-xii
Print publication: 11 July 2013, pp v-vi
Print publication: 11 July 2013, pp 237-249
By Mike Abbott, Jean-Jacques Amy, Deborah J. Bateson, Johannes Bitzer, Paula Briggs, Anne Connolly, David Crook, Tony Feltbower, Kathy French, Lynne Garforth, Ailsa E. Gebbie, Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson, Marie-Odile Gerval, John Guillebaud, Sunanda Gupta, Kate Guthrie, Susanna Hall, Philip C. Hannaford, Caroline Harvey, Mary Hernon, Lisa Iversen, Gabor Kovacs, Ali A. Kubba, Kathleen McNamee, Nicholas Panay, Tina Peers, Victoria Sephton, Sven O. Skouby, Lesley Smith, Anne Szarewski, Rik H. W. van Lunsen, Catherine White
Print publication: 11 July 2013, pp vii-viii
Behavioural Patterns in Women Requesting Postcoital Contraception
Sam Rowlands, Margaret Booth, John Guillebaud
Journal: Journal of Biosocial Science / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / April 1983
In a sample of women presenting for postcoital contraception in central London, two main categories of women were apparent. The first comprised those having regular intercourse: the majority of these had experienced a contraceptive method failure. Many of the second category had used no contraceptive; they were often having intercourse for the first or second time with a new partner, for the first time after an interval with an existing partner or for the first time ever. Many women had experienced difficulty in finding out where they could be treated but were persistent in their efforts to obtain the necessary expert advice. Almost all had used contraception in the past. Acceptance of a contraceptive method for future use was high. | {
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Make yourself at home in one of the 20 guestrooms. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available to keep you connected. Conveniences include desks, housekeeping is provided on a limited basis, and rollaway/extra beds (surcharge) can be requested.
Satisfy your appetite at the hotel's coffee shop/café, or stop in at the snack bar/deli. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at the bar/lounge. Buffet breakfasts are available daily from 6:30 AM to 10 AM for a fee.
Featured amenities include a 24-hour business center, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and dry cleaning/laundry services. Planning an event in Winterthur? This hotel has facilities measuring 3391 square feet (315 square meters), including conference space. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
Take in the views from a terrace and a garden and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access. Additional amenities at this hotel include gift shops/newsstands, a hair salon, and a television in a common area.
Take in the views from a terrace and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access and shopping on site. This Baroque hotel also features tour/ticket assistance and a ballroom.
Located in Winterthur, Plaza Hotel is near the airport, within a 5-minute walk of Kunsthalle Winterthur and Stadthaus Winterthur. This hotel is 13.4 mi (21.6 km) from Hallenstadion and 14.1 mi (22.7 km) from University of Zurich.
When you a stay at Park Hotel Winterthur Swiss Quality in Winterthur, you'll be in the historical district, within a 5-minute walk of Stadthaus Winterthur and Kunstmuseum Winterthur. This 4-star hotel is 13.8 mi (22.1 km) from Hallenstadion and 14.4 mi (23.2 km) from University of Zurich.
lastminute.com has a fantastic range of hotels in Winterthur, with everything from cheap hotels to luxurious five star accommodation available. We like to live up to our last minute name so remember you can book any one of our excellent Winterthur hotels up until midnight and stay the same night. | {
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Proposal for Supplement 5 to Regulation No. 28
Proposal to update, clarify, and restructure document GRB/2016/4 which aims to refine definitions, remove the "AWD" abbeviation for "audible warning device" to avoid confusion with its more common use for "all wheel drive", add T category agricultural vehicles to the scope, modify some administrative communications, and add three-direction acoustic measurements. The proposal also aims to structure the regulation to enable its application to additional sound warning devices not presently regulated at the international level, excluding acoustic vehicle alerting systems (AVAS) which will be subject to a separate regulation on minimum vehicle sound levels.
Submitted by: Russia
GRB/2016/4 | Proposal for Supplement 5 to Regulation No. 28
GRB-64-22 | Revised proposal for Supplement 5 to Regulation No. 28
3. The expert from the Russian Federation introduced an updated proposal for amendments to Regulation No. 28 (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRB/2016/4, GRB-64-01, GRB-64-09 and GRB-64-22). The proposal received comments from the experts of France, Japan (GRB-64-02), Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland and OICA. GRB adopted the proposal, as amended by Annex II, and requested the secretariat to submit it to the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) and the Administrative Committee (AC.1) for consideration and vote at their March 2017 sessions as a draft Supplement 5 to Regulation No. 28.
Revised proposal for Supplement 5 to Regulation No. 28
Editorial amendments to ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRB/2016/4
Proposal for editorial improvements to document GRB/2016/4 intended to update and restructure UN R28.
Submitted by: Japan
Amendment proposals to Regulation No. 28 on reversing alarm
Draft proposal to incorporate provisions for audible signals when a vehicle is in reverse gear, including specifications relative to ambient noise levels.
Submitted by: Germany
Reversing Warning
GRB-64-06 | Category M and N vehicle reversing alarms
GRB-65-13 | Proposal for amendment to Regulation No. 28 on reversing audible warning devices
GRB-65-14 | Reversing audible warning devices for M- and N-vehicles
GRB-65-17 | Additional information on reversing alarms
4. The expert from Germany presented an analysis of the current diverging requirements and challenges for reversing alarms of M and N categories of vehicles and called for harmonization in this area in the framework of the 1958 Agreement (GRB-64-06). As an example of a possible solution, he mentioned amending Regulation No. 28 with the provisions on reversing alarms (GRB-64-05). The expert from Turkey recalled its alternative proposal, at the March 2016 session of WP.29, to establish a new Regulation on vehicle reversing sound warning devices (WP.29-168-04).
5. GRB was of the view that, before taking a decision on the legal form of reversing alarm requirements, this issue would need to be studied further. The experts from China, France, Germany, Hungary, Republic of Korea, Spain, Turkey and OICA expressed their interest in participating in this work. The Chair invited the expert of Germany to solicit comments from GRB experts with a view to preparing proposals for the next session. The expert from Japan pointed out the need to cooperate with the Working Party on General Safety Provisions (GRSG) on devices for indirect vision (Regulation No. 46) which could be an alternative to reversing alarms.
65th GRB session (15-17 Feb 2017)
3. The experts from Germany, Japan, Republic of Korea and Turkey outlined the present situation with reversing alarms at the national level, identified the existing problems in this field and proposed solutions (GRB-65-06, GRB-65-07-Rev.1, GRB-65-13, GRB-65-14 and GRB-65-19). The expert from the Netherlands suggested using white noise alarms that, according to him, have advantages over the traditional tonal noise alarms that beep (GRB-65-17).
4. GRB agreed that, rather than amending Regulation No. 28, a new Regulation on reversing alarm should be prepared. GRB noted that the main issues of the future Regulation would be its scope (categories of vehicles), the possible existence of a pause switch and the alarm sound composition (sound levels and frequencies). GRB agreed that there was no need to establish a new informal working group and that the initial drafting would be carried out by a small group (task force) of interested parties. The expert from Germany volunteered to steer the work of the task force with the assistance of OICA. The experts from Japan and Turkey pointed out that, if need be, they could also act as sponsors.
Category M and N vehicle reversing alarms
Proposal for amendment to Regulation No. 28 on reversing audible warning devices
Reversing audible warning devices for M- and N-vehicles
Additional information on reversing alarms
GRB-64-05 | Amendment proposals to Regulation No. 28 on reversing alarm
Subjects for future consideration by the Working Party on Noise
Download in .pdf format Download in .xls format
QRTV-GTR
UN R9 Three-Wheeled Cycle Noise
UN R41 Motorcycle Noise
UN R51 Vehicle Noise
UN R63 Moped Noise
UN R92 Motorcycle RESS
UN R117 Tire Noise, Wet Adhesion, and Rolling Resistance
UN R138 Quiet Road Transport Vehicles
GRB-64-10 | Japan remarks on the list of subjects for future consideration by the Working Party on Noise
Japan remarks on the list of subjects for future consideration by the Working Party on Noise
Illustrations for definitions of audible warning devices and audible warning systems
GRB-64-08 | Subjects for future consideration by the Working Party on Noise
32. The Chair presented a revised list of possible issues for the future GRB activities compiled at the third informal meeting in July 2016 (GRB-64-08). The expert from Japan proposed modifications to the time limits of some activities listed in this document. The expert from France presented proposals to improve efficiency of road vehicle noise Regulations by tackling such issues as day-to-day and track-to-track dispersion between measurements and different interpretations of the same text (GRB-64-15). The expert from EC proposed to include three additional points related to L-category vehicles (GRB-64-17). The expert from OICA reported on a meeting between ETRTO and OICA which concluded that a harmonized test procedure for tyre and vehicle noise measurements would be beneficial for industry and environment. Finally, GRB invited all experts to submit their comments in writing to the Chair and requested the Chair to update the list accordingly.
Proposal as agreed within the GRB to update and clarify the regulation. The proposal refines definitions, removes the "AWD" abbeviation for "audible warning device" to avoid confusion with its more common use for "all wheel drive", modifies some administrative communications, and proposes three-direction acoustic measurements. The proposal also aims to structure the regulation to enable its application to additional sound warning devices not presently regulated at the international level, excluding acoustic vehicle alerting systems (AVAS) which will be subject to a separate regulation on minimum vehicle sound levels.
GRB-64-01 | Proposal for Supplement 5 to Regulation No. 28
GRB-64-02 | Editorial amendments to ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRB/2016/4
Proposal to update and clarify the regulation. The proposal refines definitions, removes the "AWD" abbeviation for "audible warning device" to avoid confusion with its more common use for "all wheel drive", adds T category agricultural vehicles to the scope, modifies some administrative communications, and proposes three-direction acoustic measurements. The proposal also aims to structure the regulation to enable its application to additional sound warning devices not presently regulated at the international level, excluding acoustic vehicle alerting systems (AVAS) which will be subject to a separate regulation on minimum vehicle sound levels.
GRB-63-04 | Proposal for correction to ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRB/2016/2
GRB-63-15 | Proposal for amendments to ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRB/2016/2
WP.29/2017/3 | Proposal for Supplement 5 to Regulation No. 28
63rd GRB session (16-18 Feb 2016)
3. The expert from the Russian Federation introduced a revised proposal for amendments to Regulation No. 28 (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRB/2016/2, GRB-63-01 and GRB-63-04). The proposal received comments from the experts of China, France and IMMA (GRB-63-17, GRB-63-16 and GRB-63-15, respectively). The experts from Japan and Spain indicated that they would need more time to study the proposal and its consequences and requested that its adoption be postponed to the next session. GRB invited all experts to transmit their comments, before the end of March 2016, to the expert from the Russian Federation who would update the proposal for consideration at the next session.
171st WP.29 session (14-17 Mar 2017)
Proposal for correction to ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRB/2016/2
Proposal for amendments to ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRB/2016/2
WP.29/2017/3 | {
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Africa Press Conference of Shincheonji Church Attended by About 300 Journalists From 55 African Countries
Feb 1, 2022 | World
On January 28th, Shincheonji Church held a Press Conference in Africa following the growing success and popularity of its online seminars. In attendance were about 300 journalists from 55 African countries including the Chairman of Shincheonji Church
CHICAGO, IL, February 01, 2022 /24-7PressRelease/ — On the 28th of January, an African Press Conference of Shincheonji Church was held through the Zoom platform with Lee Man-hee, chairman of the Shincheonji Church of Jesus, the Temple of the Tabernacle of the Testimony (Shincheonji Church) and journalists from 55 African countries. This press conference was planned at the request of African journalists and pastors and was hosted by Shincheonji Church.
The organization of Shincheonji Church, announced that it had planned a press conference to inform the true meaning of the New Testament in the Bible. The press conference started with the introduction of Shincheonji Church. After the introduction, results of the Revelation seminar held last year were shared, followed by that of the Shincheonji Online Seminar: Testimony on the Parables of the Secrets of Heaven and Their True Meaning, which started in January of this year.
Shincheonji Church of Jesus has testified the prophecies and fulfillment recorded in the Book of Revelation to the world through YouTube for a total of 10 weeks beginning October last year. It has recorded 8 million cumulative views on YouTube so far. Through this seminar, Shincheonji Church signed MOUs with more than 1,200 pastors and seminaries in 57 countries (of which 235 MOUs were signed in 16 countries in Africa). Now, Shincheonji church is supporting the exchange of the word of the Bible to each church and seminary.
The journalists who attended asked questions about the Revelation seminar and introduction seminar – which they heard objectively from the reporter's point of view – and how they felt about Shincheonji. The Chairman Man Hee Lee, who was directly present at the press conference, answered regarding plans after the MOUs and questions about the seminars clearly.
Furthermore, Chairman Lee asked all the press associates to promote that, available to everyone today, there exists testimony on the prophecy and fulfillment of Revelation and the secrets of the kingdom of heaven.
"Testimony on the Parables of the Secrets of Heaven and Their True Meanings" which is an ongoing seminar that uncovers the meaning of the parables, begun on the 3rd of January and is broadcasted 2 times a week on Mondays and Thursdays through Shincheonji YouTube Channels in 24 different languages. The press conference is available through the following link: (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-trIQ1bX-1Y2kKE9oJaMjQ).
Shincheonji (SCJ) is short for "New Heaven and New Earth Church of Jesus the Temple of the Tabernacle of The Testimony," which was founded in 1984, in Gwacheon, South Korea and has grown world wide. In Korean, New Heaven New Earth is pronounced as Shincheonji.
Shincheonji has been established according to the Word of God as written in the Bible and continues to grow by welcoming all who are hungry and thirsty for the Word and seek to come to the knowledge of the truth through understanding the Bible.
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Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Foundation to Put Spotlight on Significant Trends in Health, Economy, Society, and Environment at Knowledge Summit | {
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Day 01. Paro: Arrive Paro by Druk air flight. During this flight, one will experience breathtaking views of Mt. Everest, Kanchen junga and other Himalayan peaks including the sacred Jhomolhari and Mt. Jichu drakey in Bhutan. On arrival at Paro you will be received by our representative. The drive to the hotel through Paro valley is enchanting. After lunch you will be taken to the Ta-dzong [museum]. Overnight at hotel.
Day 02. Paro sightseeing: Drive the winding road northwest up the Pachu to the Drugyal dzong, the ruined fort, which once defended this valley from the Tibetan invasions. Mount Jhomolhari, the sacred summit, reaches skyward beyond the Dzong. This can be viewed on a clear day. On the way back you visit a typical Bhutanese farmhouse. Later excursion to Taktsang monastery viewpoint.
Day 03. Paro – Thimphu: This morning follow the winding road beside the Pachu [chu means river or water] down stream to its confluence with the Wangchu, then up valley to Thimphu, the capital. Lunch at the hotel. After lunch visit the memorial chhorten. Here the faithful circumambulate the shrine dedicated to the late King. Overnight in hotel.
Day 04. Thimphu – Punakha: After breakfast, Drive to Punakha via Dochula pass. If the weather is clear, we stop for a while at Dochula pass to view Higher Himalayas. Lunch at Punakha. After lunch, visit Punakha Dzong built in 1637 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal and is situated between Pho Chu (Male river) and Mo Chu (Female river). For many years until the time of the second king, it served as the seat of the Government. The construction of the Dzong was foretold by Guru Rimpoche, who predicted, "…a person named Namgyal will arrive at a hill that looks like an elephant". There was a smaller building here called Dzong Chu (Small Dzong) that housed a statue of Buddha. It is said that Shabdrung ordered the architect, Zowe Palep, to sleep in front of the statue, while Palep was sleeping, the Shabdrung took him in his dreams to Zangtopelri and showed him the palace of Guru Rimpoche. From his vision, the architect conceived the design for the new Dzong, which in keeping with the tradition, was never committed to paper. The Dzong was named Druk Pungthang Dechen Phodrang (Palace of Great Happiness). The war materials captured during the battle with Tibetans are preserved here. Punakha is still the winter residence of Je-Khenpo and King Jigme Dorji Wangchuk convened the new national Assembly here in 1952.Overnight in Hotel.
NOTE: The road from Punakha to Bumthang is not good and we therefore advice our clients to take domestic flight from Bumthang to Paro.
DAY 05. Punakha – Trongsa – Bumthang: We start early today. After breakfast drive to Bumthang. On the way, stop a while to view Chime Lhakhang, which was built by Lama Drukpa Kuenley. He subdued the demons with his " Magical Thunder bolt". The Temple is also known as "the Temple of Fertility". Enroute sightseeing in the valley of Wangdiphodrang, it includes: visit to Wangdiphodrang Dzong (from outside) built in 1638. Legend relates that as the people were searching for the site of the Dzong, four ravens were seen flying away in four directions. This was considered auspicious sign, representing the spread of religion to the four points of the compass. The Dzong is situated at the confluence of Mo Chu and Tang Chu rivers. Lunch at Trongsa. After lunch, visit Trongsa Dzong, the most impressive dzong in Bhutan, built in its present form in 1644 by Chogyal Minjur Tempa, the official who was sent by Shabdrung to unify eastern Bhutan and enlarged at the end of the 17th century by Desi Tenzin Rabgay. Trongsa Dzong is the ancestral home of the present Royal Family and first two hereditary kings ruled Bhutan from this Dzong. Then Visit Ta Dzong, an ancient watch tower. The chapel inside the Ta Dzong is said to be dedicated to the Trongsa Penlop Jigme Namgyal and drive to Bumthang. Over night in Hotel.
DAY 06. Bumthang Sightseeing: After breakfast, visit Jakar Dzong, which literally means "The Castle of White Bird". The current structure was built in 1667 and is said to be the largest Dzong in Bhutan and then visit Lamey Goemba, a large palace and monastery built in 18th century by Dasho Phuntsho Wangdi. Visit Jambay Lhakhang said to have been built by King Srongsen Gampo of Tibet in the year 659 on the same day as Kichu Lhakhang in Paro. The temple was visited by Guru Rimpoche during his visit to Bumthang and was renovated by Sindhu Raja after Guru Rimpoche restored his life force. Under the temple is said to be a lake in which Guru Rimpoche hid several Terma. In October one of the most spectacular festival, "Jambay Lhakhang Drup" is staged here. After lunch, Visit Chakhar (Iron Castle) Lhakhang, it is the site of the palace of the Indian King, the Sindhu Raja who invited Guru Rimpoche to Bumthang. The Original palace was made of Iron and hence the name Chakhar. The saint Dorji Lingpa built the Current building in 14th century. Its correct name is Dechen Phodrang. We then visit Kurjey Lhakhang that is named after body print of Guru Rimpoche, built in 1652 by Minjur Tempa. Visit Tamshing Lhakhang (Temple of the good message), established in 1501 by Pema Lingpa and is the most important Nyingmapa temple in the kingdom.
Day 07. Bumthang – Gorsum: (Distance 18 Km, about 6- 7 Hrs) After breakfast, the transport will reach you up to the trek point just below Kurje Lhakhang, one of the most renowned temples. The Trek route leads you along the Chamkhar Chu, a river known for its richness in Trout. The Trek trail for Bumthang to Gorsum is rather gradual. Over night in Camp.
Day 08. Gorsum – Lungsum: Distance 12 Km, about 5 hrs. Alt. 3160 Meters. Today you will be walking through dense forests of Spruce, hemlock, Cypress, Juniper and Maples. The Trail is more or less muddy and ascends gradually till you reach to your campsite. Over night in Camp.
Day 09. Lungsum – Tshochenchen: Distance 15 Km, 6-7 hrs. Alt. 3100 m. The vegetation is dense from Tshochenchen all the way up hill to the Julila Pass, which is about 4700 m. The vegetation from Lungsun to Tshochenchen is more or less the same till you reach near to your campsite. The camp will be above tree line. Over night in camp.
Day 10. Tshochenchen – Dur Tshachu: Distance 17 Km. About 7 hrs. Alt. 3400 m. The Trek from Tshochenchen is uphill till you reach the Julila Pass at about 3400 m. From here if the weather is clear, surrounding mountains can be viewed. After crossing the pass, the Trek trail descends till you reach the campsite. Musk deer, herds of Blue sheep and Himalayan Beers may be seen enroute. Over night in camp.
Day 11. Dur Tsachu (Halt): After a late breakfast, relax in the hot spring or hike in and around the camp. Over night in Camp.
Day 12. Dur Tsachu – Tshochenchen: Distance 17 km, about 7 hrs. Alt. 3100 M. The Trek trail from Dur Tsachu is uphill till Julila. After crossing the pass the trail descends till you reach the campsite. Over night in Camp.
Day 13. Tshochenchen – Gorsum: Distance 17 km. about 9 hrs. Alt.3120 m. Today the trek begins early, as the trail is long. The trail drops gradually down for about 2 hrs till you reach campsite. Over night in Camp.
Day 14. Gorsum – Bumthang: From Gorsum, descend down hill till you cross the Dur Village bridge then follow the new motor road till you meet up with transport. After lunch, Leisure time. Over night at the Lodge.
Day 16. Departure: Early Morning, drive to Paro airport and farewell.
Starting from USD $ 3375 Per person.
Camping Tents,Cooks,Toilet tents,Porter and pony. | {
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The opening of the exhibition "Facce. I molti volti della storia umana" will soon take place in Padua (14th February 2015), so I started to work also on dissemination tools, trying to focus on new media potentialities.
While the real communication experts will take care of the traditional promotion (posters, handbills, etc...), I would like to use the opportunity to test different methods.
Basically I am just developing a digital poster, which should be an reminder of the exhibition (with some essential informations) and, at the same time, an interactive showcase for the photos that the people sent us (and will send us) for our crowdsourcing campaign regarding the pareidolia phenomenon.
I think that the best way to realize this idea is to compile an app for Android, so that it will be accessible to many different smartphones. I designed the app to contain a WebViewer, linked to an address in our server, in which I uploaded an interactive gallery of images.
My first step has been a fast search in internet to find all the tools I was needing to develop my app, of course checking the licenses and choosing the open source software (an the simplest ones, being a newcomer in such field).
Than I looked for a software to develop my app and (thanks to +Michele Mazzurana) I came across another MIT licensed software, MIT App Inventor. This software has two main advances: it is based a GUI (very simple) and it does not require an emulator to test the work (if you have an Android device, you can directly connect it with your project).
If you want to test the app, you can download it here. Please notice that to visualize the gallery you will need an internet connection, so (depending on your contract) your provider could put additional costs (no problem if you have a flat rate or if you use free wifi access).
If you have pictures regarding the pareidolia effect, you can upload them on the FaceBook page of the exhibiotn "Facce" (do not forget to write the author, the title and the license, for the credits). Day by day the pictures will be uploaded in the gallery of the app.
since last year we are working on the preparation of the open source exhibition "FACCE. I molti volti della storia umana" (here some news in ATOR: 1, 2 and here the official page and the FB page). Of course all the software we are using are Free and Open (FLOSS), but for some particular exhibits, we are working also with open hardware.
Our interest in this specific topic dates back to 2006, when we started investigating the potentialities of open hardware in archeology, especially in the field of aerial photography e rapid prototyping. We get the first results in 2008, with our UAVP prototype (here some news from ATOR: 1, 2) an all the other UAV we built (KK, etc...).
... and we build our own device from the scratch, a Fa)(a 3D, thanks to +Giacomo Falaschi and +silvio tassinari , of Roma Makers.
Building the Fa)(a 3D at Roma Makers lab.
One of the main issue in 3D printing for Cultural Heritage is to replicate an object in the right scale (otherwise you will just print a souvenir) and this is why it is very important to know how to perform a 3D scan, but also how to post-process your data ( (in ATOR you will find a lot of informations about this), in order to send the right file to the machine.
Here are some example of the models we are printing for the exhibition (scale 1:1): some 3D skulls of hominids (different individuals of Homo georgicus) we were able to scan, tanks to the kindness of Prof. David Lordkipanidze, during our mission to Tiblisi and Dmanisi. We will use them to prepare some Augmented Reality interactive exhibits related to paleoart.
I hope this tutorila will be useful and that someone will join us in packaging for ArcheOS Theodoric.
I finally found a little bit of time to work on ArcheOS 5 (codename Theodoric). As some of you know, one of our main goal for this version was to add all the software as source packages (instead of binary packages), in order to avoid problems in maintaining different hardware versions (source packages can be compiled by the Operating System independently on 32 bit or 64 bit machine without the necessity to prepare different binary packages). Thanks to the effort of +Fabrizio Furnari (system engineer) and +Romain Janvier (archaeologist and IT expert) we reached a good version of ArcheOS, with a lot of software already packaged in source version. If someone is interested in testing the state of the art of ArcheOS 5, he/she can visit the GitHub page and follow the instructions to build an updated ArcheOS 5 iso image. Despite this, a lot of work is still to be done to implement all the necessary software and this is the reason why I proposed, on the developer mailing list, to go on with binary packaging to speed up a final iso release ArcheOS Theodoric.
Today I started with a first package: OpenJUMP. I chose this software because during our last excavation we noticed that it is still an useful application, especially for 2D photogrammetric documentation of wall prospects and archaeological sections. I think that ArchaoSection (developed by the +Denis Francisci , archaeologist and GIS expert) could be a good replacement of OpenJUMP for this operations, but to tell the truth I did not have yet the time to test it. I will record ASAP a videotutorial regarding this topic. By now I share here the new package, in the hope that someone will help me to test it for Debian Wheeze (ArcheOS), so that later it will be uploaded into Theodoric's repository. Due to the fact that I am a little bit rusty in packaging, the software has to be considered as experimental.
For the next future I plan to work on packaging the software VTP (Virtual Terrain Prject) with @Bob Max's script to connect it with QGIS (in order to grant a good 3D visualization system in QGIS) and to RGBDemo (due to the feedbacks @Leonardo Zampi wrote about it).
This post will present a new videotutorial for ArcheOS 5 (codename Theodoric), regarding the software OpenJUMP.
Like for this other article, also in this case I chose to use a real project, to show the potentialities of ArcheOS in different archaeological missions. The main objective of the work was the inspection of an high mountain area (more than 3000 meters above the sea level), in order to verify the possible presence of historical remains connected with the World War I. One of my specific needs to prepare the mission was the setting of a GIS system, updating a geological vector map of the whole province in which I was operating. Luckily this province (Trentino) is at the forefront (in Italy) for the distribution and use of geographical open data, so I had no problems in finding the base map I mentioned before; the main work has been the updating of the database, connected with the vector layer, in which I had to insert some additional informations that were stored in an external spreadsheet.
This videotutorial shows the main operations. I hope it will be usefull for you. As usual I uploaded it also in the DADP wiki. | {
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"Our Vision is to provide a premium care and lifestyle experience for our elderly in a place they can call home."
Our staff understand the needs of our residents and offer personalized care to them in an environment that provides comfort and companionship.
We respect our residents by treating them with dignity and providing happiness in their lives.
We foster and encourage a family oriented setting as well as partner with volunteers and local organisations to enable our residents to enjoy an enriched life.
Our environment is constantly evolving and we are continuously seeking ways to do things better through innovation for the benefit of our elderly.
Sam has been successfully managing the strategic direction of Samkay Health for the last 3 decades. His focus on growth and stability has ensured that Samkay Health continues to operate successfully.
Kay brings with her 42 years of clinical and care managerial experience. She has successfully managed the care of our residents and met and exceeded the accreditation standards of the Department of Health.
Shoba has been effectively managing the operations of Samkay Health for the past 10 years. She has also project managed numerous aspects of Samkay Health's new residences during their construction phase. She interacts regularly with our residents and family to ensure they have a comfortable stay at Samkay Health.
Shawn has been implementing and managing IT products and services at Samkay Health residences over the past few years. This ensures the integrity and security of Samkay Health's information systems.
Roshan, a member of CPA Australia, has been providing finance and administrative control to Samkay Health. He also assists in project management and supports the management team.
Dawn has been working in a clinical role at Samkay Health since 1994. She has accumulated a wealth of experience over the years and is committed to providing clinical care excellence to all the residents under her care.
Samkay Health has been formed from the ideals and principles of its founders, Sam and Kay. A 2 person team, Sam and Kay entered the Aged Care industry in 1988 when Kay saw an opportunity to improve on the care provided to our elderly.
Sam and Kay started at Eaglemont Private Nursing Home, a 28 bed home. Even as a new provider, Kay was always commended for the clinical care provided to the residents. Sam and Kay took on aged care as a child which needed to be nurtured to grow and develop. In 13 years, they relocated to the present Grace Villa residence, based in Greensborough. This was later refurbished into purpose built residence for 91 residents.
Being exposed to the aged care industry and the high standards of care provided by Sam and Kay, the children took on responsibilities in various roles in the organisation i.e. care, operations, quality assurance and information technology systems. Led by example, they are taking on the duty of ensuring that Samkay Health continues to strive to provide a premium care and lifestyle experience for the elderly in a place they can call home.
© 2017 Samkay Health Residential Aged Care Services. All Rights Reserved. | {
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The consumer magazine published a report on Tuesday highlighting the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's lack of power to regulate such supplements, and said the agency rarely uses what little power it does have.
Yet Americans flock to take them, according to the magazine, citing the Nutrition Business Journal as saying the market was worth $26.7 billion in 2009.
"Of the more than 54,000 dietary supplement products in the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, only about a third have some level of safety and effectiveness that is supported by scientific evidence," the report reads.
In addition, the FDA has not inspected any supplement factories in China, even though the agency set up field offices there starting in 2008, Consumer Reports said.
The organization pointed to 12 supplement ingredients in particular that it said could be dangerous: aconite, bitter orange, chaparral, colloidal silver, coltsfoot, comfrey, country mallow, germanium, greater celandine, kava, lobelia, and yohimbe.
Potential dangers include liver and kidney damage, heart rhythm disorders and unhealthy blood pressure levels, it said.
The group is critical of the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act or DSHEA, which it describes as industry friendly and which prevents the FDA from regulating supplements in the same way as it regulates prescription medications.
The Federal Trade Commission regulates the marketing of herbal supplements, whose makers are not allowed to claim they treat medical conditions.
The FDA has banned only one supplement ingredient — ephedrine alkaloids — although it has persuaded many companies to pull their products off the market.
"Supplements are marketed with very seductive and sometimes overblown sales pitches for increasing your performance in the bedroom, slimming down, or boosting your athletic prowess," said Nancy Metcalf, senior program editor for the magazine.
"And consumers are easily lulled into believing that supplements can do no harm because they're 'natural'," Metcalf said in a statement.
"However, some natural ingredients can be hazardous, and on top of that the FDA has repeatedly found hazardous ingredients, including synthetic prescription drugs, in supplements."
In May, the Government Accountability Office found that sellers of ginseng, Echinacea and other herbal and dietary supplements often tell consumers the pills can cure cancer or replace prescription medications.
Experts at the Institute of Medicine said earlier this year the FDA needs to use the same strict standards to regulate supplements as it uses for drugs, and the GAO said the FDA should ask Congress for more power to regulate supplements. | {
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} |
Australia has the potential to lead the world in embedding a reablement approach in aged care policy and practice, Churchill fellow will tell the Active Ageing Conference this month.
As the aged care sector strives to meet its new requirements in wellness and reablement, leading providers, allied health professionals and experts in the field will come together at the Active Ageing Conference 2016 to hear the latest evidence and practice.
Are you innovating in wellness, restorative care and allied health in aged care? Submissions for the Active Ageing Conference close today.
AUDIO: Aged care providers new to using technology in their service provision are advised to start small and do their research, which begins with asking clients what they want.
AUDIO: Spiritual care is about connecting deeply with people daily and it is as important as meeting a person's physical, social or emotional needs within a wellness approach, a leading expert has told aged care organisations.
AUDIO: Translating wellness, reablement and restorative care approaches into practice is both an adaptive leadership and technical challenge, a leading consultant has said.
As Australia celebrates Pastoral Care Week next week, aged and community care providers will come together for a special workshop exploring options for providing spiritual care within the context of the wellness approaches that now underpin community care.
Aged care providers should consider incorporating experience-type services and harnessing the power of the smartphone to deliver wellness approaches, an expert will tell the upcoming Active Ageing Conference.
A simple change in communication style could enable frontline care workers to implement CDC and wellness approaches with clients, a sector trainer and coach will tell the upcoming Active Ageing Conference.
Since 1 July aged care organisations are now expected to adopt wellness and reablement approaches, raising a plethora of issues. For instance, how do you get staff and clients on board? And what happens if a client says no?
Active ageing for seniors living with dementia and creating functional home environments to support independence are among the topics to be discussed at the upcoming Active Ageing Conference. | {
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<span class="cline-any cline-neutral"> </span></td><td class="text"><pre class="prettyprint lang-js">/**
* This class represents one configuration for an endpoint.
*
* @class
*/
function EndpointConfig(endpointName) {
/**
* Name of the endpoint
*
* @type {string}
*/
this.name = endpointName;
/**
* Prefix of any custom headers
*
* @type {string}
*/
this.headResponseHeaderPrefix = null;
}
/**
* Set the route to this endpoint
*
* @param {string} route The endpoint route defined as string
* @return {EndpointConfig} Returns the endpoint config object
*/
EndpointConfig.prototype.route = function(route) {
this.route = route;
return this;
};
/**
* Set the model that is used to transform the response
*
* @param {string} model The model defined as string
* @return {EndpointConfig} Returns the endpoint config object
*/
EndpointConfig.prototype.model = function(model) {
this.model = model;
return this;
};
/**
* Set the container that wraps the response. Default is null.
*
* @param {string} container The container defined as string
* @return {EndpointConfig} Returns the endpoint config object
*/
EndpointConfig.prototype.container = function(container) {
this.container = container;
return this;
};
/**
* Define if the response from the api is going to be an array
*
* @return {EndpointConfig} Returns the endpoint config object
*/
EndpointConfig.prototype.actions = function(actions) {
this.actions = actions;
return this;
};
/**
* Overwrites the baseRoute from the global configuration
*
* @return {EndpointConfig} Returns the endpoint config object
*/
EndpointConfig.prototype.baseRoute = function(baseRoute) {
this.baseRoute = baseRoute;
return this;
};
/**
* Overwrites the mock from the global configuration
*
* @return {EndpointConfig} Returns the endpoint config object
*/
EndpointConfig.prototype.mock = function(mock) {
this.mock = mock;
return this;
};</pre></td></tr>
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| {
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Since the advent of our unofficial "green revolution," very few mediums have successfully captured more than just a snapshot of any one environmental issue/concern. Let's face it. Green ideas and initiatives don't sell books on their own and other print media is usually too focused and ephemeral to really dissect macrocosmic problems. Perhaps, if global climate change and alternative fuel sources were common concerns in the Romantic era, then William Blake and Francisco Goya might've completed a series of statements against oil dependency. But, of course, they weren't which more or less excludes painting and sculpture from the conversation along with a host of other "old-world" mediums. There is, however, one major exception to this tendency: The Cinema.
Motion pictures, incorporating everything from painting composition to writing, music, photography, acting and even mythology cumulatively, have a magical ability to provide an audience with the whole story on any subject – a more complete and lasting message than the sum of all these aforementioned parts. Again, this bang for the viewer's proverbial buck…this purposeful assault on the senses is, in our humble opinion, cinema-specific. Online and television news media may have the moving pictures part down, but they show the pendulum swings of reality like a mirror (a pure reflection, yet somehow reversed and distorted) while film views the world like a wide-angle lens (from a step back, everything in focus).
That said, there are a handful of filmmakers out there who've actually tackled some prescient and pressing environmental issues with success and acclaim. When the stakes are this big (a thriving ecosystem and future), art is often more useful than just information and statistics. In this case, it's the passionate bias of those in charge that makes the difference – that gives the work timelessness and meaning. So, in the style of High Fidelity's Rob Gordon, we've compiled a top-five list of the best and most thought-provoking films (both fact-based and fictional, but in no particular order) that have ongoing value and resonance as the globe struggles with "green" growing pains. So, pop some popcorn and crank up your preferred method of VOD for some binge-watching.
NOTE: We made the executive decision to leave off the infamous, Oscar-winning and obvious An Inconvenient Truth (2004). That would be like choosing the Beatles or Beethoven for your top-five track one, side ones.
An informative, accessible and enraging chronicle of the American battery-powered electric vehicle's suppression story from Director Chris Paine.
Paul Thomas Anderson's masterpiece is nearly flawless in every respect, but simply put, no other film in history gets inside the head of pioneering oil man like this one. Using Upton Sinclair's Oil!as a platform, Anderson's adapted screenplay and finished film ended up saying much more about the opportunism inherent in American infrastructure/industry.
The classic allegory for corruption, Roman Polanksi's film of Robert Towne's script for Chinatown sees L.A. gets its water supply stolen and re-routed by a network of shadowy city officials. But, it could be any broken system, in any city or country and apply to any natural resource. It's too bad, but often times, nosy people do lose their noses.
The story of Earth's growing awareness and understanding of the environmental crisis during the 1960s and '70s, and how a popular movement to confront it has emerged.
An unflattering look at America's corporately controlled food industry and the subsequent effects on the country's environment and economy.
Posted on September 12th under Global Ecology. | {
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} |
Pentagon releases map disputing claim US drone violated Iranian airspace; Iran's version is very different
By Talia Kaplan | Fox News
Tensions soar after Iran shoots down US drone
Trump called the strike a 'foolish move'; national security correspondent Jennifer Griffin reports.
The Pentagon released a map Thursday indicating that the U.S. drone shot down by Iran was over international waters and not over Iran, contrary to what Iranian officials maintain.
The Defense Department indicated that the location of the shoot-down was outside Iranian-claimed territorial waters.
(The Pentagon)
On the other hand, Javad Zarif, the foreign minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran, posted a map on Twitter disputing the information provided by the Pentagon. Iran's map -- Zarif tweeted out a picture of it -- included handwritten notes suggesting that the drone was shot down about eight miles from Iranian shores, within Iranian airspace.
He tweeted, "At 00:14 US drone took off from UAE [United Arab Emirates] in stealth mode & violated Iranian airspace. It was targeted at 04:05 at the coordinates (25°59'43"N 57°02'25"E) near Kouh-e Mobarak. We've retrieved sections of the US military drone in OUR territorial waters where it was shot down."
Iran blasted the Navy high-altitude drone out of the sky over the Strait of Hormuz, with U.S. Central Command leaders on Thursday slamming the "unprovoked" strike and Tehran's subsequent "false" justifications for it.
US NAVY DRONE SHOT DOWN BY IRANIAN MISSILE OVER STRAIT OF HORMUZ IN 'UNPROVOKED ATTACK,' CENTRAL COMMAND SAYS
U.S. Central Command said in a statement that a U.S. Navy Broad Area Maritime Surveillance ISR aircraft, known as a BAMS-D, was shot down about 7:35 p.m. ET on Wednesday.
The drone cost about $110 million, according to a Navy official.
The U.S. Navy's RQ-4A Global Hawk drone provides real-time intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions "over vast ocean and coastal regions," according to the military.
The downing of the drone, via surface-to-air missile, is only the most recent Iranian provocation in the region, coming on the heels of a disputed attack on a pair of oil tankers in the Gulf of Oman last week. U.S. officials say Iran was behind the tanker attacks. But the Islamic Republic has not claimed responsibility and even suggested American involvement in the plot.
BIDEN CALLS IRAN TENSIONS 'SELF-INFLICTED DISASTER' AFTER US DRONE SHOOT-DOWN
Iran also tried to shoot down another drone, but missed, U.S. officials told Fox News.
Iran said it "does not seek war" but has the right under the U.N. Charter "to take all appropriate necessary measures against any hostile act violating its territory."
Iran's U.N. ambassador, Majid Takht Ravanchi, wrote in a letter to the U.N. secretary-general and the international body's Security Council that the Islamic Republic targeted a U.S. drone which violated its airspace and "is determined to vigorously defend its land, sea and air."
He said Iran acted under Article 51 of the U.N. Charter, which allows military action in self-defense "if an armed attack occurs."
The drone was sent to the Middle East in the past few days as part of reinforcements to the region approved by President Trump last month.
Fox News' Jennifer Griffin, Amy Kellogg, Lucas Tomlinson and the Associated Press contributed to this report. | {
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} |
A beginners class including body postures to promote a healthy spine and bring fresh blood circulation throughout the body. Breathing practices which can improve respiratory functions and expel toxins. Relaxation to help return the body to its own natural state of health and ease. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Joshua Booth Green, né le à Kingston (État de New York), est un homme politique américain, membre du Parti démocrate. Il est lieutenant-gouverneur, de 2018 à 2022, puis gouverneur d'Hawaï depuis 2022.
Biographie
En 1992, Josh Green est reçu Bachelor of Science en anthropologie au Swarthmore College avant d'entreprendre des études de médecine à l'université d'État de Pennsylvanie dont il sort docteur en 1997.
En 2004, il est élu à la Chambre des représentants d'Hawaï puis en 2008 au Sénat d'Hawaï où il siège jusqu'en novembre 2018, date à laquelle il est élu lieutenant-gouverneur au côté du gouverneur David Ige. Enfin le , il est élu gouverneur en obtenant 63,2 % des voix face au candidat républicain Duke Aiona. Il prend ses fonctions le suivant pour un mandat de quatre ans.
Références
Liens externes
Gouverneur d'Hawaï
Personnalité du Parti démocrate à Hawaï
Naissance en février 1970
Étudiant de l'université d'État de Pennsylvanie | {
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The Gleim Online Ground School – Fundamentals of Instructing uses our sophisticated Knowledge Transfer Systems to ensure that you master all of the information you will need to be a competent, safe pilot and to pass your knowledge test with confidence.
The Gleim Online Ground School - Fundamentals of Instructing is a self-directed study course designed to prepare you to pass the FAA knowledge tests. You can use this course to study at your own pace. The course uses our sophisticated Knowledge Transfer Systems to ensure that you master all of the information you will need to be a competent, safe pilot and to pass your knowledge test with confidence.
The Online Ground School contents are aligned with the Gleim Fundamentals of Instructing Knowledge Test Book. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
From bagels to bike racing, Detroit is getting a Do It Yourself reputation — at least in the media.
The Detroit News is reporting on tomorrow's bike race in Downtown Detroit.
Downtown Motor City hosts its first bicycle race in more than 20 years Saturday with Criterium Detroit City, which is expected to draw at least 1,300 and is the latest example of a young Detroiter fusing D.I.Y. energy with corporate backing.
Criterium is the brainchild of 28-year-old Erika Fulk, who was tired of defending Detroit to non-Detroiters.
More details about the race — whether you're participating or spectating — are on their Criterium Detroit web site.
October 23rd is the second annual Mad Anthony Cyclcross race at historic Fort Wayne on the Detroit River.
The course features the usual cyclocross mix of grass, dirt and pavement,BUT there are also "150-year old cobblestones as well as the famous 'TUNNEL OF TORTURE', a 25 meter tunnel thru the walls of the old fort." Sounds painful.
Last year's race was super successful as this video shows.
This was a great idea — bring some racing back to the city of Detroit's famous Dorais velodrome. The promoters and Mower Gang have put in some serious effort to repair the old concrete track.
Unfortunately they didn't put that same effort into getting approval from the city's Recreation Department. The event is a "no go" according to the Recreation Department.
We thought it was odd to read about this event in the Detroit News when the promoters hadn't yet spoken with the city about having it — and the event was less than three weeks away. Also, their claims of not being able to "reach the Detroit parks department" rang hollow. Detroit's mayor, directors, and city staff had never been more available during the previous couple weeks with the Detroit Strategic Framework public meetings.
We tried helping out by emailing our Recreation Department contact information to the promoters. We also sent them some leads on event insurance since they didn't have any.
According to the Recreation Department, "They have not met the requirements." And the deadline for those were yesterday.
UPDATE, 10/15/2010 at 12:18pm: We just got an email from the Recreation Department saying that the event is now a go.
It's really a shame the event promoters didn't plan this properly from the beginning, work with the city, and have a successful event like Mad Anthony. They tried building and hyping an event before building a good foundation — ironically one of the problems with the velodrome, too.
Someone mentioned that it's easier to get forgiveness than permission, but this isn't about being right or wrong. It's really about liability, which is pretty significant for motorized competitive racing that charges fees and serves beer.
In a city that is self-insured, the money to defend lawsuits and pay settlements comes from the same fund that pays for police and fire. This city — actually any city — is in no position to increase their risk.
People don't sue for forgiveness. | {
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} |
These 100% linen aprons are a great addition to your kitchen, crafting, garden attire. The pockets are lined with a complimentary fabric and the neck start is adjustable.
They range in length from 31-34" from the top to the hem.
These 100% linen aprons are a lovely addition to your kitchen, crafting, gardening attire. This wrap apron is reminiscent of the old french linen ones and can be paired with leggings quite happily.
These 100% linen aprons are a lovely addition to your kitchen, crafting, gardening attire. The pockets are lined with a complimentary fabric and the neck strap is adjustable. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Arsenal booked their place in the hat for the FA Cup fifth round draw after beating Burnley 2-1 at the Emirates Stadium on Saturday afternoon.
Calum Chambers put us ahead with a stunner before Sam Vokes equalider midway through the first half for Burnley. However, Alexis Sanchez won it shortly after half-time with a smart finish to book our place in the fifth round draw.
Ospina 6.5/10 | Made a vital early save to deny Gray and was quick off his line throughout the game. Could perhaps have come to collect the cross that led to the equaliser though.
Chambers 7/10 | Superb finish to make it 1-0 and was a solid deputy at right-back in place of the rested Hector Bellerin.
Gabriel 7/10 | Used his pace to good effect to shackle the dangerous Gray up front but should have done better for the Vokes headed goal.
Koscielny 6.5/10 | Got away with an early mistake which could have cost us a goal. Improved as the game went on.
Gibbs 6.5/10 | Partially at fault for their equaliser as he wandered out of position but was a threat going forward.
Coquelin 7/10 | Solid return for the Frenchman. Is going to be a key player during the second half of the season.
Elneny 7.5/10 | Very encouraging debut playing in the box-to-box role. Loves a long range shot and was sensible while in possession.
Iwobi 7/10 | Lively performance from the youngster. Showed great maturity in his game and played a role in both goals.
Oxlade-Chamberlain 6.5/10 | Got the assist for Sanchez's winner but his final ball was largely disappointing. Held on to the ball for too long at times.
Alexis 8/10 | Back in the starting eleven and was the best player on the pitch. Grabbed the winner but his overall game was excellent.
Giroud 6/10 | Not involved enough. Only impact was a few decent touches to link up play. Not a threat in front of goal at all.
Arteta (5), Rosicky (5), Walcott (5).
It wasn't vintage Arsenal and we made life difficult for ourselves but we're through to the fifth round and that's all that matters. Let's hope for a favourable draw….
Arsenal has done a very great job so your hard working will never led you down. | {
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Thats the one I was referring to, I could not remember the exact numbers.
talk about awesome weather for a blower car.
Anyone sceen one on the streets yet?
Thats some bull crap, if they would let me drive that GT500 i can guarentee a 12.0 on the first run!!!!
nice cars. a little low on power for what I would pay, and I wish the dealers were not so proud of them. haha. the aftermarket will embrace these cars like anything else out there. | {
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College Football Preview
NCAA's Emmert proud of accomplishments despites naysayers
NCAA President Mark Emmert has become the easiest of targets, the face of an unpopular and seemingly ineffective bureaucracyGETTY IMAGES
NCAA President Mark Emmert said he is "incredibly proud" of the association's accomplishments under his watch despite much of the criticism he has received, according to Ralph Russo of the AP. While leading the NCAA through a period of unprecedented change, Emmert "has faced relentless criticism." For those outside college sports "skeptically peering in," he "has become the easiest of targets, the face of an unpopular and seemingly ineffective bureaucracy." The NCAA has been "hammered over gender-equity issues at its showcase basketball tournaments, saw its authority undercut by a stinging antitrust ruling from the Supreme Court and was forced into a hands off solution allowing name, image and likeness compensation for college athletes." Russo: "If the 68-year-old Emmert is so unpopular, why is he still the NCAA president? Why did he receive a contract extension through 2025 in April?" Athletes can now receive "cost-of-attendance stipends, guaranteed four-year scholarships and better medical coverage from their schools." Loosened guidelines "make it easier for athletes to switch schools," and more restrictive rules "force coaches to respect players' time now more than ever." But the progress "has been obscured." The NCAA has "been hammered in court and the losses have cost the association hundreds of millions in damages and legal fees" (AP, 9/2).
THE BIG PICTURE: The AP's Russo in a Q&A with Emmert asked the president if "people inside and outside of college sports often ask, 'Why does Mark Emmert still have this job?" Emmert said, "It's certainly the case that there's a lot to be frustrated with and disappointed in in college sports right now." Emmert: "There's no doubt that we are in a pivotal moment where not just moderate, but pretty dramatic changes are needed to accommodate the period that we're in. The differences between the wealthiest schools and the least wealthy schools have never been higher. The legal problems and challenges that the schools are facing, not just the association -- never been higher. The challenges around competitiveness and the ability to maintain sports, keep all your sports under your athletic department -- never been higher. All of those tensions are rising." He added, "And I'm not surprised that people say, 'You know, why isn't this get fixed? What's Emmert doing?' You know, and people also, they want to look to somebody and say, 'Well, fix this, damn it.' You know, and I get that. I understand. And I say it in the mirror sometimes. But the truth is, it's a very complex system. I think we do need to find ways to fix that and streamline it" (AP, 9/2).
NEXT Sources: CFP expansion approval in more doubt than ever
https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Daily/Issues/2021/09/03/College-Football-Preview/Emmert.aspx | {
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Shri Ramsharnam
श्री रामशरणम्
Sadhna Satsangs
Importance of Jaap
दर्शन
Gyaan
Upasana or Sadhana
दीर्घा
Shri Ramsharnam, a Prayer and Meditation Center, Toronto, Canada.
This facility was formally established in 1983 about 30 years ago to propagate the divine Ram Naam in North America, and it is diligently carrying out the arduous task it had undertaken ever since. We hold the service every Sunday for the devotees of Ram Naam irrespective of the fact about their initiation of holy Naam from any other facility or location of Shri Ram Sharnam .
At Shri Ramsharnam (Toronto), we are extremely fortunate to have devotees attending the facility, who are or had been associated with Shri Ramsharnam facilities at Lajpat Nagar (New Delhi), Panipat, Gohana, Amritsar, Bombay and various other points; they had coalesced to set up Shri Ramsharnam, A Prayer and Meditation Center, Toronto, Canada, and devoted themselves to the cause of Divine Ram Naam. As an organization our sole loyalty is towards the Divine Ram Naam, and dedication to Swami Satyanandji Maharaj's teachings.
Locavit liberioris possedit
Diremit mundi mare undae
Spectent tonitrua mutastis
For any society to stay alive and be vibrant in this world, it is imperative that not only it upholds its spiritual and moral values, it also upgrades them continuously and passes them on to its fledgling generations. In that context, the religious places occupy a special place in society and their role in serving and bettering the community cannot be emphasized enough. Also, since the beginning of time, we as individuals, have been endeavouring to achieve the primary objective of our mortal existence, i.e., peace and inner purity leading to liberation and union with the Eternal. The houses of worship provide us with the facility, ambience and the other necessary tools to harness our limited existence towards that end. We, the devotees of Ram Naam are eternally indebted to Rishivar Satyanand Ji Maharaj, the founder of Shri Ramsharnam, who had descended upon this earth with the sole objective of spiritually uplifting the debased human souls through Ram Naam. Rishivar was the phenomenon that catalyzed the Hindu society in India and the rest of the world, especially Canada and the US for very many decades.
The major influx of Hindus into Canada and the US took place in the late sixties and early seventies. Since their arrival in North America, in the absence of the places of worship of their own, they improvised by using various other facilities, such as, the community centers, libraries and the homes of devotees to conduct their religious activities. The devotees of Ram Naam got together primarily on the weekends and sang Swami Satyanand Ji's Amrit-Vani and glories to the Lord. Nevertheless, the necessity of having a temple where they could gather and render services to the Lord in accordance with their beliefs and rituals, constantly weighed heavily on their minds. As the numbers grew, so did the intensity of their desire to have a prayer hall of their own. By mid-seventies some committed localized groups of devotees emerged in various cities of Canada and the US and started to explore avenues that could help them set up some sort of a common prayer halls away from their living quarters. However, little did they know that in the divine scheme of things, events were unfolding somewhere else as well.
The houses of worship provide us with the facility, ambience and the other necessary tools to harness our limited existence towards that end. We, the devotees of Ram Naam are eternally indebted to Rishivar Satyanand Ji Maharaj, the founder of Shri Ramsharnam, who had descended upon this earth with the sole objective of spiritually uplifting the debased human souls through Ram Naam. Rishivar was the phenomenon that catalyzed the Hindu society in India and the rest of the world, especially Canada and the US for very many decades.
The major influx of Hindus into Canada and the US took place in the late sixties and early seventies. Since their arrival in North America, in the absence of the places of worship of their own, they improvised by using various other facilities, such as, the community centers, libraries and the homes of devotees to conduct their religious activities. The devotees of Ram Naam got together primarily on the weekends and sang Swami Satyanand Ji's Amrit-Vani and glories to the Lord.
The major influx of Hindus into Canada and the US took place in the late sixties and early seventies. Since their arrival in North America, in the absence of the places of worship of their own, they improvised by using various other facilities, such as, the community centers, libraries and the homes of devotees to conduct their religious activities. The devotees of Ram Naam got together primarily on the weekends and sang Swami Satyanand Ji's Amrit-Vani and glories to the Lord. Nevertheless, the necessity of having a temple where they could gather and render services to the Lord in accordance with their beliefs and rituals, constantly weighed heavily on their minds. As the numbers grew, so did the intensity of their desire to have a prayer hall of their own. By mid-seventies some committed localized groups of devotees emerged in various cities of Canada and the US and started to explore avenues that could help them set up some sort of a common prayer halls away from their living quarters. However, little did they know that in the divine scheme of things, events were unfolding
ekant solutions | {
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We first met Edith and her children in January 2013. Her desire was to open her own hair salon. With the help of a sponsor, Edith opened her first salon in June 2013.
Edith desires to use her skills to teach young adults how to be a hairdresser and we want to continue to partner with her to do this. Edith will need several more hairdressing chairs and hair dryers to make this happen. We anticipate needing approximately $2000 US to make this happen.
Would you consider partnering with us to support Edith? Please click on the "Support Us Today" button below and select "Families of Hope" and enter Edith's name in comments. Thank you for helping us make one woman's dream a reality.
Provide a family with life giving nutrition! | {
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Rolex watches are one of the most popular items to sell at a pawn shop. Before you go to sell your Rolex watch it is a good idea to have an idea of how much your Rolex is worth. The most important factor in the value of a Rolex watch is its authenticity. Many people wonder how to tell if a Rolex watch is fake or real. If you purchased it from a legitimate retail store you can be confident that your Rolex is genuine. On the other hand, if you purchased the watch from a web site or received it from a friend it is possible that your watch is a counterfeit.
Counterfeit Rolex watches range dramatically in quality. Some counterfeits can be spotted just by looking closely at the watch or by comparing it with another similar Rolex watch. Sometimes it takes a trained eye to spot the difference between a real Rolex and a knock-off. The modern counterfeit Rolex can look exactly like a genuine one from the outside. Counterfeiters have taken to actually hand painting the colored wheels in the watch movement to make it look genuine not only on the outside but on the inside also.
Another important factor when you sell your second hand Rolex watch is its condition. The most valuable Rolex will be running smoothly and be free of scratches or dents. If the watch has been opened it will usually no longer be waterproof. Most pawnbrokers can have it resealed for a nominal charge. Appearance counts for a lot in a second hand watch. To ensure you get top dollar when you sell your Rolex watch, make sure the watch is clean and if possible polished before you bring it in.
If you have the box and papers that originally came with the watch make sure you bring them in too. A genuine Rolex watch can be sold for a few hundred dollars more when accompanied by all the original documents, receipts, and packaging.
A pawnbroker will need to inspect the watch and remove the band to determine the year it was made and the model number. Once a pawnbroker has inspected the watch he or she will make you an offer assuming the Rolex is genuine. Don't be afraid to counter offer and settle on a sale price for the Rolex somewhere in between.
Once you have negotiated and agreed upon a price the pawnbroker will need to open the watch and examine the movement to confirm the watch's authenticity before completing the sale of your Rolex watch and giving you your money.
This entry was posted in News, Rolex Watch and tagged sell rolex. | {
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* Featured by Apple as one of the Best New Games!
* Featured by Apple as one of the 15 Weirdest Games on the App Store!
* One of Mac|Life's best new iOS games!
* Official selection of indie showcases at Gamescom, PAX East and EGX London!
FALLMAN is a trampoline jumping action game starring an 80's trampoline champion with his athletic career gone south. Keep your jumping rhythm going while performing crazy trick combos in the air by tapping, swiping and rotating. And do not fumble a landing!
• Pick-ups, obstacles and enemies. And HATS!
Where did the "play for hours!" Go! When I first got this game it costed money, so I did what any other person would do and bought the game. BOUGHT AS IN MONEY!!!! Then I recently just started up the game and I was having so much fun then, KABLAM OUT OF TRIES!!! I spent my money on this game and it gives me adds and says unlimited tries for, EVEN MORE MONEY!!!!! So then I got mad and said I am not paying for this greedy company so, I deleted the app. But anyway now that my wonderful story is over I have to tell you your game is great but your company is terrible! Just think kids will be playing this game having so much fun when suddenly you have to either buy unlimited tries (which the parent will most likely say no) at watch a lame add for 5 tries!!
So let me ask you again will you please make it so you can just have unlimited tries but, you have to buy the game because it is unfair to those who already bought the game (like me) and have to buy something stupid that costs what the game costs.
If you have any problems with this review, screw yourself and as for always for more gaming news stay tuned on IGN.
It's fun trying to do combinations and perfecting your moves, however I think that there need to be one more element in the gameplay, such as adding a way to extend your time limit. For example, getting higher scores extends your time for that jump session. That would make it much more exciting to achieve great jump combos. Also getting high scores while performing jump combos could earn you a "jump" bonus, such as a height extender.
The glory days are long gone...but it's isn't the end of the road for you. It's time to get that championship body back, and to polish your outstanding collection of jaw dropping moves. Travel across diverse and indescribably crisp vistas, such as a gorgeous spring day at a park, or cloudless day at the beach in July! | {
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Kate encouraging William to go gardening with Prince of Wales
'Kate is getting him into gardening. She's going to get him Monty Don's book'
Tony Jones, PA
The Duke of Cambridge has revealed his wife is encouraging his interest in gardening – so he can share the Prince of Wales's passion for plants and they can enjoy some more time together.
Kate is even buying William a horticultural book by BBC gardener Monty Don in an effort to turn her husband's fingers green.
The duke spoke about his interest in flora and fauna during a visit to Brighter Futures, a consortium of eight community projects in Rhyl, north Wales.
"My wife does all the gardening. I really like it but I have no idea what I'm doing," the duke said.
William was speaking to Brian Penney, 52, a co-ordinator for Men's Sheds, part of the consortium and an initiative encouraging isolated men to build things and grow vegetables together.
The duke ribbed the 52-year-old about the tiny children's watering can he was using, as he was shown the group's allotment, joking: "It's good to see you have got really nice watering cans. Nice pink colour.
"That's a lovely mermaid. Very masculine for the Men's Sheds."
William laughed as he added: "I always find something to embarrass people with."
Mr Penney said afterwards: "He told me Kate is getting him into gardening. She's going to get him Monty Don's book.
"He said she wants to get him into it because Charles is into it, so it's something for them to enjoy together. He was so down to earth, such a nice man."
Duchess of Cambridge promises to be a pink Princess for Mila, 4
Netflix releases new Stranger Things teaser - but don't expect season four anytime soon
William was visiting Brighter Futures to hear how the organisation is supporting the needs of the local community.
The project was started in 2018 and the eight-strong consortium works together to support local children, young people, families and the older generations to participate in the community.
TeamDogsBritain's most obese dogs are being fed lobster, sirloin steak, sushi and caviarNew research reveals beagles, border terriers and miniature schnauzers are the most overweight dog breeds in the UK | {
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Pietro Rota (* um 1600 in Ravenna; † 12. Februar 1657 in Rom) war ein italienischer Geistlicher.
Papst Innozenz X. ernannte ihn am 27. Juni 1650 zum Bischof von Lucca. Kardinal Marcantonio Franciotti, sein Vorvorgänger als Bischof von Lucca, spendete ihm am 3. Juli 1650 die Bischofsweihe. Mitkonsekratoren waren Luca Torreggiani, Erzbischof von Ravenna, und Ranuccio Scotti Douglas, ehemaliger Bischof von Borgo San Donnino.
Weblinks
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (17. Jahrhundert)
Erzbistum Lucca
Historische Person (Italien)
Geboren im 16. oder 17. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1657
Mann | {
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For us brand strategy and brand design is at the core of every project. To brand is to differentiate with purpose and impact. It is never just a logo. Branding adds visual and verbal power to marketing campaigns – and the real experience. We like to call it glue (for stickiness) and plaster (for strength) but you can think of it as that one extra thing that is needed to make your campaigns stand out and be remembered.
Since our beginning we have designed hundreds of packages. Many of these can be found in just about any grocery store that you walk into, including Costco, Walmart, Whole Foods, Sam's Club and Kroger Stores. To perfect our package design process we developed a specialized method of in-house photography for packaging. We create fresh, original illustration as needed for a product. Package design is a specialty that requires experience not only on the planning and strategy side but also on the technical side – we have that.
When we find ourselves planning a new print campaign or collateral we are always asking: What if? Why not? How about? Going boldly into a new direction isn't always the solution that is sought, but at times just going outside the expected can add needed freshness to a project. We believe that print design should never be simply adequate. Good design reinforces branding while delivering a message. No matter what, the envelope should be pushed.
Many brand designs and redesign projects include a new website, so naturally we are known for developing brand rich websites that get to the heart of a company or organization's visual and verbal messaging goals. We simply believe websites don't need to be mediocre to be precise and to the point. Do you need a new website for your new big idea? Does your 3-year-old website deserve an upgrade? Perhaps you're the best in your market place and you need a website that shows it. Whatever you require, we can deliver a branded website with impact.
Marketing campaigns and strategy most often start on the web with a mobile optimized website then rolls out to print. A company's website, their brand-hub, is just the beginning for PR, SEO, SEM Inbound and Outbound marketing. To be heard in the noisy world of social media we start with solid strategy to plan web marketing programs that translate perfectly to print and are aligned with brand image and sales goals. | {
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Almost New Talon. 565 Merc. 100 MPH. Step Hull, Vessel View, Loaded with all options. 70 hours. 5 blade, Stereo, Alarm. Cockpit cover. NADA is well above price. Aluminum Trailer. Only selling to upgrade. This boat is as close to new as you will find. Rides like a dream. | {
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iHeartmedia has revealed that it's been working on a project to make a much greater impact in New Orleans. Starting July 17th, the company will strengthen Sports Radio 1280, by introducing a brand new lineup which includes a mixture of FOX Sports Radio personalities, local voices and iHeart Houston hosts with a connection to the state of Louisiana.
Perhaps the biggest local splash involves Times-Picayune sports columnists Jeff Duncan and Larry Holder. The duo have spent over a decade each covering the New Orleans sports scene. Holder has primarily covered the Saints for 11 years, and Duncan is a four-time recipient of the Louisiana Sports Writers Association's Columnist of the Year award, who's currently in his 12th year as a sports columnist.
The pair will be heard weekdays on Sports Radio 1280, as well as nola.com/sports, and the NOLA.com and iHeartradio app. A video stream of the show will also be provided on the NOLA.com YouTube channel, and a podcast of each day's show will be presented on nola.com/duncandholder and the iHeart app. The Times-Picayune says it will also feature the best quotes and social media activity from each week's shows on the Dunc & Holder page in the Sunday Sports section starting July 23.
The timing of the launch coincides with changes taking place in Houston on SportsTalk 790. Monday July 17th is when the station will roll out its new weekday lineup which includes Josh Innes in morning drive. Given the structure of 1280's lineup, it appears that Innes will host mornings in Houston, take a little break, and then go live two hours later for New Orleans. Innes grew up in Louisiana, attended high school and college there, and started his radio career in the state.
Additionally, Chris Gordy gains an opportunity to host his own daily show. Gordy has been a member of 790 in Houston and is no stranger to the microphone having hosted various shows on the station. Gordy is from New Orleans, went to school at LSU and also began his radio career in the state before making the move to Texas. | {
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Ancelotti: CR7 Is The Man
22 Aug 8, 2013 - 09:53 am
By Diogo Peral
Real Madrid manager Carlo Ancelotti insists that Cristiano Ronaldo is the main man at the club following his double in their 3-1 win over Chelsea in the International Champions Cup.
Los Blancos handed former boss Jose Mourinho a 3-1 defeat, with Ronaldo continuing his unreal goalscoring form at the club since joining from Manchester United in 2009.
The Portugal international has been surrounded by speculation this summer though, with the player yet to sign a new contract, but Ancelotti remains confident that Ronaldo will stay at the club.
"Ronaldo is the man for Real Madrid. He is very important to us," Ancelotti was quoted as saying on the club's official website.
"I think that if Ronaldo performs, the coach's job is easier.
"He scores lots of goals, is very important and I am happy to be coaching him. He is professional, focused and very motivated."
Reports claim that United and Paris Saint-Germain are both monitoring the situation while it is also suggested that the attacker is on the brink of signing a new deal which would make him the best paid player in Spain.
Reports: Ancelotti Won't Sell Pepe
Real Confirm Manager Ancelotti | {
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How did we complete the Final SMP after Public Consultation?
Click here for details of the Public Consultation on the Draft SMP in July-October 2010.
Click here to see the results of the Public Consultation on the Draft SMP and resulting changes to the SMP.
Please click here to view the Appendices to the main document, containing additional detail. | {
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I'm now facing the corner with my bed in it instead of the window; which means I can actually see the window better, since my computer screen is no longer in the way. I don't know if it's just because I'm not used to it, but it seems I just have to move my furniture around everytime I've gotten my room tidy (well, bedroom floor; I still have to do my desk and the lids of my chests and the tops of my bookshelves and…well, you get the idea). I've picked out some clothes and even some books to try and sell or throw away, and I've learned of someone holding a rummage sale, so I might be able to dump my old stereo off on him. The cd-player in it broke long ago, but it still can play cassette tapes. Not that I've got any. But maybe the old fogies at the rummage sale can find a use for it. I've also reconstituted an old internal-to-external IDE hard drive adapter. I might try plugging in some of the ancient IDE CD-drives I've got lying around. At least some of them still work.
Dunno if I mentioned this, but my sister moved out of her room, and into an apartment, and now I want to set up an art studio in her old room. Dad does not like the idea because he wants it to be a guest room that will stay empty 350-360 days of the year because he thinks I'm going to make it too messy.
Of course getting everything tidied up in here has been a long-term project of mine that includes finding space for the things I want to keep–space I don't always have ready–and getting rid of things I don't want. I've posted about this many times before, and I'm still not done, but I'm making progress now. I'm not burned out from school and I don't have a whole lot of homework either, so I should be able to complete large portions of the job. I've also got old clothes hanging around that I could potentially sew together and cause to be wearable once again…or not. They are mostly rags, afterall.
Other things I am up to…went to a meeting with Platypus, which is a Socialist-Marxist reading group. I thought maybe it would be good to become more familiar with the general literature, although it seems to me that it's mostly a structural critique, and so far a lot of what hasn't been history has been things I've heard of before. But as I learn more, I start to feel like I'm not really much of an anarchist, and my socialist leanings don't define my ideology either because socialism just isn't sufficient to describe the different forms of oppression we experience. I've come across terms like "manarchism" and "white feminism" which describe the inadequacies of single-facet anti-oppression movements, and I see the same kinds of things in the predominantly white male socialist circles I frequent. In typical southern fashion, just this week the local DSA removed a provision that required at least one woman or minority be part of the leadership from the draft of their bylaws before they were willing to accept it and become an official local chapter. We've talked about ways to increase minority involvement, but I question the group's sincerity and dedication. But maybe I'll be proven wrong on that.
I stopped eating meat for a while, then I started again, and now I'm going back to stopping. I've got some bacon in the fridge right now and that's about all that's left. After that, I'm considering redrafting two recipes I've tried: mushrooms with rice, and ratatouille. To the ratatouille I would like to add quiñoa to the pipinade sauce, and with the mushrooms/rice I'd like to add zucchini, yellow squash, and old bay seasoning.
Now I have to walk the dog. | {
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Linda started out at West Wood as a member and enjoyed it so much it seemed natural to join the staff nine years ago. Linda is fortunate to work with highly trained technicians in a beautiful setting. Feel free to stop in for information, to book an appointment or to say "hi". | {
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The University of Alberta Powerlifting Association (UAPA) was established to encourage individuals interested in pursuing powerlifting either for competition or for developing general fitness. The sport of powerlifting consists of three lifts: squat, bench press and deadlift. The overall purpose of this sport is to test maximal strength for the body as a whole. The Club has a beautiful facility located in the Hanson Fitness and Lifestyle Centre where they hold regular training sessions. Each year, the Club hosts the Power Surge competition as well.
To register for a club please visit the Customer Service Centre in person at 1-213 Van Vliet Complex.
For current Customer Service Centre hours, please check here. | {
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This article is about a new state of the art storage facility that will store and facilitate the market for artwork. This story raises some interesting questions about artwork.
What determines the monetary value of artwork? Does the treatment of art as a commodity to be bought and sold and speculated upon undermine its purpose? Should great artwork be in private hands away from public view?
This entry was posted in Art, Ethics and tagged Art and Ethics by Mr. Lakhaney. Bookmark the permalink. | {
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Plastic nose cones for large body tubes of up to 100 mm.
For tubes 66 to 100 mm There are 10 products.
Nose cone PNC-3.9 - Public Missiles Ltd.
Nose cone PNC-3.0 - Public Missiles Ltd.
Nose cone PNC-2.5 - Public Missiles Ltd. | {
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Elation introduces its ACL Series, which comprises the ACL Par 200, ACL Bar, ACL Curtain, ACL 360 Bar, and ACL Matrix.
The series features a new collimator lens optic, a single multi-chip LED lens optic comparable in size to a Par 20 lamp. Each unit offers individual pixel control for greater design options, along with built-in effect/chase macros for quick programming when needed. The ACL Bar and ACL Curtain can also be utilized as wash fixtures when used with an included removable frost filter and glare shield. | {
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Q: java-Hazelcast configurable transport layer I'm using Hazelcast cluster manager on my distributed Java application and I want to configure Hazelcast to use UDP, specifically for the event bus. My understanding is that Hazelcast will create point-to-point TCP connections while using the event bus. Is there any way to configure Hazelcast to use UDP and multicast events across the cluster?
A: UDP is the default discovery mechanism for Hazelcast, TCP needs to be explicitly enabled. See documentation for setting up Hazelcast discovery: http://docs.hazelcast.org/docs/3.10.4/manual/html-single/index.html#setting-up-clusters
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Home » News » Google Play 4.9.13 Update Gives Users First Taste of Android L UI
Google Play 4.9.13 Update Gives Users First Taste of Android L UI
A new version of the Google Play Store namely 4.9.13 is arriving today for all Android OS users that gives us the first look and feel of how the Android L software will be when it finally comes out. It doesn't give us the entire experience, however it does feature many of the material design elements that make up the look.
Android L first came about at the Google I/O event held in June of this year where the Mountain View company showcased the next-generation green robot software that many future devices will start with. It will also come as an OTA update for many of the older smartphones and tablet already released.
Furthermore, after a new software update that makes a big leap forward in the development comes out, it forces existing applications to update their design to better match what the brand is doing. We saw this happen when Apple enforced apps better suited for iOS 7 and we will see Android deploy a similar tactic with Android L. We already have the pleasure of taking a look at the Developer Preview and many developers tell us confirming it will be the case.
The big changes come in roughly once per year. Moreover, many fans are anticipating this being the biggest change to the Android-based ecosystem we have seen since its original back in 2008. Similarly, we heard the same news about Apple's iOS 7 after it was unveiled last year. Many people, including Apple, also labelled it as the biggest change since their beginnings back in 2007.
As for the new Google Play Store update, namely 4.9.13, it is rolling out in stages to everyone. It mechanically makes its way to each person at a time, so some will receive it sooner than others.
It will take some time before many of the existing apps in the Play Store see updates to look like they belong to what the Play store is doing. However, users can immediately see differences by looking at the information pages associated with the apps when viewing from the store itself. For example, if you browse an application you already know, take a read of the contents page and it will show the new UI design.
According to Android Geeks, the Material Design, UI showcases video trailer for apps appearing at the top of pages now instead of the old location. You can see an example of that taken from the picture included in the post that is also from them. There are also advanced app details that show up under the 'Read More' tab. The details include APK download size, last update date, app version, content rating, Top Developer' text-badge, bigger app description and downloads information.
Download the GPS v4.9.13 apk file here.
« How to Install Android 4.4.2 KitKat XXU1ANG2 on Samsung Galaxy S5 G900F» Unlocked HTC One M8 2.22.1540.3 Android 4.4.3 Software Update Rolling Out in US | {
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Ana Rita é um bairro do município brasileiro de Timóteo, no interior do estado de Minas Gerais. De acordo com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), sua população no ano de 2010 era de habitantes, sendo homens e mulheres, possuindo um total de domicílios particulares distribuídos em uma área de .
História e descrição
O nome do bairro é uma referência à pioneira Ana Rita Ferreira. A execução do calçamento e urbanização foi realizada pela administração municipal antes de 1981. A principal via que passa pelo bairro é a Avenida Acesita, que também liga a cidade de Timóteo e o restante da Região Metropolitana do Vale do Aço à LMG-760. Contudo, o trecho da avenida que intercede o Ana Rita é estreito e possui limitação de veículos de até dez toneladas.
No Ana Rita está localizado o Centro de Saúde Maria Raimunda Perdigão, unidade básica de saúde que atende à demanda de cerca de 10 mil moradores de bairros próximos. A Escola Municipal José Moreira Bowen também está localizada neste bairro. Outro marco é o Estádio Municipal Antônio Silva, cujo campo já sediou partidas importantes de campeonatos de futebol amador locais, tendo sido utilizado recorrentemente por esses torneios. É considerado a "casa" da equipe Florestino Social Clube, que possui relevância no amadorismo de Timóteo.
Ver também
Lista de bairros de Timóteo
Ligações externas
Prefeitura de Timóteo
Ana Rita no WikiMapia
Bairros de Timóteo | {
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About Robin Esrock
Smell the Butchart Roses
Receiving around one million visitors each year, Vancouver Island's iconic Butchart Gardens is a National Historic Site, and a stunning depiction of flora as art. Set on 55 acres of privately owned land near Victoria, the gardens date back to 1904. A full time staff of 50 gardeners keep the grounds immaculate and well deserving of their world-renowned reputation. Open year round, the flowers and bulbs change with the seasons, blossoming by the thousands in spring, radiating red and gold in the fall. Highlights include the Japanese Garden, the Italian Garden, Rose Carousel and Saturday evening fireworks.
Length of Trip : Half day
Cost : Ranges between $17 and $30 per adult, depending on the season. There are youth, child and group rates. For the latest rates click here.
Best time to go : The Butchart Gardens are open year-round. Each season brings its different flowers and charm. Peak season is July and August when the paths can be congested between 11am and 3pm. Best time to go is early morning or late afternoon.
Wheelchair friendly : All public areas are accessible by wheelchair, except for a viewpoint area within the Sunken Garden known as
Family friendly : Yes
Where to eat : There are several on-site dining options: The Dining Room serves fine dining cuisine with wonderful views of the Private Garden, Italian Garden and Tod Inlet. Reservations are recommended. More casual fare can be found at The Blue Poppy Restaurant, which has a kids menu. The restaurant is closed January to mid-April, and reservations are not required. Soups, sandwiches and other "to-go" items can be found at the Coffee Shop located in Waterwheel Square. The Dining Room Restaurant is well-known for its Afternoon Tea, which during the cooler months, becomes a High Tea with an altered menu containing more warm and savoury items.
Official Site : Butchart Gardens Official Website
Where to Stay : We recommend staying with our trusted partner Holiday Inn and Suites when staying in Victoria.
Getting There : The Gardens are easily accessible via a scenic drive from Victoria. If you're coming from Vancouver, take BC Ferries from Tsawwassen Terminal to Swartz Bay and follow the signs to the Gardens. Click here for full directions from Vancouver, Victoria or Washington.
Note from Robin : Don't be disappointed if you arrive in late fall or winter and don't see roses. The Garden is open in all four seasons because each season brings its own delights. It's not so much the floral attractions themselves but the overall ambiance of the Gardens that charms the pants off most visitors.
Interested in this Bucket List item? Here's some suggested reading:
Does the Butchart Gardens belong on the Great Canadian Bucket List?
Yes, it's gardens are magnificent and world renowned
Maybe, depends what's in bloom
No, pretty flowers is just a waste of money
PRESENTED BY FORD OF CANADA
In any trim, the five-passenger Edge asserts an athletic presence. It hits peak style and performance in the Edge Sport with a standard 315-hp^ 2.7L EcoBoost. There's more. Intelligent AWD and a sport-tuned suspension are dialed in, so you can reach your peak. Available driver-assist features—such as a front 180-degree camera* with washer that can virtually see around corners—help you master real-world challenges with confidence.
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This lightweight, high-performance hiking shoe helps you tackle trails fast. A full-length layer of cushioning absorbs shock, and the breathable foam tongue gives it a custom-feeling fit.
Back by popular demand, the Briggs Leather men's oxford is classic KEEN looks and comfort. All-day comfort and easy to wear, the upper of this oxford for men is crafted of soft leathers and a breathable mesh lining. A serious lug pattern on the outsole blends easily for casual, but ensures secure footing when out and about.
Mercer Lace II CNX
The Mercer Lace II CNX is a cute, lightweight style for pretty much everything. Pairing well with capris or crop jeans, this sporty women's breathable shoe is crafted of mesh and leather, with a smooth, streamlined interior. A metatarsal ridge keeps toes supported and the contoured arch adds midfoot support. Ships with two lace color options to fit with your personality.
An oxford made modern, with a waxy leather upper, bungee laces and a sporty sole. It comes with a second set of laces so you can switch up the look.
The 59 shoe brings its performance with serious metro-mountain style. Suede leather upper with a rugged rubber outsole combined with a leather and breathable mesh lining to offer all day comfort.
| © 2021 Esrocking the World Media Inc. | {
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The Huawei Mate 40 series is official, still crippled by lack of Google apps
Sleek hardware and stunning cameras are only half the story
Scott Scrivens
6:06am PDT Oct 22, 2020
At an online launch event today, Huawei CEO Richard Yu took to the stage to unveil the embattled Chinese company's latest flagship smartphone lineup. The Mate 40 series is without Google apps and services, and Huawei's App Gallery is also without a variety of other popular apps. So while the hardware is undoubtedly impressive, it's hard to get excited about a pair of devices that won't mean much to western audiences.
The Mate 40 series is powered by Huawei's new 5nm Kirin 9000 5G chip, but if rumors are to be believed, Huawei only has around 10 million of these stockpiled so there may be a limit to how many of these phones it can produce. Due to the ongoing trade restrictions imposed by the US administration, it's not currently possible for Taiwanese manufacturer TSMC to supply any more semiconductors to Huawei built using US technology. Add to that the fact that these phones aren't compatible with a number of popular apps, and Huawei faces an uphill struggle in shifting serious numbers of units outside China.
It's a shame because Huawei has once again produced some extremely compelling hardware. The Mate 40 Pro has a large 6.76-inch OLED display with excessively curved edges that slope around the sides. A wide camera cutout houses a 13MP selfie camera (120°) and 3D face unlock sensors, while there's also an in-display fingerprint scanner for those who prefer that biometric method. The 4,400mAh battery is capable of rapid 66W wired and 50W wireless charging. The standard Mate 40 has a 6.5-inch OLD display with the same 90Hz refresh rate, a single punch hole cutout for the selfie camera, and an in-screen fingerprint scanner. There's also a Mate 40 Pro+ model and Porsche Design Mate 40 RS with some luxurious flourishes.
Huawei's recent flagships have included excellent camera systems that only the likes of Apple and Google can compete with, and the Mate 40 series appears to be no different. All models use the huge 50MP RYYB main sensor that lets an incredible amount of light in. On the Mate 40 Pro, this is accompanied by a 20MP ultra-wide (120°), 12MP periscope lens with 5x optical zoom. The Mate 40 has a slightly less impressive 16MP ultra-wide and 8MP telephoto (3x zoom), but it's still sure to take great photos.
The Mate 40 series will ship with EMUI 11 software (based on Android 10) and Huawei's App Gallery replaces the Google Play Store. Aside from the obvious Google apps that aren't present, others such as Netflix, Slack, and Zoom aren't available and plenty more won't work as expected either. This makes these phones a hard sell in Europe, despite the great strides Huawei continues to make in the hardware department.
Pricing starts at €899 for the Mate 40 (8/128GB) with the Mate 40 Pro (8/256GB) costing €1,199 (£1,099). The Mate 40 Pro+ (12/256GB) goes for €1,399 while the Porsche Design Mate 40 RS (12/512GB) will set you back a whopping €2,295. As well as the phones, Huawei also unveiled several new accessories including €299 (£299) FreeBuds Studio over-ear noise-canceling headphones, a €695 (£629) Porsche Design Watch GT 2, and a pair of Huawei x Gentle Monster sunglasses with built-in speakers for €299 (£310).
Google Shopping will tell you if you found a good price this holiday season
Google was wrong to drop the telephoto lens on the Pixel 5
65 queries | 0.601s | citadel | Android is a trademark of Google Inc. | © Illogical Robot LLC, 2009-2021 | {
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McNealy, Johnson pitch squads into NCAA Division III semis
SALEM, Va. — Linfield's Montana McNealy and NFCA All-American Rachel Johnson of Salisbury played "Can you top this?" in the circle on Elimination Saturday at the NCAA Division III Championship, leading their respective teams into Sunday's semifinal round at the Moyer Sports Complex.
McNealy tossed a five-inning no-hitter in the Wildcats' 8-0 shutout of DePauw shortly after Johnson closed out an one-hitter in the Sea Gulls' 2-0 triumph over Kean. Both squads will need to win twice Sunday to reach Monday's best-of-three Championship Series.
Salisbury, last year's NCAA runner-up, plays a noon ET game against Texas-Tyler (49-3), while Linfield has a 2:30 p.m. showdown with two-time defending national champion Tufts (48-0), which has won 50 straight games dating to last season.
Linfield 8, DePauw 0 (five innings)
McNealy made sure the (39-14) Wildcats were one of the final four teams standing in Salem, retiring 15 of the 18 batters she faced. She struck out four, walked two and one hitter reached on a fielding error.
Linfield scored three runs on three hits in the bottom of the first, one in the third and four more in the fifth. Erin Carson had three hits and an RBI, while Grace Middelstadt singled, tripled and drove in two runs, Danielle Duman had her Division III-tying 20th homer of the season and Erin Tauscher singled and drove in two runs.
Alissa Buss stole home as part of a double steal with Carson to provide the run-rule margin for the Wildcats in the fifth. Linfield was the Division III titlist in 2007 and 2011 and runner-up in 2010 and 2012.
DePauw (36-16) finishes fifth for the fourth time in school history. The Tigers also tied for fifth in 2007, 2010 and 2011.
Salisbury 2, Kean 0
Johnson did not allow a hit until fellow All-American Emily Sabo singled leading off the seventh for Kean (31-15-1). She struck out 11 and walked one, throwing 64 of her 94 pitches for strikes and retiring her first nine in order.
On offense, Molly Simpson drove in Annah Brittingham twice for the (37-7) Sea Gulls, doubling her home in the fourth and plating her on a single in the sixth. Brittingham also had two hits in the victory.
Courtney Yard spaced out seven hits over seven innings and struck out three to close out her All-America career for the Cougars. In four seasons at Kean, Yard was 85-49 with 122 complete games, 847 strikeouts (6.61/game) and an 1.45 ERA. | {
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2010 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti 'One to One' Coupé
Coachwork by Pininfarina/Scaglietti Registration no. FJ60 CZY Chassis no. ZFFJY54C000172736
£ 90,000 - 110,000
US$ 120,000 - 150,000
Collector's Motor Cars and Automobilia, RAF Museum Hendon
21 Nov 2019, 14:00 GMT
Hendon, RAF Museum
Coachwork by Pininfarina/Scaglietti
Registration no. FJ60 CZY
Chassis no. ZFFJY54C000172736
*Sold new in the UK
*Right-hand drive
*Unique specification
*Full service history
*Circa 11,200 miles from new
In naming its new four-seater Gran Turismo after Carrozzeria Scaglietti, Ferrari acknowledged the immense contribution made by its Maranello neighbour and close collaborator over the preceding 50 years. The 612's design brief called for a car capable of accommodating four adults in comfort - rather than being merely a '2+2' - without sacrificing any of the superlative driving dynamics excepted by dedicated Ferraristi. Introduced in 2004, the result was the biggest Ferrari road car ever, yet one that weighed less than the smaller 456M. The 'secret' lay in the 612's lightweight aluminium chassis: a mixture of extrusions, castings and panels, which replaced the traditional sheet-steel monocoque.
In styling the 612, Pininfarina paid homage to one of its most famous creations – the fabulous 375MM commissioned by renowned Italian filmmaker Roberto Rossellini for his wife, Ingrid Bergman, and first seen at the Paris Salon in 1954 – the long nose and scalloped sides of which find echoes in the Scaglietti. No content with merely shedding weight as a means of boosting performance, the 612 featured an improved version of the 575M Maranello's 5,748cc 65-degree V12 engine producing 540bhp and 434lb/ft of torque. The F1A transmission too had undergone significant improvement, incorporating extra synchronisation cones for swifter changes, while manual/automatic modes and 1st and reverse gears could now be selected using a gate on the centre console, rather than only by means of the steering-wheel paddles. Lighter, more powerful and endowed with superior suspension and brakes, the 612 Scaglietti lapped Ferrari's Fiorano test track some six seconds quicker than the 456M. Its top speed? 196mph.
Sold new by Graypaul Motors, Nottingham to Mr J Studholme of Lincolnshire, the car offered here was ordered via Ferrari's 'One to One' personalisation programme that had been introduced on the 612 at the 2008 Geneva Salon. Thereafter the 612 was only available through this special order process, which was later extended to the entire Ferrari range. This car's unique specification includes the following highlights:
HGT2 Handling Package; Electronically adjustable glass roof; Parking camera; Yellow rev counter; Red seatbelts; Chrome grille frame; Chrome satin mirrors; Scuderia shields; NavTrak anti-theft device; Grigio Ferro external colour; Rosso trim and matching steering wheel; Carbon interior trim; Alcantara boot trim
Sold to the current owner in September 2015 at 8,890 miles, this unique 612 Scaglietti comes with a V5C document, current MoT and its service booklet, the latter stamped by recognised Ferrari specialists on five occasions, the most recent dated June 2018 (at 10,829 miles).
Guy Newton
Specialist - Motor Cars
27.5% on the first £2,500 of the hammer price; 25% of the hammer price of amounts in excess of £2,500 up to and including £300,000; 20% of the hammer price of amounts in excess of £300,000 up to and including £3,000,000; and 13.9% of the hammer price of any amounts in excess of £3,000,000. This applies to each lot purchased and is subject to VAT.
For Motor Cars and Motorcycles a 15% Buyer's Premium is payable on the first £500,000 of the final Hammer Price of each Lot, and 12% on any amount by which the Hammer Price exceeds £500,000. VAT at the standard rate is payable on the Premium by all Buyers, unless otherwise stated.
For payment information please refer to the sale catalog. | {
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With Thanksgiving quickly approaching, I thought it would be great to share a few pie recipes with you. It's funny how traditions during the holidays live on and on, and each holiday seems to have it's own traditions. Thanksgiving and Pies just go together.
This Turtle Cheesecake Pie is perfect for Thanksgiving, but scrumptious of course any time of year. Ever since I gave the Cake Mix Pie Crust a try, I have been dreaming of a pie to make with a chocolate cake mix pie crust. And I'll have to say…it turned out pretty good!
Now I'll have to admit, I'm not the best pie crust baker in the world – not even close – but looks aren't everything, right? As long as it's delicious, that's all that matters.
After the crust is baked and cooled, the filling is super easy. I used my favorite No Bake Cheesecake Recipe and changed it a bit to pair with the caramel and hot fudge flavors, I used cream cheese, brown sugar, vanilla and Cool Whip whipped topping, it can also be made up a day or two ahead of the holiday, making it a great make-ahead Thanksgiving Dessert.
For the topping, I made Caramel Sauce and Homemade Hot Fudge Sauce, which are both made with just 2 or 3 ingredients and go together in minutes. But you could very easily pick up bottles of ice cream topping.
Hi John, it resemble a cookie crust. Not too brown, but baked enough to be firm to the touch.
This looks amazing! A question for you though, can you use heavy whipping cream and make the whipped cream as opposed to using coolwhip?
Hi Janie, you can try, I have never made it that way. The Cool Whip has a stabilizer in it that works well. But I think it's definitely worth a try to use regular whipping cream.
Okay, so I had a horrible time with the crust it was so so sticky. What did I do wrong? I ended up just putting it in the pan and spreading it with a wet spoon. The filling was very easy. I gave it chilling now and hope it is going to be easy to cut into tomorrow. Really I just hope it tastes good.The filling tasted so yummy.
Hi Kimberly, sorry you had trouble. I'm not sure, it wasn't super sticky for me. Possibly add a little flour or cocoa powder and work it into the crust.
Hope it turns out okay for you. Let me know.
This pie is RIDICULOUS! In the best of ways, of course. I had never heard of cake mix pie crust, but now I'll have to try it. This looks amazing!
Hi Katie, the dough makes 2 crusts. The edges are shaped with your fingers, just like a normal pie crust would be. You can also use a fork around the edge.
Does the filling make enough for 2 pies as well?
Hi Cathy, only 1 pie for the cheesecake recipe.
hi how many individual tartlets would this recipe make?
Hi Tracy, I'm sorry I haven't made them into individual tartlets. It would depend on the size, I would assume 6-8. | {
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Need for Speed Heat is solid arcade racer but story tries way too hard to be Vin Diesel's best pal
Stuart Cullen
IT'S been a while since EA's racing series Need for Speed last saw action — 2017's Payback was an OK but a bit forgettable racer that was trying just too hard to be a Fast And Furious movie.
But Ghost games are hoping to turn that all around with the newest instalment in the series, Need for Speed Heat, which looks to have cherry-picked the best bits of past games and added a few new ideas.
It's been a while since EA's racing series Need for Speed last saw action [pictured Need For Speed: Rivals]Credit: Handout
Heat is a return to the core ideas of the series — it's a solid arcade racer, set in a good-sized open world with a host of cars to get behind the wheel of and, of course, upgrade and customise.
But it's also got a story that is once again trying way too hard to be Vin Diesel's best pal.
It will hold you for about five minutes as it's about crooked cops or some nonsense.
MAE TO ORDER Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order's epic adventure is must for fans
HITS THE MARK Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts moves back to what made the series fun
Ghost games need to understand great racers don't have melodrama and, more to the point, don't need it.
I'm looking at Forza Horizon, F1 and GRID which all have loose stories but they take a back seat and are not your main driving force.
Need for Speed Payback game trailer
But once you get out on the street, things are good as it's split into day and night racing which see you chasing different goals depending on the placement of the sun.
During the day you're a racer earning cash in official races to buy new kit, but by night you're a street racer out to bag rep that in turn unlocks new cars and parts.
Need For Speed: Heat Review
The final score is...4/5
Format: Xbox One, PS4 and PC
But at night if you get busted by the 5-0, you'll lose a lot of rep, so owning the night has a very risky feel to it, as the longer you go the bigger the hit if you get busted.
As for cars there is an interesting and fun selection on offer here and, like all Need for Speeds, you can tweak and tune your ride to your heart's content from new parts to paint and adding neons.
The game brings a new control system to the drifting party which sees you having to pump the gas to hold that line.
It does take time to get your head around and is an interesting addition, but fear not — if it's not your thing you can switch back to more standard controls.
Most Read in Gaming
Need for Speed Heat is an odd beast — on one hand Palm City is bursting with life on its neon-soaked streets as you blast around dodging cop cars but on another it's all a bit dull and sterile during the day.
It's a welcome return to a classic series but it's got a bit to go if it's wanting to challenge for the top spot on the arcade racing scene.
Wreckfest trailer – a chaotic car-crashing race game with realistic smash mechanics | {
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Websoftex Software Solutions Pvt. Ltd., a Bangalore based company, extending its services in Website Designing & Development, Custom Software Development and Mobile Application Development. Our company is committed to provide Creative, Innovative and quick & quality Website Design Solutions, Website More.. | {
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I just found this journal and I think this is a spectacular idea especially for someone who is artistic.
160-page journal includes 10 full-size coloring pages!
Inviting little journal provides plenty room of for jotting down personal reflections, favorite quotes and poems, sketching, and — coloring!
Popular small-format size — 5 inches wide by 7 inches high — fits easily in most bags and backpacks. | {
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Diamond & Co is Mt Maunganui's one stop jewellery shop, for all of your jewellery and watch needs.
We specialise in design and manufacturing - let Greg create the jewellery of your dreams. With over 30 years experience we are able to provide honest, reliable service and advice.
We have all the leading brands including; Pastiche, Kagi, Ellani & Citizen Watches.
PRECIOUS THINGS FOR SPECIAL MEMORIES at Diamond & Co, Mt Maunganui, Tauranga. | {
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Macatawa Bank Receives United Way Awards
HOLLAND, Mich. (March 24, 2017) – Macatawa Bank is pleased to announce it has received the distinguished United Way Community Builder Award, as well as the Joe Martella Above and Beyond Award.
Fifty Ottawa county organizations were specifically recognized and received special campaign awards for strong employee participation in making the United Way campaign successful. Of these companies, only seven received the distinguished Community Builder Award. In order to receive this award, companies must exceed in five criteria established by the United Way, which are; an increase of employee giving from the previous year, at least $175 average gift per donor, 50% or more participation in campaign giving, employee volunteer involvement and three or more employees giving at the Lighthouse Leadership Circle level ($500 and above).
In addition, Macatawa Bank was awarded the Joe Martella Above & Beyond Employee Campaign Coordinator Award. This award is granted each year to the company whose campaign coordinators go "above and beyond" to make the United Way campaign successful within their companies.
"We are proud that the employees of Macatawa Bank continue to be some of the most committed and involved people in our community. Receiving this award demonstrates once again that the employees of Macatawa Bank will contribute financial support to, and remain personally involved in, community initiatives that mirror our values and ideals," said Ronald Haan, Macatawa Bank's President and Chief Executive Officer.
Macatawa Bank was honored on March 23 at the Live United Celebration in Holland.
It is the fourth consecutive year the community bank has received the Community Builder Award.
About Macatawa Bank
Headquartered in Holland, Mich., Macatawa Bank offers a full range of banking, retail and commercial lending, wealth management and ecommerce services to individuals, businesses and governmental entities from a network of 26 full-service branches located throughout communities in Kent, Ottawa and northern Allegan counties. The bank is recognized for its local management team and decision making, along with providing customers excellent service, a rewarding experience and superior financial products. Macatawa Bank has been recognized for the past six consecutive years as "West Michigan's 101 Best and Brightest Companies to Work For". For more information, visit www.macatawabank.com.
About Greater Ottawa County United Way
Greater Ottawa County United Way supports, develops and implements a range of impact solutions that improve lives and create stronger communities. United Way works with organizations, community partners and supporters to create the building blocks of a better life for all by focusing on four impact areas: education, health, financial stability and basic needs. Through four initiatives, they work to address these needs. For more information, visit: www.ottawaunitedway.org.
For additional information contact:
Jodi Sevigny, Vice President, Marketing Director
Macatawa Bank, 10753 Macatawa Drive; Holland MI 49424
P: 877.820.2265 E: [email protected] | {
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Home > queen in french > Kangana Ranaut's Queen to be Dubbed in French
bollywood bollywood news kangana ranaut news queen queen in french
Bollywood's Queen is well known for her unique and super duper acts in her films. Recently her film Tanu Weds Manu Returns collected a huge amount at Box Office and she is coming back to smash the records with Katti Batti along with Imran Khan.
Now we hear that, her cult hit film Queen is getting dubbed into french! "Since a very big portion of the film is shot in Paris, we thought it would be a good idea to put out a dubbed French version of the film. The details are now being worked out," says a source close the film.
Well, producers are looking for french dubbing artiste with a voice that matches Kangana. Apparently Lisa Haydon (who played friend of Kangana in the film) will dub her own french lines, because she is very fluent in speaking french.
Item Reviewed: Kangana Ranaut's Queen to be Dubbed in French Rating: 5 Reviewed By: Unknown | {
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Q: Disable ScriptManager programmatically when ScriptManagerProxy controls are present I've tried following this advice for disabling a ScriptManager programmatically, to no avail:
Disable ScriptManager on certain pages
StandardScriptManager.ascx:
<%@ control language="vb" autoeventwireup="false" codebehind="StandardScriptManager.ascx.vb" inherits="StandardScriptManager" %>
<h1>StandardScriptManager is visible</h1>
<asp:scriptmanager id="MyScriptManager" runat="server" enablepartialrendering="true" >
<scripts>
<asp:scriptreference path="/Standard/Core/Javascript/script1.js" />
<!-- etc... -->
</scripts>
</asp:scriptmanager>
StandardScriptManager.ascx.vb:
Partial Public Class StandardScriptManager
Inherits System.Web.UI.UserControl
Private _ScriptManager As ScriptManager
Private Sub Page_Init(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Init
If DisableAllScripts Then
Me.Visible = False
End If
End Sub
End Class
When DisableAllScripts is true, the <h1> doesn't show up, but the scripts are still added to the page. I suspect this is because I have ScriptManagerProxy objects elsewhere on the page.
I've also tried Me.Controls.Clear() in Page.Init, but I get this
[InvalidOperationException: Page cannot be null. Please ensure that this operation is being performed in the context of an ASP.NET request.]
System.Web.UI.ScriptManager.get_IPage() +372796
System.Web.UI.ScriptManager.OnPageInitComplete(Object sender, EventArgs e) +13
System.Web.UI.Page.OnInitComplete(EventArgs e) +8699478
System.Web.UI.Page.ProcessRequestMain(Boolean includeStagesBeforeAsyncPoint, Boolean includeStagesAfterAsyncPoint) +467
It's maddening that there's not a straightforward way to disable the ScriptManager; the control has no Enabled property, and you can't set ScriptManager.Visible=False.
Any ideas?
A: I could not get this to work either but I found a solution today.
If you are using .Net 4.0 you can use the new AjaxFrameworkMode property and set it to Disabled.
ScriptManager.AjaxFrameworkMode Property
Use the AjaxFrameworkMode property to enable all Microsoft Ajax script
files, to disable all Microsoft Ajax script files, or to explicitly
include individual script files.
ScriptManager1.AjaxFrameworkMode = AjaxFrameworkMode.Disabled
Hope that helps someone who ends up here as I did..
| {
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The label component displays text with a simple HTML-like markup.
For more information, see the Label API.
To create a label, use the elm_label_add() function. You can set the label text with the elm_object_text_set() function.
Modify the style with which the label component displays text.
marker: The text is centered and bolded.
slide_long: The text appears from the right of the screen and slides until it disappears in the left of the screen (reappearing on the right again).
slide_roll: The text appears from the left of the label and slides to the right to show the overflow, and then appears from the right of the label again.
slide_short: The text appears in the left of the label and slides to the right to show the overflow. When all of the text has been shown, the position is reset.
slide_bounce: The text appears in the left of the label and slides to the right to show the overflow. When all of the text has been shown, the animation reverses, moving the text to the left.
slide,end: The slide reaches the end.
anchor,clicked: The anchor is clicked.
The event_info callback parameter points to an Elm_Label_Anchor_Info object.
anchor,mouse,down: The anchor is pressed by mouse down.
anchor,mouse,up: The anchor is released by mouse up. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
AllATA ShowSHOT ShowICASTFishingGearLearnDestinationsRecipesHuntingNRA ShowBackyard ReadyVideo ExclusivesLearnLearnDestinationsDestinationsDestinationsGearGearGear Up & HuntSpecial CollectionsCrash CourseTackle TestUltimate Season
36 Great Fishing Trips
This calendar will put you right in the middle of the action, now and for every month of the year. (Feb 2009)
Saltwater and freshwater fishing were both exceptional last year, despite the well-publicized lack of precipitation. Though another dry spring may bring negative impacts on fisheries down the road, anglers can expect 2009 to be another great year.
But even with the assortment of quality destinations that California has to offer, timing is everything. Even more important than where to go is determining when to be there. These 36 recommendations compiled by California Game & Fish will help ensure that you're in the right place at the right time.
Look for wet winter storms and increased river flows to bring an abundance of food and hungry sturgeon to Susuin and San Pablo bays.
If the rains never materialize, don't waste your time. But if they do, dig out your tide book and plan a trip for the largest swing that you can find for that week -- incoming tides are more productive than outgoing.
Look for fish to 70 inches in Susuin Bay in the Honker and Grizzly areas.
In San Pablo Bay, try the flats between the rock wall and China Camp or near the Pumphouse. Fish right on the bottom with grass, mud or ghost shrimp rigged with a sliding sinker, wire leader and two 6/0 hooks.
Call Crocket Sportfishing at (510) 787-1047 for information.
Other Choices
In January, anglers have Shasta Lake to themselves. Spotted bass go on a tear off steep rocky banks and points. When water levels are dropping, try shad-pattern plastics and crankbaits, or blades when it's rising.
The main stem and South Fork of the Eel River can provide some of the best steelhead action in the state, but it's all rain-dependant. Call for up-to-date conditions before you go.
Surfperch
Near-shore areas along the South Coast offer plenty of surfperch prospects for pier anglers, beach-casters and boaters alike. Outer-coast piers at Pacific, Imperial and Ocean beaches are always good; any of several platforms in Mission and San Diego bays are can be excellent, too.
Surfcasting is superb in both protected and unprotected areas. Boaters tend to stick to the two bays. Regardless of your location, the key to a good day is soaking live bloodworms and sand crabs on No. 6 hooks.
For information, call Dana Landing Action Sports at (619) 226-2929.
It takes the right conditions to fool steelhead in Mendocino County's streams. But when things come together, you'll take fish by drifting roe in the Albion, Big, Garcia, Gualala, Navarro, Noyo and Ten Mile rivers.
Before you go, be sure you understand the area's special Department of Fish and Game regulations.
Add variety to your fishing this year by heading to Prosser Lake for a day of ice-fishing. It shouldn't take more than a few hours to catch a limit of rainbow trout to 14 inches.
Lake Pardee
Smallmouth bass in the Sierra foothills? They're not the first species that comes to mind, but Pardee has been pumping out some of the biggest smallies in the West. That includes the new state-record fish, caught in 2007, which shattered the long-standing Trinity record by almost 3/4 of a pound.
The steep rocky banks and points upriver provide ideal habitat. That's where you should concentrate your efforts. Cover lots of water with ripbaits and small crankbaits for numbers of fish. When the bass aren't cooperating, switch to small soft-plastics and jigs.
Though you'll sacrifice quantity for quality, you should cast big swimbaits when targeting trophies.
For information, call Lake Pardee at (209) 772-1472.
Monster brown trout are on tap at Lake Almanor for anglers able to get on the water between storms. Try white mini-tube baits around Hamilton Beach. Or still-fish Rocky Point and the dam with night crawler-marshmallow combinations.
Shadow Cliffs Reservoir gets little run-off when late winter storms blow through the Bay Area. That makes it an ideal destination for rainbow trout.
Try dough baits near the first and second docks.
Largemouths
Don Pedro Reservoir
This is one of the state's largest reservoirs, so it's more vulnerable than other California waters to the effects of consecutive dry years.
Though that could be a problem for anglers in the long term, low-water conditions actually make targeting Don Pedro's big Florida-strain largemouths easier in the short term.
Start your day of fishing here by putting on a pair of polarized sunglasses and cruising the shoreline -- keep track of each spawning fish. Go back to each one later, staying far enough away to avoid spooking them.
For information, call Escalon Bait & Tackle at (209) 838-6722.
Shaver Lake, where rainbows to 10 pounds are taken regularly, is the place to be if you're looking for trophy trout. Dough baits, crawlers, spinners and spoons all work when fished around the ramp and campground.
Largemouth bass, including plenty of fish to 12 pounds, should be in the shallows at Diamond Valley Lake. Everything from downsized plastics to bulky swimbaits will work.
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta
Everyone wants to catch the fish that the rest of us talk about for the rest of the year. To do that, there's no better place than what many consider one of the country's top five largemouth fisheries.
The problem is that every inch of the Delta's maze of twisting rivers, sloughs and islands looks like it should hold multiple trophy bass.
But that's not the case. You'll narrow your search for big bass by looking for clear conditions and areas away from swift current.
Locations with relatively sparse weeds tend to be better, too. Start by casting crankbaits that just tick the top of submerged vegetation. Then pitch and flip jigs to thicker cover.
For information, call Hook, Line and Sinker at (925) 625-2441.
Lake Nacimiento's creeks are prime locations for catching white bass on live or imitation shad. The key is finding schools of bait being worked to the
surface by bass, then casting into the fracas.
It's illegal to possess live whites.
When trolling or mooching for 8- to 14-pound king salmon in Monterey Bay, you'll likely have to compete with marauding sea lions. But there should be plenty of fish to go around.
New Melones Reservoir
These small landlocked sockeye salmon are becoming increasingly popular in the West. New Melones is one of the premier destinations.
Limits of 2- to 3-pound fish are common, but you'll need a well-equipped boat to find and catch them. If you don't have the right gear, there are several guides in the area.
After locating a school with your electronics, use downriggers to get dodgers trailed by small spoons, hoochies or kokanee bugs down to the fish. Make sure you have an assortment of offerings in pink, orange, red and chartreuse.
For information, call Glory Hole Sports at (209) 736-4333.
American shad will put your reel to the test on the lower Feather River. Popular spots for casting shad darts or flies for fish to 6 pounds include the mouth of the river at Verona, Shanghai Bend and Vance Riffle.
Hat Creek brook trout may be small, but they hold their own when it comes to the battle they provide.
Use ultralight gear to cast spinners, night crawlers or crickets.
San Pablo Reservoir
Only minutes from San Francisco, San Pablo offers some of California's best angling for channel catfish. Fish average 4 to 5 pounds, but several in the teens get taken every summer.
And with miles of shoreline access, this is an ideal destination for non-boaters as well as boaters. But there is no access after dark.
From late afternoon through evening, the catches often exceed those during morning or midday, in terms of both numbers and size. Popular spots include the Preserve, Scow Canyon and the launch. When it comes to bait, the smellier, the better. You can't go wrong with anchovies, chicken livers, mackerel or sardines.
For information, call San Pablo Reservoir at (510) 223-1661.
Lake McClure's hand-sized panfish provide action for anglers dunking mini-jigs or live redworms around the perimeter of shallow coves.
Fishing vertically over submerged treetops from a boat works, too.
You'll add new meaning to the phrase "Fourth of July fireworks" when you hook into barracuda in Santa Monica Bay. The razor-toothed fish take live anchovies or jigs.
San Francisco Coast
There's no need for Northern California anglers to spend hard-earned cash on a long-range trip south of the border for backbreaking, wrist-aching, reel-smoking action. They can have it right in their own backyard toward the end of summer, thanks to schools of halibut moving north after they spawn.
Fish congregate on sandy bottoms near the mouths of streams and rivers, but look for areas with rocks nearby.
You'll take fish with artificials, but to produce the most consistent action, use live anchovies -- they're often available at Bay Area ports.
When choosing an anchovy, look for the liveliest and largest one you can find. For information, call Hi's Tackle Box at (415) 221-3825.
Santa Margarita Lake's abundant shoreline access offers plenty of opportunities for soaking mackerel or chicken livers for catfish to 20 pounds.
Popular spots include the boat ramp, the marina and Murphy's Bay.
For mackinaw at Lake Tahoe, deep is the way to go. But for a successful trip, you'll have to know where to fish. If you're not a regular there, it's well worth the expense to hire a guide.
Now that the kids have gone back to school and everybody's life has settled back into something of a routine, treat yourself to a break and head to Berryessa. You'll have the lake to yourself. The DFG will be stocking catchable-size fish, but it's the big holdovers pushing 24 inches that you'll want to target.
You'll find trout all over Berryessa, but if you're having trouble deciding where to start, try fishing from the Bureau of Reclamation office to the island or between the big island and Putah Creek. Trolling flashers and other hardware takes lots of fish here.
But you'll have a better shot at a trophy by drifting live bait. Minnows are the way to go.
For Information, call Spanish Flat Resort at (707) 966-7700.
As long as offshore waters around Catalina Island don't cool too early, live squid will take yellowtails to 25 pounds. If you're having trouble getting fish to bite, try smaller-diameter line and lighter hooks. Typically calm conditions make this a great time to target lingcod in shallow waters out of Half Moon Bay.
Cuttbow Trout
Lake Amador
For those who cringe at the thought of chasing hatchery fish in a reservoir, this lake's unique cuttbows offer an exciting alternative.
Barring a late-autumn heat wave, Amador's intensive trout-planting program should be gearing up this month. And as its surface waters cool, the lake's largest fish get hungry, making this the time to be there.
And it doesn't matter what you cast -- spinners, spoons, small minnow plugs, dry and wet flies, night crawlers and dough baits will all take fish.
For information, call Lake Amador Resort at (209) 274-4739.
Falling water temperatures push San Vicente Lake's huge largemouth bass into the shallows where they looking to feed on something big.
For a bass more than 5 pounds, try casting 10- to 12-inch swimbaits.
Big Bear Lake lies less than 100 miles from Los Angeles, yet it provides some of the best high-elevation rainbow trout fishing in California.
Trolling along the western shoreline takes most of the fish here.
Farallon Islands
The 30-mile excursion from San Francisco Bay to the Farallon Islands may be longer than a coastal trip, but the quality of the fishing makes the added travel time worth a little less sleep in the morning.
Now is when the islands' largest lings start moving in preparation of spawning, and this is when you can anticipate fish to 20 pounds.
Live-bait dealers have closed up shop by now, but a couple of pounds of frozen squid and some shrimp fly rigs will do the trick. Hex bars and leadhead jigs with Scampi-type trailers also take fish.
Regardless of what you're using, keep your offering just off the bottom, slowly working it up and down to attract a fish's attention.
For information, call Berkeley Marina Sport Center at (510) 849-2727.
The San Joaquin side of the Delta provides adrenalin-pumping striper action if you're in the right place at the right time. For bass to 40 pounds, cast topwater lures to the ends of narrow tule islands at the turn of the tide.
Now that the water has cooled off at Henshaw Lake, limits of crappie to just over a pound will eat chartreuse, pink or white mini-jigs. Catch them off the fishing dock or near the dam
Spotted Bass
Lake Oroville
When you want a break from holiday shopping, hanging decorations or office parties, head to Oroville. This time of year, your arms will get tired before the fish do. Spots turn on all over the lake, and though you'll have to work through lots of slot bass that you must release, you'll still hook into some quality fish.
If you don't know where to start, try tapering rocky points. Be sure there's deep water nearby. Good locations include Berry Creek, Spring Valley Cove and Canyon Creek.
For information, call Huntington's Sportsman's Store at (530) 534-8000.
You'll catch striped bass by trolling broken-back plugs or soaking live minnows in the Sacramento River.
A productive spot is the mouth of the American River.
Give yourself an early holiday gift and head to Lake Cachuma for some cold-weather panfishing. You'll find redear sunfish by getting your bait down to as least 20 feet.
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Lynn Burkhead | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
\section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec1}
Modern probes of material properties, such as the new inelastic neutron
scattering facilities, are reaching such unprecedented sensitivity that
they can measure the spectrum not only of a single quasiparticle
excitation, but even two-particle excitations \cite{tennant2003}.
These quasiparticles
can collide, scatter, or form bound states just like elementary
particles in free space. The spectrum of the multiparticle excitations
is a crucial indicator of the underlying dynamics of the system.
One of the principal theoretical means of predicting the excitation
spectrum is the method of high-order perturbation series expansions
\cite{oitmaa2006}.
We have previously used a `linked-cluster' approach to generate series
expansions for 2-particle states in 1-dimensional models \cite{trebst2000},
but for
2-dimensional models the only high-order calculations carried out so far have been
those of Uhrig's group (e.g. \cite{knetter2000}),
using the
`continuous unitary
transformation' (CUTS) method, which is of only limited applicability.
One of our aims here is to extend the linked-cluster approach to
2-dimensional models, starting with the bilayer model as a simple
example.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{fig1.eps}
\caption{The bilayer Heisenberg model on a square lattice.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}
The $S = 1/2$ bilayer Heisenberg antiferromagnet has attracted continuing
interest from both experimentalists and theoreticians. Experimentally, it is
of interest because many of the cuprate superconductors contain pairs of
weakly
coupled copper oxide
layers \cite{reznik1996,hayden1996,millis1996,pailhes2006}. Recently, the
organic material
piperazinium hexachlorodicuprate has also been found to have a bilayer
structure
\cite{stone2006}. Theoretically, it is of particular interest because it is one of the
simplest two-dimensional systems to display a dimerized, valence-bond-solid
ground state, when the interplane coupling is large. There have also
been discussions of the model in the presence of a magnetic field
\cite{sommer2001}, or doping \cite{sandvik2002,pailhes2006,zhou2007}, or
disorder \cite{sknepnek2006}.
The structure of the model is shown in Figure \ref{fig1}, with $S = 1/2$ spins
on the sites of the lattice, and Heisenberg antiferromagnetic couplings $J_2$
between the planes, $J_1$ within each plane:
\begin{equation}
H = J_1 \sum_{l \ = \ 1,2}
\sum_{<i,j>} {\bf
S_{l i} \cdot S_{l j}}
+ J_2 \sum_{ i } {\bf S_{1i} \cdot S_{2i}}
\label{eq1}
\end{equation}
where $l = 1,2$ labels the two planes of the bilayer. The physics of the
system then depends on the coupling ratio $\lambda = J_1/J_2$. At $\lambda=0$, the
ground state consists simply of $S = 0$ dimers on each bond between the two
layers, and excitations are composed of $S = 1$ `triplon' states on one or
more bonds. At large $\lambda$, where the $J_1$ interaction is dominant, the ground
state will be a standard N{\' e}el state, with $S = 1$ `magnon' excitations.
At some intermediate critical value $\lambda_c$, a phase transition will occur
between these two phases. It is believed that this transition is of
second order,
and is accompanied by a Bose-Einstein condensation of
triplons/magnons in the ground state.
Theorists have discussed this model using series expansion methods
\cite{hida1992,gelfand1996,zheng1997},
quantum Monte Carlo )QMC) simulations at small temperatures
\cite{sandvik1994,sandvik1995,sandvik1996}, Schwinger-boson mean-field
theory \cite{millis1993,miyazaki1996}, and spin-wave theory
\cite{matsuda1990,chubukov1995,kotov1998,shevchenko1999}.
The QMC analysis of Sandvik and Scalapino \cite{sandvik1996} found the transition at $\lambda_c = 0.398(3)$, with a
critical index $\nu ]simeq 0.7$.
in agreement with the O(3)
nonlinear sigma model prediction, while the
exponent-biased series analysis
of Zheng \cite{zheng1997} put the critical point at $\lambda_c = 0.394(1)$.
Early spin-wave estimates \cite{chubukov1995} were well away from this position, but
the improved Brueckner approach of Sushkov {\it et al.}
\cite{kotov1998,shevchenko1999} gave a
remarkably accurate estimate of the critical point and critical index,
and also the 1-particle
dispersion in the model.
Our particular aim here is to study the two-triplon states within the
dimerized regime, with particular emphasis on the occurrence of bound states,
and to explore their behaviour in the vicinity of the critical point.
The two-particle bound states can give important insights into the dynamical
behaviour of the model. It is also possible that they may be detected experimentally at the
new generation of inelastic neutron scattering facilities, or by other means.
We use two methods to investigate the two-particle states. A modified
triplet-wave approach, described in Section \ref{sec2}, gives a qualitative picture of
these states, valid at small couplings $\lambda$. Series expansion calculations,
sketched in Section \ref{sec3}, are
then used to obtain more accurate results, and to explore the behaviour near
the critical point.
Series expansions are also presented for the single-particle and total transverse structure factors.
Our conclusions are summarized in Section \ref{sec5}.
\section{Modified triplet-wave theory.}
\label{sec2}
Analogues of spin-wave theory in a dimerized phase have been discussed by
several authors.
Sachdev and Bhatt \cite{sachdev1990}
used a `bond-operator' representation to describe the dimers and their
spin-triplet excitations, which employed both triplet and singlet operators,
with a constraint between them to ensure that no two triplets can occupy the
same site. The constraint is awkward to implement, and so Kotov {\it et al.}
\cite{kotov1998} discarded the singlet operator, and replaced it by an infinite on-site
repulsion between triplets, implemented via a self-consistent Born approximation,
valid when the density of triplets is low. We have presented an alternative
approach \cite{collins2006}, where the exclusion constraint is implemented automatically
by means of projection operators. The absence of any constraint makes the
formalism easier and more transparent to apply, but at the price of extra
many-body interaction terms.
This is the method used here.
The Hamiltonian for the Heisenberg bilayer systemn can be rewritten
\begin{equation}
H = \sum_{ i } {\bf S_{1i} \cdot S_{2i}} + \lambda \sum_{1 = 1,2}
\sum_{<i,j>} {\bf
S_{\lambda i} \cdot S_{\lambda j}}
\label{eq10}
\end{equation}
For $\lambda = 0$, the system reduces to independent dimers as shown in
Figure \ref{fig1}.
Let us consider a single dimer with two spins ${\bf S_1,S_2}$.
The four states in the Hilbert space consist of a singlet and three
triplet states with total spin $S=0,1$ respectively, and eigenvalues
\begin{eqnarray}
{\bf S_1 \cdot S_2} = \left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
-3/4 & (S=0) \\
+1/4 & (S=1)
\end{array}
\right.
\label{eq11}
\end{eqnarray}
We denote the singlet ground state as $|0 \rangle$, and introduce triplet
creation operators that create the triplet states out of the vacuum
$|0 \rangle$, as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
|0 \rangle & = & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}[|\uparrow \downarrow \rangle -|\downarrow
\uparrow \rangle] \nonumber \\
|1,x \rangle & = & t^{\dagger}_x|0 \rangle = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}[|\uparrow \uparrow \rangle -|\downarrow
\downarrow \rangle] \nonumber \\
|1,y \rangle & = & t^{\dagger}_y|0 \rangle = \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}[|\uparrow \uparrow \rangle +|\downarrow
\downarrow \rangle] \nonumber \\
|1,z \rangle & = & t^{\dagger}_z|0 \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}[|\uparrow \downarrow \rangle +|\downarrow
\uparrow \rangle]
\label{eq12}
\end{eqnarray}
Then the spin operators ${\bf S_1}$ and ${\bf S_2}$ can be represented
in terms of triplet operators by
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{1\alpha} & = &
\frac{1}{2}[t^{\dagger}_{\alpha}(1-t^{\dagger}_{\gamma}t_{\gamma}) +
(1-t^{\dagger}_{\gamma}t_{\gamma}) t_{\alpha}
-i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}t^{\dagger}_{\beta}t_{\gamma}]
\nonumber \\
S_{2\alpha} & = &
\frac{1}{2}[-t^{\dagger}_{\alpha}(1-t^{\dagger}_{\gamma}t_{\gamma}) -
(1-t^{\dagger}_{\gamma}t_{\gamma}) t_{\alpha}
\nonumber \\
& & -i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}t^{\dagger}_{\beta}t_{\gamma}]
\label{eq13}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ take the values $x,y,z$ and repeated indices
are summed over. This is similar to the representation of Sachdev and
Bhatt \cite{sachdev1990}, except that we have omitted singlet operators
$s^{\dagger},s$, but used projection operators
$(1-t^{\dagger}_{\gamma}t_{\gamma})$ instead. Assume the triplet
operators obey bosonic commutation relations
\begin{equation}
[t_{\alpha},t^{\dagger}_{\beta}] = \delta_{\alpha\beta},
\label{eq14}
\end{equation}
then one can show that within the physical subspace (i.e. total number
of triplet states is 0 or 1), the representation (\ref{eq13}) obeys the
correct spin operator algebra
\begin{equation}
[S_{1\alpha},S_{1\beta}] = i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}S_{1\gamma},
\hspace{5mm} [S_{2\alpha},S_{2\beta}] =
i\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}S_{2\gamma},
\nonumber
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
[S_{1\alpha},S_{2\beta}] = 0
\label{eq15b}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
{\bf S}_1^2 = {\bf S}_2^2 = 3/4, \hspace{5mm} {\bf S_1 \cdot S_2} =
t^{\dagger}_{\alpha}t_{\alpha} - 3/4
\label{eq15c}
\end{equation}
The projection operators ensure that we remain within the subspace.
Returning to the bilayer system, we can now define triplet operators
$t^{\dagger}_{n\alpha},t_{n\alpha}$ for each dimer $n$ in the system.
For a system of $N$ dimers, the Hamiltonian now can be expressed in terms
of triplet operators as
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
H & = & -\frac{3N}{4} + \sum_n t^{\dagger}_{n\alpha}t_{n\alpha}
+\frac{\lambda}{2} \sum_{<ij>} \{ t^{\dagger}_{i\alpha} t^{\dagger}_{j\alpha} + t_{i\alpha} t_{j\alpha} +t_{i\alpha} t^{\dagger}_{j\alpha} + t^{\dagger}_{i\alpha}
t_{j\alpha} \}
-\frac{\lambda}{2} \sum_{<ij>} \{
(t^{\dagger}_{i\alpha} t^{\dagger}_{i\beta} t_{i\beta} + t^{\dagger}_{i\beta} t_{i\beta} t_{i\alpha}) (t^{\dagger}_{j\alpha} +t_{j\alpha}) \nonumber \\
& & +(t^{\dagger}_{i\alpha} + t_{i\alpha})
(t^{\dagger}_{j\alpha} t^{\dagger}_{j\beta} t_{j\beta} + t^{\dagger}_{j\beta} t_{j\beta} t_{j\alpha}) + t^{\dagger}_{i\alpha} t_{i\beta} t^{\dagger}_{j\alpha} t_{j\beta} - t^{\dagger}_{i\alpha} t_{i\beta}
t^{\dagger}_{j\beta} t_{j\alpha} \} \nonumber \\
& &
+\frac{\lambda}{2} \sum_{<ij>} \{
(t^{\dagger}_{i\alpha} t^{\dagger}_{i\beta} t_{i\beta} + t^{\dagger}_{i\beta} t_{i\beta} t_{i\alpha}) (t^{\dagger}_{j\alpha} t^{\dagger}_{j\gamma} t_{j\gamma} + t^{\dagger}_{j\gamma} t_{j\gamma}
t_{j\alpha}) \}
\label{eq16}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
This expression includes terms containing up to 6 triplet operators.
Next, perform a Fourier transform
\begin{eqnarray}
t_{{\bf k}\alpha} & = & (\frac{1}{N})^{1/2} \sum_{\bf n} e^{i{\bf k.n}} t_{{\bf
n}\alpha} \nonumber \\
t^{\dagger}_{{\bf k}\alpha} & = & (\frac{1}{N})^{1/2} \sum_{\bf n} e^{-i{\bf
k.n}} t^{\dagger}_{{\bf n}\alpha}
\label{eq17}
\end{eqnarray}
(we set the spacing between dimers $d = 1$),
then the Hamiltonian becomes
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
H & = & -\frac{3N}{4} + \sum_{{\bf k}} t^{\dagger}_{{{\bf k}}\alpha} t_{{\bf k} \alpha}
+\lambda \sum_{{\bf k}} \gamma_{{\bf k}} [ t^{\dagger}_{{\bf k} \alpha} t^{\dagger}_{-{\bf k} \alpha} + t_{{\bf k}
\alpha} t_{-{\bf k} \alpha} +2 t^{\dagger}_{{\bf k} \alpha} t_{{\bf k} \alpha} ]
\nonumber \\
& &
-\frac{\lambda}{N} \sum_{1234} \{ \delta_{1+2+3-4} [ (t^{\dagger}_{1 \alpha} t^{\dagger}_{2
\alpha} t^{\dagger}_{3\gamma} t_{4 \gamma} + t^{\dagger}_{4 \gamma} t_{3 \gamma} t_{2 \alpha} t_{1
\alpha})
(\gamma_1 + \gamma_2)] +
\delta_{1+2-3-4}[t^{\dagger}_{1\alpha}t^{\dagger}_{2\gamma}t_{3\alpha}t_{4\gamma}(\gamma_1+\gamma_2+\gamma_3+\gamma_4)
\nonumber \\
& &
+ \gamma_{{\bf 1-3}} t^{\dagger}_{1 \beta} t^{\dagger}_{2 \beta} t_{3 \gamma}
t_{4 \gamma} - \gamma_{{\bf 1-4}}t^{\dagger}_{1 \beta} t^{\dagger}_{2 \gamma} t_{3 \beta} t_{4 \gamma}) ]
\}
\nonumber \\
& &
+ \frac{\lambda}{N^2} \sum_{1-6} \{ \delta_{1+2+3+4-5-6} [ \gamma_{{\bf 3+4-6}}
(t^{\dagger}_{1 \alpha} t^{\dagger}_{2 \gamma} t^{\dagger}_{3 \alpha} t^{\dagger}_{4 \beta} t_{5 \gamma} t_{6
\beta} + t^{\dagger}_{6 \beta} t^{\dagger}_{5 \gamma} t_{4 \beta} t_{3 \alpha} t_{2 \gamma} t_{1
\alpha}) ] \nonumber \\
& & + \delta_{1+2+3-4-5-6}
t^{\dagger}_{1 \alpha} t^{\dagger}_{2 \beta} t^{\dagger}_{3 \gamma}
t_{4 \gamma} t_{5 \beta} t_{6 \alpha}(\gamma_{{\bf 3-4-6}} + \gamma_{{\bf 2+3-4}})
\}
\label{eq18}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where the indices $1 - 6$ are shorthand for momenta ${\bf k_1} - {\bf
k_6}$, and
\begin{equation}
\gamma_{\bf k} = \frac{1}{2}(\cos k_x + \cos k_y)
\end{equation}
for the square lattice.
Henceforward, we drop the 6-particle terms.
Finally, as in a standard spin-wave analysis, we perform a Bogoliubov
transform
\begin{equation}
t_{{\bf k}\alpha} = c_{{\bf k}}\tau_{{\bf k}\alpha} + s_{\bf k} \tau^{\dagger}_{-{\bf k}\alpha}
\label{eq19}
\end{equation}
where $c_{\bf k} = \cosh \theta_{\bf k}$, $s_{\bf k} = \sinh \theta_{\bf k}$, $\theta_{-{\bf k}} =
\theta_{\bf k}$, which preserves the boson commutation relations
\begin{equation}
[\tau_{{\bf k}\alpha},\tau^{\dagger}_{{\bf k}'\beta}] = \delta_{{\bf k}\bk'}\delta_{\alpha\beta}
\label{eq20}
\end{equation}
and is intended to diagonalize the Hamiltonian up to quadratic terms.
After normal ordering, the transformed Hamiltonian up to fourth order
terms reads
\begin{equation}
H = W_0 + H_2 + H_3 + H_4,
\label{eq21}
\end{equation}
where the constant term is
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
W_0 & = & 3N\left\{ -\frac{1}{4}+R_2 +
2\lambda(R_3+R_4)-2\lambda[2(R_3+R_4)(R_1+4R_2)
+\frac{1}{N^2}\sum_{12}
\gamma_{{\bf 1-2}}(c_1s_1c_2s_2-s_1^2s_2^2)] \right. \nonumber \\
& & \left. +2\lambda[(R_3+R_4)(R_1+4R_2)^2
+\frac{1}{N^3}\sum_{123}\gamma_{{\bf 1+2-3}}(c_1s_1(4c_2s_2c_3s_3+
6c_2s_2s_3^2+6s_2^2s_3^2)+4s_1^2s_2^2s_3^2)] \right\}
\label{eq22}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
expressed in terms of the momentum sums
\begin{eqnarray}
R_1 & = & \frac{1}{N} \sum_{{\bf k}} c_{{\bf k}} s_{{\bf k}} \nonumber \\
R_2 & = & \frac{1}{N} \sum_{{\bf k}} s_{{\bf k}}^2
\nonumber \\
R_3 & = & \frac{1}{N} \sum_{{\bf k}} c_{{\bf k}} s_{{\bf k}} \gamma_{{\bf k}}
\nonumber \\
R_4 & = & \frac{1}{N} \sum_{{\bf k}} s_{{\bf k}}^2 \gamma_{{\bf k}}.
\label{eq23}
\end{eqnarray}
The quadratic terms are
\begin{equation}
H_2 = \sum_{{\bf k},\alpha} [E_{{\bf k}} \tau^{\dagger}_{{\bf k}\alpha} \tau_{{\bf k}\alpha} +Q_{\bf k}(\tau_{{\bf k}\alpha}\tau_{-{\bf k}\alpha} + \tau^{\dagger}_{{\bf k}\alpha} \tau^{\dagger}_{-{\bf k}\alpha})]
\label{eq24}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
E_{{\bf k}} & = & (c_{{\bf k}}^2 + s_{{\bf k}}^2)(1+2\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}})+4\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}}c_{{\bf k}}
s_{{\bf k}} \nonumber \\
& & -\lambda[4(c_{{\bf k}}^2+s_{{\bf k}}^2)(\gamma_{{\bf k}}
(R_1+4R_2) + 4(R_3+R_4)
-\frac{1}{N}\sum_1s_1^2\gamma_{{\bf k-1}})
\nonumber \\ & &
+8c_{{\bf k}}s_{{\bf k}}
(\gamma_{{\bf k}}
(R_1+4R_2) + (R_3+R_4)
+\frac{1}{N}\sum_1c_1s_1\gamma_{{\bf
k-1}})]
\label{eq25}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
Q_{{\bf k}} & = & c_{{\bf k}}s_{{\bf k}}(1
+2\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}})+\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}}(c_{{\bf k}}^2+s_{{\bf k}}^2) \nonumber \\
& & -\lambda[2(c_{{\bf k}}^2+s_{{\bf k}}^2)(\gamma_{{\bf k}}
(R_1+4R_2)+(R_3+R_4)
+\frac{1}{N}\sum_1
c_1s_1\gamma_{{\bf k}-{\bf
1}}) \nonumber \\
& &+4c_{{\bf k}}s_{{\bf k}}(\gamma_{{\bf k}}
(R_1+4R_2)+4(R_3+R_4)
-\frac{1}{N}\sum_1
s_1^2\gamma_{\bf k-1})]
\label{eq26}
\end{eqnarray}
The fourth-order terms are
\begin{eqnarray}
H_4 & = & -\frac{\lambda}{N}\sum_{1234}[\delta_{1+2+3+4}\Phi^{(1)}_4
(\tau^{\dagger}_{1\alpha}\tau^{\dagger}_{2\alpha}\tau^{\dagger}_{3\gamma}\tau^{\dagger}_{4\gamma} +
\tau_{1\alpha}\tau_{2\alpha}\tau_{3\gamma}\tau_{4\gamma}) +
\delta_{1+2-3-4}(\Phi^{(2)}_4
\tau^{\dagger}_{1\alpha}\tau^{\dagger}_{2\alpha}\tau_{3\gamma}\tau_{4\gamma}
+\Phi_4^{(3)}\tau^{\dagger}_{1\alpha}\tau^{\dagger}_{2\gamma}\tau_{3\alpha}\tau_{4\gamma})
\nonumber \\
& & +\delta_{1+2+3-4}\Phi^{(4)}_4
(\tau^{\dagger}_{1\alpha}\tau^{\dagger}_{2\alpha}\tau^{\dagger}_{3\gamma}\tau_{4\gamma} +
\tau^{\dagger}_{4\gamma}\tau_{3\gamma}\tau_{2\alpha}\tau_{1\alpha})]
\label{eq28}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where we have used the shorthand notation $1 \cdots 4$ for momenta $k_1 \cdots k_4$, and the vertex functions
$\Phi^{(i)}_4$ are listed in Appendix A.
These results were obtained or confirmed using a symbolic manipulation program
written in PERL.
The condition that the off-diagonal quadratic terms vanish is
\begin{equation}
Q_{{\bf k}} =0.
\label{eq29}
\end{equation}
In a conventional spin-wave approach, this would be implemented in leading order only, giving the condition
\begin{equation}
\tanh 2\theta_{{\bf k}} = \frac{2s_{{\bf k}}c_{{\bf k}}}{c_{{\bf k}}^2+s_{{\bf k}}^2} =
-\frac{2\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}}}{[1+2\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}})}
\label{eq30}
\end{equation}
This would leave some residual off-diagonal quadratic terms, arising from the normal-ordering of quartic operators. In a
`modified' approach \cite{gochev1994}, we demand that these terms vanish entirely up to the order calculated, giving the
modified condition
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
\tanh 2\theta_{{\bf k}} =
-\frac{2\lambda[\gamma_{{\bf k}}
-2(\gamma_{{\bf k}}(R_1+4R_2)+(R_3+R_4)
+\frac{1}{N}\sum_1 c_1s_1 \gamma_{{\bf k-1}})]
}{[1+2\lambda(\gamma_{{\bf k}}-2(\gamma_{{\bf k}}(R_1+4R_2)+4(R_3+R_4)
-\frac{1}{N}\sum_1s_1^2\gamma_{{\bf
k-1}}))]}
\label{eq31}
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
Self-consistent solutions for the N equations (\ref{eq31}), with the four parameters $R_1 \cdots R_4$ given by equation
(\ref{eq23}), can easily be found by numerical means, starting from the conventional result (\ref{eq30}).
\subsection{Expansion in powers of $\lambda$}
\label{sec2a}
As a first check on the formalism, one may calculate the leading terms
in an expansion of the energy eigenvalues in powers of $\lambda$.
Solving the modified equation (\ref{eq31}) self-consistently
to order $\lambda^2$, we find
\begin{eqnarray}
s_{{\bf k}} & = &
-\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}} + \frac{\lambda^2}{2}(4\gamma_{{\bf k}}^2
-\gamma_{{\bf k}}-1)
\nonumber \\
c_{{\bf k}} & = & 1 + \frac{1}{2}\lambda^2\gamma_{{\bf k}}^2
\label{eq32}
\end{eqnarray}
with the lattice sums (\ref{eq23})
\begin{eqnarray}
R_1 & = & O(\lambda^4), \hspace{5mm} R_2 = \frac{\lambda^2}{4}+\frac{\lambda^3}{4}
+O(\lambda^4), \nonumber \\
R_3 & = & -\frac{\lambda}{4} - \frac{\lambda^2}{8}+O(\lambda^3), \hspace{5mm} R_4 =
O(\lambda^3)
\label{eq33}
\end{eqnarray}
The leading-order behaviour of the vertex functions may easily be
deduced from Appendix A.
Substituting in equation (\ref{eq22}), the ground state energy per dimer
is
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon_0 & = & \frac{W_0}{N}
\sim
-3[\frac{1}{4}+\frac{\lambda^2}{4}+\frac{\lambda^3}{8}]
\hspace{5mm} \lambda \rightarrow 0
\label{eq34}
\end{eqnarray}
in agreement with dimer series expansion results previously obtained for this
model \cite{zheng1997}. One can easily show that perturbation diagrams
such as those in Figure \ref{fig2} do not contribute until
$O(\lambda^4)$ or higher.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{fig2.eps}
\caption{Perturbation diagrams contributing to the ground-state energy.}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}
The energy gap at leading order can be found from equation (\ref{eq25}):
\begin{equation}
E_k \sim 1
+2\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}} +4\lambda^2-2\lambda^2\gamma_{{\bf k}}^2
\hspace{5mm} \lambda \rightarrow 0
\label{eq35}
\end{equation}
Note that in linear spin-wave theory, when $\tanh 2\theta_{{\bf k}}$ is given
by (\ref{eq30}) and the energy gap is given by the first line of equation
(\ref{eq25}), the energy gap is
\begin{equation}
E_k = \sqrt{1+4\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}}}
\label{eq35a}
\end{equation}
which vanishes at $\lambda = 1/4, \gamma_{{\bf k}} = -1$, i.e. ${\bf k} =
(\pi,\pi)$. This marks a phase transition with critical index $\nu =
1/2$, and the end of the dimerized
phase, in this approximation.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{fig3.eps}
\caption{Perturbation diagrams contributing to the one-particle energy.}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}
The perturbation diagram Figure \ref{fig3}a) also
contributes to the energy gap at order $\lambda^2$.
Note that diagram \ref{fig3}a) does not appear in the formalism of Shevchenko
{\it et al.} \cite{shevchenko1999,kotov1998}; the extra terms in our formalism are needed to implement the
hardcore constraint that two triplons cannot occupy the same site.
At leading order, the contribution of this diagram
is
\begin{equation}
\Delta E_k^{3a)} \sim -2\lambda^2
\hspace {5mm} \lambda \rightarrow 0
\label{eq36}
\end{equation}
(see the next section for further details). This gives a total
single-particle energy
\begin{equation}
\epsilon_k \sim
1+2\lambda\gamma_{{\bf k}}+2\lambda^2(1-\gamma_{{\bf k}}^2),
\hspace{5mm} \lambda \rightarrow
0
\label{eq38}
\end{equation}
which again agrees with series expansion results \cite{zheng1997}.
The minimum energy gap lies at ${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$. If we compare equation
(\ref{eq38}) at small momentum ${\bf p} = (\pi,\pi)-{\bf k}$ with the
continuum dispersion relation for a free boson,
\begin{equation}
\epsilon_k \sim \sqrt{m^2c^4 + p^2c^2}
\label{eq39}
\end{equation}
we readily discover the leading behaviour of the effective triplon
parameters, i.e. the triplon mass
\begin{equation}
m \sim \frac{1}{\lambda}[1-2\lambda+O(\lambda^2)]
\label{eq40}
\end{equation}
and the `speed of light' or triplon velocity
\begin{equation}
c^2 \sim
\lambda+O(\lambda^3)
\label{eq41}
\end{equation}
in lattice units. Note that the mass diverges and the speed of light
vanishes as $\lambda \rightarrow 0$.
\subsection{Numerical Results}
\label{sec2b}
Writing the Hamiltonian as
\begin{equation}
H = H_0 + V
\label{eq42}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
H_0 = W_0 + H_2
\label{eq43}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
V = H_4
\label{eq44}
\end{equation}
(6-particle terms being neglected)
we can treat $H_0$ as the unperturbed Hamiltonian and $V$ as a
perturbation to obtain the leading-order corrections to the predictions
for physical quantities outlined in the previous section.
Numerical results for the model have been obtained using the
finite-lattice method. The momentum sums are carried out for a fixed
lattice size $L \times L = N$,
using corresponding discrete values for the momentum
${\bf k}$, e.g.
\begin{eqnarray}
k_x & = & \frac{2\pi n}{L}, \hspace{5mm}n=1, \cdots L
\nonumber \\
k_y & = & \frac{2\pi m}{L}, \hspace{5mm}m=1, \cdots L
\label{eq45}
\end{eqnarray}
Results were obtained for $L$ up to 100.
\subsubsection{Ground-state energy}
\label{seca1}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig4.eps}
\caption{Ground-state energy per dimer as a function of $\lambda$. The solid
line
is the estimate from series expansions, and the dashed line is the
triplet-wave estimate.
}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}
The leading correction to the ground-state energy corresponds to the
diagram in Figure \ref{fig2}a). Its
contribution is
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta \epsilon_0^{2a)} & = & \frac{-3\lambda^2}{N^3}\sum_{1234}
\delta_{1+2+3+4}\frac{\Phi_4^{(1)}(1234)}{(E_1+E_2+E_3+E_4)}
\left[3\Phi_4^{(1)}(1234)
+\Phi_4^{(1)}(1324)
+\Phi_4^{(1)}(1423)\right]
\label{eq45b}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
In leading order one can show that this term is $O(\lambda^4)$,
whereas diagrams such as Figure \ref{fig2}b) are $O(\lambda^6)$ or
higher.
Figure
\ref{fig4} shows the behaviour of the ground-state energy as a function
of $\lambda$ resulting from this modified triplon theory, as compared
with the high-order dimer series calculations of Zheng
\cite{zheng1997}.
It can be seen that out to $\lambda \simeq 0.1$ there is quantitative agreement between our calculation
and the series estimates, but some discrepancy emerges at larger $\lambda$.
\subsubsection{One-particle spectrum}
\label{sec2a2}
The leading correction to the one-particle spectrum corresponds to the
diagram in Figure \ref{fig3}a). Its contribution
is
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta E_k^{3a)} & = & \frac{2\lambda^2}{N^2}\sum_{ 123}\delta_{
{\bf 1+2+3-k}}\frac{\Phi_4^{(4)}(
123k)}{(E_k-E_1-E_2-E_3)}
\left[3\Phi_4^{(4)}(123k)
+\Phi_4^{(4)}(321k)
+\Phi_4^{(4)}(312k)
\right]
\label{eq47}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
In leading order, this term is $O(\lambda^2)$, as stated in the
previous section, while diagrams like \ref{fig3}b) are
$O(\lambda^4)$ or higher.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig5.eps}
\caption{[Colour online] One-particle dispersion relation at the critical point ($y =
1/\lambda$), as estimated from both dimer (solid line) and Ising (dashed line) expansions
\cite{zheng1997}.}
\label{fig5}
\end{figure}
The dispersion of the one-particle energy as a function of momentum ${\bf
k}$ at the critical point is
illustrated in Figure \ref{fig5}, as estimated from two different series
expansions
by Zheng \cite{zheng1997}. It can be seen that the two expansions agree
well at the critical point, and that the energy gap vanishes there at
the N{\' e}el point ${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig6.eps}
\caption{ Energy gap at ${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$ as a function of
$\lambda$. The solid squares show the series estimates
\cite{zheng1997},
and the open squares are
results from Shevchenko {\it et al.}
\cite{shevchenko1999},
while the stars show the improved
triplet-wave results. The contributions from 2-triplon and 4-triplon
terms are shown separately.
}
\label{fig6}
\end{figure}
The triplet-wave and series estimates of the energy gap at
${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$ are
compared in Figure \ref{fig6}.
It
can be seen that the inclusion of the corrections from diagram \ref{fig3}a)
improves the agreement with series
substantially, bringing quantitative agreement out to $\lambda \simeq
0.15$. Beyond that, the triplet-wave estimates begin to diverge, as
higher-order contributions become more important.
The self-consistent Born approach of Kotov et al. \cite{kotov1998,shevchenko1999} is more accurate than our
approach at large $\lambda$; but neither approach can compete with
series methods for accuracy. Our object here mainly is to understand the
qualitative behaviour of the model.
\subsubsection{Two-triplon bound states}
\label{sec2a3}
It has been found in previous studies of dimerized
antiferromagnetic systems in one dimension \cite{uhrig1996,shevchenko1999} that the
quartic terms in
the Hamiltonian lead to attraction between two elementary triplons,
giving rise to $S=0$ and $S=1$ bound states. We look for solutions of
the two-body Schr{\" o}dinger equation
\begin{equation}
H|\psi \rangle = E|\psi \rangle.
\label{eq48}
\end{equation}
The two-body wave functions $|\psi({\bf K}) \rangle$ can be written as follows:
\begin{flushleft}
{\it Singlet sector ($S=0$):}
\end{flushleft}
\begin{equation}
|\psi^S({\bf K}) \rangle =
\frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\sum_{{\bf q},\alpha}\psi^S({\bf K},{\bf q})\tau^{\dagger}_{{\bf
K}/2+{\bf q},\alpha}
\tau^{\dagger}_{{\bf K}/2-{\bf q},\alpha}|0 \rangle
\label{eq49}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf K}$ is the centre-of-mass momentum and ${\bf q}$ the relative momentum
of the two particles,
and the scalar wave function is symmetric,
\begin{equation}
\psi^S({\bf K},-{\bf q})=\psi^S({\bf K},{\bf q})
\label{eq53}
\end{equation}
\begin{flushleft}
{\it Triplet sector ($S=1$):}
\end{flushleft}
\begin{equation}
|\psi^T_{\alpha}({\bf K}) \rangle =
\frac{1}{2}\sum_{{\bf q},\beta,\gamma}\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}
\psi^T({\bf K},{\bf q})\tau^{\dagger}_{{\bf K}/2+{\bf q},\beta}\tau^{\dagger}_{{\bf
K}/2-{\bf q},\gamma}|0 \rangle
\label{eq50}
\end{equation}
with the wave function antisymmetric
\begin{equation}
\psi^T({\bf K},-{\bf q})=-\psi^T({\bf K},{\bf q}).
\label{eq56}
\end{equation}
We will not write out the quintuplet states explicitly.
From equation (\ref{eq48}) one can readily derive the integral
Bethe-Salpeter equation satisfied by the bound-state wave functions:
\begin{eqnarray}
[E^{S,T,Q}({\bf K})-E_{{\bf K}/2+{\bf q}}-E_{{\bf K}/2-{\bf q}}]\psi^{S,T,Q}({\bf K},{\bf
q})
= \nonumber \\
\frac{1}{N}\sum_{{\bf p}}M^{S,T,Q}({\bf K},{\bf q},{\bf p})\psi^{S,T,Q}({\bf K},{\bf
p})
\label{eq51}
\end{eqnarray}
in each sector S,T or Q.
In leading order, the scattering amplitudes $M^{S,T,Q}({\bf K},{\bf q},{\bf
p})$ are simply
given by the 4-particle vertex from the perturbation operator $V$, Figure
\ref{fig7}a). Hence we find for the different sectors:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
M^S({\bf K},{\bf q},{\bf p}) =
-2\lambda[3\Phi^{(2)}_4({\bf K}/2+{\bf q},{\bf K}/2-{\bf q},{\bf K}/2+{\bf
p},{\bf
K}/2-{\bf p})
+\Phi^{(3)+}_4({\bf {\bf K}}/2+{\bf q},{\bf {\bf K}}/2-{\bf q},{\bf K}/2+
{\bf p},{\bf K}/2-{\bf
p})]
\label{eq52}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
M^T({\bf K},{\bf q},{\bf p}) =
-2\lambda\Phi^{(3)-}_4({\bf K}/2+{\bf q},{\bf K}/2-{\bf q},{\bf K}/2+{\bf p},{\bf
K}/2-{\bf p})
\label{eq55}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
M^Q({\bf K},{\bf q},{\bf p}) =
-2\lambda\Phi^{(3)+}_4({\bf K}/2+{\bf q},{\bf K}/2-{\bf q},{\bf K}/2+{\bf
p},{\bf
K}/2-{\bf p})
\label{eq57}
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
where the wave function is once again symmetric
in the quintuplet sector
\begin{equation}
\psi^Q({\bf K},-{\bf q})=\psi^Q({\bf K},{\bf q}).
\label{eq58}
\end{equation}
and the symmetric and antisymmetric pieces of the vertex function
$\Phi_4^{(3)}$ are defined:
\begin{equation}
\Phi^{(3)\pm}_4 \equiv \frac{1}{2}[\Phi^{(3)}_4(1234)\pm
\Phi^{(3)}_4(1243)].
\label{eq54}
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{fig7.eps}
\caption{Perturbation diagrams contributing to the 2-particle
scattering amplitude.}
\label{fig7}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{fig8.eps}
\caption{[Color online] Dispersion relations for the two-particle bound/antibound states at $\lambda=0.1$, along symmetry lines
in the Brillouin zone, as calculated from the triplet-wave expansion.
The 2-particle continuum region is shaded.}
\label{fig8}
\end{figure}
At leading order in $\lambda$, we find
\begin{eqnarray}
M^S({\bf K},{\bf q},{\bf p}) & \sim &
-2\lambda[\gamma_{{\bf p+q}}+\gamma_{{\bf p-q}}+\gamma_{{\bf K}/2+{\bf
p}} \nonumber \\
& & +\gamma_{{\bf K}/2+{\bf q}}+\gamma_{{\bf K}/2-{\bf p}}+\gamma_{{\bf
K}/2-{\bf q}}]
\label{eq56a}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{equation}
M^T({\bf K,q,p}) \sim
\lambda[\gamma_{{\bf q+p}}-\gamma_{{\bf q-p}}]
\label{eq56b}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
M^Q({\bf K,q,p}) & \sim &
\lambda[\gamma_{{\bf q+p}}+\gamma_{{\bf q-p}}
-2(\gamma_{{\bf K}/2+{\bf
p}} \nonumber \\
& & +\gamma_{{\bf K}/2+{\bf q}}+\gamma_{{\bf K}/2-{\bf p}}+\gamma_{{\bf
K}/2-{\bf q}})]
\label{eq56c}
\end{eqnarray}
Then restricting ourselves to the particular momentum ${\bf K} =
(\pi,\pi)$, simple solutions to the Bethe-Salpeter equation (\ref{eq51})
can be found:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi^{S,Q}({\bf K,q}) & \sim & (\cos q_x \pm \cos q_y) \nonumber \\
\Psi^{T}({\bf K,q}) & \sim & (\sin q_x \pm \sin q_y)
\label{eq67}
\end{eqnarray}
corresponding to nearest-neighbour pairs of triplon excitations, with
energies:
\begin{eqnarray}
E^S({\bf K}) & \sim & 2-\lambda \nonumber \\
E^T({\bf K}) & \sim & 2-\lambda/2 \nonumber \\
E^Q({\bf K}) & \sim & 2+\lambda/2
\label{eq68}
\end{eqnarray}
Since the 2-particle continuum is confined strictly to $E_{cont} = 2$ at
this order and this momentum, we see that the singlet and triplet states
are bound states lying below the continuum, while the quintuplet states
are antibound states lying above the continuum. There are two degenerate
states in each case, corresponding to the $\pm$ signs in equation
(\ref{eq67}), or to the two possible axes $x$ and $y$ of the
nearest-neighbour pairs. At higher orders these states may mix and
separate.
These results are easily understood in a qualitative fashion. For an
$S^z = 2$ excitation, for example, the spins on the nearest-neighbour
sites are necessarily aligned parallel, giving rise to a repulsive
interaction; whereas for $S = 0$ or 1 the neighbouring spins can be
aligned either parallel or antiparallel, allowing the possibility of an
attractive interaction.
Solving the wave equation (\ref{eq51}) with vertex functions given by the leading order approximations (\ref{eq52})
- (\ref{eq57}), we obtain numerical solutions for the 2-particle spectrum, as illustrated in Figure \ref{fig8}, at a coupling
$\lambda = 0.1$, near momentum ${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$. It can be seen that the pairs of degenerate $S=0$ and $S=2$ bound/antibound states
split as one moves away from $(\pi,\pi)$, and all states eventually merge into the continuum.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig9.eps}
\caption{[Color online]
The total static structure factor $S({\bf k})$ as a function of ${\bf
k}$, for various couplings $\lambda = J_1/J_2$.}
\label{fig9}
\end{figure}
\section{Series Expansions}
\label{sec3}
We have performed a standard dimer series expansion \cite{singh1988,oitmaa2006} for this
model, where the Hamiltonian is written as
\begin{eqnarray}
H & = & H_0 + \lambda V \\
H_0 & = & \sum_i {\bf S_{1i} \cdot S_{2i}} \\
V & = & \sum_{l=1,2} \sum_{<ij>} {\bf S_{li} \cdot S_{lj}}
\label{eq69}
\end{eqnarray}
and perturbation series are generated for the quantities of interest in
powers of $\lambda$, using linked cluster methods. Details of the linked
cluster approach are reviewed in \cite{oitmaa2006}. In very brief
summary, the ground-state energy per dimer can be written as a sum of
the irreducible contributions (cumulants) coming from every connected
cluster of dimers which can be embedded on the lattice, the order of the
contributions rising with the size of the cluster. The 1-particle
energies can be written in terms of irreducible transition amplitudes $\Delta_1
(i,j)$ of the effective Hamiltonian \cite{gelfand1996}, which consist of a
sum over all
linked clusters connected to $i$ and $j$, the initial and final
positions of the 1-particle excitations. And finally, the 2-particle
energies can be written in terms of irreducible transition amplitudes $\Delta_2
(i,j;k,l)$ of the 2-particle effective Hamiltonian \cite{trebst2000}, consisting of a sum
over all linked clusters connected to $(i,j)$ and $(k,l)$, the initial
and final positions of the 2-particle excitations. The amplitudes
$\Delta_2$ are then employed in the 2-particle Schr{\" o}dinger or
Bethe-Salpeter equation to calculate the energy for as a function of
momentum. We use a finite-lattice approach \cite{oitmaa2006} for this
purpose, where the Schr{\" o}dinger equation is solved on a finite
lattice in position space, of sufficient size to ensure convergence of
the results.
Once a perturbation series in $\lambda$ has been calculated for a given
quantity, it can be extrapolated to finite $\lambda$ using Pad{\' e}
approximants or integrated differential approximants.
Zheng \cite{zheng1997}
has previously calculated series for the ground-state energy and
1-particle excitations. These results have already been compared with
the triplet-wave predictions in Figures \ref{fig4}, \ref{fig5} and \ref{fig6}.
\subsection{Structure Factors}
\label{sec3a}
Figures \ref{fig9} and \ref{fig10} show some series results for
structure factors, which have not been shown before. Figure \ref{fig9}
shows the total static transverse structure factor $S({\bf k}) \equiv S^{+-}({\bf
k})$ as a function of ${\bf k}$ at various couplings $\lambda =
J_1/J_2$, where $S^{+-}({\bf k})$ is the Fourier transform of the
correlation function:
\begin{equation}
S^{+-}({\bf k}) = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i,j}e^{i{\bf k \cdot
(r_i-r_j)}}<S^+_jS^-_i>_0
\label{eq70}
\end{equation}
\begin{widetext}
\begin{center}
\begin{table}
\caption{Series coefficients of $\lambda^N$ in the expansions for the 1-particle structure factor
$S_{1p}$ and integrated structure factor $S$ at momenta ${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$ and $(0,0)$.}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
N & $S_{1p}(\pi,\pi)$ & $S(\pi,\pi)$ & $S_{1p}(0,0)$ & $S(0,0)$ \\
\tableline
0 & 1.00000000000000D+00 & 1.00000000000000D+00 & 1.00000000000000D+00 & 1.00000000000000D+00 \\
1 & 2.00000000000000D+00 & 2.00000000000000D+00 & -2.00000000000000D+00 & -2.00000000000000D+00 \\
2 & 5.00000000000000D+00 & 5.43750000000000D+00 & 3.00000000000000D+00 & 3.43750000000000D+00 \\
3 & 1.20000000000000D+01 & 1.24375000000000D+01 & -7.00000000000000D+00 & -6.56250000000000D+00 \\
4 & 2.60000000000000D+01 & 2.73476562500000D+01 & 1.42500000000000D+01 & 1.48476562500000D+01 \\
5 & 6.19609375000000D+01 & 6.16328125000000D+01 & -3.08359375000000D+01 & -3.09609375000000D+01 \\
6 & 1.45859863281250D+02 & 1.46245605468750D+02 & 6.65551757812500D+01 & 6.68159179687500D+01 \\
7 & 3.60063964843752D+02 & 3.57834899902344D+02 & -1.51234863281252D+02 & -1.51278381347656D+02 \\
8 & 8.71365653991730D+02 & 8.80394332885743D+02 & 3.23292167663603D+02 & 3.28300582885742D+02 \\
9 & 2.13146787007666D+03 & 2.15030324554441D+03 & -7.25282606760795D+02 & -7.27275304158507D+02 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab1}
\end{table}
\end{center}
\end{widetext}
All results are for $k_z = \pi$, probing intermediate states antisymmetric between the planes,
and we only refer to
${\bf k} = (k_x,k_y)$ hereafter.
The dominant feature is a large peak at the N{\' e}el point
${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$, which appears to become divergent as $\lambda
\rightarrow \lambda_c$. This behaviour is qualitatively very similar to
that seen in the alternating Heisenberg chain (AHC) in one dimension
\cite{hamer2003}.
Figure \ref{fig10} shows the ratio of the 1-particle
structure factor $S_{1p}({\bf k})$ to the total $S({\bf k})$ as a
function of ${\bf k}$. The 1-particle contribution generally remains
the dominant part of the total, particularly near the N{\' e}el point.
This behaviour is again reminiscent of the AHC \cite{hamer2003}.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig10.eps}
\caption{[Color online]
The ratio $S_{1p}({\bf k})/S({\bf k})$ of the 1-particle static
structure factor to the total static structure factor as a function of
${\bf k}$, for various couplings $\lambda = J_1/J_2$. }
\label{fig10}
\end{figure}
Further information may be obtained from the series for $S({\bf k})$ and
$S_{1p}({\bf k})$ at the N{\' e}el momentum $(\pi,\pi)$, which are given
in Table I. A Dlog Pad{\' e} analysis of these series, biased at
$\lambda_c =0.3942$, shows both $S({\bf k})$ and
$S_{1p}({\bf k})$ diverging as $\lambda \rightarrow \lambda_c$ with
exponents $-0.68(1)$ and $-0.69(1)$ respectively. The series for the ratio $S_{1p}/S$
shows no sign of a singularity at this point, remaining almost constant, within
2\% of unity at all couplings.
This behaviour is quite different from the AHC case
\cite{affleck1998}, where the ratio vanishes logarithmically at the critical point.
These results should be compared with theoretical expectations. From
scaling theory (see Appendix B),
the 1-particle structure
factor in the vicinity of the critical point
$S_{1p}(\pi,\pi)$ should scale like
$(\lambda_c-\lambda)^{(\eta-1)\nu}$,
at the critical (N{\' e}el) momentum.
For the total structure factor at
this point, scaling theory gives exactly the same exponent (see
Appendix B).
We expect this transition to belong to the universality class of the
O(3) model in 3 dimensions, which has critical exponents
\cite{guida1998}
$\nu = 0.707(4)$, $\eta = 0.036(3)$, hence we expect $(\eta-1)\nu =
-0.682(5)$, which is quite compatible with the numerical estimates
obtained above.
How does $S_{1p}$ behave at the critical coupling
away from the N{\' e}el momentum?
In the transverse Ising model \cite{hamer2006}, it was found that the 1-particle residue function
$A({\bf k})$ (see Appendix B) vanishes like $(\lambda_c-\lambda)^{\eta\nu}$ at all momenta,
with a small exponent $\eta\nu = +0.025(3)$, so that
$S_{1p}$ vanishes in the same fashion as $\lambda \rightarrow \lambda_c$. Does the same thing happen
in the present case?
This is by no means obvious in Figure
\ref{fig10}, which shows the ratio $S_{1p}/S$ dropping slowly as
$\lambda$ increases, but nowhere near zero.
\begin{widetext}
\begin{center}
\begin{table}
\caption{Series coefficients of $\lambda^N$ for the binding energies in the channels $S = 0,1$,
and antibinding energy (S = 2). The $S = 0$ and $S = 2$ states are doubly degenerate.
}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
N & S = 0 & S = 1 & S = 1 & S = 2 \\
\tableline
0 & 0.00000000000000D+00 & 0.00000000000000D+00 & 0.00000000000000D+00 & 0.00000000000000D+00 \\
1 & 1.00000000000000D+00 & 5.00000000000000D-01 & 5.00000000000000D-01 & 5.00000000000000D-00 \\
2 & -2.25000000000000D+00 & -2.12500000000000D+00 & -3.12500000000000D+00 & -1.37500000000000D+00 \\
3 & -1.93750000000000D+00 & 1.31250000000000D+00 & -2.93750000000000D+00 & 1.87500000000000D-01 \\
4 & -3.07812500000000D+00 & 2.97656250000002D+00 & -2.77343749999998D+00 & 2.27343750000000D+00 \\
5 & 3.47656250000001D-01 & 1.07812500000003D+00 & 3.06250000000002D+00 & 2.36718750000000D+00 \\
6 & -9.69726562500059D-01 & -1.00527343749999D+01 & 8.35742187500014D+00 & -8.13476562500000D+00 \\
7 & 3.51385498046887D+00 & 7.44207763671879D+00 & 4.07301635742189D+01 & -7.26873779296875D+00 \\
8 & & 7.92327880859462D+00 & 1.69468475341798D+02 & -3.48072814941411D+00 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab2}
\end{table}
\end{center}
\end{widetext}
To pursue this question further, we have studied the series at ${\bf k} = (0,0)$, also given in
Table I. A Dlog Pad{\' e} analysis of these series reveals a dominant singularity at $\lambda =
-0.43(1)$, with exponent around $ -0.65(3)$ in both cases. This will correspond to another
critical point of the model, where the spins order ferromagnetically in the planes, and
antiferromagnetically between them. At positive $\lambda$, there is
no sign of a pole around $\lambda = 0.4$.
The ratio $S_{1p}/S$ decreases smoothly to around $0.80$ at the critical coupling,
and shows no sign of vanishing there.
Thus it appears that in this case the renormalized residue function does not vanish
at $\lambda_c$, except at the N{\' e}el momentum.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig11.eps}
\caption{
Series estimates of the energies of 2-particle states at fixed $\lambda = 0.1 $, along
symmetry lines in the Brillouin zone.
}
\label{fig11}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Two-particle excitations}
\label{sec3b}
We have
generalized the computer codes which were previously used to calculate 2-particle
perturbation series for 1-dimensional models \cite{trebst2000} to cover the
two-dimensional case.
Figure \ref{fig11} shows the dispersion diagram estimated from the
perturbation series for 2-particle states at $\lambda = 0.1$.
We have zoomed in on the region where the bound states occur.
It can be
seen that S = 0 singlet and S = 1 triplet bound states emerge below the
continuum near ${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$, and S = 2 quintuplet antibound states appear
above the continuum, as predicted by the triplet-wave theory.
The $S=0$ and $S=2$ states are
doubly degenerate at ${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$. All
states merge with the continuum at some finite momentum point ${\bf k}$, and for
the most part they appear to merge at a tangent, as in the
one-dimensional case \cite{zheng2001}.
The results look very similar to the triplet-wave predictions shown in
Figure \ref{fig8}.
Figure \ref{fig12} shows the behaviour of the binding energies at ${\bf k}
= (\pi,\pi)$ as functions of $\lambda$, as estimated from Pad{\' e} approximants to the series given in Table \ref{tab2}.
The degenerate pair of singlet bound states are the lowest over most of the range, but merge back into the continuum
somewhat before the critical point. One of the triplet states disappears into the continuum quite early, but the other appears
to disappear only at the critical point.
For the AHC, the binding
energies also vanished at the critical endpoint of the dimerized phase.
The pair of antibound quintuplet states, on the other hand, appear to remain above the continuum even at the
critical point, from our estimates.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig12.eps}
\caption{
Binding energies as functions of $\lambda$, relative to the 2-particle continuum.
For bound states, we graph $(E_{2p}-E^-_{cont})$, while for antibound states we
graph $(E_{2p}-E^+_{cont})$, where $E^{\pm}_{cont}$ denote the upper/lower bounds of the
continuum.
}
\label{fig12}
\end{figure}
\section{Summary and Conclusions}
\label{sec5}
In this paper, we have used a modified triplet-wave theory and dimer series expansions to study the Heisenberg
bilayer system in the dimerized phase. As found in earlier papers \cite{hida1992,zheng1997,sandvik1994}, the model displays a
quantum phase transition from the dimerized phase to a N{\' e}el phase at a coupling ratio $\lambda_c =0.394(1)$,
with critical indices in good agreement with the predicted values from the classical O(3) nonlinear sigma model in
three dimensions,
$\nu = 0.707$ and $\eta = 0.036$.
Our modified triplet-wave approach is found to give good results at small couplings $\lambda$, but towards the
critical region the self-consistent Born approximation approach of Kotov et al. \cite{kotov1998,shevchenko1999}, which
includes some important higher-order terms, gives much better results. The triplet-wave approach predicts, as for
other dimerized systems, two-particle bound states in the $S=0$ and $S=1$ channels where an antiferromagnetic
alignment of spins can give rise to an attractive force, and antibound states in the $S=2$ channel, where the spin
alignment is necessarily ferromagnetic and repulsive.
Our series calculations focused upon two major features, the critical behaviour of the static transverse structure
factor, and the spectrum of 2-particle bound states in the model. The integrated structure factor $S({\bf k})$ and
the single-particle component $S_{1p}({\bf k})$ were both found to diverge at the critical point for momentum ${\bf k}
= (\pi,\pi)$, with exponents agreeing well with the predicted value $(\eta-1)\nu = -0.68$. The ratio $S_{1p}/S$
remains finite throughout the region, even at the critical coupling $\lambda_c$. This is in contrast to the case of
the alternating Heisenberg chain, where the 1-particle component vanishes logarithmically at the critical point
\cite{affleck1998,hamer2003}. In fact, here the one-particle state dominates everywhere ($S_{1p}/S \ge 80\%$).
In the 2-particle sector, a pair of bound states is found in the $S=0$ and $S=1$ channels near momentum ${\bf k} =
(\pi,\pi)$, as predicted, and a pair
of antibound states in the $S=2$ channel, the pairing being a two-dimensional effect. The singlet $S=0$ states have the
lowest energies at small couplings, but both $S =0$ states and one $S =1 $ state merge back into the continuum as
$\lambda$ increases, leaving only one remaining triplet bound state, which appears to merge with the continuum right
at $\lambda = \lambda_c$. In the S=2 channel, both antibound states appear to remain above the 2-particle continnum
at all couplings $\lambda > 0$.
As one moves away from ${\bf k} = (\pi,\pi)$, the bound/antibound states eventually
merge into the continuum also.
They appear to merge with the continuum at a tangent, much as in the
one-dimensional case \cite{hamer2003}.
In future work,
we hope to perform similar calculations for other two-dimensional
models, such as the simple Heisenberg model on the square lattice, and
the Shastry-Sutherland model, which has already been studied by Knetter et
al. \cite{knetter2000}, and where the two-particle states display some intriguing behaviour.
\acknowledgments
This work forms part of a research project supported by a grant
from the Australian Research Council.
We are grateful to the Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing
(APAC) and to the Australian Centre for Advanced Computing and Communications (ac3) for computational support.
\begin{widetext}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
\section{}
The appearance of strangeness in the form of hyperons within the inner core of neutron stars is expected to affect its detectable properties such as its global structure or gravitational wave emission. In this work, we explore the parameter space of hyperonic stars within the framework of the Relativistic Mean Field model allowed by present uncertainties in state-of-the-art nuclear and hypernuclear experimental data. We impose multi-physics constraints at different density regimes to restrict the parameter space: Chiral effective field theory, heavy-ion collision data as well as multi-messenger astrophysical observations of neutron stars. We investigate possible correlations between empirical nuclear and hypernuclear parameters, particularly the symmetry energy and its slope, with observable properties of neutron stars. We do not find a correlation for the hyperon parameters and the astrophysical data. However, the inclusion of hyperons generates a tension between the astrophysical and heavy ion data constraining considerable the available parameter space.
\tiny
\fontsize{8}{11}\helveticabold { \section{Keywords:} symmetry energy, hyperons, neutron stars, equation of state, nuclear, hypernuclear, heavy-ion, multi-messenger}
\end{abstract}
\textbf{Abstract length: 149 words\\
Manuscript length: 5435\\
Number of Figures: 13\\
Number of Tables: 1}
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Understanding strong interaction among hadrons is one of the most intriguing topics in nuclear physics. Despite the recent progress in understanding the phase diagram of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions~\cite{Baym2018,QCDBook}, we are still far from achieving a unified description of nuclear matter under extreme conditions of density and temperature. While terrestrial nuclear experiments probe densities close to nuclear saturation density ($n_0 \sim$ 0.16 fm$^{-3}$)~\cite{Lattimer2015,Gandolfi2015}, heavy-ion collision (HIC) experiments~\cite{FOPI,ASY_EOS} provide information about hot and dense matter at several times $n_0$. Recent progress in Lattice QCD~\cite{Inoue:2016qxt,Inoue:2019jme,Fabbietti2020} are also providing new constraints on the properties of matter at high temperature and low densities. Neutron stars, on the other hand, are astrophysical laboratories that provide us an opportunity to investigate ultra-high density (up to 10 times $n_0$) and low temperature regime of the QCD phase diagram, given the conditions that exist only in its interior~\cite{GlendenningBook,Lattimer2004}.
\\
Strangeness adds a new dimension to the description of nuclear matter. The presence of strangeness has already been established in heavy-ion collisions (appearance of hyperons and kaons) or in finite nuclear systems (hypernuclei). It is also conjectured that strangeness containing matter, in the form of hyperons, kaons or even deconfined quark matter, can appear at the ultra-high densities that exist in the core of a neutron star (NS). The appearance of strangeness can have significant impact on NS composition, structure and observable astrophysical properties, such as its mass, radius, cooling or gravitational wave (GW) emission~\cite{OertelRMP}.
\\
In order to connect the NS internal composition with its global properties, one requires an Equation of State (EoS)~\cite{Lattimer2012,Lattimer2015,Baym2018}. The theoretical description of NS matter therefore requires the construction of models of hadron-hadron interaction, using non-relativistic (such as Skyrme or Gogny interactions)~\cite{Stone2007,Vautherin1972,Dutra2012} or relativistic (Relativistic Mean Field or Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock methods)~\cite{Serot1991,Serot1997} techniques. In the case of microscopic models (such as Brueckner-Hartree-Fock method), the interactions are rigorously calculated from lowest order term to increasing order. But the poor knowledge of three-nucleon forces limits their applicability to reproduce real astrophysical data. Phenomenological models are more successful, with the model parameters usually constrained at densities close to $n_0$ and low values of isospin (neutron-proton ratio), but the uncertainty increases at larger densities and asymmetries. The nuclear symmetry energy (the difference between the binding energies of symmetric nuclear matter and neutron matter) is a key quantity that governs the difference in the behaviour of infinite symmetric nuclear matter and neutron star matter.
\\
Neutron stars are particularly interesting, as they can be observed via electromagnetic (X-ray, $\gamma$-ray, radio waves) as well as gravitational waves, opening up a new era of multi-messenger astronomy. Electromagnetic multi-wavelength observations of NSs reveal a wealth of details about its global structure~\cite{Demorest,Antoniadis}. NS masses can be determined to high precision using post-Keplerian effects in NSs in binary~\cite{Thorsett}. Traditionally radius measurements from thermal emission suffered from large uncertainties~\cite{Ozel2010,Steiner2013,Guillot2013}, but the recently launched NICER (Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer)~\cite{NICER,NICER0030_Miller,NICER0030_Riley,NICER0740_Miller,NICER0740_Riley} mission has improved NS estimates by exploiting a novel scheme of modulation profiles of pulses. Finally with the recent detection of GWs for the first time from NS-NS (GW170817)~\cite{Abbott2017}, NS-BH (GW200105 and GW200115)~\cite{Abbott2021} and GW190425 ~\cite{GW190425} systems by LIGO ~\cite{adLIGO} and Virgo ~\cite{AdVirgo}, GW astronomy is allowing us to probe directly the interior of NSs. The tidal deformation of NSs in the strong gravitational field of its binary companion measured during the inspiral phase of the merger depends on the EoS, and therefore reveals information about its radius and interior composition~\cite{Abbott2018,Abbott2019,Most,Annala}.
\\
In the recent past, there have been several attempts to impose constraints on the NS EoS by using data from NS multi-messenger astrophysical observations within a statistical Bayesian scheme~\cite{pang2021,Coughlin2019,Biswas2021,biswas2021prex,biswas2021bayesian,Dietrich2020,O_Boyle_2020}. In such a scheme, the low density EOS constrained by theoretical and experimental nuclear physics is matched with parametrized high density EOSs satisfying gravitational wave and electromagnetic data ~\cite{Capano2020,Tews_2018,Tews_2019a,Tews_2019b,Gandolfi_2019}. Usually the EoSs are based on different parametrization schemes such as piecewise polytropes~\cite{Annala,Hebeler2013,Read2009,Gamba2019}, spectral representation~\cite{Fasano2019,Lindblom2018}, speed-of-sound parametrization~\cite{Tews_2018,Greif2019,Landry2020} or nuclear meta-modelling technique \cite{Gueven2020}. Only a few recent works used the RMF model \cite{Traversi2020} or hybrid (nuclear + piecewise polytope) parametrizations \cite{Biswas2021} to obtain posterior distributions of empirical parameters. Correlations among empirical nuclear parameters and some chosen NS observables have only recently been explored~\cite{Zhang2019,Xie2019,Carson2019,zimmerman2020measuring}. Although several of these works suggested probing the effect of the presence of hyperons, none of them consistently included hyperons within such a scheme. It therefore remains to be investigated whether one can restrict the parameter space of uncertainties associated with hyperons (hypernuclear potentials or hyperon couplings) or if they show any physical correlations with measurable properties such as nuclear saturation parameters or NS astrophysical observables.
\\
In a recent work~\cite{Ghosh2022}, multi-physics constraints were imposed at different density regimes on the nuclear EoS using a ``cut-off scheme", and correlations of nuclear saturation parameters with astrophysical observables were investigated. Motivated by the Bayesian approach, the parameters of the realistic nuclear model were varied within their allowed uncertainties, compatible with state-of-the-art nuclear experimental data and the parameter space constrained using a combination of current best-known physical constraints at different density regimes: theoretical (chiral effective field theory) at low densities, multi-messenger (multi-wavelength electromagnetic as well as GW) astrophysical data at high densities and experimental (nuclear and heavy-ion collision) at intermediate densities~\cite{Dexheimer2021,Tsang2018} to restrict the parameter space of the nuclear model. Further, nuclear and heavy-ion collision experiments are isospin symmetric (same number of neutrons and protons), so studying NS matter provides information about the unknown nuclear symmetry energy.
\\
In this article, we extend the above investigation to neutron star matter including strangeness, particularly hyperons. Within the framework of the RMF model, and allowing for a parameter space spanning current uncertainties in nuclear and hypernuclear physics, we impose multi-physics constraints in different density regimes from terrestrial nuclear/hypernuclear and multi-messenger astrophysical data. The aim of this study is to investigate possible correlations between empirical nuclear and hypernuclear parameters (particularly the symmetry energy and its slope) with NS astrophysical observables.
\\
The structure of the article is as follows: in Sec.~\ref{sec:descrip}, we describe the methods used to determine the composition of NS matter including hyperons in the framework of the RMF model. In Sec.~\ref{sec:constraints}, we impose constraints at different densities on the hyperonic EoS. In Sec.~\ref{sec:results}, we discuss the results of this investigation and in Sec.~\ref{sec:discussions} we discuss the implications of these findings.
\\
\section{Methods}
\label{sec:descrip}
As discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:intro}, we calculate the beta equilibrated, charge-neutral NS EoS within the RMF framework. For our investigation, we consider the standard baryon octet as well as electrons and muons. The interaction Lagrangian density ($\mathcal{L}$) considered in this work is given in Eq.~\ref{eqn:lagr} ~\cite{ChatterjeeNPA,Pradhan2021}. In this model, the baryon-baryon interaction is mediated by the exchange of scalar ($\sigma$), vector ($\omega$), isovector ($\rho$) mesons, and the strange baryon, i.e., hyperon-hyperon interactions are carried out by additional strange scalar ($\sigma^*$) and strange vector ($\phi$) mesons.
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L} &=&\sum_B \bar{\psi}_{_B} \Big(i\gamma^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}-m_{_B}+g_{\sigma B}\sigma-g_{\omega B}\gamma_{\mu}\omega^{\mu}-g_{\rho B}\gamma_{\mu} \vec{I_B}.\vec{\rho}^{\mu}\Big)\psi_{_B} + \frac{1}{2} (\partial_{\mu} \sigma \partial^{\mu}\sigma - m_{\sigma}^2 {\sigma}^2)-U_{\sigma} \nonumber \\
&& \ \ +\frac{1}{2}m_{\omega}^2 \omega_{\mu}\omega^{\mu}-\frac{1}{4} \omega_{\mu \nu}\omega^{\mu \nu} -\frac{1}{4} (\vec{\rho}_{ \mu \nu}.\vec{\rho}^{\mu \nu}-2 m_{\rho}^2 \vec{\rho}_{\mu}.\vec{\rho}^{\mu})
+ \Lambda_{\omega} (g_{\rho N}^2 \vec{\rho}_{\mu} .\vec{\rho}^{\mu}) \ (g_{\omega N}^2 \omega_{\mu}\omega^{\mu}) \nonumber \\
&& \ \ +\sum_Y \bar{\psi}_{_Y} (g_{\sigma^* Y} \sigma^*-g_{\phi Y}\gamma_{\mu}\phi^{\mu})\psi_{_Y}+\frac{1}{2}m_{\phi}^2 \phi_{\mu}\phi^{\mu} -\frac{1}{4} \phi_{\mu \nu}\phi^{\mu \nu} +\frac{1}{2} (\partial_{\mu} \sigma^* \partial^{\mu}\sigma^* - m_{\sigma^*}^2 {\sigma^*}^2)\nonumber \\
&& \ \ +\sum_{\ell=\{e^- , \ \mu^-\}} \bar{\psi}_{\ell} (i\gamma^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}-m_{\ell}){\psi}_{\ell}
\label{eqn:lagr}
\end{eqnarray}
where,
\begin{eqnarray}
U_{\sigma}&=&\frac{1}{3}b m_N (g_{\sigma N} \sigma)^3+\frac{1}{4}c (g_{\sigma N} \sigma)^4 \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
In Eq. ~\ref{eqn:lagr}, $B$ stands for the baryon octet ($p,\ n,\ \Lambda,\ \Sigma^-,\ \Sigma^0,\ \Sigma^+,\ \Xi^-,\ \Xi^0$) whereas $Y$ stands for hyperons ($\Lambda,\ \Sigma^-,\ \Sigma^0,\ \Sigma^+,\ \Xi^-,\ \Xi^0$). One can solve the equation of motion governing constituent particle fields ($\Psi$) as well as those of mesons following ~\cite{Hornick,Pradhan2021}. Replacing the meson fields with their mean values in RMF framework, the energy density ($\epsilon$) corresponding to the Lagrangian given in Eq.~\ref{eqn:lagr} can be expressed as,
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon &=&\frac{1}{2}m_{\sigma}^2\bar{\sigma}^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\omega}^2\bar{\omega}^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\rho}^2\bar{\rho}^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\sigma^*}^2\bar{\sigma^*}^2 + \frac{1}{2}m_{\phi}^2\bar{\phi}^2+\frac{1}{3}b m_N (g_{\sigma N} \bar{\sigma})^3+\frac{1}{4}c (g_{\sigma N} \bar{\sigma})^4 \nonumber\\
&+& 3 \Lambda_{\omega} (g_{\rho N} g_{\omega N} \bar{\rho} \bar{\omega} )^2 +\sum_B \frac{g_{sB}}{2\pi^2} \ \int_0^{k_{FB}} {\sqrt{k^2+{m_B^*}^2}}\ dk + \sum_{\ell} \frac{g_{s\ell}}{2\pi^2} \ \int_0^{k_{F{\ell}}} {\sqrt{k^2+{m_{\ell}}^2}}\ dk \label{eqn:endens}
\end{eqnarray}
Where $g_{si}$ and $k_{Fi}$ represent the spin degeneracy and Fermi momentum of the `$i^{th}$' species respectively. The baryon effective mass ( $m_B^*$) is then defined as $m_B^*=m_B-g_{\sigma B}\bar{\sigma}-g_{\sigma^* B}\bar{\sigma^*}$. The pressure can be expressed using Gibbs-Duhem relation,
\begin{equation}
p=\sum_{i=B,\ell} \mu_i n_i-\epsilon
\label{eqn:pres}
\end{equation}
with $n_i$ being the number density of $i^{th}$ constituent . The chemical potentials for baryon ($\mu_B$) and lepton ($\mu_{\ell}$) are given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu_B &=& \sqrt{k_{FB}^ 2 + {m^*_B}^2 } + g_{\omega_B} \bar{\omega}+g_{\phi_B} \bar{\phi}+I_{3_B} g_{\rho_B} \bar{\rho}\, \nonumber \\
\mu_{\ell}&=&\sqrt{k_{F\ell}^ 2 + {m_{\ell}}^2}\,.
\label{eqn:chempot}
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{Nucleonic matter}
The isoscalar nucleon-meson coupling parameters ($g_{\sigma N},\ g_{\omega N},\ b,\ \text{and }c$) are determined by fixing the nuclear saturation parameters: nuclear saturation density ($n_0$), binding energy per nucleon at saturation ($E_{sat}$), incompressibility ($K_{sat}$) and the effective nucleon mass ($m^*$) at saturation. On the other hand the isovector couplings `$g_{\rho N}$' and `$\Lambda_{\omega}$' are fixed to the symmetry energy ($E_{sym}$) and slope of symmetry energy ($L_{sym}$) at saturation ~\cite{Hornick,Chen2014,Ghosh2022}. The range of empirical parameters considered in this work are consistent with state-of-the-art nuclear experimental data~\cite{Ghosh2022} and are summarised in Table.~\ref{tab:rangepara}. \\
\iffalse
Nuclear parameter space (same as our paper): \\
$n_0$: 0.14-0.17 fm$^{-3}$ \\
$E_{sat}$: -16+-0.2 MeV \\
$K_{sat}$: 200-300 MeV \\
$E_{sym}$: 28-34 MeV \\
$L_{sym}$: 40-70 MeV \\
$m^*/m$: 0.55-0.75
\fi
\subsection{Hyperonic matter}
\label{sec:hyperon}
In the Lagrangian (Eq.~\ref{eqn:lagr}), the attractive interaction among hyperons is meditated by the exchange of strange scalar ($\sigma^*$) meson and the repulsive interaction is mediated by exchange of strange vector ($\phi$) meson. However, it has been concluded that models with attractive hyperon-hyperon interaction show incompatibility with observations of the maximum NS mass~\cite{ChatterjeeNPA}. Hence we set the strange scalar couplings to 0, i.e, $g_{\sigma Y}=0$ and the remaining non-strange hyperon meson coupling constants ($g_{\sigma Y}$) are fitted to the hyperon-nucleon potential ($U_Y$) at saturation using Eq.~\ref{eqn:hyppot} ~\cite{ChatterjeeNPA}. Among the nucleon-hyperon potentials, the best known potential is that of the hyperon $\Lambda$, having a value of $U_{\Lambda}=-30$ MeV ~\cite{Millener88,Schaffner92}. Although the potential depths for hyperons $\Sigma$ and $\Xi$ are not known precisely, it has been concluded that the $\Sigma$-nucleon potential is repulsive ~\cite{FriedmanGal07,SchaffnerGal00,Mares951} whereas $U_{\Xi}$ is attractive in nature ~\cite{Fukuda98,Khaustov00,SchaffnerGal00}. Hence for this investigation we vary $U_{\Sigma}$ in the range of 0 to +30 MeV\ and $U_{\Xi}$ from -30MeV to 0. The vector hyperon couplings ($g_{\omega Y},g_{\phi Y}$) are fixed to their SU(6) values (see Eq.~\ref{eqn:su6})~\cite{Schaffner93,ChatterjeeNPA}.
\begin{equation}
U_{Y} (n_0)=-g_{\sigma Y}\bar{\sigma}+g_{\omega Y}\bar{\omega}
\label{eqn:hyppot}
\end{equation}
\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\omega {\Lambda}}=g_{\omega {\Sigma}}=2g_{\omega {\Xi}}&=&\frac{2}{3}g_{\omega N} \nonumber\\
2g_{\phi {\Lambda}}= 2g_{\phi {\Sigma}}=g_{\phi {\Xi}}&=&\frac{-2\sqrt{2}}{3}g_{\omega N}
\label{eqn:su6}
\end{eqnarray}
Recent lattice QCD calculations by the HALQCD group extracted hyperon potentials at almost physical quark masses and used it to estimate the hyperon potentials in pure neutron matter and in nuclear matter by using the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation ~\cite{Inoue:2016qxt,Inoue:2019jme}. They find that the hyperon potentials in nuclear matter are $U_{\Lambda} = -28\ \rm{MeV},\ U_{\Sigma} = +15 \rm{MeV} and \ U_{\Xi} = -4 \ \rm{MeV}$. From their figure 4 in ~\cite{Inoue:2019jme} one can read off the hyperon potentials for $\Sigma^-$ and $\Sigma^+$, as well as for $\Xi^0$ and $\Xi^-$ in pure neutron matter. The relevant for neutron star matter are the ones for the $\Sigma^-$ and the $\Xi^-$ with the potentials of +25 MeV and + 6 MeV, respectively.
However, these results suggest that the isovector hyperon coupling ($g_{\rho Y}$) differs from its SU(6) quark model values. Where the isospin potential for the $\Xi$ would be as large as the one for nucleons and the one for the $\Sigma$ even twice as large. For a typical nucleon isospin potential of about 32 MeV one arrives at hyperon isospin potentials which are more than a factor two larger than the ones from the HALQCD analysis. We therefore introduce a scaling parameter `$y$,' which ranges from 0 to 1 (0 to SU(6) coupling strength) to span the uncertainty in the hyperon-isovector coupling. In that case, $g_{\rho Y}$ can be expressed as,
\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\rho \Lambda}&=&0 \nonumber \\
\frac{ g_{\rho {\Xi}}}{g_{\rho {N}} }&=& \frac{1}{2} \frac{g_{\rho {\Sigma}}}{ g_{\rho N}} =y, \ \ y \in [0,1].
\end{eqnarray}\label{eqn:isohyp}
The effect of the variation in the $y$-parameter (isovector hyperon coupling) on the particle fractions can be understood from Fig.~\ref{fig:particlefrac_yparam}. For a chosen parameter set from Table~\ref{tab:rangepara}, $\Xi^-$ starts to appear at 2.27, 2.34 and 2.45 $n_0$ for $y$ values 0, 0.5 and 1 respectively. However $\Xi^0$ starts to appear 6.977, 6.943 and 6.850 $n_0$ for $y$ changing from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.5. One must note that the threshold of appearance of the hyperons will depend upon the hyperon potentials and the nuclear saturation parameters chosen for the EoS.
\\
\iffalse
Hyperon potentials (as in the Weissenborn NPA paper) :\\
$U_{\Lambda}$ : -30 MeV (fixed) \\
$U_{\Xi}$ : -40 - +40 MeV \\
$U_{\Sigma}$ : -40 - +40 MeV \\
\fi
\iffalse
\subsubsection{Suggestions}
\begin{enumerate}
\item variation of $U_{\Sigma}$ between 0 and +40 MeV (since $\Sigma$ potential is known to be repulsive)
\item variation of hyperons isospin couplings from zero to its SU(6) value (motivation: the isospin coupling constants from HAL QCD are a factor 0.4 smaller compared to the SU(6) values)
\item including the vector self-interaction term $\zeta$ (motivation: changes the high-density limit of the EOS. Currently under investigation by Bikram with project student Abhisek)
\end{enumerate}
\fi
\subsection{Global structure}
\label{sec:TOV}
The equilibrium structure of a non-rotating, relativistic NS is obtained by solving the coupled equations of hydrostatic equilibrium known as the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkof (TOV) equations~\cite{GlendenningBook,schaffner2020}
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dm(r)}{dr} &=& 4 \pi \varepsilon(r) r^2 ~, \nonumber \\
\frac{dp(r)}{dr} &=& - \frac{[p(r) + \varepsilon(r)] [m(r)+4 \pi r^3 p(r)] }{r(r-2 m(r))}~, \nonumber \\
\label{eq:tov}
\end{eqnarray}
With the given equation of state which gives a relation between the energy density ($\varepsilon$) and pressure ($p$), these TOV equations~\eqref{eq:tov} are integrated from the centre of the star to the surface with the boundary conditions of vanishing mass, $m|_{r=0}=0$, at the centre of the star, and a vanishing pressure, $p|_{r=R}=0$, at the surface. Varying the central density for a given EoS, we can get a sequence of NSs with different mass and radius, thus giving the M-R curves. \\
The tidal deformability parameter quantifies the degree of the tidal deformation effects due to the companion in coalescing binary NS systems during the early stages of an inspiral. It is defined as :
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tidal}
\lambda = - \frac{Q_{ij}}{\varepsilon_{ij}}
\end{equation}
where $Q_{ij}$ is the induced mass quadrupole moment of the NS and $\varepsilon_{ij}$ is the gravitational tidal field of the companion. The tidal deformability $\lambda$ is related to the dimensionless $l = 2$ tidal Love number $k_2$ as~\cite{Hinderer,Hinderer2008}.
\begin{equation}
\Lambda = \frac{2}{3} k_2 \left( \frac{R}{M} \right)^5~,
\label{eq:love}
\end{equation}
The tidal Love number ($k_2$) can be obtained by solving a set of differential equations coupled with the TOV equations~\cite{Yagi2013}. The total tidal effect of two neutron stars in an inspiraling binary system is given by the mass-weighted (dimensionless) tidal deformability $\tilde{\Lambda}$ defined as~\cite{Hinderer2010}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:dimtidal}
\tilde{\Lambda} = \frac{16}{13}\frac{(M_1 + 12M_2)M_1^4\Lambda_1 + (M_2 + 12M_1)M_2^4\Lambda_2}{(M_1 + M_2)^5}
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda_1 = \Lambda_1(M_1)$ and $\Lambda_2 = \Lambda_2(M_2)$ are the (dimensionless) tidal deformabilities and $M_1, M_2$ are the masses of the individual binary components respectively.
\\
\section{Multi-density constraints}
\label{sec:constraints}
In this work, we constrain the parameter space of the nucleonic and hyperonic matter as described in Sec.~\ref{sec:descrip} using a ``cut-off filter" scheme where we impose strict limits from nuclear and astrophysical observation to obtain the posteriors. In the language of Bayesian analysis, the priors are obtained by varying the nuclear empirical parameters,hyperon potentials and isovector couplings uniformly within their uncertainty range in Table~\ref{tab:rangepara} and the likelihood functions are appropriately chosen physical conditions as Filter functions described in Sec.~\ref{sec:filters}. \\
In Miller~et~al. (2019)~\cite{2019Miller}, they pointed out the statistical uncertainties in constraining EoS by putting strict limits from multi-messenger observations of neutron stars like we have used here. With a very large number of priors, this cut-off scheme gives a correct estimate of the nuclear parameter ranges consistent with the observations. Recent works~\cite{Annala,Most,2020Annala,annala2021multimessenger,refId0} also used similar cut-off schemes for constraining the EoS of ultra-dense matter. In the recent work by Ghosh~et~al.~\cite{Ghosh2022}, it was explicitly shown that including the statistical re-weighting using $\chi$-squared statistics might change the posterior probability distribution slightly, but it does not significantly alter the physical correlation between nuclear empirical parameters and astrophysical observables. So, we adopt this ``cut-off filter" scheme for this work.
\subsection{Filter functions}
\label{sec:filters}
The following physical constraints at different densities from multi-disciplinary physics are applied in this work -
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{at low densities: $\chi EFT$}\\
Chiral EFT is an effective theory of QCD that describes strong many-body interactions among nucleons using order by order expansions in terms of contact interactions and long-range pion exchange interactions. In particular, the $\chi$ EFT expansion gives estimates of theoretical uncertainties depending on local chiral two and three-nucleon interactions using quantum Monte Carlo methods, which are one of the most precise many-body methods for nuclear physics~\cite{Drischler,Drischler2020}.The EoS of pure neutron matter (PNM) can be well constrained at low baryon densities $n_b$ in the range of $\sim$ 0.5-1.4 $n_0$~\cite{Drischler2019}. \\
\item \textbf{at high densities: NS astrophysical data}\\
The constraints on the EoS at high density come from multi-messenger astrophysical observations, such as high mass NS observations, GW measurement of tidal deformability from binary neutron star mergers as follows :
\begin{enumerate}
\item From the recent observations of the heaviest known pulsar PSR J0740+6620, the maximum mass of the neutron stars should be equal to or exceed $2.08^{+0.07}_{-0.07}$ $M_{\odot}$~\cite{fonseca2021refined}. This sets an upper bound on the maximum NS masses corresponding to the EoSs considered.
\item The recent analyses of the GW170817 event~\cite{Abbott2019} apply a constraint on the upper bound of the effective tidal deformability $\tilde{\Lambda} <$ 720~\cite{Tong2020} using the low-spin highest posterior density interval for tidal deformability. We do not consider the lower limit on tidal deformability in this study. As explained in Sec.~\ref{sec:TOV}, the tidal deformability depends on the mass and radius (see Eq.~\ref{eq:love}), and therefore this result also leads to a constraint on the mass-radius relation~\cite{Most,Annala}.\\
\end{enumerate}
\item \textbf{at intermediate densities: heavy ion collision experiments}\\
Heavy-ion collision experiments can provide additional information about the behaviour of hot dense matter at intermediate densities $\sim 1-3 n_0$. As in our previous investigation~\cite{Ghosh2022}, we impose constraints from three different heavy-ion collision experiments:
\begin{enumerate}
\item \textbf{KaoS experiment :} Subthreshold $K^+$ meson production in Au+Au \& C+C nuclear collisions at the Kaon Spectrometer (KaoS) experiment at GSI, Darmstadt~\cite{Hartnack} yield kaon multiplicity, which is an indicator of the compressibility of dense matter at densities $\sim 2-3 n_0$. The analysis of the experimental data using Isospin Quantum Molecular Dynamics (IQMD) transport models points towards a soft EoS~\cite{Hartnack,Fuchs2001} and can be described by a simple Skyrme ansatz with an incompressibility $\lesssim$ 200 MeV. The constraint given by the KaoS data implies only those nucleon potentials which are more attractive than the Skyrme parametrization within the considered density regime will be allowed.
\item \textbf{FOPI experiment :} Elliptic flow data in Au+Au collisions between 0.4 and 1.5A GeV by the FOPI collaboration \cite{FOPI}, provides constraints for the EoS of compressed symmetric nuclear matter (SNM). Analysing the FOPI data using IQMD transport codes, one can obtain a constraint for the binding energy of SNM in the density region of $n_b/n_0 \sim 1.4-2.0$ ~\cite{FOPI}. To impose this constraint, the binding energy for SNM is calculated for the input parameters, and only permitted if they lie inside the band allowed by the FOPI data in this density range.
\item \textbf{ASY-EOS experiment :} Information about the symmetry energy for ANM at supra-saturation densities can be obtained from directed and elliptic flows of neutrons and light charged particles measured for the reaction $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au at 400 MeV/nucleon incident energy within the ASY-EOS experimental campaign at the GSI, Germany \cite{ASY_EOS}. To impose the ASY-EOS filter, the symmetry energy of ANM EoS is calculated for the input parameters and allowed only if the symmetry energy lies inside the band allowed by the data in the range of $\sim 1.1 - 2.0 n_0$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Correlations}
\label{sec:corrtheo}
Using the posterior obtained from the analysis, we look for any physical correlation of the nuclear parameters, hyperon potentials, isovector coupling among themselves and also with the astrophysical observables such as the mass and radius of the canonical 1.4$M_{\odot}$ and the massive 2$M_{\odot}$ NS. For this study, we use Pearson's linear correlation coefficient defined as~\cite{ref1}.
\begin{equation}\label{weightcorrcoff}
R_{XY} = \frac{Cov(X,Y)}{\sqrt{Cov(X,X)}\sqrt{Cov(Y,Y)}}
\end{equation}
where $Cov(X,Y)$ is the co-variance between two variables X and Y defined as
\begin{equation}\label{Cov}
Cov(X,Y) = \frac{1}{N}\sum_i (X_i - M(X)) (Y_i - M(Y))
\end{equation}
where N is the no. of sample points and $M(X)$ is the mean of the variable X defined as $M(X) = \frac{1}{N}\sum_i X_i$.
\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}
\subsection{Effect of $\chi$EFT + astro filters}
By randomly varying the parameter space of the nuclear parameters and hyperon potentials from Table.~\ref{tab:rangepara}, we generate the uniformly distributed prior set. After generating the random EoSs, we use the $\chi$EFT and astrophysical filters described in Sec.~\ref{sec:filters} to obtain filtered sets for the parameters and NS observables. For $\chi$EFT, we evaluate the binding energies in the density range of $n_b/n_0 \sim 0.5-1.4 $ corresponding to the $\chi$EFT data and allow only those parameter sets that lie within the band allowed by $\chi$EFT calculations (Fig.~\ref{fig:testposterior_binden}).
After obtaining the posterior $\chi$EFT, we use the same parameter set to obtain the hyperonic EoS using hyperon potentials and couplings given in Sec.~\ref{sec:hyperon}.We then solve the coupled TOV equations~\eqref{eq:tov}\eqref{eq:love} to obtain the mass, radius and tidal deformability of the NSs. Using the multi-messenger astrophysical and GW observation of NSs given in Sec.~\ref{sec:filters}, we rule out further combinations of parameter sets and allow only those combinations which simultaneously satisfy all constraints on NS observables. In Fig.~\ref{fig:posteriorastro}, we plot the mass-radius relations and the dimensionless tidal deformability as a function of NS mass corresponding to the filtered hyperonic EoSs. We can see that NS radii span a wide range from 11-14 km.
\subsection{Correlations}
\label{sec:corr}
After obtaining the posterior parameter space, we look for any physical correlation among the parameters and the NS observables as well as within themselves. In Fig.~\ref{fig:correlation}, we display the correlation matrix of the following quantities: nuclear empirical parameters ($n_0$, $E_{sat}$, $K_{sat}$, $E_{sym}$, $L_{sym}$), the effective mass $m^*/m$, hyperon potentials ($U_{\Sigma}$, $U_{\Xi}$), hyperon-isovector coupling parameter $y$ and the NS observables ($R_{1.4M_{\odot}}$, $\Lambda_{1.4M_{\odot}}$, $R_{2M_{\odot}}$, $\Lambda_{2M_{\odot}}$) after applying both $\chi$EFT and astrophysical observations filter. Some of the main observations from the correlation matrix are listed below:
\begin{itemize}
\item $n_0$ and $m^*/m$ show a high correlation (0.71).
\item $n_0$ has a moderate correlation with the NS observables. The correlation is noticeable (0.54) for the constraints for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NS but is negligible for the constraints for 2~$M_{\odot}$.
\item Symmetry energy $E_{sym}$ and its slope $L_{sym}$ display a strong correlation (0.79) which only appears when we apply the $\chi$EFT filter. This correlation only comes from the
$\chi$EFT filter around saturation density which is in agreement with previous literature~\cite{Hornick,Ghosh2022}.
\item We see a moderate correlation (0.44) between $L_{sym}$ and effective mass $m^*/m$ after applying the $\chi$EFT filter.
\item The correlation of $m^*/m$ with the NS observables is pretty low ($\sim 0.1$ for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ and $\sim 0.3$ for 2.0$M_{\odot}$ stars) which is quite the opposite to the purely nucleonic case~\cite{Ghosh2022}.
\item The correlation between slope of symmetry energy $L_{sym}$ and radius of 1.4M$_{\odot}$ NS is also lower (around 0.4). A correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ has been reported in several articles in the literature \cite{Fattoyev,Alam,Zhu,Lim}, although recent articles find $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ to be nearly independent of $L_{sym}$~\cite{Hornick,Ghosh2022}.
\item All the NS observables (radius and dimensionless tidal deformability for 1.4~$M_{\odot}$ and 2~$M_{\odot}$ NS), as expected, show a strong correlation with each other (according to Eq.~\ref{eq:tidal}) although we find a moderate correlation with the observables between 1.4~$M_{\odot}$ and 2~$M_{\odot}$ NSs.
\item We did not find any correlation between the hyperon potentials and the isovector coupling parameter $y$ with other nuclear parameters and the astrophysical observables.
\end{itemize}
To understand the correlations better, in Fig.~\ref{fig:corner} we plot the posterior distribution of the nuclear parameters ($n_0$, $E_{sym}$, $L_{sym}$ and $m^*/m$) which show significant correlations and the astrophysical observables ($R_{1.4M_{\odot}}$, $R_{2M_{\odot}}$, $\Lambda_{2M_{\odot}}$) after applying both the $\chi$EFT and the astrophysical constraints.
\\
From the corner plots, we see that after applying the $\chi$EFT filter, both the median values of symmetry energy and its slope $L_{sym}$ shift towards a higher value compared to their prior range in Table.~\ref{tab:rangepara} which leads to the strong correlation between them. For the effective mass, we see that the peak is around 0.63 which is lower than we observed for purely nucleonic matter~\cite{Hornick,Ghosh2022}. This is because when we include hyperon, the EoS become softer~\cite{Pradhan2021}; so to satisfy the astrophysical constraint of maximum mass above 2$M_{\odot}$ and tidal deformability, the posterior of $m^*/m$ shifts towards a lower value. Also, from Fig 5 in~\cite{Ghosh2022}, we know that $\chi$EFT filter removes parameter sets with low effective mass and slope of symmetry energy which gives rise to a moderate correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $m^*/m$ observed here. For this reason, for the hyperonic case along with $\chi$EFT filter, the range of effective mass becomes narrow and peaks towards a lower value (around 0.63) which indeed restricts the radius of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ star to 12.6-13.4 km. This is why we observe a very low correlation between $m^*/m$ and the astrophysical observables. We also conclude that there is no correlation between the hyperon potentials ($U_{\Sigma},U_{\Xi}$) and the NS astrophysical observables.
\subsection{Effect of all filters : $\chi$EFT + astro + HIC (KaoS+FOPI+ASY-EOS)}
We first generated 50,000 prior sets, and on applying all filters ($\chi$EFT, astrophysical data, HIC) obtained almost no posterior sets. In order to understand the effect of the HIC filters, we then passed the prior sets only through the KaOS, FOPI and ASY-EOS filters and plotted the posterior of each nuclear parameters (see Fig.~\ref{fig:dist_hic}). From the figures, we observe that in the $K_{sat}$ distribution, the values are restricted below 240 MeV after HIC filters, and this is the effect of the KaoS filter. In the $L_{sym}$ distribution, the values are restricted to $>$ 55 MeV after HIC filters, resulting in a decreased correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $E_{sym}$. Both these effects were observed in nucleonic case also and discussed in our previous paper~\cite{Ghosh2022}. The most interesting is the distribution of $m^*/m$. In Sec.\ref{sec:corr}, we noted that including hyperons shifts $m^*/m$ to lower value for astrophysical filters. When we apply HIC filters, we see $m^*/m$ values peak at a higher value around 0.70. The distributions intersect at the two tail ends of the Gaussian curves, giving a very narrow range with low probabilities. This explains why there are so few posterior points due to the combined filters.
\\
In order to obtain a correlation plot after applying all filters, we generated a very large number (2 million) of priors after restricting the prior range to $m^*/m$ to 0.64 - 0.7 and managed to obtain 200 posterior sets. The resulting correlation plot with this set is given in Fig.~\ref{fig:correlations_all}. We see that effects of the HIC filters on correlations are the same as in the nucleonic case~\cite{Ghosh2022}: decrease of $L_{sym}-E_{sym}$ correlation, increase of $n_0$ correlation with NS astrophysical observables and increase of $K_{sat}-m^*/m$ correlation. We checked that allowing for hyperons mean that hyperons appear in all the cases investigated; $\Lambda$ hyperons always appear close to 2$n_0$, while the threshold for appearance of $\Sigma$ and $\Xi$ hyperons depend on the value of the corresponding hyperon potentials. One may also note that for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ stars, the fraction of hyperons in the core is lower than in more massive 2$M_{\odot}$ stars.
\\
\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussions}
\subsection{Summary of present results}
The motivation of this study is to investigate any existing correlations between empirical nuclear and hypernuclear parameters (particularly the symmetry energy and its slope) and with NS multi-messenger astrophysical observables such as its mass, radius and tidal deformability. To this aim, we extended our previous investigation~\cite{Ghosh2022} from nucleonic to hyperonic matter in NSs, i.e. within the framework of the RMF model, we constrained the parameter space allowed by current uncertainties in nuclear and hypernuclear physics, by imposing multi-physics constraints at different density regimes: chiral effective field theory at low densities, astrophysical constraints at high densities and heavy-ion collision data at intermediate energies. \\
First, using the filtered EoSs satisfying constraints from both $\chi$EFT and astrophysical data, we searched for any physical correlation among the parameters and the NS observables as well as among themselves.
We found that the effective nucleon mass $m^*/m$ and saturation nuclear density $n_0$ show strong correlation. We found $n_0$ to be moderately correlated with radius and tidal deformability of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NSs, but weakly correlated with those of 2$M_{\odot}$ stars. The correlation of $m^*/m$ with the NS observables was found to be low, contrary to the purely nucleonic case. It is interesting to note that the symmetry energy $E_{sym}$ and its slope $L_{sym}$ showed significant correlation after imposing the $\chi$EFT filter. There is a non-negligible correlation of $m^*/m$ with $L_{sym}$.
\\
On applying all filters from $\chi$EFT, astrophysical and heavy-ion data, we found that very few nuclear parameter sets are able to satisfy all constraints simultaneously. By monitoring the individual posterior distributions of the nuclear saturation parameters, we confirmed the existence of a ``tension" between the constraints from the first two filters with those of heavy-ion data. The values of $K_{sat}$ are restricted to below 240 MeV due to the KaoS constraint and $L_{sym}$ to values larger than 55 MeV, drastically reducing the available parameter space. Further, low values of $m^*/m$ are allowed by astrophysical filters, while heavy-ion data allows large values. The overall effect of applying the heavy-ion filters was found to be same as in the nucleonic case~\cite{Ghosh2022}: a decreased $L_{sym}-E_{sym}$ correlation, increased $n_0$ correlation with NS astrophysical observables and enhanced $K_{sat}-m^*/m$ correlation.
\\
\subsection{Comparison with prior research}
There are several contrasting results in the hyperonic case as compared with the nucleonic case~\cite{Ghosh2022}. Mainly we found a decreased correlation of $m^*/m$ with the NS observables, and an increased correlation of $n_0$ with $m^*/m$ and NS observables for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NS.
Radii and dimensionless tidal deformability (for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ and 2$M_{\odot}$), show a strong correlation with each other as expected. However we find a moderate correlation with observables of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ with 2$M_{\odot}$ stars. This is due to the reduced range of radii for hyperonic stars. We checked that the distribution of $m^*/m$ shifts to lower values (peak around 0.63) in posteriors for hyperons compared to nucleons which peak around 0.7, restricting values of $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ to a reduced range $\gtrapprox$ 13 km.
The correlation between the slope of symmetry energy $L_{sym}$ and radius of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NS is also lower than in the nucleonic case. A correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ was reported in several articles in the literature~\cite{Fattoyev,Alam,Zhu,Lim}, although recent articles find $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ to be nearly independent of $L_{sym}$~~\cite{Hornick,Ghosh2022}.
Finally, the astrophysical observables studied in this work (mass, radius, tidal deformability) do not seem to provide correlations with hyperon potentials or the isovector coupling parameter $y$. However one must note that this is not generic for all astrophysical observables. One has to look for other observables, which are sensitive to the hyperon content in the NS interior, such as $r$-modes, cooling, thermal evolution etc (see e.g. \cite{VidanaEPJA}).
\\
In another recent work~\cite{Traversi2020}, a Bayesian inference of the NS EoS was performed within the RMF model using astrophysical and nuclear saturation data. Using a selected class of nucleonic models with five empirical parameters and exploring different types of priors, they reported that the EoSs with the largest evidence were the ones featuring a strong reduction
of the nucleon effective mass. However, the major drawback of this model was the omission of interaction terms ($\Lambda_{\omega}$ in our work) in the Lagrangian, due to which other saturation parameters such as symmetry energy or its slope were not included. A preliminary investigation of the effect of hyperons was also performed by switching on only the $\Lambda$ hyperon, with a fixed potential depth and coupling constants. However the effect of the other baryons of the octet and variation of the couplings as well as their correlations with other nuclear saturation parameters or NS observables was unexplored.
\\
Another recent study~\cite{Gueven2020} used Bayesian statistics to combine low density nuclear physics data, such as the ab-initio $\chi$EFT predictions and the isoscalar giant monopole resonance, with astrophysical NS data, within the ``metamodel" approach for the dense matter EoS. The posterior probability distribution functions were marginalized over several higher order nuclear empirical parameters ($L_{sym}$, $K_{sym}$, $Q_{sat}$, $Q_{sym}$), and observational quantities such as radius of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NS. This study also explored correlations among $L_{sym}-K_{sym}$ and $K_{sat}-Q_{sym}$ parameters, and reported marked tension between astrophysical and nuclear physics constraints. Some other work~\cite{biswas2021bayesian} combined laboratory experiments and NS astrophysical observation using Bayesian statistics
along with the LIGO/Virgo and NICER observations within a hybrid nuclear+piecewise polytrope (PP) EoS parameterization. This work
reported a very weak correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$.
Recently Huth~et~al.~\cite{huth2021} used a Bayesian inference technique to analyse the nuclear EoS and NS properties, combining data from heavy-ion collisions (FOPI~\cite{FOPI} and ASY-EOS~\cite{ASY_EOS} experiments, EoS constraint for symmetric nuclear matter \cite{Danielewicz}), microscopic $\chi EFT$ calculations and multi-messenger information from NICER and XMM Newton missions, as well as GW data and the associated kilonova AT2017gfo9. The study concluded that HIC constraints to be in excellent agreement with NICER observations. However, hyperons were not considered in the above investigations.
\\
\subsection{Limitations and future directions}
\label{sec:future}
In this work, the correlations between nuclear and hypernuclear parameters and NS astrophysical observables have been explored within the framework of the Relativistic Mean Field model. Although the advantage of this realistic phenomenological model is that, unlike polytropic or parametrized EoSs, the results provide important understanding of the underlying nuclear physics, it however remains to be established whether such physical correlations are also found in other realistic EoS models in order to generalise the results of this investigation. It would be interesting for example to see whether the conclusions would still hold for a Lagrangian with density-dependent couplings. Such possibilities will be addressed in a forthcoming publication. We recall here that the constraints from heavy-ion data are model-dependent and should therefore be treated on a different footing than astrophysical constraints and their implications on the results discussed with a word of caution.
\\
In future, improved measurements of hyperon potentials in hypernuclear experiments, such as GSI in Germany, JLAB in USA and
J-PARC in Japan~\cite{VidanaEPJA}, will reduce the uncertainties in the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon coupling strengths. With the advent of multi-messenger astronomy, new upcoming observations of NS properties will also help to provide more stringent constraints on the dense matter EoS in NSs.
\section*{Conflict of Interest Statement}
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
\section*{Author Contributions}
S.G. and B.-K.P. have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship. D.C. and J.S.-B. share senior authorship and contributed to the conception of the study. D.C. is the corresponding author of this article. Both S.G. and B.-K. P. performed the theoretical, numerical and statistical analysis. D.C. wrote the first draft, S.G. and B.-K.P. wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.
\section*{Acknowledgments}
D.C. is grateful to the hospitality of the Institut f\"ur theoretische Physik, J. W. Goethe Universit\"at Frankfurt, Germany, where this work was carried out within the collaborative project "Astrophysical constraints for hyperons in neutron stars". S. G. B.K.P. and D.C. acknowledge usage of the IUCAA HPC computing facility for the numerical calculations.
\section*{Funding}
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) through the CRC-TR 211 'Strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions'– project number 315477589 – TRR 211.
\bibliographystyle{frontiersinHLTH&FPHY}
\section{}
The appearance of strangeness in the form of hyperons within the inner core of neutron stars is expected to affect its detectable properties such as its global structure or gravitational wave emission. In this work, we explore the parameter space of hyperonic stars within the framework of the Relativistic Mean Field model allowed by present uncertainties in state-of-the-art nuclear and hypernuclear experimental data. We impose multi-physics constraints at different density regimes to restrict the parameter space: Chiral effective field theory, heavy-ion collision data as well as multi-messenger astrophysical observations of neutron stars. We investigate possible correlations between empirical nuclear and hypernuclear parameters, particularly the symmetry energy and its slope, with observable properties of neutron stars. We do not find a correlation for the hyperon parameters and the astrophysical data. However, the inclusion of hyperons generates a tension between the astrophysical and heavy ion data constraining considerable the available parameter space.
\tiny
\fontsize{8}{11}\helveticabold { \section{Keywords:} symmetry energy, hyperons, neutron stars, equation of state, nuclear, hypernuclear, heavy-ion, multi-messenger}
\end{abstract}
\textbf{Abstract length: 149 words\\
Manuscript length: 5435\\
Number of Figures: 13\\
Number of Tables: 1}
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
Understanding strong interaction among hadrons is one of the most intriguing topics in nuclear physics. Despite the recent progress in understanding the phase diagram of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions~\cite{Baym2018,QCDBook}, we are still far from achieving a unified description of nuclear matter under extreme conditions of density and temperature. While terrestrial nuclear experiments probe densities close to nuclear saturation density ($n_0 \sim$ 0.16 fm$^{-3}$)~\cite{Lattimer2015,Gandolfi2015}, heavy-ion collision (HIC) experiments~\cite{FOPI,ASY_EOS} provide information about hot and dense matter at several times $n_0$. Recent progress in Lattice QCD~\cite{Inoue:2016qxt,Inoue:2019jme,Fabbietti2020} are also providing new constraints on the properties of matter at high temperature and low densities. Neutron stars, on the other hand, are astrophysical laboratories that provide us an opportunity to investigate ultra-high density (up to 10 times $n_0$) and low temperature regime of the QCD phase diagram, given the conditions that exist only in its interior~\cite{GlendenningBook,Lattimer2004}.
\\
Strangeness adds a new dimension to the description of nuclear matter. The presence of strangeness has already been established in heavy-ion collisions (appearance of hyperons and kaons) or in finite nuclear systems (hypernuclei). It is also conjectured that strangeness containing matter, in the form of hyperons, kaons or even deconfined quark matter, can appear at the ultra-high densities that exist in the core of a neutron star (NS). The appearance of strangeness can have significant impact on NS composition, structure and observable astrophysical properties, such as its mass, radius, cooling or gravitational wave (GW) emission~\cite{OertelRMP}.
\\
In order to connect the NS internal composition with its global properties, one requires an Equation of State (EoS)~\cite{Lattimer2012,Lattimer2015,Baym2018}. The theoretical description of NS matter therefore requires the construction of models of hadron-hadron interaction, using non-relativistic (such as Skyrme or Gogny interactions)~\cite{Stone2007,Vautherin1972,Dutra2012} or relativistic (Relativistic Mean Field or Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock methods)~\cite{Serot1991,Serot1997} techniques. In the case of microscopic models (such as Brueckner-Hartree-Fock method), the interactions are rigorously calculated from lowest order term to increasing order. But the poor knowledge of three-nucleon forces limits their applicability to reproduce real astrophysical data. Phenomenological models are more successful, with the model parameters usually constrained at densities close to $n_0$ and low values of isospin (neutron-proton ratio), but the uncertainty increases at larger densities and asymmetries. The nuclear symmetry energy (the difference between the binding energies of symmetric nuclear matter and neutron matter) is a key quantity that governs the difference in the behaviour of infinite symmetric nuclear matter and neutron star matter.
\\
Neutron stars are particularly interesting, as they can be observed via electromagnetic (X-ray, $\gamma$-ray, radio waves) as well as gravitational waves, opening up a new era of multi-messenger astronomy. Electromagnetic multi-wavelength observations of NSs reveal a wealth of details about its global structure~\cite{Demorest,Antoniadis}. NS masses can be determined to high precision using post-Keplerian effects in NSs in binary~\cite{Thorsett}. Traditionally radius measurements from thermal emission suffered from large uncertainties~\cite{Ozel2010,Steiner2013,Guillot2013}, but the recently launched NICER (Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer)~\cite{NICER,NICER0030_Miller,NICER0030_Riley,NICER0740_Miller,NICER0740_Riley} mission has improved NS estimates by exploiting a novel scheme of modulation profiles of pulses. Finally with the recent detection of GWs for the first time from NS-NS (GW170817)~\cite{Abbott2017}, NS-BH (GW200105 and GW200115)~\cite{Abbott2021} and GW190425 ~\cite{GW190425} systems by LIGO ~\cite{adLIGO} and Virgo ~\cite{AdVirgo}, GW astronomy is allowing us to probe directly the interior of NSs. The tidal deformation of NSs in the strong gravitational field of its binary companion measured during the inspiral phase of the merger depends on the EoS, and therefore reveals information about its radius and interior composition~\cite{Abbott2018,Abbott2019,Most,Annala}.
\\
In the recent past, there have been several attempts to impose constraints on the NS EoS by using data from NS multi-messenger astrophysical observations within a statistical Bayesian scheme~\cite{pang2021,Coughlin2019,Biswas2021,biswas2021prex,biswas2021bayesian,Dietrich2020,O_Boyle_2020}. In such a scheme, the low density EOS constrained by theoretical and experimental nuclear physics is matched with parametrized high density EOSs satisfying gravitational wave and electromagnetic data ~\cite{Capano2020,Tews_2018,Tews_2019a,Tews_2019b,Gandolfi_2019}. Usually the EoSs are based on different parametrization schemes such as piecewise polytropes~\cite{Annala,Hebeler2013,Read2009,Gamba2019}, spectral representation~\cite{Fasano2019,Lindblom2018}, speed-of-sound parametrization~\cite{Tews_2018,Greif2019,Landry2020} or nuclear meta-modelling technique \cite{Gueven2020}. Only a few recent works used the RMF model \cite{Traversi2020} or hybrid (nuclear + piecewise polytope) parametrizations \cite{Biswas2021} to obtain posterior distributions of empirical parameters. Correlations among empirical nuclear parameters and some chosen NS observables have only recently been explored~\cite{Zhang2019,Xie2019,Carson2019,zimmerman2020measuring}. Although several of these works suggested probing the effect of the presence of hyperons, none of them consistently included hyperons within such a scheme. It therefore remains to be investigated whether one can restrict the parameter space of uncertainties associated with hyperons (hypernuclear potentials or hyperon couplings) or if they show any physical correlations with measurable properties such as nuclear saturation parameters or NS astrophysical observables.
\\
In a recent work~\cite{Ghosh2022}, multi-physics constraints were imposed at different density regimes on the nuclear EoS using a ``cut-off scheme", and correlations of nuclear saturation parameters with astrophysical observables were investigated. Motivated by the Bayesian approach, the parameters of the realistic nuclear model were varied within their allowed uncertainties, compatible with state-of-the-art nuclear experimental data and the parameter space constrained using a combination of current best-known physical constraints at different density regimes: theoretical (chiral effective field theory) at low densities, multi-messenger (multi-wavelength electromagnetic as well as GW) astrophysical data at high densities and experimental (nuclear and heavy-ion collision) at intermediate densities~\cite{Dexheimer2021,Tsang2018} to restrict the parameter space of the nuclear model. Further, nuclear and heavy-ion collision experiments are isospin symmetric (same number of neutrons and protons), so studying NS matter provides information about the unknown nuclear symmetry energy.
\\
In this article, we extend the above investigation to neutron star matter including strangeness, particularly hyperons. Within the framework of the RMF model, and allowing for a parameter space spanning current uncertainties in nuclear and hypernuclear physics, we impose multi-physics constraints in different density regimes from terrestrial nuclear/hypernuclear and multi-messenger astrophysical data. The aim of this study is to investigate possible correlations between empirical nuclear and hypernuclear parameters (particularly the symmetry energy and its slope) with NS astrophysical observables.
\\
The structure of the article is as follows: in Sec.~\ref{sec:descrip}, we describe the methods used to determine the composition of NS matter including hyperons in the framework of the RMF model. In Sec.~\ref{sec:constraints}, we impose constraints at different densities on the hyperonic EoS. In Sec.~\ref{sec:results}, we discuss the results of this investigation and in Sec.~\ref{sec:discussions} we discuss the implications of these findings.
\\
\section{Methods}
\label{sec:descrip}
As discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:intro}, we calculate the beta equilibrated, charge-neutral NS EoS within the RMF framework. For our investigation, we consider the standard baryon octet as well as electrons and muons. The interaction Lagrangian density ($\mathcal{L}$) considered in this work is given in Eq.~\ref{eqn:lagr} ~\cite{ChatterjeeNPA,Pradhan2021}. In this model, the baryon-baryon interaction is mediated by the exchange of scalar ($\sigma$), vector ($\omega$), isovector ($\rho$) mesons, and the strange baryon, i.e., hyperon-hyperon interactions are carried out by additional strange scalar ($\sigma^*$) and strange vector ($\phi$) mesons.
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L} &=&\sum_B \bar{\psi}_{_B} \Big(i\gamma^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}-m_{_B}+g_{\sigma B}\sigma-g_{\omega B}\gamma_{\mu}\omega^{\mu}-g_{\rho B}\gamma_{\mu} \vec{I_B}.\vec{\rho}^{\mu}\Big)\psi_{_B} + \frac{1}{2} (\partial_{\mu} \sigma \partial^{\mu}\sigma - m_{\sigma}^2 {\sigma}^2)-U_{\sigma} \nonumber \\
&& \ \ +\frac{1}{2}m_{\omega}^2 \omega_{\mu}\omega^{\mu}-\frac{1}{4} \omega_{\mu \nu}\omega^{\mu \nu} -\frac{1}{4} (\vec{\rho}_{ \mu \nu}.\vec{\rho}^{\mu \nu}-2 m_{\rho}^2 \vec{\rho}_{\mu}.\vec{\rho}^{\mu})
+ \Lambda_{\omega} (g_{\rho N}^2 \vec{\rho}_{\mu} .\vec{\rho}^{\mu}) \ (g_{\omega N}^2 \omega_{\mu}\omega^{\mu}) \nonumber \\
&& \ \ +\sum_Y \bar{\psi}_{_Y} (g_{\sigma^* Y} \sigma^*-g_{\phi Y}\gamma_{\mu}\phi^{\mu})\psi_{_Y}+\frac{1}{2}m_{\phi}^2 \phi_{\mu}\phi^{\mu} -\frac{1}{4} \phi_{\mu \nu}\phi^{\mu \nu} +\frac{1}{2} (\partial_{\mu} \sigma^* \partial^{\mu}\sigma^* - m_{\sigma^*}^2 {\sigma^*}^2)\nonumber \\
&& \ \ +\sum_{\ell=\{e^- , \ \mu^-\}} \bar{\psi}_{\ell} (i\gamma^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}-m_{\ell}){\psi}_{\ell}
\label{eqn:lagr}
\end{eqnarray}
where,
\begin{eqnarray}
U_{\sigma}&=&\frac{1}{3}b m_N (g_{\sigma N} \sigma)^3+\frac{1}{4}c (g_{\sigma N} \sigma)^4 \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
In Eq. ~\ref{eqn:lagr}, $B$ stands for the baryon octet ($p,\ n,\ \Lambda,\ \Sigma^-,\ \Sigma^0,\ \Sigma^+,\ \Xi^-,\ \Xi^0$) whereas $Y$ stands for hyperons ($\Lambda,\ \Sigma^-,\ \Sigma^0,\ \Sigma^+,\ \Xi^-,\ \Xi^0$). One can solve the equation of motion governing constituent particle fields ($\Psi$) as well as those of mesons following ~\cite{Hornick,Pradhan2021}. Replacing the meson fields with their mean values in RMF framework, the energy density ($\epsilon$) corresponding to the Lagrangian given in Eq.~\ref{eqn:lagr} can be expressed as,
\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon &=&\frac{1}{2}m_{\sigma}^2\bar{\sigma}^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\omega}^2\bar{\omega}^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\rho}^2\bar{\rho}^2+\frac{1}{2}m_{\sigma^*}^2\bar{\sigma^*}^2 + \frac{1}{2}m_{\phi}^2\bar{\phi}^2+\frac{1}{3}b m_N (g_{\sigma N} \bar{\sigma})^3+\frac{1}{4}c (g_{\sigma N} \bar{\sigma})^4 \nonumber\\
&+& 3 \Lambda_{\omega} (g_{\rho N} g_{\omega N} \bar{\rho} \bar{\omega} )^2 +\sum_B \frac{g_{sB}}{2\pi^2} \ \int_0^{k_{FB}} {\sqrt{k^2+{m_B^*}^2}}\ dk + \sum_{\ell} \frac{g_{s\ell}}{2\pi^2} \ \int_0^{k_{F{\ell}}} {\sqrt{k^2+{m_{\ell}}^2}}\ dk \label{eqn:endens}
\end{eqnarray}
Where $g_{si}$ and $k_{Fi}$ represent the spin degeneracy and Fermi momentum of the `$i^{th}$' species respectively. The baryon effective mass ( $m_B^*$) is then defined as $m_B^*=m_B-g_{\sigma B}\bar{\sigma}-g_{\sigma^* B}\bar{\sigma^*}$. The pressure can be expressed using Gibbs-Duhem relation,
\begin{equation}
p=\sum_{i=B,\ell} \mu_i n_i-\epsilon
\label{eqn:pres}
\end{equation}
with $n_i$ being the number density of $i^{th}$ constituent . The chemical potentials for baryon ($\mu_B$) and lepton ($\mu_{\ell}$) are given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
\mu_B &=& \sqrt{k_{FB}^ 2 + {m^*_B}^2 } + g_{\omega_B} \bar{\omega}+g_{\phi_B} \bar{\phi}+I_{3_B} g_{\rho_B} \bar{\rho}\, \nonumber \\
\mu_{\ell}&=&\sqrt{k_{F\ell}^ 2 + {m_{\ell}}^2}\,.
\label{eqn:chempot}
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{Nucleonic matter}
The isoscalar nucleon-meson coupling parameters ($g_{\sigma N},\ g_{\omega N},\ b,\ \text{and }c$) are determined by fixing the nuclear saturation parameters: nuclear saturation density ($n_0$), binding energy per nucleon at saturation ($E_{sat}$), incompressibility ($K_{sat}$) and the effective nucleon mass ($m^*$) at saturation. On the other hand the isovector couplings `$g_{\rho N}$' and `$\Lambda_{\omega}$' are fixed to the symmetry energy ($E_{sym}$) and slope of symmetry energy ($L_{sym}$) at saturation ~\cite{Hornick,Chen2014,Ghosh2022}. The range of empirical parameters considered in this work are consistent with state-of-the-art nuclear experimental data~\cite{Ghosh2022} and are summarised in Table.~\ref{tab:rangepara}. \\
\iffalse
Nuclear parameter space (same as our paper): \\
$n_0$: 0.14-0.17 fm$^{-3}$ \\
$E_{sat}$: -16+-0.2 MeV \\
$K_{sat}$: 200-300 MeV \\
$E_{sym}$: 28-34 MeV \\
$L_{sym}$: 40-70 MeV \\
$m^*/m$: 0.55-0.75
\fi
\subsection{Hyperonic matter}
\label{sec:hyperon}
In the Lagrangian (Eq.~\ref{eqn:lagr}), the attractive interaction among hyperons is meditated by the exchange of strange scalar ($\sigma^*$) meson and the repulsive interaction is mediated by exchange of strange vector ($\phi$) meson. However, it has been concluded that models with attractive hyperon-hyperon interaction show incompatibility with observations of the maximum NS mass~\cite{ChatterjeeNPA}. Hence we set the strange scalar couplings to 0, i.e, $g_{\sigma Y}=0$ and the remaining non-strange hyperon meson coupling constants ($g_{\sigma Y}$) are fitted to the hyperon-nucleon potential ($U_Y$) at saturation using Eq.~\ref{eqn:hyppot} ~\cite{ChatterjeeNPA}. Among the nucleon-hyperon potentials, the best known potential is that of the hyperon $\Lambda$, having a value of $U_{\Lambda}=-30$ MeV ~\cite{Millener88,Schaffner92}. Although the potential depths for hyperons $\Sigma$ and $\Xi$ are not known precisely, it has been concluded that the $\Sigma$-nucleon potential is repulsive ~\cite{FriedmanGal07,SchaffnerGal00,Mares951} whereas $U_{\Xi}$ is attractive in nature ~\cite{Fukuda98,Khaustov00,SchaffnerGal00}. Hence for this investigation we vary $U_{\Sigma}$ in the range of 0 to +30 MeV\ and $U_{\Xi}$ from -30MeV to 0. The vector hyperon couplings ($g_{\omega Y},g_{\phi Y}$) are fixed to their SU(6) values (see Eq.~\ref{eqn:su6})~\cite{Schaffner93,ChatterjeeNPA}.
\begin{equation}
U_{Y} (n_0)=-g_{\sigma Y}\bar{\sigma}+g_{\omega Y}\bar{\omega}
\label{eqn:hyppot}
\end{equation}
\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\omega {\Lambda}}=g_{\omega {\Sigma}}=2g_{\omega {\Xi}}&=&\frac{2}{3}g_{\omega N} \nonumber\\
2g_{\phi {\Lambda}}= 2g_{\phi {\Sigma}}=g_{\phi {\Xi}}&=&\frac{-2\sqrt{2}}{3}g_{\omega N}
\label{eqn:su6}
\end{eqnarray}
Recent lattice QCD calculations by the HALQCD group extracted hyperon potentials at almost physical quark masses and used it to estimate the hyperon potentials in pure neutron matter and in nuclear matter by using the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation ~\cite{Inoue:2016qxt,Inoue:2019jme}. They find that the hyperon potentials in nuclear matter are $U_{\Lambda} = -28\ \rm{MeV},\ U_{\Sigma} = +15 \rm{MeV} and \ U_{\Xi} = -4 \ \rm{MeV}$. From their figure 4 in ~\cite{Inoue:2019jme} one can read off the hyperon potentials for $\Sigma^-$ and $\Sigma^+$, as well as for $\Xi^0$ and $\Xi^-$ in pure neutron matter. The relevant for neutron star matter are the ones for the $\Sigma^-$ and the $\Xi^-$ with the potentials of +25 MeV and + 6 MeV, respectively.
However, these results suggest that the isovector hyperon coupling ($g_{\rho Y}$) differs from its SU(6) quark model values. Where the isospin potential for the $\Xi$ would be as large as the one for nucleons and the one for the $\Sigma$ even twice as large. For a typical nucleon isospin potential of about 32 MeV one arrives at hyperon isospin potentials which are more than a factor two larger than the ones from the HALQCD analysis. We therefore introduce a scaling parameter `$y$,' which ranges from 0 to 1 (0 to SU(6) coupling strength) to span the uncertainty in the hyperon-isovector coupling. In that case, $g_{\rho Y}$ can be expressed as,
\begin{eqnarray}
g_{\rho \Lambda}&=&0 \nonumber \\
\frac{ g_{\rho {\Xi}}}{g_{\rho {N}} }&=& \frac{1}{2} \frac{g_{\rho {\Sigma}}}{ g_{\rho N}} =y, \ \ y \in [0,1].
\end{eqnarray}\label{eqn:isohyp}
The effect of the variation in the $y$-parameter (isovector hyperon coupling) on the particle fractions can be understood from Fig.~\ref{fig:particlefrac_yparam}. For a chosen parameter set from Table~\ref{tab:rangepara}, $\Xi^-$ starts to appear at 2.27, 2.34 and 2.45 $n_0$ for $y$ values 0, 0.5 and 1 respectively. However $\Xi^0$ starts to appear 6.977, 6.943 and 6.850 $n_0$ for $y$ changing from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.5. One must note that the threshold of appearance of the hyperons will depend upon the hyperon potentials and the nuclear saturation parameters chosen for the EoS.
\\
\iffalse
Hyperon potentials (as in the Weissenborn NPA paper) :\\
$U_{\Lambda}$ : -30 MeV (fixed) \\
$U_{\Xi}$ : -40 - +40 MeV \\
$U_{\Sigma}$ : -40 - +40 MeV \\
\fi
\iffalse
\subsubsection{Suggestions}
\begin{enumerate}
\item variation of $U_{\Sigma}$ between 0 and +40 MeV (since $\Sigma$ potential is known to be repulsive)
\item variation of hyperons isospin couplings from zero to its SU(6) value (motivation: the isospin coupling constants from HAL QCD are a factor 0.4 smaller compared to the SU(6) values)
\item including the vector self-interaction term $\zeta$ (motivation: changes the high-density limit of the EOS. Currently under investigation by Bikram with project student Abhisek)
\end{enumerate}
\fi
\subsection{Global structure}
\label{sec:TOV}
The equilibrium structure of a non-rotating, relativistic NS is obtained by solving the coupled equations of hydrostatic equilibrium known as the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkof (TOV) equations~\cite{GlendenningBook,schaffner2020}
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dm(r)}{dr} &=& 4 \pi \varepsilon(r) r^2 ~, \nonumber \\
\frac{dp(r)}{dr} &=& - \frac{[p(r) + \varepsilon(r)] [m(r)+4 \pi r^3 p(r)] }{r(r-2 m(r))}~, \nonumber \\
\label{eq:tov}
\end{eqnarray}
With the given equation of state which gives a relation between the energy density ($\varepsilon$) and pressure ($p$), these TOV equations~\eqref{eq:tov} are integrated from the centre of the star to the surface with the boundary conditions of vanishing mass, $m|_{r=0}=0$, at the centre of the star, and a vanishing pressure, $p|_{r=R}=0$, at the surface. Varying the central density for a given EoS, we can get a sequence of NSs with different mass and radius, thus giving the M-R curves. \\
The tidal deformability parameter quantifies the degree of the tidal deformation effects due to the companion in coalescing binary NS systems during the early stages of an inspiral. It is defined as :
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tidal}
\lambda = - \frac{Q_{ij}}{\varepsilon_{ij}}
\end{equation}
where $Q_{ij}$ is the induced mass quadrupole moment of the NS and $\varepsilon_{ij}$ is the gravitational tidal field of the companion. The tidal deformability $\lambda$ is related to the dimensionless $l = 2$ tidal Love number $k_2$ as~\cite{Hinderer,Hinderer2008}.
\begin{equation}
\Lambda = \frac{2}{3} k_2 \left( \frac{R}{M} \right)^5~,
\label{eq:love}
\end{equation}
The tidal Love number ($k_2$) can be obtained by solving a set of differential equations coupled with the TOV equations~\cite{Yagi2013}. The total tidal effect of two neutron stars in an inspiraling binary system is given by the mass-weighted (dimensionless) tidal deformability $\tilde{\Lambda}$ defined as~\cite{Hinderer2010}
\begin{equation}\label{eq:dimtidal}
\tilde{\Lambda} = \frac{16}{13}\frac{(M_1 + 12M_2)M_1^4\Lambda_1 + (M_2 + 12M_1)M_2^4\Lambda_2}{(M_1 + M_2)^5}
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda_1 = \Lambda_1(M_1)$ and $\Lambda_2 = \Lambda_2(M_2)$ are the (dimensionless) tidal deformabilities and $M_1, M_2$ are the masses of the individual binary components respectively.
\\
\section{Multi-density constraints}
\label{sec:constraints}
In this work, we constrain the parameter space of the nucleonic and hyperonic matter as described in Sec.~\ref{sec:descrip} using a ``cut-off filter" scheme where we impose strict limits from nuclear and astrophysical observation to obtain the posteriors. In the language of Bayesian analysis, the priors are obtained by varying the nuclear empirical parameters,hyperon potentials and isovector couplings uniformly within their uncertainty range in Table~\ref{tab:rangepara} and the likelihood functions are appropriately chosen physical conditions as Filter functions described in Sec.~\ref{sec:filters}. \\
In Miller~et~al. (2019)~\cite{2019Miller}, they pointed out the statistical uncertainties in constraining EoS by putting strict limits from multi-messenger observations of neutron stars like we have used here. With a very large number of priors, this cut-off scheme gives a correct estimate of the nuclear parameter ranges consistent with the observations. Recent works~\cite{Annala,Most,2020Annala,annala2021multimessenger,refId0} also used similar cut-off schemes for constraining the EoS of ultra-dense matter. In the recent work by Ghosh~et~al.~\cite{Ghosh2022}, it was explicitly shown that including the statistical re-weighting using $\chi$-squared statistics might change the posterior probability distribution slightly, but it does not significantly alter the physical correlation between nuclear empirical parameters and astrophysical observables. So, we adopt this ``cut-off filter" scheme for this work.
\subsection{Filter functions}
\label{sec:filters}
The following physical constraints at different densities from multi-disciplinary physics are applied in this work -
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{at low densities: $\chi EFT$}\\
Chiral EFT is an effective theory of QCD that describes strong many-body interactions among nucleons using order by order expansions in terms of contact interactions and long-range pion exchange interactions. In particular, the $\chi$ EFT expansion gives estimates of theoretical uncertainties depending on local chiral two and three-nucleon interactions using quantum Monte Carlo methods, which are one of the most precise many-body methods for nuclear physics~\cite{Drischler,Drischler2020}.The EoS of pure neutron matter (PNM) can be well constrained at low baryon densities $n_b$ in the range of $\sim$ 0.5-1.4 $n_0$~\cite{Drischler2019}. \\
\item \textbf{at high densities: NS astrophysical data}\\
The constraints on the EoS at high density come from multi-messenger astrophysical observations, such as high mass NS observations, GW measurement of tidal deformability from binary neutron star mergers as follows :
\begin{enumerate}
\item From the recent observations of the heaviest known pulsar PSR J0740+6620, the maximum mass of the neutron stars should be equal to or exceed $2.08^{+0.07}_{-0.07}$ $M_{\odot}$~\cite{fonseca2021refined}. This sets an upper bound on the maximum NS masses corresponding to the EoSs considered.
\item The recent analyses of the GW170817 event~\cite{Abbott2019} apply a constraint on the upper bound of the effective tidal deformability $\tilde{\Lambda} <$ 720~\cite{Tong2020} using the low-spin highest posterior density interval for tidal deformability. We do not consider the lower limit on tidal deformability in this study. As explained in Sec.~\ref{sec:TOV}, the tidal deformability depends on the mass and radius (see Eq.~\ref{eq:love}), and therefore this result also leads to a constraint on the mass-radius relation~\cite{Most,Annala}.\\
\end{enumerate}
\item \textbf{at intermediate densities: heavy ion collision experiments}\\
Heavy-ion collision experiments can provide additional information about the behaviour of hot dense matter at intermediate densities $\sim 1-3 n_0$. As in our previous investigation~\cite{Ghosh2022}, we impose constraints from three different heavy-ion collision experiments:
\begin{enumerate}
\item \textbf{KaoS experiment :} Subthreshold $K^+$ meson production in Au+Au \& C+C nuclear collisions at the Kaon Spectrometer (KaoS) experiment at GSI, Darmstadt~\cite{Hartnack} yield kaon multiplicity, which is an indicator of the compressibility of dense matter at densities $\sim 2-3 n_0$. The analysis of the experimental data using Isospin Quantum Molecular Dynamics (IQMD) transport models points towards a soft EoS~\cite{Hartnack,Fuchs2001} and can be described by a simple Skyrme ansatz with an incompressibility $\lesssim$ 200 MeV. The constraint given by the KaoS data implies only those nucleon potentials which are more attractive than the Skyrme parametrization within the considered density regime will be allowed.
\item \textbf{FOPI experiment :} Elliptic flow data in Au+Au collisions between 0.4 and 1.5A GeV by the FOPI collaboration \cite{FOPI}, provides constraints for the EoS of compressed symmetric nuclear matter (SNM). Analysing the FOPI data using IQMD transport codes, one can obtain a constraint for the binding energy of SNM in the density region of $n_b/n_0 \sim 1.4-2.0$ ~\cite{FOPI}. To impose this constraint, the binding energy for SNM is calculated for the input parameters, and only permitted if they lie inside the band allowed by the FOPI data in this density range.
\item \textbf{ASY-EOS experiment :} Information about the symmetry energy for ANM at supra-saturation densities can be obtained from directed and elliptic flows of neutrons and light charged particles measured for the reaction $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au at 400 MeV/nucleon incident energy within the ASY-EOS experimental campaign at the GSI, Germany \cite{ASY_EOS}. To impose the ASY-EOS filter, the symmetry energy of ANM EoS is calculated for the input parameters and allowed only if the symmetry energy lies inside the band allowed by the data in the range of $\sim 1.1 - 2.0 n_0$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Correlations}
\label{sec:corrtheo}
Using the posterior obtained from the analysis, we look for any physical correlation of the nuclear parameters, hyperon potentials, isovector coupling among themselves and also with the astrophysical observables such as the mass and radius of the canonical 1.4$M_{\odot}$ and the massive 2$M_{\odot}$ NS. For this study, we use Pearson's linear correlation coefficient defined as~\cite{ref1}.
\begin{equation}\label{weightcorrcoff}
R_{XY} = \frac{Cov(X,Y)}{\sqrt{Cov(X,X)}\sqrt{Cov(Y,Y)}}
\end{equation}
where $Cov(X,Y)$ is the co-variance between two variables X and Y defined as
\begin{equation}\label{Cov}
Cov(X,Y) = \frac{1}{N}\sum_i (X_i - M(X)) (Y_i - M(Y))
\end{equation}
where N is the no. of sample points and $M(X)$ is the mean of the variable X defined as $M(X) = \frac{1}{N}\sum_i X_i$.
\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}
\subsection{Effect of $\chi$EFT + astro filters}
By randomly varying the parameter space of the nuclear parameters and hyperon potentials from Table.~\ref{tab:rangepara}, we generate the uniformly distributed prior set. After generating the random EoSs, we use the $\chi$EFT and astrophysical filters described in Sec.~\ref{sec:filters} to obtain filtered sets for the parameters and NS observables. For $\chi$EFT, we evaluate the binding energies in the density range of $n_b/n_0 \sim 0.5-1.4 $ corresponding to the $\chi$EFT data and allow only those parameter sets that lie within the band allowed by $\chi$EFT calculations (Fig.~\ref{fig:testposterior_binden}).
After obtaining the posterior $\chi$EFT, we use the same parameter set to obtain the hyperonic EoS using hyperon potentials and couplings given in Sec.~\ref{sec:hyperon}.We then solve the coupled TOV equations~\eqref{eq:tov}\eqref{eq:love} to obtain the mass, radius and tidal deformability of the NSs. Using the multi-messenger astrophysical and GW observation of NSs given in Sec.~\ref{sec:filters}, we rule out further combinations of parameter sets and allow only those combinations which simultaneously satisfy all constraints on NS observables. In Fig.~\ref{fig:posteriorastro}, we plot the mass-radius relations and the dimensionless tidal deformability as a function of NS mass corresponding to the filtered hyperonic EoSs. We can see that NS radii span a wide range from 11-14 km.
\subsection{Correlations}
\label{sec:corr}
After obtaining the posterior parameter space, we look for any physical correlation among the parameters and the NS observables as well as within themselves. In Fig.~\ref{fig:correlation}, we display the correlation matrix of the following quantities: nuclear empirical parameters ($n_0$, $E_{sat}$, $K_{sat}$, $E_{sym}$, $L_{sym}$), the effective mass $m^*/m$, hyperon potentials ($U_{\Sigma}$, $U_{\Xi}$), hyperon-isovector coupling parameter $y$ and the NS observables ($R_{1.4M_{\odot}}$, $\Lambda_{1.4M_{\odot}}$, $R_{2M_{\odot}}$, $\Lambda_{2M_{\odot}}$) after applying both $\chi$EFT and astrophysical observations filter. Some of the main observations from the correlation matrix are listed below:
\begin{itemize}
\item $n_0$ and $m^*/m$ show a high correlation (0.71).
\item $n_0$ has a moderate correlation with the NS observables. The correlation is noticeable (0.54) for the constraints for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NS but is negligible for the constraints for 2~$M_{\odot}$.
\item Symmetry energy $E_{sym}$ and its slope $L_{sym}$ display a strong correlation (0.79) which only appears when we apply the $\chi$EFT filter. This correlation only comes from the
$\chi$EFT filter around saturation density which is in agreement with previous literature~\cite{Hornick,Ghosh2022}.
\item We see a moderate correlation (0.44) between $L_{sym}$ and effective mass $m^*/m$ after applying the $\chi$EFT filter.
\item The correlation of $m^*/m$ with the NS observables is pretty low ($\sim 0.1$ for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ and $\sim 0.3$ for 2.0$M_{\odot}$ stars) which is quite the opposite to the purely nucleonic case~\cite{Ghosh2022}.
\item The correlation between slope of symmetry energy $L_{sym}$ and radius of 1.4M$_{\odot}$ NS is also lower (around 0.4). A correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ has been reported in several articles in the literature \cite{Fattoyev,Alam,Zhu,Lim}, although recent articles find $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ to be nearly independent of $L_{sym}$~\cite{Hornick,Ghosh2022}.
\item All the NS observables (radius and dimensionless tidal deformability for 1.4~$M_{\odot}$ and 2~$M_{\odot}$ NS), as expected, show a strong correlation with each other (according to Eq.~\ref{eq:tidal}) although we find a moderate correlation with the observables between 1.4~$M_{\odot}$ and 2~$M_{\odot}$ NSs.
\item We did not find any correlation between the hyperon potentials and the isovector coupling parameter $y$ with other nuclear parameters and the astrophysical observables.
\end{itemize}
To understand the correlations better, in Fig.~\ref{fig:corner} we plot the posterior distribution of the nuclear parameters ($n_0$, $E_{sym}$, $L_{sym}$ and $m^*/m$) which show significant correlations and the astrophysical observables ($R_{1.4M_{\odot}}$, $R_{2M_{\odot}}$, $\Lambda_{2M_{\odot}}$) after applying both the $\chi$EFT and the astrophysical constraints.
\\
From the corner plots, we see that after applying the $\chi$EFT filter, both the median values of symmetry energy and its slope $L_{sym}$ shift towards a higher value compared to their prior range in Table.~\ref{tab:rangepara} which leads to the strong correlation between them. For the effective mass, we see that the peak is around 0.63 which is lower than we observed for purely nucleonic matter~\cite{Hornick,Ghosh2022}. This is because when we include hyperon, the EoS become softer~\cite{Pradhan2021}; so to satisfy the astrophysical constraint of maximum mass above 2$M_{\odot}$ and tidal deformability, the posterior of $m^*/m$ shifts towards a lower value. Also, from Fig 5 in~\cite{Ghosh2022}, we know that $\chi$EFT filter removes parameter sets with low effective mass and slope of symmetry energy which gives rise to a moderate correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $m^*/m$ observed here. For this reason, for the hyperonic case along with $\chi$EFT filter, the range of effective mass becomes narrow and peaks towards a lower value (around 0.63) which indeed restricts the radius of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ star to 12.6-13.4 km. This is why we observe a very low correlation between $m^*/m$ and the astrophysical observables. We also conclude that there is no correlation between the hyperon potentials ($U_{\Sigma},U_{\Xi}$) and the NS astrophysical observables.
\subsection{Effect of all filters : $\chi$EFT + astro + HIC (KaoS+FOPI+ASY-EOS)}
We first generated 50,000 prior sets, and on applying all filters ($\chi$EFT, astrophysical data, HIC) obtained almost no posterior sets. In order to understand the effect of the HIC filters, we then passed the prior sets only through the KaOS, FOPI and ASY-EOS filters and plotted the posterior of each nuclear parameters (see Fig.~\ref{fig:dist_hic}). From the figures, we observe that in the $K_{sat}$ distribution, the values are restricted below 240 MeV after HIC filters, and this is the effect of the KaoS filter. In the $L_{sym}$ distribution, the values are restricted to $>$ 55 MeV after HIC filters, resulting in a decreased correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $E_{sym}$. Both these effects were observed in nucleonic case also and discussed in our previous paper~\cite{Ghosh2022}. The most interesting is the distribution of $m^*/m$. In Sec.\ref{sec:corr}, we noted that including hyperons shifts $m^*/m$ to lower value for astrophysical filters. When we apply HIC filters, we see $m^*/m$ values peak at a higher value around 0.70. The distributions intersect at the two tail ends of the Gaussian curves, giving a very narrow range with low probabilities. This explains why there are so few posterior points due to the combined filters.
\\
In order to obtain a correlation plot after applying all filters, we generated a very large number (2 million) of priors after restricting the prior range to $m^*/m$ to 0.64 - 0.7 and managed to obtain 200 posterior sets. The resulting correlation plot with this set is given in Fig.~\ref{fig:correlations_all}. We see that effects of the HIC filters on correlations are the same as in the nucleonic case~\cite{Ghosh2022}: decrease of $L_{sym}-E_{sym}$ correlation, increase of $n_0$ correlation with NS astrophysical observables and increase of $K_{sat}-m^*/m$ correlation. We checked that allowing for hyperons mean that hyperons appear in all the cases investigated; $\Lambda$ hyperons always appear close to 2$n_0$, while the threshold for appearance of $\Sigma$ and $\Xi$ hyperons depend on the value of the corresponding hyperon potentials. One may also note that for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ stars, the fraction of hyperons in the core is lower than in more massive 2$M_{\odot}$ stars.
\\
\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussions}
\subsection{Summary of present results}
The motivation of this study is to investigate any existing correlations between empirical nuclear and hypernuclear parameters (particularly the symmetry energy and its slope) and with NS multi-messenger astrophysical observables such as its mass, radius and tidal deformability. To this aim, we extended our previous investigation~\cite{Ghosh2022} from nucleonic to hyperonic matter in NSs, i.e. within the framework of the RMF model, we constrained the parameter space allowed by current uncertainties in nuclear and hypernuclear physics, by imposing multi-physics constraints at different density regimes: chiral effective field theory at low densities, astrophysical constraints at high densities and heavy-ion collision data at intermediate energies. \\
First, using the filtered EoSs satisfying constraints from both $\chi$EFT and astrophysical data, we searched for any physical correlation among the parameters and the NS observables as well as among themselves.
We found that the effective nucleon mass $m^*/m$ and saturation nuclear density $n_0$ show strong correlation. We found $n_0$ to be moderately correlated with radius and tidal deformability of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NSs, but weakly correlated with those of 2$M_{\odot}$ stars. The correlation of $m^*/m$ with the NS observables was found to be low, contrary to the purely nucleonic case. It is interesting to note that the symmetry energy $E_{sym}$ and its slope $L_{sym}$ showed significant correlation after imposing the $\chi$EFT filter. There is a non-negligible correlation of $m^*/m$ with $L_{sym}$.
\\
On applying all filters from $\chi$EFT, astrophysical and heavy-ion data, we found that very few nuclear parameter sets are able to satisfy all constraints simultaneously. By monitoring the individual posterior distributions of the nuclear saturation parameters, we confirmed the existence of a ``tension" between the constraints from the first two filters with those of heavy-ion data. The values of $K_{sat}$ are restricted to below 240 MeV due to the KaoS constraint and $L_{sym}$ to values larger than 55 MeV, drastically reducing the available parameter space. Further, low values of $m^*/m$ are allowed by astrophysical filters, while heavy-ion data allows large values. The overall effect of applying the heavy-ion filters was found to be same as in the nucleonic case~\cite{Ghosh2022}: a decreased $L_{sym}-E_{sym}$ correlation, increased $n_0$ correlation with NS astrophysical observables and enhanced $K_{sat}-m^*/m$ correlation.
\\
\subsection{Comparison with prior research}
There are several contrasting results in the hyperonic case as compared with the nucleonic case~\cite{Ghosh2022}. Mainly we found a decreased correlation of $m^*/m$ with the NS observables, and an increased correlation of $n_0$ with $m^*/m$ and NS observables for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NS.
Radii and dimensionless tidal deformability (for 1.4$M_{\odot}$ and 2$M_{\odot}$), show a strong correlation with each other as expected. However we find a moderate correlation with observables of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ with 2$M_{\odot}$ stars. This is due to the reduced range of radii for hyperonic stars. We checked that the distribution of $m^*/m$ shifts to lower values (peak around 0.63) in posteriors for hyperons compared to nucleons which peak around 0.7, restricting values of $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ to a reduced range $\gtrapprox$ 13 km.
The correlation between the slope of symmetry energy $L_{sym}$ and radius of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NS is also lower than in the nucleonic case. A correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ was reported in several articles in the literature~\cite{Fattoyev,Alam,Zhu,Lim}, although recent articles find $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$ to be nearly independent of $L_{sym}$~~\cite{Hornick,Ghosh2022}.
Finally, the astrophysical observables studied in this work (mass, radius, tidal deformability) do not seem to provide correlations with hyperon potentials or the isovector coupling parameter $y$. However one must note that this is not generic for all astrophysical observables. One has to look for other observables, which are sensitive to the hyperon content in the NS interior, such as $r$-modes, cooling, thermal evolution etc (see e.g. \cite{VidanaEPJA}).
\\
In another recent work~\cite{Traversi2020}, a Bayesian inference of the NS EoS was performed within the RMF model using astrophysical and nuclear saturation data. Using a selected class of nucleonic models with five empirical parameters and exploring different types of priors, they reported that the EoSs with the largest evidence were the ones featuring a strong reduction
of the nucleon effective mass. However, the major drawback of this model was the omission of interaction terms ($\Lambda_{\omega}$ in our work) in the Lagrangian, due to which other saturation parameters such as symmetry energy or its slope were not included. A preliminary investigation of the effect of hyperons was also performed by switching on only the $\Lambda$ hyperon, with a fixed potential depth and coupling constants. However the effect of the other baryons of the octet and variation of the couplings as well as their correlations with other nuclear saturation parameters or NS observables was unexplored.
\\
Another recent study~\cite{Gueven2020} used Bayesian statistics to combine low density nuclear physics data, such as the ab-initio $\chi$EFT predictions and the isoscalar giant monopole resonance, with astrophysical NS data, within the ``metamodel" approach for the dense matter EoS. The posterior probability distribution functions were marginalized over several higher order nuclear empirical parameters ($L_{sym}$, $K_{sym}$, $Q_{sat}$, $Q_{sym}$), and observational quantities such as radius of 1.4$M_{\odot}$ NS. This study also explored correlations among $L_{sym}-K_{sym}$ and $K_{sat}-Q_{sym}$ parameters, and reported marked tension between astrophysical and nuclear physics constraints. Some other work~\cite{biswas2021bayesian} combined laboratory experiments and NS astrophysical observation using Bayesian statistics
along with the LIGO/Virgo and NICER observations within a hybrid nuclear+piecewise polytrope (PP) EoS parameterization. This work
reported a very weak correlation between $L_{sym}$ and $R_{1.4 M_{\odot}}$.
Recently Huth~et~al.~\cite{huth2021} used a Bayesian inference technique to analyse the nuclear EoS and NS properties, combining data from heavy-ion collisions (FOPI~\cite{FOPI} and ASY-EOS~\cite{ASY_EOS} experiments, EoS constraint for symmetric nuclear matter \cite{Danielewicz}), microscopic $\chi EFT$ calculations and multi-messenger information from NICER and XMM Newton missions, as well as GW data and the associated kilonova AT2017gfo9. The study concluded that HIC constraints to be in excellent agreement with NICER observations. However, hyperons were not considered in the above investigations.
\\
\subsection{Limitations and future directions}
\label{sec:future}
In this work, the correlations between nuclear and hypernuclear parameters and NS astrophysical observables have been explored within the framework of the Relativistic Mean Field model. Although the advantage of this realistic phenomenological model is that, unlike polytropic or parametrized EoSs, the results provide important understanding of the underlying nuclear physics, it however remains to be established whether such physical correlations are also found in other realistic EoS models in order to generalise the results of this investigation. It would be interesting for example to see whether the conclusions would still hold for a Lagrangian with density-dependent couplings. Such possibilities will be addressed in a forthcoming publication. We recall here that the constraints from heavy-ion data are model-dependent and should therefore be treated on a different footing than astrophysical constraints and their implications on the results discussed with a word of caution.
\\
In future, improved measurements of hyperon potentials in hypernuclear experiments, such as GSI in Germany, JLAB in USA and
J-PARC in Japan~\cite{VidanaEPJA}, will reduce the uncertainties in the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon coupling strengths. With the advent of multi-messenger astronomy, new upcoming observations of NS properties will also help to provide more stringent constraints on the dense matter EoS in NSs.
\section*{Conflict of Interest Statement}
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
\section*{Author Contributions}
S.G. and B.-K.P. have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship. D.C. and J.S.-B. share senior authorship and contributed to the conception of the study. D.C. is the corresponding author of this article. Both S.G. and B.-K. P. performed the theoretical, numerical and statistical analysis. D.C. wrote the first draft, S.G. and B.-K.P. wrote sections of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.
\section*{Acknowledgments}
D.C. is grateful to the hospitality of the Institut f\"ur theoretische Physik, J. W. Goethe Universit\"at Frankfurt, Germany, where this work was carried out within the collaborative project "Astrophysical constraints for hyperons in neutron stars". S. G. B.K.P. and D.C. acknowledge usage of the IUCAA HPC computing facility for the numerical calculations.
\section*{Funding}
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) through the CRC-TR 211 'Strong-interaction matter under extreme conditions'– project number 315477589 – TRR 211.
\bibliographystyle{frontiersinHLTH&FPHY}
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
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\section{Introduction}
The magnetic disorder in conventional $s$-wave superconductors induces Cooper pair-breaking effects through the scattering with spin flips and leads to the gapless state in accordance with the Abrikosov-Gor'kov (AG) mechanism \cite{AG}. In their theory AG assumed weak short-range impurity potential that can be described within the self-consistent Born approximation (SCBA). This model results in the prediction of the gradual suppression of the superconducting transition temperature and global gap closing in the density of states at the critical concentration of magnetic impurities. In contrast, strong impurity centers were shown to result in the appearance of subgap energy states that are localized in the vicinity of the individual impurity atoms. To capture this effect one must go beyond the Born approximation and employ full $T$-matrix analysis as demonstrated in the original works of Yu \cite{Yu}, Shiba \cite{Shiba}, and Rusniov \cite{Rusinov}. In this picture the corresponding gap suppression occurs only locally. The connection between these two extreme limiting cases can be understood by considering finite impurity concentration. When the magnetic impurities are brought close to one another, the individual localized Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states hybridize
and can form energy bands with hard gaps in the averaged density of states.
In turn, the formation of an intragap bound state and impurity bands due to magnetic impurities leads to filling of the superconducting gap and
therefore connects to the AG theory. Further complications to these scenarios may arise in more realistic models of disorder potential. For example, Larkin and Ovchinnikov \cite{LO} had shown that system inhomogeneities with large correlation radius, longer than superconducting coherence length, may result in Lifshitz subgap tail states \cite{Lifshitz} in the spectrum of a superconductor even for nonmagnetic disorder. In particular, this result manifestly violates Anderson theorem \cite{Anderson} that suggests spectral rigidity towards inclusion of the quenched nonmagnetic disorder.
In addition to spectral modification and gap suppression localized magnetic moments may change the nature of superconductivity itself. The most striking recent example can be found in the system of a thin-film superconductor decorated by a linear chain of magnetic adatoms deposited on its surface \cite{Nadj-Perge2013,Klinovaja2013,Pientka2013,Bernevig2016}. In this case the superconducting electrons mediate Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida (RKKY) interactions between the localized magnetic moments of the chain. By virtue of this interaction, the impurity spins may form periodic helical texture, which in general is incommensurate with the underlying impurity chain, and as the consequence the YSR bands may effectively realize a topological superconducting phase, akin to one-dimensional spinless $p$-wave superconductor \cite{Kitaev2001}. The signature feature of this state is that it supports Majorana bound states localized at the ends of the chain which can be tested by scanning tunneling and Josephson spectroscopy probes \cite{Yazdani2014,Yazdani2016}. This examples illustrates highly nontrivial effect of the spin ordering in the presence of superconductivity on its spectral properties.
Recent experimental advances in a synthesis of novel materials which exhibit strong correlations between the constituent particles have shown, in particular, that at low temperatures superconductivity often finds itself in competition with either itinerant or local-moment magnetism. For the present study the earlier theoretical works on superconductivity in iron-based superconductors are of special interest (for a recent reviews see e.g. \cite{Chubukov2012,Matsuda2014} and references therein). For these systems it has been demonstrated that in multiband models with interband and intraband disorder scattering, there will be a region of coexistence between extended unconventional $s^{\pm}$-wave superconductivity (SC) and spin-density-wave (SDW) orders \cite{VC2011,FVC2012}. The same effect can be achieved in a clean system by varying the anisotropy of the electron- and hole-like Fermi pockets \cite{VVC2010,Schmalian2010}. Thus, these models provide a valuable framework for studying the physical consequences of the coexistence between these two canonical and mutually antagonistic long-range orders. The question of whether the phenomenon of gapless superconductivity exists in the coexistence region is one that motivated this study. We note that the observation of gapless superconductivity would in principle allow one unambiguously trace the origin of the coexistence as being driven by disorder as opposed to be driven by the Fermi pockets anisotropy.
To place our work in the context of existing studies we remind that the effect of impurities on the pairing state of unconventional superconductors in general \cite{Balatsky}, and in pnictides in particular, has been widely investigated theoretically (see, e.g., Refs. \cite{Kontani2009,Efremov2011,Mishra2013,Yamakawa2013,Stanev2014,Hoyer2015,Brydon2021}). Experimentally it was revealed that doping as a source of disorder leads to a nonmonotonic evolution of superconducting gaps and electronic densities of states \cite{Hardy2010}, and may result in superconductivity with broken time-reversal symmetry occupying finite domain of the phase diagram inside a dome of global SC state \cite{Grinenko2020}. Furthermore, increasing the impurity scattering may induce topological change of the superconducting gap structure \cite{Mizukami2014,Cho2016}. An impact of disorder is particularly nontrivial in the coexistence region as it may boost superconducting critical temperature \cite{FVC2012}. This is so as for $s^{\pm}$ state it is only the interband scattering that acts as a pair-breaking source, whereas both intra and interband scattering influence SDW order parameter. As a result, SDW suppression has a stronger effect on SC enhancement than the tendency of disorder to suppress it. On top of that pairing-potential disorder leads to a broadening of the coexistence region \cite{Dzero2021}. Thus far these features in disordered pnictide systems were investigated in the corresponding band models within the self-consistent Born approximation. In light of recent experimental findings \cite{Hashimoto,Carrington,Auslaender,Joshi}, this approach was successful in capturing several interesting results concerning the phase diagram and thermodynamic properties \cite{Levchenko2013,Chowdhury2013,Kuzmanovski2014,Dzero2015,Kirmani2019,Fernandes2020,Khodas2020,Hasan2022}. However, it is clear, that this approximation, being perturbative by construction, is not sufficient when one is concerned with the effects -- such as formation of the bound states -- whose description requires one to go beyond perturbation theory. Therefore it is of great interest from both experimental and theoretical points of view to investigate the functional form of the single-particle density of states in the coexistence region.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Sec. \ref{sec:model} we introduce two-band disorder model that captures SC-SDW coexistence. We formulate mean-field equations that describes the phase diagram and introduce single-particle propagator that contains properties of the energy spectrum. In Sec. \ref{sec:t-matrix} we introduce an exact $T$-matrix and solve corresponding integral equation in the model of strong short-range impurities. We benchmark the obtained solution against analogous known cases for single and multiple impurities. In Sec. \ref{sec:dos} we promote this treatment to include magnetic SDW order and focus on studying the density of states. We show that superconductivity in the coexistence phase remains fully gapped, i.e. the threshold energy to break the Cooper pairs is always finite throughout the region. Finally, in Sec. \ref{sec:discussion} we briefly discuss expected modifications of obtained results going beyond the mean-field analysis due to optimal disorder fluctuations. In particular, we highlight how random spatially varying parameters of the model, namely coupling constants in SC and SDW pairing channels, are expected to round off sharp gap features of the impurity band.
\section{Disorder model of SC-SDW coexistence}\label{sec:model}
In this work we adapt the two-band disorder model introduced earlier in Refs. \cite{VC2011,FVC2012} for the interplay between itinerant SDW and $s^{\pm}$ SC.
In brief, in this model one considers a circular hole pocket at the center of the Fe-only Brillouin zone, and an elliptical electron pocket displaced from the center by $Q = (\pi,0)$ (or $(0,\pi)$). This model accounts for interactions between the low-energy fermions in the SDW (particle-hole) and SC (particle-particle) channels, as well as their interaction with nonmagnetic impurities. In each interaction channel, the four-fermion term is decoupled via the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation by introducing SC-$\Delta$ and SDW-$M$ order parameters. This leads to a mean-field theory description.
The starting point of our analysis is an expression for the single-particle fermionic propagator whose analytical properties contain the information about the energy spectrum
\begin{equation}\label{Eq0}
\hat{G}(\mathbf{r}_1,\tau_1;\mathbf{r}_2,\tau_2)
=-\left\langle\hat{T}_\tau\{\hat{\Psi}(\mathbf r_1,\tau_1)\hat{\Psi}^\dagger(\mathbf r_2,\tau_2)\}\right\rangle.
\end{equation}
Here we introduced the eight-component spinor $\hat{\Psi}(\mathbf r,\tau)$ in the Balian-Werthammer representation \cite{BW-PRL63}, which contains spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ $(c,f)$-fermionic fields at point $\mathbf r$ and describe two (one electron-like and one hole-like) bands respectively. In a clean limit and in the Fourier momentum and frequency representation the single-particle propagator is of the following form
\begin{equation}\label{Eq1}
\hat{G}_0(\mathbf p,\omega_n)=\frac{-i{\omega}_n{\hat{\tau}_0\hat{\rho}_0\hat{\sigma}_0}+\xi_\mathbf p{\hat{\tau}_3\hat{\rho}_3\hat{\sigma}_0}}{{\omega}_n^2+\xi_\mathbf p^2+\Delta^2+M^2}+\frac{\Delta{\hat{\tau}_3\hat{\rho}_1\hat{\sigma}_0}-M{\hat{\tau}_1\hat{\rho}_0\hat{\sigma}_3}}{{\omega}_n^2+\xi_\mathbf p^2+\Delta^2+M^2}.
\end{equation}
Here $\omega_n=\pi T(2n+1)$ are Matsubara frequencies, $\xi_\mathbf p=p^2/2m-\mu$ is a single particle dispersion, $\mu$ is a chemical potential. Pairing amplitudes $\Delta$ and $M$ are accompanied by products of the Pauli matrices $\hat{\tau}_a\hat{\rho}_b\hat{\sigma}_c$ with the subscript $0$ referring to the unit matrix. Each Pauli matrix in this product acts in the band, isospin (i.e. Nambu) and spin subspaces correspondingly. The order parameters entering into Eq. \eqref{Eq1} must be determined self-consistently via coupled nonlinear integral equations
\begin{align}\label{Eq2}
&\frac{M}{\lambda_{\textrm{m}}}=-\frac{T}{8}\sum\limits_{\omega_n>0}^{\omega_\Lambda}\int\frac{d^2\mathbf p}{(2\pi)^2}\textrm{Tr}\left[(\hat{\tau}_1+i\hat{\tau}_2)(\hat{\rho}_0+\hat{\rho}_3)\hat{\sigma}_3\hat{G}(\mathbf p,\omega_n)\right], \\ \label{Eq3}
&\frac{\Delta}{\lambda_{\textrm{sc}}}=\frac{T}{8}\sum\limits_{\omega_n>0}^{\omega_\Lambda}\int\frac{d^2\mathbf p}{(2\pi)^2}\textrm{Tr}\left[(\hat{\tau}_0+\hat{\tau}_3)(\hat{\rho}_1+i\hat{\rho}_2)(\hat{\sigma}_0+\hat{\sigma}_3)\hat{G}(\mathbf p,\omega_n)\right].
\end{align}
Here $T$ is the temperature, $\omega_\Lambda$ is an ultraviolet cutoff, $\lambda_{\textrm{m}}$ and $\lambda_{\textrm{sc}}$ are the bare interaction constants in magnetic and superconducting channels, and matrix trace was denoted as $\mathrm{Tr}[\ldots]$. In the clean limit when $\hat{G}=\hat{G}_0$ these equations have only two trivial solutions: $(M=0$, $\Delta=\Delta_0)$ for $\lambda_{\textrm{sc}}>\lambda_{\textrm{m}}$ and
$(M=M_0$, $\Delta=0)$ for $\lambda_{\textrm{sc}}<\lambda_{\textrm{m}}$.
As the next step, we introduce time-reversal invariant disorder potential:
\begin{equation}\label{disorder}
\hat{U}(\mathbf r)=\sum\limits_{i}\left[u_0{\hat{\tau}_0\hat{\rho}_3\hat{\sigma}_0}+u_\pi {\hat{\tau}_1\hat{\rho}_3\hat{\sigma}_0}\right]\delta(\mathbf r-{\mathbf R}_i).
\end{equation}
The first term here accounts for the intraband scattering, while the second term produces the interband transitions. The sum goes over random locations of impurities labeled by ${\mathbf R}_i$. Then, if we were to ignore the correlations between the impurities, the single-particle propagator averaged over the distribution of disorder with concentration of impurities $n_{\textrm{imp}}$ is
\begin{equation}\label{FullProp}
\hat{G}=\hat{G}_0+n_{\textrm{imp}}\hat{G}_0\hat{\cal T}\hat{G}.
\end{equation}
In this equation the scattering $\hat{\cal T}$-matrix needs to be computed self-consistently.
\section{Scattering matrix}\label{sec:t-matrix}
The equation for the scattering matrix contains the full propagator
\begin{equation}\label{FullTsEq}
\hat{\cal T}(i\omega_n)=\hat{U}+\pi\nu_F\hat{U}\hat{\cal G}_{\omega_n}\hat{\cal T}(i\omega_n),
\end{equation}
where we introduced the quasiclassical Eilenberger function \cite{Eilenberger}, defined by $\hat{\cal G}_{\omega_n}=\int\hat{G}(\mathbf p,\omega_n){d\xi_\mathbf p}/{\pi}$. In Eq. \eqref{FullTsEq} $\nu_F$ is the normal state quasiparticle density of states at the Fermi energy.
\subsection{Single impurity}
In the case of a single impurity, we can easily compute the scattering matrix by solving Eq. \eqref{FullTsEq} with the propagator taken from Eq. (\ref{Eq1}). We find that the scattering matrix has two pairs of poles (bound states) at energies $\varepsilon_{\textrm{b}}^{(nm)}=(-1)^nc_1+(-1)^mc_2$, ($n,m=1,2$) with parameters $c_{1,2}$ given by
\begin{equation}\label{BoundStates}
c_1=\frac{1+\gamma_0^2-\gamma_\pi^2}{(1+\gamma_0^2-\gamma_\pi^2)^2+4\gamma_\pi^2}
\sqrt{(M^2+\Delta^2)(1-\gamma_0^2+\gamma_\pi^2)^2+4\gamma_0^2\Delta^2}, \quad
c_2=\frac{4\gamma_0\gamma_\pi M}{(1+\gamma_0^2-\gamma_\pi^2)^2+4\gamma_\pi^2}
\end{equation}
where $\gamma_{0,\pi}=\pi\nu_Fu_{0,\pi}$. The parameter $c_2\propto u_0u_\pi$ in the expression for the bound state energy accounts for the interference effects between the intraband and interband scattering processes in a state with nonzero magnetization. A systematic account for such interband coherence goes beyond the scope of this analysis. In fact, the appearance of this term is actually an artifact of the model and, therefore, it will be neglected in what follows.
We further note that in a purely superconducting state, the bound state energy is given by the well-known expression \cite{Shiba,Rusinov}
\begin{equation}\label{ShibaRusinov}
\varepsilon_{\textrm{b}}\vert_{M=0}\approx\pm\left(\frac{1-J_s^2}{1+J_s^2}\right)\Delta, \quad J_s=\frac{\gamma_\pi}{(1+\gamma_0^2)^{1/2}}.
\end{equation}
Indeed, we see that the pair breaking rate is determined by the interband scattering. In the purely SDW state, the bound state energy is
\begin{equation}\label{SDWRusinov}
\varepsilon_{\textrm{b}}\vert_{\Delta=0}\approx\pm\left(\frac{1-\gamma_0^2}{1+\gamma_0^2}\right)M.
\end{equation}
Note that the energy of the bound states in the purely SDW state is much lower than the one in the purely superconducting state,
$|\varepsilon_{\textrm{b}}\vert_{\Delta=0}\ll|\varepsilon_{\textrm{b}}\vert_{M=0}$.
By solving Eq. (\ref{FullTsEq}) we can in principle compute the full $\hat{\cal T}$-matrix. The general expression, however, is too cumbersome to present here. Instead, we employ the approximation adopted by Rusinov \cite{Rusinov}, which consists of keeping in $\hat{\cal T}$-matrix only those terms that have the same matrix structure as the single particle propagator in Eq. (\ref{Eq1}). This assumption is certainly valid when $\gamma_{0,\pi}\ll1$. We thus find
\begin{equation}\label{CompactDia}
\pi\nu_F\hat{\cal T}(i\omega_n)\approx\sqrt{\omega_n^2+\Delta^2+M^2}\left(\omega_n^2+c_1^2\right)\left[-i\omega_n(\gamma_0^2+\gamma_\pi^2)
{\hat{\tau}_0\hat{\rho}_0\hat{\sigma}_0}-\Delta(\gamma_0^2-\gamma_\pi^2){\hat{\tau}_3\hat{\rho}_1\hat{\sigma}_0}-M(\gamma_0^2+\gamma_\pi^2){\hat{\tau}_1\hat{\rho}_0\hat{\sigma}_3}\right].
\end{equation}
We must reemphasize here that Eq. (\ref{CompactDia}) represents an approximate expression for the scattering matrix: although it takes a full account of the formation of the bound states. We have omitted terms which describe higher order interband scattering coherence effects that are proportional to $\gamma_0^n\gamma_\pi^m$ with $n,m>2$.
\subsection{Multiple impurities}
At this point it will be instructive to briefly consider purely superconducting case first. The purpose is to highlight close analogy between the two-band model of $s^{\pm}$ SC with potential disorder, and an ordinary single band $s$-wave SC with magnetic impurities. Since for $M=0$ the structure of the $\hat{\cal T}$-matrix matches the one of the single-particle propagator, from Eq. (\ref{FullProp}) it follows that we can write
\begin{equation}\label{Gpw}
\hat{G}(\mathbf p,\omega_n)=\frac{-i\Omega_{\omega_n}{\hat{\tau}_0\hat{\rho}_0\hat{\sigma}_0}+\xi_\mathbf p{\hat{\tau}_3\hat{\rho}_3\hat{\sigma}_0}+\Delta_{\omega_n}{\hat{\tau}_3\hat{\rho}_1\hat{\sigma}_0}}{\Omega_{\omega_n}^2+\xi_\mathbf p^2+\Delta_{\omega_n}^2},
\end{equation}
where the renomalized Matsubara frequency $\Omega_{\omega_n}$ and order parameter $\Delta_{\omega_n}$ must be determined self-consistently from
\begin{equation}\label{twntDLT}
\Omega_{\omega_n}=\omega_n+\Gamma_{\textrm{t}}\Omega_{\omega_n}\frac{\sqrt{\Omega_{\omega_n}^2+\Delta_{\omega_n}^2}}{\Omega_{\omega_n}^2+\epsilon_0^2 \Delta_{\omega_n}^2}, \quad
\Delta_{\omega_n}=\Delta+\Gamma_{\textrm{m}}\Delta_{\omega_n}\frac{\sqrt{\Omega_{\omega_n}^2+\Delta_{\omega_n}^2}}{\Omega_{\omega_n}^2+\epsilon_0^2 \Delta_{\omega_n}^2}.
\end{equation}
Here $\epsilon_0^2\equiv(1-J_s^2)/(1+J_s^2)$, $\Gamma_{\textrm{t,m}}=\Gamma_0\pm\Gamma_\pi$ and $\Gamma_{0,\pi}=\pi \nu_Fn_{\textrm{imp}}|u_{0,\pi}|^2$ are the intraband and interband scattering rates. In what follows we will assume for simplicity that the ratio $\Gamma_\pi/\Gamma_0$ is fixed. Curiously, impurity scattering makes an effective pairing field $\Delta_{\omega_n}$ to be dynamic, namely dependent on Matsubara frequencies, as it happens in the strong coupling approach of Eliashberg equations \cite{Eliashberg}. The analysis of the equation for the pair-potential $\Delta$ can be significantly simplified by introducing parameter ${\eta}_{\omega_n}=\Omega_{\omega_n}/\Delta_{\omega_n}$. In the limit of zeto temperature $T\to 0$ it attains the closed form
\begin{equation}\label{Things2Solve}
\Delta\ln\left(\frac{\Delta}{\Delta_0}\right)=\int\limits_0^\infty d\omega_n
\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{{\eta}_{\omega_n}^2+1}}-\frac{\Delta}{\sqrt{\omega_n^2+\Delta^2}}\right), \quad
{\eta}_{\omega_n}=\frac{\omega_n}{\Delta}+\left(\frac{1}{\tau_{\textrm{b}}\Delta}\right)\frac{{\eta}_{\omega_n}\sqrt{{\eta}_{\omega_n}^2+1}}{{\eta}_{\omega_n}^2+\epsilon_0^2},
\end{equation}
where $\Delta_0$ is the superconducting gap for a clean system, which can be expressed in terms of the coupling constant and cutoff energy via the relation $(\pi\nu_F\lambda_{\text{sc}})^{-1}=\ln(\omega_\Lambda/\Delta_0)$, and $\tau_{\textrm{b}}^{-1}=2\Gamma_\pi$.
These equations match almost verbatim the corresponding equations obtained by Rusinov for the superconductor contaminated with paramagnetic impurities \cite{Rusinov}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Fig-DoS-M0}
\caption{Single-particle density of states as a function of energy computed in the superconducting state, Eq. (\ref{DOSM0}). We have used the following parameters: $\gamma_0=0.95$, $\gamma_\pi=0.175\gamma_0$, $\Gamma_\pi=0.175\Gamma_0$, $\epsilon_0=0.97$. When
$\Gamma_0=\Gamma_{0,\textrm{cr}}\approx 1.43\Delta_0$ superconductivity becomes fully suppressed. The gapless superconductivity appears first for $\Gamma_0\approx 0.87\Gamma_{0,\textrm{cr}}$.}
\label{Fig-DoS-MO}
\end{figure}
\section{Density of states}\label{sec:dos}
\subsection{DoS in the superconducting state}
The density of states (DOS) in the case of $M=0$ can be computed using
\begin{equation}\label{DOSM0}
\nu(\omega)\vert_{M=0}=\nu_F\textrm{Im}\left[\frac{\eta_\omega}{\sqrt{1-\eta_\omega^2}}\right],
\end{equation}
together with the first expression from Eq. (\ref{twntDLT}) and second expression from Eq. \eqref{Things2Solve}, and by performing analytical continuation from the set of discrete frequencies to the real axis of energies $i\omega_n\to\omega$ and $\eta_{\omega_n}\to-i\eta_{\omega}$. From Eq. (\ref{Things2Solve}) it is clear that the calculation of the DOS reduces to the problem of finding zeroes of the polynomial of sixth degree. Out of six roots, the physically relevant roots are a pair of complex conjugated ones. The results of the calculation of the DOS are shown in Fig. \ref{Fig-DoS-MO}. In agreement with the earlier studies, we find that gapless superconductivity appears when the intraband scattering rate satisfies $0.87\Gamma_{0,\textrm{cr}}\leq\Gamma_0<\Gamma_{0,\textrm{cr}}$.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.275]{Fig-OP-a}
\includegraphics[scale=0.275]{Fig-OP-b}
\caption{Solution of the self-consistency equations \eqref{eq:Delta} and \eqref{eq:M} at $T=0$ with the single-particle propagator determined from Eq. (\ref{FullProp}). Superconductivity and spin-density-wave orders coexist in the narrow region of disorder concentration due to violation of the Anderson theorem. For simplicity we have assumed that the critical temperature for the SDW order transition in a clean system is higher than the corresponding critical temperature of the superconducting transition, so that we chose $M_0=1.3\Delta_0$. On the left panel $\gamma_0=0.12$, while on the right panel $\gamma_0=0.75$. The plots in both panels were done for $\gamma_\pi=0.175\gamma_0$ and $\Gamma_\pi=0.175\Gamma_0$.}
\label{Fig-OP}
\end{figure}
\subsection{DoS in the SC-SDW coexistence region}
We now turn our attention to the most interesting situation of the coexistence when both order parameters are simultaneously nonzero. For simplicity we restrict our considerations to the limit of $T\to 0$ and solve the self-consistency equations for the order parameters as a function of scattering rate $\Gamma_0$. By reabsorbing the cutoff and coupling constant into the order parameter of the clean system, $(\pi\nu_F\lambda_{\text{m}})^{-1}=\ln(\omega_\Lambda/M_0)$, Eqs. \eqref{Eq2} and \eqref{Eq3} can be brought to the form
\begin{align}
\Delta\ln\left(\frac{\Delta}{\Delta_0}\right)=\int\limits^{\infty}_{0}d\omega_n\left(\frac{\Delta_{\omega_n}}{\sqrt{\Omega^2_{\omega_n}+\Delta^2_{\omega_n}+M^2_{\omega_n}}}-\frac{\Delta}{\sqrt{\omega^2_n+\Delta^2}}\right), \label{eq:Delta} \\
M\ln\left(\frac{M}{M_0}\right)=\int\limits^{\infty}_{0}d\omega_n\left(\frac{M_{\omega_n}}{\sqrt{\Omega^2_{\omega_n}+\Delta^2_{\omega_n}+M^2_{\omega_n}}}-\frac{M}{\sqrt{\omega^2_n+M^2}}\right).\label{eq:M}
\end{align}
In these equations, and in analogy to the previous case of impure superconductivity, we introduced following modified notations
\begin{align}\label{NewRelsSCSDW}
\Omega_{\omega_n}=\omega_n+\Gamma_{\textrm{t}}\Phi_{\omega_n}, \quad
\Delta_{\omega_n}=\Delta+\Gamma_{\textrm{m}}\Delta_{\omega_n}\frac{\Phi_{\omega_n}}{\Omega_{\omega_n}}, \quad
M_{\omega_n}=M-\Gamma_{\textrm{t}}M_{\omega_n}\frac{\Phi_{\omega_n}}{\Omega_{\omega_n}}.
\end{align}
that are expressed though an additional function
\begin{equation}
\Phi_{\omega_n}=\Omega_{\omega_n}\frac{\sqrt{\Omega_{\omega_n}^2+\Delta_{\omega_n}^2+M_{\omega_n}^2}}{\Omega_{\omega_n}^2+C_{\omega_n}^2},
\end{equation}
where $C_{\omega_n}$ was obtained from the coefficient $c_1 $ in Eq. (\ref{BoundStates}) by replacing $\Delta\to\Delta_{\omega_n}$ and $M\to M_{\omega_n}$. Note that the minus sign in the expression for $M_{\omega_n}$ implies the absence of the Anderson theorem for the SDW order. The results of the numerical calculation for the phase diagram are shown in Fig. \ref{Fig-OP}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.19]{Fig-DoS-a}
\includegraphics[scale=0.19]{Fig-DoS-b}
\includegraphics[scale=0.19]{Fig-DoS-c}
\caption{Evolution of the single-particle density of states across the coexistence region (see Fig. \ref{Fig-OP}). In a region where $M\gg\Delta$, there is a wide impurity band with somewhat shallow structure. When $M\sim \Delta$ the width of the impurity band remains approximately the same while the value of the impurity DOS increases. Lastly, as $\Delta\gg M$, the impurity band merges with the DOS at $\omega\sim\Delta$. The model parameters are the same as in Fig. \ref{Fig-OP}.}
\label{Fig-DOS}
\end{figure}
After an analytical continuation, the dependence of the density of states on energy is given by
\begin{equation}\label{FullDOS}
\nu(\omega)=\nu_F\textrm{Im}\left[\frac{\Omega}{\sqrt{\Delta_\omega^2+M_\omega^2-\Omega^2}}\right].
\end{equation}
Here we have $\Omega=\omega+\Gamma_{\textrm{t}}{\Phi}_{\omega}$ and
\begin{equation}\label{tphiw1}
{\Phi}_{\omega}=\frac{\eta_\Delta\eta_M\sqrt{\eta_\Delta^2+\eta_M^2-\eta_\Delta^2\eta_M^2}}{\epsilon_0^2\eta_M^2+\epsilon_\textrm{m}^2\eta_\Delta^2-\eta_\Delta^2\eta_M^2}, \quad
\eta_\Delta=\frac{\omega}{\Delta}+\frac{2\Gamma_{\pi}}{\Delta}{\Phi}_{\omega},
\quad \eta_M=\frac{\omega}{M}+\frac{2\Gamma_{\textrm{t}}}{M}\Phi_{\omega}
\end{equation}
with $\epsilon_\textrm{m}^2\approx(1-\gamma_0^2)/(1+\gamma_0^2)$. It is easy to see that, for example, in the limit $M\to 0$ ($\eta_M\to\infty$) we immediately recover the corresponding expression (second equation in (\ref{Things2Solve})) for the purely superconducting state.
We now need to solve these equations to find ${\Phi}_{\omega}$. Since we are interested in elucidating the contribution to the density of states from the impurity band, we have to find the complex roots of Eq. (\ref{tphiw1}). To do that, this equation must be recast into the polynomial form and solved numerically. Elementary power counting shows that finding all the roots of (\ref{tphiw1}) is equivalent to solving
\begin{equation}\label{poly10}
\sum\limits_{n=0}^{10}a_n{\Phi}_{\omega}^n=0.
\end{equation}
Here the expansion coefficients are $a_{10}=(4\Gamma_\pi\Gamma_{\textrm{t}})^4$, $a_9=8\omega(4\Gamma_{\pi}\Gamma_{\textrm{t}})^3(\Gamma_\pi+\Gamma_{\textrm{t}})$, ..., $a_0=\omega^6(\omega^2-\Delta^2-M^2)$.
Although the full analysis of the roots of (\ref{poly10}) can only be performed numerically, we can certainly obtain the analytical results for some combination of values of $\omega$, $M$ and $\Delta$. The simplest case to analyze is the region of the disorder concentrations for $\Delta\approx M$ and for small frequencies $\omega\ll\textrm{min}\{\Delta,M\}$. The latter condition is important for it would allow us to check whether there exists the single particle excitation threshold. In this limit the polynomial reduces to the one of degree four. In this case we find that all four roots are real and their corresponding contribution to the density of states is zero. This means that in the coexistence region superconductivity remains fully gapped. Our results for the density of states in the coexistence region found from the numerical solution of (\ref{poly10}) are shown in Fig. \ref{Fig-DOS}. As we have expected in the region of the phase diagram (Fig. \ref{Fig-DOS}) where $M\gg\Delta$, there is an impurity band at small $\omega$. As $\Gamma_0$ increases, the center of the impurity band moves to higher frequencies.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.55]{Fig-DoS-tails}
\caption{Schematic plot for the density of states described beyond the mean field analysis of strong impurities. An account for the long-range spatial inhomogeneities leads to appearance of the Lifshitz-type tail states \cite{Lamacraft2001,Simons2001,Meyer2001,Ioffe2005,Feigelman2012,Fominov2016} extending from the sharp gaps of the spectral edge $\Delta$ and impurity band edges marked by $E_{g1,2}$. Inset shows the tail states extending from the BCS coherence peak calculated for the assumed spatial disorder with the Gaussian probability density of the order parameter as defined by Eq. \eqref{eq:DOS-LO-average} per Ref. \cite{LO}.}
\label{Fig-DoS-tails}
\end{figure}
\section{Discussion}\label{sec:discussion}
Thus far we have discussed how the singe-particle DOS changes if one goes beyond the SCBA. In this section we briefly touch on another interesting aspect of the problem relevant for disordered superconductors, namely the impact of spatial inhomogeneities with large correlation radius $r_c$ that exceeds both coherence length for the magnetic and superconducting orderings $r_c\gg \{\xi_\Delta,\xi_M\}$. The easiest way to model such system is to assume that coupling constants $\lambda_{\text{sc}}(\mathbf{r})$ and $\lambda_{\text{m}}(\mathbf{r})$ are now random in space and described by a certain correlation function $\langle \lambda(\mathbf{r})\lambda(\mathbf{r}')\rangle=F(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}'|/r_c)$. The exact form of this function is not important, it could be taken as a Gaussian, as long as spatial extend of this function gives the largest scale in the problem. Furthermore, this function may differ for $\lambda_{\text{sc}}(\mathbf{r})$ and $\lambda_{\text{m}}(\mathbf{r})$ correlations. In Ref. \cite{Dzero2021}, building on the original considerations of Larkin and Ovchinnikov \cite{LO} introduced for the conventional BCS superconductors, it was shown that in a model of two-band $s^{\pm}$-wave superconductor the spatial inhomogeneities lead to the broadening of the coexistence region between SDW order and superconductivity. In the conventional superconductor contaminated with long-range disorder, which produces potential (i.e. time-reversal-invariant) scattering only, inhomogeneities may lead to the smearing of the square-root anomaly near the threshold frequency of the coherence peak \cite{LO}. The smearing results in the shift of the peak and tail states going into the sub-gap region. We expect similar features to appear in the smearing of DOS near hard gaps of the impurity band. This picture is schematicaly illustrated in Fig. \ref{Fig-DoS-tails}.
The qualitative physical picture that explains these features is most simply understood in the single component system (e.g. SC without SDW) but the same reasoning applies to the general situation. If the disorder correlation radius exceeds the length scale of superconductivity, this means that the systems adjusts to the local (random) value of the order parameter $\Delta(\mathbf{r})$. Therefore, locally it is given by BCS expression in the clean limit. The global spectrum then may be found by averaging local DOS over the realization of random $\Delta$
\begin{equation}\label{eq:DOS-LO}
\nu(\omega)=\int\nu(\omega,\Delta)P(\Delta)d\Delta
\end{equation}
For instance, for the Gaussian probability density
\begin{equation}
P(\Delta)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\langle\delta\Delta^2\rangle}}\exp[-\delta\Delta^2/4\langle\delta\Delta^2\rangle], \quad \delta\Delta=\Delta-\langle\Delta\rangle,
\end{equation}
which is characterized by the strength of gap fluctuations with the average square of $\langle\delta\Delta^2\rangle$, the average in Eq. \eqref{eq:DOS-LO} gives a universal curve near the spectral edge
\begin{equation}\label{eq:DOS-LO-average}
\frac{\nu(\omega)}{\nu_F}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\delta}}D_{-1/2}\left(\frac{1-\varpi}{\delta}\right)\exp\left[-\frac{(1-\varpi)^2}{4\delta^2}\right],\quad \varpi=\omega/\langle\Delta\rangle,
\end{equation}
parametrized by a single dimensional quantity $\delta=\sqrt{\langle\delta\Delta^2\rangle}/\langle\Delta\rangle$. Here $D_n(z)$ is the parabolic-cylinder function, and the exact shape of DOS near the spectral edge is plotted as inset to Fig. \ref{Fig-DoS-tails} for different values of $\delta$. In extension of this picture to the coexistence scenario, the key thing to notice, is that if not for point-like disorder, it is only the combination of $\Delta^2+M^2$ that enters DOS expression. Therefore, one could invoke the same argument for the joint probability of spectral gap $\sqrt{\Delta^2+M^2}$. Treating short-range and long-range disorder on equal footing is a challenging task, however we expect the general picture with smeared gap edges to apply. Indirectly, this can be justified by an independent instanton calculus of tail states in SC with magnetic disorder \cite{Lamacraft2001,Simons2001,Meyer2001,Ioffe2005,Feigelman2012,Fominov2016} leading to the DOS structure consistent with that depicted in Fig. \ref{Fig-DoS-tails}. We only note that the precise energy dependence of the tails from each side of the impurity band needs to be reexamined in our model as it was shown earlier that the details are sensitive to the specifics of the model and the mechanism responsible for the fluctuations (e.g. fluctuations of the concentration of magnetic impurities and/or mesoscopic fluctuations of potential disorder). We close this section by pointing out that impurity bands may have significant effect on the thermodynamic properties, such as temperature dependence of the London penetration depth \cite{Prozorov2009,Prozorov2010}, as well as kinetic coefficients, such frequency dependent impedance \cite{Fominov2010,Kharitonov2012}. These bands can be probed by scanning tunneling techniques.
\section{Acknowledgments}
We would like to thank Eugene Demler for useful discussion that stimulated this project. This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No. DMR-2002795 (M.D.) and by the National Science Foundation, Quantum Leap Challenge Institute for Hybrid Quantum Architectures and Networks Grant No. 2016136 (A.L.). In part this work was performed at the Aspen Center for Physics, which is financially supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No. PHY-1607611.
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} |
Featured Stories, WBA Female
Shields retained his crown against Rankin
by Kid Hersh
Shields retained his crown against Rankin. Photo: Courtesy
Clarissa Shields took out her best tools to defend her WBA middleweight crown and beat Hannah Rankin by unanimous decision. The match, which took place at the Kansas Star Arena in Mulvane, United States, marked a complete domain for the US champion, who retained her belt for the first time.
Three 100-90 cards showed the superiority of Shields, who beat the Scot in all aspects thanks to his hand speed and aggressiveness. Shields has highlighted in recent months as one of the best fighters in the world pound for pound and has overcome all the challenges that have been placed in front.
The former Olympic champion owns three world strips at 160 pounds, including the WBA. Although Rankin fought with a lot of heart and tried to change the story during the whole confrontation, the monarch did not allow him to impose his style and blocked him from any possibility of making his fight plan.
Now, Shields has a record of 7 wins, no losses and 2 knockouts, while Rankin reduced his balance to 5 wins, 3 setbacks and 1 knockout.
Pacquiao on fight with Broner: "I do not doubt that the fight will be complicated" | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Living with Arthritis provides an overview of arthritis that is grounded in the realities of living with a long-term condition often characterised by pain, fatigue, physical limitations, anxiety or depression.
Julie Barlow is a Chartered Health Psychologist and Professor of Health Psychology with over 18 years' research experience, primarily in the field of self-management for people with long-term health conditions. She has been Director of a Research Centre at Coventry University since 1994.
2. Arthritis and its treatment.
3. Psychological factors in onset, diagnosis and course of disease.
5. The psychological impact on person and family.
6. The social impact on person and family.
7. Healthcare and disease management. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Gene Simmons' Home Searched by Crimes Against Children Task Force; Rocker + Family Not Suspects
Anya Zadrozny
Anya Zadrozny Published: August 21, 2015
KISS co-founder Gene Simmons' home was searched by police on Thursday after a warrant was served by the Los Angeles Police Department's Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force. According to CNN, both the LAPD and a representative for the rocker have stated that neither Simmons nor any member of his family are considered suspects in the crime they are investigating.
A statement from Simmons' rep claims the family was told by police that a crime "may have occurred on their property last year while Mr. Simmons was away on tour with KISS." Lt. John Jenal of the LAPD added that "no members of the Simmons family are suspects in the case and were extremely cooperative." No further details about the search or the investigation have been released, with police saying the investigation is ongoing.
Here is the statement from Simmons' rep:
"Today (Aug. 20, 2015) members of the Los Angeles Police Department visited Mr. And Mrs. Simmons at their home to discuss a crime that may have occurred on their property last year while Mr. Simmons was away on tour with KISS. Neither Mr. Simmons nor any member of his family is a person of interest in the investigation and they are cooperating fully with the investigation. At this time, the police have requested that Mr. Simmons and his family not discuss the investigation publicly so as not to compromise it."
Simmons' wife Shannon Tweed and his daughter Sophie Simmons both tweeted similar messages about the search. Tweed wrote, "Thanks for your support. We couldn't be more horrified that someone used our residence for such heinous crimes. Law enforcement it on it." The KISS rocker's only comment was writing "FOR THE RECORD" and then retweeting several articles written by different media outlets about the search.
The couple are still living in the Benedict Canyon, Calif., home seen on their reality show Gene Simmons: Family Jewels which aired from 2006 through 2012. Simmons and the rest of KISS next head out on tour in October when they play in Australia and New Zealand.
You Think You Know KISS?
See the Yearbook Photos of Gene Simmons + Other Rock Stars
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Source: Gene Simmons' Home Searched by Crimes Against Children Task Force; Rocker + Family Not Suspects
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New Kiss Album 'Monster' Remains Caged With Release Date Delay | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
ATtotal = total temperature difference between inside and outside air (K). "totai = total thermal resistance across the building element, = YRi (m2-K/W). A = area of the building element perpendicular to the heat flow direction (m2).
FIGURE 6.1 Heat transfer through a building element and equivalent electric circuit.
How is heat transferred through walls? | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Here is the latest podcast where amongst other things we discuss Warminter's good form and the joy of winning 2 polls on Twitter!
Warminster Town has had an incredible turnaround and won 9 home games on the bounce. With this current form a top 5 finish in the table is not out of reach. Your support is greatly appreciated. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Enjoy your planning and revel even more with All 7 Promocode.club's great Lauren James promotion codes!
Choose a Lauren James coupon you would like to use from Promocode.club. Press use Lauren James code box, which is located just below. Now your web browser should copy the All 7 Lauren James code for you, although it is best to make sure and copy it manually. The http://www.laurenjames.com web page will open in a new window for you. Go to their Lauren James checkout section and find the Promotional Keycode box. Paste your Lauren James coupon code there and click apply. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Perfect weather today to celebrate the end of summer and the start of fall. Yes, I have the energy for something new. Tomorrow I'll be sitting in a classroom as a student without my computer. Yesterday I pulled out a fresh notebook for sketching? and writing from images. I'm taking a risk… sketching? I'm trying on the Learning Collaborative to see if it's a good fit for me. Most classes are filled so I just grabbed at a new way to create stories. Why not? Of course, I did balance out this risk with a class focused on Joyce's Ulysses, a challenge that's more comforting. I'll keep you posted.
Now where am I as begin a 3rd year without you?
I just finished reading the letters I wrote to you for the last two Labor Days and then flipped through images and posts of our memories on Labor Day. My breathing grew short and I had to stop. Just too much joy to absorb but it's good that the sun is streaming in now for balance.
So the immediate challenge: make the most of Labor Day 2017!
This entry was posted in Letters to Tuvia Y3 and tagged #letterstotuviaY3. Bookmark the permalink.
Happy Labor Day, Bonnie! A new adventure begins for you! Can't wait to see the stories you create. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
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Create a new drawing in LibO with UI in default English (USA).
Insert a layer named "Hintergrund".
Change the UI language to German (Germany).
Restart LibO and open the drawing.
The layer "Hintergrund" is missing.
The same happens when you insert a layer "Background" in the German UI and then switch to English.
The contents of the vanished layer are moved to the default layer "Layout".
It is in general not possible to insert a layer "Background" in UI English or "Hintergrund" in UI German. A MsgBox opens: "The name chosen already exists. Please enter another name."
These layer names are reserved in their respective language. Switching the UI language bypasses this function.
I started the attached in Dutch, with layer "NieuweLaag" added.
"Achtergrond" can be created with UI english but will not be visible in UI Dutch.
Same with the others: "Arrière-plan" & French, "Hintergrund" & German.
Tested with LibO 3.3: Bug is present there too. Set version to "Inherited From OOo".
A solution might be to divide between an internal name/identifier and the name used by the user. Such distinction already exists in other contexts.
Idea 1: Use a new attribute "draw:display-name" of the element <draw:layer>.
Idea 2: Add an xml:id attribute to each <draw:layer> and change the references to the <draw:layer> elements to use not the draw:name but the xml:id.
A different solution might be to get rid of the special handling of "layout", "controls", "measurelines", "background" and "backgroundobjects" layers. Such special handling is not provided in the spec.
This is connected with the problem, how to use layers in documents, which are produced by foreign applications, e.g bug 101218.
We have agreed on the plan, to introduce a new property "display-name", so that the layer-name shown to the user is independent from the internal name. Because it is a large project, a quick fix is unlikely.
Work has started in https://gerrit.libreoffice.org/#/c/60507/. | {
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Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra
Alex Richardson comes home for a weekend of concerts with the LCSO
By Leora Zeitlin • Nov 29, 2018
An evening of popular Neapolitan songs can be just as ambitious for a tenor as performing a full opera, says acclaimed opera singer Alex Richardson, who is back in Las Cruces to perform just such a concert with the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra this weekend. "To do eight long and big pieces all in a row, that's kind of operatic in itself – just the stamina to get through those songs," he told Intermezzo host Leora Zeitlin in the KRWG studios. And, he adds, "each one is poetry with a story to tell," requiring the singer to assume a variety of characters during the concert.
Violinist Philippe Quint returns to Las Cruces to perform Piazzolla with LCSO
By Leora Zeitlin • Oct 5, 2018
Philippe Quint's childhood dreams were to become a world-class chess player, soccer star, or perhaps a cosmonaut (he was born in what was then Leningrad, Russia) not necessarily a professional violinist. But at 13 – he began playing at the age of four – he went to Moscow to study at a school for talented young musicians, and there he found "the perfect ground" to develop his craft and a path to a musical career.
"A Tour de Force": LCSO, Masterworks Chorus and four guest soloists to perform Verdi's Requiem
Giuseppe Verdi knew how to create unforgettable drama on stage, not only in his almost forty operas, but also in his Requiem Mass, a work whose emotional power and range has been known to terrify, astound in its beauty and chilling effects, and bring one to tears. In a section meant to evoke heavenly trumpets calling from the next world, four trumpets play on stage and four off-stage. "It just raises the hair on the back of your neck, it's so beautiful," says Dr. Lonnie Klein, who will conduct the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra in two performances of the Requiem this weekend.
Grammy Award-winning cellist Sara Sant'Ambrogio returns to perform with LCSO
By Leora Zeitlin • Apr 6, 2018
It was in a shoe store that Sara Sant'Ambrogio's destiny as a cellist emerged. She had begged her parents for a cello, but they thought she was too small. Then the five-year-old went to get her first pair of school shoes, and discovered her feet were bigger than her older sister's, Sant'Ambrogio told Intermezzo host Leora Zeitlin. When her mother told her father, he said, "'Really, hold your hands out,' and I held my hands out and he realized how massive my hands were – they looked like ET – and the next day, I got a cello. And I was so happy."
Kirstin Chavez returns to Las Cruces with one-woman "Carmen" performance
By Leora Zeitlin • Dec 1, 2017
Mezzo-soprano Kirstin Chavez has been called "the Carmen of a lifetime," and has performed the renowned opera by Georges Bizet in some 40 different productions worldwide. This weekend, she returns to Las Cruces to present her one-woman dramatic concert version, which intersperses Bizet's music with original monologues that offer new insights into the famously fiery character. Chavez said she hopes "to set the record straight" about Carmen, who frequently is portrayed as a mean, even vulgar, woman of questionable morals.
Legendary pianist Misha Dichter to perform with LSCO
Misha Dichter has had an illustrious career spanning more than 50 years – performing with the world's great orchestras and musicians, making dozens of recordings, and all the while delighting in repeatedly analyzing each piece of music to discover something new. "It's so exciting – you're having a conversation every day with the composer," he told Intermezzo host Leora Zeitlin.
"The sheer capability of humans": Ryu Goto to perform music by Paganini with LCSO
The great 19th-century violinist Nicolo Paganini forever changed violin music and technique, and the virtuosic works he composed continue to challenge all those who play the instrument to this day. For Ryu Goto, who made his debut at the age of seven playing Paganini's Violin Concerto No. 1, Paganini's music is beautiful, entertaining, and inspiring. "It's great to play Paganini because it gives me a sense of wonder as to the sheer capability of humans and what they can do.
"Cello was it": Mark Kosower returns to Las Cruces to perform Elgar's Cello Concerto
By Leora Zeitlin • Nov 4, 2016
Raised in a family of cellists, Mark Kosower might have pursued a different career, but he knew by the age of four that "cello was it." By college, he also knew he wanted to teach, "not only to help somebody learn an instrument, and not only to become a better musician, but also because you influence them personally, too – what music can do for you as a human being." In this conversation with KRWG's Intermezzo host Leora Zeitlin, Kosower discusses his life as a cellist and as a teacher, and along with LCSO conductor Lonnie Klein, analyzes the music elements and background to Edward Elgar's
Violinist Caroline Goulding to perform Beethoven with the LCSO
"A grand hug from an unconditionally-loving soul," is how internationally-acclaimed violin virtuoso and prodigy Caroline Goulding describes the slow second movement of the Beethoven Violin Concerto, which she'll perform this weekend with the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra.
Jon Nakamatsu and LCSO to perform works by Grieg, Nielsen and Berlioz
For pianist Jon Nakamatsu, the biggest surprise in the 19 years since he won the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in 1997 is "how fast the time has gone." But, he adds, "what I'm doing is somewhat timeless," and getting to work with great musicians the world over is "what makes the time go so fast. All I wanted to do was play." He will perform Edvard Grieg's Piano Concerto with the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra this weekend in the orchestra's final concerts of the season.
Expanding people's idea of the harp: A conversation with Caroline Cole
Canadian harpist Caroline Cole says people sometimes have a limited notion of what a harp can do and sound like. Her varied career includes performing with symphony orchestras and indie rock bands, in New York performances of The Fantastiks and in the restaurant of the famed Waldorf Astoria hotel, with choirs and dance companies, and in chamber and solo recitals. "It's a whole new world of opportunities," she says, and her hope is to "stretch the ears" of her audiences to recognize the versatility of the instrument.
Music from a Suitcase: A conversation with violinist Yevgeny Kutik
By Leora Zeitlin • Mar 4, 2016
When Yevgeny Kutik's family left the Soviet Union in 1990, they were forced to leave most of their belongings behind. But his violinist mother insisted on filling one of her suitcases with sheet music, and much later, when Kutik – who by then was also a violinist – took a closer look at it, he discovered many musical treasures, some of which he has now recorded.
Elena Ulyanova will perform music by Rachmaninoff with LCSO
Elena Ulyanova has a special relationship with the music of Russian composer Sergei Rachmaninoff, whose "Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini" she will perform with the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra this weekend.
Musical legacy: Natasha Korsakova continues her family tradition
Natasha Korsakova grew up surrounded by music: her father and grandfather were virtuoso Russian violinists (Andrei and Boris Korsakov), her mother a pianist, and even the neighbors in their Moscow apartment building could be heard practicing through the walls. Today, she carries on her family tradition as an acclaimed concert violinist who in the last month alone has performed in Germany, Italy and several states in the U.S. Korsakova is also fluent in five languages.
Fulfilling her dream: Allison Eldredge's life in music
Allison Eldredge says that if you had asked her at age 11 what she wanted to be when she grew up, she would have a said a great concert cellist. Within five years of that age, she was performing as a soloist with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra under Daniel Barenboim, and has continued to bring her music to audiences around the world in recitals, orchestral concerts, chamber music performances and on multiple recordings. Eldredge will perform Tchaikovsky's "Variations on a Rococo Theme" as the soloist with the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra in the opening concerts of the 2015-2016 season.
Robert Bonfiglio, the "Paganini of the Harmonica" performs in Las Cruces
Harmonica virtuoso Robert Bonfiglio has played hundreds of concerts in all the great concert halls of the world, but to this day, his love for the instrument and the music takes him back to his earliest days. "It brings me back to my childhood. They call it 'playing' music, they don't call it 'working' music. When it becomes 'work,' I'm not doing it anymore," he said in an interview with Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra conductor Lonnie Klein, and KRWG's Intermezzo host Leora Zeitlin.
Pianist Antonio di Cristofano to perform the Emperor Concerto in Las Cruces
Pianist Antonio di Cristofano says "one must enter into the mind of Beethoven" when playing his music, which is what he will do when he performs the Piano Concerto No. 5, the "Emperor Concerto" with the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra this weekend. The Italian piano soloist joined Intermezzo host Leora Zeitlin in a wide-ranging conversation about Beethoven's monumental concerto, Di Cristofano's teacher, the late Antonio Bacchelli, his strong interest in the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin, and some of the differences in the training of pianists in Russia and Italy.
On the balance beam: A conversation with violinist Lindsay Deutsch
By Leora Zeitlin • Oct 16, 2014
Concert soloist Lindsay Deutsch likens playing the violin to being a gymnast on a balance beam who is asked to "cry, or also get very angry, or be very joyful," without falling off. In this interview with Intermezzo host Leora Zeitlin, Deutsch talks about the challenge of keeping the music fresh and new, despite hundreds of hours of practice time, and her particular interest in awakening a love of classical music in young people-- through concerts and a special web page for kids. She was in Las Cruces to perform with the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Lonnie Klein.
13-year-old Sujari Britt devotes her life to music
By Leora Zeitlin • Sep 12, 2014
Born into a musical family, Sujari Britt began studying violin, piano and guitar before settling at the age of four on the instrument that has made her famous: the cello. The 13-year-old prodigy has played at the White House, is in demand as a soloist with orchestras, and has just started college classes at the Manhattan School of Music. She visited Las Cruces to perform the opening concert of the 2014-2015 season with the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra.
Connecting with the Audience: A Conversation with Ryan Anthony and Lonnie Klein
At every concert he performs in, trumpet virtuoso Ryan Anthony strives to connect deeply with his audience and bring them the best he can, whether as a soloist, in a chamber group – such as the acclaimed Canadian Brass, which whom he performed for several years – or as principal trumpet player for the Dallas Symphony.
American music and Lincoln's words: Cellist Amit Peled, Ambassador Delano Lewis & Lonnie Klein
By Leora Zeitlin • Feb 7, 2014
Although Victor Herbert enjoyed superstar fame at the turn of the 20th century, his name – and his famous Cello Concerto No. 2 – are less known today. Israeli-American cellist Amit Peled hopes to bring the concerto back into the repertoire by performing it around the country, including in an American music concert with the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra. For former U. S. Ambassador to South Africa Delano Lewis, narrating Aaron Copland's powerful "Lincoln Portrait" in the same concert has powerful personal meaning.
Beethoven's "Triple Concerto": A Conversation with Edward Arron & Ruggero Allifranchini
Beethoven's famous "Triple" Concerto for piano, violin, cello and orchestra is "chamber music on a grand scale" -- "nothing short of sublime… and one of the most genial pieces Beethoven ever wrote," say violinist Ruggero Allifranchini and cellist Edward Arron, respectively, who were in Las Cruces to perform the work with pianist Jeremy Denk, conductor Lonnie Klein and the Las Cruces Symphony Orchestra. | {
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Observe the stranding whale from a safe perimeter so your presence won't generate discomfort, distress, or pain to it. You can also promote the perimeter to other people who also witnessed it, don't let them come at any closer to preventing stressing condition to the whale.
As you observe the whale, next you'll need to contact the expert for help. Who are they? Wildlife officers, wildlife staff, police, or local marine network on mammal stranding. Contact any one of them.
You need to inform what you've previously observed while you're reporting the stranding in two parts. First, the accurate location where the stranding is happening should be reported so the rescuer can reach the location faster and easier. Second, describe the condition of the whale-like injuries, sounding, or other appearances.
Maintain a perimeter as a safe distance, it's important to do no attempts until the rescuer comes to the location. A wild animal can harm you as they feel treated or even though it's helpless. A whale can injure you in both as they roll in the water or as they trash their tails.
Avoid any contact including touching as stranding whales may carry zoonotic disease. However, if you've touched, it's important to wash your hand thoroughly with antiseptical solutions.
Don't attempt pushing the stranding whale back to the seas as you got no backup and appropriate tools. This attempt injure and harm you at any points.
As you have proper backup including assistance and tools, you can help the whale by blowing the hole on his head to ensure that it can breathe.
Another key point is to keep the whale wet during any procedures. Pour water using any tools you can find but avoid the breathing hole. This is a standard procedure before the whale can be moved back to the water.
Maintain the whale from drying and sunlight exposure so it can survive before moved back to the water. You can use water-soaked burlap bags to cover the exposed whale body but avoid the hole.
In the end, stay with the stranded whale until experts and rescuers arrive at the stranding location. | {
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Threads for pashields
owenversteeg edited 8 years ago | link | on: Why I don't care about your project
Although I agree with the overall point of the piece, I have some issues with it:
If you pluralize the word code, my level of respect for your piece/talk/site/blog drops about 40% instantly. The only people I've seen do this are programmers in a satirical context and technologically illiterate people, of which the author is neither. The same goes for saying "a code".
Some people find it difficult to code, believe it or not, and many projects aren't easy even if you can. For example, I can code and have for several years, but if I wanted to develop a device with a microcontroller I'd hire a professional programmer that specializes in low-level languages because my specialty is CSS, and if I had to write in a very low-level language the code would be horrible.
3 users marked this as spam, probably because there's a giant advertisement for "outstanding" courses in Javascript that takes up half of my screen.
Bolding every other word makes you sound ridiculous.
So does underlining half of your text.
pashields 8 years ago | link
Use of the word "codes" is more common in fields with programming that aren't computer science (physics, chemistry, mathematics, etc.). You may find it particularly common amongst older programmers/scientists who came up through these alternate disciplines because computer science was not a codified major or department.
Weirded me out too, but since it was mostly Yale faculty and research scientists who I noticed using it, I assumed it was more me than them.
bct 8 years ago | link
If you pluralize the word code, my level of respect for your piece/talk/site/blog drops about 40% instantly.
I suspect in this case English is not his first language.
3 users marked this as spam…
It doesn't help that @davidb583 only submits links to his blog.
pashields 8 years ago | link | on: Delighting your users with SBJson 4
It doesn't negate the basic point, but the chart on slide 6 is nonsense. It doesn't appear to measure anything (it just presumes the time=# of records). Moreover it then uses a non-linear scale against a linear scale to create the illusion of exponential growth in the non-streaming case, despite the "data" not indicating anything of the sort.
Bad charts are made to mislead people into decisions they wouldn't otherwise make. The pitch here appears to be solid, so there isn't any reason to water it down.
I should note that the speaker may have covered all this in his talk, but it'd be nice to say that it is a silly chart in the slide notes.
stig 8 years ago | link
You're right, that is a weak and misleading slide. I've updated the speaker notes to say so and will replace it if I do the talk again. I blame the Pecha Kucha format of the talk… I needed something to display while I finished my point about the previous slide.
For what it's worth, I did another (slightly longer) version of this talk and changed the offensive slide. The new slides are here: https://speakerdeck.com/stig/sbjson-4-dont-make-me-wait
pashields 9 years ago | link | on: Rethinking Web Development: Non-RESTful APIs
I'm not clear on what the real problems are with the author's REST-ish example. He complains that he's adding non-email fields to his email model, which is correct: there should be a model containing the email (or a reference to it) that is being modified. His other concern is that now the server has to detect state changes and respond to them, but that's more or less the whole idea here. If responding to state change is bad a priori, then I'm not sure where one would go but to RPC ALL THE THINGS.
I wouldn't want to encourage a "one-size-fits-all" mentality, but there is a whole lot more half-assed internal custom APIs (or protocols) than there are ones where someone laid out a high quality alternative architecture that matched the domain. In fewer words, not using REST (or whatever) is fine, but swap it for another well thought out architecture (even your own), not something ad-hoc.
pashields 9 years ago | link | on: aRrgh: a newcomer's (angry) guide to R
My first real job after I graduated from college involved a lot of R. It's a very strange language, though there are some very cool things about it. It's still really impressive to see packages like codetools which allow you to identify the closure variables used by a function (which can be used to great effect to export them to other process or machines for distributed computation). Some of the techniques we used for moving functions and data between machines would be challenging in most other languages. The C/C++ interop is pretty legit as well.
It is however, a very complicated language. It has two different non-interoperable object systems. Functions like read.table are like whole semantic pies by themselves. It's been a while since I've written anything in R, but I suspect I would go a little nuts if I had to write a lot of it now. | {
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With all these extensions, can I just resubmit a completely new song? Been very unsatisfied with my current submission which was made only 4 days before the original deadline.
Sure, that's possible. Sorry about all the unclear deadlines but that's just how open-source development works when there is no time pressure.
Hi there! I uploaded a song called Sorpladra, made by me, under my shorter user name (on the file) of 1-REDD-1.
I hope to see and other songs made with OPL instruments, because I like to hear songs made with trackers, because many of them are awesome.
I have a question, regarding the uploading of compos. I have another track made by me for FM+PCM example song compo, and I would like to contribute more for the release package of the upcoming version of OpenMPT.
I am allowed to upload more different tracks for the FM+PCM example song compo?
To put some finishing touches on the OPL implementation, I did some volume measurements with real SoundBlaster cards and found that for better S3M compatibility, OPL voices should be a bit more quiet. I have changed this now, and as a new simple rule, you can now expect a single-oscillator OPL voice to be as loud as a single sample when the VSTi and sample preamp sliders are at the same levels.
This means that you have to fix your competition submissions!
First, grab OpenMPT 1.28.00.40 or later from https://builds.openmpt.org/builds/ (this is currently being built, it will be available in a few hours).
For S3M files, you will notice that the "VSTi" (i.e. OPL) volume is now at 36 rather than 48. If you could save the value of the VSTi slider in S3M files, the old settings would now be a 64. But since it will always revert back to 36, you need to change the sample pre-amp instead: Multiply the sample volume by 36 and then divide by 64. So if your sample pre-amp was previously set set to 48, it would now be set to 27.
For MPTM files, you can either do the same as for S3M files, or do it the other way around: Multiply the VSTi volume by 64 and then divide by 36.
After you're done, simply submit the file under the same name again.
If I notice that you haven't made those changes until the end of the compo, I might do them myself, but I would appreciate if you could save me from going through each file and editing it.
You can probably save some KB here and there by converting all samples to 8-bit. after all, 16-bit samples are not even supported by ScreamTracker 3 itself even if they are part of the format specification. So if you are going for S3M format, I would suggest to keep the ST3 limitations in mind - otherwise, you could just as well use MPTM and make use of its sample compression.
The hardcoded OPL amplification changed from 8192 to 6169 to make one FM operator as loud as one sample voice. This is mostly relevant for MPTM - this is not the difference in volume to make up for S3M levels, it is just to make the whole thing more logical to the user!
So to "undo" this change in S3M and have levels as loud as before (assuming VSTi slider set to 48), we multiply the sample volume by 6169 and divide by 8192, which gives a sample volume of 36.
However, this would assume that the user-definable OPL volume amplification didn't change. But it changed from 48 to 36, so we need to decrease the sample volume even more, we need to multiply by 36 and divide by 48.
Both of these combined are roughly equivalent to multiplying by 36 and then dividing by 64.
No news about 1.28 + demo songs? | {
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Climate change and climate variability present unique challenges in generating renewable energy, profitably. Technological innovation in hydropower is breaking new ground in responding to these challenges. Pöyry is at the forefront of such developments.
Whether you need independent technical advice or a project lifecycle partner, our comprehensive in-house expertise allows us to provide the exact services you need to help identify, realise and preserve your investments in hydropower.
We work closely with you, bringing best practice to your project gained from over 120 years of international hydropower expertise. We'll enable you to successfully execute your project, in a way which is socially, environmentally and economically responsible.
Large-scale project execution is at our core and we'll enable you to lower your costs and manage your risks by providing the exact services required – on time, on budget and on scope. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
Do You Know What it Takes to Hire a Locksmith?
Locksmiths have been around for decades. There is no doubting whether their craft is a necessary one or not. With all the chaos in the world and the rushing and stress that we sometimes have in our lives, we all misplace our keys every once in a while. However, when no matter how hard and how long you search or how many times you try to retrace your steps you just can't figure out where you left it, locksmiths are there to ensure that you do indeed have a way to get back in your home.
The locksmith trade isn't simply about putting a hairpin into a lock as you have probably seen one too many times in the movies. Perhaps you've tried this yourself and realized that it doesn't quite work that easily. Locksmiths cover a pretty wide range of things. From cutting keys to providing you with safes to store your valuables, securing your home with a top of the line alarm system, these are just some of the things that a locksmith will be able to do for you.
Because accidents happen, and they usually tend to do so when we least expect it, it's important that we are always prepared. This means that you should perhaps try to find yourself a locksmith before you are even in need of one. Research a couple of companies and when you have decided on one, be sure to store their telephone number in your phone or address book and keep it handy at all times. What's even worse than being locked out of your home or car is not knowing where to turn and whom to call when something like this happens.
But how do you choose a locksmith?
Like everything else, it is always a good move to contact your friends and family members. Perhaps they have used a locksmith before, or they know someone who has and are very pleased with the service they had received. Surely they won't hesitate to recommend their locksmith to you if they believe in the job that he does. On the other hand, if they have used someone whom they had a terrible experience with, you'll know who to steer clear of.
Check online for locksmiths in your region, check the local newspapers and even the telephone book. For all the ones that stand out to you, gather up your questions and give them a phone call. Based on the customer service you receive in that first instance, paired with how quickly they were to answer their phone, you may be able to narrow down your list. Obviously if it took you three or more calls to get someone on the phone, you'll perhaps want to avoid going with that company because who knows how many times you'll have to call to get someone when there is an emergency.
Choosing a locksmith can be hard. There should be a list of things that they do significantly well in order to influence your decision. As previously stated, they should be pretty quick to answer their telephone. You may also want a locksmith that has more than one person on staff, as this will prevent you from having to wait for them to attend to someone else before being able to get to you and thus saves you from having to wait hours for their arrival. You'll also want a locksmith that works through the night, or is at least available outside of regular business hours. This way, if you're locked out of your home in the early hours of the morning, you'll be able to call them to help you get in, rather than having to sleep in the car, or book a hotel until they are ready for business at regular hours.
AMCO Locksmiths Perth is a great choice for a locksmith in the Cannington area. Safes, keys, padlocks, deadlocks, they have got a list of things that they can assist you with. They have got adequate staff; they provide friendly service and are available outside of business hours. AMCO Locksmiths Perth is the locksmith you need to have on speed dial. | {
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Peerless Hospital & B.K.Roy Research Centre proudly opens the applications for admission in the ninth (9th) batch of 3 year Post Graduate Masters Program in Emergency Medicine (MEM), conducted in partnership with The Ronald Reagan Institute of Emergency Medicine at The George Washington University Medical Center, who are dedicated to saving lives by improving Emergency care globally.
Peerless Hospital & B.K.Roy Research Centre is committed to improve the state of Emergency Medical Services in our country, which requires properly trained personnel in this field. This comprehensive Masters program will help us develop Emergency physicians who will be the pioneers in this developing specialty.
We welcome all doctors who are interested to make a career in the field of Emergency Medicine to join this course.
Examiner, Royal College of Emergency Medicine, U.K.
The Department of Emergency of Peerless Hospital has once again made a mark on the International platform of Academic Emergency Medicine. The latest feather in an already decorative cap has been added by the illustrious performance of the MEM residents in international examinations and prestigious placement interviews.
In the recently concluded interview conducted by NHS, UK trust hospitals as part of the Medical Training Initiative (MTI) four of our residents got selected and would be joining in senior registrar position on residency completion. Their job description would include supervisory and administrative responsibilities in addition to clinical placements.
An important point of note – one of our senior faculty members Dr. Subhajit Sen will also be joining one of the NHS trust hospitals. His role would include supervisory, administrative responsibilities and clinical placements in addition to teaching the junior registrars. Our heartiest congratulations and best wishes to all of them. The laurels continued to pour in as our residents went ahead to take the membership examination of the Royal College of Emergency Physicians (MCEM), UK. The MCEM examination is one of the internationally approved and accepted advanced emergency medicine qualifications. It has also been approved by the MCI as an additional post graduate qualification.
On behalf of the Peerless hospital and our Emergency Department we wish them all the very best. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
using System;
using System.Xml.Serialization;
using Gallio.Common;
using Gallio.Common.Xml;
using Gallio.Runtime.Logging;
namespace Gallio.Runner.Reports.Schema
{
/// <summary>
/// Describes a log entry for reporting purposes.
/// </summary>
[Serializable]
[XmlType(Namespace = SchemaConstants.XmlNamespace)]
public sealed class LogEntry
{
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets the log message severity.
/// </summary>
[XmlAttribute("severity")]
public LogSeverity Severity { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets the log message.
/// </summary>
[XmlAttribute("message")]
public string Message { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Gets or sets the log message details, such as an exception.
/// </summary>
[XmlAttribute("details")]
public string Details { get; set; }
}
} | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} |
Technically, Brad Paisley didn't come to Nashville to be a country singer. He came to be a college student at Belmont University. But after graduation, he stayed to be a country singer.
So when he was in Chicago a couple of weeks ago, I had a chance to ask him what it was like when he settled in and got to work on that post-Belmont country life.
First Home: I rented a condo right between Brentwood and Nolensville, just south of Nashville.
First Job: I worked at a guitar store called Corner Music. I changed guitar strings and talked a lot of people out of buying expensive guitars. I was terrible. I'd tell a dad not to spend $1,000 on his son's first guitar. And they eventually fired me because I skipped out on weekends to play gigs around town (Paisley worked at the Corner Music on 12th Avenue South.).
First Song: When I moved to Nashville, I brought the chorus for the song 'Another You' with me. I wasn't sure what to do with it. The girl I was dating left me for my best friend, and I finished that song with her photo on my desk. I'd look at her picture and think, 'What do I say?' That was my first cut, and David Kersch made it a hit in 1997. So me and her kind of co-wrote it. I owe her money, because what she did, well, that's the gift of all gifts for a songwriter.
First Run-In with a Hero: I was always thrilled when I met the songwriters. The guys behind the scenes, behind the songs. So one day, when I was supposed to go to Fitzgerald Hartley for lunch or something, and I walked into the wrong office. I was walking through the hallways, and in a back office, there sat the legendary songwriter Harlan Howard. Just at his desk, all by himself.
I said, "Nothing now." So he said, "Let's go." And I drive his old Cadillac with that big wooden steering wheel — he would always have someone drive him to lunch in his car because he wasn't driving anymore — and we went to the place he'd go for drinks every day with his old songwriting buddies. So we sat around the place (Bound'ry, formerly known as Third Coast) from about 11:00-4:00. I couldn't believe how my day had turned out.
Then years later, right after Harlan died, Vince Gill and I were playing the Grand Ole Opry one night, and I said we should do Buck Owen's "I've Got a Tiger by the Tail," a song that Harlan wrote. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
No experience necessary. All it takes is a short time to assemble an eye-catching pendant. We pair an Ephemera Image and a Luminous Layer sheet inside a Milan Bezel to quickly create a 3D effect then seal the deal with ICE Resin®. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
This week I added a class to SnapCode to facilitate "sprite" programming with SnapActor. The class is called SnapImage and it has methods to load an image from a file name, and methods to do all kinds of drawing and basic image manipulation: flipImage, rotateImage, sizeImage, setColor (for a pixel), etc.
SnapActor now has a primary attribute that is a SnapImage, so you can easily create actors with custom drawing and you can easily change the look of an actor on the fly by resetting or manipulating the SnapActor.Image.
Additionally, I added a new SnapActor subclass to make it possible to have compound or nested actors. This class is called SnapParent, and it basically has a list attribute called Actors that lets you add/remove child actors, and it has methods to do hit detection on those child actors and/or retrieve subsets of the actors by class. Since this essentially what SnapScene does, I made SnapScene a SnapParent subclass to get more consistency and code re-use.
This entry was posted on April 27, 2014 at 10:34 am and is filed under SnapCode. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
The Supreme Court has just released a press release stating that Jonathan Sumption QC will be sworn-in as a Supreme Court Justice tomorrow. Sumption will be the third Justice to be sworn-in since the Supreme Court was inaugurated in October 2009. His appointment follows the retirement of Lord Collins last year.
Following the ceremony, Mr Sumption will be styled Lord Sumption, and will begin sitting on Thursday 12 January, among a panel of five Justices hearing the shipping dispute case of Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. v E.N.E. Kos 1 Limited.
Lord Reed, whose appointment was announced on 20 December 2011, will be sworn-in as a Justice on 6 February 2012.
Leave a reply on "Sumption to be sworn in as Supreme Court Justice" | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
The temperature control function on these devices require the use of nickel coils (ni200).
Introducing the Nebox by Kanger, a convenient mod with an all-in-one design and a built-in tank. The built-in tank has an incredible 10mL capacity, providing ample room for the user's favorite juice. The mod has a temperature control function, a 60W power maximum, and a minimum resistance of 0.15 Ohm. The Nebox even includes an RBA attachement, so a user can build his/her coils!
Note: Using a subtank coil in a Kanger Nebox can cause leakage. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
The connection details provided here are crowd sourced from the community and may be incomplete, inaccurate or both. Mouse over to Zoom – Click to enlarge. Posted on Apr 11, If your camera is not listed in iSpy or Agent then click "Get Latest List" in settings or when on the add camera wizard. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring.
Mouse over to Zoom – Click to enlarge. Contact the seller – opens in a new window or tab and camsra a shipping method to your location. If you need to change your shipping address after checkout, please contact us and we'll try to update it. Best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US. This item will oc to United Statesbut the seller has not specified shipping options.
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Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. Special financing available Select PayPal Credit at checkout to have the option to pay over time. Get an immediate offer. Posted on Dec 02, You can't post answers that contain an email address.
If an FFMPEG option is available we recommend you try that first as it will often be faster and include audio support. Posted on Apr 11, Other offers may also be available. Any international shipping and import charges are paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. Sign in to check out Check out as guest.
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It has an durable, attractive silver metal case that makes it a dtehc quality feel and appearance as well as an EMI and RFI filter. There are 4 items available.
Sep 20, A4tech PK5. A4 tect pc camera with lens 2. Free shipping and returns. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} |
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